Mold

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Mold
This article is about the fungi known as mold. Slime
molds and water molds are not fungi and are discussed in
separate articles. For other uses, see Mold (disambiguation).
A mold (US / CA) or mould (UK / NZ / AU / ZA / IN /

Spinellus fusiger growing on the mushroom Mycena haematopus

Mold growth covering a decaying peach. The frames were taken
approximately 12 hours apart over a period of six days.

Moldy tomatoes

Mold growing on a clementine
CA) is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular fil-

aments called hyphae.* [1]* [2] In contrast, fungi that can
adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.
Molds are a large and taxonomically diverse number Mold on dried Hibiscus sabdariffa
of fungal species where the growth of hyphae results
in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on
food.* [3] The network of these tubular branching hyphae, hyphae are generally transparent, so the mycelium apcalled a mycelium, is considered a single organism. The pears like very fine, fluffy white threads over the surface.
1

2

2

COMMON MOLDS

Cross-walls (septa) may delimit connected compartments
along the hyphae, each containing one or multiple, genetically identical nuclei. The dusty texture of many molds is
caused by profuse production of asexual spores (conidia)
formed by differentiation at the ends of hyphae. The
mode of formation and shape of these spores is traditionally used to classify molds.* [4] Many of these spores are
colored, making the fungus much more obvious to the
human eye at this stage in its life-cycle.

species can produce both types. Some molds produce
small, hydrophobic spores that are adapted for wind dispersal and may remain airborne for long periods; in some
the cell walls are darkly pigmented, providing resistance
to damage by ultraviolet radiation. Other mold spores
have slimy sheaths and are more suited to water dispersal.
Mold spores are often spherical or ovoid single cells, but
can be multicellular and variously shaped. Spores may
cling to clothing or fur; some are able to survive extremes
Molds are considered to be microbes and do not form of temperature and pressure.
a specific taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping, but can Although molds can grow on dead organic matter everybe found in the divisions Zygomycota and Ascomycota. where in nature, their presence is visible to the unaided
In the past, most molds were classified within the eye only when they form large colonies. A mold colony
does not consist of discrete organisms but is an interconDeuteromycota.* [5]
Molds cause biodegradation of natural materials, which nected network of hyphae called a mycelium. All growth
can be unwanted when it becomes food spoilage or dam- occurs at hyphal tips, with cytoplasm and organelles flowage to property. They also play important roles in ing forwards as the hyphae advance over or through new
biotechnology and food science in the production of var- food sources. Nutrients are absorbed at the hyphal tip.
ious foods, beverages, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals and In artificial environments such as buildings, humidity and
enzymes. Some diseases of animals and humans can be temperature are often stable enough to foster the growth
caused by certain molds: disease may result from aller- of mold colonies, commonly seen as a downy or furry
gic sensitivity to mold spores, from growth of pathogenic coating growing on food or other surfaces.
molds within the body, or from the effects of ingested Few molds can begin growing at temperatures of 4 °C (39
or inhaled toxic compounds (mycotoxins) produced by °F) or below, so food is typically refrigerated at this temmolds.* [1]
perature. When conditions do not enable growth to take
place, molds may remain alive in a dormant state depending on the species, within a large range of temperatures.
The many different mold species vary enormously in their
1 Biology
tolerance to temperature and humidity extremes. Certain molds can survive harsh conditions such as the snowThere are thousands of known species of molds, covered soils of Antarctica, refrigeration, highly acidic
soap and even petroleum products
which have diverse life-styles including saprotrophs, solvents, anti-bacterial
*
*
such
as
jet
fuel.
[8]
:22
mesophiles, psychrophiles and thermophiles and a very
few opportunistic pathogens of humans.* [6] They all require moisture for growth and some live in aquatic environments. Like all fungi, molds derive energy not through
photosynthesis but from the organic matter on which they
live, utilising heterotrophy. Typically, molds secrete hydrolytic enzymes, mainly from the hyphal tips. These
enzymes degrade complex biopolymers such as starch,
cellulose and lignin into simpler substances which can be
absorbed by the hyphae. In this way molds play a major role in causing decomposition of organic material, enabling the recycling of nutrients throughout ecosystems.
Many molds also synthesise mycotoxins and siderophores
which, together with lytic enzymes, inhibit the growth
of competing microorganisms. Molds can also grow on
stored food for animals and humans, making the food unpalatable or toxic and are thus a major source of food
losses and illness.* [7] Many strategies for food preservation (salting, pickling, jams, bottling, freezing, drying)
are to prevent or slow mold growth as well as growth of
other microbes.
Molds reproduce by producing large numbers of small
spores,* [6] which may contain a single nucleus or be
multinucleate. Mold spores can be asexual (the products of mitosis) or sexual (the products of meiosis); many

