Mca1040 Slm Unit 01

Published on January 2017 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 85 | Comments: 0 | Views: 491
of 25
Download PDF   Embed   Report

Comments

Content


System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 1
Unit 1 Introduction to System
Structure:
1.1 Introduction
Objectives
1.2 Definition of a System
Common characteristics of systems
1.3 Types of Systems
Physical or abstract systems
Open or closed systems
Deterministic or probabilistic systems
Man-made information systems
Manual and automated systems
Real time systems
Distributed systems
Business system
1.4 Delineating Systems, Products and Tools
System context
Product context
Tool context
1.5 Precedented versus Unprecedented Systems
1.6 Analytical Representation of a System
1.7 Systems that Require Engineering
What is system engineering?
System engineering tasks
1.8 Summary
1.9 Glossary
1.10 Terminal Questions
1.11 Answers
1.1 Introduction
The study of System Analysis and Design begins with the understanding of
SYSTEM. Experience has shown that many people find it hard to clearly
and concisely define a system and related key issues.
Before embarking on the journey of understanding System Analysis and
Design, we need to understand some basic concepts such as:
 System
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 2
 Components of a system
 Types of systems
 Functions
 Outcomes
 Precedented and unprecedented systems
This unit will cover various basic concepts of system. We start by defining a
system and the various aspects of the system. Then we introduce different
types of systems and illustrate the differences between systems, products,
and tools. We will also learn what precedented and unprecedented systems
are. We will also study analytical and graphical characterisation of a system.
Finally, we will conclude the unit by studying systems that require
engineering.
Objectives:
After studying this unit, you should be able to:
 define a system
 discuss various types of systems
 identify how to delineate systems, products, and tools
 discuss precedented versus unprecedented systems
 explain analytical representation of a system
 discuss the systems that require engineering.
1.2 Definition of a System
The name system is developed from the Greek word “systēma”, which
represents an organised connection between various functioning units or
constituents.
A system is a collection of components working together for a common, well
defined purpose. Essentially there are three major components of a system
namely input, processing and output as seen in figure 1.1. Systems can be
large and complex, such as the metro railway control system or mobile
phone network or small such as a pocket calculator.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 3

Figure 1.1: Basic System Components
In the system, all the components are linked with each other and they are
dependent on each other.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines ‘System’ as:
A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified
whole (a number system): as
a. A group of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces
(a gravitational system)
b. An assemblage of substances that is in or tends to equilibrium
(a thermodynamic system)
c. A group of body organs that together perform one or more vital functions
(the digestive system)
d. The body considered as a functional unit
e. A group of related natural objects or forces (a river system)
f. A group of devices or artificial objects or an organisation forming a
network especially for distributing something or serving a common
purpose (a telephone system) (a heating system) (a highway system)
(a computer system)
g. A major division of rocks usually larger than a series and including all
formed during a period or era
h. A form of social, economic, or political organisation or practice (the
capitalist system)
Sometimes direct or indirect feedback component is involved which is also
important to the operation of the system (See figure 1.2)
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 4

