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Greek Magical Papyri From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Greek Magical Papyri (Latin Papyri Graecae Magicae, abbreviated PGM) is the name given by scholars to a body of papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt, which each contain a number of magical spells, formulae, hymns and rituals. The materials in the papyri date from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.[1] The manuscripts came to light through the antiquities trade, from the 18th century onwards. One of the best known of these texts is the so-called Mithras Liturgy.[2] The texts were published in a series, and individual texts are referenced using the abbreviation PGM plus the volume and item number. Each volume contains a number of spells and rituals. Further discoveries of similar texts from elsewhere have been allocated PGM numbers for convenience.[1] Contents [hide]
1 History o
1.1 Discovery
o
1.2 Publication
2 Content
3 Religion in Greco-Roman Egypt
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 Further reading
History[edit] Discovery[edit] The first papyri in the series appeared on the art market in Egypt in the early 19th century. The major portion of the collection is the so-called Anastasi collection. About half a dozen of the papyri were purchased in about 1827 by a man calling himself Jean d'Anastasi, who may have been Armenian, and was a diplomatic representative at the Khedivial court in Alexandria. [3] He asserted that he obtained them at Thebes (modern Luxor), and he sold them to various major European collections including the British Museum, the Louvre, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the Staatliche Museen in Berlin and the Rijksmuseum of antiquities in Leiden. H. D. Betz who edited a translation of the collection states that these pieces probably came from the library of an ancient scholar and collector of late antiquity based in Thebes. Anastasi acquired a great number of other papyri and antiquities as well. [1] The "Thebes Cache" also contained the Stockholm papyrus and Leyden papyrus X containing alchemical texts.[4] Another papyrus
(PGM III) was acquired by Jean Francois Mimaut and ended up in the French Bibliothèque Nationale.[1]
Publication[edit] PGM XII and XIII were the first to be published, appearing in 1843 in Greek and in a Latin translation in 1885.[1][5] In the early twentieth century Karl Preisendanz collected the texts and published them in two volumes in 1928 and 1931. A projected third volume, containing new texts and indices, reached the stage of galley proofs dated "Pentecost 1941", but the type was destroyed during the bombing of Leipzig in the Second World War. Photocopies of the proofs circulated among scholars. A revised and expanded edition of the texts was published in 1973-4 in two volumes. Volume 1 was a corrected version of the first edition volume 1, but volume 2 was entirely revised and the papyri originally planned for vol. III were included. The indexes were omitted, however.[1] The PGM can now be searched in theThesaurus Linguae Graecae database and various concordances and dictionaries have been published.[citation needed] The most recent addition was the book Abrasax, published by Nephilim Press in 2012.
Content[edit] Many of these pieces of papyrus are pages or fragmentary extracts from spell books, repositories of arcane knowledge and mystical secrets. As far as they have been reconstructed, these books appear to fall into two broad categories: some are compilations of spells and magical writings, gathered by scholarly collectors either out of academic interest or for some kind of study of magic; others may have been the working manuals of travelling magicians, containing their repertoire of spells, formulae for all occasions. These often poorly educated magic-users were more like showmen than the traditional Egyptian wizards, who were a highly educated and respected priestly elite. The pages contain spells, recipes, formulae and prayers, interspersed with magic words and often in shorthand, with abbreviations for the more common formulae. These spells range from impressive and mystical summonings of dark gods and daemons, to folk remedies and even parlour tricks; from portentous, fatal curses, to love charms, cures for impotence and minor medical complaints. [citation needed]
In many cases the formulaic words and phrases are strikingly similar to those found in defixiones (curse tablets or binding spells, κατάδεσμοι in Greek), such as those we find inscribed on ostraka, amulets and lead tablets. Since some of these defixiones date from as early as the sixth century BC, and have been found as far afield as Athens, Asia Minor, Rome and Sicily (as well as Egypt), this provides a degree of continuity and suggests that some observations based on the PGM will not be altogether inapplicable to the study of the wider Greco-Roman world.[citation needed] Throughout the spells found in the Greek Magical Papyri, there are numerous references to figurines. They are found in various types of spells, including judicial, erotic and just standard cursing that one might associate with Haitian voodoo (“Vodou”). The figurines are made of various materials, usually corresponding to the type of spell, but often with liminal properties, as is frequent in a number of elements of Greek Magic. Such figurines have been found “throughout the Mediterranean basin”, usually in places that the ancient Greeks associated with the underworld; “graves, sanctuaries or bodies of water”, all stressing the liminality of Greek magic. Some have been discovered in lead coffins, upon which the spell or curse has been inscribed.
