Maritime Law
Content
12/11/2014
Maritime Law #3 Dr. Eng. Trika Pitana Program Double Degree Teknik Sistem Perkapalan
Outlines: 1. A Ship 2. Nationality and Registration
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Why it is neccessary to define a ship • Definition of ship is relating to the governed regulation.
Definition and Characteristic • No universal definition of a ship provided either by the domestic legistlation or by any source of international maritime law. • A ship is defined as any self propelled sea going vessel used ini international sea borned trade for the transport of goods, passengers, or both with exception of vessel less that 500 GRT (United Nation Convention on Condition for Registration of Ship, 1986) (For the purpose of ship registration)
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Definition and Characteristic #2 • Any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea ( The Hague Visby Rules) • Any sea going vessel and seaborne craft of at type whatsoever constructed or adapted for the carriage of oil in bulk as cargo provided that a ship capable of carrying oil and other cargoes shall be regarded as a ship only when is actually carrying in bulk as cargoe and during any voyage following suc carriage unless it is proved that it has no residue of such carriage of oil in bulk a board (Internation Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution, 1984)
Definition and Characteristic #3 • Vessels means any ships or craft or any structure capable of navigation (Intenational Convention on Salvage, 1989) • A ship means any vessel mechanically propelled registered in a teritory for which the convention is in force, engage in the trasnport of cargo or passenger for the purpose of trade, engage in a voyage at sea (in most maritime labour convention)
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The charactiristic feature of a vessel • Traditional meaning, A ship is a floating structure with its floating capacity partly due to hollow construction. • The construction must be intended for, and be capable of, moving on or throught water. • The construction must have a certain minimum dimension. • The purpose for which it is constructed and rge business in which it is engaged.
Considered Factors • Whether the strcuture is designed to be mobile and capable of transportation across the water; • Whether it is subject to the common perils of the sea. • Whether it is designed to be permanently fixed in position. • Whether vessel status is consistent with statutory or other policy consideration.
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Definition and Characteristic • UU no 17 tahun 2008, ttg Pelayaran: Kapal adalah kendaraan air dengan bentuk dan jenis tertentu, yang digerakkan dengan tenaga angin, tenaga mekanik, energi lainnya, ditarik atau ditunda, termasuk kendaraan yang berdaya dukung dinamis, kendaraan di bawah permukaan air, serta alat apung dan bangunan terapung yang tidak berpindah-pindah.
Problems • Floating structure ?? • Hover craft ?? (she could be operated in land and water) • WIG (Wing in Ground), it looks like a air plane rather that a ship. It mostly proceeds in air rather that in water.
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Nationality and Registration of a ship
General Remark “Nationality serves above all to determine that the person upon whom it is conferred enjoys the rights and is bound by the obligations which the law of the state in question grants to or imposes on its nationals ..”
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Nationality of Ship • Concept of nationality was extended to vessel due to the existence of the right of the freedom of the sea and navigation. • General principle: – Every state has the right to sail ships flying its flag on the high seas and no state must extend its sovereighty beyond teritorial water.
Nationality of Ship • Legal consequences: a vessel is under flag state’s jurisdiction and control, at least with regard to identification and accountability of shipowner and operators as well as with regard to administrative, technical, economic and social matter. • The applicability of flag state’s taxation system, social and welfare legislation, criminal jurisdiction as well as possible consequences in private law concernning.
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Nationality of Ship • There must be genuine link between state and the ship. (art. 91 UNCLOS) • Genuine link is the legal and functional responsibilities assumed by the flag state when it confers its national character upon a ship. Registration respresent the legal requirement while the functional component pertains to periodic survey, safe and proper working conditions, and social welfare of the crew.
Registration • The purposes: – To list ships entitled to fly the state’s flag and which, therefore, come within the national jurisdiction of that state, and for which the state is responsible. – To grant or confirm the nationality of a vessel; – To record property rights and registerable charges on ships.
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12/11/2014
Registration • A vessel is subject to the obligation of being entered in the register of ship if she meets the relevant national requirement. • A vessel which is not subject to the obligation of being entered in the register of ship may be entered upon the application of her owner, especially where he wants to use his vessel as security. • No ships shall be entered in the register of ships of two or more state at a time. • The register is kept by the competent administrative authority and is available with a legitimate interest in obtaining information contained there in.
