Machine
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Machine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about devices that perform tasks. For other uses, see Machine (d isambiguation). Further information: Equipment (disambiguation) Bonsack's machine James Albert Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine, invented in 1880 and patented in 1881. A machine is a tool containing one or more parts that uses energy to perform an intended action. Machines are usually powered by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electrical means, and are often motorized. Historically, a power tool also re quired moving parts to classify as a machine. However, the advent of electronics technology has led to the development of power tools without moving parts that are considered machines.[1] A simple machine is a device that simply transforms the direction or magnitude o f a force, but a large number of more complex machines exist. Examples include v ehicles, electronic systems, molecular machines, computers, television, and radi o. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Types 3.1 Mechanical 3.1.1 Simple machines 3.1.2 Engines 3.2 Electrical 3.2.1 Electrical machine 3.2.2 Electronic machine 3.2.3 Computing machines 3.3 Molecular machines 4 Machine elements 4.1 Mechanisms 4.2 Controllers 5 Design 6 Impact 6.1 Industrial revolution 6.2 Mechanization and automation 6.3 Automata 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Etymology The word machine derives from the Latin word machina,[1] which in turn derives f rom the Greek (Doric µa?a?? makhana, Ionic µ??a?? mekhane "contrivance, machine, eng ine",[2] a derivation from µ???? mekhos "means, expedient, remedy"[3]). A wider meaning of "fabric, structure" is found in classical Latin, but not in G reek usage. This meaning is found in late medieval French, and is adopted from the French in to English in the mid-16th century. In the 17th century, the word could also mean a scheme or plot, a meaning now ex pressed by the derived machination. The modern meaning develops out of specializ
ed application of the term to stage engines used in theater and to military sieg e engines, both in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The OED traces the fo rmal, modern meaning to John Harris' Lexicon Technicum (1704), which has: Machine, or Engine, in Mechanicks, is whatsoever hath Force sufficient eithe r to raise or stop the Motion of a Body... Simple Machines are commonly reckoned to be Six in Number, viz. the Ballance, Leaver, Pulley, Wheel, Wedge, and Screw ... Compound Machines, or Engines, are innumerable. The word engine used as a (near-)synonym both by Harris and in later language de rives ultimately (via Old French) from Latin ingenium "ingenuity, an invention". History [icon] This section requires expansion. (March 2012) Flint hand axe found in Winchester The idea of a "simple machine" originated with the Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC, who studied the "Archimedean" simple machines: lever, pulley, and screw.[4][5] He discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever.[6] Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechani cal advantage.[7] Heron of Alexandria (ca. 10 75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists f ive mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw,[5] and describes their fabrication and uses.[8] However the Greeks' u nderstanding was limited to the statics of simple machines; the balance of force s, and did not include dynamics; the tradeoff between force and distance, or the concept of work. During the Renaissance the dynamics of the Mechanical Powers, as the simple mach ines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful wor k they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work. In 1586 Flemish engineer Simon Stevin derived the mechanical advantage of the in clined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. The complete d ynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by Italian scientist Galileo Gal ilei in 1600 in Le Meccaniche ("On Mechanics").[9][10] He was the first to under stand that simple machines do not create energy, only transform it.[9] The classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscove red by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785).[11] Types Types of machines and related components Classification Machine(s) Simple machines Inclined plane, Wheel and axle, Lever, Pulley, Wedge, Sc rew Mechanical components Axle, Bearings, Belts, Bucket, Fastener, Gear, Key, Link chains, Rack and pinion, Roller chains, Rope, Seals, Spring, Wheel Clock Atomic clock, Watch, Pendulum clock, Quartz clock Compressors and Pumps Archimedes' screw, Eductor-jet pump, Hydraulic ram, Pump , Trompe, Vacuum pump Heat engines External combustion engines Steam engine, Stirling engine Internal combustion engines Reciprocating engine, Gas turbine Heat pumps Absorption refrigerator, Thermoelectric refrigerator, Regenerati ve cooling Linkages Pantograph, Cam, Peaucellier-Lipkin Turbine Gas turbine, Jet engine, Steam turbine, Water turbine, Wind gene rator, Windmill Aerofoil Sail, Wing, Rudder, Flap, Propeller Electronic devices Vacuum tube, Transistor, Diode, Resistor, Capacitor, Ind uctor, Memristor, Semiconductor, Computer Robots Actuator, Servo, Servomechanism, Stepper motor, Computer
Miscellaneous Vending machine, Wind tunnel, Check weighing machines, Riveting machines Mechanical Main articles: Machine (mechanical) and Mechanical engineering The word mechanical refers to the work that has been produced by machines or the machinery. It mostly relates to the machinery tools and the mechanical applicat ions of science. Some of its synonyms are automatic and mechanic. Simple machines Main article: Simple machines Table of simple mechanisms, from Chambers' Cyclopedia, 1728.[12] Simple machines provide a "vocabulary" for understanding more complex machines. The idea that a machine can be broken down into simple movable elements led Arch imedes to define the lever, pulley and screw as simple machines. By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the wheel and axle, wedge and inc lined plane. Engines Main article: engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanica l motion.