Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism -- Christian Wedemeyer
Comments
Content
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
OLPXk`WMPOkL
Śv-jd Śv -jdrkṭṢ rkṭṢrd-ad rd-ade`y e`y-dsṚ -dsṚjj pĪt pĪtv v bṍ bṍsgl sgldd hke hkedldṍ dldṍ lot lotydb ydb || oṭṢdṍ sdrvdvoŚgṭd-rdjtd-vonoptd-bdbṍsdṍ sdbdstd-jutsotd-bṍsdṍ prṁdjd-Śdtd-ndjṭd sdṍyujtdṍ sdṍyujt dṍ `ovydb | vdorkmdlglètopŪṢdṍ jĪṢd-Śdtdoḧ sobosobydbldṍ Śvldldrd-mmdr`otd-boŚrdb bṍsdṍ vderbhu-bdreoj-yujtdb | vdorkmdld-sdṍboŚrdṍ hkjtdvydṍ ykaolktsdoḧ | Fdvola `rulj `ka, `kljgy, mdbgn, dl` gngpfdlt hnkk`, klg sfkun` rgaundrny cgg` kl tgor gs. fubdl gs sbgdrg` wot tg hnkk` kc dnn spgmogs kc dlobdns os hgnkvg`. Gltorgny vong bgdt cunn kc bonnokls kc wkrbs os `ovolg. Bgdt rgl`grg` putro` hy sfot, sggtola wot ul`r ul`rg`s g`s kc bdaakts, bdaakts, boxg` wot `ka dl` ubdl vkbot, vkbot, wot d mkdtola mkdtola kc poss‐boxg` wot sot ot skun` hg gdtgl hy tg ykaol wot austk. 4 ‐]dṍpuṢd Pdltrd
prgsglts tk tfg fostkrodl kc rgnoaokls dl oltgrprtdto mlulrub. Ot os, t dnn dppdrdlms, d solomdlt hrdlm d bder wrn rnool‐l ws smropturs dl prdmtoms sprgd` crkb Ol`od dmrkss Dsod, mdpturola tfg bol`s, vkomgs, dl` pursgs bonnols ol Lpdn, Poht, Hutdl, Blnod, ]ro Ndld, Hdno, Mdbhod, Mold, dl Edpdl. Br rmltny, ts trdotols d hul t td rt ol rols ds dr-ul ds Xussod, t Wlot jolb, ]ut Dromd, dl Hrdzon. kl t tr dl, tor wosprd ppundroty sbs ortudnny olmkbprgfglsohng ol noaft kc tfg foafny khegmtokldhng cgdturgs kc mgrtdol tor smropturs dl rotudns. P motdtol rb t ]dṍpuṢd Pdltrd os d mndr mds ol polt5 Ot os omunt t obdol d br osustol dl `gard`g` vosokl kc sporotudn prdmtomg, ygt tfos pdssdag os ckul` ol klg kc
P
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
�8�
OLPXk`WMPOkL
t bst rspmt smropturs t strom Huost Ddbdltol Qdy (vderdyĄld). (v derdyĄld). Qdt sls mdl l bd d rnoous trdotol tdt sbs tk d`vkmdtg hgfdvokrs tfdt bkst sdlg fubdl hgolas wkun` mklso`gr dhgrrdlt (dt hst), o lt mroboldn r pdtnomdn; Pos prmos qustol wds ol dmt rdos r d mltury d ds brl stuos Pdltrom Huosb wr eust hollol. P bollt smndr ]dlsrot notrdtur, Xdelrdndn Botrd, wds ulrstdldhny truhn hy sobondr stdtgbglts ckul` ol tfg gvgl bkrg foafny-rgvgrg` Auydsdbed (Gsktgrom Mkbbuloty) Pdltrd. Col`ola tfgsg „dt klmg tfg bkst rgvkntola dl` rrohn tdt ubdl prdoty prdoty mun tol ,‒ ,‒ Botrd bpdtoz wot t bdly dbkla fos rgd`grs wfk boaft mklso`gr tfdt sumf tgdmfolas „wkun`, „wkun`, uhtnss, h hst trdt ds t rdols bdbl.‒ bdbl.‒ f mdutol, wr, tdt nnwol tos pdrtomundr oltrprtdto dlu‐ds dttrdmto dl olstolmtudn ds ot bot dt rst dppdr‐bdy h prbdtur olsdr ds tos sdb txt „os rml t h t sdmr smroptur bonnols oltnnolt ubdl hols.‒8 Dntu bum obprtdlt wr ds hl l ol t n Pdltrom stuos solm ts wrs wr rst wrottl, smndrs mltolu t stru n wot dl r mlomtol rsnutols t wdt w bot mdnn „Botrd‟s qudldry.‒= Dttgbpts ol tfos `orgmtokl drg mkbpnomdtg` hy tfg cdmt tfdt dnn wun-h oltrprtrs Pdltrom Huosb ol Olod bust ltodt d uldbltdn btnomdn mdnnl. ]tdtblts sum ds ts qut fgrg crkb tfg ]dṍpuṢd Pdltrd dppgdr ol tgxts tfdt drg fostkromdnny `osmkllgmtg` crkb tfg munturdn bonogu tfdt mrgdtg` dl` sustdolg` tfgb. ]mfkndrs t ostry Pdltrom Huosb, trr, bust tbsns rmlstrumt d munturdn mkltgxt wotfol wfomf tk oltgrprgt tfg `osmkursgs dl` prdmtomgs ckul` ol ots notgrdturg. Qotfkut dl olckrbola mkltgxt, ot os lkt dt dnn mngdr wfdt sumf smropturdn stdtgbglts boaft bgdl. Ckr olstdlmg, d stdt oleulmtol t (pdrl by crlm) „dt sot‒ mtony bdls quot ostolmt tols ol orlt mltxts. Ot bot, r olstdlm, h spl hy d akvgrlbglt kpgrdtovg gladag` ol tkrturola d prosklgr, ckrmola cgmgs olt os but ol dl rt t bdl dl osust ob dl tus hrd os sporot. kl t tr dl, ot bot h spl hy l stdrol mdstdwdy t dltr, npunny, sustol d sprdt bdls t std ulr ol t dhslm tr sustldlm. Ol dotol t ts br notrdn‐dnhot quot orlt‐usds, t sdb wrs bot dns h spl btdpromdnny (.., hy l rustrdt ror t dltr, xprssol t dlr dl dtr „rd rd‒). Eust ds dsony, ot bdy h spl hy l rol t dlktfgr ol egst, ol tfg mkursg kc pndycun butudn tgdsola.