Registration • The data are entered in the registered of ships in accordances with the law and regulation:
– The name of the ship and the previous name and registry, if any. – The place or port registration – The international call sign of the ship, if assigned; – The name of the builder, place of building, and year of building of the ship – The description of the main technical characteristic of the ship. – The name, address, and as appropriate the nationality of the owner or of each of the owner.
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Status Hukum Kapal • Status hukum kapal dapat ditentukan setelah melalui proses: a. pengukuran kapal; b. pendaftaran kapal; dan c. penetapan kebangsaan kapal.
Pasal 158 (1) Kapal yang telah diukur dan mendapat Surat Ukur dapat didaftarkan di Indonesia oleh pemilik kepada Pejabat Pendaftar dan Pencatat Balik Nama Kapal yang ditetapkan oleh Menteri. (2) Kapal yang dapat didaftar di Indonesia yaitu: a. kapal dengan ukuran tonase kotor sekurang-kurangnya GT 7 (tujuh GrossTonnage); b. kapal milik warga negara Indonesia atau badan hukum yang didirikan berdasarkan hukum Indonesia dan berkedudukan di Indonesia; dan kapal milik badan hukum Indonesia yang merupakan usaha patungan yang mayoritas sahamnya dimiliki oleh warga negara Indonesia. (3) Pendaftaran kapal dilakukan dengan pembuatan akta pendaftaran dan dicatat dalam daftar kapal Indonesia. (4) Sebagai bukti kapal telah terdaftar, kepada pemilik diberikan grosse akta pendaftaran kapal yang berfungsi pula sebagai bukti hak milik atas kapal yang telah didaftar. (5) Pada kapal yang telah didaftar wajib dipasang Tanda Pendaftaran.
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References • IMO (1993), Maritime Law, Compendium for Model Course 6.08 • N.P. Ready (1998), Ship Registration, LLP, Business of Shipping Series • UU no 17 th 2008, tentang Pelayaran
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Maritime Law #3 Dr. Eng. Trika Pitana Program Double Degree Teknik Sistem Perkapalan
Outlines: 1. A Ship 2. Nationality and Registration
1
12/11/2014
Why it is neccessary to define a ship • Definition of ship is relating to the governed regulation.
Definition and Characteristic • No universal definition of a ship provided either by the domestic legistlation or by any source of international maritime law. • A ship is defined as any self propelled sea going vessel used ini international sea borned trade for the transport of goods, passengers, or both with exception of vessel less that 500 GRT (United Nation Convention on Condition for Registration of Ship, 1986) (For the purpose of ship registration)
2
12/11/2014
Definition and Characteristic #2 • Any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea ( The Hague Visby Rules) • Any sea going vessel and seaborne craft of at type whatsoever constructed or adapted for the carriage of oil in bulk as cargo provided that a ship capable of carrying oil and other cargoes shall be regarded as a ship only when is actually carrying in bulk as cargoe and during any voyage following suc carriage unless it is proved that it has no residue of such carriage of oil in bulk a board (Internation Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution, 1984)
Definition and Characteristic #3 • Vessels means any ships or craft or any structure capable of navigation (Intenational Convention on Salvage, 1989) • A ship means any vessel mechanically propelled registered in a teritory for which the convention is in force, engage in the trasnport of cargo or passenger for the purpose of trade, engage in a voyage at sea (in most maritime labour convention)
3
12/11/2014
The charactiristic feature of a vessel • Traditional meaning, A ship is a floating structure with its floating capacity partly due to hollow construction. • The construction must be intended for, and be capable of, moving on or throught water. • The construction must have a certain minimum dimension. • The purpose for which it is constructed and rge business in which it is engaged.
Considered Factors • Whether the strcuture is designed to be mobile and capable of transportation across the water; • Whether it is subject to the common perils of the sea. • Whether it is designed to be permanently fixed in position. • Whether vessel status is consistent with statutory or other policy consideration.