Religion in Greco-Roman Egypt[edit]
The religion of the Papyri Graecae Magicae is an elaborate syncretism of Greek, Egyptian, Jewish (see Jewish magical papyri), and even Babylonian and Christian religious influences engendered by the unique milieu of Greco-Roman Egypt. This syncretism is evident in the Papyri in a variety of ways. Often the Olympians are given attributes of their Egyptian counterparts; alternatively this could be seen as Egyptian deities being referred to by Greek names.[citation needed] For example Aphrodite (who was associated with the Egyptian Hathor), is given the epithet Neferihri—from the Egyptian Nfr-iry.t, "nice eyes" (PGM IV. 1266). Within this profusion of cultural influences can still be seen classical Greek material, and perhaps even aspects of a more accessible "folk-religion" than those preserved in the mainstream literary texts.[dubious – discuss] Sometimes the Greek gods depart from their traditional Olympian natures familiar to Classicists, and seem far more chthonic, demonic and bestial. This is partly the influence of Egyptian religion, in which beast cult and the terror of the divine were familiar elements; equally the context of magical texts makes such sinister deities appropriate.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
List of occultists
List of magicians
Magic in the Greco-Roman World
Papyrology
Ephesia Grammata
Mithras Liturgy
References[edit] 1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Hans Dieter Betz (ed), The Greek Magical Papyri in translation, University of Chicago Press, 1985, p.xli. 2. Jump up^ Ronald Hutton, Witches, Druids and King Arthur, 2006, p.116: "The most famous of these texts is the so-called Mithras liturgy...". 3. Jump up^ Fowden, Garth (1986). The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-32583-8. 4. Jump up^ Long, Pam O (2004). Openness Secrecy Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801866067. ISBN 08018-6606-5 5. Jump up^ C. Leemans, Papyri graeci musei antiquarii publici Lugduni-Batavi, 2 vols. Brill: 1843, 1885.
Bibliography[edit]
Preisendanz, K. et al. (1928-1931 first ed.) Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. (2 vols)
Preisendanz, K., Albert Henrichs (1974-1974 second ed.) Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. (2 vols) Stuttgart: Teubner.
Betz, H. D. et al. (1986) The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Including the Demotic Texts. University of Chicago Press.
Muñoz Delgado, L. (2001) Léxico de magia y religión en los papiros mágicos griegos. Diccionario Griego-Español. Anejo V. Madrid: CSIC.
Further reading[edit]
William M. Brashear, “The Greek Magical Papyri,” Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II, 18.5 (1995), pp. 3380–3730, limited preview online.
[Magic papyri at lib.umich.edu http://www.lib.umich.edu/traditions-magic-lateantiquity/rb.display.html] Categories: Ancient Egyptian literature
Hellenistic religion
Occult texts
Greco-Roman Egypt
그리스 마법 파피루스 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
그리스 마법 파피루스(그리스어: Ελληνικοί Μαγικοί Πάπυροι 헬레니코이 마기코이 파피로이[*], 라틴어: Papyri Graecae Magicae 파리리 그라에카에 마기카에[*], 영어: Greek Magical Papyri)는 줄여서 마법 파피루스라고 도 한다. 두문자어로는 영어 "Greek Magical Papyri"가 아닌 라틴어 "Papyri Graecae Magicae"의 두문자를 따서 PGM 이라고 한다. 그리스 마법 파피루스는 마법과 종교가 혼합되었던 그레코로만 이집트 세계에 대해 나름의 일정한 이 해의 실마리를 주는, 이집트의 사막에서 발견된,[1] 대부분 고대 그리스어로 쓰여진 문헌들의 컬렉션을 지칭하는 낱말이다. 나머지는 콥트어와 이집트 민중 문자 등으로 쓰여졌다. 이 컬렉션의 파피루스들의 성립 연대는 기원전 2 세기부터 기원후 5 세기경까지 이다. 조반니 아나스타시(Giovanni Anastasi: 1780-1860)가 1827 년에 이집트에서 이 파피루스 컬렉션을 구입하였다.[2] 이 컬렉션을 "테베 캐시(Thebes Cache)"라고도 하는데, 이 컬렉션에는 또한 연금술에 관한 내용을 담고 있는 스톡홀름 파피루스(Stockholm papyrus)와 라이든 파피루스 X(Leyden papyrus X)가 포함되어 있었다.[3] 조반니 아나스타시의 이 컬렉션은 1840 년대와 1850 년대에 여러 곳으로 흩어졌다. 그 후 20 세기 초에 독일 학자인 칼 프라이젠단츠(Karl Preisendanz)가 이 파피루스 컬렉션을 재수집 하여 1928 년과 1931 년에 2 권으로 출판하였다. 그 후 새로운 문헌들을 추가하여 그의 사후인 1974 년에 2 권으로 된 제 2 판이 출판되었다.
