Israel

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o World Jewish Population. 14 million o Distribution: 7m in America 5m in Asia 2m in Europe 100 thousand in Africa o World Muslim Population: 1.5 billion Movers of Current History o Albert Einstein Jewish o Sigmund Freud Jewish o Karl Marx Jewish o Paul Samuelson Jewish o Milton Friedman Medical Milestones o Vaccinating Needle: Benjamin Ruben Jewish o Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk Jewish o Leukaemia Drug Gertrude Elion Jewish o Hepatitis B Baruch Blumberg Jewish o Syphilis Drug Paul Ehrlich Jewish o Neuro muscular Elie Metchnikoff Jewish o Endocrinology Andrew Schally Jewish o Cognitive therapy. Aaron Beck Jewish o Contraceptive Pill Gregory Pincus Jewish o Understanding of Human Eye. G. Wald Jewish o Embryology. Stanley Cohen Jewish o Kidney Dialysis Willem Kloffcame Jewish Nobel Prize Winners o In the past 105 years, 14 million Jews have won 180 Nobel prizes whilst 1.5 billion Muslims have contributed only 3 Nobel winners Inventions that changed History o Micro- Processing Chip. Stanley Mezor Jewish o Nuclear Chain Reactor Leo Sziland Jewish o Optical Fibre Cable Peter Schultz Jewish o Traffic Lights Charles Adler Jewish o Stainless Steel Benno Strauss Jewish o Sound Movies Isador Kisee Jewish o Telephone Microphone Emile Berliner Jewish o Video Tape Recorder Charles Ginsburg Jewish Influential Global Business o Polo Ralph Lauren Jewish o Coca Cola Jewish o Levi's Jeans Levi Strauss Jewish

o Sawbuck's Howard Schultz Jewish o Google Sergey Brin Jewish o Dell Computers Michael Dell Jewish o Oracle Larry Ellison Jewish o DKNY Donna Karan Jewish o Baskin & Robbins Irv Robbins Jewish o Dunkin Donuts Bill Rosenberg Jewish Influential Intellectuals/Politicians o Henry Kissinger , US Sec of State Jewish o Richard Levin, President Yale University Jewish o Alan Greenspan , US Federal Reserve Jewish o Joseph Lieberman Jewish o Madeleine Albright , US Sec of State Jewish o Casper Weinberger , US Sec of Defence Jewish o Maxim Litvinov , USSR Foreign Minister Jewish o David Marshal , Singapore Chief Minister Jewish o Isaacs Isaacs, Gov-Gen Australia Jewish o Benjamin Disraeli, British Statesman Jewish o Yevgeny Primakov, Russian PM Jewish o Barry Goldwater , US Politician Jewish o Jorge Sampaio, President Portugal Jewish o Herb Gray, Canadian Deputy - PM Jewish o Pierre Mendes, French PM Jewish o Michael Howard, British Home Sec. Jewish o Bruno Kriesky, Austrian Chancellor Jewish o Robert Rubin , US Sec of Treasury Jewish Global Media Influential o Wolf Blitzer, CNN Jewish o Barbara Walters ABC News Jewish o Eugene Meyer , Washington Post Jewish o Henry Grunwald, Time Magazine Jewish o Katherine Graham , Washington Post Jewish o Joseph Lelyeld, New York Times Jewish o Max Frankel, New York Times Jewish Global Philanthropists o George Soros Jewish o Walter Annenberg Jewish Conclusion. o Muslim World is failing to apply knowledge.

William Barton Rogers is best known for setting down the founding principles, advocating for, and finally incorporating the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1861.[1] The university opened in 1865 after the American Civil War.

Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy, making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita. The United States is a particularly notable foreign contributor; they are expected to provide the country with $30 billion in military aid between 2008 and 2017.[ The Israeli- and U.S.-designed Arrow missile is one of the world's only operational antiballistic missile systems The country has been ranked highest in the region on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business as well as in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.[17] It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America. In 2007, Israel had the 44th-highest gross domestic product and 22nd-highest gross domestic product per capita (at purchasing power parity) at US$232.7 billion and US$33,299, respectively.[4] In 2007, Israel was invited to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,[169] which promotes cooperation between countries that adhere to democratic principles and operate free market economies.[170 Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Other major imports to Israel, totaling US$47.8 billion in 2006, include fossil fuels, raw materials, and military equipment.[2] Leading exports include fruits, vegetables, pharmaceuticals, software, chemicals, military technology, and diamonds; in 2006, Israeli exports reached US$42.86 billion. Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geothermal energy, and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley .IntelHYPERLINK \l "cite_note-173"[174] and MicrosoftHYPERLINK \l "cite_note-174"[175] built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Cisco Systems, and Motorola, have opened facilities in the country. In July 2007, U.S. billionaire Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company Iscar, its first non-U.S. acquisition, for $4 billion.[176] Since the 1970s, Israel has received economic aid from the United States, whose loans account for the bulk of Israel's external debt,[2] although that aid is expected to end in 2008.[160] Tourism, especially religious tourism, is another important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological and historical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound.[177]

