Mafia in the United States
Content
Liceul Technologic Technologic “Domokos Kázmér” Sovata Filiera: Teoretică Proil: !eal S"ecializare: #atematică$%normatică %ntensiv &ngleză
Atestat la limba Engleză
Profesor îndrumător: Sikó Emőke
Autor: XII.B.
2013
Table of contents:
Introduction………………………… Introduction……………… …………………… ……………………… ……………………… ………… 4 Chapter I. Origins of the Mafia………………………………………. 1.1 The Mafia's Sicilian Roots……………………………………… Roots…………………………………………5 …5 1.2. The Mafia in the 20th Century and Beyond……………….……6
Chapter II. Mafia in the !nited ……………………………………… " 2.1. Ii!ration I i!ration and "rohi#it "rohi#ition………………………………………… ion…………………………………………$ $ 2.2. The %erican Mafia &ets r!ani(ed………………………………) 2.*. The +.S. Mafia, -ierarchy and Rituals……………………………
Chapter III. The Mafia#s 20th$Centur% &o'inance……… &o'inance………………( ………(
Chapter I). *lphonse Capone +*l Capone, ………………………10 /.1.Caone's arly ears in 3e4 or…………………………………11 /.2.Caone Meets ohnny To Torrio……………………………………… rrio………………………………………12 12 /.*.Caone in Chica!o………………………… Chica!o……………………………………………………12 …………………………12 /./. Caone's Reutation……………………… Reutation…………………………………………………12 …………………………12 /.5. St. 7alentine's 8ay Massacre………………………………………1* /.6."rison Tie…………………………………………… Tie……………………………………………………………1* ………………1* /.6. 9inal 8ays…………………………………… 8ays……………………………………………………………1/ ………………………1/
Introduction
In m !"ild"ood I #at!"ed a lot of films based on t"e life of t"e mafia families in t"e $.S. %"an I did little kne# t"at t"ose films #ere based on true stories& alt"oug" I realized #"en I raised u'& I started to find it interesting t"is is t"e reason #" I !"oose t"is as to'i! for m t"esis (rom all t"e films& and stories I "a)e "eard one 'erson and "is 'ersonalit& ta!ti!s !aug"t m attention and I started to dig dee'er in "is life. *e is Al +a'one& t"e most famous gangster in Ameri!as "istor. It is )er interesting t"at during "is life& during t"e "eig"t of Pro"ibition& +a'one,s multimillion dollar +"i!ago o'eration in bootlegging& 'rostitution and gambling dominated t"e organized !rime s!ene& and furt"ermore +a'one #as res'onsible for man brutal a!ts of )iolen!e& mainl against ot"er gangsters& and still "e #as !aug"t and senten!ed for ta e)asion. Alt"oug" t"at t"e "istor of mafia !ontains more bla!k s'ots t"an #"ite ones& I find it )er interesting t"e fa!t "o# t"e t"e realized to !ontrol e)ert"ing net to t"em. (rom m t"esis t"e reader !an find out t"e origins of mafia and t"eir life& state& fa!ts in t"e $.S.A.
Chapter I. Origins of the Mafia %"e /afia& a net#ork of organized-!rime grou's based in Ital and Ameri!a& e)ol)ed o)er !enturies in Si!il& an island ruled until t"e mid-01t" !entur b a long line of foreign in)aders. Si!ilians banded toget"er in grou's to 'rote!t t"emsel)es and !arr out t"eir o#n 2usti!e. In Si!il& t"e term 3mafioso&4 or /afia member& initiall "ad no !riminal !onnotations and #as used to refer to a 'erson #"o #as sus'i!ious of !entral aut"orit. B t"e 01t" !entur& some of t"ese grou's emerged as 'ri)ate armies& or 3mafie&4 #"o etorted 'rote!tion mone from lando#ners and e)entuall be!ame t"e )iolent !riminal organization kno#n toda as t"e Si!ilian /afia. %"e Ameri!an /afia& #"i!" rose to 'o#er in t"e 0156s& is a se'arate entit from t"e /afia in Ital& alt"oug" t"e s"are su!" traditions as omerta& a !ode of !ondu!t and loalt.