함께 보기[편집]
마술
마법
그레코로만 세계의 마법(Magic in the Greco-Roman World)
파피루스학(Papyrology)
에페시아 그라마타(Ephesia Grammata · 에페소스 주문(呪文))
주석[편집] 1. 이동↑ Faraone, Christopher A. (2001). “Ancient Greek Curse Tablets” (영어). 2008 년 4 월 11 일에 확인함. 2. 이동↑ Fowden, Garth (1986). 《The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind》 (영어). CUP Archive. ISBN 0521325838. 3. 이동↑ 《Openness Secrecy Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowedge from Antiquity to the Renaissance》 (영어). JHU Press. 2004. ISBN 0801866065, 9780801866067 | isbn= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 이름 목록에서 |이름 1=이(가) 있지만 |성 1=이(가) 없음 (도움말)
참고 문헌[편집]
(독일어) Preisendanz, K. et al. (1928-1931 first ed.) 《Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri》. (2 vols)
(독일어) Preisendanz, K., Albert Henrichs (1974-1974 second ed.) 《Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri》. (2 vols) Stuttgart: Teubner.
(영어) Betz, H. D. et al. (1986) 《The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Including the Demotic Texts》. University of Chicago Press.
(스페인어) Muñoz Delgado, L. (2001) 《Léxico de magia y religión en los papiros mágicos griegos》. Diccionario Griego-Español. Anejo V. Madrid: CSIC.
(영어) William M. Brashear, "The Greek Magical Papyri", 《Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt》 II, 18.5 (1995), pp. 3380–3730, limited preview online. 분류:
마법
오컬트
Papirs màgics grecs A aquest article li manca una segona llegida per acabar de revisar la traducció. Col·laboreu-hi!
Els Papirs màgics grecs (comunament abreujat com PGM, del títol en llatí Papyri Graecae Magicae ; papyri és plural de Papirus ) és un terme col·lectiu per a una col·lecció de textos, escrits la majoria en grec antic (però també en copte, egipci demòtic, etc.), trobats en els deserts de Egipte, que llancen llum d'alguna manera sobre el sincretisme màgic-religiós de l'Egipte grecoromà i la seva àrea circumdant. Taula de continguts [amaga]
1 Els Papirs
2 Màgia en l'Egipte grecoromà
3 Religió en l'Egipte grecoromà
4 Vegeu també
5 Referències
6 Bibliografia
7 Nota
Els Papirs[modifica | modifica el codi] La majoria dels papirs daten des del segle I aC al segle IV com a punt àlgid, fins a arribar al segle VII, sent representat aquest últim lapse temporal per un material escàs i de valor insignificant. El recull que conforma aquests papirs va ser recollida primer a principis del segle XX per l'erudit alemany Karl Preisendanz, i publicada per ell en dos volums el 1928 i 1931. Un tercer volum projectat (contenint nous textos i índexs) va ser destruït durant el bombardeig de Leipzig a la Segona Guerra Mundial. Els nous textos van ser incorporats en l'edició de 1974 del volum II (publicada després de la mort de Preisendanz), però els índexs solament van ser difosos entre erudits en unes poques còpies xerografiadas de les proves de composició. (Actualment els índexs estan antiquats des que els PGM poden ser trobats a la base de dades del Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, i des que van ser publicades diverses concordances i diccionaris).
Màgia en l'Egipte grecoromà[modifica | modifica el codi] Molts d'aquests trossos de papir són pàgines o extractes fragmentaris del que podem anomenar llibres d'encanteris, dipòsits de coneixement arcà i secrets místics. En la mesura del que podem reconstruir, aquests llibres es classifiquen en dues grans categories: alguns són compilacions d'encanteris i escriptura màgiques, recopilats per erudits col·leccionistes, ja sigui per interès acadèmic o per alguna classe d'estudi sobre màgia, els altres poden haver estat els manuals de treball de mags viatjants, contenint el seu repertori de conjurs, fórmules per a totes les ocasions. Sovint eren usuaris de màgia amb una baixa formació podent ser considerats millor com persones dedicades a l'entreteniment i l'espectacle, a diferència dels mags tradicionals egipcis, que van tenir una elevada formació i van respectar a l'elit sacerdotal. Les pàgines contenen encanteris, receptes, fórmules i oracions, intercalat amb
paraules màgiques i sovint en taquigrafia, amb abreviatures per a les fórmules més comunes. Aquests encanteris s'estenen des de les convocacions impressionants i místiques de déus foscos i dimonis, a remeis populars i fins i tot trucs de sala, de portentoses malediccions mortals, a encantaments d'amor, cures per a la impotència i dolències mèdiques menors. En molts casos les formulacions de paraules i frases són sorprenentment similars a aquelles trobades en defixiones (tauletes de maledicció o encanteris vinculants, κατάδεσμοι en grec), com aquelles que trobem inscrites en ostraka, amulet es i pastilles de plom. Atès que algunes d'aquestes defixiones daten des de tan primerenc com el segle VI aC, i han estat trobades en llocs tan allunyats com Atenes, Àsia Menor, Roma i Sicília (i també Egipte), això proporciona un grau de continuïtat i suggereix que algunes observacions basades en els PGM no seran del tot inaplicables a la investigació del més ampli món greco-romà.
