Joshua Tree Basic Safety
Content
Desert Safety
The desert is a beautifiul and pristine landscape. At times, however, that beauty can be
deceiving, masking the potential for serious injuries that can befall the unwary. It is up to
visitors to make sure they understand the nature of the environment they are entering and
to be aware of hazards they may encounter.
Planning
It is important to plan well before heading out the door for any adventure. Know where you are going, who you
are going with, and when you expect to return. Always let someone know where you will be, who is with you, and
when you’re coming back.
Never hike alone! There is safety in numbers, and having a partner with you will increase your chances of
survival if anything were to happen. Take maps and a compass, and know how to use them. And remember to be
aware of your surroundings. Know what the weather is supposed to be like, and be prepared for sudden changes. Contact local land management agencies to learn about local conditions in the area you are headed to.
Water & Food
The most critical factor for survival in a desert environment is access to water. Desert heat can quickly lead to
dehydration. Always carry extra water with you when driving, biking, or hiking. At least one gallon of water per day
is recommended, especially in the summer. Food is important to boost both your morale and your energy. Keep
emergency food, such as granola or energy bars, with you at all times.
Clothing
Dress appropriately for the weather. In the desert, it is important to wear a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Carry
an extra shirt or light jacket in the summer, or a heavy jacket in the winter, in case you find yourself lost in the
dunes after dark when the temperature drops.
Getting Lost
It is easy to become disoriented in the dunefield. Be sure to tell someone where you are going and when you will
return. Orient yourself to a landmark, such as a mountain or water tower, and carry a GPS or compass with you.
If you become lost, remain in place on top of a dune. A mirror or piece of aluminum foil can be used to
flash sunlight toward potential rescuers. If possible, call 911 or the sheriff’s office at (575) 437-2210 and describe
your location to the dispatcher.
Heat & Cold
Exposure to excessive heat can cause heat stress, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Painful muscle spasms,
usually in the legs and abdomen, are the first signs of heat stress.
Heat exhaustion symptoms include skin that is pale, cool, moist, or flushed, as well as headaches,
nausea, dizziness, weakness, or exhaustion. Heat stroke is an emergency condition characterized by hot, dry, red
skin; unconsciousness; rapid weak pulse; and shallow breathing.
For all types of heat stress, get the victim to a cool location and give them small amounts of water or
sport drink. DO NOT give salt tablets or salt water. Loosen tight clothing and apply cool wet cloths to the skin. Get
emergency medical care as soon as possible if the victim refuses water, vomits, or loses consciousness.
Hypothermia is a dangerous drop in body temperature. Shivering, numbness, and unconsciousness are
all symptoms. Getting the victim to a warm place and out of wet clothes as soon as possible is critical. Contact
emergency services immediately.
Lightning
Lightning often occurs in the desert during thunderstorms, even if there is no rain. Take cover in a building or vehicle if you see a gathering storm or hear thunder. Crouch down between dunes with you feet together if you cannot
get to either a car or building.
Venomous Creatures
Rattlesnakes, scorpions, and black widows are only a few of the venomous animals found in New Mexico. To
avoid a bite, watch where you walk, put your hands, or sit. Do not step over rocks or logs, and try not to walk
through thick vegetation where visibility is poor. Never try to pick up, touch, or tease snakes and scorpions or
handle spiders and insects. If bitten, seek immediate medical attention. Bring a photo of the animal along for identification if possible. Keep in mind that a dead rattlesnake can deliver a lethal bite.
Trail Maps
Ryan Mountain Trail
levard
Bou
k
r
Pa
Begin Here
ev
Pa
r
Featured
trail
Hiking trail
Sheep Pass
Campground
ar
d
r ail
Tee T
Tr
ai
l
kB
ou
l
Ho
rse
Echo
Lo
st
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
Cap Rock
Nature Trail
Gate
Sheep Pass Connector Trail
Ryan
Mountain
Trail
5195
Paved road
Ryan Ranch
Ryan Campground
Ryan
Mountain
4995
4795
4595
5461ft
1665m
One-way distance – 1.4 miles
Hik
in
g
il
WILDERNESS AREA
ad
and
ail
Tr
C
ia
rn
if o
l
a
ng
Ridi
Feet
Ryan Ranch
Trail
Unpaved
road
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
5460
Ro
d
Ke
ys
V
ie
w
g
in
o
lif
Ca
a
i
rn
an
ng
ki
Hi
a
Tr
North
d
Ri
0
0
1 Kilometer
1 Mile
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Joshua Tree National Park
California
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Willow Hole Trail
Boy
u
Sco
t Tr
ail
Key West
Backcountry Board
rk
Pa
Bo
ul
d
ar
ev
0
1,500
Feet
3,000
F
Lost Horse Loop Trail
Juniper Flats
Ryan
Campground
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
Ryan
Ranch
Trail
Paved road
Hiking trail
Unpaved road
Featured trail
Backcountry
registration
d
an
g
kin
Ri
ng
di
Hi
l
ai
Tr
C
rn
ia
WILDERNESS
Keys View Road
Sq
ua
Ta
Tr
5120
l
ai
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
w
4585
Loop distance (clockwise) – 6.2 miles
Lost Horse Mine
DAY
USE
AREA
Lost Horse
Mine Loop
Trail
Lost Horse
Mountain
Malapai
Hill
North
5313ft
1619m
Keys View
AREA
nk
WILDERNESS
AREA
o
alif
0
0
1 Kilometer
1 Mile
Lost Palms Oasis & Mastodon Peak Trails
National Pa
Joshua Tree
Cottonwood
Campground
Pinkham
Canyon Road
Cottonwood
Visitor Center
Mastodon
Peak Trail
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Mastodon
Mine
Cottonwood
Spring
1 Mile
Lost Palms Oasis
N
W
a
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Feet
Spring Road
0
R
D
d
woo
1 Kilometer
B
r
P
on
Cott
0
Loop distance – 2.4 miles
Lost Palms
Oasis Trail
Moorten’s
Mill Site
North
3350
3185
2985
3460
3285
3085
One-way distance – 3.6 miles
Bajada
Nature Trail
WILDERNESS AREA
EXPER
North
1 Kilometer
0
Hiking trail
Unpaved road
Featured trail
Cross-country
route (hiking)
Backcountry
registration
Picnic area
Ranger station
Drinking water
1 Mile
C
ham
anyon Roa
d
oB
as
in
Pi
nk
a
Ro
d
0
Paved road
Pin
t
Berdoo/Thermal
Canyon Trail
WILDERNESS
Cottonwood
Campground
Conejo Well
Cottonwood Visitor Center
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
ny
on
ail
st
Lost Palms
Oasis
Lo
Pa
D AY U S E
AREA
lm
s Can
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on
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Feet
N TA I N S
rings Road
od Sp
ive
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Lo
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Pa
lm
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se
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Ca
un
Cottonwood
Spring
M
Mastodon Mine
oo
NW
One-way distance – 2.4 miles
Mastadon Mine Loop Trail
nw
d
O
3350
3185
2985
Cotto
R
el-drive
4-whe
oa
TT
O
d
am Canyon
C
Pinkh
yon Roa
an
lC
ma
Ther
WILDERNESS
AREA
Feet
3079ft
939m
3460
3285
3085
One-way distance – 3.6 miles
10
WILDERNESS
AREA
10
AREA
Canyon
Indian Cove
Entrance Station
rail
out T
Boy Sc
Indian Cove
AREA
YNIN
Indian Cove
Group Campground
FORT
Indian Cove
Nature Trail
Indian Cove
Campground
North View
Trail
Big
Pine
Fortynine
Palms Oasis
E P
AL
WILDERNESS
MS
CA
NY
ON
oa d
AREA
Fortynine Palms
Oasis Trail
R
ve
Indian Co
WILDERNESS
R oa
d
D AY U S E A R E A
Indian Cove Picnic Area
Trail
North
Maze
Loop
Trail
W
R AT T L E S N A K E
O
N
D
E
R
L
il
Tra
ole
H
w
Willo
Window
Loop
Trail
A
N
N
CA
YO
0
N
1 Kilometer
0
1 Mile
Paved road
Featured trail
Unpaved road
Trail distance and
elevation indicator
Willow Hole
D
O
F
R
Hiking trail
Backcountry registration
O
C
Ranger station
K
S
Feet
4185
3650
3250
2850
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
One-way distance (Keys West to
Indian Cove) – 7.7 miles
Queen Mountain
Pa
rk
Q ua
Johnny Lang
Connector Trail
WILDERNESS
Bo
ule
va
rd
D AY U S E A R E A
You Are Here
Keys West
Keys Ranch
Quail Springs
Picnic Area
il S p
rin
CLOSED AREA.
OPEN ONLY
ON RANGERGUIDED TOURS.
gs T
rail
Lost
Horse
Trail
Gate
AREA
R
D AY U S E A
EA
Barker Dam Nature Trail
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
WILDERNESS
AREA
Closed area. Open
only on rangerguided tours.
Wall Street Mill
4305
4250
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Loop distance – 1.3 miles
Feet
c
an
Ke y s R
One-way distance – 1.1 Miles
Barker Dam
Ro
ad
Barker Dam
Nature Trail
Begin Here
Wall Street
Mill Trail
ey Trail
n Vall
Quee
Queen
Valley
Road
Queen Valley
Trail
Hidden Valley
Campground
Pa
r
k
ev
ul
Bo
Echo Tee
D AY U S E A R E A
Hidden Valley-Barker Dam
Connector Trail
d
ar
Hidden
Valley
Trail
4335
4265
D AY U S E A R E A
h
Gate
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Echo Tee Trail
0
0
Hidden Valley
Picnic Area
North
1 Kilometer
1 Mile
Featured trail
Paved road
Hiking trail
Unpaved
road
Emergency
telephone
Parking
Restrooms
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Canyo
Indian Cove
Entrance Station
2725
ON
NY
CA
Feet
2925
One-way distance – 1.5 miles
S
One-way distance (Indian Cove to
Keys West) – 7.7 miles
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
3070
AREA
Fortynine
Palms Oasis
PA
WILDERNESS
LM
Feet
il
Tra
cout
Boy S
Indian Cove
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
ad
Ro
3650
3250
2850
oa
d
Fortynine Palms
Oasis Trail
e
ov
Indian C
4185
nR
D AY U S E A R E A
NE
Indian Cove
Group Campground
AREA
YNI
WILDERNESS
FORT
Indian Cove
Nature Trail
Indian Cove
Campground
gP
Bi
Indian Cove Picnic Area
rail
ine T
North
N
North View
Trail
0
O
D
AY
U
SE
R AT T L E S N A K E
A
RE
A
Maze
Loop
Trail
Window
Loop
Trail
W
O
low
Wil
N
le
Ho
D
E
l
ai
Tr
R
L
CA
N
Y
1 Kilometer
0
1 Mile
Paved road
A
N
Featured trail
Willow Hole
Unpaved road
D
O
Hiking trail
F
Trail distance and
elevation indicator
Backcountry registration
R
O
Ranger station
C
K
S
Drinking water
Queen Mountain
Pa
rk
WILDERNESS
Bo
ule
v
D AY U S E A R E A
ar
d
Keys West
Qua
il
Johnny Lang
Connector Trail
Quail Springs
Picnic Area
Sprin
gs
Trail
Lost
Horse
Trail
CLOSED AREA.
OPEN ONLY
ON RANGERGUIDED TOURS.
Gate
AREA
R
D AY U S E A
EA
49 Palms Oasis Trail
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Joshua Tree National Park
62
Twentynine Palms Highway
Canyon
Road
Canyon Road lies five miles west of the Oasis Visitor Center
and 11 miles east of the Joshua Tree Visitor Center. It is two
miles south from Highway 62 to the trailhead.
Park Boundary
Begin Here
D AY U S E A R E A
WILDERNESS
AREA
Fortynine Palms
Oasis Trail
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Feet
3070
2925
One-way distance – 1.5 miles
CA
NY
ON
2725
S
Featured trail
PAL
M
Paved road
NE
Highway
F O RT
YNI
North
0
0
Fortynine
Palms Oasis
D AY U S E A R E A
.8 Kilometer
.5 Mile
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Joshua Tree
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Joshua Tree National Park
Hidden Valley Nature Trail
A moderate, one-mile loop
Keys Ranch Road
m
ad
Ro
rke
rD
a
Echo Tee
Ba
Hidden
Valley
Campground
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
4280
4180
Loop distance (clockwise) – 1 Mile
Intersection
Rock
Begin Here
B
rk
Pa
Hidden Valley Trail
Trail
Echo Tee
Hidden ValleyBarker Dam
Connector Trail
evard
oul
Featured trail
Hiking trail
Paved road
Unpaved
road
Hidden Valley
Picnic Area
Restrooms
Parking
Emergency
telephone
North
0
0
T
LOS
H
S
OR
E
V
L
AL
EY
.8 Kilometer
.5 Mile
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Topographic Maps
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There are private inholdings within the federal boundaries
shown on this map. Trespassing on private property is prohibited.
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Cartography Completed using ArcGIS Desktop 10.1
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1000-meter grid: Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 11N
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Parki ng A rea
H O R S E
;
!
!
The National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied,
as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data/maps.
It is strongly recommended that these data/maps be directly
acquired from an NPS server and not indirectly through other
sources which may have changed the data/maps in some way.
Although these data/maps have been processed successfully on
computer systems at the National Park Service, no warranty
expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data/maps
on other systems for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act
of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies
both to individual use of the data/maps and aggregate use with
other data/maps.
00
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North
000
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!
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Queen
Well
RIVERSIDE CO
SAN BERNARDINO CO
48 0
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Quadrangle Location
579
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V A L L E Y
9
!
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Hall of Horrors
!
!
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N AT U R E T R A I L
!
!
Barker Dam
44
Disney
Petrog lyph s
The National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper
or incorrect use of the data/maps described and/or contained
herein. These data/maps and related graphics (i.e. "GIF" or "JPG"
format files) are not legal documents and are not intended to be
used as such. The information contained in these data/maps are
dynamic and may change over time. The data/maps are not better
than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the
responsibility of the data/map user to use the information
appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data
in general and these data/maps in particular. The related graphics
are intended to aid the data/map user in acquiring relevant data; it
is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data.
L O S T
Mo jave Pl ants
Parki ng A rea
577
116°10'0"W
!
NG
LA
Trail
0
!
MILES
!
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!
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CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET
CALCULATED FROM 5-METER DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
TO CONVERT FROM FEET TO METERS, MULTIPLY BY 0.3048
1,250
!!
SCALE 1:24,000
!
!
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!
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!
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!
NY
Day Use Area Only
Road Classification
Keys Ranch (Restricted Use)
2,500
0.5
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!
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!
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Private Property
1
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573
116°12'30"W
000
5,028
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!
4400
UTM GRID AND 2014 MAGNETIC NORTH
DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET
0°27´
8 MILS
572
75,405
Mt. Minerva
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2
!
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!
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WILDERNESS BOUNDARY
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!
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Springs data provided by NPS Inventory and Monitoring. All
springs considered intermittent or dry. No reliable source of water.
!
!
!
52
Roads data provided by U.S. Census and San Bernardino County.
Photoinspected using NAIP imagery dated 2009.
!
!
4600
Produced by the GIS Office of Joshua Tree National Park
!
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!
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!
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!
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SAN BERNARDINO CO
!
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Joshua
Tree
South
Joshua
Tree
North
East
Deception
Canyon
!
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Center
Victory
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Wells
East of
Victory
Pass
Coxcomb
Mts.
Cadiz
Cadiz
Valley SW Valley SE
!
TR
INDIAN COVE, CA 2014
Joshua Tree National Park
Cottonwood
Thermal
Hayfield
Spring
Canyon Cottonwood
Basin
Conejo
Well
San
Placer
Bernardino
Canyon
Wash
Clarks
Pass
Sh eep Pass
Group Campgrou nd
!