4
12/11/2014
Definition and Characteristic • UU no 17 tahun 2008, ttg Pelayaran: Kapal adalah kendaraan air dengan bentuk dan jenis tertentu, yang digerakkan dengan tenaga angin, tenaga mekanik, energi lainnya, ditarik atau ditunda, termasuk kendaraan yang berdaya dukung dinamis, kendaraan di bawah permukaan air, serta alat apung dan bangunan terapung yang tidak berpindah-pindah.
Problems • Floating structure ?? • Hover craft ?? (she could be operated in land and water) • WIG (Wing in Ground), it looks like a air plane rather that a ship. It mostly proceeds in air rather that in water.
5
12/11/2014
Nationality and Registration of a ship
General Remark “Nationality serves above all to determine that the person upon whom it is conferred enjoys the rights and is bound by the obligations which the law of the state in question grants to or imposes on its nationals ..”
6
12/11/2014
Nationality of Ship • Concept of nationality was extended to vessel due to the existence of the right of the freedom of the sea and navigation. • General principle: – Every state has the right to sail ships flying its flag on the high seas and no state must extend its sovereighty beyond teritorial water.
Nationality of Ship • Legal consequences: a vessel is under flag state’s jurisdiction and control, at least with regard to identification and accountability of shipowner and operators as well as with regard to administrative, technical, economic and social matter. • The applicability of flag state’s taxation system, social and welfare legislation, criminal jurisdiction as well as possible consequences in private law concernning.
7
12/11/2014
Nationality of Ship • There must be genuine link between state and the ship. (art. 91 UNCLOS) • Genuine link is the legal and functional responsibilities assumed by the flag state when it confers its national character upon a ship. Registration respresent the legal requirement while the functional component pertains to periodic survey, safe and proper working conditions, and social welfare of the crew.
Registration • The purposes: – To list ships entitled to fly the state’s flag and which, therefore, come within the national jurisdiction of that state, and for which the state is responsible. – To grant or confirm the nationality of a vessel; – To record property rights and registerable charges on ships.
8
12/11/2014
Registration • A vessel is subject to the obligation of being entered in the register of ship if she meets the relevant national requirement. • A vessel which is not subject to the obligation of being entered in the register of ship may be entered upon the application of her owner, especially where he wants to use his vessel as security. • No ships shall be entered in the register of ships of two or more state at a time. • The register is kept by the competent administrative authority and is available with a legitimate interest in obtaining information contained there in.
Registration • The data are entered in the registered of ships in accordances with the law and regulation:
– The name of the ship and the previous name and registry, if any. – The place or port registration – The international call sign of the ship, if assigned; – The name of the builder, place of building, and year of building of the ship – The description of the main technical characteristic of the ship. – The name, address, and as appropriate the nationality of the owner or of each of the owner.
9
12/11/2014
Status Hukum Kapal • Status hukum kapal dapat ditentukan setelah melalui proses: a. pengukuran kapal; b. pendaftaran kapal; dan c. penetapan kebangsaan kapal.
Pasal 158 (1) Kapal yang telah diukur dan mendapat Surat Ukur dapat didaftarkan di Indonesia oleh pemilik kepada Pejabat Pendaftar dan Pencatat Balik Nama Kapal yang ditetapkan oleh Menteri. (2) Kapal yang dapat didaftar di Indonesia yaitu: a. kapal dengan ukuran tonase kotor sekurang-kurangnya GT 7 (tujuh GrossTonnage); b. kapal milik warga negara Indonesia atau badan hukum yang didirikan berdasarkan hukum Indonesia dan berkedudukan di Indonesia; dan kapal milik badan hukum Indonesia yang merupakan usaha patungan yang mayoritas sahamnya dimiliki oleh warga negara Indonesia. (3) Pendaftaran kapal dilakukan dengan pembuatan akta pendaftaran dan dicatat dalam daftar kapal Indonesia. (4) Sebagai bukti kapal telah terdaftar, kepada pemilik diberikan grosse akta pendaftaran kapal yang berfungsi pula sebagai bukti hak milik atas kapal yang telah didaftar. (5) Pada kapal yang telah didaftar wajib dipasang Tanda Pendaftaran.
10
12/11/2014
References • IMO (1993), Maritime Law, Compendium for Model Course 6.08 • N.P. Ready (1998), Ship Registration, LLP, Business of Shipping Series • UU no 17 th 2008, tentang Pelayaran
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