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
OLPXk`WMPOkL � = �
Ql mlrlt wot Pdltrom Huost smropturs tdt sdy „dt sot,‒ t rsplsohn oltrprtr os nowos lt obbodtny mrtdol w ts wrs dr t h tdl. Ot os lmssdry rst t trbol t mun turdn bonogu ol wfomf tfgsg smropturgs dl` tfgor dsskmodtg` rotudns wgrg mrdt dl us. Pos, w wr r,, prslts dltr mdnnl t smndrny bt. Pr os ortudnny l olm hyl txtudn dmmults t tr bolg wfgl, wfgrg, wfy, kr hy wfkb tfgsg `osmkursgs wgrg usg` ol ndtg rst-bonnlloub Olod. Ol rr dqudtny t oltrprt ts smropturs, tfg fostkromdn mkltgxts kc tfgor drtomundtokl bust hg rgmklstrumtg`. Ol sk `kola, fkwgvgr, smfkndrs bust rgny probdrony kl tfg mkrpus kc smropturgs tbsns. Pus, ds ol dnn ostromdn olquory, olquory, t oltrprtdtol Pdltrom Huosb ol Olod uldodhny olns d mbpnx odnmtom mltlt dl mltxt5 P trdlsrsso stdtblts t Pdltrds dr oltrprt kl tfg hdsos kc dl obdaolg` mkltgxt, ygt tfdt mkltgxt mkltgxt os otsgnc tfg rgsunt kc pror oltrprtdtol t stdtblts. P mdnn ot d odnmtom os trr t h rdtr mdrotdhn, r sum bts rul rdt ros mbbottol t cdnndmy mormunus ol prkhdl`k, kr mormundr rgdsklola. gl tu, untobdtny, untobdtny, dly snutol wonn olotdhny h suhemt t sb sum nblt mormundroty‐hul ds dnn oltrprtrs dr ol t rb lutom mormn‐tr dr, O hno, bts dldnysos tdt pro rdtr purmds l t ldtur t solomdtols tdt mmur ol tos mbpnx mrpus notrdtur. Ol pdrtomundr, O hno tdt t bts r hy sbony d trblus prbos r stuos ol tos drd. Pos os s r tw rdsls. kl t l dl, sbonomdn prspmtos ol lrdn dnnkw argdtgr olsoaft oltk tfg ldturg kc `osmursovg soals dl` tfg mkbpngx usgs tk wfomf tfgy drg put ol d vdrogty kc skmodn mkltgxts. ]gboknkay, tfdt os, os t t‐dl tus xmns dt‐blstrdtol w ot os tdt (ds E. N. Dustol put ot) ppn „ tols wot wrs.‒0 Curtfgrbkrg, sgboknkaomdn dldnysos‐olsdr ds ot tls t mus dttltol l bdmrsmpom pdttrls solomdtol dmrss ltor txts r ndrr mrprd‐dnnws d bum br rgnodhng dl` ludlmg` dpprkdm dpprkdmf f tk oltgrprgtdtokl o ltgrprgtdtokl tfdl tfg bkrg oltuotovg, bomrsmpom dlu dlu tdt dttbpts t lrdnoz ormtny rb oltrprtdtols xprssols tdl olooudnny. olooudnny. Hy mbpdrol usds dmrss txts dl mrprd dl dldnyzol tor rndtols, sbony dnnws d rdtr dl bkrg sglsotovg dttgltokl tk tfg mkltgxts kc pdrtomundr gxprgssokls tfdl os pkssohng wotf d ngss systgbdtom dpprkdmf. dpprkdmf.7 Hr ts bts bdy h ruotunny dppno t t premt d`vdlmola dl dntgrldtovg rgmklstrumtokl kc tfg bgdlolas dl` mkltgxts Olodl Pdltrom Huosb, wr, d mrtdol dbult prpdrdtry
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
�0�
OLPXk`WMPOkL
wr os rquor ol rr t mndr t rul. Ol pdrtomundr, mrotomdn dttltol ls rst t h pdo t t oltrprtdto bns tdt d hl d`vdlmg` ol prgvokus smfkndrsfop, sk tfdt d lgw dpprkdmf bdy prkmgg` r lmubhrol dssubptols tdt d s strlny bdr dr nor dmmults. Pos os lmssdry olsdr ds tr ds np r t murs tw mlturos rsdrm d mlsostlt, blom, mtony dutlbus, dl sn-sustdolol ltwr smndrny osmurss l Pdltrom Huosb tdt dutrozs dl rolrms mrtdol wdys spdol dhkut dl` ktfgrwosg rgprgsgltola ot. Ol tfos rgspgmt, bk`grl `osmkursgs dhut Huost Pdltrosb dr sobondr t t plbll „kroltdnosb‒ ds osmuss hy gwdr ]do. Ol os wr, ]do wds mlmrl t onnus trdt oltr dnod t rbdrdhn „oltrldn mlsostlmy kroltdnosb dl ots ods dhut t krolt . . . spot r hyl dly mrrspllm, r ndm tr, wot d ‖rdn‟ krolt.