[13][14] Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and extern al combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat, which is then used to create motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy into me chanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others, such as wind-up toys use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors like myosins i n muscles use chemical energy to create motion. Electrical Electrical means operating by or producing electricity, relating to or concerned with electricity. In other words it means using, providing, producing, transmit ting or operated by electricity. Electrical machine Main article: Electrical machine An electrical machine is the generic name for a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, or changes alternating current from one voltage level to a different voltage level . Electronic machine Main article: Electronics Electronics is the branch of physics, engineering and technology dealing with el ectrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes , transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconne ction technologies. The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their abili ty to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and is usually applied to information and signal processing. Similarly, the ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing poss ible. Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronic packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circ uit functionality and transform the mixed components into a working system. Computing machines Computers store and manipulate the flow of electrons, with patterns in this stor age and flow being interpreted as information manipulation. See State machine an d Turing machine. Charles Babbage designed various machines to tabulate logarithms and other funct ions in 1837. His Difference engine is the first mechanical calculator. This mac
hine is considered a forerunner of the modern computer, though none were built i n Babbage's lifetime. Molecular machines Study of the molecules and proteins that are the basis of biological functions h as led to the concept of a molecular machine. For example, current models of the operation of the kinesin molecule that transports vesicles inside the cell as w ell as the myosin molecule that operates against actin to cause muscle contracti on; these molecules control movement in response to chemical stimuli. Researchers in nano-technology are working to construct molecules that perform m ovement in response to a specific stimulus. In contrast to molecules such as kin esin and myosin, these nano-machines or molecular machines are constructions lik e traditional machines that are designed to perform in a task. Machine elements Main article: machine element Machines are assembled from standardized types of components. These elements con sist of mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, tr ansistor switches, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems, bra kes and clutches, and structural components such as frame members and fasteners. Modern machines include sensors, actuators and computer controllers. The shape, texture and color of covers provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical components of a machine and its users. Mechanisms Assemblies within a machine that control movement are often called "mechanisms." [15][16] Mechanisms are generally classified as gears and gear trains, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages, though there are other special mechanisms suc h as clamping linkages, indexing mechanisms and friction devices such as brakes and clutches. For more details on mechanical machines see Machine (mechanical) and Mechanical systems. Controllers Controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a s team engine. Examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperatu re rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such the cruise con trol system in an automobile. The programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. Servo motors th at accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actu ators that make robotic systems possible. Design Main article: engineering Design plays an important role in all three of the major phases of a product lif ecycle: Invention identification of a need, development of requirements, concept gener ation, prototype development, manufacturing, and verification testing Performance engineering enhancing manufacturing efficiency, reducing service a nd maintenance demands, adding features and improving effectiveness, and validat ion testing Recycle decommissioning and disposal, recovery and reuse of materials and comp onents Impact
Industrial revolution Main article: industrial revolution The 'Industrial Revolution' was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agri culture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound ef fect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in t he United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North Ame rica, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in part s of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal based economy towar ds machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.[17] Mechanization and automation Main articles: Mechanization and automation A water-powered mine hoist used for raising ore. This woodblock is from De re me tallica by Georg Bauer (Latinized name Georgius Agricola, ca. 1555) an early min ing textbook that contains numerous drawings and descriptions of mining equipmen t. Mechanization or mechanisation (BE) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular w ork. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usa ge, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more co mplex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from rec iprocating to rotary motion, using means such as gears, pulleys or sheaves and b elts, shafts, cams and cranks, usually are considered machines. After electrific ation, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was s ynonymous with motorized machines.[18] Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechaniza tion provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular re quirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automata Main article: automaton The Digesting Duck by Jacques de Vaucanson, hailed in 1739 as the first automato n capable of digestion An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine. The w ord is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot . An alternative spelling, now obsolete, is automation.[19] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Machines. Main articles: Outline of machines and Outline of industrial machinery Darwin Among the Machines Desiring-production History of technology Technology References ^ Jump up to: a b The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985.
