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Linux Básico – Parte XX
11.2.3 – Comandos Úteis
Existem uma série de comandos de rede úteis no linux, que servem tanto para configuração quanto para verificação de problemas.
11.2.3.1 – ip
Sintaxe: ip [opções] [Objeto] [Comando]
O ip é utilizado para atribuir endereços IP para as interfaces de rede, mostrar configuração do TCP/IP, entre outras coisas.
Exemplo : Mostrando o endereço IP da nossa máquina
A. Digite:
Figura 95 – Mostrando endereço IP
Observe que aparecem dois endereços e duas interfaces. A primeira interface (lo), significa loopback. Não é uma interface física e sim lógica usada para comunicação entre processos na mesma máquina e está sempre presente, mesmo que a máquina não esteja em rede. A segunda interface (eth0) é a interface de rede física e é aquela em que estamos interessados. O endereço IP aparece no campo inet. Cada interface tem também
um endereço físico configurado de fábrica e que é único para cada placa, esse endereço aparece no campo link.
11.2.3.2 – ifconfig
Podemos obter o mesmo resultado do comando ip usando o ifconfig.
Sintaxe: ifconfig [opções]
Exemplo : Mostrando as placas de rede instaladas
A. Digite:
Observe que dessa forma aparecem as interfaces presentes no sistema, mas não sabemos o status das mesmas (habiltada ou desabilitada).
Para listarmos as interfaces ativas:
B. Digite:
Figura 96 – Saída do comando ifconfig
a.
Vamos agora desabilitar a nossa interface e em seguida repetir o comando ifconfig –
C. Digite:
Com isso desabilitamos a nossa interface
D. Digite:
Figura 97 – Listando interfaces
Aparentemente não há diferença não é? Mas observe que dessa vez a palavra RUNNING não aparece indicando que a placa não está ativa.
Para habilitar novamente:
E. Digite:
11.2.3.3 – Ping
Sintaxe: ping [host ou IP]
O ping verifica se uma máquina está viva. É um dos comandos mais úteis e mais utilizados.
Exemplo: Testando a máquina local
A. Digite:
Coloque o IP mostrado no comando ip ou ifconfig.
Figura 98 – Saída do comando ping
Isso indica que a máquina em questão está viva. Clique <CTRL>+<C> para voltar ao prompt.
Suponha que exista uma outra máquina com endereço igual ao seu só tendo o final diferente e que ela estivesse desconectada da rede ou desligada. A resposta ao ping seria:
B. Digite:
Figura 99 – Ping em um host desconectado
11.2.3.4 – netstat
Com netstat podemos ver as estatísticas das interfaces, tais como pacotes enviados, pacotes recebidos, além de informações de rotas. Rota é o caminho que um pacote percorre até chegar ao seu destino.
Sintaxe : netstat [opções]
Para ver as estatísticas:
A. Digite:
Para ver as rotas :
B. Digite:
11.2.3.5 – traceroute
Com traceroute podemos ver em tempo real todo o caminho que um pacote percorre até chegar ao seu destino. Com isso estamos traçando a rota para um destino, e cada linha que aparece na tela é chamada de pulo.
