Introduction to Information Systems
Content
1
Introduction to Information Systems
Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise
Chapter
4
Computer Software
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
2
Chapter Objectives
• Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. • Give examples of several major types of application and system software. • Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. • Outline the functions of an operating system. • Describe the main uses of high-level, fourthgeneration, object-oriented, and Web-oriented programming languages and tools.
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
3
Categories of Computer Software
Computer Computer Software Software
Application Application Software Software
System System Software Software
GeneralGeneralPurpose Purpose Programs Programs
ApplicationApplicationSpecific Specific Programs Programs
System System Management Management Programs Programs
System System Development Development Programs Programs
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
4
Database Management Software
Development Tools
Databases Hardware
Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications Games
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
5
Apple : Leopard ???? Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
6
•
Apple : Goes to Intel Chip Leopard Yes Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista
Operating systems are processor specific
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
7
Functions of an Operating System
User Interface
Resource Management
Task Management
File Management
Utilities and Other Functions
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
8
Trends in Computer Software
First Second Third Generation Generation Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages
User-Written Programs Machine Languages
Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages
Operating Systems High-Level Languages
DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
9
Categories of Programming Languages
Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions 1001 1001 1100 1101 Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z High Level Languages Use brief statements Compute X = Y + Z Fourth Generation Languages
Use natural statements SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS
Markup Languages Use embedded control codes
<H1>First heading</H> <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)>
Object-Oriented Languages
Define objects that contain data and actions
Document.write (“Hi There”)
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
10
• 10 PRINT “HELLO” • 20 END
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
11
• 10 PRINT “HELLO” • 20 GOTO 10 • 30 END
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
12
Programming Language Translation
• Compiler • Interpreter • Assembler Language Translator Program
IF A := B THEN
1001101 1110101 0010110
Source Program
Written in BASIC, COBOL, etc.
Language Translation Process
Machine Language Object Program
Why do I want the source code?
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
13
Categories of Programming Languages
Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions 1001 1001 1100 1101 Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z High Level Languages Use brief statements Compute X = Y + Z Fourth Generation Languages
Use natural statements SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS
Markup Languages Use embedded control codes
<H1>First heading</H> <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)>
Object-Oriented Languages
Define objects that contain data and actions
Document.write (“Hi There”)
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
14
• Application software types
– Custom development – programming
• Expensive – • Consultant dependent • Hard to get out of
– Within application development
• Written within an existing software environment • Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications
– Turn key systems
• Little customization – dependent on the vendor • “Turn it on and run it”
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
15
Database Management Software
Development Tools
Databases Hardware
Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications Games?
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
16
Categories of software: Layering
• The hardware is the center • The system software – operating system
– Controls the hardware and supports the application – Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces) – Controls communications
• Development software – tools for creating applications
– Programming languages – Database management software
• Applications software – The big area
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
17
Common General- Purpose Applications
• A move toward generic applications that can be adapted … spreadsheet software and database software. • Electronic Mail • Word Processing • Presentation Graphics • Multimedia • Personal Information Manager • Groupware
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
18
Web Browsers
Discussion Groups Surf the Net Launch Information Searches
Typical uses of a Web Browser in Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Environments
Multimedia File Transfer
E-Mail
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
19
Database Management Packages
Database Development
Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages
Database Interrogation
Database Maintenance
Application Development
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
20
Multimedia Technologies
Video Capture Video Capture Card Card Storyboard Storyboard Authoring Authoring Language Language Compact Disk Compact Disk Interactive Interactive Compressed Compressed Audio Audio Computer Computer Edit System Edit System Digital Audio Digital Audio
Sound Board Sound Board
Key Technologies of Multimedia
MIDI MIDI Interactive Interactive Video Video
Digital Video Digital Video Interactive Interactive
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
21
Business Enterprise Application Software
Accounting and Financial Management Customer Relationship Management Supply Chain Management
Business Decision Support Human Resource Management Enterprise Resource Planning
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
22
Summary • Software is more capable • Software is more graphic oriented - GUI • Software takes more computer resources
– Disk storage and RAM
• • • • •
Databases are more and more dominant Fewer standard computer languages Software is more object oriented Web based applications are increasing Database systems
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
23
Chapter Summary
• Computer software consists of two major types of programs: application software that directs the performance of a particular end user task, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system. • Application software includes a variety of programs that can be segregated into generalpurpose and application-specific categories.
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
24
Chapter Summary (cont)
• System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. The former is used to manage hardware, software, networks, and data resources. The latter is used by IS specialists to develop computer programs. • An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operations of the CPU.
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
25
Chapter Summary (cont)
• There are 5 major levels of programming languages. Language translator programs convert programming language instructions into machine language instructions.
