Mobile Solutions Dsng
Content
Mobile Solutions :
Electronic News Gathering Solutions, with the onslaught and popularity of News channels, collection of News and events through adequate contribution links has become a major challenge for the Broadcasters. Rtronix has combined the traditional methods of event contributions with radical newtechnology solutions to give you an edge over your content. Depending on your requirements of speed and convenience, Rtronix can design for you a multitude of solutions to meet your variety of requirements. A News channel requires a countrywide News Gathering Network to meet its operational requirements for collection of News feeds on a National perspective. The News collection needs would generically be met through the following layers of News Gathering setups.
y y y y y
Mobile DSNG Vans Fixed sites for Video connectivity, through Satellite / Terrestrial links Broadband Connectivity on DSL links Use of standard third party networks for transmission of feeds Tape delivery from Stringers for low priority News delivery
Rtronix proposes various models of connectivity for the purposes of Electronic News Gathering from various sites, using the following modes of connectivity and solutions:
y y y y y y y y y y
Conventional Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) Vans IP Based DSNG Vans with Optional VOIP connectivity COFDM Solutions Fly away Terminals Receive Terminals with Voice Capability through VOIP IP ± Broadband Link with Live Video Streaming VSAT as IP Hub Broadband in FTP mode through DSL Links Live Fiber Optic connectivity through Fiber Modems using available dark fibers Voice over Internet Protocol for return Voice connectivity between the various terminals
SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING : Satellite News Gathering, the traditional method of News gathering, has been the main focus area of Rtronix for providing both fixed and mobile DSNG solutions to its customers. Rtronix offers you solutions from a simple setup with standard live encoding and transmission, to effective talkback solutions and value added options for increasing the quality of content you receive and present. Solutions are available both in C and KU bands. SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING VANS (DS NG) : Mobile DSNG solutions are available from Rtronix in a variety of options.
Rtronix has developed DSNG Vans in various configurations in C Band and KU band, with a variety of Antenna options. The Antenna options include fully automatic Carbon Fibre or FRP Antennas and semi automatic manual motorized antennas.
The KU Band Drive Away solution can be accommodated in any SUV having an built in air conditioning facility and rear space e.g. Toyota Qualis, Chevrolet Travera, M&M Scorpio etc. The solution has been designed as a self ± contained unit ready-for-use having on-board power generation and quick deployment capabilities for up linking of News. The C Band solution is mountable on a Tata 207 DI / Tata 407 Chassis using either an 1.8 M Auto Acquisition Antenna with Carbon Fiber or Steel reflector or an 1.8M Manual motorized Antenna. The design of the Drive Away terminal provides for flexibility to meet varied customer requirements. Additional features can be provided within the solution to meet specific customer requirements. The design has been engineered using the minimum power. All equipment provided is designed to operate in 48 Volts DC and the power to the Equipment is provided from a DC Battery Bank. The batteries, with sufficient capacities for powering on the equipment for a period of 3 Hours, is charged through an Float Charger cum Inverter and could be charged at the station or at the site with the help of a 2KVA Generator provided with the Van. The solutions could be integrated with a DVB Encoder and Modulator chain or with an IP
Encoder with a Satellite Modem. The later solution gives the additional advantage of Voice Communications within the DSNG Network using VOIP terminals.
The key features of the DSNG Van designed and offered by Rtronix include: y A pallet mounted 1.2M KU Band antenna, fully motorized with auto acquisition features has been sourced from AVL for DSNG applications. y Quick Deployment through Auto Acquisition software y The Auto acquisition Antenna controller ensures accurate Anten na pointing through analysis of received DVB signals. The software eliminates manual correction of the pointing exercise. y Auto correction of the Antenna parameters during nominal tilt or associated movement on the vehicle platform during uplink y Alternatively, Rtronix provides for DSNG Vans using manual motorized Antenna mounted on the bed of the vehicle. The pointing of these Antenna is done using a Satellite tracker with optimization from a GPS and Compass. y An indigenously designed Base band Box, 3U in size, which comprises of the Encoder, Modulator / L Band Modem, Receiver and Spectrum Analyzer. y Low weight BUC which could be comfortably mounted on the Feed or the Feed Arm with a higher efficiency than the conventional RFs, thereby greatly reducing the Power requirements. y All electronics controlled through a PC y DC Operation with upto 3 Hours of Backup
COFDM SOLUTIONS : The DVB-T/COFDM transmitter system makes the ³go anywhere´ news gathering concept an immediate reality. Weighing just 5 kgs (11 lbs), including its built-in HD-SD encoder and COFDM transmitter/antenna. This system enables a one-person ³crew´ to venture up to 5 kilometers (3 miles) from a DENG truck or other associated COFDM receiver, and transmit live HD or SD breaking news. Used with any high-definition or standard-definition television camera, COFDM can stream encoded, real-time 1080i, 720p, 480i (NTSC) or 576i (PAL) content, and can also record up to 1.5 hours of HD or 8 hours of SD and playback as needed to the receiver site.