Jump up ^ "µ??a??", Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexico n, on Perseus project Jump up ^ "µ????", Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , on Perseus project Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (1988), Understanding Physics, New York, New York, U SA: Barnes & Noble, p. 88, ISBN 0-88029-251-2. ^ Jump up to: a b Chiu, Y. C. (2010), An introduction to the History of Proj ect Management, Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers, p. 42, ISBN 90-5972-437-2 Jump up ^ Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2005). Inquiry into Physics. Thompson Brooks/Cole. p. 123. ISBN 0-534-49168-5. Retrieved 2008-05-22. Jump up ^ Usher, Abbott Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. U SA: Courier Dover Publications. p. 98. ISBN 0-486-25593-X. Jump up ^ Strizhak, Viktor; Igor Penkov, Toivo Pappel (2004). "Evolution of design, use, and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints". HM M2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Kluwer Acad emic publishers. p. 245. ISBN 1-4020-2203-4. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^ Jump up to: a b Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Experiments, Inven tions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 163. I SBN 0-313-32433-6. Retrieved 2008-05-21. Jump up ^ Stephen, Donald; Lowell Cardwell (2001). Wheels, clocks, and rocke ts: a history of technology. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 85 87. ISBN 0-393-32 175-4. Jump up ^ Armstrong-Hélouvry, Brian (1991). Control of machines with friction. USA: Springer. p. 10. ISBN 0-7923-9133-0. Jump up ^ Chambers, Ephraim (1728), "Table of Mechanicks", Cyclopaedia, A Us eful Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London, England), Volume 2: 528, Plate 11. Jump up ^ "Motor". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2011-05-09. "a person or thing that imparts motion, esp. a contrivance, as a steam engine, that recei ves and modifies energy from some natural source in order to utilize it in drivi ng machinery." Jump up ^ Dictionary.com: (World heritage) "3. any device that converts anot her form of energy into mechanical energy to produce motion" Jump up ^ Reuleaux, F., 1876 The Kinematics of Machinery, (trans. and annota ted by A. B. W. Kennedy), reprinted by Dover, New York (1963) Jump up ^ J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003, Theory of Ma chines and Mechanisms, Oxford University Press, New York. Jump up ^ Beck B., Roger (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Eva nston, Illinois: McDougal Littell. Jump up ^ Jerome (1934) gives the industry classification of machine tools a s being "other than hand power". Beginning with the 1900 U.S. census, power use was part of the definition of a factory, distinguishing it from a workshop. Jump up ^ "U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, Toy Automation". Google Patents. Retrieved 2007-01-07. Further reading Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones, Holbrook L. Horton, and Henry H. Ryffel (200 0). ed. Christopher J. McCauley, Riccardo Heald, and Muhammed Iqbal Hussain, ed. Machinery's Handbook (26th edition ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0 -8311-2635-3. Reuleaux, Franz; (trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy) (1876). The Kine matics of Machinery. New York: reprinted by Dover (1963). Uicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock and J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines an d Mechanisms. New York: Oxford University Press. [show] v t e
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ed application of the term to stage engines used in theater and to military sieg e engines, both in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The OED traces the fo rmal, modern meaning to John Harris' Lexicon Technicum (1704), which has: Machine, or Engine, in Mechanicks, is whatsoever hath Force sufficient eithe r to raise or stop the Motion of a Body... Simple Machines are commonly reckoned to be Six in Number, viz. the Ballance, Leaver, Pulley, Wheel, Wedge, and Screw ... Compound Machines, or Engines, are innumerable. The word engine used as a (near-)synonym both by Harris and in later language de rives ultimately (via Old French) from Latin ingenium "ingenuity, an invention". History [icon] This section requires expansion. (March 2012) Flint hand axe found in Winchester The idea of a "simple machine" originated with the Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC, who studied the "Archimedean" simple machines: lever, pulley, and screw.[4][5] He discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever.[6] Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechani cal advantage.[7] Heron of Alexandria (ca. 10 75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists f ive mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw,[5] and describes their fabrication and uses.[8] However the Greeks' u nderstanding was limited to the statics of simple machines; the balance of force s, and did not include dynamics; the tradeoff between force and distance, or the concept of work. During the Renaissance the dynamics of the Mechanical Powers, as the simple mach ines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful wor k they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work. In 1586 Flemish engineer Simon Stevin derived the mechanical advantage of the in clined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. The complete d ynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by Italian scientist Galileo Gal ilei in 1600 in Le Meccaniche ("On Mechanics").[9][10] He was the first to under stand that simple machines do not create energy, only transform it.[9] The classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscove red by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785).[11] Types Types of machines and related components Classification Machine(s) Simple machines Inclined plane, Wheel and axle, Lever, Pulley, Wedge, Sc rew Mechanical components Axle, Bearings, Belts, Bucket, Fastener, Gear, Key, Link chains, Rack and pinion, Roller chains, Rope, Seals, Spring, Wheel Clock Atomic clock, Watch, Pendulum clock, Quartz clock Compressors and Pumps Archimedes' screw, Eductor-jet pump, Hydraulic ram, Pump , Trompe, Vacuum pump Heat engines External combustion engines Steam engine, Stirling engine Internal combustion engines Reciprocating engine, Gas turbine Heat pumps Absorption refrigerator, Thermoelectric refrigerator, Regenerati ve cooling Linkages Pantograph, Cam, Peaucellier-Lipkin Turbine Gas turbine, Jet engine, Steam turbine, Water turbine, Wind gene rator, Windmill Aerofoil Sail, Wing, Rudder, Flap, Propeller Electronic devices Vacuum tube, Transistor, Diode, Resistor, Capacitor, Ind uctor, Memristor, Semiconductor, Computer Robots Actuator, Servo, Servomechanism, Stepper motor, Computer