Figure 1.2: A Systems Model with Feedback
You can also consider a computer as a system. Such a system may consist
of a single computer with a keyboard, memory and printer or a series of
intelligent terminals connected to a mainframe. The real meaning of a
system is that each constituent is an element of the total system and has to
do its share to function for the system to attain the designed goal. This
orientation needs a systematic grouping of the constituents for design for a
successful system.
Examples of Systems
Engineering: Engineered systems such as traffic control networks and
communication networks are successful example of systems from
operational viewpoint.
Business: In Business world, all commercial and financial institutions can
be thought of as systems with components such as inputs, outcomes and
feedback.
Nature: Much of nature is a system as many components act unitedly to
create a final result. Our solar system is a system of planets, each in a
unique orbit and controlled by a common gravitational forces. Our human
body is an example of a perfect system.
Society: Social organisations, such as governments and cities may be
described as systems.
1.2.1 Common characteristics of systems
Nearly all systems have some common characteristics. These are:
 Systems have a general structure defined by its parts and actions.
 Systems function in the same way involving inputs, processes and
outputs.
 The different parts of a system are interdependent.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 5
 Systems often interact outside their boundary with external environment
through several input and output processes.
 There is high degree of integration between the components of systems.
Self Assessment Questions
1. The term system is derived from the Greek word ____________ which
means an organised relationship among functioning units or
components.
2. A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
(True/False)
1.3 Types of Systems
Now as we are clear about the concept of system, let us study different
types of systems. There are different types of system. These can be
categorised in many ways. One such classification of systems is given
below:
Physical or Abstract Systems
 Open or closed systems
 Deterministic or probabilistic systems
 Man-made information systems
 Manual and automated systems
 Real Time systems
 Distributed systems
 Business systems
1.3.1 Physical or abstract systems
Physical systems are material entities that may be static or dynamic in
process. For example, the physical constituents of the computer centre are
the offices, desks, and chairs that facilitate function of the computer. They
can be observed and counted, they are static. Alternatively, programmed
computer is treated as a dynamic system where data, programs, output and
application alters as the user's need or the priority of the information
requested changes.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 6
Abstract systems are theoretical or non-physical entities which may be as
simple as formulas of associations between sets of variables or models. For
example, a model is a display of an actual or a designed system. The
utilisation of models makes it easier for the analyst to imagine associations
in the system under observation.
1.3.2 Open or closed systems
An open system frequently converses with its surroundings. It obtains inputs
from and provides output to the outside. Information system is an example
of an open system, as it is adapted to the altering requests of the user. On
the contrary, a closed system is cut off from ecological manipulation. In
reality, closed systems are uncommon.
1.3.3 Deterministic, probabilistic systems
A deterministic system is defined as a system one in which the incidence of
all events is completely forecasted. If we obtain the depiction of the system
condition at a specific time, the next condition can be simply calculated. An
example of such a system is a numerically handled machine tool.
On the other hand, for a probabilistic system – also called stochastic system
– for the same input conditions, output will vary. This variation is explained
by probability theory. Thus a deterministic system will always give the same
output for a set of input conditions. An example of such a system is a
warehouse and the stuffing inside it.
1.3.4 Man-made information systems
An information system is the foundation for communication among the user
and the analyst. It identifies the nature of association between decision
makers. Actually, it may be observed as a decision centre for workers at all
levels. From this foundation, an information system may be considered as a
set of devices, events and operating systems intended to generate
information and present it to the user for planning, control and presentation.
Many practitioners do not recognise that a business has many information
systems; each is intended for a particular reason. The main information
systems are:
 Formal information systems
 Informal information systems
 Computer based information system
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 7
Formal information system distinctly defines the work flow,
communication flow and the position. The information runs from top to
bottom level in terms of goals, rules and regulations, policies and strategies
and from bottom to top level in terms of results, feedback, reports, etc.
There are three classes of information related to the Formal Information
Systems:
 Strategic Information: Related to long term planning policies.
 Managerial Information: Used by the middle level management in
policy execution and control.
 Operational Information: Daily information required to operate the
business.
Informal information system is an employee-based system designed to
fulfil personnel and vocational requirements and to help find the solution of
work-related difficulties. It also moves information upward via indirect
channels.
Computer based information systems; Third category of information
system relies mostly on the computer for managing business applications.
Systems analysts build up numerous different types of information systems
to fulfil a multiplicity of business requirements. Computer Based Information
Systems is further categorised as:
 Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
 Management Information Systems (MIS)
 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
 Office Automation Systems (OAS)
Figure 1.3 shows the Hierarchy of CBIS.

Figure 1.3: Hierarchical View of CBIS
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 8
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): The most basic computer based
system in an organisation is related to business transactions.
A transaction processing system is a computer based system that captures,
categorises, accumulates, maintains, updates and recovers transaction data
for record maintaining and for input to other kinds of CBIS.
Activities covered under transaction processing system are placing orders,
billing customers, appointing employees, depositing cheques, etc.
Transaction processing systems offer orderliness, speed and accuracy and
can be programmed to follow routines without any inconsistency. Figure 1.4
illustrates a TPS in which a customer is doing a transaction of electronic
payment.

Figure 1.4: Transaction Processing System
Example of TPS
Withdrawing of money by you from an ATM machine is a good example of
TPS. The transaction must be carried out instantaneously and the account
balance updated as quickly as possible, to authorise the client and the
financial institution having the account to preserve a record of funds.
Management Information System (MIS): Just a few years back, computer
applications were related with record keeping and the automation of daily
clerical processes. However, now the computer applications are being used
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 9
to offer information for policy making, management planning and control
reasons.
MIS can be explained as an information system that offers management
with information necessary for implementation of smooth business. This
information must be important, timely, precise, complete and concise and
inexpensively feasible. Figure 1.5 demonstrates the use of CBIS in
management information system.