Xerophilic molds are able to grow in relatively dry, salty,
or sugary environments, where water activity (aw ) is less
than 0.85; other molds need more moisture.* [9]

2 Common molds
Common genera of molds include:
• Acremonium
• Alternaria
• Aspergillus
• Cladosporium
• Fusarium
• Mucor
• Penicillium
• Rhizopus
• Stachybotrys

3
• Trichoderma
• Trichophyton

3

Food production

The Kōji (麹) molds are a group of Aspergillus species,
notably Aspergillus oryzae, and secondarily A. sojae, that
have been cultured in eastern Asia for many centuries.
They are used to ferment a soybean and wheat mixture
to make soybean paste and soy sauce. Koji molds break
down the starch in rice, barley, sweet potatoes, etc., a
process called saccharification, in the production of sake,
shōchū and other distilled spirits. Koji molds are also used
in the preparation of Katsuobushi.

His work was expanded by a team at Oxford University;
Clutterbuck, Lovell, and Raistrick, who began to work on
the problem in 1931. This team was also unable to produce the pure compound in any large amount, and found
that the purification process diminished its effectiveness
and negated the anti-bacterial properties it had.* [14]
Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, Norman Heatley, Edward
Abraham, also all at Oxford, continued the work.* [14]
They enhanced and developed the concentration technique by using organic solutions rather than water, and
created the “Oxford Unit”to measure penicillin concentration within a solution. They managed to purify the
solution, increasing its concentration by 45-50 times, but
found that a higher concentration was possible. Experiments were conducted and the results published in 1941,
though the quantities of Penicillin produced were not always high enough for the treatments required.* [14] As
this was during the Second World War, Florey sought
USA Government involvement. With research teams in
the UK and some in the US, industrial-scale production of
crystallised penicillin was developed during 1941-1944
by the USDA and by Pfizer.* [13]* [15]

Red rice yeast is a product of the mold Monascus purpureus grown on rice, and is common in Asian diets. The
yeast contains several compounds collectively known as
monacolins, which are known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis.* [10] A study has shown that red rice yeast used as
a dietary supplement, combined with fish oil and healthy
lifestyle changes, may help reduce “bad”cholesterol as Several statin cholesterol-lowering drugs (such as
effectively as certain commercial statin drugs.* [11]
lovastatin, from Aspergillus terreus) are derived from
*
molds.
[16]
Some sausages, such as salami, incorporate starter cul*
tures of molds [12] to improve flavour and reduce bac- The immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine, used to supterial spoilage during curing. Penicillium nalgiovense, for press the rejection of transplanted organs, is derived from
example, may appear as a powdery white coating on some the mold Tolypocladium inflatum.
varieties of dry-cured sausage.
Other molds that have been used in food production include:
• Fusarium venenatum – quorn

5 Health effects
Main article: Mold health issues

• Geotrichum candidum – cheese
Molds are ubiquitous, and mold spores are a common
component of household and workplace dust; however,
• Penicillium spp. – various cheeses including Brie when mold spores are present in large quantities, they can
and Blue cheese
present a health hazard to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems.
• Rhizomucor miehei – microbial rennet for making
Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose sevegetarian and other cheeses
rious health risks to humans and animals. Some studies
• Rhizopus oligosporus – tempeh
claim that exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead
to neurological problems and in some cases death.* [17]
Prolonged exposure, e.g. daily home exposure, may be
particularly harmful. Research on the health impacts of
4 Pharmaceuticals from molds
mold has not been conclusive.* [18] The term “toxic
Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of the an- mold”refers to molds that produce mycotoxins, such
chartarum, and not to all molds in gentibiotic penicillin involved a Penicillium mold called as Stachybotrys
*
eral.
[19]
Penicillium notatum (although the species identity is
• Neurospora sitophila – oncom