Sintaxe: traceroute [Endereço IP ou nome DNS]
Para traçar a rota para www.google.com.br:
A. Digite:
catchsegv cc ccache ccexample cd cdda2wav cdparanoia cdrdao cdrecord cfdisk chacl chage chat
pbmtopgm pbmtopi3 pbmtopk pbmtoplot pbmtoppa pbmtopsg3 pbmtoptx pbmtowbmp pbmtox10bm pbmtoxbm pbmtoybm pbmtozinc pbmupc
chattr
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perror pf2afm pfbtopfa pfbtops pg pgawk
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pgawk-3.1.4 pgmabel pgmbentley pgmcrater pgmedge pgmenhance pgmhist pgmkernel pgmminkowski pgmmorphconv pgmnoise pgmnorm pgmoil pgmramp pgmslice pgmtexture pgmtofs pgmtolispm pgmtopbm pgmtopgm pgmtoppm pgpewrap pgpring pgrep php php-config phpextdist
cu cue2toc cups-calibrate cups-config cupsaddsmb cupsd cupstestppd curl curl-config cut cvs cvsbug cytune d date db2dvi db2html db2pdf db2ps db2rtf db4_archive db4_checkpoint db4_deadlock db4_dump db4_load db4_printlog db4_recover
phpize pi-csd pi-getram pi-getrom pi-getromtoken pi-nredir pi1toppm pi3topbm pic pico piconv picttoppm pidof pilot pilot-addresses pilot-archive pilot-clip pilot-datebook pilot-dedupe pilot-file pilot-foto pilot-prc pilot-schlep pilot-xfer pine pinegpg pinegpg-install
db4_stat db4_upgrade db4_verify db_archive db_checkpoint db_deadlock db_dump db_load db_printlog db_recover db_stat db_upgrade db_verify dbiprof dbiproxy dbmmanage dc dd ddate ddbugtopbm deallocvt debugfs debugreiserfs debugsh declare deformat-c deformat-sh
pinepgpgpg-install ping ping6 pinky pivot_root pj-gs.sh pjtoppm pkg-config pkgtool pkill pktopbm pl2pm play plipconfig pmake pmap pmap_dump pmap_set png2eps pngtopnm pnmalias pnmarith pnmcat pnmcolormap pnmcomp pnmconvol pnmcrop
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du dump-acct dump-utmp dump_cis dumpe2fs dumpkeys dumpreg dvd+rw-booktype dvd+rw-format dvd+rw-mediainfo dvd-ram-control dvipdf e2fsadm e2fsck e2image e2label echo ed editmap edquota egrep eject elif elm elmalias else elvfmt
policytool popa3d popd post-grohtml poweroff ppm2tiff ppm3d ppmbrighten ppmchange ppmcie ppmcolormask ppmcolors ppmdim ppmdist ppmdither ppmfade ppmflash ppmforge ppmglobe ppmhist ppmlabel ppmmake ppmmix ppmnorm ppmntsc ppmpat ppmquant
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esdsample etc2ps.sh ethtool eval eview evim ex exec exit expand expiry explodepkg export exportfs expr extcompose extractres eyuvtoppm f77 factor faillog false fastmail faucet fax2ps fax2tiff fbset
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fixmswrd.pl fixnt fixps fixpsditps fixpspps fixscribeps fixtpps fixwfwps fixwpps fixwwps fiz flac flea flex flex++ flock floppycontrol floppyd floppyd_installtest floppymeter fmt fold font2c foomatic-rip for formail free
psfaddtable psfgettable psfstriptable psfxtable psidtopgm psmandup psmerge psnup psorder pspell-config psresize psselect psset pstopnm pstops pstree pstruct ptx purgestat pushd pv.sh pvchange pvcreate pvdata pvdisplay pvmove pvscan
frm fromdos fsck fsck.cramfs fsck.ext2 fsck.ext3 fsck.hpfs fsck.jfs fsck.minix fsck.msdos fsck.reiserfs fsck.umsdos fsck.xfs fstopgm ftl_check ftl_format ftp ftpcount ftpdctl ftpshut ftptop ftpwho function funzip fuser g++ g++-gcc-3.3.4
pwck pwconv pwd pwunconv pydoc pygettext.py pynche python python2.4 qrttoppm quot quota quotacheck quotaoff quotaon quotastats radacct radclient radeapclient radexample radiusd radlast radlogin radrelay radsqlrelay radstatus radtest
