Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism -- Christian Wedemeyer

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Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

OLPXk`WMPOkL        

 Śv-jd  Śv -jdrkṭṢ rkṭṢrd-ad rd-ade`y e`y-dsṚ -dsṚjj pĪt pĪtv v bṍ bṍsgl sgldd hke hkedldṍ dldṍ lot lotydb ydb ||   oṭṢdṍ sdrvdvoŚgṭd-rdjtd-vonoptd-bdbṍsdṍ sdbdstd-jutsotd-bṍsdṍ prṁdjd-Śdtd-ndjṭd sdṍyujtdṍ  sdṍyujt dṍ `ovydb | vdorkmdlglètopŪṢdṍ jĪṢd-Śdtdoḧ sobosobydbldṍ Śvldldrd-mmdr`otd-boŚrdb bṍsdṍ vderbhu-bdreoj-yujtdb | vdorkmdld-sdṍboŚrdṍ hkjtdvydṍ ykaolktsdoḧ | Fdvola `rulj `ka, `kljgy, mdbgn, dl` gngpfdlt hnkk`, klg sfkun` rgaundrny cgg` kl tgor gs. fubdl gs sbgdrg` wot tg hnkk` kc dnn spgmogs kc dlobdns os hgnkvg`. Gltorgny vong bgdt cunn kc bonnokls kc wkrbs os `ovolg. Bgdt rgl`grg` putro` hy sfot,  sggtola wot ul`r ul`rg`s g`s kc bdaakts, bdaakts, boxg` wot `ka dl` ubdl vkbot, vkbot, wot d mkdtola mkdtola kc poss‐boxg` wot sot ot skun` hg gdtgl hy tg ykaol wot austk. 4 ‐]dṍpuṢd Pdltrd

  prgsglts tk tfg fostkrodl kc rgnoaokls dl oltgrprtdto mlulrub. Ot os, t dnn dppdrdlms, d solomdlt hrdlm  d bder wrn rnool‐l ws smropturs dl prdmtoms sprgd` crkb Ol`od dmrkss Dsod, mdpturola tfg bol`s, vkomgs, dl` pursgs  bonnols ol Lpdn, Poht, Hutdl, Blnod, ]ro Ndld, Hdno, Mdbhod, Mold, dl Edpdl. Br rmltny, ts trdotols d hul t td rt ol rols ds dr-ul ds Xussod, t Wlot jolb, ]ut Dromd, dl Hrdzon. kl t tr dl, tor wosprd ppundroty sbs ortudnny olmkbprgfglsohng ol noaft kc tfg foafny khegmtokldhng cgdturgs kc mgrtdol  tor smropturs dl rotudns. P motdtol rb t ]dṍpuṢd Pdltrd os d mndr mds ol polt5 Ot os omunt t obdol d br osustol dl `gard`g` vosokl kc sporotudn prdmtomg, ygt tfos pdssdag os ckul` ol klg kc

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Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

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t bst rspmt smropturs  t strom Huost Ddbdltol Qdy (vderdyĄld). (v derdyĄld). Qdt sls mdl l bd  d rnoous trdotol tdt sbs tk d`vkmdtg hgfdvokrs tfdt bkst sdlg fubdl hgolas wkun` mklso`gr dhgrrdlt (dt hst), o lt mroboldn r pdtnomdn; Pos prmos qustol wds ol dmt rdos r d mltury d ds brl stuos  Pdltrom Huosb wr eust hollol. P bollt smndr  ]dlsrot notrdtur, Xdelrdndn Botrd, wds ulrstdldhny truhn hy sobondr stdtgbglts ckul` ol tfg gvgl bkrg foafny-rgvgrg` Auydsdbed (Gsktgrom Mkbbuloty) Pdltrd. Col`ola tfgsg „dt klmg tfg bkst rgvkntola dl` rrohn tdt ubdl prdoty  prdoty mun tol ,‒ ,‒ Botrd bpdtoz wot t bdly dbkla fos rgd`grs wfk boaft mklso`gr tfdt sumf tgdmfolas „wkun`, „wkun`, uhtnss, h hst trdt ds t rdols  bdbl.‒ bdbl.‒ f mdutol, wr, tdt nnwol tos pdrtomundr oltrprtdto dlu‐ds dttrdmto dl olstolmtudn ds ot bot dt rst dppdr‐bdy h prbdtur olsdr ds tos sdb txt „os rml t h t sdmr smroptur  bonnols  oltnnolt ubdl hols.‒8 Dntu bum obprtdlt wr ds hl l ol t n  Pdltrom stuos solm ts wrs wr rst wrottl, smndrs mltolu t stru n wot dl r mlomtol rsnutols t wdt w bot mdnn „Botrd‟s qudldry.‒= Dttgbpts ol tfos `orgmtokl drg mkbpnomdtg` hy tfg cdmt tfdt dnn wun-h oltrprtrs  Pdltrom Huosb ol Olod bust ltodt d uldbltdn btnomdn mdnnl. ]tdtblts sum ds ts qut fgrg crkb tfg ]dṍpuṢd Pdltrd dppgdr ol tgxts tfdt drg fostkromdnny `osmkllgmtg` crkb tfg munturdn bonogu tfdt mrgdtg` dl` sustdolg` tfgb. ]mfkndrs  t ostry  Pdltrom Huosb, trr, bust tbsns rmlstrumt d munturdn mkltgxt wotfol wfomf tk oltgrprgt tfg `osmkursgs dl` prdmtomgs ckul` ol ots notgrdturg. Qotfkut dl olckrbola mkltgxt, ot os lkt dt dnn mngdr wfdt sumf smropturdn stdtgbglts boaft bgdl. Ckr olstdlmg, d stdt oleulmtol t (pdrl by crlm) „dt sot‒ mtony bdls quot ostolmt tols ol orlt mltxts. Ot bot, r olstdlm, h spl hy d akvgrlbglt kpgrdtovg gladag` ol tkrturola d prosklgr, ckrmola cgmgs olt os but ol dl rt t bdl dl osust ob dl tus hrd os sporot. kl t tr dl, ot bot h spl hy l stdrol mdstdwdy t dltr, npunny, sustol d sprdt bdls t std  ulr ol t dhslm  tr sustldlm. Ol dotol t ts br notrdn‐dnhot quot orlt‐usds, t sdb wrs bot dns h spl btdpromdnny (.., hy l rustrdt ror t dltr, xprssol t dlr dl dtr  „rd rd‒). Eust ds dsony, ot bdy h spl hy l rol t dlktfgr ol egst, ol tfg mkursg kc pndycun butudn tgdsola.

Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

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Ql mlrlt wot Pdltrom Huost smropturs tdt sdy „dt sot,‒ t rsplsohn oltrprtr os nowos lt obbodtny mrtdol w ts wrs dr t h tdl. Ot os lmssdry rst t trbol t mun turdn bonogu ol wfomf tfgsg smropturgs dl` tfgor dsskmodtg` rotudns wgrg mrdt dl us. Pos, w wr r,, prslts dltr mdnnl t smndrny bt. Pr os ortudnny l olm hyl txtudn dmmults t tr bolg wfgl, wfgrg, wfy, kr hy wfkb tfgsg `osmkursgs wgrg usg` ol ndtg rst-bonnlloub Olod. Ol rr dqudtny t oltrprt ts smropturs, tfg fostkromdn mkltgxts kc tfgor drtomundtokl bust hg rgmklstrumtg`. Ol sk `kola, fkwgvgr, smfkndrs bust rgny probdrony kl tfg mkrpus kc smropturgs tbsns. Pus, ds ol dnn ostromdn olquory, olquory, t oltrprtdtol  Pdltrom Huosb ol Olod uldodhny olns d mbpnx odnmtom  mltlt dl mltxt5 P trdlsrsso stdtblts  t Pdltrds dr oltrprt kl tfg hdsos kc dl obdaolg` mkltgxt, ygt tfdt mkltgxt mkltgxt os otsgnc tfg rgsunt kc pror oltrprtdtol  t stdtblts. P mdnn ot d odnmtom os trr t h rdtr mdrotdhn, r sum bts rul rdt ros  mbbottol t cdnndmy mormunus ol prkhdl`k, kr mormundr rgdsklola. gl tu, untobdtny, untobdtny, dly snutol wonn olotdhny h suhemt t sb sum nblt  mormundroty‐hul ds dnn oltrprtrs dr ol t rb lutom mormn‐tr dr, O hno, bts  dldnysos tdt pro rdtr purmds l t ldtur  t solomdtols tdt mmur ol tos mbpnx mrpus  notrdtur. Ol pdrtomundr, O hno tdt t bts r hy sbony d trblus prbos r stuos ol tos drd. Pos os s r tw rdsls. kl t l dl, sbonomdn prspmtos ol lrdn dnnkw argdtgr olsoaft oltk tfg ldturg kc `osmursovg soals dl` tfg mkbpngx usgs tk wfomf tfgy drg put ol d vdrogty kc skmodn mkltgxts. ]gboknkay, tfdt os, os t t‐dl tus xmns dt‐blstrdtol w ot os tdt (ds E. N. Dustol put ot) ppn „ tols wot wrs.‒0 Curtfgrbkrg, sgboknkaomdn dldnysos‐olsdr ds ot tls t mus dttltol l bdmrsmpom pdttrls  solomdtol dmrss ltor txts r ndrr mrprd‐dnnws d bum br rgnodhng dl` ludlmg` dpprkdm dpprkdmf f tk oltgrprgtdtokl o ltgrprgtdtokl tfdl tfg bkrg oltuotovg, bomrsmpom dlu dlu tdt dttbpts t lrdnoz ormtny rb oltrprtdtols  xprssols tdl olooudnny. olooudnny. Hy mbpdrol usds dmrss txts dl mrprd dl dldnyzol tor rndtols, sbony dnnws d rdtr dl bkrg sglsotovg dttgltokl tk tfg mkltgxts kc pdrtomundr gxprgssokls tfdl os pkssohng wotf d ngss systgbdtom dpprkdmf. dpprkdmf.7 Hr ts bts bdy h ruotunny dppno t t premt  d`vdlmola dl dntgrldtovg rgmklstrumtokl kc tfg bgdlolas dl` mkltgxts  Olodl Pdltrom Huosb, wr, d mrtdol dbult  prpdrdtry

Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

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OLPXk`WMPOkL

wr os rquor ol rr t mndr t rul. Ol pdrtomundr, mrotomdn dttltol ls rst t h pdo t t oltrprtdto bns tdt d hl d`vdlmg` ol prgvokus smfkndrsfop, sk tfdt d lgw dpprkdmf bdy prkmgg` r  lmubhrol dssubptols tdt d s strlny bdr dr nor dmmults. Pos os lmssdry olsdr ds tr ds np r t murs  tw mlturos  rsdrm d mlsostlt, blom, mtony dutlbus, dl sn-sustdolol ltwr  smndrny osmurss l Pdltrom Huosb tdt dutrozs dl rolrms mrtdol wdys  spdol dhkut dl` ktfgrwosg rgprgsgltola ot. Ol tfos rgspgmt, bk`grl `osmkursgs dhut Huost Pdltrosb dr sobondr t t plbll  „kroltdnosb‒ ds osmuss hy gwdr ]do. Ol os wr, ]do wds mlmrl t onnus trdt oltr dnod t rbdrdhn „oltrldn mlsostlmy  kroltdnosb dl ots ods dhut t krolt . . . spot r hyl dly mrrspllm, r ndm tr, wot d ‖rdn‟ krolt.‒3 Pdt os, lm mrtdol rtromdn trps hy wom t gdst bdy h rprslt d hmb dbonodr t gurpdl duolms, ty np d mrtdol dutroty. Py sul pndusohn‐ dnn tfg bkrg sk hgmdusg tfgy `rgw upkl dl` rg`gpnkyg` wgnn-trk``gl dl` dbonodr tbs ol t gurpdl ostromdn dl munturdn obdoldtol. Nowosg, tfg `osmkursgs usg` hy bk`grl smfkndrs ol rgd`ola tfg notgrdturg kc dl rmlstrumtol t ldtur dl ostry  Pdltrom Huosb ospndy bum t sdb oltrldn, tdutnomdn mlsostlmy. mlsostlmy. P sdb nobot stm  ods‐tl mum ol ldrny oltomdn ndlud‐rmurs md dtr `gmd`g ol lgw puhnomdtokls dl` os rdrgny suhegmtg` tk mrotomdn dldnysos kc ots kwl aglgdnkay. k probdry mlmrl ol tos rdr os lt brny smndrny rptotol r ruldlmy,, hut wdt bot h mdnn btnomdn snopsosb5 d ol  ruldlmy „bprr‟s lw mnts‒ mt. P osmurss tdt mormundt ol t sm kl`dry notgrdturg mkl`otokl wfdt pgkpng sgg ol tfg probdry skurmgs. ]mfkndrs rgd` tfg sgmkl`dry notgrdturg hgckrg tfgy rgd` tfg probdry notgrdturg dl`, fdvola tfus hggl prgpdrg` hy tfg `osmursovg mkbbuloty tk sgg tfg bprr‟s mnts, dr trdtr prosps‐smodnoz‐t s t dtd ol not  ts bns dl t rpnomdt tb ol tor wrotols. Pr os, ds ]do olomdt, d „mbpnx odnmtom  rolrmblt‒ hy wom pror `osmkursgs mkl`otokl wfdt wg gxpgroglmg kc tfg `dtd prgsgltg` tk us, wfomf oltgrprgtdtokls tfgl curtfgr rgolckrmg kur mkbbotbglt tk tfksg vgry `osmkursgs.1 Yromtdhny, tl, lm t pdt wds hndz, t rd  dmdbom rprsltdtols  Olod dl Olodl Huosb quomny np solomdlt osmurso „ruts.‒ Eust ds ruts ol rdn rds mlstrdol t moms  rors, osmurso ruts mlrlt dutrs wot d mom5 gotr

Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

OLPXk`WMPOkL � 7 �

cknnkw tfg ruts, dl` dmmgpt tfg skbgtobgs prkhngbdtomdn oltgrprgtdtovg ro ty r, r ros „hrdol l‟s dxn‒ (ol t rb  olmbprlsol  t txts r, wrs, nss  dmdbom rmlotol dl prsto) ol sol t trdn utso  tb. Mfdptgrs 4 dl` 8 drg tfus `gvktg` tk mrotomdnny rgdssgssola tfg fostkrordpy  Olodl Pdltrom Huosb, oltoyol dl ldol y „ruts‒ ol ts osmurso prdmtoms. Pos mus l t bns dl oltnngmtudn strumturgs tfdt olckrb tfg wrotola kc fostkry os lgmgssdry olskcdr ds ot os prgmosgny vod tfg `osmkursgs kc fostkry tfdt smfkndrs fdvg skuaft tk rsn Botrd‟s qudldry‐t „bd sls‒  Pdltrom Huosb. Pr rmur truut t smndrny notrdtur stynoz bs  osmurs mlmrlol t rools dl ostry  strom Huosb. Ps drous smndrny mlstrumts‐dntu mdst ol ostromdn oobs‐dr ssltodnny oltrprtdto5 Ol l wdy r dltr, ty dnn ulmtol t dmmult r t trdlsrsso osmurss dl prdmtoms ul ol t Pdltrds. Dnn  t bst mbbl bns r rprsltol t ostry  Pdltrom Huosb xost ds dttbpts t bd sls  t rdomdn, trdlsrsso dturs  ts trdotols. Py dnn  s, urtrbr, hy sustol (obpnomotny r xpnomotny) d smodn mltxt wotol wom ts npblts dr tut t h mbprlsohn. Pdt os, t rtroms  t rools  Pdltrosb dl` ldrrdtovgs kc ots fostkry drg cul`dbgltdnny `rovgl hy tfg lgg` tk prko dl oltrprtdto rdbwr r munturdn dldnysos dl ty  tos hy drauola ol`orgmtny ckr tfg skmodn mkltgxt wotfol wfomf tfgsg prdmtomgs drg t d tdl pndm. fostrordpy  wdtr srt‐tonomdn r ldrrdto‐dnwdys olns bdol sls  ots hemt. Ds Bdrm Hnm ds hsr, „P ldturg kc kur oltgnnoaglmg os sumf tfdt ot os stobundtg` cdr ngss hy tfg wonn tk lw tdl hy t wonn t ulrstdl.‒ 6 P prumtol  br dltoqudrodl dtd os lt ol otsn d unny smndrny (r oltnnmtudnny sdtosyol) pre mt. fubdl hols s t ulrstdl‐t bd sls ‐tor wrn. Ot os prmosny t purps  ostrordpy t td d st  dtd dl nl ot bdlol dl mrlm. fostrordpy os dnwdys dl dmt  bdol sls olsdr ds ot hrols rr dl (mlsqultny) bdlol t lts.? Ds Xndl Hdrts wrots5 P ostrodl os lt s bum d mnnmtr  dmts ds d mnnmtr dl rndtr  solors: tdt os t sdy,  rdlozs tb wot t purps  stdh nosol d psoto bdlol dl nnol t dmuub  pur, bdlolnss sgrogs.49

Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

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OLPXk`WMPOkL

Ot os obpssohn r d prpr ostry lt t oltrprt ots suhemt‐lt t bd ot olt sbtol‐t trdlsrb osndt lts tru dl dmt  obdaoldtovg mrgdtokl oltk d prkmgss tfdt mdl hg ardspg` hy tfg rgd`gr ds d mkfgrglt khegmt kc ul`grstdl`ola. Pos mrumodn dmt os dmmbpnos tru wdt ostrodls mdnn mlmptudnozdtol‐t hrolol  mrlm t t ostromdn drmo hy ol toyol dl rdlozol prolmopn r tb. Pos,  murs, olns usol rfgtkrom tk euxtdpksg twk kr bkrg tfolas, wotf tfg dob kc onnuboldtola tfg suhemt bdttr tru mbpdrosl, bpnyol, ds Lotzsm put ot, „d bdhn st  btdprs, btlybos, ZdlR dltrpbrposbs.‒ 44 Pos os dmmbpnos hy tdt dspmt  smndrny wrotol tdt Xldn Oll ds trb t „mbbltdto‒‐tdt wom, dh dl hyl tfg `gsmroptokl kc tgxts dl` tfgor mkltgxts, rgprgsglts rgprgsglts „ots suhegmt-bdttgr ds sbtol.‒48 Pus, t wrot d ostry os dnwdys t oltrprt d munturdn prdmtomg dl`, tfus, dnwdys tk trdlsckrb tfg suhegmt, rgprgsgltola tfg ullwl ds r ol t rb  sbtol lwl. Ol oltrprtol t Pdltrom trdotols, brl smndrs d put rwdr d lubhr  sum mlmptudnozdtols. P rb ts rmlstrum tols d lrdnny tdl os dl dttbpt t osmrl t rools dl/r t mlstrumt d ldrrdto  Pdltrom Huosb tdt sotudts ot wotol d ostromdn prmss. Dnn  t snutols r, wr, d l mrumodn dtur ol mbbl5 Py dnn mlmur tdt, untobdtny, trdlsrssol ol Olodl strom Huosb s lt ol dmt bd sls. Py  s hy nmdtol dltolbodl prdmtoms dl osmurss (ostromdnny) ol smodn mltgxts wfgrgol tfgy dppgdr ds gxprgssokls kc gotfgr dlobdn obpunsgs, proboto bltdnoty/suprstotol, r brny sndos obotdtol. Pdt os, Pdltrom trdlsargssokl os dsmrohg` tk orrdtokldn kr drdtokldn obpunsgs, ckr wfomf curtfgr gxpndldtokl os lgotfgr lgmgssdry lkr pkssohng. ]umf dl d`eu`omdtokl tfus sgrvgs tk dhsknvg smfkndrs kc tfg rgspklsohonoty tk mklcrklt t omunt mdnnls  munturdn oltrprtdtol5 klm ot ds hl bd, oltrrdtol mdss. Botrd‟s qudldry os rsn hy d dn-bdsur‐lt tfg rdvolas kc bd`bgl pgrfdps, hut ol tfg gl` tfksg kc tfg oalkrdlt, tfg sbo-moonoz, r t bobom/dp. Mltrdrowos, O hno ot os ht pssohn dl lmssdry t bd sls  t trdlsrsso osmurss  t Huost Pdl Pdltrds, trds, dl tdt tos mdl hg dmmkbpnosfg` hy gbpnkyola sgboknkaomdn bgtfk`s. Ds bgltoklg` gdrnor,, sbony os uloquny wnn-pndm t dmonotdt tos ddlm, olsdr ds nor ot os tfg smoglmg `g`omdtg` `g`o mdtg` tk ul`grstdl`ola nolauostom soals ol tfgor skmodn dspmt:4= dl, urtr, (ol ots strumturdn rb) sum dldnysos os spmodnny

Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

OLPXk`WMPOkL � 1 �

dttulg` tk tfg mfdnnglags kc oltgrprgtola tfg usg kc soals dmrkss ndrag mkrprd  mublts (sum ds t Huost Pdltrds). Xdtr tdl oltrprtol stdtblts mlsor spdrdtny‐dl tus mll t t nn  tor stlso r obbodtny bdlost mltlt‐strumturdn dldnysos  pdttgrls kc usdag `osmgrlohng dmrkss d suhstdltodn mkrpus kc notgrdturg bdy hg kc olgstobdhng do` ol rgmklstrumtola tfg bgdlolas kc pdrtomundr soals wotol t ndrr systb(s)  sdr mlltols wotol wom ty hmb bdlolun. Wsol ts bts ol mlmrt, t tds  rmlstrumtol t munturdn mltxts  Pdltrom trdlsrssol trdlsrssol bdy tl prm p rm kl d bkrg sgmurg sg murg ckktola. Xndl Hdrts, w mltrohut s botony t ur ulrstdlol kc rfgtkrom, ots usgs dl` mkllktdtokls, fds wrottgl kc strumturdn dldnysos tdt ots „mlstdlt dob ZosR t bdstr t olloty  uttrdlms Z pdrkngsR hy smrohol t ‖ndlud‟ Z‖ndlaug‟R  wom ty dr t prumts dl rb wom ty mdl h h  lrdt. lrdt .‒‒40 Pdt os t sdy, sdy, hol t orsoty o rsoty   pdrkngs), tr dr osmrlohn pdttrls  rtrom olooudn uttrdlms ( pdrkngs tfdt drg susmgptohng tk dldnysos dl` tfdt dnnkw us tk agt skbg purmfdsg kl t ndrr systb  solomdtol (ndlaug) ol wom ts uttrdlms bd sglsg.47 klm t lrdn systb os rdsp, tos tl urtr olrbs ur ulrstdlol  t mbpnx solomdtols tdt td pndm ol dm olo vo`udn olstdlmg kc mkbbulomdtokl, dnnkwola d romfgr dldnysos. Ardbbdr os d sobpn xdbpn  tos. Hy smrohol t pdttrls  noluostom usd, lrdn runs bdy h dhstrdmt. Hy oltoyol w ts runs pndy ut ol olooudn xprssols, d br mbpnt dldnysos  t spmom olstdlmg hgmkbgs pkssohng. Ardbbdr os, kc mkursg, klny tfg bkst hdsom kc sum systbs. ]bony tds ds ots hemt t ndrr dl oltrsmtol systbs  solomdtol tdt td pndm sobuntdlusny wot rdbbdtomdn rgcgrglmg kr sobpng `glktdtokl. Ol d``otokl tk tfg ndlaug kc ndlaudag otsgnc tfgrg drg ndlaugs prpr t drous bdols  munturdn prdmtom5 typs  osmurss r ltwrs  drtomundtol tdt hmb dhotudt r tob wfomf drg susmgptohng tk sgboktomdn dldnysos. Ol d sls, t tw pdrts  tos h s s  t dppny sum dldnysos t tw ostolmt mrprd  notrdtur. P ssdys ol pdrt O oltrrdt t mrprd  brl dl trdotoldn osmurss l t rools dl ostry  Pdltrom Huosb (qud  pdrkngs) ol dl dttbpt t osmrl t ndrr mlturs, r ndlaug, crkb wfomf tfgy fdvg hggl aglgrdtg` dl` tfdt ngl` tfgb mkfgrlm. Py dldnyz t wdys ol wom brl smndrs d dttbpt t bd sls  ts trdotols tru spmundtols ds t tor rools dl tru ldrrdtol tor ostry. Pos olstodtol wonn blstrdt

Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

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OLPXk`WMPOkL

wdt os rdnny dt std ol sum brl ostrordpy, ostrordpy, hy sotudtol s otudtol smndrsop l Pdltrom Huosb wotol t ndrr mltxt  brl os murss l munturdn rools dl ostry (mdptrs 4 dl 8) dl hy urtr mkbpdrola tfgsg bk`grl prdmtomgs wotf tfg fostkrokardpfomdn prdmtomg kc t Huost Pdltrom trdotols tbsns (mdptr =). Ydrt OO sfocts dttgltokl tk tfg sgboknkaomdn pdttgrls kc tfg rotudn prdmtomgs dl smropturdn osmurss  Pdltrom Huosb otsn ol rr sobondrny t `osmgrl tfg suhtgl`ola strumturg wotfol wfomf tfgsg trdlsargssov trdlsargssovgg stdtgblts dl prdmtoms tbsns bd sls. Ps mdptrs blstrdt tdt, tru sbonomdn dl strumturdn dldnysos, l mdl bd sls  tdt dspmt  t Huost Pdltrds tdt ds prl bst oltrdmtdhn r brl wrotrs‐t dltolbodl osmurss (mdptr 0) dl prdmtoms (mdptr 7)  t BdĄyd dl _olĪ Pdltrds‐rol lw dlswrs t t qustol  w l bds sls  d rnoous trdotol tdt ds sb dt ndst puzznol, o lt wlrot llslsomdn, proboto, dl/ kr orrdtokldn. ]umf dl oltgrprgtdtovg rgdnoalbglt olvotgs dl` gldhngs d curtfgr rgdssgssbglt kc tfg ndragr ossug kc tfg skmodn nkmdtokl kc tfgsg trdotols (mdptr 3). P uhn ltlr  Bdjola ]glsg kc Pdltrom Hu``fosb tus rmts wdt bot h mdnn t h‟s obpnomot btnomdn r (dtr Mnnolw‟s Mnnolw‟s usd) ponspomdn premt. Dl dpprdm tdt „lr sobpny tols dhut dl hemt,‒ hut „dnwdys, won tolol dhut dly hemt, tols dns dhut ots wl tut dhut tdt hemt.‒ 43 P dob os t mlsor lt brny t hemt otsn (Olodl Pdltrom Huosb), r snny t trtomdn rdbwrs hy wom smndrs mb t ulrstdl ot, hut t rdppn wot ts tw ol tor butudn rndtol. Hy s ol, t dn os t bd hktf d mrotomdn oltgrvgltokl o ltgrvgltokl oltk smfkndrny bgtfk` dl` d mklstrumtovg mkltrohutokl tk tfg oltgrprgtdtokl kc ots khegmt. Ol d sglsg, tfos bgtfk` kc mrotomdn dttgltokl tk tfg strumturg kc rtrom‐ol trbs  t suhemt dl t hemt  smndrny rsdrm‐ rgprgsglts d prdmtomdn sknutokl tk tfg mfdnnglag rdosg` hy skbg mkltbprdry mrotoms ol t ubdl smolms. Pdt os, bdly dmdts  mkltgbpkrdry mrotomdn tfgkry, tfgkry, wfgl mklcrkltg` wotf systgbom prkhngbs  munturdn oltrprtdtol‐strumturol prsuppsotols, rdol ol  l‟s wl munturdn xpmtdtols (wdt ds hl mdnn ossos41), kroltdnosb, dl t no‐rmbbl n o‐rmbbl ds d wdy rwdr tdt smndrs xrmos d mrotomdn sn-dwdrlss  tor wl prsuppsotols. Pos mdl h rdtr d mdnnlol tds, wr. P xtrdmt dl dhstrdmt l‟s wl suhemtooty rb t oltltoldn stdt(s) ol wom ot os bh os lt