Religió en l'Egipte grecoromà[modifica | modifica el codi] La religió dels Papirs màgics grecs és un elaborat sincretisme d'influències religioses gregues, egípcies, jueves i fins i tot babilòniques i cristianes, engendrades per l'entorn únic de l'Egipte grecoromà. Veiem aquest sincretisme en els papirs de moltes maneres. Sovint, els esportistes olímpics es donen atributs dels seus homòlegs egipcis; alternativament podem veure això en deïtats egípcies sent referides pels seus noms grecs. Per exemple, a Afrodita (que era associada amb l'egípcia Hathor) és donat el nom apotropaico egipci Neferieris (l'antic idioma egipci NFR-iry.t, que significa «la de bells ulls»).[1] Dins d'aquesta cacofonia d'influències culturals encara podem veure material de la Grècia clàssica, i potser fins i tot identificar aspectes de la més accessible "religió popular" que aquells conservats en els principals textos literaris. De vegades veiem els déus grecs sota una nova llum, apareixen com deïtats demoníaques, bestials, molt més ctónicasque olímpiques, i part d'una tradició més fosca, disconforme, a la qual no estem acostumats. Sens dubte això és en part a causa de la influència de la religió egípcia, en la qual el culte de la bèstia i el terror del diví eren elements familiars, i igualment veiem que el context dels textos màgics fa apropiades a aquests sinistres deïtats.
Vegeu també[modifica | modifica el codi]
Tauleta de maledicció de Pella
Tauleta de maledicció
Referències[modifica | modifica el codi] 1.
Jump up↑ Papir IV, § 1265, en Textos de màgia en papirs grecs . Madrid: Editorial Gredos, pàgina 134.
Bibliografia[modifica | modifica el codi]
Introducció, traducció i notes Jose Luis Calvo Martínez i Maria Dolores Sánchez Romero. Textos de màgia en papirs grecs. Reimpressió 2004. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1987. ISBN 978-84-249-1235-2.
Luck, Georg. Màgia i ciències ocultes en el món grec i romà. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1995. ISBN 978-84-249-1785-2.
Muñoz Delgado, L. Lèxic de màgia i religió en els papirs màgics grecs. Diccionari Grec-Espanyol. Annex V. Madrid: CSIC, 2001. En alemany
Preisendanz, K. et al. Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. Dos volums. Berlín, 1928-1931 primera edició.
- & Albert Henrichs. Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. Dos volums. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1974-1974 segona edició. En anglès
Betz, H. D. et al. The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Including the Demotic Texts. University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Nota[modifica | modifica el codi] [amaga]
Papirs de l'Antic Egipte Papirs famosos (ordenats per antiguitat)
Altres papirs
Papirs d'Abusir · Papirs de Berlín · Papir de Moscou · Papir Prisse · Papir Hearst · Papir Westcar · Papir Rhind · Papirs Bulaq · Papirs Reisner · Papir de Ipuur · Papir eròtic · Papir Edwin Smith · Papir Ebers · Llibre dels Morts ·Papir d'An de la vaga · Papir judicial de Torí · Papir de les mines · Papir Wilbour · Papir Abbott ·Papirs Amherst · Papirs Mayer · Greenfield · Papir Hood · Papir Brooklyn · Papir de Milà ·Papir Carlsberg · Papir de les lleis d'ingressos · Papir Insinge
Papirs d'Elefantina · Papir Magdalen · Papir de Barcelona · Còdex de Berlín · Papirs d'Oxirinc (Papir 52 i Papirs del No Egerton · Papir de Zòsim de Panòpolis · Papir d'Artemidor · Papir de Leiden · Papirs màgics grecs
Vegeu també: Llista de papirs egipcis · Papir
Categories: Cultura de l'antic Egipte
Màgia
Mitologia egípcia
Manuscrits
The Greek Magical Papyri (Latin Papyri Graecae Magicae, abbreviated PGM) is the name given by scholars to a body of papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt, which each contain a number of magical spells, formulae, hymns and rituals. The materials in the papyri date from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.[1] The manuscripts came to light through the antiquities trade, from the 18th century onwards. One of the best known of these texts is the so-called Mithras Liturgy.[2] The texts were published in a series, and individual texts are referenced using the abbreviation PGM plus the volume and item number. Each volume contains a number of spells and rituals. Further discoveries of similar texts from elsewhere have been allocated PGM numbers for convenience.[1] Contents [hide]
1 History o
1.1 Discovery
o
1.2 Publication
2 Content
3 Religion in Greco-Roman Egypt
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 Further reading