g3topbm g77 g77-gcc-3.3.4 gawk gawk-3.1.4 gcc gcc-3.3.4 gccbug gcj gcjh gcov gdb gdbserver gdk-pixbuf-config gdk-pixbuf-csource
radwatch radwho radzap raid0run raidhotadd raidhotremove raidreconf raidsetfaulty raidstart raidstop ramsize ranlib rarp rarpd ras2tiff rasttopnm
gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders gemtopbm gemtopnm gencat gendiff raw
raw2tiff rawtopgm rawtoppm rb
generate-modprobe.conf genksyms genpowerd genpowerfail gentest geqn getafm
rc.radiusd rcp rcs rcs2log rcsclean rcsdiff
getconf getent getfacl getfattr getfdprm getfilename gethostip getkeycodes getmail getmail_maildir getmail_mbox getopt getoptprog getopts getpeername getsockname gettext gettextize getty getzones gif2tiff giftopnm gij gimpprint-config gindxbib ginstall glib-config ref
rcsmerge rcstest rdev rdisc rdist rdistd rdjpgcom read read-expenses read-ical read-notepad read-palmpix read-todos readcd readelf readlink readmsg readonly readprofile reboot rec red
refer reiserfsck reiserfstune reject
glib-genmarshal glib-gettextize glib-mkenums glookbib gmake gnat gnatbind gnatbl gnatchop gnatfind gnatkr gnatlink gnatls gnatmake gnatname gnatprep gnatpsta gnatxref gneqn gnroff gobject-query gouldtoppm gpasswd gpccard gpg gpg-check gpg-encrypt
reminders removepkg rename renice replace repquota rescan-scsi-bus reset resize2fs resize_reiserfs resizecons resolve_stack_dump resolveip restore restorefont restorepalette restoretextmode return rev rexima rgb2ycbcr rgb3toppm rgrep richtext ripquery rjoe rksh
gpg-sign gpg-sign+encrypt gpgsplit gpgv gpic gpm gpm-root gprof grefer grep grepjar grn grodvi groff grog grolbp grolj4 grops grotty groupadd groupdel groupmod groups growisofs grpck grpconv grpunconv
rletopnm rlm_ippool_tool rlog rlogin rm rmail rmdir rmic rmid rmiregistry rmmod rmmod.old rmt rn rndc rndc-confgen rootflags rotatelogs route routed routef routel rpc.bootparamd rpc.lockd rpc.mountd rpc.nfsd rpc.portmap
gs gs-no-x11 gsbj gsdj gsdj500 gslj gslp gsnd gsoelim gtbl gtk-config gtk-demo
rpc.rquotad rpc.rusersd rpc.rwalld rpc.statd rpc.yppasswdd rpc.ypxfrd rpcclient rpcgen rpcinfo rpm rpm2cpio rpm2targz rpm2tgz rpmbuild rpmdb rpme rpmgraph rpmi rpmoffset rpmquery rpmsign rpmu rpmverify rsh rsync rtacct rtf2rtf
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guile-tools gunzip gxditview gzexe gzip h2ph h2xs halt hash hdifftopam hdparm head help hexdump hinotes hipstopgm history hose host hostid hostname hoststat hotplug hpcdtoppm hpftodit hpijs hqx2bin
rtin rtmon rtstat run-parts run-with-aspell rundig runlevel runscript rup ruptime rusers rview rvim rvnamed rwall rwho rwhod rx rz rzip s2p sa safe_finger savelog savetextmode sb sbigtopgm
htdig htdigest htdump htfuzzy htload htmerge htnotify htpasswd htsearch httpd hwclock
sc scgcheck scp scqref scr-bx screen screen-4.0.2 script scsi_info sdiff sdl-config sed seejpeg select
i486-slackware-linux-c++ i486-slackware-linux-g++ i486-slackware-linux-gcc
i486-slackware-linux-gcc-3.3.4 sendmail i486-slackware-linux-gcj ibench icc2ps icclink icctrans icmpinfo icombine icontopbm iconv iconvconfig id ide_info seq
servertool set setconsolefont setfacl setfattr setfdprm setfont setkeycodes setleds setmetamode setpci
idecrypt ident idle idn iecset if ifconfig ifmpap ifmpaprev ifnames ifpap ifpaprev ifport ifstat ifuser ifwmpap ifwmpaprev ifwpap ifwpaprev igawk ijoin ijs-config ijsgimpprint ikeygen ilbmtoppm imapd imgtoppm
setquota setserial setsid setterm sfconvert sfdisk sfinfo sftp sg sgitopnm sgml2html sgml2info sgml2latex sgml2lyx sgml2rtf sgml2txt sgml2xml sgmlcheck sgmldiff sgmlnorm sgmlpre sgmlsasp sgmlspl sgmltools.v1 sgmlwhich sh sha1sum
