Monarchy of Sweden

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Monarchy of Sweden
This article is about the history, function and symbols
of the Swedish monarchy as an institution. For a list of
kings and queens regnant of Sweden, see List of Swedish
monarchs. For a list of Swedish princes and princesses,
past and present, see Swedish Royal Family.

Sweden has been a kingdom since prehistoric times. As
early as the 1st century, Tacitus wrote that the Suiones
had a king, but the order of succession up until King Eric
the Victorious (died 995), is known almost exclusively
through accounts in historically controversial Norse sagas
(see Mythical kings of Sweden and Semi-legendary kings
The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical of Sweden).
head of state of Sweden,[3] which is a constitutional and Originally, the Swedish king had combined powers limhereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.[4] The ited to that of a war chief, a judge and a priest at the
Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige) Temple at Uppsala (see Germanic king). However, there
has been a monarchy since time immemorial. Originally are thousands of runestones commemorating commonan elective monarchy, it became an hereditary monar- ers, but no known chronicle about the Swedish kings prior
chy only in the 16th century during the reign of Gustav to the 14th century (though a list of kings was added
Vasa.[5]
in the Westrogothic law), and there is a relatively small
amount
of runestones that are thought mention kings: Gs
Sweden in the present day is a representative democracy
11
(Emund
the Old), U 11 (Haakon the Red) and U 861
in a parliamentary system based on popular sovereignty,
(Blot-Sweyn).
as defined in the current Instrument of Government (one
of the four Fundamental Laws of the Realm which makes
up the written constitution[6] ). The role of the Monarch is
to be a strictly ceremonial head of state, and have no part
in the formal governance of the Realm.[7][8] The Monarch
and the members of the Royal Family undertake a variety of official, unofficial and other representational duties
within Sweden and abroad.[5]

About 1000 A.D., the first king known to rule both
Svealand and Götaland was Olof Skötkonung, but further history for the next two centuries is obscure, with
many kings whose tenures and actual influence/power is
unclear. The Royal Court of Sweden, however, does
count Olof’s father as Sweden’s first king. The power of
the king was greatly strengthened by the introduction of
Carl XVI Gustaf became King on 15 September 1973 on Christianity during the 11th century, and the following
centuries saw a process of consolidation of power in the
the death of his grandfather, Gustaf VI Adolf.[9]
hands of the king. The king was traditionally elected from
a favored dynasty at the Stones of Mora, and the people
had the right to elect the king as well as depose him. The
ceremonial stones were destroyed around 1515.
1 History
In the 12th century, the consolidation of Sweden was
still effected by dynastic struggles between the Erik and
Sverker clans, which ended when a third clan married
into the Erik clan and the House of Bjelbo was established on the throne. That dynasty formed a pre-Kalmar
Union Sweden into a strong state, and finally king Magnus
IV even ruled Norway and Scania. Following the Black
Death, the union was weakened, and Scania was reunited
with Denmark.

Main article: History of Sweden

1.1

Pre 16th century

In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power struggles, Queen Margaret I of Denmark united Sweden, Denmark and Norway (then including Finland and Iceland)
in the Union of Kalmar with the approval of the Swedish
nobility. Continual tension within each country and the
union led to open conflict between the Swedes and the
Danes in the 15th century. The union’s final disintegrakunuki, i.e. konungi, the dative case for Old Norse konungr tion in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry be(“king”). A runic inscription of the 11th century (U11) refers to tween Denmark-Norway and Sweden (with Finland) for
King Håkan the Red.

1

2

1 HISTORY

centuries to come.

1.2

16th and 17th century changes

assessments per farm were adjusted to reflect ability to
pay. Crown tax revenues increased, but more importantly the new system was perceived as fairer. A war with
Lübeck in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the Hanseatic
traders, who previously had had a monopoly on foreign
trade. With its own burghers in charge, Sweden’s economic strength grew rapidly, and by 1544 Gustav controlled 60% of the farmlands in all of Sweden. Sweden
now built the first modern army in Europe, supported by a
sophisticated tax system and an efficient bureaucracy.[10]