disputed as possibly being Penicillium chrysogenum or
Penicillium rubens).* [13] Fleming continued to investigate Penicillin, showing that it could inhibit various types
of bacteria found in infections and other ailments, but
he was unable to produce the compound in large enough
amounts necessary for production of a medicine.* [14]

Mold in the home can usually be found in damp, dark or
steamy areas e.g. bathroom or kitchen, cluttered storage
areas, recently flooded areas, basement areas, plumbing
spaces, areas with poor ventilation and outdoors in humid environments. Symptoms caused by mold allergy
are watery, itchy eyes, a chronic cough, headaches or mi-

4

9

REFERENCES

graines, difficulty breathing, rashes, tiredness, sinus prob- Various artists have used mold in various artistic fashlems, nasal blockage and frequent sneezing.
ions. Daniele Del Nero, for example, constructs scale
Molds can also pose a hazard to human and animal health models of houses and office buildings and then induces
when they are consumed following the growth of cer- mold to grow on them, giving them a spooky, reclaimedtain mold species in stored food. Some species pro- by-nature look. Staci Levy sandblasts enlarged images of
duce toxic secondary metabolites, collectively termed mold onto glass, then allows mold to grow in the*crevasses
mycotoxins including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, she has made, creating a macro-micro portrait. [21]
trichothecenes, citrinin, and patulin. These toxic properties may be used for the benefit of humans when the
toxicity is directed against other organisms; for example,
penicillin adversely affects the growth of Gram-positive
bacteria (e.g. Clostridium species), certain spirochetes
and certain fungi.* [20]

6

Growth in buildings and homes

8 See also
• Bioaerosol
• Decay
• Medicinal molds
• Medicinal mushrooms

Main articles: Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
and Indoor air quality
Mold growth in buildings can lead to a variety of health

• Mildew
• Mold mite
• Mycorrhiza
• Oomycete

9 References
Moldy housecorner from outside and inside

problems. Various practices can be followed to mitigate mold issues in buildings, the most important of
which is to reduce moisture levels that can facilitate mold
growth.* [19] Removal of affected materials after the
source of moisture has been reduced and/or eliminated
may be necessary for remediation.

7

Use in art

[1] Moore D; Robson GD; Trinci APJ (editors). (2011). 21st
Century Guidebook to Fungi (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521186957.
[2] Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology
of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13144329-1. OCLC 57001814.
[3] Morgan, Mike. “Moulds”. Microscopy UK. Retrieved
26 June 2012.
[4] Chiba University, Japan. “Fungus and Actinomycetes
Gallery”. Chiba University Medical Mycology Research
Center. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
[5] Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M,
Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, et al.
(2007).
“A
higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi"
(PDF). Mycological Research 111 (5): 509–547.
doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334.
[6] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 633–8. ISBN
0-8385-8529-9.
[7] Wareing, Peter. “The Fungal Infection of Agricultural
Produce and the Production of Mycotoxins”. European Mycotoxins Awareness Network. Retrieved 3 August
2013.

Del Nero artwork using mold

[8] Malloch, D. (1981). Moulds : their isolation, cultivation
and identification. Toronto Canada: Univ. of Toronto
Press. ISBN 0-8020-2418-1.