imlib-config imlib_config in in.comsat in.fingerd in.identd in.ntalkd in.proftpd in.rexecd in.rlogind in.rshd in.talkd in.telnetd in.tftpd in.timed in.writed includeres indent indxbib inetd inews inews-nntp info infocmp infokey infotocap init
shadowconfig shar shift shopt showaudio showchar showconsolefont showexternal showkey showmount shownonascii showpartial showpicture showppd shred shutdown single2bin sirtopnm size size86 skel skill slabtop slattach sldtoppm sleep sliceprint
initscript.sample insmod insmod.old insmod.static insmod.static.old
sln slocate slogin slrn slrnpull smartctl
insmod_ksymoops_clean install install-catalog install-datebook install-expenses install-hinote install-info install-memo install-netsync install-todo install-todos install-user installpkg instmodsh ior-decode ip ip6tables ip6tables-restore ip6tables-save ipcrm ipcs ipmaddr smartd
smbcacls smbclient smbcontrol smbcquotas smbd smbencrypt smbmnt smbmount smbpasswd smbspool smbstatus smbtar smbtree smbumount smrsh smtpd.py snice sockdown socklist soelim
ipmask ipop3d iptables iptables-restore iptables-save iptraf iptunnel irssi isamchk isamlog isapnp isc-config.sh isodebug isodump isoinfo isosize isovfy ispell iwconfig iwevent iwgetid iwlist iwpriv iwspy jade jar java
sort source sox soxmix spam spctoppm speaker-test spent splain split splitmail splitvt spottopgm sprof sputoppm ss ssh ssh-add ssh-agent ssh-copy-id ssh-keygen ssh-keyscan sshd stat states stinit strace
java_vm javaws jaztool jbigtopnm jcf-dump jed jed-script jfs_debugfs jfs_fsck jfs_fscklog jfs_logdump jfs_mkfs jfs_tune jmacs jobs joe join jove jove-recover jpegicc jpegtopnm jpegtran jpico jstar jv-convert jv-scan jw
strace-graph strings strings-GNU strip stty stunnel stunnel3 su sudo sudoedit sulogin sum superformat suspend svgakeymap swapoff swapon swat sx sync sysctl syslinux syslinux-nomtools syslog_tst syslogd sysvbanner sysvlp.sh
kallsyms kbd_mode kbdrate kernelversion keytab-lilo.pl keytool kill killall killall5 kinit klist klogd ksh ksymoops ksyms ktab last lastcomm lastlog ld ld86 ldconfig ldd lddlibc4 leaftoppm less lessecho
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lesskey lesspipe.sh let lex lftp lftpget lha libIDL-config libart2-config libglade-convert libieee1284_test libnetcfg libpng-config libpng12-config libtool libtoolize libusb-config libwmf-config libwmf-fontmap lilo liloconfig line link links lispmtopgm listalias lkbib
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ln loadkeys loadunimap local locale localedef locate lockfile logger login login.radius logname logout logoutd logresolve logrotate logsave look lookbib losetup lp lp-cups lp2pap.sh lpadmin lpc lpc-cups lpinfo
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lpmove lpoptions lppasswd lpq lpq-cups lpr lpr-cups lprm lprm-cups lprsetup.sh lpstat lpstat-cups lrb lrx lrz ls lsattr lsb lsdev lsmod lsmod.old lsof lspci lsraid lss16toppm lsusb lsz
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udevtest udosctl udump uil ul ulimit umask umount umssetup umssync unalias uname unarj unbin uncompress unexpand unhex unicode_start unicode_stop uniconv uniq unix-lpr.sh unlink unpack200 unset unshar unsingle
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11.2.3 – Comandos Úteis
Existem uma série de comandos de rede úteis no linux, que servem tanto para configuração quanto para verificação de problemas.