Miscellaneous Vending machine, Wind tunnel, Check weighing machines, Riveting machines Mechanical Main articles: Machine (mechanical) and Mechanical engineering The word mechanical refers to the work that has been produced by machines or the machinery. It mostly relates to the machinery tools and the mechanical applicat ions of science. Some of its synonyms are automatic and mechanic. Simple machines Main article: Simple machines Table of simple mechanisms, from Chambers' Cyclopedia, 1728.[12] Simple machines provide a "vocabulary" for understanding more complex machines. The idea that a machine can be broken down into simple movable elements led Arch imedes to define the lever, pulley and screw as simple machines. By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the wheel and axle, wedge and inc lined plane. Engines Main article: engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanica l motion.[13][14] Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and extern al combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat, which is then used to create motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy into me chanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others, such as wind-up toys use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors like myosins i n muscles use chemical energy to create motion. Electrical Electrical means operating by or producing electricity, relating to or concerned with electricity. In other words it means using, providing, producing, transmit ting or operated by electricity. Electrical machine Main article: Electrical machine An electrical machine is the generic name for a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, or changes alternating current from one voltage level to a different voltage level . Electronic machine Main article: Electronics Electronics is the branch of physics, engineering and technology dealing with el ectrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes , transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconne ction technologies. The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their abili ty to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and is usually applied to information and signal processing. Similarly, the ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing poss ible. Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronic packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circ uit functionality and transform the mixed components into a working system. Computing machines Computers store and manipulate the flow of electrons, with patterns in this stor age and flow being interpreted as information manipulation. See State machine an d Turing machine. Charles Babbage designed various machines to tabulate logarithms and other funct ions in 1837. His Difference engine is the first mechanical calculator. This mac
hine is considered a forerunner of the modern computer, though none were built i n Babbage's lifetime. Molecular machines Study of the molecules and proteins that are the basis of biological functions h as led to the concept of a molecular machine. For example, current models of the operation of the kinesin molecule that transports vesicles inside the cell as w ell as the myosin molecule that operates against actin to cause muscle contracti on; these molecules control movement in response to chemical stimuli. Researchers in nano-technology are working to construct molecules that perform m ovement in response to a specific stimulus. In contrast to molecules such as kin esin and myosin, these nano-machines or molecular machines are constructions lik e traditional machines that are designed to perform in a task. Machine elements Main article: machine element Machines are assembled from standardized types of components. These elements con sist of mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, tr ansistor switches, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems, bra kes and clutches, and structural components such as frame members and fasteners. Modern machines include sensors, actuators and computer controllers. The shape, texture and color of covers provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical components of a machine and its users. Mechanisms Assemblies within a machine that control movement are often called "mechanisms." [15][16] Mechanisms are generally classified as gears and gear trains, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages, though there are other special mechanisms suc h as clamping linkages, indexing mechanisms and friction devices such as brakes and clutches. For more details on mechanical machines see Machine (mechanical) and Mechanical systems. Controllers Controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a s team engine. Examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperatu re rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such the cruise con trol system in an automobile. The programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. Servo motors th at accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actu ators that make robotic systems possible. Design Main article: engineering Design plays an important role in all three of the major phases of a product lif ecycle: Invention identification of a need, development of requirements, concept gener ation, prototype development, manufacturing, and verification testing Performance engineering enhancing manufacturing efficiency, reducing service a nd maintenance demands, adding features and improving effectiveness, and validat ion testing Recycle decommissioning and disposal, recovery and reuse of materials and comp onents Impact