APPLICATION HIGHTLIGHTS
y y y y y y y y y y
Second-generation ³go anywhere´ solution for HD/SD news gathering and other remote wireless camera operation World¶s first low-cost, lightweight backpack HD/SD encoder and DVB-T/COFDM wireless link Up to 5 km (3 mile) range to receiver, depending on configuration Only 5 kg (11 lbs), including encoder, wireless transmitter, rapid-recharge battery, and comfortable, hard shell backpack 2 and 7 GHz wireless transmitter options Proprietary XVD Send SaveĀ technology enables simultaneous transmit and record o f compressed/encoded data 1.5 hours HD or 8 hours SD built-in, real-time record/playback SDI input from camera with embedded separate analog stereo audio Ethernet output for IP/Internet links using on-board record/play option of TX2000 encoder Works with any HD or SD television camera
FLYAWAY OR CARRYPACK TERMINALS : Rtronix has designed a Flyaway system integrated with Portable Satellite Antenna System iSNG series of AVL technologies and combines excellent RF engineering, DVB and Satellite Networking technology. It is a compact, light weight and rapid deployable C or Ku-band operated DSNG terminal with auto track antenna. Optionally, a tripod mounted Flyaway Antenna could be used as part of the solution. It provides connectivity with full mesh technology with minimum network delays as well as fully automatic satellite acquisition. All electronics like Encoder, Modulator, IRD, A/V Monitor and RF are PC based and configurable through Laptop which is part of the system. The complete system is housed in only three rugged and easiy manageable flight cases and can l be deployed by any person without any additional tools in only 10 minutes.
The 25W BUC is a lightweight BUC from Wavestream Corporation, USA and is highly power efficient. Weighing only 8 lbs, the RF unit is directly mounted on the Antenna Feed Boom rod. The system could be configured either with a DVB Encoder/Modulator or with IP Encoders with Satellite Modem for optional VOIP connectivity. SATELLITE RECEIVE SITE WITH VOICE COMMUNICATION THROUGH VOIP : The IP based solution provides for Voice communication between the Satellite terminals and the Receive Hub. For Voice Transmission, telephone or fax is connected to a multi- port VoIP terminal through an EPABX. The voice is transmitted on Broadcast mode, so as to be received by all the Satellite terminals on the Network. The VOIP terminal is connected to an L-Band Modem via an Ethernet Switch. The L-Band output from Modem is fed to the 8-Watt Block Upconverter (BUC) yielding the corresponding Ku-Band output. A 1.8M Ku-Band fixed antenna completes the function of satellite transmission. For Voice reception, the Receive setup with modems receiving VOIP data alongwith the Video signals are used. Additionally, one small carrier is provided for voice reception independent of the Video signals, which can be received directly through the Modem used in Broadcast mode for Voice Transmission.
IP-BROADBAND LINK FOR LIVE VIDEO STREAMING : Rtronix provides solution for Live, Real Time Video connectivity using XVD high performance encoders through terrestrial media using IP connectivity. Raw video & audio from the local site is fed to the IP Encoder, which provides IP output with an encoding rate of 32Kbps to 2 Mbps (4:2:0). The efficiency of the Encoder ensures Real Time Live transmission of the Video/Audio signals over the Ethernet network. The TS formatted output can be connected to a dedicated 2 Mb Ethernet WAN. The TS formatted output from the Encoder is directly fed to the Ethernet port of the Leased Line Modem provided by the LL Service provider or to a VPN Network. At the Receive site at the Ingest, the output of the leased line modems is connected to a Master Router provided by the LL Service provider. The TS formatted Video signals are received on Professional IP Receivers through an Ethernet Swi ch. The Receivers provide SDI t port for direct connectivity on the Router and monitoring of the received signals. The receivers are also synchronized to the Ingest Network.
