MELJUN CORTES Introduction to Information System

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MELJUN CORTES Introduction to Information System

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Content

Information
Systems
MELJUN CORTES
1

Why this presentation is essential?






Learning about information systems will help you
participate in key office decisions no matter what
the organization
Learning about information systems will help you
to understand where you and your company fit
in the system
Understanding this will help you to use the right
information system at the right time and in the
right place
Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc.

2

Information Technology as a
Competitive Strategy




Available technology can
determine if you are profitable
or not
Information Technology can:









Give access to a world market
Improve product & service
quality
Aid communication between
employees
Reduce costs
Increase productivity
Improve company morale

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3

Cost, Risk, and Change





IT solutions can be
expensive and time
consuming
Element of risk in the
implantation of IT
Implementing IT
means change

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4

Leveraging Information Technology








Increasing sales
Increasing market share
Creating new business
Collecting data at the
source
Eliminating the
intermediary
Improving customer
service

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5

Information and Decision Making






Qualities of information
Completeness of
information
Timeliness of information
Relevance of information
Accessibility of
information

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6

Making Decisions to Produce Products and Services
Plan
Organize
Lead
Control

Strategic Management
Tactical Management

Operational Management

Resources

Employees

Managers

Products &
Services

Functions

Government

Customers

Stockholders

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Financial
Institutions

Colleges/
Agencies

Media
7

Filtering Information


Results in the right information
reaching the right decision
maker at the right time in the
right form
 Clerical Level




Operational Level




Exception Reports

Tactical Level




Transaction Handling

What-if Reports

Strategic Level


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One-time reports, what-if reports,
and trend analysis

8

Types of Decisions


Programmed
decisions
 Address

well-defined
problems



Information-based
decisions
 Unstructured

decisions

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc.

9

What is an Information System
Hardware

Software



Information
processing capabilities
 System’s

ability to
handle and process
information

People

Procedures



Data

Information to make
better decisions
 System’s

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ability to
produce on-demand
information
10

What Can an Information System Do
Input
 Source data
 Inquiry
 Response to
prompt
 Instruction
 Message
 Change

Processing



Retrieve
 Record
 Update
 Summarize
 Select
 Manipulate

Output
 Hard copy
 Soft copy
 Control

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Storage
 Data
 Text
 Images
 Other digital
information

11

Information System Types


Manual system





Function-based
information system




No hardware
No software

Independent of other
systems

Integrated information
system


Common databases

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12

Getting Data into the System






Online vs. Offline
Source Data
Source Documents
Methods
 Batch

Processing
 Transaction-Oriented
Processing

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13

Data Processing System


Activities:








Action documents
Scheduled reports
Primarily support:





Transaction handling
Recordkeeping

Clerical personnel
Operational-level
managers

Inflexible

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc.

14

What is MIS?


An MIS is a computerbased system that:




Optimizes the collection,
transfer, and presentation
of information throughout
an organization
Uses an integrated
structure of databases and
information flow

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15

Decisions Support Systems





DSS are interactive
information systems
DSS rely on an integrated
set of user-friendly
hardware and software
tools
These tools produce
information to support
management in the
decision-making process

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16

The DSS Versus the MIS







MIS supports structured
problems
DSS supports
semistructured and
unstructured problems
MIS is designed and
created to support a set
of applications
DSS can be adapted to
any decision environment

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17

Characteristics of DSS











Helps decision maker
Semistructured & unstructured
problems
Most effective for tactical &
strategic management levels
Interactive and user-friendly
Uses models, simulations, &
analytical tools
Readily adaptable to any decision
environment
Interacts with a corporate
database
Not used for pre-established
production schedule

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc.

18

The DSS Tool Box


Data Management







Data warehousing
 Data mining


Throwaway systems
 Support a one-time decision

Modeling





Decisions involve many
factors
 Uncertainty and risk present


Statistical Analysis


Risk analysis
 Trend analysis

Applications Development

Planning


What-if
 Goal seeking





Inquiry
Graphics
Consolidations
Application-specific

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19

Executive Information Systems




The EIS supposedly offer the
same decision support tools as
the DSS
However, each tool is
designed specifically to
support decision making at the
executive levels of
management


Primarily the tactical and
strategic levels

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc.

20

Expert Systems




An Expert System is an interactive
system


Responds to questions



Asks for clarification



Makes recommendations



Helps the user in the decision-making
process

Simulates human thought process





Reasons, draws inferences & makes
judgments (heuristic knowledge)

Information acquired from live
domain experts
Highest form of knowledge-based
systems, not an assistant system

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21

Expert System Example- Printer



Replace technical
support people
Knowledge base
contains:
 Means

of identifying
problem




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Possible solutions
How to progress from
problem to solution

22

Intelligent Agents and BOTS





Type of artificial intelligence
Can act on our behalf
We set its goals
Agent may work on:


An ongoing goal


Sort e-mail



An action triggered by an
event
 A one-time goal





Send an e-mail
Deliver a present

Internet intelligent agents
growing

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc.

23

Summary









Information Technology as a
Competitive Strategy
Information and Decision
Making
All About Information Systems
The DP System and the MIS
Decision Support Systems
Expert Systems
Intelligent Agents and Bots

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc.

24

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