11.2.3.1 – ip
Sintaxe: ip [opções] [Objeto] [Comando]
O ip é utilizado para atribuir endereços IP para as interfaces de rede, mostrar configuração do TCP/IP, entre outras coisas.
Exemplo : Mostrando o endereço IP da nossa máquina
A. Digite:
Figura 95 – Mostrando endereço IP
Observe que aparecem dois endereços e duas interfaces. A primeira interface (lo), significa loopback. Não é uma interface física e sim lógica usada para comunicação entre processos na mesma máquina e está sempre presente, mesmo que a máquina não esteja em rede. A segunda interface (eth0) é a interface de rede física e é aquela em que estamos interessados. O endereço IP aparece no campo inet. Cada interface tem também
um endereço físico configurado de fábrica e que é único para cada placa, esse endereço aparece no campo link.
11.2.3.2 – ifconfig
Podemos obter o mesmo resultado do comando ip usando o ifconfig.
Sintaxe: ifconfig [opções]
Exemplo : Mostrando as placas de rede instaladas
A. Digite:
Observe que dessa forma aparecem as interfaces presentes no sistema, mas não sabemos o status das mesmas (habiltada ou desabilitada).
Para listarmos as interfaces ativas:
B. Digite:
Figura 96 – Saída do comando ifconfig
a.
Vamos agora desabilitar a nossa interface e em seguida repetir o comando ifconfig –
C. Digite:
Com isso desabilitamos a nossa interface
D. Digite:
Figura 97 – Listando interfaces
Aparentemente não há diferença não é? Mas observe que dessa vez a palavra RUNNING não aparece indicando que a placa não está ativa.
Para habilitar novamente:
E. Digite:
11.2.3.3 – Ping
Sintaxe: ping [host ou IP]
O ping verifica se uma máquina está viva. É um dos comandos mais úteis e mais utilizados.
Exemplo: Testando a máquina local
A. Digite:
Coloque o IP mostrado no comando ip ou ifconfig.
Figura 98 – Saída do comando ping
Isso indica que a máquina em questão está viva. Clique <CTRL>+<C> para voltar ao prompt.
Suponha que exista uma outra máquina com endereço igual ao seu só tendo o final diferente e que ela estivesse desconectada da rede ou desligada. A resposta ao ping seria:
B. Digite:
Figura 99 – Ping em um host desconectado
11.2.3.4 – netstat
Com netstat podemos ver as estatísticas das interfaces, tais como pacotes enviados, pacotes recebidos, além de informações de rotas. Rota é o caminho que um pacote percorre até chegar ao seu destino.
Sintaxe : netstat [opções]
Para ver as estatísticas:
A. Digite:
Para ver as rotas :
B. Digite:
11.2.3.5 – traceroute
Com traceroute podemos ver em tempo real todo o caminho que um pacote percorre até chegar ao seu destino. Com isso estamos traçando a rota para um destino, e cada linha que aparece na tela é chamada de pulo.