A separate provision of routing voice conversation between the local site and main ingest is achieved via a 2-port VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) terminal. It supports FXO, FXS and DID interface. Hence voice and fax can be integrated in the same netwo through the rk 10BaseT output available from the VoIP terminal. The VOIP output is combined with the TS formatted Video signals, coded @ 1.5 Mbps and transmitted over the 2 Mb Ethernet network through a Local Router. At the Ingest, the VOIP data is routed through multi-port VOIP terminal and further to an EPABX. The voice connectivity in this application could be point to point with the remote terminal or in a Broadcast mode. VSAT AS HUB FOR ROUTING IP BROADBAND LINK FOR LIVE VIDEO STREAMIN : To cut down on the capital investments, VSATs located at faraway locations can be used as the Hub for collecting and forwarding feeds to the Central location through the usage of IP Broadband networks terminated as these VSAT hubs.
For the video feeds, the received feeds from the IP locations can be decoded through Professional IP decoders and routed to the Satellite Modem through an Ethernet Switch for onward live transmission to the central ingest. For voice connectivity, the received voice call from the ingest can be rerouted in broadcast mode through an 8 port voip and an Ethernet switch. The communication in the form of a voip signal can also be combined with the received video feed from the IP location and transmitted to the ingest through the satellite modem.
BROADBAND IN FTP MODE USING DSL LINKS : For areas where availability of high Bandwidth is difficult on terrestrial links, and where the feed is not so important as to demand a live transmission, DSL links could be used for transport of Video using Apple machines . Raw video & audio from the local site is recorded and fed to the fire wire input of Macintosh based iMAC Apple computer or laptop. The recorded file based output can be transmitted over any broadband network using a DSL Modem of the broadband service provider.
At the Ingest multiple received signals are connected to a Gigabit Switch. The video files from the Gigabit Switch is recovered in any PC with required application software and further processed on the Ingest Network. FIBRE CONNECTIVITY THROUGH FIBER MODEMS USING DARK FIBRES : A Fiber Optic link connectivity can be considered for transmission of Live Video in an area where dark fiber exists. There is a distance limitation of a maximum of 60 Kms. in this mode as operations in dark fibers have to be without repeaters. An ideal case for deployment of Fiber Optic solutions would be in a large city. Raw video & audio from the local sites is fed directly to the fiber optic transmitter, which provides output directly to single-mode optical fiber.
The C s from m e receivers are connec ed to a 16 2 C Router to enable processing of the active signals on the ingest. The analog signals are converted to SDI and embedded prior to putting them on to the Ingest Router. VOI E OVER INTERNET ROTO OL FOR RETURN VOI E ONNECTIVIT
As explained earlier, VOIP connectivity can be seamlessly activated into the ENG Network using IP Encoders and Satellite Modems for the SNG links. Th en e VoIP plan is achieved in two layers of connectivity y Broadcast mode over Satellite y Link over live IP network In the case of Satellite applications, voice from the Central site is Broadcast through a Satellite modem and can be received by all satellite stations. In IP applications, Voice is sent through the IP network to specific users on a pre assigned address setting.
In both the cases voice or fax from the local fixed sites are transmitted via two -port VoIP terminal either through a Local Router or L -Band Modem. On receive site voice or fax is routed through a multi-port VoIP terminal. The output from the terminal is terminated on an EPABX, which can be further distributed to multiple phone lines in the entire Ingest. As voice from return satellite terminals is transmitted along with the video, a separate carrier is provided for transmission of voice only from any satellite terminal in case of emergencies. The VoIP terminals support programmable FXS/FXO/DID and E & M interface for each port. Each terminal supports Single Port Protocol (SPP) allowingthe use of dynamic IP address allocation. Voice compression upto 5.3 Kbps per call is also available.Bandwidth is used only when someone is speaking. The Silence suppression or Voice Activity Detection (VAD) feature is an option that frees unused call bandwidth for data traffic. The VoIP terminals are easily managed locally using a window -based software application or remotely by the central office with a web browser or SNMP.