Introduction to Information Systems
Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise
Chapter
4
Computer Software
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
2
Chapter Objectives
• Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. • Give examples of several major types of application and system software. • Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. • Outline the functions of an operating system. • Describe the main uses of high-level, fourthgeneration, object-oriented, and Web-oriented programming languages and tools.
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
3
Categories of Computer Software
Computer Computer Software Software
Application Application Software Software
System System Software Software
GeneralGeneralPurpose Purpose Programs Programs
ApplicationApplicationSpecific Specific Programs Programs
System System Management Management Programs Programs
System System Development Development Programs Programs
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
4
Database Management Software
Development Tools
Databases Hardware
Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications Games
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
5
Apple : Leopard ???? Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
6
•
Apple : Goes to Intel Chip Leopard Yes Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista
Operating systems are processor specific
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
7
Functions of an Operating System
User Interface
Resource Management
Task Management
File Management
Utilities and Other Functions
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
8
Trends in Computer Software
First Second Third Generation Generation Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages
User-Written Programs Machine Languages
Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages
Operating Systems High-Level Languages
DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
9
Categories of Programming Languages
Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions 1001 1001 1100 1101 Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z High Level Languages Use brief statements Compute X = Y + Z Fourth Generation Languages
Use natural statements SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS
Markup Languages Use embedded control codes
<H1>First heading</H> <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)>
Object-Oriented Languages
Define objects that contain data and actions
Document.write (“Hi There”)
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
10
• 10 PRINT “HELLO” • 20 END
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
11
• 10 PRINT “HELLO” • 20 GOTO 10 • 30 END
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
12
Programming Language Translation
• Compiler • Interpreter • Assembler Language Translator Program
IF A := B THEN
1001101 1110101 0010110
Source Program
Written in BASIC, COBOL, etc.
Language Translation Process
Machine Language Object Program
Why do I want the source code?
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
13
Categories of Programming Languages
Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions 1001 1001 1100 1101 Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z High Level Languages Use brief statements Compute X = Y + Z Fourth Generation Languages
Use natural statements SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS
Markup Languages Use embedded control codes
<H1>First heading</H> <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)>
Object-Oriented Languages
Define objects that contain data and actions
Document.write (“Hi There”)
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
14
• Application software types
– Custom development – programming
• Expensive – • Consultant dependent • Hard to get out of
– Within application development
• Written within an existing software environment • Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications
– Turn key systems
• Little customization – dependent on the vendor • “Turn it on and run it”
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
15
Database Management Software
Development Tools
Databases Hardware
Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications Games?
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
16
Categories of software: Layering
• The hardware is the center • The system software – operating system
– Controls the hardware and supports the application – Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces) – Controls communications
• Development software – tools for creating applications
– Programming languages – Database management software
• Applications software – The big area
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
17
Common General- Purpose Applications
• A move toward generic applications that can be adapted … spreadsheet software and database software. • Electronic Mail • Word Processing • Presentation Graphics • Multimedia • Personal Information Manager • Groupware
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
18
Web Browsers
Discussion Groups Surf the Net Launch Information Searches
Typical uses of a Web Browser in Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Environments
Multimedia File Transfer
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
19
Database Management Packages
Database Development
Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages
Database Interrogation
Database Maintenance
Application Development
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
20
Multimedia Technologies
Video Capture Video Capture Card Card Storyboard Storyboard Authoring Authoring Language Language Compact Disk Compact Disk Interactive Interactive Compressed Compressed Audio Audio Computer Computer Edit System Edit System Digital Audio Digital Audio
Sound Board Sound Board
Key Technologies of Multimedia
MIDI MIDI Interactive Interactive Video Video
Digital Video Digital Video Interactive Interactive
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
21
Business Enterprise Application Software
Accounting and Financial Management Customer Relationship Management Supply Chain Management
Business Decision Support Human Resource Management Enterprise Resource Planning
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
22
Summary • Software is more capable • Software is more graphic oriented - GUI • Software takes more computer resources
– Disk storage and RAM
• • • • •
Databases are more and more dominant Fewer standard computer languages Software is more object oriented Web based applications are increasing Database systems
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
23
Chapter Summary
• Computer software consists of two major types of programs: application software that directs the performance of a particular end user task, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system. • Application software includes a variety of programs that can be segregated into generalpurpose and application-specific categories.
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
24
Chapter Summary (cont)
• System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. The former is used to manage hardware, software, networks, and data resources. The latter is used by IS specialists to develop computer programs. • An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operations of the CPU.
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
25
Chapter Summary (cont)
• There are 5 major levels of programming languages. Language translator programs convert programming language instructions into machine language instructions.