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3763
3764 000
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3765 000
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Twentynine
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West
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Berdoo Rockhouse Wash
Wash
Canyon Canyon
Keys
View
Indian
Cove
Sunfair
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NATIONAL PARK BOUNDARY
2
00
0
40
24
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34
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3728000
3729
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3000
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26 0
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2800
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NATIONAL PARK BOUNDARY
1600
28 0
115°32'30"W
635000
29
20
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3730000
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3731000
3732
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M O U N T A I N S
12
632000
24
000
3733000
3734000
E A G L E
11
115°35'0"W
631000
"
00
U.S. Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
"
"
00
T 6S
T 5S
16
3734000
3735000
3732000
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3733000
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33°45'0"N
3728000
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115°30'0"W
639000
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33°42'30"N
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3735000
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33°45'0"N
628000
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AD
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115°37'30"W
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7.5-Minute Series (Topographic)
00
24
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L E
Hayfield Spring Quadrangle
3000
24
20 0
S B
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2800
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628000
629000
24
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20 00
2200
0
There are private inholdings within the federal boundaries
shown on this map. Trespassing on private property is prohibited.
Dirt
Dirt 4X4
Paved
Road Classification
Highway
BLM ACEC Lands
!
!
!
!
Trail
1,250
0
0
0
0
FEET
KILOMETERS
MILES
2,500
0.5
SCALE 1:24,000
633000
19
18
00
1
634000
1
16
5,000
CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET
CALCULATED FROM 5-METER DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
TO CONVERT FROM FEET TO METERS, MULTIPLY BY 0.3048
2,500
0.5
0.25
20 0
00
18 00
18
"
00
2
636000
21
The National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied,
as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data/maps.
It is strongly recommended that these data/maps be directly
acquired from an NPS server and not indirectly through other
sources which may have changed the data/maps in some way.
Although these data/maps have been processed successfully on
computer systems at the National Park Service, no warranty
expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data/maps
on other systems for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act
of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies
both to individual use of the data/maps and aggregate use with
other data/maps.
Re d
V A L L E Y
9
The National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper
or incorrect use of the data/maps described and/or contained
herein. These data/maps and related graphics (i.e. "GIF" or "JPG"
format files) are not legal documents and are not intended to be
used as such. The information contained in these data/maps are
dynamic and may change over time. The data/maps are not better
than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the
responsibility of the data/map user to use the information
appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data
in general and these data/maps in particular. The related graphics
are intended to aid the data/map user in acquiring relevant data; it
is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data.
635000
115°32'30"W
20
17
8
C H U C K W A L L A
as
h
"
Quadrangle Location
W
637000
Cl o ud
00
Cartography Completed using ArcGIS Desktop 10.1
20 00
North American Datum 1983 (NAD83). Projection and
1000-meter grid: Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 11N
0.5
R 13E R14E
00
20 00
18
00
UTM GRID AND 2014 MAGNETIC NORTH
DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET
1
00
00
632000
24
20
20 00
00
"
00
Contours and hillshade derived from 5-meter DEM
0°48´
14 MILS
11°41´
208 MILS
0
115°35'0"W
24
631000
24
2200
22
"
"
"
"
Morongo
Valley
Rimrock
638000
22
15
10
East
Deception
Canyon
Seven
Palms
Valley
0
Joshua
Tree
South
Joshua
Tree
North
18 0
00
Malapai
Hill
Fried
Liver
Wash
Pinto
Mtn.
Hayfield
Spring
Desert
Center
Victory
Pass
Pinto
Wells
East of
Victory
Pass
Coxcomb
Mts.
Cadiz
Cadiz
Valley SW Valley SE
HAYFIELD SPRING, CA 2014
Joshua Tree National Park
Cottonwood
Thermal
Hayfield
Spring
Canyon Cottonwood
Basin
Buzzard
Spring
San
Placer
Bernardino
Canyon
Wash
Clarks
Pass
33°37'30"N
33°40'0"N
Queen Twentynine Humbug New Dale
Mtn. Palms Mtn. Mtn.
Twentynine Valley
Mtn.
Palms
639000
3722000
3723000
3724000
3725000
3726
000
3727000
West
Washington Porcupine Conejo
Berdoo Rockhouse Wash
Well
Wash
Canyon Canyon
Keys
View
Indian
Cove
Sunfair
00
18
18
Yucca
Valley
South
Yucca
Valley
North
Chuckwalla Mts
DA RY
Springs data provided by NPS Inventory and Monitoring. All
springs considered intermittent or dry. No reliable source of water.
Ù
MN
00
00
00
00
00
00
GN
0
2400
26
26
00
18
16 00
7
"
"
"
0
Roads data provided by U.S. Census and San Bernardino County.
Photoinspected using NAIP imagery dated 2009.
×
26 0
630000
22 00
20
24 00
00
0
26
115°37'30"W
00
00
M O U N T A I N S
24
20
24
13
12
"
"
0
Produced by the GIS Office of Joshua Tree National Park
00
0
18
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22 0
2200
22 00
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3756 000
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!
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3762 000
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shown on this map. Trespassing on private property is prohibited.
Cartography Completed using ArcGIS Desktop 10.1
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The National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied,
as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data/maps.
It is strongly recommended that these data/maps be directly
acquired from an NPS server and not indirectly through other
sources which may have changed the data/maps in some way.
Although these data/maps have been processed successfully on
computer systems at the National Park Service, no warranty
expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data/maps
on other systems for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act
of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies
both to individual use of the data/maps and aggregate use with
other data/maps.
The National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper
or incorrect use of the data/maps described and/or contained
herein. These data/maps and related graphics (i.e. "GIF" or "JPG"
format files) are not legal documents and are not intended to be
used as such. The information contained in these data/maps are
dynamic and may change over time. The data/maps are not better
than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the
responsibility of the data/map user to use the information
appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data
in general and these data/maps in particular. The related graphics
are intended to aid the data/map user in acquiring relevant data; it
is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data.
577000
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East of
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S
KEYS VIEW, CA 2014
Joshua Tree National Park
Cottonwood
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Desert Camping Tips and Saftey
How can I minimize my impact on the desert?
You can begin by taking only memories and leaving only footprints.
This often-repeated saying has special meaning in a desert, where plant and animal life is
sparse and the land is slow to heal.
“Take only memories” means resisting the natural human impulse to collect beautiful objects.
An unpicked wildflower feeds pollinators now and--thanks to the seeds it will produce--in
future years as well. Left alone, an animal bone will be gnawed by desert rodents to recover
its calcium. Feathers and cactus skeletons, too, will eventually be broken down and recycled
into living plants and animals.
Even interesting stones should be left for others of your own species to enjoy. And of course
prehistoric and historic artifacts should stay as you find them. If you’d like a reminder of your
discoveries, consider taking photographs, making sketches, or keeping a journal.
In the desert “leave only footprints” should probably be amended with “and as few of those
as possible!” Stay on trails when you’re hiking, or if you must go off-trail, try to put your feet
where they’re least likely to do harm: on stones where they’ll leave no marks, or in sandy
washes where they’ll more quickly be erased. Try to avoid stepping on plants or the living
crusts called cryptobiotic soils.
Your automobile leaves even larger footprints than you do, so it’s important to keep your tires
on the road. Unfortunately, some off-road vehicle enthusiasts consider the desert their playground. Needless to say, this can be a terribly destructive form of recreation.
What might I bring on a hike to help me enjoy the desert?
As little as possible.
Part of the fun of venturing into any wild place is the feeling of being unencumbered, so the trick is never to take too much. Here are a few items that are
especially likely to add to your enjoyment without weighing you down. However,
you should pack the “Essentials” and be prepared for minor injuries, sudden
weather changes or delays. The following are items you should include:
_Candle
_Clothing (always bring something warm,
extra socks, and rain gear)
_Compass
_First aid kit
_Food (bring extra)
_Flashlight
_Foil (to use as a cup or signaling device)
_Hat
_Insect repellent
_Map
_Nylon filament
_Pocket knife
_Pocket mirror (to use as a signaling device)
_Prescription glasses (an extra pair)
_Prescription medications for ongoing medical conditions
_Radio with batteries
_Space blanket or a piece of plastic (to use
for warmth or shelter)
_Sunglasses
_Sunscreen
_Trash bag (makes an adequate poncho)
_Water
_Waterproof matches or matches in a waterproof tin
_Water purification tablets
_Whistle (to scare off animals or to use as a
signaling device)
BONUS
_Magnifying glass. The desert is intriguing on every scale, from the grandest landscape to
the least conspicuous belly flower. Even an inexpensive magnifier can bring you eye-to-eye
with a beetle (and help you pull out tiny cactus spines as well).
_Binoculars. Choose carefully, and be sure to try them out before buying. The fact that a
friend raves about his binoculars doesn’t mean they’ll work well with your eyes. Consider one
of the miniature pairs--in twilight the image may be dimmer than in full-size instruments, but
you won’t end the day with a sore neck.
_Camera. You don’t need to be Ansel Adams to get pleasure from picture taking, nor do
you need to carry his equipment. (Sometimes he used a mule!) If you’re a novice, start with
something inexpensive, lightweight, and simple--don’t be seduced by bells and whistles.
And don’t forget film and a spare battery.
_Notebook. Field notes are a good device to help yourself look more closely at your surroundings, and a wonderful way to evoke the experience of a special hike many years later.
_Field guides. No one wants a library on his back, so why not pick a focus for the day--say,
wildflowers or lizards? If you come across something to look up in one of the guides you left
at home, you can always take its picture or sketch it in your notebook for later identification.
How to rehydrate if you get a little dehydrated:
If you notice you’re not peeing regularly (every two
hours) or your pee is dark, you’re pretty dehydrated
already.
Drink water, not caffeinated beverages or sodas.
Some soda is fine - it has salt, you need salt. But
drink water.
Drink 4-6 ounces at a time and drink frequently - like
every 15-20 minutes.
Continue until you’re back to peeing regularly - and
your urine is relatively clear.
Eat a snack containing salt and calcium at a minimum; potassium, magnesium and some sort of
protein aren’t a bad idea either...a little at a time.
It turns out that most water is absorbed in the small
intestine. This means that gulping a lot of water immediately upon realizing you’re dehydrated (or waiting
until you are thirsty) can mean that there’s a time lapse
before you get the water absorbed into your bloodstream.
Sipping teensy bits of water isn’t a great idea, either.
That’s because it just wets the stomach lining - which
absorbs it, but it doesn’t get to your blood stream.
So take a reasonable amount - about 4-6 ounces - at
a time. Kids sometimes have a hard time with this.
It’s also a fact that kids don’t like warm water - and
some don’t like water at all. Juices and other drinks
are better than no fluid at all, but diluting them with
water is a good idea. Special rehydration drinks aren’t
usually necessary for a person with an ordinary diet,
but sometimes they make drinking water more fun.
If vitamin water or propel is what your kids will drink,
use it. Cooler water hydrates you faster than warmer
water.
Air conditioning alone does not prevent dehydration.
Drinking cool water is better than drinking warm water,
though - in terms of doing its job of hydrating you.
A person who weighs 200 pounds who has been
active for a mere 40 minutes in high temperatures
does indeed need about 120 ounces of water - about
a gallon.
A person who weighs more - and many do - need
more than that.
You’re probably going to survive a day or two of
dehydration, in any case. But your ability to handle
the other effects of heat will be diminished. Most
people do not want to stress their bodies in this way,
but people who like extreme athletics in hot weather
clearly wish to stress their bodies more than others
may want to. Unless dehydration is chronic, you
probably are going to survive it just fine. You might
not feel as well as you usually do - and you’ll probably
attribute that to the heat. But not feeling well means
you might not be driving well.
If you aren’t in the habit of drinking enough to begin
with, change that habit and get yourself used to the
feeling of actually being hydrated. Over the long
term, your kidneys will thank you - and so will the rest
of your body. Everything about hydration applies to
airplane travel as well.
Preconditioning oneself to heat, by itself, is a good
idea - people who routinely use saunas, or turn off the
air conditioning when driving their daily commute or
who work outside in the hot part of the day are more
likely to do well at staying hydrated in desert heat.
Small children need extra care.
Infants, in particular, need to be hydrated. Signs of
dehydration in children are the same as in grown-ups
- their urine is darker than usual. Diaper-babies are
therefore easier to keep track of than the newly potty-trained, so you might want to remember to check
- for real - how they are doing, because they often
don’t complain of symptoms until dehydration is well
under way. You don’t want them more susceptible to
viruses while traveling.
Taking extra water along on the trip doesn’t hurt
anyone.
While some members of your travel party may need
only half a gallon a day, some may need more. In
addition, people may want to rinse their faces and
hands, or use a mister to try and keep cool. Water
evaporates out of containers, as well, and some
containers leak. Why cut it close? Having enough
water for one extra day when traveling in dry country
can be very helpful - if there’s a fire, a flood, or any
other reason why water deliveries are cut off to those
gas stations you stop at, you’ll be very glad you have
water.
A Guide to Basic Wilderness First Aid
Basic First Aid Kit
**The following list is only a suggestion of some of the supplies you should consider for your first aid kit. You should personalize your kit to meet your needs,
activities and situations. The key to a good first aid kit is its usability. What supplies to include and how much of each item should be based upon your individual needs.
__Personal medications
__Roll bandages
__Adhesive tape
__Antiseptic wipes
__Sterile gauze pads
__Cotton swabs
__Tweezers
__Safety pins
__Scissors
__Bee sting kit
__Sinus medications
__Tissues
__Bug repellent
__Sunscreen
__Notepad/pen
__Sterile compresses
__Splinting materials
__Personal information/contact person
__Feminine products
__Ipecac
__Razor blades
__Plastic bags
__Small bottle of water
__Blanket
__Other personal needs
__Small mirror
__Triangular bandages
__Misc. Band Aides/bandages
__Anti-acids (Tums, Rolaides)
__Antibiotic cream
__Aspirin/Ibuprofen/Tylenol/Naproxin
__Hydrogen Peroxide
__Ace bandages
__Sunburn lotion
__Burn ointment
__Snake bit kit
__Eye drops
__Poison ivy cream/cleansers
__Heat/cold packs
__Small flashlight
__Latex gloves
__Antibacterial soap
__Thermometer
__Coins for emergency phone calls
__Antibiotic soap
__Butterfly bandages
__Twine
__Mole skin for blisters
__Road flares
__First aid manual
__Nail clippers
I.
Victim Assessment
1) Accurately and efficiently evaluate the scene of an accident or incident, covering all of the following steps:
Estimation of what happened.
Estimation of safety at the scene.
Estimation of the number of victims at the scene.
Estimation of additional bystanders and help available.
2) Efficiently determine the victim(s):
Determination of the safety of the victim in his/her current location, and whether or not to move the victim.
Establish responsiveness and spine control: Assess for verbal or pain response and stabilize the spine.
Accurately assess for life-threatening conditions:
Look in the mouth, clear obstructions.
Listen to breathing. Expose chest injuries.
Assess for pulse, control life-threatening bleeding.
Check for spine injury, maintain manual stabilization.
Protect the victim from the environment (insulate from the ground, shield from the wind, cover with sleeping
bag or other insulating material, get him/her into dry clothes).
3) Call for emergency help if possible, but before make sure that victim is not under life-threatening conditions.
Provide emergency service with the following information:
Who (sex, approximate age), what happened, when, where.
Suspected injury/ illness.
Observations: pulse, responsiveness, skin temperature/color/moisture.
*Have all of the pertinent information relating to the incident at hand when on the phone with the emergency
dispatcher.
4) Inspect, inquire, palpate, auscultate from head to toes to find all injuries suffered.