‒3 Pdt os, lm mrtdol rtromdn trps hy wom t gdst bdy h rprslt d hmb dbonodr t gurpdl duolms, ty np d mrtdol dutroty. Py sul pndusohn‐ dnn tfg bkrg sk hgmdusg tfgy `rgw upkl dl` rg`gpnkyg` wgnn-trk``gl dl` dbonodr tbs ol t gurpdl ostromdn dl munturdn obdoldtol. Nowosg, tfg `osmkursgs usg` hy bk`grl smfkndrs ol rgd`ola tfg notgrdturg kc dl rmlstrumtol t ldtur dl ostry Pdltrom Huosb ospndy bum t sdb oltrldn, tdutnomdn mlsostlmy. mlsostlmy. P sdb nobot stm ods‐tl mum ol ldrny oltomdn ndlud‐rmurs md dtr `gmd`g ol lgw puhnomdtokls dl` os rdrgny suhegmtg` tk mrotomdn dldnysos kc ots kwl aglgdnkay. k probdry mlmrl ol tos rdr os lt brny smndrny rptotol r ruldlmy,, hut wdt bot h mdnn btnomdn snopsosb5 d ol ruldlmy „bprr‟s lw mnts‒ mt. P osmurss tdt mormundt ol t sm kl`dry notgrdturg mkl`otokl wfdt pgkpng sgg ol tfg probdry skurmgs. ]mfkndrs rgd` tfg sgmkl`dry notgrdturg hgckrg tfgy rgd` tfg probdry notgrdturg dl`, fdvola tfus hggl prgpdrg` hy tfg `osmursovg mkbbuloty tk sgg tfg bprr‟s mnts, dr trdtr prosps‐smodnoz‐t s t dtd ol not ts bns dl t rpnomdt tb ol tor wrotols. Pr os, ds ]do olomdt, d „mbpnx odnmtom rolrmblt‒ hy wom pror `osmkursgs mkl`otokl wfdt wg gxpgroglmg kc tfg `dtd prgsgltg` tk us, wfomf oltgrprgtdtokls tfgl curtfgr rgolckrmg kur mkbbotbglt tk tfksg vgry `osmkursgs.1 Yromtdhny, tl, lm t pdt wds hndz, t rd dmdbom rprsltdtols Olod dl Olodl Huosb quomny np solomdlt osmurso „ruts.‒ Eust ds ruts ol rdn rds mlstrdol t moms rors, osmurso ruts mlrlt dutrs wot d mom5 gotr
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
OLPXk`WMPOkL � 7 �
cknnkw tfg ruts, dl` dmmgpt tfg skbgtobgs prkhngbdtomdn oltgrprgtdtovg ro ty r, r ros „hrdol l‟s dxn‒ (ol t rb olmbprlsol t txts r, wrs, nss dmdbom rmlotol dl prsto) ol sol t trdn utso tb. Mfdptgrs 4 dl` 8 drg tfus `gvktg` tk mrotomdnny rgdssgssola tfg fostkrordpy Olodl Pdltrom Huosb, oltoyol dl ldol y „ruts‒ ol ts osmurso prdmtoms. Pos mus l t bns dl oltnngmtudn strumturgs tfdt olckrb tfg wrotola kc fostkry os lgmgssdry olskcdr ds ot os prgmosgny vod tfg `osmkursgs kc fostkry tfdt smfkndrs fdvg skuaft tk rsn Botrd‟s qudldry‐t „bd sls‒ Pdltrom Huosb. Pr rmur truut t smndrny notrdtur stynoz bs osmurs mlmrlol t rools dl ostry strom Huosb. Ps drous smndrny mlstrumts‐dntu mdst ol ostromdn oobs‐dr ssltodnny oltrprtdto5 Ol l wdy r dltr, ty dnn ulmtol t dmmult r t trdlsrsso osmurss dl prdmtoms ul ol t Pdltrds. Dnn t bst mbbl bns r rprsltol t ostry Pdltrom Huosb xost ds dttbpts t bd sls t rdomdn, trdlsrsso dturs ts trdotols. Py dnn s, urtrbr, hy sustol (obpnomotny r xpnomotny) d smodn mltxt wotol wom ts npblts dr tut t h mbprlsohn. Pdt os, t rtroms t rools Pdltrosb dl` ldrrdtovgs kc ots fostkry drg cul`dbgltdnny `rovgl hy tfg lgg` tk prko dl oltrprtdto rdbwr r munturdn dldnysos dl ty tos hy drauola ol`orgmtny ckr tfg skmodn mkltgxt wotfol wfomf tfgsg prdmtomgs drg t d tdl pndm. fostrordpy wdtr srt‐tonomdn r ldrrdto‐dnwdys olns bdol sls ots hemt. Ds Bdrm Hnm ds hsr, „P ldturg kc kur oltgnnoaglmg os sumf tfdt ot os stobundtg` cdr ngss hy tfg wonn tk lw tdl hy t wonn t ulrstdl.‒ 6 P prumtol br dltoqudrodl dtd os lt ol otsn d unny smndrny (r oltnnmtudnny sdtosyol) pre mt. fubdl hols s t ulrstdl‐t bd sls ‐tor wrn. Ot os prmosny t purps ostrordpy t td d st dtd dl nl ot bdlol dl mrlm. fostrordpy os dnwdys dl dmt bdol sls olsdr ds ot hrols rr dl (mlsqultny) bdlol t lts.? Ds Xndl Hdrts wrots5 P ostrodl os lt s bum d mnnmtr dmts ds d mnnmtr dl rndtr solors: tdt os t sdy, rdlozs tb wot t purps stdh nosol d psoto bdlol dl nnol t dmuub pur, bdlolnss sgrogs.49
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
�3�
OLPXk`WMPOkL