History[edit] Discovery[edit] The first papyri in the series appeared on the art market in Egypt in the early 19th century. The major portion of the collection is the so-called Anastasi collection. About half a dozen of the papyri were purchased in about 1827 by a man calling himself Jean d'Anastasi, who may have been Armenian, and was a diplomatic representative at the Khedivial court in Alexandria. [3] He asserted that he obtained them at Thebes (modern Luxor), and he sold them to various major European collections including the British Museum, the Louvre, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the Staatliche Museen in Berlin and the Rijksmuseum of antiquities in Leiden. H. D. Betz who edited a translation of the collection states that these pieces probably came from the library of an ancient scholar and collector of late antiquity based in Thebes. Anastasi acquired a great number of other papyri and antiquities as well. [1] The "Thebes Cache" also contained the Stockholm papyrus and Leyden papyrus X containing alchemical texts.[4] Another papyrus
(PGM III) was acquired by Jean Francois Mimaut and ended up in the French Bibliothèque Nationale.[1]
Publication[edit] PGM XII and XIII were the first to be published, appearing in 1843 in Greek and in a Latin translation in 1885.[1][5] In the early twentieth century Karl Preisendanz collected the texts and published them in two volumes in 1928 and 1931. A projected third volume, containing new texts and indices, reached the stage of galley proofs dated "Pentecost 1941", but the type was destroyed during the bombing of Leipzig in the Second World War. Photocopies of the proofs circulated among scholars. A revised and expanded edition of the texts was published in 1973-4 in two volumes. Volume 1 was a corrected version of the first edition volume 1, but volume 2 was entirely revised and the papyri originally planned for vol. III were included. The indexes were omitted, however.[1] The PGM can now be searched in theThesaurus Linguae Graecae database and various concordances and dictionaries have been published.[citation needed] The most recent addition was the book Abrasax, published by Nephilim Press in 2012.
Content[edit] Many of these pieces of papyrus are pages or fragmentary extracts from spell books, repositories of arcane knowledge and mystical secrets. As far as they have been reconstructed, these books appear to fall into two broad categories: some are compilations of spells and magical writings, gathered by scholarly collectors either out of academic interest or for some kind of study of magic; others may have been the working manuals of travelling magicians, containing their repertoire of spells, formulae for all occasions. These often poorly educated magic-users were more like showmen than the traditional Egyptian wizards, who were a highly educated and respected priestly elite. The pages contain spells, recipes, formulae and prayers, interspersed with magic words and often in shorthand, with abbreviations for the more common formulae. These spells range from impressive and mystical summonings of dark gods and daemons, to folk remedies and even parlour tricks; from portentous, fatal curses, to love charms, cures for impotence and minor medical complaints. [citation needed]
In many cases the formulaic words and phrases are strikingly similar to those found in defixiones (curse tablets or binding spells, κατάδεσμοι in Greek), such as those we find inscribed on ostraka, amulets and lead tablets. Since some of these defixiones date from as early as the sixth century BC, and have been found as far afield as Athens, Asia Minor, Rome and Sicily (as well as Egypt), this provides a degree of continuity and suggests that some observations based on the PGM will not be altogether inapplicable to the study of the wider Greco-Roman world.[citation needed] Throughout the spells found in the Greek Magical Papyri, there are numerous references to figurines. They are found in various types of spells, including judicial, erotic and just standard cursing that one might associate with Haitian voodoo (“Vodou”). The figurines are made of various materials, usually corresponding to the type of spell, but often with liminal properties, as is frequent in a number of elements of Greek Magic. Such figurines have been found “throughout the Mediterranean basin”, usually in places that the ancient Greeks associated with the underworld; “graves, sanctuaries or bodies of water”, all stressing the liminality of Greek magic. Some have been discovered in lead coffins, upon which the spell or curse has been inscribed.
