Lab 1
Content
HYDROMETER
Our group is assigned to perform and explain the concept of hydrometer and to solve the specific gravity and density of a given liquid using hydrometers. Due to lack of materials in the laboratory, each of us surfs to the internet and found out some understanding about hydrometer. A hydrometer is simply an instrument for measuring the density of a liquid. It is placed in the liquid it is going to measure. The denser the liquid, the higher it floats. Measurement is taken by observing the level of the liquid on one of 3 scales on the stem of the hydrometer as it floats. We are usually concerned with only 2 scales: the Potential Alcohol and the Specific Gravity. The more sugar in the liquid, the more alcohol that can be made and the more dense/heavier the liquid is. On the potential alcohol scale, you can read an estimate of how much alcohol can be made. On the specific gravity scale, you can read a comparison of this liquid with plain water. After fermentation, you take a second reading that tells you how much is left. Subtract the second potential alcohol reading from the first and this will tell you how much alcohol is in the liquid. The second specific gravity reading will tell you how much unfermentable dextrins you have or that your fermentation is or is not complete. Below is shown a sample on how the hydrometer works:
How A Hydrometer Works A Practical Example Fill the test jar with enough liquid to just float the hydrometer about 80% full. Gently lower the hydrometer into the test jar; spin the hydrometer as you release it, so no bubbles stick to the bottom of the hydrometer (this can also affect readings). Take a look at Diagram 1, on the left, which represents a test jar full of must before the yeast is pitched. We can see how the hydrometer is floating rather high. This is because the liquid is "heavy" with all the sugar, the hydrometer is pushed up because of this. As the yeast turns the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide, the wine becomes lighter (alcohol weighs less per unit volume) and the hydrometer doesn't float as high as it once did. Diagram 2 (seen on the right) represents a wine that has fermented to dryness and is lighter than water.
Diagram 1 BEFORE
Diagram 2 AFTER
In this figure we can see clearly the reading in the calibration of the hydrometer that represents the specific gravity of the liquid. Note that we should avoid testing samples that contain solid particles, since this will affect the readings. Making sure the hydrometer isn't touching the sides of the test jar and is floating freely, take a reading across the bottom of the meniscus (see diagram). Meniscus is a fancy word for the curved surface of the liquid.
Hydrometer is a tool used to measure specific gravity of a certain substance in which waters’ specific gravity is the base reference for the measurement. It shaped like a hollow stirring rod and with a calibration on its body, about one-third of its whole length has a larger diameter having a weight on its tip to make the tool stand steady while floating on liquid substances during measurement. To avoid spills of liquid after placing the instrument, (a) you should place the hydrometer in an empty graduated cylinder first, then (b) pour the liquid substance into the cylinder until (c) the hydrometer itself floats, then (d) begin reading.
Water has a characteristic to climb up on sides of all things, and hydrometer is not an exemption. Therefore in reading, one should consider the water line not the water reaction on sides, unless otherwise stated on your Hydrometer. Hydrometers primary purpose is to determine the concentration of other substance mixed in water.
CONCLUSIONS:
In this Activity we weigh the empty Graduated Cylinder, after we weigh again the Graduated Cylinder with oil or liquid and we solve the specific gravity and density of a given liquid and we can only solve this after performing the activity and we used the data that we gathered while performing this activity EVALUATION:
Answer the following questions. Use additional sheets if necessary. 1.) Does density varies with volume? Explain. Yes, the density varies with volume because density is still indirectly proportional with the value of the volume.