Ot os obpssohn r d prpr ostry lt t oltrprt ots suhemt‐lt t bd ot olt sbtol‐t trdlsrb osndt lts tru dl dmt obdaoldtovg mrgdtokl oltk d prkmgss tfdt mdl hg ardspg` hy tfg rgd`gr ds d mkfgrglt khegmt kc ul`grstdl`ola. Pos mrumodn dmt os dmmbpnos tru wdt ostrodls mdnn mlmptudnozdtol‐t hrolol mrlm t t ostromdn drmo hy ol toyol dl rdlozol prolmopn r tb. Pos, murs, olns usol rfgtkrom tk euxtdpksg twk kr bkrg tfolas, wotf tfg dob kc onnuboldtola tfg suhemt bdttr tru mbpdrosl, bpnyol, ds Lotzsm put ot, „d bdhn st btdprs, btlybos, ZdlR dltrpbrposbs.‒ 44 Pos os dmmbpnos hy tdt dspmt smndrny wrotol tdt Xldn Oll ds trb t „mbbltdto‒‐tdt wom, dh dl hyl tfg `gsmroptokl kc tgxts dl` tfgor mkltgxts, rgprgsglts rgprgsglts „ots suhegmt-bdttgr ds sbtol.‒48 Pus, t wrot d ostry os dnwdys t oltrprt d munturdn prdmtomg dl`, tfus, dnwdys tk trdlsckrb tfg suhegmt, rgprgsgltola tfg ullwl ds r ol t rb sbtol lwl. Ol oltrprtol t Pdltrom trdotols, brl smndrs d put rwdr d lubhr sum mlmptudnozdtols. P rb ts rmlstrum tols d lrdnny tdl os dl dttbpt t osmrl t rools dl/r t mlstrumt d ldrrdto Pdltrom Huosb tdt sotudts ot wotol d ostromdn prmss. Dnn t snutols r, wr, d l mrumodn dtur ol mbbl5 Py dnn mlmur tdt, untobdtny, trdlsrssol ol Olodl strom Huosb s lt ol dmt bd sls. Py s hy nmdtol dltolbodl prdmtoms dl osmurss (ostromdnny) ol smodn mltgxts wfgrgol tfgy dppgdr ds gxprgssokls kc gotfgr dlobdn obpunsgs, proboto bltdnoty/suprstotol, r brny sndos obotdtol. Pdt os, Pdltrom trdlsargssokl os dsmrohg` tk orrdtokldn kr drdtokldn obpunsgs, ckr wfomf curtfgr gxpndldtokl os lgotfgr lgmgssdry lkr pkssohng. ]umf dl d`eu`omdtokl tfus sgrvgs tk dhsknvg smfkndrs kc tfg rgspklsohonoty tk mklcrklt t omunt mdnnls munturdn oltrprtdtol5 klm ot ds hl bd, oltrrdtol mdss. Botrd‟s qudldry os rsn hy d dn-bdsur‐lt tfg rdvolas kc bd`bgl pgrfdps, hut ol tfg gl` tfksg kc tfg oalkrdlt, tfg sbo-moonoz, r t bobom/dp. Mltrdrowos, O hno ot os ht pssohn dl lmssdry t bd sls t trdlsrsso osmurss t Huost Pdl Pdltrds, trds, dl tdt tos mdl hg dmmkbpnosfg` hy gbpnkyola sgboknkaomdn bgtfk`s. Ds bgltoklg` gdrnor,, sbony os uloquny wnn-pndm t dmonotdt tos ddlm, olsdr ds nor ot os tfg smoglmg `g`omdtg` `g`o mdtg` tk ul`grstdl`ola nolauostom soals ol tfgor skmodn dspmt:4= dl, urtr, (ol ots strumturdn rb) sum dldnysos os spmodnny
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
OLPXk`WMPOkL � 1 �
dttulg` tk tfg mfdnnglags kc oltgrprgtola tfg usg kc soals dmrkss ndrag mkrprd mublts (sum ds t Huost Pdltrds). Xdtr tdl oltrprtol stdtblts mlsor spdrdtny‐dl tus mll t t nn tor stlso r obbodtny bdlost mltlt‐strumturdn dldnysos pdttgrls kc usdag `osmgrlohng dmrkss d suhstdltodn mkrpus kc notgrdturg bdy hg kc olgstobdhng do` ol rgmklstrumtola tfg bgdlolas kc pdrtomundr soals wotol t ndrr systb(s) sdr mlltols wotol wom ty hmb bdlolun. Wsol ts bts ol mlmrt, t tds rmlstrumtol t munturdn mltxts Pdltrom trdlsrssol trdlsrssol bdy tl prm p rm kl d bkrg sgmurg sg murg ckktola. Xndl Hdrts, w mltrohut s botony t ur ulrstdlol kc rfgtkrom, ots usgs dl` mkllktdtokls, fds wrottgl kc strumturdn dldnysos tdt ots „mlstdlt dob ZosR t bdstr t olloty uttrdlms Z pdrkngsR hy smrohol t ‖ndlud‟ Z‖ndlaug‟R wom ty dr t prumts dl rb wom ty mdl h h lrdt. lrdt .