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Electronic News Gathering Solutions, with the onslaught and popularity of News channels, collection of News and events through adequate contribution links has become a major challenge for the Broadcasters. Rtronix has combined the traditional methods of event contributions with radical newtechnology solutions to give you an edge over your content. Depending on your requirements of speed and convenience, Rtronix can design for you a multitude of solutions to meet your variety of requirements. A News channel requires a countrywide News Gathering Network to meet its operational requirements for collection of News feeds on a National perspective. The News collection needs would generically be met through the following layers of News Gathering setups.
y y y y y
Mobile DSNG Vans Fixed sites for Video connectivity, through Satellite / Terrestrial links Broadband Connectivity on DSL links Use of standard third party networks for transmission of feeds Tape delivery from Stringers for low priority News delivery
Rtronix proposes various models of connectivity for the purposes of Electronic News Gathering from various sites, using the following modes of connectivity and solutions:
y y y y y y y y y y
Conventional Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) Vans IP Based DSNG Vans with Optional VOIP connectivity COFDM Solutions Fly away Terminals Receive Terminals with Voice Capability through VOIP IP ± Broadband Link with Live Video Streaming VSAT as IP Hub Broadband in FTP mode through DSL Links Live Fiber Optic connectivity through Fiber Modems using available dark fibers Voice over Internet Protocol for return Voice connectivity between the various terminals
SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING : Satellite News Gathering, the traditional method of News gathering, has been the main focus area of Rtronix for providing both fixed and mobile DSNG solutions to its customers. Rtronix offers you solutions from a simple setup with standard live encoding and transmission, to effective talkback solutions and value added options for increasing the quality of content you receive and present. Solutions are available both in C and KU bands. SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING VANS (DS NG) : Mobile DSNG solutions are available from Rtronix in a variety of options.
Rtronix has developed DSNG Vans in various configurations in C Band and KU band, with a variety of Antenna options. The Antenna options include fully automatic Carbon Fibre or FRP Antennas and semi automatic manual motorized antennas.
The KU Band Drive Away solution can be accommodated in any SUV having an built in air conditioning facility and rear space e.g. Toyota Qualis, Chevrolet Travera, M&M Scorpio etc. The solution has been designed as a self ± contained unit ready-for-use having on-board power generation and quick deployment capabilities for up linking of News. The C Band solution is mountable on a Tata 207 DI / Tata 407 Chassis using either an 1.8 M Auto Acquisition Antenna with Carbon Fiber or Steel reflector or an 1.8M Manual motorized Antenna. The design of the Drive Away terminal provides for flexibility to meet varied customer requirements. Additional features can be provided within the solution to meet specific customer requirements. The design has been engineered using the minimum power. All equipment provided is designed to operate in 48 Volts DC and the power to the Equipment is provided from a DC Battery Bank. The batteries, with sufficient capacities for powering on the equipment for a period of 3 Hours, is charged through an Float Charger cum Inverter and could be charged at the station or at the site with the help of a 2KVA Generator provided with the Van. The solutions could be integrated with a DVB Encoder and Modulator chain or with an IP
Encoder with a Satellite Modem. The later solution gives the additional advantage of Voice Communications within the DSNG Network using VOIP terminals.
The key features of the DSNG Van designed and offered by Rtronix include: y A pallet mounted 1.2M KU Band antenna, fully motorized with auto acquisition features has been sourced from AVL for DSNG applications. y Quick Deployment through Auto Acquisition software y The Auto acquisition Antenna controller ensures accurate Anten na pointing through analysis of received DVB signals. The software eliminates manual correction of the pointing exercise. y Auto correction of the Antenna parameters during nominal tilt or associated movement on the vehicle platform during uplink y Alternatively, Rtronix provides for DSNG Vans using manual motorized Antenna mounted on the bed of the vehicle. The pointing of these Antenna is done using a Satellite tracker with optimization from a GPS and Compass. y An indigenously designed Base band Box, 3U in size, which comprises of the Encoder, Modulator / L Band Modem, Receiver and Spectrum Analyzer. y Low weight BUC which could be comfortably mounted on the Feed or the Feed Arm with a higher efficiency than the conventional RFs, thereby greatly reducing the Power requirements. y All electronics controlled through a PC y DC Operation with upto 3 Hours of Backup
COFDM SOLUTIONS : The DVB-T/COFDM transmitter system makes the ³go anywhere´ news gathering concept an immediate reality. Weighing just 5 kgs (11 lbs), including its built-in HD-SD encoder and COFDM transmitter/antenna. This system enables a one-person ³crew´ to venture up to 5 kilometers (3 miles) from a DENG truck or other associated COFDM receiver, and transmit live HD or SD breaking news. Used with any high-definition or standard-definition television camera, COFDM can stream encoded, real-time 1080i, 720p, 480i (NTSC) or 576i (PAL) content, and can also record up to 1.5 hours of HD or 8 hours of SD and playback as needed to the receiver site.