5

[9] Pitt JI, Hocking AD (2009). Fungi and Food Spoilage.
London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92207-2_9.
[10] “Red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus)". Mayo Clinic.
2009-09-01. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
[11] “Study: Red Rice Yeast Helps Cut Bad Cholesterol”.
National Public Radio. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2010-0201.
[12] L. H. Stahnke, L. O. Sunesen; Stahnke, L.H (November
2003). “Mould starter cultures for dry sausages ̶selection, application and effects”. Meat Science 65 (3):
935–948. doi:10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00281-4. PMID
22063673. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
[13] “The Nobel Prize website”. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
[14] “Award Ceremony Speech”. Nobel Prizes and Laureates.
Nobel Media. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
[15] ACS Chemistry for Life. “The discovery of penicillin”
. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
[16] Statin
[17] Empting, L. D. (2009). “Neurologic and neuropsychiatric syndrome features of mold and mycotoxin exposure”
. Toxicology and Industrial Health 25 (9-10): 577–81.
doi:10.1177/0748233709348393. PMID 19854819.
[18] Money, Nicholas (2004). Carpet Monsters and Killer
Spores: A Natural History of Toxic Mold. Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-19-517227-2.
[19] Indoor Environmental Quality: Dampness and Mold in
Buildings. National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. August 1, 2008.
[20] Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, Blood
and Studdert, 1999
[21]“The Art of Mould”(http://discardstudies.com/2012/01/
02/the-art-of-mould/), (Discard Studies), retrieved May
11, 2015

10

External links

• The EPA's guide to mold
• Mold as the subject of an episode of the Podcast
Surprisingly Awesome by Gimlet Media hosted by
Adam McKay and Adam Davidson