Sintaxe: traceroute [Endereço IP ou nome DNS]
Para traçar a rota para www.google.com.br:
A. Digite:
catchsegv cc ccache ccexample cd cdda2wav cdparanoia cdrdao cdrecord cfdisk chacl chage chat
pbmtopgm pbmtopi3 pbmtopk pbmtoplot pbmtoppa pbmtopsg3 pbmtoptx pbmtowbmp pbmtox10bm pbmtoxbm pbmtoybm pbmtozinc pbmupc
chattr
pcdovtoppm pcic_probe pcimodules pcinitrd pcprofiledump pcre-config pcregrep pcretest pcxtoppm pdbedit pdf2dsc pdf2ps pdfopt pdiff pear perl perl5.8.6 perlbug
check-radiusd-config checkalias checkgid checkrad chfn chgrp chkdupexe chmod chown chpasswd chroot chsh chvt ci cjpeg cksum cleanappledouble.pl clear clisp clock clockdiff cmp cmuwmtopbm cnid2_create cnid_dbd cnid_maint perlcc perldoc perlivp
perror pf2afm pfbtopfa pfbtops pg pgawk
cnid_metad co col colcrt collateindex.pl colrm column comm command comp_err compgen complete composeglyphs compress continue convertquota cp cpan cpio cpp crond crontab cscope csh csplit ctags ctrlaltdel
pgawk-3.1.4 pgmabel pgmbentley pgmcrater pgmedge pgmenhance pgmhist pgmkernel pgmminkowski pgmmorphconv pgmnoise pgmnorm pgmoil pgmramp pgmslice pgmtexture pgmtofs pgmtolispm pgmtopbm pgmtopgm pgmtoppm pgpewrap pgpring pgrep php php-config phpextdist
cu cue2toc cups-calibrate cups-config cupsaddsmb cupsd cupstestppd curl curl-config cut cvs cvsbug cytune d date db2dvi db2html db2pdf db2ps db2rtf db4_archive db4_checkpoint db4_deadlock db4_dump db4_load db4_printlog db4_recover
phpize pi-csd pi-getram pi-getrom pi-getromtoken pi-nredir pi1toppm pi3topbm pic pico piconv picttoppm pidof pilot pilot-addresses pilot-archive pilot-clip pilot-datebook pilot-dedupe pilot-file pilot-foto pilot-prc pilot-schlep pilot-xfer pine pinegpg pinegpg-install
db4_stat db4_upgrade db4_verify db_archive db_checkpoint db_deadlock db_dump db_load db_printlog db_recover db_stat db_upgrade db_verify dbiprof dbiproxy dbmmanage dc dd ddate ddbugtopbm deallocvt debugfs debugreiserfs debugsh declare deformat-c deformat-sh
pinepgpgpg-install ping ping6 pinky pivot_root pj-gs.sh pjtoppm pkg-config pkgtool pkill pktopbm pl2pm play plipconfig pmake pmap pmap_dump pmap_set png2eps pngtopnm pnmalias pnmarith pnmcat pnmcolormap pnmcomp pnmconvol pnmcrop
depmod depmod.old detect_multipath devdump df dhclient dhclient-script dhcpcd dhcpd dhcrelay dialog diff diff3 diffpp dig dir dircolors dirname dirs disable disable-paste diskcopy diskd diskseekd disown distcc distccd
pnmcut pnmdepth pnmenlarge pnmfile pnmflip pnmgamma pnmhisteq pnmhistmap pnmindex pnminterp pnminvert pnmmargin pnmmontage pnmnlfilt pnmnoraw pnmnorm pnmpad pnmpaste pnmpsnr pnmquant pnmremap pnmrotate pnmscale pnmscalefixed pnmshear pnmsmooth pnmsplit
distccmon-gnome distccmon-text djpeg dlpsh dmesg dnsdomainname dnsmasq dnssec-keygen dnssec-signzone do docbook2dvi docbook2html docbook2man docbook2pdf docbook2ps docbook2rtf docbook2tex docbook2texi docbook2txt domainname done dosfsck doxygen doxytag doxywizard dpasswd dprofpp
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du dump-acct dump-utmp dump_cis dumpe2fs dumpkeys dumpreg dvd+rw-booktype dvd+rw-format dvd+rw-mediainfo dvd-ram-control dvipdf e2fsadm e2fsck e2image e2label echo ed editmap edquota egrep eject elif elm elmalias else elvfmt