Israel has the highest school life expectancy in Southwest Asia, and is tied with Japan for second-highest school life expectancy on the Asian continent (after South Korea).[ Israel similarly has the highest literacy rate in Southwest Asia, according to the United Nations Israel's seven research universities (excluding the Open University) have been ranked in the top 500 in the world.[190] Israel ranks third in the world in the number of citizens who hold university degrees (20 percent of the population).[ Israel has produced many Nobel Laureates-winning scientists and publishes among the most scientific papers per capita of any country in the world. Nobel Prize in Literature Total number of Jewish Laureates: 12 Nobel Prize in PhysicsTotal number of Jewish Laureates: 44 Nobel Prize in Economics: Total number of Jewish Laureates: 23 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Total number of Jewish Laureates: 27 Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences: Total number of Jewish Laureates: 49

Economists
List of Jewish American economists • • • • • • • • • • Bernard Baruch, economic adviser to many U.S. presidents, statesman, stock market speculator Βεν Βερ ν α ν κ ε , chairman of the Federal Reserve (2006–)

Μι λ τ ο ν Αλ α ν

Φρ ι ε δ µ α ν , chairman of the Federal Reserve (1987–2006)

Γρ ε ε ν σ π α ν

Ευ γ ε ν ε Μ ε ψ ε ρ , chairman of the Federal Reserve (1930–1933), president of the World Bank (1946) Ηαψ µ Σολ ο µ ο ν , financier during the American Revolution

ϑοσ ε π η Ε. Σ τ ι γ λ ι τ ζ , 2001 Nobel Prize winner and Chief Economist of the World Bank (1997-2000) ϑαµ ε σ Πα υ λ Ωο λ φ ε ν σ ο η ν Ωο λ φ ο ω ι τ ζ Ζο ε λ λ ι χ κ , president of the World Bank (1995–2005)

, president of the World Bank (2005–2007) , president of the World Bank (2007-)

Ροβ ε ρ τ

• • • • •

Jay Dardenne, Louisiana secretary of state since 2006 Φρα ν κ λ ι ν ϑ. Μ ο σ ε σ , Σ ρ . , politician, judge, and attorney important in the history of 19th Century South Carolina Βερ ν α ρ δ Κιν κ ψ candidate ϑασ ο ν Στο ν ε , alderman of the 50th Ward in Chicago, Illinois , 2006 Texas Independent gubernatorial , first Orthodox elected official in New Hampshire

Φρ ι ε δ µ α ν Βεδ ρ ι χ κ

Mayors
Prominent mayors/major cities only. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cincinnati: Bill Gradison (1971), Jerry SpringerHYPERLINK \l "cite_note32"[33] (1977–78) Iowa City: Moses Bloom (1873, First Jewish Mayor of a Major city) Las Vegas: Oscar Goodman (1999–) Louisville: Jerry E. Abramson (1985–98, 2002–) New York: Fiorello LaGuardia (1934–45; Episcopalian; Jewish mother) New York: Abe Beame (1974–77) New York: Ed Koch (1978–89) New York: Michael Bloomberg (2002–) Philadelphia: Edward Rendell (1992–2000) Pittsburgh: Sophie Masloff (1988–1993) Saint Paul, Minnesota: Norm Coleman (1994-2002) Portland, Oregon: Vera Katz (1992–2004) San Diego: Susan Golding (1992–2000) San Francisco: Washington Bartlett (1883–1887) San Francisco: Adolph Sutro (1894–1896) San Francisco: Dianne Feinstein (1978–88)[1]