‒‒40 Pdt os t sdy, sdy, hol t orsoty o rsoty pdrkngs), tr dr osmrlohn pdttrls rtrom olooudn uttrdlms ( pdrkngs tfdt drg susmgptohng tk dldnysos dl` tfdt dnnkw us tk agt skbg purmfdsg kl t ndrr systb solomdtol (ndlaug) ol wom ts uttrdlms bd sglsg.47 klm t lrdn systb os rdsp, tos tl urtr olrbs ur ulrstdlol t mbpnx solomdtols tdt td pndm ol dm olo vo`udn olstdlmg kc mkbbulomdtokl, dnnkwola d romfgr dldnysos. Ardbbdr os d sobpn xdbpn tos. Hy smrohol t pdttrls noluostom usd, lrdn runs bdy h dhstrdmt. Hy oltoyol w ts runs pndy ut ol olooudn xprssols, d br mbpnt dldnysos t spmom olstdlmg hgmkbgs pkssohng. Ardbbdr os, kc mkursg, klny tfg bkst hdsom kc sum systbs. ]bony tds ds ots hemt t ndrr dl oltrsmtol systbs solomdtol tdt td pndm sobuntdlusny wot rdbbdtomdn rgcgrglmg kr sobpng `glktdtokl. Ol d``otokl tk tfg ndlaug kc ndlaudag otsgnc tfgrg drg ndlaugs prpr t drous bdols munturdn prdmtom5 typs osmurss r ltwrs drtomundtol tdt hmb dhotudt r tob wfomf drg susmgptohng tk sgboktomdn dldnysos. Ol d sls, t tw pdrts tos h s s t dppny sum dldnysos t tw ostolmt mrprd notrdtur. P ssdys ol pdrt O oltrrdt t mrprd brl dl trdotoldn osmurss l t rools dl ostry Pdltrom Huosb (qud pdrkngs) ol dl dttbpt t osmrl t ndrr mlturs, r ndlaug, crkb wfomf tfgy fdvg hggl aglgrdtg` dl` tfdt ngl` tfgb mkfgrlm. Py dldnyz t wdys ol wom brl smndrs d dttbpt t bd sls ts trdotols tru spmundtols ds t tor rools dl tru ldrrdtol tor ostry. Pos olstodtol wonn blstrdt
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
�6�
OLPXk`WMPOkL
wdt os rdnny dt std ol sum brl ostrordpy, ostrordpy, hy sotudtol s otudtol smndrsop l Pdltrom Huosb wotol t ndrr mltxt brl os murss l munturdn rools dl ostry (mdptrs 4 dl 8) dl hy urtr mkbpdrola tfgsg bk`grl prdmtomgs wotf tfg fostkrokardpfomdn prdmtomg kc t Huost Pdltrom trdotols tbsns (mdptr =). Ydrt OO sfocts dttgltokl tk tfg sgboknkaomdn pdttgrls kc tfg rotudn prdmtomgs dl smropturdn osmurss Pdltrom Huosb otsn ol rr sobondrny t `osmgrl tfg suhtgl`ola strumturg wotfol wfomf tfgsg trdlsargssov trdlsargssovgg stdtgblts dl prdmtoms tbsns bd sls. Ps mdptrs blstrdt tdt, tru sbonomdn dl strumturdn dldnysos, l mdl bd sls tdt dspmt t Huost Pdltrds tdt ds prl bst oltrdmtdhn r brl wrotrs‐t dltolbodl osmurss (mdptr 0) dl prdmtoms (mdptr 7) t BdĄyd dl _olĪ Pdltrds‐rol lw dlswrs t t qustol w l bds sls d rnoous trdotol tdt ds sb dt ndst puzznol, o lt wlrot llslsomdn, proboto, dl/ kr orrdtokldn. ]umf dl oltgrprgtdtovg rgdnoalbglt olvotgs dl` gldhngs d curtfgr rgdssgssbglt kc tfg ndragr ossug kc tfg skmodn nkmdtokl kc tfgsg trdotols (mdptr 3). P uhn ltlr Bdjola ]glsg kc Pdltrom Hu``fosb tus rmts wdt bot h mdnn t h‟s obpnomot btnomdn r (dtr Mnnolw‟s Mnnolw‟s usd) ponspomdn premt. Dl dpprdm tdt „lr sobpny tols dhut dl hemt,‒ hut „dnwdys, won tolol dhut dly hemt, tols dns dhut ots wl tut dhut tdt hemt.‒ 43 P dob os t mlsor lt brny t hemt otsn (Olodl Pdltrom Huosb), r snny t trtomdn rdbwrs hy wom smndrs mb t ulrstdl ot, hut t rdppn wot ts tw ol tor butudn rndtol. Hy s ol, t dn os t bd hktf d mrotomdn oltgrvgltokl o ltgrvgltokl oltk smfkndrny bgtfk` dl` d mklstrumtovg mkltrohutokl tk tfg oltgrprgtdtokl kc ots khegmt. Ol d sglsg, tfos bgtfk` kc mrotomdn dttgltokl tk tfg strumturg kc rtrom‐ol trbs t suhemt dl t hemt smndrny rsdrm‐ rgprgsglts d prdmtomdn sknutokl tk tfg mfdnnglag rdosg` hy skbg mkltbprdry mrotoms ol t ubdl smolms. Pdt os, bdly dmdts mkltgbpkrdry mrotomdn tfgkry, tfgkry, wfgl mklcrkltg` wotf systgbom prkhngbs munturdn oltrprtdtol‐strumturol prsuppsotols, rdol ol l‟s wl munturdn xpmtdtols (wdt ds hl mdnn ossos41), kroltdnosb, dl t no‐rmbbl n o‐rmbbl ds d wdy rwdr tdt smndrs xrmos d mrotomdn sn-dwdrlss tor wl prsuppsotols. Pos mdl h rdtr d mdnnlol tds, wr. P xtrdmt dl dhstrdmt l‟s wl suhemtooty rb t oltltoldn stdt(s) ol wom ot os bh os lt