Religion in Greco-Roman Egypt[edit]
The religion of the Papyri Graecae Magicae is an elaborate syncretism of Greek, Egyptian, Jewish (see Jewish magical papyri), and even Babylonian and Christian religious influences engendered by the unique milieu of Greco-Roman Egypt. This syncretism is evident in the Papyri in a variety of ways. Often the Olympians are given attributes of their Egyptian counterparts; alternatively this could be seen as Egyptian deities being referred to by Greek names.[citation needed] For example Aphrodite (who was associated with the Egyptian Hathor), is given the epithet Neferihri—from the Egyptian Nfr-iry.t, "nice eyes" (PGM IV. 1266). Within this profusion of cultural influences can still be seen classical Greek material, and perhaps even aspects of a more accessible "folk-religion" than those preserved in the mainstream literary texts.[dubious – discuss] Sometimes the Greek gods depart from their traditional Olympian natures familiar to Classicists, and seem far more chthonic, demonic and bestial. This is partly the influence of Egyptian religion, in which beast cult and the terror of the divine were familiar elements; equally the context of magical texts makes such sinister deities appropriate.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
List of occultists
List of magicians
Magic in the Greco-Roman World
Papyrology
Ephesia Grammata
Mithras Liturgy
References[edit] 1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Hans Dieter Betz (ed), The Greek Magical Papyri in translation, University of Chicago Press, 1985, p.xli. 2. Jump up^ Ronald Hutton, Witches, Druids and King Arthur, 2006, p.116: "The most famous of these texts is the so-called Mithras liturgy...". 3. Jump up^ Fowden, Garth (1986). The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-32583-8. 4. Jump up^ Long, Pam O (2004). Openness Secrecy Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801866067. ISBN 08018-6606-5 5. Jump up^ C. Leemans, Papyri graeci musei antiquarii publici Lugduni-Batavi, 2 vols. Brill: 1843, 1885.
Bibliography[edit]
Preisendanz, K. et al. (1928-1931 first ed.) Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. (2 vols)
Preisendanz, K., Albert Henrichs (1974-1974 second ed.) Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. (2 vols) Stuttgart: Teubner.
Betz, H. D. et al. (1986) The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Including the Demotic Texts. University of Chicago Press.
Muñoz Delgado, L. (2001) Léxico de magia y religión en los papiros mágicos griegos. Diccionario Griego-Español. Anejo V. Madrid: CSIC.
Further reading[edit]
William M. Brashear, “The Greek Magical Papyri,” Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II, 18.5 (1995), pp. 3380–3730, limited preview online.
[Magic papyri at lib.umich.edu http://www.lib.umich.edu/traditions-magic-lateantiquity/rb.display.html] Categories: Ancient Egyptian literature
Hellenistic religion
Occult texts
Greco-Roman Egypt
그리스 마법 파피루스 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
그리스 마법 파피루스(그리스어: Ελληνικοί Μαγικοί Πάπυροι 헬레니코이 마기코이 파피로이[*], 라틴어: Papyri Graecae Magicae 파리리 그라에카에 마기카에[*], 영어: Greek Magical Papyri)는 줄여서 마법 파피루스라고 도 한다. 두문자어로는 영어 "Greek Magical Papyri"가 아닌 라틴어 "Papyri Graecae Magicae"의 두문자를 따서 PGM 이라고 한다. 그리스 마법 파피루스는 마법과 종교가 혼합되었던 그레코로만 이집트 세계에 대해 나름의 일정한 이 해의 실마리를 주는, 이집트의 사막에서 발견된,[1] 대부분 고대 그리스어로 쓰여진 문헌들의 컬렉션을 지칭하는 낱말이다. 나머지는 콥트어와 이집트 민중 문자 등으로 쓰여졌다. 이 컬렉션의 파피루스들의 성립 연대는 기원전 2 세기부터 기원후 5 세기경까지 이다. 조반니 아나스타시(Giovanni Anastasi: 1780-1860)가 1827 년에 이집트에서 이 파피루스 컬렉션을 구입하였다.[2] 이 컬렉션을 "테베 캐시(Thebes Cache)"라고도 하는데, 이 컬렉션에는 또한 연금술에 관한 내용을 담고 있는 스톡홀름 파피루스(Stockholm papyrus)와 라이든 파피루스 X(Leyden papyrus X)가 포함되어 있었다.[3] 조반니 아나스타시의 이 컬렉션은 1840 년대와 1850 년대에 여러 곳으로 흩어졌다. 그 후 20 세기 초에 독일 학자인 칼 프라이젠단츠(Karl Preisendanz)가 이 파피루스 컬렉션을 재수집 하여 1928 년과 1931 년에 2 권으로 출판하였다. 그 후 새로운 문헌들을 추가하여 그의 사후인 1974 년에 2 권으로 된 제 2 판이 출판되었다.