• • • • •

Seattle: Bailey Gatzert (1875–76) Indianapolis: Stephen Goldsmith (1992–99) Portland, Maine: James Cohen (2005–6) Dallas, Texas: Laura Miller (2002–2007), Annette Strauss (1987-1991) Beverly Hills, California: Jimmy Delshad (2007–)

Governors
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • David Emanuel, governor of Georgia (D/R-GA: 1801-1801) Εδωα ρ δ Σα λ ο µ ο ν , governor of Wisconsin (R-WI: 1862–64) , governor of the Washington Territory (Rϑ ρ . , governor of South

Εδωα ρ δ Σ. Σ α λ ο µ ο ν WA: 1870–72)

Φρα ν κ λ ι ν Ισρα ε λ Μο σ ε σ , Carolina (R-SC: 1872–74) (raised Episcopalian) Ωα σ η ι ν γ τ ο ν 1887–1887) Βα ρ τ λ ε τ τ

, governor of California (D-CA:

Μ ο σ ε σ Α λ ε ξ α ν δ ε ρ , governor of Idaho (D-ID: 1915-1919), first elected practicing Jew to serve as a state governor Σιµο ν Αρ τ η υ ρ ϑυ λ ι υ σ Ηεν ρ ψ Βα µ β ε ρ γ ε ρ Σελ ι γ µ α ν Λ. Μ ε ι ε ρ Ηο ρ ν ε ρ , governor of Utah (D-UT: 1917–21) , governor of New Mexico (D-NM: 1931–33) , governor of Oregon (Ind-OR: 1931–35)

, governor of Illinois (D-IL: 1933–40) , governor of New York (D-NY: 1933–42) , territorial governor of Alaska (D-AK: 1939– , governor of Connecticut (D-CT: 1955– , governor of Illinois (D-IL: 1968–69)

Ηερ β ε ρ τ Ερ ν ε σ τ 53) Αβ ρ α η α µ 61) Σα µ υ ε λ Φρα ν κ Μα ρ ϖ ι ν

Η. Λ ε η µ α ν Γρυ ε ν ι ν γ Ριβ ι χ ο φ φ Η. Σ η α π ι ρ ο

Λιχη τ

, governor of Rhode Island (D-RI: 1969–73) , governor of Maryland (D-MD: 1969–77)

Μα ν δ ε λ

• • • • • • • •

Μι λ τ ο ν

Σηα π π

, governor of Pennsylvania (D-PA: 1971–79) , governor of Vermont (D-VT: 1985–91) , governor of Oregon (D-OR: 1987–91)

Μα δ ε λ ε ι ν ε Νε ι λ Βρυ χ ε

Μ. Κ υ ν ι ν

Γολ δ σ χ η µ ι δ τ Συ ν δ λ υ ν

, governor of Rhode Island (D-RI: 1991–95)

Γεο ρ γ ε Α λ λ ε ν , governor of Virginia (R-VA 1994-98) (Allen's mother is Jewish, he was raised as a Presbyterian) Λιν δ α Εδ Λιν γ λ ε , governor of Hawaii (R-HI: 2002–)

Ρεν δ ε λ λ

, governor of Pennsylvania (D-PA: 2003–) , governor of New York (D-NY: 2007–2008)

Ελ ι ο τ

Σπ ι τ ζ ε ρ

Ambassadors
• • • • • • • • • • • • Henry Morgenthau Sr., ambassador to Ottoman Empire (1913–16) Ηεν ρ ψ Μα ρ τ ι ν ∆εν ν ι σ Ρα ν δ α λ Μα τ τ η ε ω ∆ο ν Γρυ ν ω α λ δ Ινδψκ , ambassador to Austria (1988–1990)

, ambassador to Israel (1995–97, 2000–01)

Ρ ο σ σ , Middle East envoy ϑιλ ε κ , ambassador to Ethiopia (1988-1991)

Τ α κ α σ η , ambassador to Pakistan (1987-1990) , ambassador to Cyprus ()

Βα ν δ λ ε ρ

Ροβ ε ρ τ Σχηω α ρ ζ Σ τ ρ α υ σ σ , ambassador to the Soviet Union during the presidency of George H. W. Bush Μα ρ τ ι ν Σα µ Σιλϖ ε ρ σ τ ε ι ν , ambassador to Uruguay (2001–2006)

Φ ο ξ , ambassador to Belgium (2007-) , ambassador to Israel and formerly

∆α ν ι ε λ Χ. Κ υ ρ τ ζ ε ρ ambassador to Egypt Ρο ν α λ δ Σ. Λ α υ δ ε ρ

, ambassador to Austria (1986-87)