1. 1.1. 1.
Th Thee M Maf afia ia's 's Sici Sicili lian an Ro Root otss
(or !enturies& Si!il& an island in t"e /editerranean Sea bet#een 7ort" Afri!a Afri!a and t"e Italian mainland& #as ruled b a long line of foreign in)aders& in!luding t"e P"oeni!ians& 8omans& Arabs& (ren!" and S'anis". %"e residents of t"is island& #"i!" measures almost 06&666 s9uare feet& formed grou's to 'rote!t t"emsel)es from t"e often-"ostile o!!u'ing for!es& as #ell as from ot"er regional grou's of Si!ilians. %"ese grou's& #"i!" later be!ame kno#n as !lans or families& de)elo'ed t"eir o#n sstem for 2usti!e and retribution& !arring out t"eir a!tions in se!ret. B t"e 01t" !entur& small 'ri)ate armies kno#n as 3mafie4 3mafie4 took ad)antage of t"e fre9uentl )iolent& )iolent& !"aoti! !"aoti! !onditions !onditions in Si!il and etorted 'rote!tion mone from lando#ners. (rom t"is "istor& t"e Si!ilian /afia emerged as a !olle!tion of !riminal !lans or families. Alt"oug" its 're!ise origins are unkno#n& t"e term /afia !ame from a Si!ilianArabi! slang e'ression t"at means 3a!ting as a 'rote!tor against t"e arrogan!e of t"e 'o#erful&4 a!!ording to Sel#n 8aab& aut"or of 3(i)e (amilies: %"e 8ise& e!line& and 8esurgen!e 8esur gen!e of Ameri!a; Ameri!a;ss /ost Po#erful Po#erful /afia Em'ires. Em'ires. 8aab notes t"at until t"e 01t"
!entur& t"e #ord 3mafioso4 did not refer to someone #"o #as a !riminal& but rat"er a 'erson #"o #as sus'i!ious of !entral aut"orit. In t"e 0<=6s& a 'la !alled 3I /afiusi della >i!aria4 >i!aria4 ?3*eroes of t"e Penitentiar4@& Pen itentiar4@& about a grou' of inmates at a Si!ilian 'rison #"o maintained t"eir o#n "ierar!" and rituals& toured Ital and "el'ed 'o'ularize t"e term /afia in t"e Italian language.
1.2. The Mafia in the 20th Century and Beyond %"e /afia;s influen!e in Si!il gre# until t"e 0156s& #"en Prime /inister Benito /ussolini !ame to 'o#er and laun!"ed a brutal !ra!kdo#n on mobsters& #"o "e )ie#ed as a t"reat to "is (as!ist regime. *o#e)er& in t"e 016s& t"e /afia rose again #"en mob ba!ked !onstru!tion !om'anies dominated t"e 'ost-orld ar ar II building boom in Si!il. Si!il. C)er t"e net fe# de!ades& t"e Si!ilian /afia flouris"ed& e'anding its !riminal em'ire and be!oming& b t"e 01D6s& a ma2or 'laer in international in ternational nar!oti!s traffi!king.