density ( ρ) = mass (kg ) volume ( m3 )
Most things increase in volume when heated, if you have the same mass, the density will change. So, density is given at standard temperature and pressure. 2.) Describe the relationship of the volume of the liquid and its weight. The relationship of the volume of the liquid and weight, the volume is the amount of space an object takes up and mass is the amount of matter an object contains while, weight is the force of gravitational attraction on a body as observed on the rotating Earth or in any similar situation. 3.) What is the gage pressure on the surface of mercury? Explain your answer. 4.) What is the implication of the reading in the hydrometer? It's important for winemakers to know how to use a hydrometer, because it is used to measure the amount of sugar in must or wine. Winemakers know there is a direct correlation between the amount of sugar present and the ability to make wine. This instrument allows the winemaker to predict and adjust his/her recipe depending upon the readings taken. The scales were going to use to measure, on how we determine the specific gravity. We might say to our self that, what is specific gravity? How it is work? And why is it basically dropping it on the wine or beer? It is because; it measures the amount of sugar or the amount of dissolvable substances in the
wine. A good example of it is to think back to our childhood visits to the beach remember how it was easier to float in salt water than in fresh water? Whether you realized it or not, your body was the "hydrometer" on that summer day. It is all about the buoyancy. That scale there is the one were going to use to test the specific gravity. When making beers the specific gravity reading before you could, it’s probably somewhere in 1.040. water has a specific gravity at 1.000 its base on pure water, and when adding some multi-extract, sugar and any substances its going end at 1.040 the average reading of beer, and if it is wine it is about 1.070 – 1.090 because wine has more sugar and alcohol. More to close at 1.000, that is because the yeast has consumed most of the sugar within is going to drop the hydrometer reading back close to 1.000 again. This reading is called final gravity, if in fact the more alcohol or even something stronger then the reading is below 1.000 the hydrometer will drop down. 5.) What is hydrometer? Define and sketch. A hydrometer is simply an instrument for measuring a density of a liquid, which the water or the liquid is the based reference for the measurement. A hydrometer is an inexpensive yet essential piece of test equipment used by winemakers. It is generally made of blown glass, with a weighted, bulbous bottom and a long narrow stem. The hydrometer is designed to float in liquid with the bulbous end down. A reading is taken by looking at a scale (contained in the stem) where the surface of the liquid being measured. A hydrometer allows the winemaker to figure the specific gravity (the relative "weight" of liquid compared to plain water) of wine or must. Specific gravity is also known as SG. Depending upon the readings observed, a winemaker can monitor the progress of fermentation and make immediate adjustments if necessary.
Bottom (water level)
Our group is assigned to perform and explain the concept of hydrometer and to solve the specific gravity and density of a given liquid using hydrometers. Due to lack of materials in the laboratory, each of us surfs to the internet and found out some understanding about hydrometer. A hydrometer is simply an instrument for measuring the density of a liquid. It is placed in the liquid it is going to measure. The denser the liquid, the higher it floats. Measurement is taken by observing the level of the liquid on one of 3 scales on the stem of the hydrometer as it floats. We are usually concerned with only 2 scales: the Potential Alcohol and the Specific Gravity. The more sugar in the liquid, the more alcohol that can be made and the more dense/heavier the liquid is. On the potential alcohol scale, you can read an estimate of how much alcohol can be made. On the specific gravity scale, you can read a comparison of this liquid with plain water. After fermentation, you take a second reading that tells you how much is left. Subtract the second potential alcohol reading from the first and this will tell you how much alcohol is in the liquid. The second specific gravity reading will tell you how much unfermentable dextrins you have or that your fermentation is or is not complete. Below is shown a sample on how the hydrometer works:
How A Hydrometer Works A Practical Example Fill the test jar with enough liquid to just float the hydrometer about 80% full. Gently lower the hydrometer into the test jar; spin the hydrometer as you release it, so no bubbles stick to the bottom of the hydrometer (this can also affect readings). Take a look at Diagram 1, on the left, which represents a test jar full of must before the yeast is pitched. We can see how the hydrometer is floating rather high. This is because the liquid is "heavy" with all the sugar, the hydrometer is pushed up because of this. As the yeast turns the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide, the wine becomes lighter (alcohol weighs less per unit volume) and the hydrometer doesn't float as high as it once did. Diagram 2 (seen on the right) represents a wine that has fermented to dryness and is lighter than water.
Diagram 1 BEFORE
Diagram 2 AFTER
In this figure we can see clearly the reading in the calibration of the hydrometer that represents the specific gravity of the liquid. Note that we should avoid testing samples that contain solid particles, since this will affect the readings. Making sure the hydrometer isn't touching the sides of the test jar and is floating freely, take a reading across the bottom of the meniscus (see diagram). Meniscus is a fancy word for the curved surface of the liquid.