Former Senators
• • David Levy Yulee, senator (D-FL: 1845–51, 1855–61) ϑυ δ α η Βεν ϕ α µ ι ν , senator (Whig-LA: 1853–61)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Βεν ϕ α µ ι ν ϑοσ ε π η Ισ ι δ ο ρ Σιµο ν

Φ. ϑ ο ν α σ , senator (D-LA: 1879–85) , senator (R-OR: 1898–03) , senator (D-MD: 1905–12) , senator (R-CO: 1907–13)

Σιµο ν Ραψ ν ε ρ

Γυ γ γ ε ν η ε ι µ Λεη µ α ν

Ηερ β ε ρ τ

, senator (D-NY: 1949–57) , senator (R-AZ: 1953–1965, 1969– , senator (D-OR: 1955–60)

Β α ρ ρ ψ Μ. Γ ο λ δ ω α τ ε ρ 1987), raised as an Episcopalian Ριχηα ρ δ ϑα χ ο β Ερ ν ε σ τ Αβ ρ α η α µ Πι ε ρ ρ ε Ηοω α ρ δ Ριχηα ρ δ Εδωα ρ δ Ρυδ ψ

Λ. Ν ε υ β ε ρ γ ε ρ

ϑαϖ ι τ σ

, senator (R-NY: 1957–81) , senator (D-AK: 1959–69) , senator (D-CT: 1963–81) , senator (D-CA: 1964) (Catholic mother) , senator (D-OH: 1974, 1976–95)

Γρυ ε ν ι ν γ Ριβ ι χ ο φ φ Σα λ ι ν γ ε ρ

Με τ ζ ε ν β α υ µ Β. Σ τ ο ν ε Ζορ ι ν σ κ ψ

, senator (D-FL: 1975–80) , senator (D-NE: 1976–87) , senator (R-MN: 1978–91)

Βοσ χ η ω ι τ ζ

Ωιλ λ ι α µ Χο η ε ν Protestant mother) Ωα ρ ρ ε ν ϑα χ ο β Πα υ λ Ρυ δ µ α ν Ηεχ η τ

, senator (R-ME: 1979–97) (Jewish father; Irish, senator (R-NH: 1980-93)

, senator (R-NV: 1983–89) , senator (D-MN: 1991–02)

Ωε λ λ σ τ ο ν ε

Γεο ρ γ ε Α λ λ ε ν , senator (R-VA: 2001–2007) (Allen's mother is Jewish, he was raised as a Presbyterian)[2]

Cabinet members and senior administration officials
• • • Judah Benjamin, Confederate States of America: Attorney General (1861), Secretary of War (1861), Secretary of State (1862–65) Οσ χ α ρ Ηεν ρ ψ Στρα υ σ , Secretary of Commerce and Labor (1906–09) ϑ ρ . , Secretary of the Treasury (1934–

Μο ρ γ ε ν τ η α υ ,

45) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Αρ τ η υ ρ ϑ. Γ ο λ δ β ε ρ γ , Secretary of Labor (1961-1962) , Secretary of Health, Education and

Αβ ρ α η α µ Α. Ρ ι β ι χ ο φ φ Welfare (1961-62) Ωα λ τ ε ρ Ωιλ β υ ρ (1968-69) Ω. Ρ ο σ τ ο ω ϑ. Χ ο η ε ν

, National Security Advisor (1966-69) , Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare

ϑαµ ε σ Σ χ η λ ε σ ι ν γ ε ρ , CIA Director (1973), Secretary of Defense (1973–75) (convert to Lutheranism) Ηεν ρ ψ Κι σ σ ι ν γ ε ρ Secretary of State (1973–77) Ρο ν Νεσ σ ε ν Λεϖ ι , National Security Advisor (1969–75);

, White House Press Secretary (1974-77) , Attorney General (1975–1977) , Secretary of the Treasury (1977–

Εδωα ρ δ

Ω. Μ ι χ η α ε λ 79) Ηα ρ ο λ δ Νε ι λ

Βλυ µ ε ν τ η α λ

Β ρ ο ω ν , Secretary of Defense (1977–81) , Secretary of Transportation (1979–1981) , Secretary of Commerce