%"e Ameri!an /afia& a se'arate entit from t"e /afia in Si!il& !ame to 'o#er in t"e 0156s Pro"ibition era after t"e su!!ess of Italian-Ameri!an neig"bor"ood gangs in t"e booming bootleg li9uor business. B B t"e 016s& t"e /afia ?also kno#n as +osa 7ostra& Italian for 3Cur %"ing4@ "ad be!ome t"e 'reeminent organized-!rime net#ork in t"e $nited States and #as in)ol)ed in a range of under#orld a!ti)ities& from loan-s"arking to 'rostitution& #"ile also infiltrating labor unions and legitimate industries su!" as !onstru!tion and 7e# ork;s garment industr. Fike t"e Si!ilian /afia& Ameri!an /afia families #ere able to maintain t"eir se!re! and su!!ess be!ause of t"eir !ode of omerta& as #ell as t"eir abilit to bribe and intimidate 'ubli! offi!ials& business leaders& #itnesses and 2uries 2uries.. (or t"ese t"ese reason reasons& s& la#-en la#-enfor for!em !ement ent agen!ie agen!iess #ere #ere largel largel ineff ineffe!t e!ti)e i)e at sto''ing t"e /afia during t"e first 'art of t"e 56t" !entur. *o#e)er& during t"e 01<6s and 0116s& 'rose!utors in Ameri!a and Ital began su!!essfull em'loing toug" antira!keteering la#s to !on)i!t to'-ranking mobsters. Additionall& some /afiosi& in order to a)oid long 'rison terms& began breaking t"e on!e-sa!re on!e-sa!red d !ode of omerta omerta and testified testified against fello# mob members. B t"e start of t"e 50st !entur& after "undreds of "ig"-
'rofile arrests o)er t"e !ourse of se)eral de!ades& t"e /afia a''eared to be #eakened in bot" !ountriesG "o#e)er& it #as not eliminated eliminated !om'letel and remains in business toda.
Chapter II. Mafia in the !nited %"ee Amer %" Ameri! i!an an /afi /afia& a& an It Ital alia iann-Am Amer eri! i!an an orga organi nize zedd-!r !rim imee net# net#or ork k #i #it" t" o'erations in !ities a!ross t"e $nited States& 'arti!ularl 7e# ork and +"i!ago& rose to 'o#er t"roug" its su!!ess in t"e illi!it li9uor trade during t"e 0156s Pro"ibition era. After Pro"ibition& t"e /afia mo)ed into ot"er o t"er !riminal )entures& from drug traffi!king to illegal gambl gam blin ing& g& #"il #"ilee also also in infi filt ltra rati ting ng labo laborr unio unions ns and legi legiti tima mate te busin busines esse sess su su!" !" as !onstru!tion and 7e# ork;s garment industr. %"e /afia;s )iolent !rimes& se!ret rituals and notorious !"ara!ters su!" as Al +a'one and Ho"n otti "a)e fas!inated t"e 'ubli! and be!ome a 'art of 'o'ular !ulture. uring t"e latter 'art of t"e 56t" !entur& t"e go)ernment used anti-ra!keteering la#s to !on)i!t "ig"-ranking mobsters and #eaken t"e /afia. *o#e)er& it remains in business toda. toda . /afia boss Ho"n otti ?01J6-5665@ #as dubbed dubb ed t"e 3%eflon on4 for "is abilit to e)ade e)a de 'ros 'rose!u e!uti tion. on. *o#e *o#e)er )er&& afte afterr mobs mobste terr Samm Samm r ra) a)ano ano turn turned ed go)er go)ernm nmen entt informant and testified against otti& otti #as !on)i!ted on murder and ra!keteering !"arges in 0115 and sent to 'rison& #"ere "e died of !an!er. !an !er.
2.1. Ii!ration and "rohi#i "rohi#ition tion
uring t"e late 01t" !entur and earl 56t" !entur& #a)es of Italians& mostl farmer far mers& s& !rafts !raftsmen men and unskil unskilled led labore laborers& rs& flo!ked flo!ked to Ameri Ameri!a !a in sear!" sear!" of better better e!onomi! o''ortunities. In 7e# ork +it alone& t"e number of Italians soared from 56&666 to 56&666 bet#een 0<<6 and 0<16& and b 0106& t"at number "ad 2um'ed to 66&666 immigrants and first-generation Italian Ameri!ans& or one-tent" of t"e !it;s 'o'ulation& a!!ording to "istorian %"omas 8e'etto. %"e ma2orit of t"ese immigrants #ere la#-abiding& but& as #it" most large grou's of 'eo'le& some #ere !riminals #"o formed neig"bor"ood gangs& often 'reing on t"ose in t"eir o#n !ommunities.