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dl ds lr hl dl dsy tds. Qr ot s, w wun dnn h hemto, kr dt ngdst bumf bkrg sk. Ol pndmg kc tfg skbgwfdt obprdmtomdn dl` obprgmosg kpgllgss kr mrotomdn sgnc-mklsmokuslgss kctgl d`vkmdtg`, 46 O wkun` suaagst tfdt tfgrg os d mndr,, mlmrt stp tdt smndrs mndr s mndrs mdl td t muntodt d br mrotomdn prspmto5 kl tdt os obpno ol pror stuos, hut wom ds lt (t by lwn) otsn hl dhstrdmt ds sum. Hul ds w dr ol ltwrs kc rfgtkrom, wg mdllkt gdsony olvgltkry kur kwl prgsuppksotokls dl` onomdn hnolrs, mdstol tb  dl puroyol ur prspmto.4? Qg bdy, fkwgvgr, tfrkuaf strumturdn rgd`ola kc tfg `osmkursgs ol wfomf wg pdrtomopdt, olltry ur prmssrs‟ prsuppsotols dl s mb t d mrotomdn ostdlm l ur wl tru mbpdrosl. Pdt os t sdy, hy ulrstdlol t pdttrls  smndrny osmurs (ndlaug), ut  wom ur olooudn rsdrm ( pdrkngs) os lrdt, w mdl httr ulrstdl tfg fostkrogs wg mkbpksg dl` tfg oltgrprgtdtokls wg d`vdlmg. ]trumturdn sgboknkaomdn dldnysos os tfus d mrotomdn tkkn ckr hktf pkngs kc t oltrprtdto odnmtom. kl t l dl, ot dnnws l t osmrl t mklsostglmy dl` pgrpgtudn rgpnomdtokl kc bk`grl smfkndrny `osmkursgs kl Pdltrom Huosb dl s t prhnbdtoz dl ldturdnoz tb, rmlozol tor ostrtols dl dprod. kl t tr, ts bts dns bdy h us t blstrdt d mndr sbotomdn strumtur rdlozol t trdlsrsso nblts ol t Huost Pdltrds. Qrol Qrol rb tos hdsos, urtr dldnysos pls up ln dpprdms t t x qustol  t dmtudn prdmtom  ts trdlsrssols. P rsunts  ts olquoros, ol turl, sust d uldbltdn rosol  mrtdol brl oïs xs ml mrlol t smodn mltxts  Pdltrom Huosb ol Olod. Hr prmol, ot bdy h npun t sdy d wr r tw dhut t lblmndtur tdt wonn h us ol tos h. Ds t trb wonn h us ol wdt nnws, Pdltrom Huosb mbprls ts rbs  strom Huosb tdt dr lludnost ol tor mlmptudnozdtol  rotudn puroty dl` pknnutokl dl` drg, dmmkr`olany, dltolkbodl kr trdlsargssovg ol tfgor rotudn prdxos dl smropturdn osmurss. Qdt, tl, os strom Huosb; Pos xprssol ostoluoss ts rbs  Huosb tdt rquor d spmodn olotodtol rotudn t dutroz tor mltrdn prdmtom (xmnuol ts lt s olotodt rb dmmss t rotudn dl mtrol) dl dr tus gsktgrom 5 „@gsoalg` ckr, ckr, kr dpprkprodtg tk, dl ollgr mormng kc d`vdlmg` kr provongag` osmopns: mbbulomdt t, r oltnnoohn hy, t olotodt xmnusony.‒89 P strom Huost trdotols lmbpdss d droty  orlt suhbblts dl mtroldn dl rotudn olldtols wotol (probdrony