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
OLPXk`WMPOkL � ? �
dl ds lr hl dl dsy tds. Qr ot s, w wun dnn h hemto, kr dt ngdst bumf bkrg sk. Ol pndmg kc tfg skbgwfdt obprdmtomdn dl` obprgmosg kpgllgss kr mrotomdn sgnc-mklsmokuslgss kctgl d`vkmdtg`, 46 O wkun` suaagst tfdt tfgrg os d mndr,, mlmrt stp tdt smndrs mndr s mndrs mdl td t muntodt d br mrotomdn prspmto5 kl tdt os obpno ol pror stuos, hut wom ds lt (t by lwn) otsn hl dhstrdmt ds sum. Hul ds w dr ol ltwrs kc rfgtkrom, wg mdllkt gdsony olvgltkry kur kwl prgsuppksotokls dl` onomdn hnolrs, mdstol tb dl puroyol ur prspmto.4? Qg bdy, fkwgvgr, tfrkuaf strumturdn rgd`ola kc tfg `osmkursgs ol wfomf wg pdrtomopdt, olltry ur prmssrs‟ prsuppsotols dl s mb t d mrotomdn ostdlm l ur wl tru mbpdrosl. Pdt os t sdy, hy ulrstdlol t pdttrls smndrny osmurs (ndlaug), ut wom ur olooudn rsdrm ( pdrkngs) os lrdt, w mdl httr ulrstdl tfg fostkrogs wg mkbpksg dl` tfg oltgrprgtdtokls wg d`vdlmg. ]trumturdn sgboknkaomdn dldnysos os tfus d mrotomdn tkkn ckr hktf pkngs kc t oltrprtdto odnmtom. kl t l dl, ot dnnws l t osmrl t mklsostglmy dl` pgrpgtudn rgpnomdtokl kc bk`grl smfkndrny `osmkursgs kl Pdltrom Huosb dl s t prhnbdtoz dl ldturdnoz tb, rmlozol tor ostrtols dl dprod. kl t tr, ts bts dns bdy h us t blstrdt d mndr sbotomdn strumtur rdlozol t trdlsrsso nblts ol t Huost Pdltrds. Qrol Qrol rb tos hdsos, urtr dldnysos pls up ln dpprdms t t x qustol t dmtudn prdmtom ts trdlsrssols. P rsunts ts olquoros, ol turl, sust d uldbltdn rosol mrtdol brl oïs xs ml mrlol t smodn mltxts Pdltrom Huosb ol Olod. Hr prmol, ot bdy h npun t sdy d wr r tw dhut t lblmndtur tdt wonn h us ol tos h. Ds t trb wonn h us ol wdt nnws, Pdltrom Huosb mbprls ts rbs strom Huosb tdt dr lludnost ol tor mlmptudnozdtol rotudn puroty dl` pknnutokl dl` drg, dmmkr`olany, dltolkbodl kr trdlsargssovg ol tfgor rotudn prdxos dl smropturdn osmurss. Qdt, tl, os strom Huosb; Pos xprssol ostoluoss ts rbs Huosb tdt rquor d spmodn olotodtol rotudn t dutroz tor mltrdn prdmtom (xmnuol ts lt s olotodt rb dmmss t rotudn dl mtrol) dl dr tus gsktgrom 5 „@gsoalg` ckr, ckr, kr dpprkprodtg tk, dl ollgr mormng kc d`vdlmg` kr provongag` osmopns: mbbulomdt t, r oltnnoohn hy, t olotodt xmnusony.‒89 P strom Huost trdotols lmbpdss d droty orlt suhbblts dl mtroldn dl rotudn olldtols wotol (probdrony
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
�49�
OLPXk`WMPOkL
BdĄyĄld, r hosdttd-rolt) Huosb, hollol ol t drnybo rst bonnlloub.84 Qotol strom Huosb, tr dr osmrlohn, mndr orlms rdrol dt ndst tw rbs udnosb5 tdt htwl t ool dl t prdmtotoklgr dl` tfdt hgtwggl tfg purg dl` tfg obpurg. ]kbg ckrbs kc strom Huosb bdoltdol d uhny udnostom rotudn dl mtroldn pndtckrb ol wfomf, kl tfg klg fdl`, suhstdltodn dttgltokl os pdo` tk tfg bdoltgldlmg kc rotudn puroty rgadr`ola mkl`umt wotfol dl` wotfkut tfg rotgs, dl`, kl tfg ktfgr ktfgr,, tfg prdmtotoklgr rgndtgs tk tfg `ovolg ds pgtotoklgr, pgtotoklgr, oltgrnmutr, r olr, hut os lr olto wot t ool otsn. ktr rbs strom Huosb hrd wl t udnosb htwl t prdmtotolr dl t ool‐dnnwol t prdmtotolr t dpt t oltoty d ooloty r oolotos ol rotudn/botdto prdmtom‐yt lltnss ndy rndtony bdr strss upl t bdoltldlm runs rotudn puroty. puroty. coldnny,, tr rbs strom Huosb‐ts tdt rb t probdry coldnny suhemt bdttr tos h‐dr truny lludnostom olsdr ds ty rotudnny mknndpsg tfg `ostolmtokl hgtwggl tfg `ovolg dl` tfg fubdl dl` tdt htwl t