5) Check the vital signs:
Responsiveness
Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Skin color
Temperature
6) Give First Aid according to the priority of symptoms.
II.
Burns and Wounds.
1. BURNS
TYPES OF BURNS:
1) FIRST DEGREE BURNS
A first-degree burn involves only the outer layer of skin, and no lasting or permanent damage occurs. First
degree burns usually heal within 2-3 days. Most sunburns are first degree burns. Symptoms of a first degree
burn are generally limited to mild stinging pain and redness at the site of the burn.
FIRST AID for a first degree burn, if any is needed, is usually limited to immediately flushing the burned area
with cool (NOT COLD) water. Aloe vera gel, or a topical anesthetic spray (such as Solarcaine or Dermoplast)
can be used to lessen the pain of the burn.
2) SECOND DEGREE BURNS
Second-degree burns, also called partial-thickness burns, affect the top layers of the skin, and may occasionally affect part of the deeper layers of skin. With a second-degree burn, the skin is able to heal itself, but
scarring may occur. Second degree burns typically heal within 2-3 weeks.
Symptoms of second-degree burns include: the redness and pain associated with first-degree burns,
although the pain may be more intense, as well as the formation of blisters at the site of the burn. Blisters
form when the outer layers of the skin separate from the inner layers, and fluid accumulates within the space
between the layers.
FIRST AID for second-degree burns is the same as for first-degree burns, with an added caution: if blisters
form at the site of the burn, DO NOT pop them! They are there for a reason (to help heal the skin) and popping them before they’re ready doesn’t help, and may even hinder, healing. A popped blister is very painful,
and you certainly don’t want to add more pain to an already painful situation. Usually, the body will absorb
the fluid inside a blister, and the blister will go away on its own.
3) THIRD DEGREE BURNS
Third-degree burns are also called full-thickness burns, or critical burns. Third-degree burns destroy all the
layers of skin, and can even affect fat, muscle, and other tissue below the level of the skin. Third-degree
burns have even been known to destroy bones. Third-degree burns can be life-threatening, and require
immediate medical attention.
Symptoms of a third-degree burn vary greatly between those of first and second-degree burns. A third-degree burn is usually painless, due to the destruction of all nerve endings in the burned area. The burned area
can range from an ashy-white color to charred brown or black, possible with white patches underneath.
FIRST AID for third degree burns involves managing the victim’s situation until EMS arrives. DO NOT remove
any clothing or material from the burned area—peeling clothing off a serious burn may cause more damage.
Cover the burn with a CLEAN cloth or sterile dressing. Do not apply pressure. Covering the burn helps prevent heat and fluid loss. If evacuation will occur within 24 hours, do not redress wound. Otherwise, if supplies are available, change dressings every other day (soak off old dressings with cool, clean water). Hydrate
patient, but avoid nausea and vomiting.
The most serious threats to life from a third degree burn are the systemic (body-wide) effects the burn causes:
Loss of water and plasma.
Decreased blood circulation.
Decreased urine production leading to kidney failure.
A decrease in the body’s immune response.
A high risk of bacterial infection—the burn area provides an entry point for bacteria into the body.
CALL the rescue team for the following burn situations:
ANY suspected third-degree burn.
Any burn victim having trouble breathing.
Second-degree burns covering more than one body part, or affecting the genitals, head, neck, hands, or
feet.
2. WOUNDS
There are four main types of wounds:
1) SCRAPES--Scrapes are the mildest and most common type of wound. A scrape occurs when the outer
layer of skin is scraped off. Scrapes can be very painful since the nerve ending just below the skin can be
exposed.
2) CUTS--A cut occurs when a sharp or blunt object splits the skin. Cuts range from mild (like a paper cut,
although some paper cuts can hurt terribly!) to severe, such as a cut from a large knife. Deep cuts can damage all layers of the skin, fat, muscle, soft tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and even bones.
3) PUNCTURES--Puncture wounds occur when a sharp object pierces the skin. Again, punctures can be
mild, such as a pinprick, to life-threatening, like a gunshot. A stab wound, depending on the use of the knife,
can be considered a cut or a puncture. Severe puncture wounds can damage blood vessels and even vital
organs, if the puncture is deep enough.
4) AVULSIONS-- An avulsion is a cut serious enough to partially or completely remove a significant amount
of skin or soft tissue from the body. Some avulsions can even cause accidental amputation of a body part,
such as a finger or toe.
Symptoms of wounds will depend on the wound itself, but mainly involve some degree of bleeding and pain.
Very deep wounds can cause internal bleeding and injury, so be sure to pay attention to any complaints the
victim may have, even those that don’t seem related to the wound itself.
FIRST AID FOR MILD TO MODERATE WOUNDS:
Wash the wound with iodine or soap and water, and dry thoroughly.
Apply a small amount of antibiotic ointment, if you have some.
Apply a bandage, if the wound is still bleeding. If not, leave exposed to the air.
FIRST AID FOR MODERATE TO SEVERE WOUNDS:
Use clean water, possibly with povidone-iodine to clean in and around the wound.
Control bleeding. Cover the wound with a clean cloth or sterile dressing and apply pressure. If the wound is
bleeding freely, do not wash
If bleeding is significant, control with direct pressure.
Elevate the wound above heart level if broken bones are not present or suspected.
Wrap and secure a bandage around the covering to keep it in place. Add more layers of covering if blood is
soaking through. Do not remove any layers of covering already in place.
Seek medical attention at once.
Note: Consider closing only if the wound is small, clean, and otherwise, not at high risk for infection
III.
Strains, Sprains & Fractures.
1. STRAINS --- A strain occurs when activity results in a stretch or tear in muscle fibers or tendons (the
fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones). Strains can be mild (where just a few muscle fibers tear), or
major (when whole muscles tear and there is swelling, bleeding and bruising present).
Causes of strains are typically attributed to one of three causes:
Muscle fatigue. Tired muscles are at an increased risk for injury—think about an overheated car: you can
“push” it, but eventually something is bound to happen.
An imbalance in the strength of opposing muscles. If one set of muscles, such as your triceps, is stronger
than the muscles on the other side of a joint, like your biceps, this can cause strain on the weaker muscles.
Poor conditioning. Trying to work muscles that are normally sedentary most of the time can cause strain. So
PLEASE ignore the old saying, “No pain, no gain.” Pain is your body’s way of telling you to slow down, or
stop, your activity.
Symptoms of strains:
Pain and/or tenderness at the site of the injury.
Swelling and possible bruising at the site of the injury.
FIRST AID for strains:
Immediately cease activity.
Apply a cold pack, or ice wrapped in a towel to the affected area. Apply the cold or ice to the injury for 2030 minutes, then, remove for 20-30 minutes. Continue this for two hours, and repeat often for the first 1-2
days of the injury.
On the third day of the injury, switch from cold to heat. Use a hot pack, or heating pad, or a hot bath.
Tylenol or ibuprofen can be used for pain.
If there is excessive swelling or bruising, or the pain from your injury prevents you from moving the affected
part, it is an evacuation situation from wilderness and help of doctor is required.
2. SPRAINS
A muscle sprain is just a more serious form of a muscle strain. Typically, a sprain occurs when the affected
joint is twisted severely enough to damage not only muscles and tendons, but tear ligaments as well. Causes of sprains are the same as that for strains.
Symptoms of sprains are the same as those of strains.
FIRST AID for sprains is basically the same as for a strain. Rest the affected joint in an elevated position.
Evacuation, if symptoms worsen, or do not begin to improve in three days is necessary.
The most commonly strained muscles are the hamstrings (located on the back of the thigh), muscles in the
groin, and muscles in the back.
The most commonly sprained joints are the knee, elbow, and ankle.
You may not be able to tell the difference between a strain and a sprain.
3. FRACTURES
A fracture is any type of break in a bone. Most broken bones are simple or greenstick fractures, but let’s
define the common, as well as some uncommon types of fractures (be aware that more than one type of
fracture may be present in one victim):
A complete fracture occurs when a bone is broken completely through. This results in a bone in two or more
pieces.
A partial fracture is a break that does not go all the way through the bone.
A simple or closed fracture doesn’t break through the skin.
A compound or open fracture is one where the broken bone breaks through the skin.
A greenstick fracture occurs only in children. The bone breaks on one side, but only bends on the other
side. The reason the type of fracture occurs only in children in because the bones of children are much more
flexible than the bones of adults.
A stress fracture is a very small crack, or series of cracks, in a bone occurring after repetitive activity that
puts stress on a bone. Runners and basketball players are especially prone to stress fractures. About 25%
of all stress fractures occur to the tibia (shinbone).
In an impacted fracture, the broken ends of the bone are driven together.
A spiral fracture occurs when a bone is twisted until it breaks. Imagine a wet rag being wrung out until it rips
in two.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF A FRACTURED BONE
The victim heard or felt a snap at the time of the injury.
The victim feels like bones in the injured area are grating together.
The victim is unable to use the affected body part in a normal fashion.
The injured body part looks deformed.
The injured area may be swollen and bruised.
The injured area may feel cold and numb.
Of course, bones protruding through the skin are a pretty good indication of a fracture!
FIRST AID FOR FRACTURES BONES: Evacuate as soon as possible. It takes a great amount of force to
break a healthy adult bone. The incident causing the fracture may have caused other injuries. Care for any
life threatening conditions first. Control any bleeding present. Apply an ice pack, or ice cubes wrapped in a
towel, to the injured area. This will help to reduce swelling and reduce pain. Help the victim remain calm and
as comfortable as possible.
SPLINTING OF A FRACTURE AND TRANSPORT.
If you must move the victim of a fracture, or other injury (such as a bad sprain) that inhibits walking, first you
must splint the injury:
A rigid splint can be created from anything that is made out of an inflexible material, such as a sleeping pad,
boards, or cardboard. Secure the splint with towels or rags tied around the injured part and the splint.
You can use clothes, towels, a sleeping bag or any other material to create a SOFT splint.
An anatomic is when you use another body part to splint the injured area. For instance, a broken leg may be
splinted to the other (uninjured) leg, or a broken arm can be secured to the torso to prevent movement.
When splinting an injury, remember these important tips:
Splint an injury only if you MUST move the victim.
Apply the splint to the injured area in the position you found it. Do not try to straighten out the injured area.
This may cause further injury.
As well as the injured area, splint the joints directly above and below the injured area to make sure the affected area remains immobilized.
ALWAYS check the circulation around the injured area before and after splinting. If your splint is too tight, you
may cut off circulation to the injured area, and possibly other areas, as well.
When transporting an injured person, make sure the victim is well splinted and well supported on both sides.
If the victim is absolutely unable to walk (for example, two broken legs or unconsciousness), fashion a sled
out of anything you can find—logs or branches secured together, or even a large cloth, and pull the victim,
making sure your path is clear. If possible, have someone walk ahead of you to clear any debris out of your
path.
IV.
About Ticks, and the Diseases Connected to Them
1. Tick-borne encephalitis – a viral infection transmitted by ticks and occurring in the region surrounding Lake
Baikal. This disease attacks the central nervous system. Infection is transmitted when an infected tick bites
an organism and viruses are transferred through the saliva. The disease infects humans as well as some
animals- rodents, domestic cattle, monkeys, and some birds.
Ticks are most abundant in damp, wooded areas where ground cover is thick. More ticks are found in developed or partially developed areas (gardens, roads, tracks, etc.) than in areas of the forest untouched by
humans. Ticks do not tolerate direct sunlight and dry air. The erroneous opinion is sometimes distributed that
ticks inhabit trees and, attracted by the smell, drop down onto people below. Actually, ticks most commonly live in grass or bushes alongside roads and tracks and cling to the clothing of people passing by. Once
latched onto a person’s clothing, the tick finds its way underneath clothing or to exposed areas and, gets in
the skin using its sharp proboscis, then feeding on the blood of the host organism. In this way such diseases as Lyme disease and the more dangerous tick-born encephalitis may be transferred to the person.
Ticks attach themselves to the places where the skin is more delicate and capillaries are closer to the surface: on the neck, behind the ears, in the arm-pits, on the back, in the hair part or in groin areas. It is possible to not feel a tick’s bite; when the tick bites, an anesthetizing chemical enters with the tick’s saliva.
The incubatory period of disease on average is 1-2 weeks, sometimes delayed up to 3 weeks. It is possible to explain the varying duration of the incubatory period by the character of a bite - the longer the tick
is attached to the skin, the more of the virus can penetrate into an organism and the faster the disease will
develop.
Disease develops quickly, within several days. The virus invades the grey matter of the brain, attacking peripheral nerves in the spinal cord, and neurons that control motor function. Symptoms include spasms, paralysis of separate muscles or entire groups of muscles, and decreased sensitivity of the skin. In later stages
the virus multiplies and multiple serious symptoms may develop. These can include persistent headaches,
vomiting and loss of consciousness. Infected person may become comatose or, on the contrary, experience
psychomotor excitation with loss of orientation. The cardiovascular irregularities can occur, including (myocarditis, cardiovascular insufficiency, and arrhythmia.) In the digestive system, constipation, enlargement of
the liver and spleen later may be marked. All listed effects can be symptomatic of eventual toxic defeat of the
infected organism, culminating in a rise in body temperature of up to 39-40 degrees ะก (102-104 F). In some
cases, upon attack of spinal nerves, disease may progress into a type of “radiculitis” (inflammation of the
nerves surrounding the spinal cord).
Tick-borne encephalitis can be avoided with the help of nonspecific and specific preventive maintenance.
Nonspecific preventive maintenance You should use tick repellents to spray your clothes and each person
should examine their clothes and body, and remove any ticks they may find.
For removal of ticks stuck to the skin remove the tick using a tweezers or a loop of thread tightened around
the tick, being careful not to shake it around when lifting it off the skin. It is important that the tick’s head does
not become detached from its body and remain lodged in the skin. Once the tick is removed, it is necessary
to burn it to keep it from possibly further spreading the virus. Treat the site of the tick bite with iodine or alcohol, and carefully wash hands afterward.
Specific preventive maintenance is carried out with the help of vaccines. To avoid infection from tick bites,
it is necessary beforehand (in autumn or in the winter, from November - March) to receive preventive inoculations against tick-borne encephalitis. Illness is easier to prevent than to treat. To receive an inoculation it is
necessary to have: the obligatory medical insurance policy, information about any medical allergies, and a
passport.
Emergency preventive maintenance (preventive maintenance after a tick bite) may be carried out with the
help of an injection of immunoglobulins within three days from the moment of a bite.
If possible, keep the tick in a piece of a damp fabric for later laboratory research. The results of the analysis
can help a doctor determine whether emergency preventative maintenance is necessary.
2. Lyme Disease.
Lyme Disease- an infectious disease caused by spirochetes and transmitted by ticks, leading to chronic
effects on the skin, nervous system, motor function and heart.
Development of illness- Infection occurs with the infected tick’s bite. Microbes enter with the tick’s saliva
through the skin and multiply within several days, after which they are distributed to other areas of the body,
both external (skin) and internal (heart, brain, joints, etc.). Microbes can live in the infected organism for a
long time (years), causing chronic and recurrence of the disease. Chronic recurrence of illness may become
more developed over a long period of time. Development of Lyme disease is similar to development of syphilis.
The incubatory period - from 2 to about 35 days, on average - 7-10 days.
Initial Characteristics of the beginning stages of the disease (in 70 % of cases) is reddening of the skin on
the area surrounding the tick’s bite. The red mark (rash) gradually increases in diameter reaching 1-10 cm
in diameter, sometimes up to 60 cm or more. The form of a rash may be round or oval, or less frequently,
irregular. The outside edge of the rash is redder and slightly raised. These symptoms are accompanied by
fatigue, weakness, headaches and muscular pains, joint pains, rise in temperature and swelling of lymph
nodes. In due course the centre of the rash turns pale or acquires a bluish shade and the form of a ring is
created. The tick’s bite, located in the center of the rash, develops a scab followed by a scar. Without treatment the scar??? disappears within 2-3 weeks.