policytool popa3d popd post-grohtml poweroff ppm2tiff ppm3d ppmbrighten ppmchange ppmcie ppmcolormask ppmcolors ppmdim ppmdist ppmdither ppmfade ppmflash ppmforge ppmglobe ppmhist ppmlabel ppmmake ppmmix ppmnorm ppmntsc ppmpat ppmquant
elvis elvtags elvtune enable enc2xs encapsulate enscript env envsubst epic epic-EPIC4-2.0 eps2eps epsffit eqn esac escp2topbm escputil esd esd-config esdcat esdctl esddsp esdfilt esdloop esdmon esdplay esdrec
ppmquantall ppmrainbow ppmrelief ppmrough ppmshadow ppmshift ppmspread ppmsvgalib ppmtoacad ppmtoarbtxt ppmtobmp ppmtoeyuv ppmtogif ppmtoicr ppmtoilbm ppmtojpeg ppmtoleaf ppmtolj ppmtolss16 ppmtomap ppmtomitsu ppmtompeg ppmtoneo ppmtopcx ppmtopgm ppmtopi1 ppmtopict
esdsample etc2ps.sh ethtool eval eview evim ex exec exit expand expiry explodepkg export exportfs expr extcompose extractres eyuvtoppm f77 factor faillog false fastmail faucet fax2ps fax2tiff fbset
ppmtopj ppmtopjxl ppmtoppm ppmtopuzz ppmtorgb3 ppmtosixel ppmtoterm ppmtouil ppmtowinicon ppmtoxpm ppmtoyuv ppmtoyuvsplit ppmtv ppmwheel ppp-off pppd pppdump pppoe pppoe-relay pppoe-server pppoe-sniff pppsetup pppstats pr praliases pre-grohtml precat
fc fdformat fdisk fdlist fdmount fdmountd fdrawcmd fdumount fetchmail fetchmailconf fg fgconsole fgrep fi fiascotopnm file filefrag find find2perl findaffix findfs findsmb finger fitstopnm fixdlsrps fixfmps fixmacps
preunzip prezip prezip-bin printafm printenv printf printmail prlong procinfo procmail profiles proftpd prove ps ps2ascii ps2epsi ps2pdf ps2pdf12 ps2pdf13 ps2pdf14 ps2pdfwr ps2ps psa psbook psc psed psf
fixmswrd.pl fixnt fixps fixpsditps fixpspps fixscribeps fixtpps fixwfwps fixwpps fixwwps fiz flac flea flex flex++ flock floppycontrol floppyd floppyd_installtest floppymeter fmt fold font2c foomatic-rip for formail free
psfaddtable psfgettable psfstriptable psfxtable psidtopgm psmandup psmerge psnup psorder pspell-config psresize psselect psset pstopnm pstops pstree pstruct ptx purgestat pushd pv.sh pvchange pvcreate pvdata pvdisplay pvmove pvscan
frm fromdos fsck fsck.cramfs fsck.ext2 fsck.ext3 fsck.hpfs fsck.jfs fsck.minix fsck.msdos fsck.reiserfs fsck.umsdos fsck.xfs fstopgm ftl_check ftl_format ftp ftpcount ftpdctl ftpshut ftptop ftpwho function funzip fuser g++ g++-gcc-3.3.4
pwck pwconv pwd pwunconv pydoc pygettext.py pynche python python2.4 qrttoppm quot quota quotacheck quotaoff quotaon quotastats radacct radclient radeapclient radexample radiusd radlast radlogin radrelay radsqlrelay radstatus radtest
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radwatch radwho radzap raid0run raidhotadd raidhotremove raidreconf raidsetfaulty raidstart raidstop ramsize ranlib rarp rarpd ras2tiff rasttopnm
gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders gemtopbm gemtopnm gencat gendiff raw
raw2tiff rawtopgm rawtoppm rb
generate-modprobe.conf genksyms genpowerd genpowerfail gentest geqn getafm
rc.radiusd rcp rcs rcs2log rcsclean rcsdiff
getconf getent getfacl getfattr getfdprm getfilename gethostip getkeycodes getmail getmail_maildir getmail_mbox getopt getoptprog getopts getpeername getsockname gettext gettextize getty getzones gif2tiff giftopnm gij gimpprint-config gindxbib ginstall glib-config ref