함께 보기[편집]
마술
마법
그레코로만 세계의 마법(Magic in the Greco-Roman World)
파피루스학(Papyrology)
에페시아 그라마타(Ephesia Grammata · 에페소스 주문(呪文))
주석[편집] 1. 이동↑ Faraone, Christopher A. (2001). “Ancient Greek Curse Tablets” (영어). 2008 년 4 월 11 일에 확인함. 2. 이동↑ Fowden, Garth (1986). 《The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind》 (영어). CUP Archive. ISBN 0521325838. 3. 이동↑ 《Openness Secrecy Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowedge from Antiquity to the Renaissance》 (영어). JHU Press. 2004. ISBN 0801866065, 9780801866067 | isbn= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 이름 목록에서 |이름 1=이(가) 있지만 |성 1=이(가) 없음 (도움말)
참고 문헌[편집]
(독일어) Preisendanz, K. et al. (1928-1931 first ed.) 《Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri》. (2 vols)
(독일어) Preisendanz, K., Albert Henrichs (1974-1974 second ed.) 《Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri》. (2 vols) Stuttgart: Teubner.
(영어) Betz, H. D. et al. (1986) 《The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Including the Demotic Texts》. University of Chicago Press.
(스페인어) Muñoz Delgado, L. (2001) 《Léxico de magia y religión en los papiros mágicos griegos》. Diccionario Griego-Español. Anejo V. Madrid: CSIC.
(영어) William M. Brashear, "The Greek Magical Papyri", 《Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt》 II, 18.5 (1995), pp. 3380–3730, limited preview online. 분류:
마법
오컬트
Papirs màgics grecs A aquest article li manca una segona llegida per acabar de revisar la traducció. Col·laboreu-hi!
Els Papirs màgics grecs (comunament abreujat com PGM, del títol en llatí Papyri Graecae Magicae ; papyri és plural de Papirus ) és un terme col·lectiu per a una col·lecció de textos, escrits la majoria en grec antic (però també en copte, egipci demòtic, etc.), trobats en els deserts de Egipte, que llancen llum d'alguna manera sobre el sincretisme màgic-religiós de l'Egipte grecoromà i la seva àrea circumdant. Taula de continguts [amaga]
1 Els Papirs
2 Màgia en l'Egipte grecoromà
3 Religió en l'Egipte grecoromà
4 Vegeu també
5 Referències
6 Bibliografia
7 Nota
Els Papirs[modifica | modifica el codi] La majoria dels papirs daten des del segle I aC al segle IV com a punt àlgid, fins a arribar al segle VII, sent representat aquest últim lapse temporal per un material escàs i de valor insignificant. El recull que conforma aquests papirs va ser recollida primer a principis del segle XX per l'erudit alemany Karl Preisendanz, i publicada per ell en dos volums el 1928 i 1931. Un tercer volum projectat (contenint nous textos i índexs) va ser destruït durant el bombardeig de Leipzig a la Segona Guerra Mundial. Els nous textos van ser incorporats en l'edició de 1974 del volum II (publicada després de la mort de Preisendanz), però els índexs solament van ser difosos entre erudits en unes poques còpies xerografiadas de les proves de composició. (Actualment els índexs estan antiquats des que els PGM poden ser trobats a la base de dades del Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, i des que van ser publicades diverses concordances i diccionaris).
Màgia en l'Egipte grecoromà[modifica | modifica el codi] Molts d'aquests trossos de papir són pàgines o extractes fragmentaris del que podem anomenar llibres d'encanteris, dipòsits de coneixement arcà i secrets místics. En la mesura del que podem reconstruir, aquests llibres es classifiquen en dues grans categories: alguns són compilacions d'encanteris i escriptura màgiques, recopilats per erudits col·leccionistes, ja sigui per interès acadèmic o per alguna classe d'estudi sobre màgia, els altres poden haver estat els manuals de treball de mags viatjants, contenint el seu repertori de conjurs, fórmules per a totes les ocasions. Sovint eren usuaris de màgia amb una baixa formació podent ser considerats millor com persones dedicades a l'entreteniment i l'espectacle, a diferència dels mags tradicionals egipcis, que van tenir una elevada formació i van respectar a l'elit sacerdotal. Les pàgines contenen encanteris, receptes, fórmules i oracions, intercalat amb
paraules màgiques i sovint en taquigrafia, amb abreviatures per a les fórmules més comunes. Aquests encanteris s'estenen des de les convocacions impressionants i místiques de déus foscos i dimonis, a remeis populars i fins i tot trucs de sala, de portentoses malediccions mortals, a encantaments d'amor, cures per a la impotència i dolències mèdiques menors. En molts casos les formulacions de paraules i frases són sorprenentment similars a aquelles trobades en defixiones (tauletes de maledicció o encanteris vinculants, κατάδεσμοι en grec), com aquelles que trobem inscrites en ostraka, amulet es i pastilles de plom. Atès que algunes d'aquestes defixiones daten des de tan primerenc com el segle VI aC, i han estat trobades en llocs tan allunyats com Atenes, Àsia Menor, Roma i Sicília (i també Egipte), això proporciona un grau de continuïtat i suggereix que algunes observacions basades en els PGM no seran del tot inaplicables a la investigació del més ampli món greco-romà.
