Logic 1

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Philosophy is an act of wondering
• at the achievement of nature

• at the nature of soul
• the way social & political

institutions arrange themselves

• PHYTAGORAS, a Greek Philosopher, was the first to use the term Philosophy. • He noted that there are three types of man: a. lover of pleasure b. lover of success c. lover of wisdom • the last, according to him, is the

SUPERIOR TYPE.
DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy comes from two Greek words: • philia means love • sophia means wisdom Hence, Philosophy literally means

Philosophy

• is the science of

“love of wisdom”

all things by their first causes as known in light of reason.
•is the science of

• love of wisdom means a human person who
dares and seeks the truth

the ultimate awareness of things

The Etymological Meaning

PHILOSOPHY  consist all kinds of thinking including social sciences, natural sciences, math & religious thinking
 Plato subscribe to Oligarchy (Philosopher King)

 Thomas Hobbes insist on Absolute Monarchy (To control man & for man to survive)  Plato  Pythagoras Father of Medicine Pythagorean Theorem

 St. Thomas Aquinas

Doctor of the Church

• METAPHYSICS

is the study of reality i.e. beings and Being META
is the study validity of human knowledge is the study of the morality of human act

EPISTEMOLOGY

• EPISTEMOLOGY • ETHICS

ETHICS PHYSI CS PHILOSOPHY COSMOLOGY

THEODICY

LOGIC

• COSMOLOGY • THEODICY

is the science of the universe i.e. the space and time is a philosophical study of God
COMPONENTS OF PHILOSOPHY

• LOGIC ?

An indispensable foundation for ALL types of knowledge

Used in acquisition & interpretation of Knowledge

- expansion &

application of K

Preparatory to ALL sciences

From Greek word LOGOS (logos )which means study, reason or discourse

Defines as the science and an art of correct thinking

Thinking
 Directed towards attainment of truth

 Elaborate previously known knowledge

Port Royal Logic

Logic is the art of reasoning
 Too narrow; the term
reasoning restricts the scope of logic to one class of mental processes

Hegel

Logic is the science of pure idea
 idea refers to all realities
 too wide; defines logic as the science of mental processes or the operations of the mind

St. Thomas Aquinas
Logic is the science and art which so direct the mind in the process of reasoning & subsidiary processes as to enable it to attain clearness (order), consistency & validity in those processes

St. Thomas Aquinas
Logic is directive; different from psychology Logic deals w/ mental processes in relation to truth; different from metaphysics Differs from ethics Differs from Rhetoric or the art of persuasion

Is Logic a science or an art? It is science in so far as it not merely formulates rules for right thinking but deduces those rules from general principles based on nature of mind & truth

Logic as a SCIENCE

It is s science because it is

systematized body of logical truths and principles governing

correct thinking

Logic as an ART
It is an Art because it guides man’s reason so he can proceed with order and ease and without error in the constructive activity of making decisions, propositions, syllogism and so on. Logic is ARS ARTIUM, the art of arts because it develops & perfects the intellect

Logic as an ART Art in so far as it is directly & immediately related to performance; to the acts of the mind
Logic is an art because it trains the mind to become skillful by following the principles & guidelines.

Material Object
Refers to the content of the mind which is called the “thought”

Formal Object
Refers to the “correctness of the

thought”

Transcendental Logic
Inquiry into human knowledge for the purpose of determining what elements or factors in human thought are a priori

Symbolic Logic
An application of mathematical methods to the processes of thought; uses conventional symbols to represent terms, propositions & relations among them

Applied Logic
Logic applied to the study of the natural sciences

Natural Logic
The native power of the mind by which most persons are competent to judge correctly & reason validly about the affairs & interest of everyday life

Aristotle the founder of logic Compiles his logical works -TREATISESORGANON (Instrument)
Treatise includes  Categories  On Interpretation  Prior Analytics  Posterior Analytics  Topics  On Sophistical Refutation /Sophism

ORGANON

Examined & analyzed the thinking processes for the purpose of formulating laws of thought

Rehabilitation

Treatment designed to facilitate the process of recovery from injury to as normal condition as possible

Essence of Rehabilitation

Holistic restoration of patients’ injury, illness or disease
Includes assisting patient to compensate for deficits that cannot be reversed medically

Science of Rehabilitation Requires a a. critical thinking b. Intellectual standards & attitudes

Intellectual Standards and Attitudes for CRS
-Critical medical evaluation and assessment of the patient - Patient centered and tailored rehab management - Lasallian inspired rehabilitation practice

Reasons for studying Logic
gives norms for recognizing correct / good thinking; incorrect / bad thinking
develops a habit of analyzing our thought enable us to pinpoint the defects of faulty arguments & explained their error Logic is an introduction to the study of Philosophy

Reasons for studying Logic
as medical students logic gives rationality to our chosen profession enhances and fortify our discovered strategies promotes the art of critical thinking Logic guides us to arrive at correct thinking

Limitations of Logic

It is a tool of reason, makes no direct contribution to the content of our thought
 does not give direct knowledge of the real things

Limitations of Logic Sole object of Logic  concepts, propositions, arguments, terms of syllogisms & so on

Limitations of Logic It presupposes means of attaining truth
 assumes that we accept many truths independently of logic & logical procedure

Pierre de la Ramee (1515 – 1572)
criticized the nature of Aristotelian logic & introduced the three fold activities of the mind such activities later known as mental operations or acts of the mind

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