Γολ δ σ χ η µ ι δ τ Μο ρ ρ ι σ

Πη ι λ ι π (1980–1981)

Κλυ τ ζ ν ι χ κ

Χα σ π α ρ Ω ε ι ν β ε ρ γ ε ρ , Secretary of Defense (1981-87) (Episcopalian; paternal descendant of Czech Jews) Κεν ν ε τ η 1989) ∆υβ ε ρ σ τ ε ι ν , White House Chief of Staff (1988–

Ριχηα ρ δ ∆ α ρ µ α ν , Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1989-93) (convert to Episcopalianism) Ροβ ε ρ τ Αλ ι χ ε (1994-96) ϑοη ν Ρε ι χ η , Secretary of Labor (1993–97) , Director of Office of Management and Budget , Belgian-born CIA director (1995–96) , Secretary of the Treasury (1995–99)

Μ. Ρ ι ϖ λ ι ν Μ. ∆ ε υ τ χ η Ρυβ ι ν

Ροβ ε ρ τ

• • • • • • • • • • • •

∆α ν

Γλ ι χ κ µ α ν Κα ν τ ο ρ

, Secretary of Agriculture (1995–2001) , Secretary of Commerce (1996-97) , Secretary of State (1997–01) (raised

Μι χ κ ε ψ

Μα δ ε λ ε ι ν ε Αλ β ρ ι γ η τ Catholic by converted parents)

Ωιλ λ ι α µ Σ. Χ ο η ε ν , Secretary of Defense (1997-01) (Jewish father; lists self as Unitarian Universalist) Σα ν δ ψ Λα ρ ρ ψ ϑα χ ο β 2001) Βερ γ ε ρ Συµ µ ε ρ σ , National Security Advisor (1997–01) , Secretary of the Treasury (1999–01)

Λ ε ω , Director of Office of Management and Budget (1999– , National Security Advisor to Vice President Al Gore , White House Press Secretary (2001–03) , Secretary for Homeland Security (2005–)

Λ ε ο ν Φυ ε ρ τ η (1993–2001) Αρ ι

Φλ ε ι σ χ η ε ρ

Μι χ η α ε λ

Χη ε ρ τ ο φ φ

ϑοσ η υ α Β ο λ τ ε ν , Director of Office of Management and Budget (2003-06); White House Chief of Staff (2006– ) Μι χ η α ε λ Μυ κ α σ ε ψ , Attorney General (2007- )

Tufts University, "Lawrence S. Bacow,167,762,040

Harvard University, President: Lawrence Summers (replaced Neil Rudenstine) Yale University, President: Richard L. Levin Princeton University, President: Harvey Shapiro (stepped down after 12 years, in 2001) Dartmouth College, President: James O. Freedman Cornell University, President: Jeffrey Lehman University of Pennsylvania,

President: Judith Rodin [succeeded in 2004 by Amy Gutmann] University of Pennsylvania "Amy Gutmann Northwestern University, President: Henry Bienen, University of California, President: Richard Atkinson

Stanford University, Chairman of the Board: Isaac Stein McGill University (Canada), Principal: Bernard Shapiro Caltech, President: David Baltimore Carnegie Mellon University, President: Jared L. Cohon Bard College, President: Leon Botstein George Washington University, President: Stephen Joel Trachtenberg University of Chicago, Trustees: Chairman of the board: James S. Crown (heir to the wealthy Jewish Crown family -General Dynamics, etc.) Vice-Chairman: Andrew M. Alper Vice-Chairman: Paula Wolff Secretary of the Board of Trustees: Kineret S. Jaffe Honorary Trustee: Hugo Sonnenschein

List of Jewish economists is a list that includes economists who are or were verifiably Jewish or of Jewish descent.

Albert Aftalion, Bulgarian-born French economist George Akerlof, Nobel prize (2001) Kenneth Arrow, Nobel prize (1972) [2] Robert Aumann, Nobel prize (2005) [2] Lord

Bauer, economist [1] Gary Becker, Nobel prize (1992) [2] Ben Bernanke, economist and current (2007) Chairman of the Federal Reserve [2] Eugene Birnbaum, economist Walter Block, Harold E. Wirth Endowed Chair in Economics at Loyola University in New Orleans [3] George Dantzig, economist [4] Richard Ehrenberg, economist [5] Robert Fogel, Nobel prize (1993) [2] Milton Friedman, Nobel prize (1976) [2] Charles Goodhart, [3] Bank of England economist Alan Greenspan, economist and former Chairman of the Federal Reserve [6] Zvi Griliches, economist