After 4-6 days, the microbes begin to attack the central nervous system, heart and joints. Recognition of
illness. Persons who develop a red rash on the site of a tick bite should immediately be concerned about
Lyme \disease. Diagnosis can be confirmed by blood analysis.
Treatment should be carried out in a hospital where the proper specific treatment can be provided. Without
such treatment the illness progresses, becoming chronically recurring, and, in some cases, can result in
permanent physical disability.
Prophylactic medical examination. Persons who have been ill with Lyme disease should remain under medical supervision for 2 years following treatment, receiving checkups at 3, 6, and 12 months, and after 2
years.
Illness Prevention. Spraying of clothes with tick repellent can provide protection for an entire day of exposure
to the tick’s habitat.
V.
Snake Bites.
What snakes cause venomous bites at Lake Baikal?
Copperhead snake
Adder
What are the symptoms of venomous bites?
While each individual may experience symptoms differently, the following are the most common symptoms
of venomous snakebites:
bloody wound discharge
fang marks in the skin and swelling at the site of the bite
severe localized pain
diarrhea
burning
convulsions
fainting
dizziness
weakness
blurred vision
excessive sweating
fever
increased thirst
loss of muscle coordination
nausea and vomiting
numbness and tingling
rapid pulse
Treatment:
Call for emergency assistance immediately if someone has been bitten by a snake. Responding quickly in
this type of emergency is crucial. While waiting for emergency assistance:
Wash the bite with soap and water.
Immobilize the bitten area and keep it lower than the heart.
Cover the area with a clean, cool compress or a moist dressing to minimize swelling and discomfort.
Monitor vital signs.
If a victim is unable to reach medical care within 30 minutes, the American Red Cross recommends:
Applying a bandage, wrapped two to four inches above the bite, to help slow the venom. This should not
cut off the flow of blood from a vein or artery - the band should be loose enough to slip a finger under it.
_
VI.
Submersion (Near Drowning)
Drowning occurs when a person dies by suffocation due to submersion in water (or occasionally, other fluids). The term near-drowning is used to describe victims who have been resuscitated and survive for at least
twenty-four hours. If the victim dies within twenty-four hours of the original incident, drowning is listed as the
primary cause of death. If the victim dies after the initial twenty-four hour period, death is attributed to the
complications arising from the incident, with near-drowning listed as a secondary cause of death.
If you must rescue the victim, make sure the scene is safe. Rescuing a victim who is caught in a current or
other dangerous situation can be very dangerous to you.
If the victim is conscious in the water, use a pole or other long object to extend to the victim, and pull the
victim to safety.
If you must enter the water to rescue the victim, cup one hand around the victim’s chin to hold the head out
of the water, and swim to safety.
When everyone is in a safe area, call the emergency service if possible, and assess the victim. Near-drowning presents a unique first aid challenge, as many different conditions may be present in the near-drowning
victim.
OTHER FIRST AID CONSIDERATIONS IN A NEAR-DROWNING VICTIM:
Head, neck, and/or back injuries, or other injuries to the body, if the victim was in some sort of diving or
other accident.
Poisoning, depending on the fluid involved in the incident.
Hypothermia, depending on the temperature of the fluid in which the victim was submerged.
The potential for cardiac arrest (cessation of heart function) if the victim is left unattended for a period of time.
COMPLICATIONS OF NEAR DROWNING:
Irreversible brain damage is common in near-drowning victims who do not receive immediate first aid and
advanced medical care.
Many near-drownings occur due to diving accidents, and temporary or permanent paralysis of all or part of
the body may be present, or even occur after the fact, due to improper movement of the victim. Moving a
victim with a head, neck, or back injury may result in further injury.
Many respiratory complications can occur due to the damage the lungs incur during the incident. These
complications may result in the need for mechanical ventilation of the victim for a few hours up to months,
or longer. Respiratory complications can occur up to days after the near-drowning incident, which is why all
victims of near-drowning should receive professional medical care as soon as possible after the incident.
_
VII.
Heat illness.
There are basically three main types of heat illness: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke.
1) HEAT CRAMPS are painful muscle contractions associated with heavy exercise in a warm or hot environment. These strong, painful muscle contractions occur in the stomach muscles or the large muscles on the
back of the thigh. The specific cause of heat cramps is debatable: most experts agree that heat cramps are
likely to occur when exercising in hot weather. But while some experts attribute heat cramps to dehydration
and poor physical condition in addition to the heat, other experts claim heat cramps are caused by a lack of
water and salt. These two theories are so similar that, in regards to treatment and first aid, there is no difference.
2) HEAT EXHAUSTION is a mild to moderate heat illness, and can occur very suddenly, especially after
vigorous exercise in hot weather. Heat exhaustion occurs when the body is in an excessively warm environment and there is an inadequate intake of fluids into the body. Heat exhaustion can evolve into heatstroke if
ignored.
3) HEATSTROKE is the most serious form of heat illness, and can be fatal if emergency medical attention is
not sought immediately. Heatstroke is an advanced form of heat exhaustion. In heatstroke, the body’s mechanism of controlling body temperature fails, and the body’s temperature rises uncontrollably.
Where are when does heat illness occur?
Heat illness can occur whenever and wherever the environment you’re in is excessively hot. There is no “official” temperature at which heat illness is most likely.
Rather, a combination of factors contribute to an individual’s risk for heat illness. These factors are:
Symptoms of heat illness vary, according to the degree of heat illness:
1) The symptoms of HEAT CRAMPS are painful, but localized and fairly mild. The muscles in the abdomen,
legs, and sometimes the arms spasm, causing painful contractions. People who sweat profusely during exercise are at greater risk for heat cramps, due to the depletion of fluid (and salt) through sweat. Heat cramps
may also be an indicator of heat exhaustion, so be aware of any other symptoms present. Heat cramps can
occur during exercise, and last up to an hour after ceasing of activity.
2) Signs of HEAT EXHAUSTION tend to be systemic (affecting the entire body), although heat cramps may
be present during heat exhaustion. Symptoms may have a sudden onset, and remember that heat exhaustion doesn’t always occur with strenuous activity. Just spending a long day in the sun can cause heat exhaustion.
Symptoms of heat exhaustion are:
Red or very pale skin
Skin that is warm or hot to the touch
Faintness and /or dizziness
Nausea, with or without vomiting
A low-grade fever may be present: above normal, but below 104 degrees F
A rapid pulse
3) In HEAT STROKE, you’ll see the same signs as in heat exhaustion, since heat exhaustion is a precursor
of heatstroke. The addition of a few much more ominous symptoms makes heatstroke a very dangerous
condition:
A body temperature of greater than 104 degrees F is a direct indicator of heatstroke.
Changes in the victim’s mental state may range from irritability, mild confusion, and disorientation to a comatose state.
Rapid breathing
Fainting
In some cases, the victim may experience seizures.
FIRST AID for heat illness depends on the type and severity of the illness:
1) HEAT CRAMPS
Cease all activity, and find a shady, cool spot to sit and rest.
Get something to drink: NO ALCOHOL OR CAFFEINATED DRINKS. Drink clear juice (such as apple) or a
sports drink, like Gatorade. Drink plain water if nothing else is available.
Forget any strenuous activity for the rest of the day. Not letting your body recover could lead to more heat
cramps, or even heat exhaustion.
If your heat cramps don’t go away within an hour, call your doctor for medical advice.
2) HEAT EXHAUSTION
Move the victim to a cool area—preferably in an air-conditioned environment, but at least, a shady spot out
of the sun.
Loosen or remove any restrictive clothing.
Have the victim lie down in a comfortable position. Slightly elevate the victim’s legs.
Give the victim something to drink: as above, NO alcohol or caffeine. Avoid carbonation. A sports drink or
water is best. Try to find something cold for the victim to drink, but do not put ice in the drink.
Misting the victim’s body with cool water gives the body a way to evaporate more heat, causing more rapid
cooling of the body.
The victim may be placed in a cool (NOT COLD) tub of water. Monitor the victim at all times for changes in
consciousness.
Monitor the victim for any worsening of symptoms, or the addition of additional symptoms. Heat exhaustion,
if left untreated, can turn into heatstroke.
3) HEAT STROKE
CALL Emergency service. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition.
Follow the above instructions for heat exhaustion.
Cover the victim with damp sheets or other damp materials.
DO NOT put a victim of heatstroke in the tub—changes in mental status or consciousness may cause the
victim to injure himself.
DO NOT give the victim anything to eat or drink if there are changes in the victim’s mental state or consciousness.
_
VIII. Hypothermia
Usually, everyone thinks about hypothermia occurring in extremely cold temperatures, but that doesn’t have
to be the case. It can happen anytime that you are exposed to cool, damp conditions. Older people are
more susceptible to hypothermia.
Two things to remember about hypothermia are that:
1. You don’t need to be experiencing sub-zero temperatures to encounter hypothermia..
2. Your judgment will be impaired, making you much more likely to experience an accident.
If you or someone in your group becomes hypothermic, take immediate action before it becomes a severe
emergency!
Hypothermia symptoms include:
Uncontrollable shivering (although, at extremely low body temperatures, shivering may stop)
Weakness and loss of coordination
Confusion
Pale and cold skin
Drowsiness – especially in more severe stages
Slowed breathing or heart rate.
If not treated promptly, lethargy, cardiac arrest, shock, and coma can set in. Hypothermia can even be fatal.
Hypothermia signs that can be observed by others:
Slowing of pace, drowsiness, fatigue
Stumbling
Thickness of speech
Amnesia
Irrationality, poor judgment
Hallucinations
Loss of perceptual contact with environment
Blueness of skin
Dilation of pupils
Decreased heart and respiration
Stupor
One of the most important rules of hypothermia treatment is that no one is dead until they are warm and
dead. Allow medical authorities to determine death in all cases.
When treating a victim of hypothermia, all efforts should be made to sustain life until they have been properly
warmed at a medical facility.
Hypothermia treatment is simple, but the proper treatment needs to be administered during different phases
of the medical condition.
Mild Hypothermia treatment:
This is the most common form of hypothermia and one we have all suffered from at one time or another. It is
the most easily treated, and the easiest to prevent.
Treat mild hypothermia by getting into a warm and dry environment. Windy conditions and wet clothes cause
the body to lose heat. Seek shelter from wind and weather.
Insulate from ground – pine branches, leaves, moss, anything to provide insulation will work.
Change wet clothing for windproof, waterproof gear.
Add heat – if safe, start a fire.
Increase exercise, if possible.
Get into a pre-warmed sleeping bag or blankets/
Drink hot drinks, followed by candy or other high-sugar foods/
Apply heat to neck, armpits and groin.
Moderate Hypothermia treatment:
When a person has moderate hypothermia, in addition to the above listed items, get the person bundled up
and out of the cold, covering the neck and head to minimize additional heat loss through the head.
Sudden movement and physical activity should be avoided. Rough handling of these victims may cause
deadly heart rhythms.
You can apply warm bottles of water, or warm rocks to the armpits and groin area (comfortably warm when
touched by a hand flat on the stone and held in place).
Fully conscious victims can sip lukewarm sweetened, non-alcoholic fluids. If their condition is clearly improving, then more fluids and warmth can be administered.
Medical attention should be sought out, even if a full field recovery is achieved.
Severe Hypothermia treatment:
This is an extreme medical emergency and a high priority should be placed on summoning a rescue team
immediately to transport the victim to a medical facility as rapidly as possible.
Maintain the body temperature of victims of severe hypothermia. Improper warming can create a condition
called metabolic acidosis that can cause shock and heart failure. Warming should only be preformed in
these states by a medical facility.
The critical thing when a person has severe hypothermia is to be gentle with them. Sudden or rough movements, forcing them to move or walk can pull very cold blood from the extremities into the warmer core
that can cause shock. You need to be gentle and supportive. Rubbing of the skin and moving of the joints
should be avoided. This causes more harm than good.
In severe hypothermia, the best hypothermia treatment is best for three people to get under a pile of blankets
or in a sleeping bag. Skin on skin contact of the torso works best with a person on each side of the victim.
You should ignore their pleas to be left alone or allowed to go to sleep, but be gentle with them.
You should not administer fluids or make any other attempts to increase body temperature.
Maintaining temperature and preventing further loss is the most important thing.
If a person becomes unconscious from hypothermia monitor their breathing and pulse carefully.
Summon an Emergency Response Team.
If you can detect a faint pulse, do not do CPR to support their heart. Only start rescue breathing, chest compressions or full CPR if you cannot detect any breathing, any pulse or both. Check frequently to see if they
start breathing on their own, even if it is shallow (the same for a pulse).
Administering CPR to someone, even someone with a slight pulse can cause his or her heart to stop.
Remember, make all efforts to keep them alive until help arrives, and they have been warmed and declared
dead. People have recovered in morgues from hypothermia and have had profoundly low body temperatures
and still recover.
Never give up hope with a hypothermia victim who does not have any other serious medical complications
(like severe injuries from a fall or extreme altitude sickness).
IX.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
CPR Function:
CPR is used when a person has stopped breathing and has gone into sudden cardiac arrest, meaning their
heart has stopped and they have no pulse. At that moment, the person is dying. CPR is used to maintain
a level circulation and provide oxygen to a person who is unable to do either. CPR is designed to keep
oxygenated blood flowing until advanced medical care can arrive and revive the victim. To perform CPR, a
bystander must place the victim on her back on a hard surface and then check to see if she is breathing. If
not, the rescuer places one hand on the forehead, another under the chin, and tilts the victim’s head back.
The rescuer blows two breaths into the victim’s mouth, while pinching the nose. Then, the rescuer draws
an imaginary line between the nipples. Place the heel of one hand on the victim’s breast bone and use the
other to interlock their fingers. Keeping their arms straight, the rescuer presses down, depressing the chest
1 ½ to 2 inches. After 30 compressions, give two breaths.
SPR guidelines:
1. CALL EMERGENCY SERVICE if possible.
Check the victim for unresponsiveness. If the person is not responsive and not breathing, or not breathing
normally, call the emergency service and return to the victim.
2. Open the airway and look for objects. Look, listen and feel for breathing for 10 seconds.
3. Attempt to ventilate: 2 slow breaths (1 second per breath), allow for exhalation between breaths. If chest
rises, check carotid pulse and other signs of circulation for at least 10 seconds. If no carotid pulse or other
signs of circulation, begin CPR.
4. PUMP
If the victim is still not breathing normally, coughing or moving, begin chest compressions. Push down in the
center of the chest 2 inches, 30 times. Pump hard and fast at the rate of at least 100/minute, which is faster
than once per second.
5. BLOW
Tilt the head back and lift the chin. Pinch nose and cover the mouth with yours and blow until you see the
chest rise. Give 2 breaths. Each breath should take 1 second.
CONTINUE WITH 2 BREATHS AND 30 PUMPS UNTIL HELP ARRIVES
Complications of CPR
Vomiting is the most frequently encountered complication of CPR. If the victim starts to vomit, turn the head
to the side and try to remove or wipe off the vomit. Continue with CPR.
The spread of infection from the victim to the rescuer is exceedingly rare. Most cardiac arrests occur in people’s homes - relatives or friends will be the ones needing to do CPR. Even CPR performed on strangers has
an exceedingly rare risk of infection. There is NO documentation of HIV or AIDS ever being transmitted via
CPR.
Checking the Pulse
The pulse check is no longer taught or expected of laypersons. Instead, if there is no response after two
mouth-to-mouth breaths, begin to pump on the chest. Please note that the pulse check is still expected of
health-care providers.