APPLICATION HIGHTLIGHTS
y y y y y y y y y y
Second-generation ³go anywhere´ solution for HD/SD news gathering and other remote wireless camera operation World¶s first low-cost, lightweight backpack HD/SD encoder and DVB-T/COFDM wireless link Up to 5 km (3 mile) range to receiver, depending on configuration Only 5 kg (11 lbs), including encoder, wireless transmitter, rapid-recharge battery, and comfortable, hard shell backpack 2 and 7 GHz wireless transmitter options Proprietary XVD Send SaveĀ technology enables simultaneous transmit and record o f compressed/encoded data 1.5 hours HD or 8 hours SD built-in, real-time record/playback SDI input from camera with embedded separate analog stereo audio Ethernet output for IP/Internet links using on-board record/play option of TX2000 encoder Works with any HD or SD television camera
FLYAWAY OR CARRYPACK TERMINALS : Rtronix has designed a Flyaway system integrated with Portable Satellite Antenna System iSNG series of AVL technologies and combines excellent RF engineering, DVB and Satellite Networking technology. It is a compact, light weight and rapid deployable C or Ku-band operated DSNG terminal with auto track antenna. Optionally, a tripod mounted Flyaway Antenna could be used as part of the solution. It provides connectivity with full mesh technology with minimum network delays as well as fully automatic satellite acquisition. All electronics like Encoder, Modulator, IRD, A/V Monitor and RF are PC based and configurable through Laptop which is part of the system. The complete system is housed in only three rugged and easiy manageable flight cases and can l be deployed by any person without any additional tools in only 10 minutes.
The 25W BUC is a lightweight BUC from Wavestream Corporation, USA and is highly power efficient. Weighing only 8 lbs, the RF unit is directly mounted on the Antenna Feed Boom rod. The system could be configured either with a DVB Encoder/Modulator or with IP Encoders with Satellite Modem for optional VOIP connectivity. SATELLITE RECEIVE SITE WITH VOICE COMMUNICATION THROUGH VOIP : The IP based solution provides for Voice communication between the Satellite terminals and the Receive Hub. For Voice Transmission, telephone or fax is connected to a multi- port VoIP terminal through an EPABX. The voice is transmitted on Broadcast mode, so as to be received by all the Satellite terminals on the Network. The VOIP terminal is connected to an L-Band Modem via an Ethernet Switch. The L-Band output from Modem is fed to the 8-Watt Block Upconverter (BUC) yielding the corresponding Ku-Band output. A 1.8M Ku-Band fixed antenna completes the function of satellite transmission. For Voice reception, the Receive setup with modems receiving VOIP data alongwith the Video signals are used. Additionally, one small carrier is provided for voice reception independent of the Video signals, which can be received directly through the Modem used in Broadcast mode for Voice Transmission.
IP-BROADBAND LINK FOR LIVE VIDEO STREAMING : Rtronix provides solution for Live, Real Time Video connectivity using XVD high performance encoders through terrestrial media using IP connectivity. Raw video & audio from the local site is fed to the IP Encoder, which provides IP output with an encoding rate of 32Kbps to 2 Mbps (4:2:0). The efficiency of the Encoder ensures Real Time Live transmission of the Video/Audio signals over the Ethernet network. The TS formatted output can be connected to a dedicated 2 Mb Ethernet WAN. The TS formatted output from the Encoder is directly fed to the Ethernet port of the Leased Line Modem provided by the LL Service provider or to a VPN Network. At the Receive site at the Ingest, the output of the leased line modems is connected to a Master Router provided by the LL Service provider. The TS formatted Video signals are received on Professional IP Receivers through an Ethernet Swi ch. The Receivers provide SDI t port for direct connectivity on the Router and monitoring of the received signals. The receivers are also synchronized to the Ingest Network.