[edit] H-L
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • John Harsanyi, Nobel prize (1994) [2] Νο ρ ε ε ν α Ηεν δ ρ ι κ Λεο ν ι δ Ριχηα ρ δ ∆α ν ι ε λ Ηερ τ ζ [8], economist & activist , economist [9]

Ηου τ η α κ κ ε ρ Ηυ ρ ω ι χ ζ Κα η ν ,

, economist [10] Κα η ν [11], economist: multiplier

Βα ρ ο ν

Κα η ν ε µ α ν Κα λ δ ο ρ

, Nobel prize (2002) [2] [12], economist , Nobel prize (1975) [2]

Νιχ η ο λ α σ Λεο ν ι δ Ισρα ε λ

Κα ν τ ο ρ ο ϖ ι χ η Κιρ ζ ν ε ρ Κλ ε ι ν

[13], economist (UK-born) , Nobel prize (1980) [2]

Λαω ρ ε ν χ ε ϑ⟨ ν ο σ Πα υ λ Σιµο ν Λυ δ ω ι γ

Κο ρ ν α ι Κρυ γ µ α ν

, economist [14] , economist [15] , Nobel prize (1971) [2] , economist[4]

Κυ ζ ν ε τ σ

Λα χ η µ α ν ν

Ηα ρ ο λ δ Λ α σ κ ι , economist (The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, ed Geoffrey Wigoder, 5th ed 1977, pp. 1182-3) Εµ ι λ Λεδ ε ρ ε ρ , economist [5] , Nobel prize (1973) [2]

Ωα σ σ ι λ ψ Λεο ν ε Ροβ ε ρ τ Επη ρ α ι µ

Λεο ν τ ι ε φ

Λεϖ ι

, political economist [16] , economist[17] , economic historian [6]

Λι ε φ µ α ν ν Λιπσ ο ν

• •

Αδ ο λ π η Ροσ α

Λ ο ω ε , economist[18] , economist, co-founder of the KPD[19]

Λυ ξ ε µ β υ ρ γ

[edit] M-Z
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Harry Markowitz, Nobel prize (1990) [2] Μο ρ τ ο ν ϑα χ ο β Κα ρ λ ϑ. Μ α ρ χ υ σ , economist Μα ρ σ χ η α κ [20], economist

Μ α ρ ξ , inventor of Marxist economics [7] Με ρ τ ο ν Μιλ λ ε ρ ϖο ν , Nobel prize [21] (1997) , Nobel prize (1990) [2] [22], economist , Nobel prize (1985) [2]

Ροβ ε ρ τ Με ρ τ ο ν Λυ δ ω ι γ Φρα ν χ ο Φρ ι τ ζ minister[8] ϑοη ν

Μισ ε σ

Μο δ ι γ λ ι α ν ι Να π η τ α λ ι

, economist, editor, later Israeli finance [23]

ϖο ν

Νευ µ α ν ν

Αλ ε ξ α ν δ ε ρ Σι γ β ε ρ τ ∆αϖ ι δ Μυ ρ ρ α ψ Νο υ ρ ι ε λ Πα υ λ Μψ ρ ο ν Αρ τ η υ ρ

Ν ο ϖ ε , economist (JYB 1990 p202) , economist (JYB 2005 p215) [24], economist (converted to Quakerism) [25], economist , Iranian-American macroeconomist [26] , Nobel prize (1970) [2] , Nobel prize (1997) [2] [27], economist , Nobel prize [28] (1994)

Πρα ι σ

Ριχα ρ δ ο

Ρο τ η β α ρ δ Ρου β ι ν ι

Σα µ υ ε λ σ ο ν Σχη ο λ ε σ Σελ δ ο ν

Ρε ι ν η α ρ δ Ηερ β ε ρ τ

Σελ τ ε ν Σιµο ν

, Nobel prize (1978) [2]

Sir Hans Singer, economist [9]

• • • • •

Ροβ ε ρ τ Πι ε ρ ο ϑοσ ε π η ϑα χ ο β

Σ ο λ ο ω , Nobel prize (1987) [2] Σρα φ φ α [29], economist , Nobel prize (2001) [2]