6

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text

• Mold Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold?oldid=691635132 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Andre Engels, Dachshund, Josh Grosse,
Rmhermen, PierreAbbat, William Avery, Heron, JohnOwens, Tim Starling, Fuzzie, Dominus, Nixdorf, Menchi, Ixfd64, Mkweise, Ahoerstemeier, Ronz, Arwel Parry, Darkwind, Glenn, Scott, Zarggg, Dysprosia, Greenrd, DJ Clayworth, Furrykef, SEWilco, Warofdreams,
Johnleemk, Bearcat, Robbot, Pigsonthewing, Kaol, Peak, Pingveno, Wereon, Dina, Marc Venot, Giftlite, Christopher Parham, MPF, Marnanel, Andries, Jfdwolff, Pteron, Neilc, Gadfium, Utcursch, Slowking Man, Antandrus, JoJan, Doops, Gscshoyru, Ukexpat, Sonett72, Zondor, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, Pixel8, Martpol, ESkog, Sten, Szyslak, Mwanner, Aude, Bobo192, Davelane, Arcadian, Jojit fb, Haham
hanuka, Alansohn, Mo0, Free Bear, Inky, Jeltz, SlimVirgin, Mysdaao, Malo, Hohum, Snowolf, Velella, ShampooCell, Versageek, Geographer, Netkinetic, Zudduz, TigerShark, LOL, CyrilleDunant, WadeSimMiser, Optichan, GregorB, Arrkhal, MarcoTolo, Burnt*in*Effigy,
Dysepsion, MassGalactusUniversum, NixonB, BD2412, Enzo Aquarius, BorgHunter, Saperaud~enwiki, Jake Wartenberg, Vary, ElKevbo,
Graibeard, Zambani, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, Margosbot~enwiki, Crazycomputers, RexNL, Valermos, Nabarry, Scimitar, Chobot, Jared
Preston, DVdm, Spasemunki, Bgwhite, Evan G, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Sceptre, GLaDOS, SpuriousQ, WikidSmaht, CanadianCaesar, Stephenb, Bdowler, GeeJo, Shanel, NawlinWiki, ENeville, Grafen, Dforest, Kvn8907, The Obfuscator, JDoorjam, Irishguy, Anetode,
RL0919, Panscient, Brabblebrex, Nick C, Alex43223, DeadEyeArrow, Elkman, Wknight94, Sandstein, Zzuuzz, Arthur Rubin, KGasso,
GraemeL, CWenger, Back ache, Jaysbro, John Broughton, Paul Erik, Alexandrov, Airconswitch, Pentasyllabic, DVD R W, CIreland, Tom
Morris, N3362, SmackBot, Fireworks, Roger McLassus 1951, David Shear, Davewild, Verne Equinox, Delldot, Eskimbot, Neoballmon,
Jab843, Bobzchemist, Edgar181, Evanreyes, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Amux, Bluebot, Keegan, MalafayaBot, Deli nk, Behaafarid, Octahedron80, Charles Nguyen, Darth Panda, Zebruh, Scwlong, WikiPedant, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Snowmanradio, Init~enwiki, Rrburke,
Addshore, Decltype, Makemi, Nakon, TedE, RevMK, Dreadstar, Sbluen, Illnab1024, Doodle77, Sigma 7, Scharks, Kukini, Clicketyclack,
Anlace, MrDarwin, Heimstern, Ascroggins, A. Parrot, MarkSutton, Sergio sanchez, Stwalkerster, Gators222, Avs5221, Xiaphias, TastyPoutine, Spydercanopus, Dr.K., Dr. Rondart, MTSbot~enwiki, Sasata, Inquisitus, KJS77, Tawkerbot, Ginkgo100, MBob, Wizard191, Iridescent, SquidThing, Shoeofdeath, R~enwiki, Igoldste, KonradWallenrod, Tawkerbot2, Pi, Dlohcierekim, Dev920, Switchercat, Basique, J
Milburn, JForget, Sir Vicious, BeenAroundAWhile, CWY2190, MarsRover, Moreschi, Karenjc, Kupirijo, Peripitus, Abeg92, Mato, Gogo
Dodo, Travelbird, Anonymi, Corpx, Rgrof, Chasingsol, Luckyherb, Odie5533, DumbBOT, Omicronpersei8, Eine, Repliedthemockturtle,
Crushthe, Thijs!bot, Skb8721, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Kilva, Mojo Hand, Marek69, Tapir Terrific, Hammerhorn~enwiki, Dfrg.msc, CTwells,
Northumbrian, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Konman72, Seaphoto, CZmarlin, Pro crast in a tor, Wallsts, Once in a Blue Moon, BeefRendang, MortimerCat, JAnDbot, Neocarpetbagger, Leuko, Davewho2, MER-C, Skomorokh, The Transhumanist, DaturaS, East718, Boy
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Jackson Peebles, Hdt83, MartinBot, CliffC, Pupster21, Ajta, Rettetast, Mike6271, Chavster01, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Akronym, Creol, PrestonH, Infocollider, EdBever, Tgeairn, Radbug, RockMFR, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Svetovid, Chayama, Bogey97, Jonpro,
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Weston, Brainfsck, Bob Blaylock, SieBot, Pattybutch, Tresiden, Scarian, Legion fi, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Keilana, Flyer22 Reborn, Ferret,
Purplemagik, JSpung, Oxymoron83, Kimyko, Steven Crossin, Bhazad, Ceramic2metal, Seth Whales, Alex.muller, Pinkadelica, Denisarona,
Forluvoft, Atif.t2, Church, TulaneGrad, ClueBot, Milosh1414, Mod.torrentrealm, The Thing That Should Not Be, Jcorkern, Xioxox, ImperfectlyInformed, Wysprgr2005, Valerielgreen, NPIC, Drmies, Artyom, Guswandhi, SuperHamster, Blanchardb, LizardJr8, Puchiko,
Kiniki10, Excirial, Jusdafax, CrazyChemGuy, Calimo, Greencircle, Harriet horsfall, 12 Noon, Bauer 1046, Theforager, Sun Creator,