uri u ring ng t" t"ee 0156s 0156s Pro"i Pro"ibi biti tion on era& era& #"en #"en t"e t"e 0< 0<t" t" Amendm mendment ent to t"e t"e $. $.S. S. +onstitution banned t"e sale& manufa!ture and trans'ortation of al!o"oli! be)erages& Italian-Ameri!an gangs ?along #it" ot"er et"ni! gangs@ entered t"e booming bootleg li9uor li9 uor busine business ss and transf transform ormed ed t"emse t"emsel)e l)ess into into so'"is so'"isti ti!ate !ated d !rimin !riminal al ent enter' er'ris rises& es& skilled at smuggling& mone laundering and bribing 'oli!e and ot"er 'ubli! offi!ials. uring t"is time& t"e Si!ilian /afia in Ital& #"i!" "ad flouris"ed sin!e at least t"e mid01t" !entur& #as under atta!k from t"e (as!ist regime of Benito /ussolini ?0<<K-01J@. Somee Si Som Si!i !ili lian an /afi /afios osii es es!a !a'ed 'ed to t" t"ee $nit $nited ed St Stat ates es&& #"er #"eree t"e t"e got in)o in)ol)e l)ed d in bootlegging and be!ame 'art of t"e burgeoning Ameri!an /afia. %"e /afia in t"e $.S. and Si!il #ere se'arate entities& alt"oug" t"e Ameri!ans ado'ted some Italian traditions& in in!l !lud udin ing g omer omerta ta&& an allall-im im'o 'ort rtan antt !ode !ode of !ondu !ondu!t !t and and se se!r !re! e! t"at t"at forb forbid id an !oo'eration #it" go)ernment aut"orities.
2.2. The %erican Mafia &ets r!ani(ed In t"e late 0156s& a blood 'o#er struggle kno#n as t"e +astellammarese ar broke out bet#een 7e# ork +it;s t#o biggest Italian-Ameri!an !riminal gangs. In 01K0& after t"e fa!tion led b Si!ilian-born !rime boss Sal)atore /aranzano ?0<<=-01K0@ !ame out on to'& "e !ro#ned "imself t"e 3!a'o di tutti !a'i&4 or boss of all bosses& in 7e# ork. $n"a'' #it" /aranzano;s 'o#er grab& a rising mobster named Fu!k Fu!iano ?0<1D-01=5@ "ad "im murdered t"at same ear. Fu!iano t"en masterminded t"e formation of a !entral organization !alled t"e +ommission to ser)e as a sort of national board of dire!tors for t"e Ameri!an /afia& #"i!" b t"en !onsisted of at least 56 !rime families a!ross t"e !ountr. 7e# ork& #"i!" "ad be!ome Ameri!a;s organized-!rime !a'ital& "ad been di)ided into fi)e main /afia familiesG e)er#"ere else t"e /afia o'erated& t"ere #as 2ust one !rime famil 'er !it. %"e +ommission;s role #as to set 'oli!ies and mediate disagreements among t"e families. Ea!" of t"e fi)e 7e# ork families famil ies re!ei)ed a )ote on t"e +ommission +ommission #"en it #as establ establis"ed& is"ed& #"ile t"e "eads of t"e families in +"i!ago and Buffalo also got one )ote ea!".