The desert is a beautifiul and pristine landscape. At times, however, that beauty can be
deceiving, masking the potential for serious injuries that can befall the unwary. It is up to
visitors to make sure they understand the nature of the environment they are entering and
to be aware of hazards they may encounter.
Planning
It is important to plan well before heading out the door for any adventure. Know where you are going, who you
are going with, and when you expect to return. Always let someone know where you will be, who is with you, and
when you’re coming back.
Never hike alone! There is safety in numbers, and having a partner with you will increase your chances of
survival if anything were to happen. Take maps and a compass, and know how to use them. And remember to be
aware of your surroundings. Know what the weather is supposed to be like, and be prepared for sudden changes. Contact local land management agencies to learn about local conditions in the area you are headed to.
Water & Food
The most critical factor for survival in a desert environment is access to water. Desert heat can quickly lead to
dehydration. Always carry extra water with you when driving, biking, or hiking. At least one gallon of water per day
is recommended, especially in the summer. Food is important to boost both your morale and your energy. Keep
emergency food, such as granola or energy bars, with you at all times.
Clothing
Dress appropriately for the weather. In the desert, it is important to wear a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Carry
an extra shirt or light jacket in the summer, or a heavy jacket in the winter, in case you find yourself lost in the
dunes after dark when the temperature drops.
Getting Lost
It is easy to become disoriented in the dunefield. Be sure to tell someone where you are going and when you will
return. Orient yourself to a landmark, such as a mountain or water tower, and carry a GPS or compass with you.
If you become lost, remain in place on top of a dune. A mirror or piece of aluminum foil can be used to
flash sunlight toward potential rescuers. If possible, call 911 or the sheriff’s office at (575) 437-2210 and describe
your location to the dispatcher.
Heat & Cold
Exposure to excessive heat can cause heat stress, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Painful muscle spasms,
usually in the legs and abdomen, are the first signs of heat stress.
Heat exhaustion symptoms include skin that is pale, cool, moist, or flushed, as well as headaches,
nausea, dizziness, weakness, or exhaustion. Heat stroke is an emergency condition characterized by hot, dry, red
skin; unconsciousness; rapid weak pulse; and shallow breathing.
For all types of heat stress, get the victim to a cool location and give them small amounts of water or
sport drink. DO NOT give salt tablets or salt water. Loosen tight clothing and apply cool wet cloths to the skin. Get
emergency medical care as soon as possible if the victim refuses water, vomits, or loses consciousness.
Hypothermia is a dangerous drop in body temperature. Shivering, numbness, and unconsciousness are
all symptoms. Getting the victim to a warm place and out of wet clothes as soon as possible is critical. Contact
emergency services immediately.
Lightning
Lightning often occurs in the desert during thunderstorms, even if there is no rain. Take cover in a building or vehicle if you see a gathering storm or hear thunder. Crouch down between dunes with you feet together if you cannot
get to either a car or building.
Venomous Creatures
Rattlesnakes, scorpions, and black widows are only a few of the venomous animals found in New Mexico. To
avoid a bite, watch where you walk, put your hands, or sit. Do not step over rocks or logs, and try not to walk
through thick vegetation where visibility is poor. Never try to pick up, touch, or tease snakes and scorpions or
handle spiders and insects. If bitten, seek immediate medical attention. Bring a photo of the animal along for identification if possible. Keep in mind that a dead rattlesnake can deliver a lethal bite.
Trail Maps
Ryan Mountain Trail
levard
Bou
k
r
Pa
Begin Here
ev
Pa
r
Featured
trail
Hiking trail
Sheep Pass
Campground
ar
d
r ail
Tee T
Tr
ai
l
kB
ou
l
Ho
rse
Echo
Lo
st
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
Cap Rock
Nature Trail
Gate
Sheep Pass Connector Trail
Ryan
Mountain
Trail
5195
Paved road
Ryan Ranch
Ryan Campground
Ryan
Mountain
4995
4795
4595
5461ft
1665m
One-way distance – 1.4 miles
Hik
in
g
il
WILDERNESS AREA
ad
and
ail
Tr
C
ia
rn
if o
l
a
ng
Ridi
Feet
Ryan Ranch
Trail
Unpaved
road
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
5460
Ro
d
Ke
ys
V
ie
w
g
in
o
lif
Ca
a
i
rn
an
ng
ki
Hi
a
Tr
North
d
Ri
0
0
1 Kilometer
1 Mile
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Joshua Tree National Park
California
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Willow Hole Trail
Boy
u
Sco
t Tr
ail
Key West
Backcountry Board
rk
Pa
Bo
ul
d
ar
ev
0
1,500
Feet
3,000
F
Lost Horse Loop Trail
Juniper Flats
Ryan
Campground
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
Ryan
Ranch
Trail
Paved road
Hiking trail
Unpaved road
Featured trail
Backcountry
registration
d
an
g
kin
Ri
ng
di
Hi
l
ai
Tr
C
rn
ia
WILDERNESS
Keys View Road
Sq
ua
Ta
Tr
5120
l
ai
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
w
4585
Loop distance (clockwise) – 6.2 miles
Lost Horse Mine
DAY
USE
AREA
Lost Horse
Mine Loop
Trail
Lost Horse
Mountain
Malapai
Hill
North
5313ft
1619m
Keys View
AREA
nk
WILDERNESS
AREA
o
alif
0
0
1 Kilometer
1 Mile
Lost Palms Oasis & Mastodon Peak Trails
National Pa
Joshua Tree
Cottonwood
Campground
Pinkham
Canyon Road
Cottonwood
Visitor Center
Mastodon
Peak Trail
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Mastodon
Mine
Cottonwood
Spring
1 Mile
Lost Palms Oasis
N
W
a
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Feet
Spring Road
0
R
D
d
woo
1 Kilometer
B
r
P
on
Cott
0
Loop distance – 2.4 miles
Lost Palms
Oasis Trail
Moorten’s
Mill Site
North
3350
3185
2985
3460
3285
3085
One-way distance – 3.6 miles
Bajada
Nature Trail
WILDERNESS AREA
EXPER
North
1 Kilometer
0
Hiking trail
Unpaved road
Featured trail
Cross-country
route (hiking)
Backcountry
registration
Picnic area
Ranger station
Drinking water
1 Mile
C
ham
anyon Roa
d
oB
as
in
Pi
nk
a
Ro
d
0
Paved road
Pin
t
Berdoo/Thermal
Canyon Trail
WILDERNESS
Cottonwood
Campground
Conejo Well
Cottonwood Visitor Center
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
ny
on
ail
st
Lost Palms
Oasis
Lo
Pa
D AY U S E
AREA
lm
s Can
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on
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Feet
N TA I N S
rings Road
od Sp
ive
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Pa
lm
s
se
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Ca
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Cottonwood
Spring
M
Mastodon Mine
oo
NW
One-way distance – 2.4 miles
Mastadon Mine Loop Trail
nw
d
O
3350
3185
2985
Cotto
R
el-drive
4-whe
oa
TT
O
d
am Canyon
C
Pinkh
yon Roa
an
lC
ma
Ther
WILDERNESS
AREA
Feet
3079ft
939m
3460
3285
3085
One-way distance – 3.6 miles
10
WILDERNESS
AREA
10
AREA
Canyon
Indian Cove
Entrance Station
rail
out T
Boy Sc
Indian Cove
AREA
YNIN
Indian Cove
Group Campground
FORT
Indian Cove
Nature Trail
Indian Cove
Campground
North View
Trail
Big
Pine
Fortynine
Palms Oasis
E P
AL
WILDERNESS
MS
CA
NY
ON
oa d
AREA
Fortynine Palms
Oasis Trail
R
ve
Indian Co
WILDERNESS
R oa
d
D AY U S E A R E A
Indian Cove Picnic Area
Trail
North
Maze
Loop
Trail
W
R AT T L E S N A K E
O
N
D
E
R
L
il
Tra
ole
H
w
Willo
Window
Loop
Trail
A
N
N
CA
YO
0
N
1 Kilometer
0
1 Mile
Paved road
Featured trail
Unpaved road
Trail distance and
elevation indicator
Willow Hole
D
O
F
R
Hiking trail
Backcountry registration
O
C
Ranger station
K
S
Feet
4185
3650
3250
2850
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
One-way distance (Keys West to
Indian Cove) – 7.7 miles
Queen Mountain
Pa
rk
Q ua
Johnny Lang
Connector Trail
WILDERNESS
Bo
ule
va
rd
D AY U S E A R E A
You Are Here
Keys West
Keys Ranch
Quail Springs
Picnic Area
il S p
rin
CLOSED AREA.
OPEN ONLY
ON RANGERGUIDED TOURS.
gs T
rail
Lost
Horse
Trail
Gate
AREA
R
D AY U S E A
EA
Barker Dam Nature Trail
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
WILDERNESS
AREA
Closed area. Open
only on rangerguided tours.
Wall Street Mill
4305
4250
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Loop distance – 1.3 miles
Feet
c
an
Ke y s R
One-way distance – 1.1 Miles
Barker Dam
Ro
ad
Barker Dam
Nature Trail
Begin Here
Wall Street
Mill Trail
ey Trail
n Vall
Quee
Queen
Valley
Road
Queen Valley
Trail
Hidden Valley
Campground
Pa
r
k
ev
ul
Bo
Echo Tee
D AY U S E A R E A
Hidden Valley-Barker Dam
Connector Trail
d
ar
Hidden
Valley
Trail
4335
4265
D AY U S E A R E A
h
Gate
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Echo Tee Trail
0
0
Hidden Valley
Picnic Area
North
1 Kilometer
1 Mile
Featured trail
Paved road
Hiking trail
Unpaved
road
Emergency
telephone
Parking
Restrooms
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Canyo
Indian Cove
Entrance Station
2725
ON
NY
CA
Feet
2925
One-way distance – 1.5 miles
S
One-way distance (Indian Cove to
Keys West) – 7.7 miles
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
3070
AREA
Fortynine
Palms Oasis
PA
WILDERNESS
LM
Feet
il
Tra
cout
Boy S
Indian Cove
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
ad
Ro
3650
3250
2850
oa
d
Fortynine Palms
Oasis Trail
e
ov
Indian C
4185
nR
D AY U S E A R E A
NE
Indian Cove
Group Campground
AREA
YNI
WILDERNESS
FORT
Indian Cove
Nature Trail
Indian Cove
Campground
gP
Bi
Indian Cove Picnic Area
rail
ine T
North
N
North View
Trail
0
O
D
AY
U
SE
R AT T L E S N A K E
A
RE
A
Maze
Loop
Trail
Window
Loop
Trail
W
O
low
Wil
N
le
Ho
D
E
l
ai
Tr
R
L
CA
N
Y
1 Kilometer
0
1 Mile
Paved road
A
N
Featured trail
Willow Hole
Unpaved road
D
O
Hiking trail
F
Trail distance and
elevation indicator
Backcountry registration
R
O
Ranger station
C
K
S
Drinking water
Queen Mountain
Pa
rk
WILDERNESS
Bo
ule
v
D AY U S E A R E A
ar
d
Keys West
Qua
il
Johnny Lang
Connector Trail
Quail Springs
Picnic Area
Sprin
gs
Trail
Lost
Horse
Trail
CLOSED AREA.
OPEN ONLY
ON RANGERGUIDED TOURS.
Gate
AREA
R
D AY U S E A
EA
49 Palms Oasis Trail
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Joshua Tree National Park
62
Twentynine Palms Highway
Canyon
Road
Canyon Road lies five miles west of the Oasis Visitor Center
and 11 miles east of the Joshua Tree Visitor Center. It is two
miles south from Highway 62 to the trailhead.
Park Boundary
Begin Here
D AY U S E A R E A
WILDERNESS
AREA
Fortynine Palms
Oasis Trail
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
Feet
3070
2925
One-way distance – 1.5 miles
CA
NY
ON
2725
S
Featured trail
PAL
M
Paved road
NE
Highway
F O RT
YNI
North
0
0
Fortynine
Palms Oasis
D AY U S E A R E A
.8 Kilometer
.5 Mile
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Joshua Tree
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Joshua Tree National Park
Hidden Valley Nature Trail
A moderate, one-mile loop
Keys Ranch Road
m
ad
Ro
rke
rD
a
Echo Tee
Ba
Hidden
Valley
Campground
Feet
Vertical Exaggeration 5.0X
4280
4180
Loop distance (clockwise) – 1 Mile
Intersection
Rock
Begin Here
B
rk
Pa
Hidden Valley Trail
Trail
Echo Tee
Hidden ValleyBarker Dam
Connector Trail
evard
oul
Featured trail
Hiking trail
Paved road
Unpaved
road
Hidden Valley
Picnic Area
Restrooms
Parking
Emergency
telephone
North
0
0
T
LOS
H
S
OR
E
V
L
AL
EY
.8 Kilometer
.5 Mile
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
Topographic Maps
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There are private inholdings within the federal boundaries
shown on this map. Trespassing on private property is prohibited.
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Cartography Completed using ArcGIS Desktop 10.1
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1000-meter grid: Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 11N
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Parki ng A rea
H O R S E
;
!
!
The National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied,
as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data/maps.
It is strongly recommended that these data/maps be directly
acquired from an NPS server and not indirectly through other
sources which may have changed the data/maps in some way.
Although these data/maps have been processed successfully on
computer systems at the National Park Service, no warranty
expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data/maps
on other systems for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act
of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies
both to individual use of the data/maps and aggregate use with
other data/maps.
00
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North
000
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!
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Queen
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RIVERSIDE CO
SAN BERNARDINO CO
48 0
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Quadrangle Location
579
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V A L L E Y
9
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Hall of Horrors
!
!
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N AT U R E T R A I L
!
!
Barker Dam
44
Disney
Petrog lyph s
The National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper
or incorrect use of the data/maps described and/or contained
herein. These data/maps and related graphics (i.e. "GIF" or "JPG"
format files) are not legal documents and are not intended to be
used as such. The information contained in these data/maps are
dynamic and may change over time. The data/maps are not better
than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the
responsibility of the data/map user to use the information
appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data
in general and these data/maps in particular. The related graphics
are intended to aid the data/map user in acquiring relevant data; it
is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data.
L O S T
Mo jave Pl ants
Parki ng A rea
577
116°10'0"W
!
NG
LA
Trail
0
!
MILES
!
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CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET
CALCULATED FROM 5-METER DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
TO CONVERT FROM FEET TO METERS, MULTIPLY BY 0.3048
1,250
!!
SCALE 1:24,000
!
!
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!
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!
575
!
NY
Day Use Area Only
Road Classification
Keys Ranch (Restricted Use)
2,500
0.5
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!
000
!
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Private Property
1
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573
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000
5,028
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4400
UTM GRID AND 2014 MAGNETIC NORTH
DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET
0°27´
8 MILS
572
75,405
Mt. Minerva
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2
!
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!
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WILDERNESS BOUNDARY
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!
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Springs data provided by NPS Inventory and Monitoring. All
springs considered intermittent or dry. No reliable source of water.
!
!
!
52
Roads data provided by U.S. Census and San Bernardino County.
Photoinspected using NAIP imagery dated 2009.
!
!
4600
Produced by the GIS Office of Joshua Tree National Park
!
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!
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Cadiz
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!
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INDIAN COVE, CA 2014
Joshua Tree National Park
Cottonwood
Thermal
Hayfield
Spring
Canyon Cottonwood
Basin
Conejo
Well
San
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Canyon
Wash
Clarks
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Sh eep Pass
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115°32'30"W
635000
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3732
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M O U N T A I N S
12
632000
24
000
3733000
3734000
E A G L E
11
115°35'0"W
631000
"
00
U.S. Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Joshua Tree National Park
"
"
00
T 6S
T 5S
16
3734000
3735000
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3735000
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Hayfield Spring Quadrangle
3000
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20 0
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629000
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0
There are private inholdings within the federal boundaries
shown on this map. Trespassing on private property is prohibited.