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CanadianLinuxUser, Cst17, CarsracBot, Glane23, AndersBot, Kayleeroxx, West.andrew.g, Aklibbee, Brian ENVIRO, OffsBlink, Issyl0,
Tide rolls, OlEnglish, Krano, Romanskolduns, QuadrivialMind, Gail, LuK3, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Schuym1,
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Wikipedian Penguin, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Worksafe, TestEditBot, Kgasc006, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Killiondude,
Jim1138, IRP, CMyVest, 90, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Flewis, Giants27, Materialscientist, TOF1000, 90 Auto, The High Fin Sperm
Whale, Citation bot, RipperWest, Maxis ftw, GB fan, Neurolysis, Flargman4, Zad68, Cureden, Capricorn42, 4twenty42o, Mononomic,
Gdog10k, Iphone101, PrettyCoCo818, Emily4lyfe, RibotBOT, Mathonius, Amaury, Doulos Christos, Caichris, Blargmargsharg, N419BH,
Shadowjams, Erik9, Breadtk, Celuici, Dudydudeman, Oknedar, GT5162, FrescoBot, Jatlas, Ashman92, D'ohBot, Sit277, BoundaryRider,
Nicholas simmons, Pinethicket, PrincessofLlyr, Rushbugled13, A8UDI, Hoo man, Cookie.cucumber, Crash bandi, TobeBot, Groundgamer,
Sheogorath, Dinamik-bot, Vrenator, Reaper Eternal, Reach Out to the Truth, Sideways713, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mean as custard, JjusticeIV, UriahHeepster33220, Kidmilo10, Noommos, Freelance-writer-editor, Agent Smith (The Matrix), J36miles, EmausBot, Dorineforrest, Immunize, Gfoley4, Racerx11, RenamedUser01302013, Kylebeezy0, Texasbacon, Cavfantic09, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, K6ka,
Zico24, Pieman9712, Mouldyalmy321, Sasuke487, ZéroBot, Zokou, BurtAlert, John Cline, Daonguyen95, Snufflesowner, MithrandirAgain, EdEColbert, Go Essendon, Pablo442, Rj4179, Chongstar123, Bzinga, Tolly4bolly, L Kensington, Mexican Clayton, Orange Suede
Sofa, Mentibot, TYelliot, Sven Manguard, DASHBotAV, Spicemix, Doubs24, Petrb, Zargos10, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, Invitrovanitas, NordhornerII, Bped1985, Braincricket, DerWaschbar, Gpcfox, Jplauriente, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Hibyespy, Milleb42, BG19bot,
Northamerica1000, Kangaroopower, Azuizo, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, Mifter Public, Zipzip50, Mark Arsten, Rm1271, CitationCleanerBot,
Trez EVER1, BlackandGold16, LRoche1991, Synaptic peach, Mouldymilli, Glacialfox, TBrandley, Avocadoface1, BattyBot, Ziggypowe,
Mdann52, Mrt3366, Cyberbot II, The Illusive Man, ChrisGualtieri, Wikiman4321, Bachware, Ijap1012, Npcvillage, Dexbot, Hot Gaming, Webclient101, EleriWall, TheIrishWarden, Natecra, Erinepwright, Lugia2453, Andyhowlett, Reatlas, Eyesnore, American In Brazil,
Kona2703, John Umpleby, Tentinator, DavidLeighEllis, Ugog Nizdast, Ginsuloft, BruceBlaus, Aquademica, Someone who knows2013,
Medmyco, Steven R Edwards, TelosCricket, Monkbot, Jsaur, Rokoko56, Peter Dickason, Nimrodakar, ItsNickBarry, 05594abc, Legate007,
Crystallizedcarbon, Johndbruce16, Fjdfjdfjd, Srj0917, BlueFenixReborn, Bhavenhayer, Britrow2, Sundayclose, Christopherespada40, KasparBot, Greg Dahlen, Balaksskskakskjs, Moitraanak and Anonymous: 1103

11.2

11.2

Images

7

Images

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:DecayingPeachSmall.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/DecayingPeachSmall.gif License: CC
BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Andrew Dunn (User:Solipsist)
• File:Del_Nero_mold_house.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Del_Nero_mold_house.jpg License: Fair use
Contributors: danieledelnero.com Original artist: Daniele Del Nero
• File:Karl_Johanssvamp,_Iduns_kokbok.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%
2C_Iduns_kokbok.png License: Public domain Contributors: Iduns kokbok, scanned by Project Runeberg; transparency added by Ilmari
Karonen Original artist: Elisabeth Östman (1869–1933)
• File:Mold_on_dried_Hibiscus_sabdariffa.jpg Source:
sabdariffa.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
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Original artist:
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Mold_on_dried_Hibiscus_

• File:Mold_on_tomatoes_(macro).jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Mold_on_tomatoes_
%28macro%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Calimo
• File:Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Moldy_Housecorner_both_
Sides.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NordhornerII
• File:Mouldy_Clementine.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Mouldy_Clementine.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NotFromUtrecht
• File:Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Mushroom Observer Original artist: user:Anna (sapphyre)

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