Maritime Law

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NIRMA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LAW B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) Programme Academic Year 2011-12 Semester – X

MARITIME LAW 1.

Internal waters  Meaning  Maritime Boundary  Baseline concept : determination of baseline  Innocent passage : scope of coastal state interference  Regime of maritime ports  Port state jurisdiction : civil and criminal  Attachment of ships : arrest of ships  Access of foreign ships to ports  Ships in distress  Quarantine regulation  Laws governing in India for Maritime o Carriers Act, 1865 o Major Ports Regulatory Authority Act, 2009 o Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 o The Inland Vessels Act, 1917 (1 of 1917) o The Indian Ports Act 1908 (15 of 1908) o The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing By Foreign Vessels) Act, 1981 o The Seamens’s Provident Fund Act o Gujarat Maritime Board Act, 1981. o Costal Zone Regulations o Role of Indian Maritime Organisation

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Territorial waters  territorial sea: concept and development  width, conflicting claims of coastal states  coastal state jurisdictions  access of ships to the territorial sea  scientific research: jurisdiction on

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Contiguous Zone  concept and relevance in present times

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coastal state jurisdiction over customs and law and order confined to contiguous or not Exclusive Economic Zone  Definition and jurisdiction

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Delimitation of Maritime Boundary  opposite state  adjacent state  equitable doctrine  regional agreement

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Continental Shelf  Development of the concept  coastal state claim: legal basis  submerged territory theory  contiguous area theory  recognition of the state claim over sea bed and subsoil  nature of the state rights  width and limits  jurisdiction over foreign ships  protection of equipment and installations  scientific research

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International Straits and Archipelagos  Regime of international straits  Transit passage  Jurisdiction of coastal states  Archipelagos: Meaning  Distinction from islands  Archipelago waters  innocent passage  Resource jurisdiction  Small Islands

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International Fisheries  conflicting state claims  migratory species  marine mammals  sedentary species  Protection of endangered species  international co-operation for conservation

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High Seas       

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Concept of patrimonial sea and common heritage of mankind access to high seas: conflict between maritime states and land locked states Piracy Hot Pursuit International sea bed authority: constitution, power and jurisdiction exploration and exploitation of sea bed pioneer investors

Conservation and Exploitation of Maritime Resources    

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optimum utilization and surplus sharing fisheries in high seas special protection o Atlantic Ocean o Pacific Ocean

Living and Non- Living resources: Importance, Kinds Conservation and management of the resources Jurisdiction o Problems o Dispute settlement mechanism Exploitation of the resources o Transfer of technology as a tool for exploitation o Jurisdiction o Limitations Marine pollution o Meaning and its impact o Kinds o Pollution o Accidents at sea o Tests o Control and Enforcement

International Sea Tribunal to settle disputes.

References:-

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Orrego Vicuna, The Changing International Law of the High seas Fisheries (1999), Cambridge Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (1998) Clarendon press, oxford P. Chandrashekra Rao, The New Law of Maritime Zones (1983) Miling publications, New Delhi Samir Mankababy, The International Shipping Rules (1986), Croom Helm, London Nagendra Singh, International Maritime Law Conventions, Vol. I Navigation (19983) Stevens & Maxwell, London. Myron H. Nordquist and John Norton Moor (eds. ), Ocean Policy – New Institutions, Challenges and opportunities (1999), Kluwer.