pur dl t obpur. P sdmr smropturs ts ndttr trdotols mb t h mdnn t BdĄyd („ardt _d‒) r _olĪ („cbdn _d Yrdmtotolr‒) Pdltrds: dl (ds os olt ol ur pordb crkb tfg ]dṍpuṢd Pdltr Pdltrdd) dmdt t nohrdt trdlsrssol lt lny kc tfg gltorg adbut kc puroty stromturgs ckul` ol tfg `udnostom trd`otokls strom Huosb, hut dnn t bst mltrdn omtdts Huosb ol ots ltorty. Ol tus olmotol ondtol stdhnos runs (ar, lkbko), ts trdotols dr dmmrolny smroh ds dltolbodl. Pu tr rbs strom Huosb dns dtur txts mdnn Pdltrds dbl tor smropturgs, hgmdusg mkltgbpkrdry usdag fds dnrgd`y mklsporg` tk strgss tfg trdlsargssovg dspgmts kc tfgsg trd`otokls, tfgy wonn fgrgol hg `gsoaldt Pdltrom Huosb. kr t murs sox mdptrs, tos h wonn drss bder tpoms l wom smndrs d ddlm orlt ows mlmrlol Pdltrom Huosb5 ots rools, ostry, txtudn oltrprtdtol, rnoous prdmtom, dl smodn mltxt(s). Ydrt O, (fostrordpy) dldnyzs t osmurss us t rmlstrumt t rools dl ostry Pdltrom Huosb, ol bk`grloty dl` ol trd`otokldn Ol`od. Mfdptgr 4 draugs tfdt tfgrg fds hggl d mklsostglt dl` kvgrwgglola mklmgrl ol bk`grl smfkndrsfop wotf nkmdtn kmdtol t rools Huost Pdltrosb, dl tdt tos putdto rooldry bblt ds tl hl bd t sr ds t y t suhsqult oltr prtdtol ts trdotols dl tor trdlsrsso osmurss. Pr
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
OLPXk`WMPOkL � 4 4 �
drodlt rool tdns dr dhstrdmt5 Pdt Pdltrom Huosb os t prumt d lrdtol Huost brdnoty, tdt ot prsrs probrodn r probotovg rgnoaokus prdmtomgs, kr tfdt ot os gltorgny hkrrkwg` crkb mkltbprdlus ŕdoosb. gdm ts bns wonn h tst ddolst t ddondhn olm dl t oldqudmy dm dmmult wonn h bl strdtg`. Bkrg tgnnolany, ot wonn hg draug` tfdt dnn drg gssgltodnny dttgbpts tk gxpndol trdlsargssokl hy mklstrumtola d skmodn mkltgxt wotfol wfomf dltolbodl stdtblts bd sls. gtonomdn ostrordpy tdt ss xpndldtry purmds tru dppgdn tk kroaols, fkwgvgr, os lkt tfg klny bgtfk` kc fostkromdn gxpndldtokl usg` ol tfos rgadr`. Ldrrdtovg fostkrokardpfy os dlktfgr bk`g kc ostromdn xpndldtol, dl w turl t ts osmurss ol mdptr 8. Pos mdptr drsss Pdltrom Huosb ol ots ostromdn npblt, tdol d bgtdfostkromdn pgrspgmtovg kl bk`grl fostkrokardpfy, ots rfgtkrom, dl` ots ony. `rdwol l olsots fdyl Qot l t rn stm stkry ckrbs ol tfg mklstrumtokl kc fostkromdn dmmkults, tfos mfdptgr dldnyzs t tr prboldlt bs ldrrdtol t ostry Pdltrom Huosb‐ds t mlmnusol Olodl Huosb, ds d probrodn hollola kc Ol`odl rgnoaokls, dl` ds d bg`ogvdn bo`pkolt ol d ndragr fostkromdn prkmgss. Dnn sumf ldrrdtovgs drg, O suaagst, ul`gr`gtgrbolg` hy tfg ostromdn dtd ty sr t rdloz5 Py dr mto, mltollt, dl olgsmdpdhny o`gknkaomdn prk`umts kc tfg oltgnngmtudn prdmtomg kc bk`grl smndrsop tdt dppdn t mbblny ddondhn bns rb t gur pdl notrdry obdoldtol t r dl oltrprtdto mltxt r Pdltrom trdlsrssol. P strumtur ts rtroms wonn h dldnyz, dnl wotf tfgor rgndtoklsfop tk tfg bk`gs kc o`gknkaomdn obpnomdtokl tfdt tfgy lm5 tdt os, tor obpnomot „prsmroptols r tdol d psotol ol t prslt wrn smodn prdxos dl dmtol upl ot.‒ ot.‒88 Mdptr = tds t ostrordpomdn osmussol urtr, rroltol t mrotoqu hy dldnyzol t ostromdn bns us hy ololus dutrs ol oltrprtol t ostry tor wl trdotols. P ostromdn osmurss Pdltrom Huosts wonn h swl t h bum br mbpnx tdl typomdnny ulrst, lmbpdssol d lubhr stynoz ostromdn bktocs dl` `ostolmtovg ldrrdtovgs cdr hgykl` d sobpng dssgrtokl tfdt tfg Hud tdut tb. Ps drous ololus ostrordpomdn rbs dr nowos ol d btdostromdn dldnysos, sotudtol tb ol ndrr pdttrls osmurso prdmtom wotol Huosb dl t hrdr mltxt kc mkltgbpkrdlgkus Ol`odl munturg. ]umf d pgrspgmtovg `gbklstrdtgs tdt, no brl ostrordpy, trdotoldn ostrordpy strom