At the death of King Gustav I in 1560, he was succeeded
by his oldest son Eric XIV. His reign was marked by Sweden’s entrance into the Livonian War and the Northern
Seven Years’ War, and combined effects of Eric’s developing mental disorder and his opposition to the aristocracy, leading to the Sture Murders in 1567 and the
imprisonment of his brother John (III), who was married to Catherine Jagiellon, sister of King Sigismund II
of Poland.[11] In 1568 he was dethroned and succeeded
by John III. In domestic politics John III showed clear
Catholic sympathies, inspired by his queen, creating friction with the Swedish clergy and nobility. He reintroduced several Catholic traditions previously abolished,
and his foreign policy was affected by his family connection to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where his
eldest son had been made King Sigismund III in 1587.[n 3]
Following the death of his father, Sigismund tried to rule
Sweden from Poland, leaving Sweden under the control
of a regent — his paternal uncle (Gustav I’s youngest son)
Gustav I, portrayed here in 1542 by Jakob Binck, legally created Charles (IX) — but was unable to defend his Swedish
the hereditary monarchy and organized the Swedish unitary state. throne against the ambitions of his uncle. In 1598 Sigismund and his Swedish-Polish army was defeated at the
Catholic bishops had supported the King of Denmark, Battle of Stångebro by the forces of Charles, and he was
Christian II, but he was overthrown in a rebellion led by declared deposed by the Estates in 1599.
nobleman Gustav Vasa, whose father had been executed In 1604, the Estates finally recognized the regent and de
at the Stockholm bloodbath. Gustav Vasa (hereinafter re- facto ruler as King Charles IX. His short reign was one
ferred to as Gustav I) was elected King of Sweden by the of uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the
Estates of the Realm, assembled in Strängnäs on 6 June breakup of Russia involved him in overseas contests for
1523.
the possession of Livonia and Ingria, the Polish–Swedish
Inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther, Gustav I War (1600–1611) and the Ingrian War, while his pretenDenmark
used the Protestant Reformation to curb the power of sions to claim Lapland brought on a war with
[n 4]
(Kalmar
War)
in
the
last
year
of
his
reign.
the Roman Catholic Church. In 1527 he persuaded the
Estates of the Realm, assembled in the city of Västerås,
to confiscate church lands, which comprised 21% of the
country’s farmland. At the same time, he broke with
the papacy and established a reformed state church: the
Church of Sweden.[n 1] Throughout his reign, Gustav I
suppressed both aristocratic and peasant opposition to
his ecclesiastical policies and efforts at centralisation,
which to some extent laid the foundation for the modern Swedish unitary state. Legally Sweden has only been
a hereditary monarchy since 1544 when the Riksdag of
the Estates, through Västerås arvförening, designated the
sons of King Gustav I as the heirs to the Throne. [n 2]

Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father
when he ascended to the throne. From 1612, when Count
Axel Oxenstierna was appointed Lord High Chancellor,
which he remained until Gustavus Adolphus’s death, the
two men struck a long and successful partnership and
complemented each other well: In Oxenstierna’s own
words, his “cool” balanced the King’s “heat”.[12][13] The
war against Russia (the Ingrian War) ended in 1617
with the Treaty of Stolbovo, which excluded Russia
from the Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the war
against Poland, ended in 1629 with the Truce of Altmark, which transferred the large province of Livonia to
Tax reforms took place in 1538 and 1558, whereby mul- Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for subsequent intiple complex taxes on independent farmers were sim- tervention in the Thirty Years’ War in Germany, where
plified and standardised throughout the district and tax Swedish forces had already established a bridgehead in

1.2

16th and 17th century changes

3
man conquests (Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania)
that were made.[n 7] After having decided not to get married, Christina abdicated the throne on 5 June 1654, in
favor of her cousin Charles Gustav[n 8] , went abroad and
converted to Roman Catholicism.

The Lion of the North: King Gustavus Adolphus depicted at the
turning point of the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) against the forces
of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly.
Charles XI at the Battle of Lund in 1676. Painting by David
Klöcker Ehrenstrahl.