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BdĄyĄld, r hosdttd-rolt) Huosb, hollol ol t drnybo rst bonnlloub.84 Qotol strom Huosb, tr dr osmrlohn, mndr orlms rdrol dt ndst tw rbs  udnosb5 tdt htwl t ool dl t prdmtotoklgr dl` tfdt hgtwggl tfg purg dl` tfg obpurg. ]kbg ckrbs kc strom Huosb bdoltdol d uhny udnostom rotudn dl mtroldn pndtckrb ol wfomf, kl tfg klg fdl`, suhstdltodn dttgltokl os pdo` tk tfg bdoltgldlmg kc rotudn puroty rgadr`ola mkl`umt wotfol dl` wotfkut tfg rotgs, dl`, kl tfg ktfgr ktfgr,, tfg prdmtotoklgr rgndtgs tk tfg `ovolg ds pgtotoklgr, pgtotoklgr, oltgrnmutr, r olr, hut os lr olto wot t ool otsn. ktr rbs  strom Huosb hrd wl t udnosb htwl t prdmtotolr dl t ool‐dnnwol t prdmtotolr t dpt t oltoty  d ooloty r oolotos ol rotudn/botdto prdmtom‐yt lltnss ndy rndtony bdr strss upl t bdoltldlm  runs  rotudn puroty. puroty. coldnny,, tr rbs  strom Huosb‐ts tdt rb t probdry coldnny suhemt bdttr  tos h‐dr truny lludnostom olsdr ds ty rotudnny mknndpsg tfg `ostolmtokl hgtwggl tfg `ovolg dl` tfg fubdl dl` tdt htwl t pur dl t obpur. P sdmr smropturs  ts ndttr trdotols mb t h mdnn t BdĄyd („ardt _d‒) r _olĪ („cbdn _d Yrdmtotolr‒) Pdltrds: dl (ds os olt ol ur pordb crkb tfg ]dṍpuṢd Pdltr Pdltrdd) dmdt t nohrdt trdlsrssol lt lny kc tfg gltorg adbut kc puroty stromturgs ckul` ol tfg `udnostom trd`otokls  strom Huosb, hut  dnn t bst mltrdn omtdts  Huosb ol ots ltorty. Ol tus olmotol ondtol  stdhnos runs (ar, lkbko), ts trdotols dr dmmrolny smroh ds dltolbodl. Pu tr rbs  strom Huosb dns dtur txts mdnn Pdltrds dbl tor smropturgs, hgmdusg mkltgbpkrdry usdag fds dnrgd`y mklsporg` tk strgss tfg trdlsargssovg dspgmts kc tfgsg trd`otokls, tfgy wonn fgrgol hg `gsoaldt Pdltrom Huosb. kr t murs  sox mdptrs, tos h wonn drss  bder tpoms l wom smndrs d ddlm orlt ows mlmrlol Pdltrom Huosb5 ots rools, ostry, txtudn oltrprtdtol, rnoous prdmtom, dl smodn mltxt(s). Ydrt O, (fostrordpy) dldnyzs t osmurss us t rmlstrumt t rools dl ostry  Pdltrom Huosb, ol bk`grloty dl` ol trd`otokldn Ol`od. Mfdptgr 4 draugs tfdt tfgrg fds hggl d mklsostglt dl` kvgrwgglola mklmgrl ol bk`grl smfkndrsfop wotf nkmdtn kmdtol t rools  Huost Pdltrosb, dl tdt tos putdto rooldry bblt ds tl hl bd t sr ds t y t suhsqult oltr prtdtol  ts trdotols dl tor trdlsrsso osmurss. Pr

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drodlt rool tdns dr dhstrdmt5 Pdt Pdltrom Huosb os t prumt  d lrdtol  Huost brdnoty, tdt ot prsrs probrodn r probotovg rgnoaokus prdmtomgs, kr tfdt ot os gltorgny hkrrkwg` crkb mkltbprdlus ŕdoosb. gdm  ts bns wonn h tst ddolst t ddondhn olm dl t oldqudmy  dm dmmult wonn h bl strdtg`. Bkrg tgnnolany, ot wonn hg draug` tfdt dnn drg gssgltodnny dttgbpts tk gxpndol trdlsargssokl hy mklstrumtola d skmodn mkltgxt wotfol wfomf dltolbodl stdtblts bd sls. gtonomdn ostrordpy tdt ss xpndldtry purmds tru dppgdn tk kroaols, fkwgvgr, os lkt tfg klny bgtfk` kc fostkromdn gxpndldtokl usg` ol tfos rgadr`. Ldrrdtovg fostkrokardpfy os dlktfgr bk`g kc ostromdn xpndldtol, dl w turl t ts osmurss ol mdptr 8. Pos mdptr drsss Pdltrom Huosb ol ots ostromdn npblt, tdol d bgtdfostkromdn pgrspgmtovg kl bk`grl fostkrokardpfy, ots rfgtkrom, dl` ots ony. `rdwol l olsots  fdyl Qot l t rn  stm stkry ckrbs ol tfg mklstrumtokl kc fostkromdn dmmkults, tfos mfdptgr dldnyzs t tr prboldlt bs  ldrrdtol t ostry  Pdltrom Huosb‐ds t mlmnusol  Olodl Huosb, ds d probrodn hollola kc Ol`odl rgnoaokls, dl` ds d bg`ogvdn bo`pkolt ol d ndragr fostkromdn prkmgss. Dnn sumf ldrrdtovgs drg, O suaagst, ul`gr`gtgrbolg` hy tfg ostromdn dtd ty sr t rdloz5 Py dr mto, mltollt, dl olgsmdpdhny o`gknkaomdn prk`umts kc tfg oltgnngmtudn prdmtomg kc bk`grl smndrsop tdt dppdn t mbblny ddondhn bns rb t gur pdl notrdry obdoldtol t r dl oltrprtdto mltxt r Pdltrom trdlsrssol. P strumtur  ts rtroms wonn h dldnyz, dnl wotf tfgor rgndtoklsfop tk tfg bk`gs kc o`gknkaomdn obpnomdtokl tfdt tfgy lm5 tdt os, tor obpnomot „prsmroptols r tdol d psotol ol t prslt wrn  smodn prdxos dl dmtol upl ot.‒ ot.‒88 Mdptr = tds t ostrordpomdn osmussol urtr, rroltol t mrotoqu hy dldnyzol t ostromdn bns us hy ololus dutrs ol oltrprtol t ostry  tor wl trdotols. P ostromdn osmurss  Pdltrom Huosts wonn h swl t h bum br mbpnx tdl typomdnny ulrst, lmbpdssol d lubhr  stynoz ostromdn bktocs dl` `ostolmtovg ldrrdtovgs cdr hgykl` d sobpng dssgrtokl tfdt tfg Hud tdut tb. Ps drous ololus ostrordpomdn rbs dr nowos ol d btdostromdn dldnysos, sotudtol tb ol ndrr pdttrls  osmurso prdmtom wotol Huosb dl t hrdr mltxt kc mkltgbpkrdlgkus Ol`odl munturg. ]umf d pgrspgmtovg `gbklstrdtgs tdt, no brl ostrordpy, trdotoldn ostrordpy  strom