Industrial revolution Main article: industrial revolution The 'Industrial Revolution' was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agri culture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound ef fect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in t he United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North Ame rica, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in part s of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal based economy towar ds machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.[17] Mechanization and automation Main articles: Mechanization and automation A water-powered mine hoist used for raising ore. This woodblock is from De re me tallica by Georg Bauer (Latinized name Georgius Agricola, ca. 1555) an early min ing textbook that contains numerous drawings and descriptions of mining equipmen t. Mechanization or mechanisation (BE) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular w ork. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usa ge, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more co mplex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from rec iprocating to rotary motion, using means such as gears, pulleys or sheaves and b elts, shafts, cams and cranks, usually are considered machines. After electrific ation, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was s ynonymous with motorized machines.[18] Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechaniza tion provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular re quirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automata Main article: automaton The Digesting Duck by Jacques de Vaucanson, hailed in 1739 as the first automato n capable of digestion An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine. The w ord is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot . An alternative spelling, now obsolete, is automation.[19] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Machines. Main articles: Outline of machines and Outline of industrial machinery Darwin Among the Machines Desiring-production History of technology Technology References ^ Jump up to: a b The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985.
Jump up ^ "µ??a??", Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexico n, on Perseus project Jump up ^ "µ????", Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , on Perseus project Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (1988), Understanding Physics, New York, New York, U SA: Barnes & Noble, p. 88, ISBN 0-88029-251-2. ^ Jump up to: a b Chiu, Y. C. (2010), An introduction to the History of Proj ect Management, Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers, p. 42, ISBN 90-5972-437-2 Jump up ^ Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2005). Inquiry into Physics. Thompson Brooks/Cole. p. 123. ISBN 0-534-49168-5. Retrieved 2008-05-22. Jump up ^ Usher, Abbott Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. U SA: Courier Dover Publications. p. 98. ISBN 0-486-25593-X. Jump up ^ Strizhak, Viktor; Igor Penkov, Toivo Pappel (2004). "Evolution of design, use, and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints". HM M2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Kluwer Acad emic publishers. p. 245. ISBN 1-4020-2203-4. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^ Jump up to: a b Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Experiments, Inven tions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 163. I SBN 0-313-32433-6. Retrieved 2008-05-21. Jump up ^ Stephen, Donald; Lowell Cardwell (2001). Wheels, clocks, and rocke ts: a history of technology. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 85 87. ISBN 0-393-32 175-4. Jump up ^ Armstrong-Hélouvry, Brian (1991). Control of machines with friction. USA: Springer. p. 10. ISBN 0-7923-9133-0. Jump up ^ Chambers, Ephraim (1728), "Table of Mechanicks", Cyclopaedia, A Us eful Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London, England), Volume 2: 528, Plate 11. Jump up ^ "Motor". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2011-05-09. "a person or thing that imparts motion, esp. a contrivance, as a steam engine, that recei ves and modifies energy from some natural source in order to utilize it in drivi ng machinery." Jump up ^ Dictionary.com: (World heritage) "3. any device that converts anot her form of energy into mechanical energy to produce motion" Jump up ^ Reuleaux, F., 1876 The Kinematics of Machinery, (trans. and annota ted by A. B. W. Kennedy), reprinted by Dover, New York (1963) Jump up ^ J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003, Theory of Ma chines and Mechanisms, Oxford University Press, New York. Jump up ^ Beck B., Roger (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Eva nston, Illinois: McDougal Littell. Jump up ^ Jerome (1934) gives the industry classification of machine tools a s being "other than hand power". Beginning with the 1900 U.S. census, power use was part of the definition of a factory, distinguishing it from a workshop. Jump up ^ "U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, Toy Automation". Google Patents. Retrieved 2007-01-07. Further reading Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones, Holbrook L. Horton, and Henry H. Ryffel (200 0). ed. Christopher J. McCauley, Riccardo Heald, and Muhammed Iqbal Hussain, ed. Machinery's Handbook (26th edition ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0 -8311-2635-3. Reuleaux, Franz; (trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy) (1876). The Kine matics of Machinery. New York: reprinted by Dover (1963). Uicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock and J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines an d Mechanisms. New York: Oxford University Press. [show] v t e
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