Στ ι γ λ ι τ ζ ςιν ε ρ

, Canadian economist (JYB 1975 p214) [30], economist

Αβ ρ α η α µ

Ωα λ δ

"Indo-Israeli Relations: Key Security Implications" BELFER CENTER for Science and International Affairs. John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University

CURRENT SITUATION Bilateral relations between India and Israel are robust and multi-faceted. The two states share several congruent interests and have acted to expand cooperation in a number of key areas. Counterterrorism and Intelligence Cooperation: Counterterrorism remains one of the greatest areas of cooperation between the two countries, stemming from the constant terror threat facing both states. Counterterrorism cooperation has involved the exchange of information on terrorist groups, their finances, recruitment patterns, training, and operations; it has also entailed comparing national doctrines and operational experience. India and Israel have also focused their efforts on border security: Israel has sold India movement sensors and other monitoring equipment to track infiltration across the Line of Control (LoC)between India and Pakistan in the Jammu and Kashmir region. Israel also sold unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to India for high-altitude surveillance and has offered to provide anti-insurgency training for Indian forces in the area as well. In 2000, India and Israel established a joint commission to combat terrorism at the ministerial level. Military Cooperation: India and Israel share certain strategic objectives: qualitative (and in some cases quantitative) military supremacy over their rivals, and autonomy in technology and weapons procurement. Neither India nor Israel can realize these goals without international assistance. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, New Delhi began looking to other nations for military equipment. As a result, Israel has become one of India’s most important sources of sophisticated weapons and military equipment. In January 2004, Israel signed a $1.1 billion deal with India for the sale of the Phalcon airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and is in the process of providing three more aircraft to India. India and Israel are also negotiating the sale of the multi-billion

dollar Arrow II ballistic missile system (requiring American approval, as it uses U.S. technology. Washington has blocked passage of the deal. In 2007, India and Israel announced that they would jointly develop a $2.5 billion surface-to-air missile system, the biggest defense contract in Israeli history. The deal signals that Indo-Israeli defense military cooperation is moving beyond simple cash-for-arms transfers and is ready to move to greater collaboration between the two defense establishments. In May 2008, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the Tata Group signed an agreement to cooperate on the development, manufacturing and sale of defense products in India. India has also taken advantage of Israel’s global reputation for upgrading outdated weapon systems and Soviet-era military hardware. Israeli missiles, rockets, radar and communication equipments, ships, assault and sniper rifles, night-vision devices, and border monitoring equipment have all been added to the Indian arsenal. It has been reported that between 2002 and 2007, India purchased over $5 billion worth of military weapons and systems from Israel (with $1.6 billion in 2006 alone), making Israel India’s largest worldwide supplier of defense equipment. POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES The United States played a role in helping facilitate India’s full diplomatic recognition of Israel in 1992, a step New Delhi took in part to strengthen bilateral ties with Washington. The United States continues to regard strengthening Indo-Israeli relations positively, as evidenced by Washington’s approval of Israel’s sale of the Phalcon warning system to India, though it has blocked a similar sale to China. Sale of the Phalcon system, like the Arrow system, requires American approval because of its use of U.S. technology. The Indo-Israeli strategic partnership has far-reaching policy implications for the United States. • Burgeoning Indo-Israeli ties could potentially advance American interests in the Indian Ocean region, by counteracting the “arc of instability” region from the Middle East to Pakistan . Israel ’s advanced security technology could also strengthen India’s abilities in this area, particularly vis-à-vis counterterrorism, an area of great concern to the U.S. However, Israeli industry competes with U.S. companies in such areas. IndoIsraeli ties under American auspices will be vulnerable to accusations of an “American-Jewish-Hindu” alliance against Islam, a charge that has been already made by Al-Qaeda. Such characterizations will potentially undermine American claims that the global war on terror is against extremism, not Islam. India ’s decision to launch the Israeli Tescar spy satellite in January 2008 indicates New Delhi’s potential willingness to enhance Israel’s security vis-à-vis Iran, especially with regard to Iran’s nuclear program. The United States will benefit from having two of its democratic, pro-Western allies work together, especially in the counterterrorism and defense realms. Israel’s security remains a top U.S. priority.