Figure 1.5: CBIS in an Organisation Setting
One example of MIS is monetary accounting system.
Decision Support Systems (DSS): It is an information system that
provides the type of information that may not be anticipated, the kind that
business professionals may require only once.
DSS helps management in making unstructured or semi-structured
decisions. A decision is treated as unstructured if there are no apparent
procedures for making the decision and if not all the factors to be
considered in the decision can be readily recognised in advance. To see if it
would be a good business decision, managers could use a DSS like the one
shown in figure 1.6.




System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 10

Figure 1.6: Decision Support System
The decision support system only assists; it does not replace the judgment
of manager.
Office Automation Systems (OAS): Office automation system refers to the
computer systems and software used to generate, gather, stock, and
communicate office information required for completing basic tasks and
goals.

Figure 1.7: OAS Workflow
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 11
Data storage, electronic transmission and the management of business
information are the basic activities of an OAS. Figure 1.7 portrays smooth
working process in an office using OAS.
Advantages of OAS
 Better Security
 Ease of Use
 Saves Energy
 Ease in Performing Repetitive Tasks
 Faster Decision Making
 Increased Safety
 Better Quality Control
 Greater Precision
 Increased Productivity
 Improved Design through Simulation
A brief summary of different information systems characteristics is given in
Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Categories of Information Systems
Category of
Information System
Characteristics
Transaction Processing
System
Substitutes computer-based processing for
manual processes. Includes record-keeping
applications.
Management Information
System
Provides input to be used in the managerial
decision process. Deals with supporting well
structured decision situations. Typical
information requirements can be anticipated
Decision Support System Provides information to managers who make
judgements about particular situations. Supports
decision makes in situations that are not well
structured.
Office Automation System It is a multi-function, integrated computer based
system that allows many office activities to be
performed in an electronic mode.

System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 12
1.3.5 Manual and automated systems
In a manual system, human operators carry out all the operations. The
processors are not machines but humans. On the contrary, in an automated
system, machines perform the system operations. The degree of human
involvement may vary. In a fully automated system, no human involvement
is necessary.
1.3.6 Real time systems
Systems that must produce the output within specified limits of time after
obtaining the requisite input are referred to as real time systems. Real time
systems include all those systems that have a very small response time.
Typically, a real time system consists of the components organised in the
following manner, as shown in figure 1.8.

Environment


Processor
Sensor
sub-system
Output/Control
sub-system

Figure 1.8: Components of Real Time System
The turn-around time of a real time system is very rigid.
Example: Aircraft autopilot system is a good example of a real time system.
The autopilot must respond to an emergency immediately, failing which
disastrous consequences are inevitable.
1.3.7 Distributed systems
A system whose components are not all localised at one place is called a
distributed system. The localisation may be in terms of physically separated
at different geographical locations or simply logically separated. The
resources of such systems are normally located at different places under
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 13
different forms but all the components at all the places work in tandem to
achieve the system goal.
The Internet is a very good example of a distributed system. A web page
may be located at a logical site called www.abc.com physically hosted on a
server possibly at another site. Moreover, one of the picture elements of the
page may be located in Australia and another in Honolulu.
1.3.8 Business system
Business systems are the means by which business organisations achieve
their predetermined goals. A business system combines policies, personnel,
equipment and computer facilities to co-ordinate the activities of a business
organisation. Essentially, a business system represents an organised way of
achieving the pre-determined objectives of an organisation.
Business system with its environment includes various elements. These
system elements are:
 Physical (buildings, raw materials, finished products)
 Procedural (order processing routines, credit checking procedures)
 Conceptual (statement of policy, market for products)
 Social (workers, departments)
A business system is a subsystem of society and is surrounded by other
systems of the business environment. It is an open, adaptive system,
exchanging inputs and outputs with its environment and adjusting to the
demands of various environmental systems.
A business tries to maintain proper interrelationships with the economic,
political and social stockholders in its environment. These include
customers, suppliers, competitors, stockholders, labour unions, financial
institutions, government and the community. Figure 1.9 shows a diagram of
a business as a system, with resources, financial stakeholders, market,
competition and environmental factors as the inputs and output.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 14

Figure 1.9: Business as a System
A business is typically subdivided into various organisational subsystems.
These subsystems typically represent functional areas such as marketing,
manufacturing and finance.
In an ideal manufacturing business organisation, the functional subsystems
are finance, sales, production, human resource management, marketing,
stock and purchase. These subsystems are systems in themselves.. This
enables easy understanding of the organisation as a whole.
Business Subsystems
A business system can be divided into a number of subsystems, especially
the functional areas. These include,
Marketing and purchasing subsystems: Those dealing closely with the
environment.
Production subsystem: Those dealing with transformational functions, and
Accounting, personnel and management subsystems: Those acting in a
supportive role
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 15
These subsystems are all interconnected and designed to reflect the overall
organisational objectives.
A simple model of the subsystems of a business showing some of the
relationships is shown below in figure 1.10.