2.*. The +.S. Mafia, -ierarchy and Rituals %'i!all& ea!" Ameri!an /afia !rime famil #as organized around a "ierar!" "eaded b a boss& #"o ruled #it" un9uestioned aut"orit and re!ei)ed a !ut of e)er mone-making o'eration taken on b an member of "is famil. Se!ond-in-!ommand #as t"e underboss and belo# "im #ere t"e !a'os& or !a'tains& #"o ea!" !ontrolled a !re# of 06 or so soldiers ?men #"o "ad been 3made&4 or indu!ted into t"e famil@. Ea!" famil also "ad a !onsigliere& #"o a!ted as an ad)isor and ombudsman. At t"e bottom of t"e !"ain #ere asso!iates& 'eo'le #"o #orked for or did business #it" t"e famil but #eren;t full-fledged members.
Be!om Be !omin ing g an offi offi!i !ial al member member of a /afi /afiaa famil famil tradi traditi tiona onall ll in)ol in)ol)e )ed d an initiation !eremon in #"i!" a 'erson 'erformed su!" rituals as 'ri!king "is finger to dra# blood and "olding a burning 'i!ture of a 'atron saint #"ile taking an oat" of loalt. Italian "eritage #as a 'rere9uisite for e)er indu!tee ?alt"oug" some !rime families re9uired su!" lineage onl from t"e fat"er;s side@ and men often& t"oug" not al#as& al#a s& "ad to !ommit a murder before t"e !ould be made. Be!oming Be!oming a member of t"e /afia #as meant to be a lifetime !ommitment and ea!" /afiosi s#ore to obe omerta& t"e all-im'ortant !ode of loalt and silen!e. /afiosi #ere also e'e!ted to follo# ot"er rules& in!luding ne)er assaulting one anot"er and ne)er !"eating #it" anot"er member;s girlfriend or #ife.
Chapter III. The Mafia#s 20th$Centur% &o'inance it" t"e re'eal of Pro"ibition in 01KK& t"e /afia mo)ed beond bootlegging and in into to a ra range nge of under under#o #orl rld d a!ti) a!ti)it itie ies& s& fr from om ille illegal gal gambl gamblin ing g to loan loan-s -s"a "ark rkin ing g to 'rostitution rings. %"e /afia also sunk its tenta!les into labor unions and legitimate
businesses& in!luding !onstru!tion& garbage !olle!tion& tru!king& restaurants and nig"t!lubs and t"e 7e# ork garment industr& and raked in enormous 'rofits t"roug" ki!kba!ks and 'rote!tion s"akedo#ns. Instrumental to t"e /afia;s su!!ess #as its abilit to bribe !orru't 'ubli! offi!ials and business leaders& along #it" #itnesses and 2uries in !ourt !ases. B t"e mid-56t" !entur& t"ere #ere 5J kno#n !rime families in Ameri!a& !om'rised of an estimated &666 full-fledged members and t"ousands of asso!iates a!ross t"e !ountr. Prior to t"e 01=6s& some go)ernment leaders& in!luding (BI ire!tor H. Edgar *oo)er& )oi!ed ske'ti!ism about t"e eisten!e of a national Italian-Ameri!an organized !rime net#ork and suggested instead t"at !rime gangs o'erated stri!tl on a lo!al le)el. As a result& la# enfor!ement agen!ies made fe# inroads in sto''ing t"e /afia;s rise during t"is 'eriod.
Chapter I). *lphonse Capone +*l Capone, Born in 0<11 in Brookln& 7e# ork& ork& to 'oor immigrant 'arents& Al +a'one #ent on to be!ome t"e most infamous gangster in Ameri!an "istor. In 0156 during t"e "eig"t of Pr Pro"i o"ibi biti tion on&& +a'o +a'one ne,s ,s mult multii-mi mill llio ion n doll dollar ar +"i! +"i!ag ago o o'er o'erat atio ion n in boot bootle legg ggin ing& g& 'rostitution and gambling dominated t"e organized !rime s!ene. +a'one #as res'onsible for man brutal a!ts of )iolen!e& mainl against ot"er gangsters. %"e most famous of t"ese #as t"e St. >alentine,s >alentine,s a /assa!re in 0151& in #"i!" "e ordered t"e assassination of se)en ri)als. +a'one #as ne)er indi!ted for "is ra!keteering but #as finall broug"t to 2usti!e for in!ome-ta e)asion in 01K0.