List of Jewish American mathematicians
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Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of famous Jewish American Mathematicians. For other famous Jewish Americans, see List of Jewish Americans. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Abraham Adrian Albert [1] Κεν ν ε τ η Ριχηα ρ δ Λιπ µ α ν Σα λ ο µ ο ν Ραο υ λ Απ π ε λ , four-color problem [1] , dynamic programming *

Βελ λ µ α ν

Β ε ρ σ , non-linear elliptic equations [2] Βοχ η ν ε ρ , harmonic analysis *

Βο τ τ

, geometry (Jewish mother) * , modular representation theory * , differential geometry *

Ριχηα ρ δ Ευ γ ε ν ι ο Πα υ λ

Βρα υ ε ρ Χα λ α β ι

Χοη ε ν

, set theorist, Fields Medal (1966) * , algebraic topology * , simplex algorithm *

Ριχηα ρ δ Γεο ρ γ ε Μα ρ τ ι ν Πε ρ σ ι ϑεσσ ε Σα µ υ ε λ Νο α µ Πα υ λ

Χο υ ρ α ν τ ∆α ν τ ζ ι γ ∆αϖ ι σ

, mathematician * , statistician (Jewish mother) * , mathematician, Fields Medal (1936) [3] , category theorist *

∆ιαχ ο ν ι σ ∆ου γ λ α σ

Ειλ ε ν β ε ρ γ

Ελκ ι ε σ Ερ δ ο σ

, mathematician * , number theorist * , mathematician, Fields Medal (1978) * , chaos theorist [4]

Χηα ρ λ ε σ Μι τ χ η ε λ λ Ωιλ λ ι α µ

Φεφ φ ε ρ µ α ν

Φε ι γ ε ν β α υ µ Φελ λ ε ρ

, probability theory [2]

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Μι χ η α ε λ Φρ ε ε δ µ α ν (Jewish father) * ∆ο ρ ι α ν Μι χ η α ε λ Σολ ο µ ο ν Πα υ λ Γολ δ φ ε λ δ Γολ ο µ β Γολ ο µ β

, mathematician, Fields Medal (1986) , number theorist, Cole Prize *

, theory of approximation [5] , polyominoes [6]

Ηα λ µ ο σ

, mathematician * , biostatistician [7] , mathematician *

Ε. Μ ο ρ τ ο ν Ιρϖ ι ν γ Μα ρ κ

ϑελ λ ι ν ε κ

Κα π λ α ν σ κ ψ

Κ α χ , mathematician * Κα σ ν ε ρ , mathematician [3]

Εδωα ρ δ Νιχ κ

Κ α τ ζ , algebraic geometry * Κρυ σ κ α λ , mathematician * , mathematician and mathematical

Μα ρ τ ι ν

Χο ρ ν ε λ ι υ σ physicist [8] Πε τ ε ρ

Λα ν χ ζ ο σ

Λ α ξ , mathematician, Abel Prize (2005) * Λεφ σ χ η ε τ ζ , algebraic topology *

Σολ ο µ ο ν Εµµ α

Λεη µ ε ρ

, mathematician [9] , mathematician * , representation theory *

Νο ρ µ α ν Γεο ρ γ ε Βα ρ ρ ψ Λο υ ι σ ϑοη ν

Λεϖ ι ν σ ο ν Λυσ ζ τ ι γ

Μ α ζ υ ρ , mathematician * Μο ρ δ ε λ λ ϖο ν , number theorist * , mathematician [10]

Νευ µ α ν ν

Γεο ρ γ ε Εµ ι λ

Π ⌠ λ ψ α , mathematician *

Π ο σ τ , logician * Ροβ β ι ν σ Ροβ ι ν σ ο ν Ρυβ ι ν , statistician * , nonstandard analysis *

Ηερ β ε ρ τ Αβ ρ α η α µ Αρ τ η υ ρ

, mathematician

• • • • • • • •

Ισα δ ο ρ ε Ριχηα ρ δ Ελ ι α σ

Σιν γ ε ρ

, mathematician, Abel Prize (2004) * , mathematician *

Π. Σ τ α ν λ ε ψ

Στ ε ι ν

, mathematician * Υ λ α µ , mathematician * , mathematician * , mathematician, Bôcher Prize, National Medal , M-theory, Fields Medal (1990) * , algebraic geometry *

Στα ν ι σ λ α ω Αν δ ρ  Ωε ι λ

Νο ρ β ε ρ τ of Science * Εδωα ρ δ Οσ χ α ρ

Ωι ε ν ε ρ Ωι τ τ ε ν

Ζα ρ ι σ κ ι

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