Figure 1.10: Relationship between Subsystems of a Business
It is very difficult to define the boundaries of a system and its subsystems.
As we see in the figure 1.11, the interface within a business is indicated,
thereby illustrating the difficulty in defining the boundaries; should
purchasing be a subsystem of production? Should distribution be a
subsystem of marketing rather than production? etc.
The functional areas of the organisation are determined by the nature of the
organisation's business. In general, the areas are characterised by their
need to satisfy the demands of particular group of customers or clients.
These demands can be satisfied in a number of possible ways, e.g.
 Manufacturing and selling a product, which has been produced from
raw material or by, further processing of products purchased from other
organisations.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 16
 Purchasing and distributing finished products (wholesaling and
retailing).
 Offering a service (e.g., hotel and catering, education, banking,
insurance, cleaning, maintaining activities)
Self Assessment Questions
3. A _______________ system is one in which the occurrence of all
events is perfectly predictable.
4. Breaking down various subsystems of a business, simplifies the
complexities in the business and management becomes easier.
(True/False)
5. Transaction Processing Systems are aimed at improving the routine
____________ activities on which all organisations depend.
6. A system whose components are not all localised at a single site is
called a __________________ system.
7. Transaction processing systems does not provide speed and accuracy
and cannot be programmed to follow routines without any variance.
(True/False)
1.4 Delineating Systems, Products and Tools
Now let us study systems, products, and tools. People are frequently
confused about the concept and inter-relationship between systems,
products, and tools. Let’s examine each of these in detail and also how they
are related to each other.
1.4.1 System context
We have already discussed System in this unit. A system may comprise two
or more elements that work in synchronisation to accomplish a common
target that may not be successfully achieved by each element working on
individual basis. The system elements usually consist of humans, products,
and tools. Generally, man-made systems require some level of human
resources for scheduling, function or support.
1.4.2 Product context
Many systems are created as a work ‘product’ by other systems. A product
is a facilitating element of a bigger system and is usually a physical entity
having distinctability such as form and function with a defined level of
performance.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 17
Products need human support to self-apply themselves as they lack
intelligence (self-thinking). Also, the products cannot accomplish the system
mission goals without human guidance and support in one way or another.
In simple terms, we can associate products as items which we can acquire
from a vendor. A product may in fact be a vendor’s “system” that is used into
ours system, thus generate a system of systems (SoS).
Example
1. A hammer which can be bought from a store is a physical entity having
form and function but cannot apply itself to driving nails into the wall.
2. An aircraft, as a system and a product, is incorporated into an airline’s
system and may acquire the capability to fly under some circumstances,
only when programmed by the pilot.
1.4.3 Tool context
A tool is a ‘support product’ that helps a system or user to enhance its own
performance and capabilities. A number of systems or products are
considered as tools by upper level systems.
Example
1. A simple pulley (system) as a tool, allows a person to leverage his
physical power to move a heavy load that otherwise could not be moved
at all by him.
2. A statistical software application, as a helping tool, allows a user to
examine huge quantities of data in a small phase of time.
Self Assessment Questions
8. A _______________ is an assisting product that facilitates a user or
system to influence its own potentials and presentation.
9. A product, as a facilitating element of a bigger system, is usually a
physical tool or entity that has a particular ability with a defined level of
presentation. (True/False)
1.5 Precedented versus Unprecedented Systems
As now we have cleared the concepts of System, Product and Tool, now let
us study Precedented and Unprecedented Systems.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 18
Most systems develop or evolve with time. Each new evolution brings about
changes in the system that increases the capabilities of the previous system
by employing new technologies, tools, techniques, and so on. There are
cases where new challenges are encountered that are unprecedented. We
describe them as precedented and unprecedented systems.
Precedented systems are those for which;
 The needs are reliable and well recognised.
 The system structural design is identified to be sufficient for the needs.
 The acquisition and expansion teams have functioned together to
generate an analogous preceding system.
Noncompliance of one or more of the elements mentioned above makes the
system to be unprecedented. Precedence is one of the most significant
elements in the well-timed expansion of any system. In most of the cases, it
is more important than many of the issues like tools, techniques
architecture, etc.
Let us understand unprecedented system by means of an example: Even
though the NASA had previously landed unmanned probes on the moon,
the Apollo Lunar Spacecraft was the first one in the line of manned lunar
landing and launch craft.
Self Assessment Questions
10. Precedence is one of the most significant elements in the well-timed
expansion of quality _______________.
11. Precedence is more important than many of the issues like tools,
techniques architecture, etc in development of unprecedented systems.
(True/False)
1.6 Analytical Representation of a System
Let us now discuss how to represent a system analytically. As a
generalisation, we represent a system as an elementary entity by means of
a rectangular box as demonstrated in figure 1.11. Usually, inputs
(ex. Stimuli/Cues) are entered into a system which then processes these
inputs and generates an output. On a basic level, this representation is
satisfactory; but we need more inputs to clearly identify what the system
executes.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 19
The simple diagram in figure 1.11 symbolises a system. Yet, from an
analytical point of view, it is missing vital information that refers to how the
system functions and operates within its operating environment.