Religió en l'Egipte grecoromà[modifica | modifica el codi] La religió dels Papirs màgics grecs és un elaborat sincretisme d'influències religioses gregues, egípcies, jueves i fins i tot babilòniques i cristianes, engendrades per l'entorn únic de l'Egipte grecoromà. Veiem aquest sincretisme en els papirs de moltes maneres. Sovint, els esportistes olímpics es donen atributs dels seus homòlegs egipcis; alternativament podem veure això en deïtats egípcies sent referides pels seus noms grecs. Per exemple, a Afrodita (que era associada amb l'egípcia Hathor) és donat el nom apotropaico egipci Neferieris (l'antic idioma egipci NFR-iry.t, que significa «la de bells ulls»).[1] Dins d'aquesta cacofonia d'influències culturals encara podem veure material de la Grècia clàssica, i potser fins i tot identificar aspectes de la més accessible "religió popular" que aquells conservats en els principals textos literaris. De vegades veiem els déus grecs sota una nova llum, apareixen com deïtats demoníaques, bestials, molt més ctónicasque olímpiques, i part d'una tradició més fosca, disconforme, a la qual no estem acostumats. Sens dubte això és en part a causa de la influència de la religió egípcia, en la qual el culte de la bèstia i el terror del diví eren elements familiars, i igualment veiem que el context dels textos màgics fa apropiades a aquests sinistres deïtats.
Vegeu també[modifica | modifica el codi]
Tauleta de maledicció de Pella
Tauleta de maledicció
Referències[modifica | modifica el codi] 1.
Jump up↑ Papir IV, § 1265, en Textos de màgia en papirs grecs . Madrid: Editorial Gredos, pàgina 134.
Bibliografia[modifica | modifica el codi]
Introducció, traducció i notes Jose Luis Calvo Martínez i Maria Dolores Sánchez Romero. Textos de màgia en papirs grecs. Reimpressió 2004. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1987. ISBN 978-84-249-1235-2.
Luck, Georg. Màgia i ciències ocultes en el món grec i romà. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1995. ISBN 978-84-249-1785-2.
Muñoz Delgado, L. Lèxic de màgia i religió en els papirs màgics grecs. Diccionari Grec-Espanyol. Annex V. Madrid: CSIC, 2001. En alemany
Preisendanz, K. et al. Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. Dos volums. Berlín, 1928-1931 primera edició.
- & Albert Henrichs. Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri. Dos volums. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1974-1974 segona edició. En anglès
Betz, H. D. et al. The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Including the Demotic Texts. University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Nota[modifica | modifica el codi] [amaga]
Papirs de l'Antic Egipte Papirs famosos (ordenats per antiguitat)
Altres papirs
Papirs d'Abusir · Papirs de Berlín · Papir de Moscou · Papir Prisse · Papir Hearst · Papir Westcar · Papir Rhind · Papirs Bulaq · Papirs Reisner · Papir de Ipuur · Papir eròtic · Papir Edwin Smith · Papir Ebers · Llibre dels Morts ·Papir d'An de la vaga · Papir judicial de Torí · Papir de les mines · Papir Wilbour · Papir Abbott ·Papirs Amherst · Papirs Mayer · Greenfield · Papir Hood · Papir Brooklyn · Papir de Milà ·Papir Carlsberg · Papir de les lleis d'ingressos · Papir Insinge
Papirs d'Elefantina · Papir Magdalen · Papir de Barcelona · Còdex de Berlín · Papirs d'Oxirinc (Papir 52 i Papirs del No Egerton · Papir de Zòsim de Panòpolis · Papir d'Artemidor · Papir de Leiden · Papirs màgics grecs
Vegeu també: Llista de papirs egipcis · Papir
Categories: Cultura de l'antic Egipte
Màgia
Mitologia egípcia
Manuscrits