A separate provision of routing voice conversation between the local site and main ingest is achieved via a 2-port VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) terminal. It supports FXO, FXS and DID interface. Hence voice and fax can be integrated in the same netwo through the rk 10BaseT output available from the VoIP terminal. The VOIP output is combined with the TS formatted Video signals, coded @ 1.5 Mbps and transmitted over the 2 Mb Ethernet network through a Local Router. At the Ingest, the VOIP data is routed through multi-port VOIP terminal and further to an EPABX. The voice connectivity in this application could be point to point with the remote terminal or in a Broadcast mode. VSAT AS HUB FOR ROUTING IP BROADBAND LINK FOR LIVE VIDEO STREAMIN : To cut down on the capital investments, VSATs located at faraway locations can be used as the Hub for collecting and forwarding feeds to the Central location through the usage of IP Broadband networks terminated as these VSAT hubs.
For the video feeds, the received feeds from the IP locations can be decoded through Professional IP decoders and routed to the Satellite Modem through an Ethernet Switch for onward live transmission to the central ingest. For voice connectivity, the received voice call from the ingest can be rerouted in broadcast mode through an 8 port voip and an Ethernet switch. The communication in the form of a voip signal can also be combined with the received video feed from the IP location and transmitted to the ingest through the satellite modem.
BROADBAND IN FTP MODE USING DSL LINKS : For areas where availability of high Bandwidth is difficult on terrestrial links, and where the feed is not so important as to demand a live transmission, DSL links could be used for transport of Video using Apple machines . Raw video & audio from the local site is recorded and fed to the fire wire input of Macintosh based iMAC Apple computer or laptop. The recorded file based output can be transmitted over any broadband network using a DSL Modem of the broadband service provider.
At the Ingest multiple received signals are connected to a Gigabit Switch. The video files from the Gigabit Switch is recovered in any PC with required application software and further processed on the Ingest Network. FIBRE CONNECTIVITY THROUGH FIBER MODEMS USING DARK FIBRES : A Fiber Optic link connectivity can be considered for transmission of Live Video in an area where dark fiber exists. There is a distance limitation of a maximum of 60 Kms. in this mode as operations in dark fibers have to be without repeaters. An ideal case for deployment of Fiber Optic solutions would be in a large city. Raw video & audio from the local sites is fed directly to the fiber optic transmitter, which provides output directly to single-mode optical fiber.
The C s from m e receivers are connec ed to a 16 2 C Router to enable processing of the active signals on the ingest. The analog signals are converted to SDI and embedded prior to putting them on to the Ingest Router. VOI E OVER INTERNET ROTO OL FOR RETURN VOI E ONNECTIVIT
As explained earlier, VOIP connectivity can be seamlessly activated into the ENG Network using IP Encoders and Satellite Modems for the SNG links. Th en e VoIP plan is achieved in two layers of connectivity y Broadcast mode over Satellite y Link over live IP network In the case of Satellite applications, voice from the Central site is Broadcast through a Satellite modem and can be received by all satellite stations. In IP applications, Voice is sent through the IP network to specific users on a pre assigned address setting.
In both the cases voice or fax from the local fixed sites are transmitted via two -port VoIP terminal either through a Local Router or L -Band Modem. On receive site voice or fax is routed through a multi-port VoIP terminal. The output from the terminal is terminated on an EPABX, which can be further distributed to multiple phone lines in the entire Ingest. As voice from return satellite terminals is transmitted along with the video, a separate carrier is provided for transmission of voice only from any satellite terminal in case of emergencies. The VoIP terminals support programmable FXS/FXO/DID and E & M interface for each port. Each terminal supports Single Port Protocol (SPP) allowingthe use of dynamic IP address allocation. Voice compression upto 5.3 Kbps per call is also available.Bandwidth is used only when someone is speaking. The Silence suppression or Voice Activity Detection (VAD) feature is an option that frees unused call bandwidth for data traffic. The VoIP terminals are easily managed locally using a window -based software application or remotely by the central office with a web browser or SNMP.
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