Figure 1.11: Basic System Entity

Figure 1.12: Analytical System Entity
The figure 1.12 displays a system from an analytical point of view having all
essential elements. The traits of the construct such as acceptable inputs,
unacceptable inputs, stakeholders, and acceptable outputs/unacceptable
outputs are shown in the diagram, which can act as a checklist to make sure
that all factors are thought of when defining, designing, and developing a
system.
Self Assessment Questions
12. Usually, inputs like stimuli and cues are provided into a system that
processes the inputs and generates an ______________.
13. System’s functionality only symbolises the action to be achieved; not
how well as exemplified by presentation. (True/False)

System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 20
1.7 Systems that Require Engineering
By now, you must be comfortable with the concept of systems. You have
studied various types of systems. Some of these systems are workflow-
based systems that generate systems, products, or services like schools,
hospitals, banking systems, and producers. As such, they need insightful,
competent, and successful organisational structures, assisting assets, and
mutual communications.
A number of systems need the thorough examination, design, development
of particular structures, composite interactions, and presentation monitoring
that may have an effect on the security, and welfare of the public in addition
to the environment; thus engineering of systems may be needed.
For example, business systems may need application of different analytical
and arithmetical values to build up business models and presentation
models to find out profitability and return on investment (ROI) and
arithmetical theory for most favourable waiting line or climate conditions, for
example.
In the case of extremely complex systems, analytical, arithmetical, and
technical values may have to be considered. We call this “Engineering of
Systems”, which may call for a combination of engineering fields like
system engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and
software engineering. These disciplines may be needed at several phases
throughout the analysis, design, and development of a system.
Here, we will study the concepts, values, and practices that are relevant to
the analysis, design, and growth of both types of systems. These two
groups implicate a noticeable difference among those that need engineering
and those that do not. So, how do you identify when the engineering of
systems is needed?
The most effective way to address this question is: What is system
engineering?
1.7.1 What is system engineering?
In simple words, System Engineering (SE) is the multi-dimensional
engineering of systems. There are a many ways to define system
engineering, depending on an organisation’s or individual’s views and
experiences, etc.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 21
The term, “Engineering” is derived from Latin word ‘ingenerare’, which
means “to create.” Now, let us define SE. It can be defined as:
“System engineering is an inter disciplinary approach and helps in
realization of successful systems, by integrating all the disciplines and
specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development
process, that proceeds from concept, to production to operations.”
1.7.2 System engineering tasks
Systems engineering is a complex process comprising of the following
seven tasks (Bahill and Gissing).
 State the Problem: It means identifying output, understanding needs,
discovering necessities and defining system functions.
 Investigate Alternatives: Alternatives are looked into and evaluated.
 Model the System: Running models clears up necessities, exposes
chokepoints, cuts down cost and discloses duplication of efforts.
 Integrate: It means designing user interface and coordinating of
elements together so they work as a unit.
 Launch the System: It means working the system and creating outputs.
 Assess Performance: Performance is evaluated using valuation
criteria, technical functioning measures, etc.
 Re-evaluation: Re-evaluation should be a continuous and looping
process with many parallel loops.
This process can be summarised as “SIMILAR” as given by Bahill and
Gissing. (See figure 1.13)

