Liver Biopsy in Sheep

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Liver Biopsy in Sheep

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Short note

Liver

biopsy

in

sheep

M

Hidiroglou

M Ivan
Canada K1A OC6

Centre for Food and Animal Research,

Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
accepted
15

(Received

12 June 1992;

September 1992)

Summary ― Liver biopsies were performed in the same group of 16 sheep on 8 consecutive wk using an apparatus with a fibre optic continuous light source and a telescope. The sheep were placed in a sternal position on a special table constructed of metal pipes (3.8 cm diameter) and 4.5 cm spacing. Approximately 300 mg of fresh liver sample was removed from each sheep to be analyzed for copper or vitamin E.
liver

biopsy I sheep I fibre optics I telescope

foie chez le mouton. Les biopsies du foie ont été réalisées chez 16 mouconsécutives en utilisant un appareil possédant une fibre optique avec une source lumineuse continue et un téléscope. Les moutons ont été placés en décubitus ventral sur une table spéciale faite de tuyaux métalliques (3,8 cm de diamètre) espacés de 4,5 cm. Des échantillons de foie d’environ 300 mg ont été prélevés sur chaque mouton, pour faire le dosage du cuivre et de la vitamine E. Résumé ―
tons

Biopsie du
sem

pendant 8

biopsie / foie mouton / fibre optique / téléscope

INTRODUCTION
The ovine liver plays a central role in copper (Cu) metabolism and is the main storage organ, accumulating 70―90% of absorbed Cu. Consequently, the hepatic Cu concentration in dead or living animals is often used as an index of Cu status. Recently, Hidiroglou and Charmley (1990) reported that hepatic a-tocopherol is a good indicator of dietary vitamin E intake, while
*

plasma a-tocopherol is

an

unreliable indi-

cator of vitamin E status in opsy is widely used for

sheep. Liver biobtaining liver

samples from living animals. It is often preferred to killing experimental animals, because repeated observations can be
made on the same animal. However, the usefulness of the liver biopsy depends on the purity and the size of the sample obtained, and on the severity of the stress imposed on the animal.

Correspondence and reprints

Several biopsy techniques for sheep have been described (Dick, 1944, 1952; Phillippo, 1973; Rodriguez et al, 1981; Donald et al, 1984; Duncan, 1984). More recently, however, an excellent liver biopsy technique employing a fibre optic continuous light source to view the site to be biopsied has been developed for cattle (Whitehair et al, 1988). We have modified this technique for use in sheep and the modified technique is reported here.

to obtain liver samples (= 300 mg) from the same 16 sheep on 8 consecutive wk.

The sheep were fasted for 12 h before surgery. Each sheep was given approximately 1 h before surgery, a tranquilliser (Acepromazine; Austin, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) by im injection (50-60 mg) and placed in a sternal position on a table with a grid-like top made from metal pipes (diameter 3.8 cm) with 4.5 cm spacing (fig 2). The legs of the sheep extended through the grid while the body of the sheep was rotated counter-clockwise to elevate the surgical location. The right abdomen was soaked and lathered with

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The

biopsy instrument (fig 1) (Carl Storz Co, Los Angeles, CA, USA) consisted of a miniature cold light fountain (Model 481C), a fibre optic light cable (Model 495 NL), a Hopkins telescope (Model 26031 A), trochar and cannula (7 mm) (Model 26031 G), a pump, a biopsy forceps (Model 26175 DB), a trochar and cannula (5.5 mm) (Model 26/72 C) and 2 stylets. It was used

antiseptic shampoo, and then shaved and washed. A topical antiseptic was applied and a sterile surgical technique was performed following a subcutaneous injection of 4 ml of 2% lidocaine (Langford Inc, Guelph, Ontario, Canada), middle distance from the superior angle of the tuber coxae bone and ventral line, 3 cm behind the last rib, and securing a sterile drape.
an

The larger trochar and cannula (7 mm) were inserted into the abdominal cavity at the site of local anaesthesia (subcutaneous injection of lidocaine). The trochar was removed and the telescope was inserted in its place. The omental fat,

diaphragm

and liver were identified (fig 3). The abdominal cavity was inflated by the introduction of 6 I CO gas (2 I/min) via a Verres needle z (fig 4). The second (smaller) trochar and cannula were inserted through the abdomen wall 3 cm below the telescope. The trochar was removed

sheep developed any complication following the biopsy and were in good general health. However, our previous experience showed that sheep fasted for 24 h may develop polioencephalomalacia. The sheep
become dull or blind, circle or become cast with a twisted neck and a bruised eyebrow. Such sheep respond dramatically to dosing of thiamine, 150 mg iv and 150 mg im. The maximum time required to obtain a liver sample was 15 min. This is similar to the time reported by Phillippo (1973). In some sheep fatty omentum covered the tip of the scope. In such a case the telescope was withdrawn and again directed between the abdominal wall and the omentum. Understanding of the anatomy and patience are very important for the success of the technique. The liver samples that were obtained by the present technique were used for analysis of Cu and vitamin E.

and the biopsy forceps inserted in its place and directed towards the point of the telescope. A point on the liver periphery was identified through the telescope and was grasped firmly with the forceps (fig 5). An 300-mg sample of the liver, encapsulated in the head of the biopsy forceps, was removed (fig 6) and stored for chemical analysis. All instruments were then removed from the abdominal wall and the skin per=

forations were sprayed with healing compounds. The instruments were swabbed and disinfected before an additional sheep was biopsied.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 16 sheep were each repeatedly biopsied on 8 consecutive wk. None of the

Our previous work indicated that vitamin E is distributed evenly within the liver; vitamin E analysis of samples from various parts of the liver in 5 sheep on a silage diet without a vitamin E supplement showed mean concentrations (in pg/g fresh tissue) of 6.02 ± 0.3 for the right lobe, 6.01 ± 0.2 for the caudal lobe and 6.03 ± 0.2 at the fringe of the liver. Therefore, sampling by biopsy can be successfully used for measurement of vitamin E concentration in the liver. The advantage of the present paracostal method for liver biopsy was that it was less traumatic for the animal than the existing methods.

REFERENCES

(1944) Aspiration biopsy of the liver of sheep. Aust Vet J 20, 298-303 Dick AT (1952) Improved apparatus for aspiration biopsy of the liver in sheep. Aust Vet J
Dick AT

28, 234-235

Langlands JP (1984) Livtechnique for assessing copper status of sheep. Aust J Vet 61, 121-122 Duncan IF (1984) Liver biopsy and black disease in a sheep. Aust Vet J 61, 272-273 Hidiroglou M, Charmley E (1990) Response of plasma and tissue o-a-tocopheroi in sheep to graded dietary levels of DL ace-a-tocopheryl
Donald GE, Paull DR,
er

biopsy

as a

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank K Hartin and the staff of Building 701, Greenbelt Farm, for technical assistance.

tate. Res Vet Sci 49, 122-124 Phillippo M (1973) A technique for liver biopsy in 4 sheep. J Agric Sci 80, 313-314 Rodriguez A, Gonzalez JL, Pérez P, Fuentes 0 (1981) La endoscopia en el control de la puncion hepatica en ovinos. Rev Salud Anim 3,

3-8

Whitehair CK, Da Silva RB, Ames NK (1988) Liver biopsy in cattle. Bovine Pract23, 144-147

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