Hydrometer is a tool used to measure specific gravity of a certain substance in which waters’ specific gravity is the base reference for the measurement. It shaped like a hollow stirring rod and with a calibration on its body, about one-third of its whole length has a larger diameter having a weight on its tip to make the tool stand steady while floating on liquid substances during measurement. To avoid spills of liquid after placing the instrument, (a) you should place the hydrometer in an empty graduated cylinder first, then (b) pour the liquid substance into the cylinder until (c) the hydrometer itself floats, then (d) begin reading.
Water has a characteristic to climb up on sides of all things, and hydrometer is not an exemption. Therefore in reading, one should consider the water line not the water reaction on sides, unless otherwise stated on your Hydrometer. Hydrometers primary purpose is to determine the concentration of other substance mixed in water.
CONCLUSIONS:
In this Activity we weigh the empty Graduated Cylinder, after we weigh again the Graduated Cylinder with oil or liquid and we solve the specific gravity and density of a given liquid and we can only solve this after performing the activity and we used the data that we gathered while performing this activity EVALUATION:
Answer the following questions. Use additional sheets if necessary. 1.) Does density varies with volume? Explain. Yes, the density varies with volume because density is still indirectly proportional with the value of the volume.
density ( ρ) = mass (kg ) volume ( m3 )
Most things increase in volume when heated, if you have the same mass, the density will change. So, density is given at standard temperature and pressure. 2.) Describe the relationship of the volume of the liquid and its weight. The relationship of the volume of the liquid and weight, the volume is the amount of space an object takes up and mass is the amount of matter an object contains while, weight is the force of gravitational attraction on a body as observed on the rotating Earth or in any similar situation. 3.) What is the gage pressure on the surface of mercury? Explain your answer. 4.) What is the implication of the reading in the hydrometer? It's important for winemakers to know how to use a hydrometer, because it is used to measure the amount of sugar in must or wine. Winemakers know there is a direct correlation between the amount of sugar present and the ability to make wine. This instrument allows the winemaker to predict and adjust his/her recipe depending upon the readings taken. The scales were going to use to measure, on how we determine the specific gravity. We might say to our self that, what is specific gravity? How it is work? And why is it basically dropping it on the wine or beer? It is because; it measures the amount of sugar or the amount of dissolvable substances in the
wine. A good example of it is to think back to our childhood visits to the beach remember how it was easier to float in salt water than in fresh water? Whether you realized it or not, your body was the "hydrometer" on that summer day. It is all about the buoyancy. That scale there is the one were going to use to test the specific gravity. When making beers the specific gravity reading before you could, it’s probably somewhere in 1.040. water has a specific gravity at 1.000 its base on pure water, and when adding some multi-extract, sugar and any substances its going end at 1.040 the average reading of beer, and if it is wine it is about 1.070 – 1.090 because wine has more sugar and alcohol. More to close at 1.000, that is because the yeast has consumed most of the sugar within is going to drop the hydrometer reading back close to 1.000 again. This reading is called final gravity, if in fact the more alcohol or even something stronger then the reading is below 1.000 the hydrometer will drop down. 5.) What is hydrometer? Define and sketch. A hydrometer is simply an instrument for measuring a density of a liquid, which the water or the liquid is the based reference for the measurement. A hydrometer is an inexpensive yet essential piece of test equipment used by winemakers. It is generally made of blown glass, with a weighted, bulbous bottom and a long narrow stem. The hydrometer is designed to float in liquid with the bulbous end down. A reading is taken by looking at a scale (contained in the stem) where the surface of the liquid being measured. A hydrometer allows the winemaker to figure the specific gravity (the relative "weight" of liquid compared to plain water) of wine or must. Specific gravity is also known as SG. Depending upon the readings observed, a winemaker can monitor the progress of fermentation and make immediate adjustments if necessary.
Bottom (water level)