/.1.Caone's arly ears in 3e4 or Al'"onse +a'one ?0<11L01JD@ #as born in Brookln& 7e# ork& t"e son of re!ent Italian immigrants abriele and %eresina +a'one. A 'oor famil t"at !ame to Ameri! Ame ri!aa seekin seeking g a better better life& t"e +a'ones +a'ones and t"eir t"eir eig eig"t "t !"ildr !"ildren en li)ed li)ed a t'i!al t'i!al immigrant lifestle in a 7e# ork tenement. +a'one,s fat"er #as as a barber& and "is mot"er #as a seamstress. %"ere #as not"ing in +a'one,s !"ild"ood or famil life t"at !ould "a)e 'redi!ted "is rise to infam as Ameri!a;s Ameri!a;s most notorious gangster.
+a'one #as a good student in "is Brookln elementar s!"ool& but began falling be"ind and "ad to re'eat t"e sit" grade. It #as around aroun d t"at time t"at "e started 'laing "ook and "anging out at t"e Brookln do!ks. Cne da& +a'one,s tea!"er "it "im for insolen!e and "e stru!k ba!k. %"e 'rin!i'al ga)e "im a beating& and +a'one ne)er again returned to s!"ool. B t"is time& t"e +a'ones "ad mo)ed out of t"e tenement to a better "ome in t"e outskirts of t"e Park Slo'e neig"bor"ood of Brookln. It #as "ere t"at +a'one #ould meet bot" "is future #ife& /ar ?/ae@ +oug"lin& and "is mob mentor& numbers ra!keteer Ho"nn %orrio. %orrio.
/.2.Caone Meets ohnny Torrio %orrio #as running a numbers and gambling o'eration near +a'one,s "ome #"en +a'one began running small errands for "im. Alt"oug" %orrio left Brookln for +"i!ago in 0161& t"e t#o remained !lose. Earl on& +a'one stu!k to legitimate em'loment& #orking in a munitions fa!tor and as a 'a'er !utter. *e did s'end some time among t"e street gangs in Brookln& but aside from o!!asional s!ra'es& "is gang a!ti)ities #ere mostl une)entful.
In 010D& %orrio introdu!ed +a'one to t"e gangster (rankie ale& #"o em'loed +a'one as bartender and boun!er at t"e *ar)ard Inn in +one Island. It #as t"ere t"at +a'one earned "is ni!kname MS!arfa!e.M Cne nig"t& "e made an inde!ent remark to a #oman at t"e bar. *er brot"er 'un!"ed +a'one& t"en slas"ed "im a!ross t"e fa!e& lea)ing t"ree indelible s!ars t"at ins'ired "is enduring ni!kname.
/.*.Caone in Chica!o "en +a'one #as 01& "e married /ae +oug"lin 2ust #eeks after t"e birt" of t"eir !"ild& Albert (ran!is. *is former boss and friend Ho"nn %orrio #as t"e bo,s godfat"er. 7o# a "usband and a fat"er& +a'one #anted to do rig"t b "is famil& so "e mo)ed to Baltimore #"ere "e took an "onest 2ob as a bookkee'er for a !onstru!tion !om'an. But #"en +a'one,s fat"er died of a "eart atta!k in 0156& %orrio in)ited "im to !ome to +"i!ago. +a'one 2um'ed at t"e o''ortunit.