Dirt
Dirt 4X4
Paved
Road Classification
Highway
BLM ACEC Lands
!
!
!
!
Trail
1,250
0
0
0
0
FEET
KILOMETERS
MILES
2,500
0.5
SCALE 1:24,000
633000
19
18
00
1
634000
1
16
5,000
CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET
CALCULATED FROM 5-METER DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
TO CONVERT FROM FEET TO METERS, MULTIPLY BY 0.3048
2,500
0.5
0.25
20 0
00
18 00
18
"
00
2
636000
21
The National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied,
as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data/maps.
It is strongly recommended that these data/maps be directly
acquired from an NPS server and not indirectly through other
sources which may have changed the data/maps in some way.
Although these data/maps have been processed successfully on
computer systems at the National Park Service, no warranty
expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data/maps
on other systems for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act
of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies
both to individual use of the data/maps and aggregate use with
other data/maps.
Re d
V A L L E Y
9
The National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper
or incorrect use of the data/maps described and/or contained
herein. These data/maps and related graphics (i.e. "GIF" or "JPG"
format files) are not legal documents and are not intended to be
used as such. The information contained in these data/maps are
dynamic and may change over time. The data/maps are not better
than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the
responsibility of the data/map user to use the information
appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data
in general and these data/maps in particular. The related graphics
are intended to aid the data/map user in acquiring relevant data; it
is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data.
635000
115°32'30"W
20
17
8
C H U C K W A L L A
as
h
"
Quadrangle Location
W
637000
Cl o ud
00
Cartography Completed using ArcGIS Desktop 10.1
20 00
North American Datum 1983 (NAD83). Projection and
1000-meter grid: Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 11N
0.5
R 13E R14E
00
20 00
18
00
UTM GRID AND 2014 MAGNETIC NORTH
DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET
1
00
00
632000
24
20
20 00
00
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00
Contours and hillshade derived from 5-meter DEM
0°48´
14 MILS
11°41´
208 MILS
0
115°35'0"W
24
631000
24
2200
22
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"
"
"
Morongo
Valley
Rimrock
638000
22
15
10
East
Deception
Canyon
Seven
Palms
Valley
0
Joshua
Tree
South
Joshua
Tree
North
18 0
00
Malapai
Hill
Fried
Liver
Wash
Pinto
Mtn.
Hayfield
Spring
Desert
Center
Victory
Pass
Pinto
Wells
East of
Victory
Pass
Coxcomb
Mts.
Cadiz
Cadiz
Valley SW Valley SE
HAYFIELD SPRING, CA 2014
Joshua Tree National Park
Cottonwood
Thermal
Hayfield
Spring
Canyon Cottonwood
Basin
Buzzard
Spring
San
Placer
Bernardino
Canyon
Wash
Clarks
Pass
33°37'30"N
33°40'0"N
Queen Twentynine Humbug New Dale
Mtn. Palms Mtn. Mtn.
Twentynine Valley
Mtn.
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639000
3722000
3723000
3724000
3725000
3726
000
3727000
West
Washington Porcupine Conejo
Berdoo Rockhouse Wash
Well
Wash
Canyon Canyon
Keys
View
Indian
Cove
Sunfair
00
18
18
Yucca
Valley
South
Yucca
Valley
North
Chuckwalla Mts
DA RY
Springs data provided by NPS Inventory and Monitoring. All
springs considered intermittent or dry. No reliable source of water.
Ù
MN
00
00
00
00
00
00
GN
0
2400
26
26
00
18
16 00
7
"
"
"
0
Roads data provided by U.S. Census and San Bernardino County.
Photoinspected using NAIP imagery dated 2009.
×
26 0
630000
22 00
20
24 00
00
0
26
115°37'30"W
00
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M O U N T A I N S
24
20
24
13
12
"
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0
Produced by the GIS Office of Joshua Tree National Park
00
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Joshua
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There are private inholdings within the federal boundaries
shown on this map. Trespassing on private property is prohibited.
Cartography Completed using ArcGIS Desktop 10.1
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Road Classification
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UTM GRID AND 2014 MAGNETIC NORTH
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Roads data provided by U.S. Census and San Bernardino County.
Photoinspected using NAIP imagery dated 2009.
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Produced by the GIS Office of Joshua Tree National Park
116°15'0"W
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The National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied,
as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data/maps.
It is strongly recommended that these data/maps be directly
acquired from an NPS server and not indirectly through other
sources which may have changed the data/maps in some way.
Although these data/maps have been processed successfully on
computer systems at the National Park Service, no warranty
expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data/maps
on other systems for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act
of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies
both to individual use of the data/maps and aggregate use with
other data/maps.
The National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper
or incorrect use of the data/maps described and/or contained
herein. These data/maps and related graphics (i.e. "GIF" or "JPG"
format files) are not legal documents and are not intended to be
used as such. The information contained in these data/maps are
dynamic and may change over time. The data/maps are not better
than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the
responsibility of the data/map user to use the information
appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data
in general and these data/maps in particular. The related graphics
are intended to aid the data/map user in acquiring relevant data; it
is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data.
577000
116°10'0"W
29
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16
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Quadrangle Location
579000
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Pu
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Rimrock
580000
Seven
Palms
Valley
Yucca
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South
Yucca
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North
Joshua
Tree
South
Joshua
Tree
North
East
Deception
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Buzzard
Spring
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Center
Victory
Pass
Pinto
Wells
East of
Victory
Pass
Coxcomb
Mts.
Cadiz
Cadiz
Valley SW Valley SE
S
KEYS VIEW, CA 2014
Joshua Tree National Park
Cottonwood
Thermal
Hayfield
Spring
Canyon Cottonwood
Basin
Conejo
Well
San
Placer
Bernardino
Canyon
Wash
Clarks
Pass
33°52'30"N
WILDERNESS BOUNDARY
T
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Mtn. Palms Mtn. Mtn.
Twentynine
Palms
»
3750 000
116°7'30"W
46 00
46 00
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T
3752 000
West
Washington Porcupine
Berdoo Rockhouse Wash
Wash
Canyon Canyon
Keys
View
Indian
Cove
Sunfair
46 00
44 00
Desert Camping Tips and Saftey
How can I minimize my impact on the desert?
You can begin by taking only memories and leaving only footprints.
This often-repeated saying has special meaning in a desert, where plant and animal life is
sparse and the land is slow to heal.
“Take only memories” means resisting the natural human impulse to collect beautiful objects.
An unpicked wildflower feeds pollinators now and--thanks to the seeds it will produce--in
future years as well. Left alone, an animal bone will be gnawed by desert rodents to recover
its calcium. Feathers and cactus skeletons, too, will eventually be broken down and recycled
into living plants and animals.
Even interesting stones should be left for others of your own species to enjoy. And of course
prehistoric and historic artifacts should stay as you find them. If you’d like a reminder of your
discoveries, consider taking photographs, making sketches, or keeping a journal.
In the desert “leave only footprints” should probably be amended with “and as few of those
as possible!” Stay on trails when you’re hiking, or if you must go off-trail, try to put your feet
where they’re least likely to do harm: on stones where they’ll leave no marks, or in sandy
washes where they’ll more quickly be erased. Try to avoid stepping on plants or the living
crusts called cryptobiotic soils.
Your automobile leaves even larger footprints than you do, so it’s important to keep your tires
on the road. Unfortunately, some off-road vehicle enthusiasts consider the desert their playground. Needless to say, this can be a terribly destructive form of recreation.
What might I bring on a hike to help me enjoy the desert?
As little as possible.
Part of the fun of venturing into any wild place is the feeling of being unencumbered, so the trick is never to take too much. Here are a few items that are
especially likely to add to your enjoyment without weighing you down. However,
you should pack the “Essentials” and be prepared for minor injuries, sudden
weather changes or delays. The following are items you should include:
_Candle
_Clothing (always bring something warm,
extra socks, and rain gear)
_Compass
_First aid kit
_Food (bring extra)
_Flashlight
_Foil (to use as a cup or signaling device)
_Hat
_Insect repellent
_Map
_Nylon filament
_Pocket knife
_Pocket mirror (to use as a signaling device)
_Prescription glasses (an extra pair)
_Prescription medications for ongoing medical conditions
_Radio with batteries
_Space blanket or a piece of plastic (to use
for warmth or shelter)
_Sunglasses
_Sunscreen
_Trash bag (makes an adequate poncho)
_Water
_Waterproof matches or matches in a waterproof tin
_Water purification tablets
_Whistle (to scare off animals or to use as a
signaling device)
BONUS
_Magnifying glass. The desert is intriguing on every scale, from the grandest landscape to
the least conspicuous belly flower. Even an inexpensive magnifier can bring you eye-to-eye
with a beetle (and help you pull out tiny cactus spines as well).
_Binoculars. Choose carefully, and be sure to try them out before buying. The fact that a
friend raves about his binoculars doesn’t mean they’ll work well with your eyes. Consider one
of the miniature pairs--in twilight the image may be dimmer than in full-size instruments, but
you won’t end the day with a sore neck.
_Camera. You don’t need to be Ansel Adams to get pleasure from picture taking, nor do
you need to carry his equipment. (Sometimes he used a mule!) If you’re a novice, start with
something inexpensive, lightweight, and simple--don’t be seduced by bells and whistles.
And don’t forget film and a spare battery.
_Notebook. Field notes are a good device to help yourself look more closely at your surroundings, and a wonderful way to evoke the experience of a special hike many years later.
_Field guides. No one wants a library on his back, so why not pick a focus for the day--say,
wildflowers or lizards? If you come across something to look up in one of the guides you left
at home, you can always take its picture or sketch it in your notebook for later identification.
How to rehydrate if you get a little dehydrated:
If you notice you’re not peeing regularly (every two
hours) or your pee is dark, you’re pretty dehydrated
already.
Drink water, not caffeinated beverages or sodas.
Some soda is fine - it has salt, you need salt. But
drink water.
Drink 4-6 ounces at a time and drink frequently - like
every 15-20 minutes.
Continue until you’re back to peeing regularly - and
your urine is relatively clear.
Eat a snack containing salt and calcium at a minimum; potassium, magnesium and some sort of
protein aren’t a bad idea either...a little at a time.
It turns out that most water is absorbed in the small
intestine. This means that gulping a lot of water immediately upon realizing you’re dehydrated (or waiting
until you are thirsty) can mean that there’s a time lapse
before you get the water absorbed into your bloodstream.
Sipping teensy bits of water isn’t a great idea, either.
That’s because it just wets the stomach lining - which
absorbs it, but it doesn’t get to your blood stream.
So take a reasonable amount - about 4-6 ounces - at
a time. Kids sometimes have a hard time with this.
It’s also a fact that kids don’t like warm water - and
some don’t like water at all. Juices and other drinks
are better than no fluid at all, but diluting them with
water is a good idea. Special rehydration drinks aren’t
usually necessary for a person with an ordinary diet,
but sometimes they make drinking water more fun.
If vitamin water or propel is what your kids will drink,
use it. Cooler water hydrates you faster than warmer
water.
Air conditioning alone does not prevent dehydration.
Drinking cool water is better than drinking warm water,
though - in terms of doing its job of hydrating you.
A person who weighs 200 pounds who has been
active for a mere 40 minutes in high temperatures
does indeed need about 120 ounces of water - about
a gallon.
A person who weighs more - and many do - need
more than that.
You’re probably going to survive a day or two of
dehydration, in any case. But your ability to handle
the other effects of heat will be diminished. Most
people do not want to stress their bodies in this way,
but people who like extreme athletics in hot weather
clearly wish to stress their bodies more than others
may want to. Unless dehydration is chronic, you
probably are going to survive it just fine. You might
not feel as well as you usually do - and you’ll probably
attribute that to the heat. But not feeling well means
you might not be driving well.
If you aren’t in the habit of drinking enough to begin
with, change that habit and get yourself used to the
feeling of actually being hydrated. Over the long
term, your kidneys will thank you - and so will the rest
of your body. Everything about hydration applies to
airplane travel as well.
Preconditioning oneself to heat, by itself, is a good
idea - people who routinely use saunas, or turn off the
air conditioning when driving their daily commute or
who work outside in the hot part of the day are more
likely to do well at staying hydrated in desert heat.
Small children need extra care.
Infants, in particular, need to be hydrated. Signs of
dehydration in children are the same as in grown-ups
- their urine is darker than usual. Diaper-babies are
therefore easier to keep track of than the newly potty-trained, so you might want to remember to check
- for real - how they are doing, because they often
don’t complain of symptoms until dehydration is well
under way. You don’t want them more susceptible to
viruses while traveling.
Taking extra water along on the trip doesn’t hurt
anyone.
While some members of your travel party may need
only half a gallon a day, some may need more. In
addition, people may want to rinse their faces and
hands, or use a mister to try and keep cool. Water
evaporates out of containers, as well, and some
containers leak. Why cut it close? Having enough
water for one extra day when traveling in dry country
can be very helpful - if there’s a fire, a flood, or any
other reason why water deliveries are cut off to those
gas stations you stop at, you’ll be very glad you have
water.
A Guide to Basic Wilderness First Aid
Basic First Aid Kit
**The following list is only a suggestion of some of the supplies you should consider for your first aid kit. You should personalize your kit to meet your needs,
activities and situations. The key to a good first aid kit is its usability. What supplies to include and how much of each item should be based upon your individual needs.
__Personal medications
__Roll bandages
__Adhesive tape
__Antiseptic wipes
__Sterile gauze pads
__Cotton swabs
__Tweezers
__Safety pins
__Scissors
__Bee sting kit
__Sinus medications
__Tissues
__Bug repellent
__Sunscreen
__Notepad/pen
__Sterile compresses
__Splinting materials
__Personal information/contact person
__Feminine products
__Ipecac
__Razor blades
__Plastic bags
__Small bottle of water
__Blanket
__Other personal needs
__Small mirror
__Triangular bandages
__Misc. Band Aides/bandages
__Anti-acids (Tums, Rolaides)
__Antibiotic cream
__Aspirin/Ibuprofen/Tylenol/Naproxin
__Hydrogen Peroxide
__Ace bandages
__Sunburn lotion
__Burn ointment
__Snake bit kit
__Eye drops
__Poison ivy cream/cleansers
__Heat/cold packs
__Small flashlight
__Latex gloves
__Antibacterial soap
__Thermometer
__Coins for emergency phone calls
__Antibiotic soap
__Butterfly bandages
__Twine
__Mole skin for blisters
__Road flares
__First aid manual
__Nail clippers
I.
Victim Assessment
1) Accurately and efficiently evaluate the scene of an accident or incident, covering all of the following steps:
Estimation of what happened.
Estimation of safety at the scene.
Estimation of the number of victims at the scene.
Estimation of additional bystanders and help available.
2) Efficiently determine the victim(s):
Determination of the safety of the victim in his/her current location, and whether or not to move the victim.
Establish responsiveness and spine control: Assess for verbal or pain response and stabilize the spine.
Accurately assess for life-threatening conditions:
Look in the mouth, clear obstructions.
Listen to breathing. Expose chest injuries.
Assess for pulse, control life-threatening bleeding.
Check for spine injury, maintain manual stabilization.
Protect the victim from the environment (insulate from the ground, shield from the wind, cover with sleeping
bag or other insulating material, get him/her into dry clothes).
3) Call for emergency help if possible, but before make sure that victim is not under life-threatening conditions.
Provide emergency service with the following information:
Who (sex, approximate age), what happened, when, where.
Suspected injury/ illness.
Observations: pulse, responsiveness, skin temperature/color/moisture.
*Have all of the pertinent information relating to the incident at hand when on the phone with the emergency
dispatcher.