rcsmerge rcstest rdev rdisc rdist rdistd rdjpgcom read read-expenses read-ical read-notepad read-palmpix read-todos readcd readelf readlink readmsg readonly readprofile reboot rec red
refer reiserfsck reiserfstune reject
glib-genmarshal glib-gettextize glib-mkenums glookbib gmake gnat gnatbind gnatbl gnatchop gnatfind gnatkr gnatlink gnatls gnatmake gnatname gnatprep gnatpsta gnatxref gneqn gnroff gobject-query gouldtoppm gpasswd gpccard gpg gpg-check gpg-encrypt
reminders removepkg rename renice replace repquota rescan-scsi-bus reset resize2fs resize_reiserfs resizecons resolve_stack_dump resolveip restore restorefont restorepalette restoretextmode return rev rexima rgb2ycbcr rgb3toppm rgrep richtext ripquery rjoe rksh
gpg-sign gpg-sign+encrypt gpgsplit gpgv gpic gpm gpm-root gprof grefer grep grepjar grn grodvi groff grog grolbp grolj4 grops grotty groupadd groupdel groupmod groups growisofs grpck grpconv grpunconv
rletopnm rlm_ippool_tool rlog rlogin rm rmail rmdir rmic rmid rmiregistry rmmod rmmod.old rmt rn rndc rndc-confgen rootflags rotatelogs route routed routef routel rpc.bootparamd rpc.lockd rpc.mountd rpc.nfsd rpc.portmap
gs gs-no-x11 gsbj gsdj gsdj500 gslj gslp gsnd gsoelim gtbl gtk-config gtk-demo
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guile-tools gunzip gxditview gzexe gzip h2ph h2xs halt hash hdifftopam hdparm head help hexdump hinotes hipstopgm history hose host hostid hostname hoststat hotplug hpcdtoppm hpftodit hpijs hqx2bin
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htdig htdigest htdump htfuzzy htload htmerge htnotify htpasswd htsearch httpd hwclock
sc scgcheck scp scqref scr-bx screen screen-4.0.2 script scsi_info sdiff sdl-config sed seejpeg select
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initscript.sample insmod insmod.old insmod.static insmod.static.old
sln slocate slogin slrn slrnpull smartctl
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ipmask ipop3d iptables iptables-restore iptables-save iptraf iptunnel irssi isamchk isamlog isapnp isc-config.sh isodebug isodump isoinfo isosize isovfy ispell iwconfig iwevent iwgetid iwlist iwpriv iwspy jade jar java
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strace-graph strings strings-GNU strip stty stunnel stunnel3 su sudo sudoedit sulogin sum superformat suspend svgakeymap swapoff swapon swat sx sync sysctl syslinux syslinux-nomtools syslog_tst syslogd sysvbanner sysvlp.sh
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lesskey lesspipe.sh let lex lftp lftpget lha libIDL-config libart2-config libglade-convert libieee1284_test libnetcfg libpng-config libpng12-config libtool libtoolize libusb-config libwmf-config libwmf-fontmap lilo liloconfig line link links lispmtopgm listalias lkbib
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lpmove lpoptions lppasswd lpq lpq-cups lpr lpr-cups lprm lprm-cups lprsetup.sh lpstat lpstat-cups lrb lrx lrz ls lsattr lsb lsdev lsmod lsmod.old lsof lspci lsraid lss16toppm lsusb lsz
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