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OLPXk`WMPOkL

Huosb dobs t ltodt oltrprtdto qudldros tru ostromdn gxpndldtokl. Ydrt OO d`vdlmgs kvgr tfg mkursg kc tfrgg mfdptgrs d lgw oltgrprgtdtokl  Olodl Pdltrom Huosb dl ots trdlsrsso trdlsrsso dltolbodlosb, hrolol ln bs  dldnysos dl rs ponnomdn spd wr t hdr. Mdp tr 0 rs d rdol  t dltolbodl osmurss  Pdltrom Huost rotudn dl` smropturg, `gbklstrdtola tfdt tfgsg drg lgotfgr cunny notgrdn lkr truny urdto, ds ds prousny hl mndob. Dppnyol bts ut nol hy Xndl Hdrts t d mbprlso dldnysos  t Auydsdbed Pdltrd, O dru tdt t trdlsrssols  Pdltrom rotudn dl smroptur mlstotutg d ckrb kc mkllktdtovg sgboktoms. Ol tfos bk`g kc mkbbulomdtokl, d mbpnt sol ol ldturdn ndlud (ol tos mds, t solor”solo mbpnx  trdlsrssol dl rotudn pnnutol) ulmtols ds d solor ol d foafgr kr`gr munturdn `osmkursg. Dt tfos foafgr, pgrckrbdtovg ngvgn, tfg solo os t dttdolblt  t dn  ddlm Pdltrom prdmtom5 lludn lsos (d`vdydeôld). Pos dpprdm pros d lw nls r dpprmodtol t spostomdt systbs  solomdtol ulmtolol ol strom smroptur dl rotudn, dl d rdtr orlt rdbwr r rprsltol Pdltrom dltolbodlosb. Mdptr 7 ddlms t sbotomdn osmussol tru dltr b  txtudn mrotomosb5 d qudltotdto, strumturdn dldnysos  t mltxts  trdlsrssol dmrss d hrd rdl  dltolbodl Huost notrdtur. Pos mdptr olxs dl dldnyzs t rss dl dmmutrblts, pr smroh dl prsmroh hdors, sots, dl prrquosots  d mltrdn rotudn hsrdlm ds prslt ol r twlty Pdltrom smropturs, Huost dl ll-Huost. P rsunts blstrdt d rbdrdhn dmt dhut t Pdltrom trom notrdtur, ol wom mltxt t dst prtgrb mdry (prdmtom) ol Pdl prtol  t dltolbodlosb  t Pdltrom smropturs mmurs. cdr rb rprsltol strom prdmtom hrdny mlstru‐ds ot ds ulorbny hl tdl hy brl oltrprtrs‐strumturdn dldnysos rdns tdt mdry os ol dmt d trb  drt ol Pdltrom Huosb, rrrol t d ry spmom dl ony bdld dl mltxtudnoz rotudn hsrdlm (vrdtd), d rdro `osmopnolg rgsgrvg` ckr d sdmgr`ktdn gnotg. Mdptr 3 hrdls t ossu  oltrprtdtol dl prdmtom urtr, urtr, rdosol t qustol  t smodn mltxt(s) wotol wom Pdltrom Huosb uros. Pos mdptr drus tdt, dntu t rtromdn orlm  udnost (lltrdlsrsso, „olstotutoldn‒) dl lludnost (trdlsrsso, „sod‒) Pdltrom trdotols ds hl xpndol hy pstundtol tw ol`gpgl`glt mkbbulotogs, tfgrg os lk akk` rgdskl tk olcgr d skmoknkaomdn

Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn

OLPXk`WMPOkL � 4 = �

mngdvdag hdsg` kl d rfgtkromdn klg. Ol cdmt, tfg dvdondhng gvo`glmg mngdrny suaagsts tk tfg mkltrdry tfdt ot wds prgmosgny tfg munturdn bonogu kc tfg mklsgrvdtovg bkldstom olstotutokls crkb wfomf tfgsg rd`omdn bkvgbglts br. Pdt os, t trdlsrsso prdmtoms wr hy dl ndr t bïtor lt  bdroldn urs, hut  prssoldn Huosts wot bdolstrdb mlmrls, umdtols, dl olstotutoldn nmdtols. P smodn mltxt dl ulmtol  ts trdlsrssols rquor, trr, t h roltrprt, r wom t wr  Bdx anumbdl l rotudns  rhnnol susts d suotdhn rdbwr. Ol mlmnusol, ot wonn h rmdnn tdt‐dntu t sot ol oltrpr tdtokl suaagstg` fgrgol ruls dadolst tfg ardol kc bkst bk`grl smfkndrsop l Pdltrom Huosb‐d ry sobondr rroltdtol ds, ol dmt, dns tdl pndm ol mltbprdry smndrsop l t xtrom Huost trdotols  t BdĄyĄld. Ps, t, wr rooldnny obdol ds spd rdt, hrddwdy mbbulotos  ndy ppn utso t bly  t bkldstom olstotutokls. Lgw, bkrg mrotomdn stu`ogs, fkwgvgr, suaagst tfdt t rdomdn lw BdĄyĄld tdmols sobondrny np ol mlsrdto mlsrdto Huost mltrs. co polts  mbpdrosl htwl ts tw bns wonn h drtomundt dl d ros dpprdosdn  Pdltrom Huosb sust dmmkr`olany.

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