4) Inspect, inquire, palpate, auscultate from head to toes to find all injuries suffered.
5) Check the vital signs:
Responsiveness
Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Skin color
Temperature
6) Give First Aid according to the priority of symptoms.
II.
Burns and Wounds.
1. BURNS
TYPES OF BURNS:
1) FIRST DEGREE BURNS
A first-degree burn involves only the outer layer of skin, and no lasting or permanent damage occurs. First
degree burns usually heal within 2-3 days. Most sunburns are first degree burns. Symptoms of a first degree
burn are generally limited to mild stinging pain and redness at the site of the burn.
FIRST AID for a first degree burn, if any is needed, is usually limited to immediately flushing the burned area
with cool (NOT COLD) water. Aloe vera gel, or a topical anesthetic spray (such as Solarcaine or Dermoplast)
can be used to lessen the pain of the burn.
2) SECOND DEGREE BURNS
Second-degree burns, also called partial-thickness burns, affect the top layers of the skin, and may occasionally affect part of the deeper layers of skin. With a second-degree burn, the skin is able to heal itself, but
scarring may occur. Second degree burns typically heal within 2-3 weeks.
Symptoms of second-degree burns include: the redness and pain associated with first-degree burns,
although the pain may be more intense, as well as the formation of blisters at the site of the burn. Blisters
form when the outer layers of the skin separate from the inner layers, and fluid accumulates within the space
between the layers.
FIRST AID for second-degree burns is the same as for first-degree burns, with an added caution: if blisters
form at the site of the burn, DO NOT pop them! They are there for a reason (to help heal the skin) and popping them before they’re ready doesn’t help, and may even hinder, healing. A popped blister is very painful,
and you certainly don’t want to add more pain to an already painful situation. Usually, the body will absorb
the fluid inside a blister, and the blister will go away on its own.
3) THIRD DEGREE BURNS
Third-degree burns are also called full-thickness burns, or critical burns. Third-degree burns destroy all the
layers of skin, and can even affect fat, muscle, and other tissue below the level of the skin. Third-degree
burns have even been known to destroy bones. Third-degree burns can be life-threatening, and require
immediate medical attention.
Symptoms of a third-degree burn vary greatly between those of first and second-degree burns. A third-degree burn is usually painless, due to the destruction of all nerve endings in the burned area. The burned area
can range from an ashy-white color to charred brown or black, possible with white patches underneath.
FIRST AID for third degree burns involves managing the victim’s situation until EMS arrives. DO NOT remove
any clothing or material from the burned area—peeling clothing off a serious burn may cause more damage.
Cover the burn with a CLEAN cloth or sterile dressing. Do not apply pressure. Covering the burn helps prevent heat and fluid loss. If evacuation will occur within 24 hours, do not redress wound. Otherwise, if supplies are available, change dressings every other day (soak off old dressings with cool, clean water). Hydrate
patient, but avoid nausea and vomiting.
The most serious threats to life from a third degree burn are the systemic (body-wide) effects the burn causes:
Loss of water and plasma.
Decreased blood circulation.
Decreased urine production leading to kidney failure.
A decrease in the body’s immune response.
A high risk of bacterial infection—the burn area provides an entry point for bacteria into the body.
CALL the rescue team for the following burn situations:
ANY suspected third-degree burn.
Any burn victim having trouble breathing.
Second-degree burns covering more than one body part, or affecting the genitals, head, neck, hands, or
feet.
2. WOUNDS
There are four main types of wounds:
1) SCRAPES--Scrapes are the mildest and most common type of wound. A scrape occurs when the outer
layer of skin is scraped off. Scrapes can be very painful since the nerve ending just below the skin can be
exposed.
2) CUTS--A cut occurs when a sharp or blunt object splits the skin. Cuts range from mild (like a paper cut,
although some paper cuts can hurt terribly!) to severe, such as a cut from a large knife. Deep cuts can damage all layers of the skin, fat, muscle, soft tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and even bones.
3) PUNCTURES--Puncture wounds occur when a sharp object pierces the skin. Again, punctures can be
mild, such as a pinprick, to life-threatening, like a gunshot. A stab wound, depending on the use of the knife,
can be considered a cut or a puncture. Severe puncture wounds can damage blood vessels and even vital
organs, if the puncture is deep enough.
4) AVULSIONS-- An avulsion is a cut serious enough to partially or completely remove a significant amount
of skin or soft tissue from the body. Some avulsions can even cause accidental amputation of a body part,
such as a finger or toe.
Symptoms of wounds will depend on the wound itself, but mainly involve some degree of bleeding and pain.
Very deep wounds can cause internal bleeding and injury, so be sure to pay attention to any complaints the
victim may have, even those that don’t seem related to the wound itself.
FIRST AID FOR MILD TO MODERATE WOUNDS:
Wash the wound with iodine or soap and water, and dry thoroughly.
Apply a small amount of antibiotic ointment, if you have some.
Apply a bandage, if the wound is still bleeding. If not, leave exposed to the air.
FIRST AID FOR MODERATE TO SEVERE WOUNDS:
Use clean water, possibly with povidone-iodine to clean in and around the wound.
Control bleeding. Cover the wound with a clean cloth or sterile dressing and apply pressure. If the wound is
bleeding freely, do not wash
If bleeding is significant, control with direct pressure.
Elevate the wound above heart level if broken bones are not present or suspected.
Wrap and secure a bandage around the covering to keep it in place. Add more layers of covering if blood is
soaking through. Do not remove any layers of covering already in place.
Seek medical attention at once.
Note: Consider closing only if the wound is small, clean, and otherwise, not at high risk for infection
III.
Strains, Sprains & Fractures.
1. STRAINS --- A strain occurs when activity results in a stretch or tear in muscle fibers or tendons (the
fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones). Strains can be mild (where just a few muscle fibers tear), or
major (when whole muscles tear and there is swelling, bleeding and bruising present).
Causes of strains are typically attributed to one of three causes:
Muscle fatigue. Tired muscles are at an increased risk for injury—think about an overheated car: you can
“push” it, but eventually something is bound to happen.
An imbalance in the strength of opposing muscles. If one set of muscles, such as your triceps, is stronger
than the muscles on the other side of a joint, like your biceps, this can cause strain on the weaker muscles.
Poor conditioning. Trying to work muscles that are normally sedentary most of the time can cause strain. So
PLEASE ignore the old saying, “No pain, no gain.” Pain is your body’s way of telling you to slow down, or
stop, your activity.
Symptoms of strains:
Pain and/or tenderness at the site of the injury.
Swelling and possible bruising at the site of the injury.
FIRST AID for strains:
Immediately cease activity.
Apply a cold pack, or ice wrapped in a towel to the affected area. Apply the cold or ice to the injury for 2030 minutes, then, remove for 20-30 minutes. Continue this for two hours, and repeat often for the first 1-2
days of the injury.
On the third day of the injury, switch from cold to heat. Use a hot pack, or heating pad, or a hot bath.
Tylenol or ibuprofen can be used for pain.
If there is excessive swelling or bruising, or the pain from your injury prevents you from moving the affected
part, it is an evacuation situation from wilderness and help of doctor is required.
2. SPRAINS
A muscle sprain is just a more serious form of a muscle strain. Typically, a sprain occurs when the affected
joint is twisted severely enough to damage not only muscles and tendons, but tear ligaments as well. Causes of sprains are the same as that for strains.
Symptoms of sprains are the same as those of strains.
FIRST AID for sprains is basically the same as for a strain. Rest the affected joint in an elevated position.
Evacuation, if symptoms worsen, or do not begin to improve in three days is necessary.
The most commonly strained muscles are the hamstrings (located on the back of the thigh), muscles in the
groin, and muscles in the back.
The most commonly sprained joints are the knee, elbow, and ankle.
You may not be able to tell the difference between a strain and a sprain.
3. FRACTURES
A fracture is any type of break in a bone. Most broken bones are simple or greenstick fractures, but let’s
define the common, as well as some uncommon types of fractures (be aware that more than one type of
fracture may be present in one victim):
A complete fracture occurs when a bone is broken completely through. This results in a bone in two or more
pieces.
A partial fracture is a break that does not go all the way through the bone.
A simple or closed fracture doesn’t break through the skin.
A compound or open fracture is one where the broken bone breaks through the skin.
A greenstick fracture occurs only in children. The bone breaks on one side, but only bends on the other
side. The reason the type of fracture occurs only in children in because the bones of children are much more
flexible than the bones of adults.
A stress fracture is a very small crack, or series of cracks, in a bone occurring after repetitive activity that
puts stress on a bone. Runners and basketball players are especially prone to stress fractures. About 25%
of all stress fractures occur to the tibia (shinbone).
In an impacted fracture, the broken ends of the bone are driven together.
A spiral fracture occurs when a bone is twisted until it breaks. Imagine a wet rag being wrung out until it rips
in two.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF A FRACTURED BONE
The victim heard or felt a snap at the time of the injury.
The victim feels like bones in the injured area are grating together.
The victim is unable to use the affected body part in a normal fashion.
The injured body part looks deformed.
The injured area may be swollen and bruised.
The injured area may feel cold and numb.
Of course, bones protruding through the skin are a pretty good indication of a fracture!
FIRST AID FOR FRACTURES BONES: Evacuate as soon as possible. It takes a great amount of force to
break a healthy adult bone. The incident causing the fracture may have caused other injuries. Care for any
life threatening conditions first. Control any bleeding present. Apply an ice pack, or ice cubes wrapped in a
towel, to the injured area. This will help to reduce swelling and reduce pain. Help the victim remain calm and
as comfortable as possible.
SPLINTING OF A FRACTURE AND TRANSPORT.
If you must move the victim of a fracture, or other injury (such as a bad sprain) that inhibits walking, first you
must splint the injury:
A rigid splint can be created from anything that is made out of an inflexible material, such as a sleeping pad,
boards, or cardboard. Secure the splint with towels or rags tied around the injured part and the splint.
You can use clothes, towels, a sleeping bag or any other material to create a SOFT splint.
An anatomic is when you use another body part to splint the injured area. For instance, a broken leg may be
splinted to the other (uninjured) leg, or a broken arm can be secured to the torso to prevent movement.
When splinting an injury, remember these important tips:
Splint an injury only if you MUST move the victim.
Apply the splint to the injured area in the position you found it. Do not try to straighten out the injured area.
This may cause further injury.
As well as the injured area, splint the joints directly above and below the injured area to make sure the affected area remains immobilized.
ALWAYS check the circulation around the injured area before and after splinting. If your splint is too tight, you
may cut off circulation to the injured area, and possibly other areas, as well.
When transporting an injured person, make sure the victim is well splinted and well supported on both sides.
If the victim is absolutely unable to walk (for example, two broken legs or unconsciousness), fashion a sled
out of anything you can find—logs or branches secured together, or even a large cloth, and pull the victim,
making sure your path is clear. If possible, have someone walk ahead of you to clear any debris out of your
path.
IV.
About Ticks, and the Diseases Connected to Them
1. Tick-borne encephalitis – a viral infection transmitted by ticks and occurring in the region surrounding Lake
Baikal. This disease attacks the central nervous system. Infection is transmitted when an infected tick bites
an organism and viruses are transferred through the saliva. The disease infects humans as well as some
animals- rodents, domestic cattle, monkeys, and some birds.
Ticks are most abundant in damp, wooded areas where ground cover is thick. More ticks are found in developed or partially developed areas (gardens, roads, tracks, etc.) than in areas of the forest untouched by
humans. Ticks do not tolerate direct sunlight and dry air. The erroneous opinion is sometimes distributed that
ticks inhabit trees and, attracted by the smell, drop down onto people below. Actually, ticks most commonly live in grass or bushes alongside roads and tracks and cling to the clothing of people passing by. Once
latched onto a person’s clothing, the tick finds its way underneath clothing or to exposed areas and, gets in
the skin using its sharp proboscis, then feeding on the blood of the host organism. In this way such diseases as Lyme disease and the more dangerous tick-born encephalitis may be transferred to the person.
Ticks attach themselves to the places where the skin is more delicate and capillaries are closer to the surface: on the neck, behind the ears, in the arm-pits, on the back, in the hair part or in groin areas. It is possible to not feel a tick’s bite; when the tick bites, an anesthetizing chemical enters with the tick’s saliva.
The incubatory period of disease on average is 1-2 weeks, sometimes delayed up to 3 weeks. It is possible to explain the varying duration of the incubatory period by the character of a bite - the longer the tick
is attached to the skin, the more of the virus can penetrate into an organism and the faster the disease will
develop.
Disease develops quickly, within several days. The virus invades the grey matter of the brain, attacking peripheral nerves in the spinal cord, and neurons that control motor function. Symptoms include spasms, paralysis of separate muscles or entire groups of muscles, and decreased sensitivity of the skin. In later stages
the virus multiplies and multiple serious symptoms may develop. These can include persistent headaches,
vomiting and loss of consciousness. Infected person may become comatose or, on the contrary, experience
psychomotor excitation with loss of orientation. The cardiovascular irregularities can occur, including (myocarditis, cardiovascular insufficiency, and arrhythmia.) In the digestive system, constipation, enlargement of
the liver and spleen later may be marked. All listed effects can be symptomatic of eventual toxic defeat of the
infected organism, culminating in a rise in body temperature of up to 39-40 degrees ะก (102-104 F). In some
cases, upon attack of spinal nerves, disease may progress into a type of “radiculitis” (inflammation of the
nerves surrounding the spinal cord).
Tick-borne encephalitis can be avoided with the help of nonspecific and specific preventive maintenance.
Nonspecific preventive maintenance You should use tick repellents to spray your clothes and each person
should examine their clothes and body, and remove any ticks they may find.
For removal of ticks stuck to the skin remove the tick using a tweezers or a loop of thread tightened around
the tick, being careful not to shake it around when lifting it off the skin. It is important that the tick’s head does
not become detached from its body and remain lodged in the skin. Once the tick is removed, it is necessary
to burn it to keep it from possibly further spreading the virus. Treat the site of the tick bite with iodine or alcohol, and carefully wash hands afterward.
Specific preventive maintenance is carried out with the help of vaccines. To avoid infection from tick bites,
it is necessary beforehand (in autumn or in the winter, from November - March) to receive preventive inoculations against tick-borne encephalitis. Illness is easier to prevent than to treat. To receive an inoculation it is
necessary to have: the obligatory medical insurance policy, information about any medical allergies, and a
passport.
Emergency preventive maintenance (preventive maintenance after a tick bite) may be carried out with the
help of an injection of immunoglobulins within three days from the moment of a bite.
If possible, keep the tick in a piece of a damp fabric for later laboratory research. The results of the analysis
can help a doctor determine whether emergency preventative maintenance is necessary.
2. Lyme Disease.
Lyme Disease- an infectious disease caused by spirochetes and transmitted by ticks, leading to chronic
effects on the skin, nervous system, motor function and heart.
Development of illness- Infection occurs with the infected tick’s bite. Microbes enter with the tick’s saliva
through the skin and multiply within several days, after which they are distributed to other areas of the body,
both external (skin) and internal (heart, brain, joints, etc.). Microbes can live in the infected organism for a
long time (years), causing chronic and recurrence of the disease. Chronic recurrence of illness may become
more developed over a long period of time. Development of Lyme disease is similar to development of syphilis.
The incubatory period - from 2 to about 35 days, on average - 7-10 days.
Initial Characteristics of the beginning stages of the disease (in 70 % of cases) is reddening of the skin on
the area surrounding the tick’s bite. The red mark (rash) gradually increases in diameter reaching 1-10 cm
in diameter, sometimes up to 60 cm or more. The form of a rash may be round or oval, or less frequently,
irregular. The outside edge of the rash is redder and slightly raised. These symptoms are accompanied by
fatigue, weakness, headaches and muscular pains, joint pains, rise in temperature and swelling of lymph
nodes. In due course the centre of the rash turns pale or acquires a bluish shade and the form of a ring is
created. The tick’s bite, located in the center of the rash, develops a scab followed by a scar. Without treatment the scar??? disappears within 2-3 weeks.