Figure 1.13: Bahill and Gissing’s Model of SE Process
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 22
Self Assessment Questions
14. The term, engineering develops from the Latin word ingenerare, which
signifies “ ______________”.
15. ________________ symbolises dissimilar things to dissimilar people.
1.8 Summary
Let us summarise the important concepts discussed in the unit:
 A system is a collection of components working together for some
purpose.
 Systems have been classified into different types such as physical or
abstract systems, open or closed systems, deterministic or probabilistic
systems, man-made information systems, manual and automated
systems, real time systems, distributed systems, and business systems.
 The system elements usually consist of humans, products, and tools.
 A product is a facilitating element of a bigger system and is usually a
physical entity having a distinct ability such as form and function with a
defined level of performance. Products need human support to self-
apply themselves as they lack intelligence.
 A tool is a ‘support product’ that helps a system or user to enhance its
own performance and capabilities.
 Most systems develop or evolve with time. Each new evolution brings
about changes in the system that increases the capabilities of the
previous system by employing new technologies, tools and techniques.
 Inputs are entered into a system which then processes these inputs and
generates an output.
 System Engineering (SE) is the multi-disciplinary engineering of
systems.
1.9 Glossary
Abstract systems: Abstract systems are theoretical or non-physical
entities.
Business systems: Systems by which business organisations achieve their
predetermined goals.
Decision Support Systems: An information system that provides the type
of information that may not be anticipated, the kind that business
professionals may require only once.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 23
Deterministic system: A system in which the incidence of all events is
completely forecasted.
Distributed system: A system whose components are not all localised at
one place.
Information system: A set of devices, events and operating systems
intended to generate information and present it to the user for planning,
control and presentation.
Management Information System: An information system that offers
management with information necessary for implementation of smooth
business.
Office Automation Systems: Computer systems and software used to
generate, gather, stock, and communicate office information required for
completing basic tasks and goals.
Physical systems: Material entities that may be static or dynamic in
process.
Probabilistic system: A system in which the incidence of events cannot be
completely forecasted.
Product: A physical tool that has a specific aptitude with a definite level of
performance.
Real time systems: Systems that must produce the output within specified
limits of time after obtaining the requisite input.
System: Collection of components working together for a common, well
defined purpose.
Tool: A supporting product that allows a system to improve its output.
Transaction processing system: A computer based system that captures,
categorises, accumulates, maintains, updates and recovers transaction data
for record maintaining and for input to other CBIS.
1.10 Terminal Questions
1. What do you understand by a system? Also discuss the basic
implications.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 24
2. What is a business system? Illustrate the concept of simple model of the
subsystems of a business showing some of the relationships.
3. Describe the concept of Systems, Products and Tools with examples.
4. Explain how to represent a system analytically.
5. Business is typically subdivided into various organisational subsystems.
Comment.
1.11 Answers
Self Assessment Questions
1. Systema
2. True
3. Deterministic
4. True
5. business
6. distributed
7. False
8. Tool
9. True
10. Software
11. False
12. Output
13. True
14. To create
15. System engineering
Terminal Questions
1. A system is defined as an arranged grouping of inter-reliant
components connected jointly as per a plan to accomplish a particular
goal. Refer section 1.2.
2. A business system is basically used to unite policies, personnel,
equipment, and computer services to organise the activities of a
business association. Business organisation is the one which
generates goods or services for consumers with an intention of
obtaining profit. Refer section 1.3.8.
System Analysis and Design Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 25
3. Systems typically enclose humans, products, and tools in varying
degrees. A product is generally a physical tool or entity that has a
specific capability with a specified level of performance. A tool is a
back-up product that allows a user or system to control its own
performance. Refer section 1.4.
4. A system is represented as a simple entity by using a rectangular box.
The representation is acceptable; however, the more inputs are needed
to discover what the system performs, more evidently. Refer section
1.6.
5. Subsystems are systems in themselves. These can also be subdivided
into subsystems, which lead to effortless understanding of the
organisation all together. Refer section 1.3.
References:
 Kenneth, E. Kendall and Julie E. Kendall., Systems Analysis and
Design, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall PTR, 2001.
 Elias, M. Award., System Analysis and Design, Galgotia Publication Pvt.
Ltd., 1991.
 Gane and Sarson., Structured System Analysis and Design, Prentice-
Hall, 1979.
 Silver, G. A., and Silver, M. L., System Analysis and Design, Addison
Wesley Publishing Company, MA, 1989.
E-references:
 asapm.org/asapmag/a_af.htm
 eastlymeschools.org
 wikibooks.org/
 mbaknol.com
 ebiz-wiki.com
 www.web-books.com
 column2.com
 freetutes.com/systemanalysis
 freetutes.com/systemanalysis
 incose.org

Sponsor Documents

Or use your account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Forgot your password?

Or register your new account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link to create a new password.

Back to log-in

Close