In +"i!ago +"i!ago&& %orri %orrio o #as 'resid 'residing ing o)er a boomin booming g busine business ss in gambli gambling ng and 'rostitution& but #it" t"e ena!tment in 0156 of t"e 0<t" Amendment 'ro"ibiting t"e sale and !onsum'tion of al!o"ol& %orrio fo!used on a ne#& more lu!rati)e field: bootlegging. As a former 'ett t"ug and bookkee'er& +a'one broug"t bot" "is street smarts and "is e'ertise #it" numbers to %orrio;s +"i!ago o'erations. %orrio re!ognized +a'one,s skills and 9ui!kl 'romoted "im to 'artner. But unlike t"e lo#-'rofile %orrio& +a'one began to de)elo' a re'utation as a drinker and rabble-rouser. After "itting a 'arked tai!ab #"ile dri)ing drunk& "e #as arrested for t"e first time. %orrio 9ui!kl used "is !it go)ernment !onne!tions to get "im off. +a'one !leaned u' "is a!t #"en "is famil arri)ed from Brookln. *is #ife and son& along #it" "is mot"er& ounger brot"ers and sister all mo)ed to +"i!ago& and +a'one boug"t a modest "ouse in t"e middle-!lass Sout" Side. In 015K& #"en +"i!ago ele!ted a reformist maor #"o announ!ed t"at "e 'lanned to rid t"e !it of !orru'tion& %orrio %orrio and +a'one mo)ed t"eir base beond t"e !it limits to suburban +i!ero. But a 015J maoral ele!tion in +i!ero t"reatened t"eir o'erations. %o ensure t"e !ould !ontinue doing business& %orrio and +a'one initiated an intimidation effort on t"e da of t"e ele!tion& /ar!" K0& 015J& to guarantee t"eir !andidate #ould get ele!ted. Some )oters #ere e)en s"ot and killed. +"i!ago sent in 'oli!e to res'ond& and t"e brutall gunned do#n +a'one,s brot"er (rank in t"e street.
/./. Caone's Reutation After an attem't on "is life in 015 b ri)al mobsters& %orrio de!ided to lea)e t"e business and return to Ital& turning o)er t"e entire o'eration to +a'one. S!arfa!e again ignored "is mentor,s ad)i!e to maintain a lo# 'rofile and instead& mo)ed "is "ead9uarters to a 'lus" suite in t"e /etro'ole *otel in do#nto#n +"i!ago. (rom t"ere& "e began li)ing a luurious and 'ubli! lifestle& s'ending mone la)is"l& alt"oug" al#as in !as" to a)oid a trail. 7e#s'a'ers of t"e time estimated +a'one,s o'erations generated N066 million in re)enue annuall. %"e 'ress follo#ed +a'one,s e)er mo)e a)idl& and "e #as able to gain 'ubli! sm'at" #it" "is gregarious and generous 'ersonalit. Some e)en !onsidered "im a kind of 8obin *ood figure& or as anti-Pro"ibition resentment gre#& a dissident #"o
#orked on t"e side of t"e 'eo'le. *o#e)er& in later ears& as +a'one,s name in!reasingl be!ame !onne!ted #it" brutal )iolen!e& "is 'o'ularit #aned.
/.5. St. 7alentine's 8ay Massacre B earl 0151 +a'one dominated t"e illegal li9uor trade in +"i!ago. But ot"er ra!keteers )ied for a 'ie!e of t"e 'rofitable bootlegging business& and among t"em #as +a'one,ss long-time +a'one, long-time ri)al MBugsM /oran. /oran "ad 're)iousl 're)iousl tried to assassinate assassinate bot" %orrio and +a'one& and no# "e #as after +a'one,s to' "it man& M/a!"ine unM Ha!k /!urn. +a'one and /!urn de!ided to kill /oran. Cn (ebruar 0J& 0151& 'osing as 'oli!e& /!urn,s gunmen assassinated se)en of /oran,s men in !old blood in a 7ort" Side garage. Alerted to t"e danger as "e a''roa!"ed t"e garage& Bugs /oran es!a'ed t"e slaug"ter. Alt"oug" +a'one #as staing at "is /iami "ome at t"e time& t"e 'ubli! and t"e media immediatel blamed "im for t"e massa!re. *e #as dubbed MPubli! Enem 7u 7umber mber Cne.M
/.6."rison Tie In res'onse to t"e 'ubli! out!r o)er t"e St. >alentine;s a /assa!re& President *erbert *oo)er ordered t"e federal go)ernment to ste' u' its efforts to get +a'one on in!ome-ta e)asion. %"e Su'reme +ourt "ad ruled in 015D t"at in!ome gained on illegal a!ti)ities #as taable& #"i!" ga)e t"e go)ernment a strong !ase for 'rose!uting +a'one. Cn Hune & 01K0 t"e $.S. go)ernment finall indi!ted +a'one on 55 !ounts of in!ome-ta e)asion.