After 4-6 days, the microbes begin to attack the central nervous system, heart and joints. Recognition of
illness. Persons who develop a red rash on the site of a tick bite should immediately be concerned about
Lyme \disease. Diagnosis can be confirmed by blood analysis.
Treatment should be carried out in a hospital where the proper specific treatment can be provided. Without
such treatment the illness progresses, becoming chronically recurring, and, in some cases, can result in
permanent physical disability.
Prophylactic medical examination. Persons who have been ill with Lyme disease should remain under medical supervision for 2 years following treatment, receiving checkups at 3, 6, and 12 months, and after 2
years.
Illness Prevention. Spraying of clothes with tick repellent can provide protection for an entire day of exposure
to the tick’s habitat.
V.
Snake Bites.
What snakes cause venomous bites at Lake Baikal?
Copperhead snake
Adder
What are the symptoms of venomous bites?
While each individual may experience symptoms differently, the following are the most common symptoms
of venomous snakebites:
bloody wound discharge
fang marks in the skin and swelling at the site of the bite
severe localized pain
diarrhea
burning
convulsions
fainting
dizziness
weakness
blurred vision
excessive sweating
fever
increased thirst
loss of muscle coordination
nausea and vomiting
numbness and tingling
rapid pulse
Treatment:
Call for emergency assistance immediately if someone has been bitten by a snake. Responding quickly in
this type of emergency is crucial. While waiting for emergency assistance:
Wash the bite with soap and water.
Immobilize the bitten area and keep it lower than the heart.
Cover the area with a clean, cool compress or a moist dressing to minimize swelling and discomfort.
Monitor vital signs.
If a victim is unable to reach medical care within 30 minutes, the American Red Cross recommends:
Applying a bandage, wrapped two to four inches above the bite, to help slow the venom. This should not
cut off the flow of blood from a vein or artery - the band should be loose enough to slip a finger under it.
_
VI.
Submersion (Near Drowning)
Drowning occurs when a person dies by suffocation due to submersion in water (or occasionally, other fluids). The term near-drowning is used to describe victims who have been resuscitated and survive for at least
twenty-four hours. If the victim dies within twenty-four hours of the original incident, drowning is listed as the
primary cause of death. If the victim dies after the initial twenty-four hour period, death is attributed to the
complications arising from the incident, with near-drowning listed as a secondary cause of death.
If you must rescue the victim, make sure the scene is safe. Rescuing a victim who is caught in a current or
other dangerous situation can be very dangerous to you.
If the victim is conscious in the water, use a pole or other long object to extend to the victim, and pull the
victim to safety.
If you must enter the water to rescue the victim, cup one hand around the victim’s chin to hold the head out
of the water, and swim to safety.
When everyone is in a safe area, call the emergency service if possible, and assess the victim. Near-drowning presents a unique first aid challenge, as many different conditions may be present in the near-drowning
victim.
OTHER FIRST AID CONSIDERATIONS IN A NEAR-DROWNING VICTIM:
Head, neck, and/or back injuries, or other injuries to the body, if the victim was in some sort of diving or
other accident.
Poisoning, depending on the fluid involved in the incident.
Hypothermia, depending on the temperature of the fluid in which the victim was submerged.
The potential for cardiac arrest (cessation of heart function) if the victim is left unattended for a period of time.
COMPLICATIONS OF NEAR DROWNING:
Irreversible brain damage is common in near-drowning victims who do not receive immediate first aid and
advanced medical care.
Many near-drownings occur due to diving accidents, and temporary or permanent paralysis of all or part of
the body may be present, or even occur after the fact, due to improper movement of the victim. Moving a
victim with a head, neck, or back injury may result in further injury.
Many respiratory complications can occur due to the damage the lungs incur during the incident. These
complications may result in the need for mechanical ventilation of the victim for a few hours up to months,
or longer. Respiratory complications can occur up to days after the near-drowning incident, which is why all
victims of near-drowning should receive professional medical care as soon as possible after the incident.
_
VII.
Heat illness.
There are basically three main types of heat illness: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke.
1) HEAT CRAMPS are painful muscle contractions associated with heavy exercise in a warm or hot environment. These strong, painful muscle contractions occur in the stomach muscles or the large muscles on the
back of the thigh. The specific cause of heat cramps is debatable: most experts agree that heat cramps are
likely to occur when exercising in hot weather. But while some experts attribute heat cramps to dehydration
and poor physical condition in addition to the heat, other experts claim heat cramps are caused by a lack of
water and salt. These two theories are so similar that, in regards to treatment and first aid, there is no difference.
2) HEAT EXHAUSTION is a mild to moderate heat illness, and can occur very suddenly, especially after
vigorous exercise in hot weather. Heat exhaustion occurs when the body is in an excessively warm environment and there is an inadequate intake of fluids into the body. Heat exhaustion can evolve into heatstroke if
ignored.
3) HEATSTROKE is the most serious form of heat illness, and can be fatal if emergency medical attention is
not sought immediately. Heatstroke is an advanced form of heat exhaustion. In heatstroke, the body’s mechanism of controlling body temperature fails, and the body’s temperature rises uncontrollably.
Where are when does heat illness occur?
Heat illness can occur whenever and wherever the environment you’re in is excessively hot. There is no “official” temperature at which heat illness is most likely.
Rather, a combination of factors contribute to an individual’s risk for heat illness. These factors are:
Symptoms of heat illness vary, according to the degree of heat illness:
1) The symptoms of HEAT CRAMPS are painful, but localized and fairly mild. The muscles in the abdomen,
legs, and sometimes the arms spasm, causing painful contractions. People who sweat profusely during exercise are at greater risk for heat cramps, due to the depletion of fluid (and salt) through sweat. Heat cramps
may also be an indicator of heat exhaustion, so be aware of any other symptoms present. Heat cramps can
occur during exercise, and last up to an hour after ceasing of activity.
2) Signs of HEAT EXHAUSTION tend to be systemic (affecting the entire body), although heat cramps may
be present during heat exhaustion. Symptoms may have a sudden onset, and remember that heat exhaustion doesn’t always occur with strenuous activity. Just spending a long day in the sun can cause heat exhaustion.
Symptoms of heat exhaustion are:
Red or very pale skin
Skin that is warm or hot to the touch
Faintness and /or dizziness
Nausea, with or without vomiting
A low-grade fever may be present: above normal, but below 104 degrees F
A rapid pulse
3) In HEAT STROKE, you’ll see the same signs as in heat exhaustion, since heat exhaustion is a precursor
of heatstroke. The addition of a few much more ominous symptoms makes heatstroke a very dangerous
condition:
A body temperature of greater than 104 degrees F is a direct indicator of heatstroke.
Changes in the victim’s mental state may range from irritability, mild confusion, and disorientation to a comatose state.
Rapid breathing
Fainting
In some cases, the victim may experience seizures.
FIRST AID for heat illness depends on the type and severity of the illness:
1) HEAT CRAMPS
Cease all activity, and find a shady, cool spot to sit and rest.
Get something to drink: NO ALCOHOL OR CAFFEINATED DRINKS. Drink clear juice (such as apple) or a
sports drink, like Gatorade. Drink plain water if nothing else is available.
Forget any strenuous activity for the rest of the day. Not letting your body recover could lead to more heat
cramps, or even heat exhaustion.
If your heat cramps don’t go away within an hour, call your doctor for medical advice.
2) HEAT EXHAUSTION
Move the victim to a cool area—preferably in an air-conditioned environment, but at least, a shady spot out
of the sun.
Loosen or remove any restrictive clothing.
Have the victim lie down in a comfortable position. Slightly elevate the victim’s legs.
Give the victim something to drink: as above, NO alcohol or caffeine. Avoid carbonation. A sports drink or
water is best. Try to find something cold for the victim to drink, but do not put ice in the drink.
Misting the victim’s body with cool water gives the body a way to evaporate more heat, causing more rapid
cooling of the body.
The victim may be placed in a cool (NOT COLD) tub of water. Monitor the victim at all times for changes in
consciousness.
Monitor the victim for any worsening of symptoms, or the addition of additional symptoms. Heat exhaustion,
if left untreated, can turn into heatstroke.
3) HEAT STROKE
CALL Emergency service. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition.
Follow the above instructions for heat exhaustion.
Cover the victim with damp sheets or other damp materials.
DO NOT put a victim of heatstroke in the tub—changes in mental status or consciousness may cause the
victim to injure himself.
DO NOT give the victim anything to eat or drink if there are changes in the victim’s mental state or consciousness.
_
VIII. Hypothermia
Usually, everyone thinks about hypothermia occurring in extremely cold temperatures, but that doesn’t have
to be the case. It can happen anytime that you are exposed to cool, damp conditions. Older people are
more susceptible to hypothermia.
Two things to remember about hypothermia are that:
1. You don’t need to be experiencing sub-zero temperatures to encounter hypothermia..
2. Your judgment will be impaired, making you much more likely to experience an accident.
If you or someone in your group becomes hypothermic, take immediate action before it becomes a severe
emergency!
Hypothermia symptoms include:
Uncontrollable shivering (although, at extremely low body temperatures, shivering may stop)
Weakness and loss of coordination
Confusion
Pale and cold skin
Drowsiness – especially in more severe stages
Slowed breathing or heart rate.
If not treated promptly, lethargy, cardiac arrest, shock, and coma can set in. Hypothermia can even be fatal.
Hypothermia signs that can be observed by others:
Slowing of pace, drowsiness, fatigue
Stumbling
Thickness of speech
Amnesia
Irrationality, poor judgment
Hallucinations
Loss of perceptual contact with environment
Blueness of skin
Dilation of pupils
Decreased heart and respiration
Stupor
One of the most important rules of hypothermia treatment is that no one is dead until they are warm and
dead. Allow medical authorities to determine death in all cases.
When treating a victim of hypothermia, all efforts should be made to sustain life until they have been properly
warmed at a medical facility.
Hypothermia treatment is simple, but the proper treatment needs to be administered during different phases
of the medical condition.
Mild Hypothermia treatment:
This is the most common form of hypothermia and one we have all suffered from at one time or another. It is
the most easily treated, and the easiest to prevent.
Treat mild hypothermia by getting into a warm and dry environment. Windy conditions and wet clothes cause
the body to lose heat. Seek shelter from wind and weather.
Insulate from ground – pine branches, leaves, moss, anything to provide insulation will work.
Change wet clothing for windproof, waterproof gear.
Add heat – if safe, start a fire.
Increase exercise, if possible.
Get into a pre-warmed sleeping bag or blankets/
Drink hot drinks, followed by candy or other high-sugar foods/
Apply heat to neck, armpits and groin.
Moderate Hypothermia treatment:
When a person has moderate hypothermia, in addition to the above listed items, get the person bundled up
and out of the cold, covering the neck and head to minimize additional heat loss through the head.
Sudden movement and physical activity should be avoided. Rough handling of these victims may cause
deadly heart rhythms.
You can apply warm bottles of water, or warm rocks to the armpits and groin area (comfortably warm when
touched by a hand flat on the stone and held in place).
Fully conscious victims can sip lukewarm sweetened, non-alcoholic fluids. If their condition is clearly improving, then more fluids and warmth can be administered.
Medical attention should be sought out, even if a full field recovery is achieved.
Severe Hypothermia treatment:
This is an extreme medical emergency and a high priority should be placed on summoning a rescue team
immediately to transport the victim to a medical facility as rapidly as possible.
Maintain the body temperature of victims of severe hypothermia. Improper warming can create a condition
called metabolic acidosis that can cause shock and heart failure. Warming should only be preformed in
these states by a medical facility.
The critical thing when a person has severe hypothermia is to be gentle with them. Sudden or rough movements, forcing them to move or walk can pull very cold blood from the extremities into the warmer core
that can cause shock. You need to be gentle and supportive. Rubbing of the skin and moving of the joints
should be avoided. This causes more harm than good.
In severe hypothermia, the best hypothermia treatment is best for three people to get under a pile of blankets
or in a sleeping bag. Skin on skin contact of the torso works best with a person on each side of the victim.
You should ignore their pleas to be left alone or allowed to go to sleep, but be gentle with them.
You should not administer fluids or make any other attempts to increase body temperature.
Maintaining temperature and preventing further loss is the most important thing.
If a person becomes unconscious from hypothermia monitor their breathing and pulse carefully.
Summon an Emergency Response Team.
If you can detect a faint pulse, do not do CPR to support their heart. Only start rescue breathing, chest compressions or full CPR if you cannot detect any breathing, any pulse or both. Check frequently to see if they
start breathing on their own, even if it is shallow (the same for a pulse).
Administering CPR to someone, even someone with a slight pulse can cause his or her heart to stop.
Remember, make all efforts to keep them alive until help arrives, and they have been warmed and declared
dead. People have recovered in morgues from hypothermia and have had profoundly low body temperatures
and still recover.
Never give up hope with a hypothermia victim who does not have any other serious medical complications
(like severe injuries from a fall or extreme altitude sickness).
IX.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
CPR Function:
CPR is used when a person has stopped breathing and has gone into sudden cardiac arrest, meaning their
heart has stopped and they have no pulse. At that moment, the person is dying. CPR is used to maintain
a level circulation and provide oxygen to a person who is unable to do either. CPR is designed to keep
oxygenated blood flowing until advanced medical care can arrive and revive the victim. To perform CPR, a
bystander must place the victim on her back on a hard surface and then check to see if she is breathing. If
not, the rescuer places one hand on the forehead, another under the chin, and tilts the victim’s head back.
The rescuer blows two breaths into the victim’s mouth, while pinching the nose. Then, the rescuer draws
an imaginary line between the nipples. Place the heel of one hand on the victim’s breast bone and use the
other to interlock their fingers. Keeping their arms straight, the rescuer presses down, depressing the chest
1 ½ to 2 inches. After 30 compressions, give two breaths.
SPR guidelines:
1. CALL EMERGENCY SERVICE if possible.
Check the victim for unresponsiveness. If the person is not responsive and not breathing, or not breathing
normally, call the emergency service and return to the victim.
2. Open the airway and look for objects. Look, listen and feel for breathing for 10 seconds.
3. Attempt to ventilate: 2 slow breaths (1 second per breath), allow for exhalation between breaths. If chest
rises, check carotid pulse and other signs of circulation for at least 10 seconds. If no carotid pulse or other
signs of circulation, begin CPR.
4. PUMP
If the victim is still not breathing normally, coughing or moving, begin chest compressions. Push down in the
center of the chest 2 inches, 30 times. Pump hard and fast at the rate of at least 100/minute, which is faster
than once per second.
5. BLOW
Tilt the head back and lift the chin. Pinch nose and cover the mouth with yours and blow until you see the
chest rise. Give 2 breaths. Each breath should take 1 second.
CONTINUE WITH 2 BREATHS AND 30 PUMPS UNTIL HELP ARRIVES
Complications of CPR
Vomiting is the most frequently encountered complication of CPR. If the victim starts to vomit, turn the head
to the side and try to remove or wipe off the vomit. Continue with CPR.
The spread of infection from the victim to the rescuer is exceedingly rare. Most cardiac arrests occur in people’s homes - relatives or friends will be the ones needing to do CPR. Even CPR performed on strangers has
an exceedingly rare risk of infection. There is NO documentation of HIV or AIDS ever being transmitted via
CPR.
Checking the Pulse
The pulse check is no longer taught or expected of laypersons. Instead, if there is no response after two
mouth-to-mouth breaths, begin to pump on the chest. Please note that the pulse check is still expected of
health-care providers.