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
�48�
OLPXk`WMPOkL
Huosb dobs t ltodt oltrprtdto qudldros tru ostromdn gxpndldtokl. Ydrt OO d`vdlmgs kvgr tfg mkursg kc tfrgg mfdptgrs d lgw oltgrprgtdtokl Olodl Pdltrom Huosb dl ots trdlsrsso trdlsrsso dltolbodlosb, hrolol ln bs dldnysos dl rs ponnomdn spd wr t hdr. Mdp tr 0 rs d rdol t dltolbodl osmurss Pdltrom Huost rotudn dl` smropturg, `gbklstrdtola tfdt tfgsg drg lgotfgr cunny notgrdn lkr truny urdto, ds ds prousny hl mndob. Dppnyol bts ut nol hy Xndl Hdrts t d mbprlso dldnysos t Auydsdbed Pdltrd, O dru tdt t trdlsrssols Pdltrom rotudn dl smroptur mlstotutg d ckrb kc mkllktdtovg sgboktoms. Ol tfos bk`g kc mkbbulomdtokl, d mbpnt sol ol ldturdn ndlud (ol tos mds, t solor”solo mbpnx trdlsrssol dl rotudn pnnutol) ulmtols ds d solor ol d foafgr kr`gr munturdn `osmkursg. Dt tfos foafgr, pgrckrbdtovg ngvgn, tfg solo os t dttdolblt t dn ddlm Pdltrom prdmtom5 lludn lsos (d`vdydeôld). Pos dpprdm pros d lw nls r dpprmodtol t spostomdt systbs solomdtol ulmtolol ol strom smroptur dl rotudn, dl d rdtr orlt rdbwr r rprsltol Pdltrom dltolbodlosb. Mdptr 7 ddlms t sbotomdn osmussol tru dltr b txtudn mrotomosb5 d qudltotdto, strumturdn dldnysos t mltxts trdlsrssol dmrss d hrd rdl dltolbodl Huost notrdtur. Pos mdptr olxs dl dldnyzs t rss dl dmmutrblts, pr smroh dl prsmroh hdors, sots, dl prrquosots d mltrdn rotudn hsrdlm ds prslt ol r twlty Pdltrom smropturs, Huost dl ll-Huost. P rsunts blstrdt d rbdrdhn dmt dhut t Pdltrom trom notrdtur, ol wom mltxt t dst prtgrb mdry (prdmtom) ol Pdl prtol t dltolbodlosb t Pdltrom smropturs mmurs. cdr rb rprsltol strom prdmtom hrdny mlstru‐ds ot ds ulorbny hl tdl hy brl oltrprtrs‐strumturdn dldnysos rdns tdt mdry os ol dmt d trb drt ol Pdltrom Huosb, rrrol t d ry spmom dl ony bdld dl mltxtudnoz rotudn hsrdlm (vrdtd), d rdro `osmopnolg rgsgrvg` ckr d sdmgr`ktdn gnotg. Mdptr 3 hrdls t ossu oltrprtdtol dl prdmtom urtr, urtr, rdosol t qustol t smodn mltxt(s) wotol wom Pdltrom Huosb uros. Pos mdptr drus tdt, dntu t rtromdn orlm udnost (lltrdlsrsso, „olstotutoldn‒) dl lludnost (trdlsrsso, „sod‒) Pdltrom trdotols ds hl xpndol hy pstundtol tw ol`gpgl`glt mkbbulotogs, tfgrg os lk akk` rgdskl tk olcgr d skmoknkaomdn
Mkpyroaftg` Bdtgrodn
OLPXk`WMPOkL � 4 = �
mngdvdag hdsg` kl d rfgtkromdn klg. Ol cdmt, tfg dvdondhng gvo`glmg mngdrny suaagsts tk tfg mkltrdry tfdt ot wds prgmosgny tfg munturdn bonogu kc tfg mklsgrvdtovg bkldstom olstotutokls crkb wfomf tfgsg rd`omdn bkvgbglts br. Pdt os, t trdlsrsso prdmtoms wr hy dl ndr t bïtor lt bdroldn urs, hut prssoldn Huosts wot bdolstrdb mlmrls, umdtols, dl olstotutoldn nmdtols. P smodn mltxt dl ulmtol ts trdlsrssols rquor, trr, t h roltrprt, r wom t wr Bdx anumbdl l rotudns rhnnol susts d suotdhn rdbwr. Ol mlmnusol, ot wonn h rmdnn tdt‐dntu t sot ol oltrpr tdtokl suaagstg` fgrgol ruls dadolst tfg ardol kc bkst bk`grl smfkndrsop l Pdltrom Huosb‐d ry sobondr rroltdtol ds, ol dmt, dns tdl pndm ol mltbprdry smndrsop l t xtrom Huost trdotols t BdĄyĄld. Ps, t, wr rooldnny obdol ds spd rdt, hrddwdy mbbulotos ndy ppn utso t bly t bkldstom olstotutokls. Lgw, bkrg mrotomdn stu`ogs, fkwgvgr, suaagst tfdt t rdomdn lw BdĄyĄld tdmols sobondrny np ol mlsrdto mlsrdto Huost mltrs. co polts mbpdrosl htwl ts tw bns wonn h drtomundt dl d ros dpprdosdn Pdltrom Huosb sust dmmkr`olany.
Sponsor Documents