Alt"oug Alt "oug" " t"e go)ernm go)ernment ent "ad solid solid e)iden! e)iden!ee against against "im& "im& +a'one +a'one remaine remained d !onfident t"at "e #ould get off #it" a minimal senten!e and stru!k a 'lea bargain in return for a t#o-and-a-"alf ear senten!e. "en t"e 2udge in t"e !ase de!lared t"at "e
#ould not "onor t"e agreement& +a'one 9ui!kl #it"dre# "is guilt 'lea& and t"e !ase #ent to trial. uring t"e trial +a'one used t"e best #ea'on in "is arsenal: briber and intimidation. But at t"e last moment& t"e 2udge s#it!"ed to an entirel ne# 2ur. +a'one #as found guilt and sent to 'rison for 00 ears.
Conclusion
%"e e)olution& or 'er"a's #e s"ould sa& t"is regression& !alls into 9uestion not onl t"e e'lana e'lanati tion on based based on t"e notion of so!ioe so!ioe!on !onomi omi!! ar!"ai ar!"aism& sm& but also also its so!io! so! io!ult ultural ural !ounter !ounter'ar 'art& t& #"i!" #"i!" makes makes /afia /afia be"a)io be"a)iorr a dire!t dire!t !onse9 !onse9uen! uen!ee of t"e ant"ro'olog of t"e Si!ilians or& in general& of sout"ern Italians. %"is !ulture is said to be !"ara!terized b a mistrust of t"e state and t"erefore b a "abit of taking 2usti!e into one;s o#n "ands& b a sense of "onor& b !lientelism& b a familism t"at eem'ts t"e indi)idual from a 'er!e'tion of "is o#n res'onsibilities in t"e fa!e of a larger !olle!ti)e t"an "is immedia imm ediate te surrou surroundi ndings ngs.. %"ese %"ese !"ara! !"ara!ter terist isti!s i!s oug"t oug"t to be rel relati ati)el )el "omoge "omogeneou neouss t"roug" t"r oug"out out all of sout"e sout"ern rn Ital Ital.. It is t"eref t"erefore ore im'os im'ossib sible le to e'lai e'lain n t"e une)en une)en distr dis tribut ibution ion of t"e '"enomeno '"enomenon n in t"e 'ast. 'ast. 7or is it !lear !lear "o# t"is t"is '"enome '"enomenon non&& ostensibl a 'rodu!t of a traditional !ulture& "as been able to etend and be!ome diffused #ell outside its original territor& in 'arallel #it" t"e modernization of t"e !ountr& e)en t"oug" a so!io!ultur so!io!ultural al "bridization "bridization #as in fa!t a !ru!ial and !onstituent !onstituent element of t"e "istori!al transformation. %oda& in t"e #ake of t"e in)estigations of t"e last t"irt ears in Ital and Amer Am eri! i!a& a& near nearl l e)er e)eron onee is #i #ill llin ing g to re!og re!ogni nize ze t"at t"at /afi /afiaa orga organi niza zati tions ons are are
!"ara!terized b a le)el of !ontinuit etending beond t"e life s'ans of t"e indi)idual members& b a "ierar!"i!al stru!ture& and b a members"i' t"at is !arefull filtered& in a!!ordan!e #it" t"e definition offered b offi!ial Ameri!an institutions.
-ibliograph%