1628. Brandenburg was torn apart by a quarrel between
the Protestants and the Catholics. When Gustavus Adolphus began his push into northern Germany in June–July
1630, he had just 4,000 troops. But he was soon able
to consolidate the Protestant position in the north, using reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied by
France at the Treaty of Bärwalde.[14] [n 5] Gustavus Adolphus was killed at the 1632 Battle of Lützen. Queen
Maria Eleonora and the king’s ministers took over the
government of the Realm on behalf of Gustavus Adolphus’ underage daughter Christina, until she reached the
age of majority. Gustavus Adolphus is often regarded by
military historians as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, with innovative use of combined
arms. [n 6]

The Estates elected Charles X Gustav as their new King
and his short reign is best characterized by foreign wars:
first a lengthy campaign within Poland and then with Denmark. In the latter case, the risky 1658 March across
the Belts which resulted in the Treaty of Roskilde, would
prove to be the largest permanent territorial gain Sweden ever had: Skåne, Blekinge and Bohuslän now became Swedish provinces and have remained so ever since.
Charles X Gustav was not satisfied, as he wanted to
crush Denmark once and for all, but the 1659 Assault
on Copenhagen did not prove successful for the Swedes,
much of it due to the Dutch naval intervention to the aid
of the Danes.

As the heiress presumptive, at the age of six Christina
succeeded her father on the Swedish throne (being the
only person left in the line of succession), although a
recency government would rule in her name until she
turned 18 years of age. During the regency, Chancellor
Axel Oxenstierna wrote the 1634 Instrument of Government, which although never approved by any monarch,
nevertheless would continue to have an important normative role in the state administration. Christina early
on showed an interest in literature and the sciences and
famously brought René Descartes to Sweden. Sweden
continued to be involved in the Thirty Years’ War during reign of Christina and that conflict was settled at the
1648 Peace of Westphalia, and the Swedish monarch received representation at the Imperial Diet due to the Ger-

Charles X Gustav died in Gothenburg in 1660 and as the
Crown passed to his five-year-old son Charles XI, a new
regency government would assume the responsibilities of
the state. The regency government, composed of aristocrats and led by Chancellor Count Magnus Gabriel De
la Gardie, was more interested in feathering their own
nests rather than to work in the interest of the country
at large. When Charles XI came of age in 1672, the
effectiveness of the armed forces had seriously deteriorated and the country was ill-prepared as the King of
Denmark, Christian V, invaded to settle old scores. The
Danes were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts, and
Charles XI would undertake several measures to prevent
what had just almost happened from occurring again: reducing the influence of the aristocracy by nationalizing

4

1 HISTORY

estates and properties which had been handed out to them
by his predecessors, introducing the Allotment system
(Swedish: indelningsverket) which would form the basis
of the armed forces until the 20th century, and with the
support of the Estates he was declared in 1680 an absolute
monarch.
Charles XI was succeeded by his son, Charles XII, who
would prove to be an extremely able military commander
with the defeat of the Russians at Narva as his greatest
victory. However, from this point on it would all go in
a downwards spiral, beginning with his defeat at Poltava
and ending at Fredriksten fortress, in an attempt to invade Norway. The Swedish Age of Greatness (Swedish:
stormaktstiden) had ended. [n 9]

1.3

18th Century to the present

Charles XII’s sister, Ulrika Eleonora, had now inherited
the throne but she was forced by the Estates to sign the
1719 Instrument of Government, which ended the absolute monarchy and made the Riksdag of the Estates the
highest organ of the state and reduced the role of monarch
to a figurehead. The Age of Liberty (Swedish: frihetstiden) with its parliamentary rule, dominated by two parties
— the Caps and the Hats — had begun. Ulrika Eleonora
had had enough after a year on the throne and abdicated
in favor of her husband, Frederick, who had little interest in the affairs of state and was elected King by the Estates as King Frederick I, resulting in the 1720 Instrument
of Government: content-wise almost identical to the one
from 1719. Despite having many extra-marital affairs,
Frederick I never sired a legitimate heir to the throne.

Crown Prince Charles John at the Battle of Leipzig (1813). Painting by Fredric Westin.

would follow Charles XIV John's reign tried to defend
the power and privileges they still had, the tide incrementally turned against “personal regal rule” (Swedish: personlig kungamakt) with the growth of the liberals, social
democrats, and the expansion of the franchise.[15]

The 1720 Instrument in Government was later replaced When King Gustav V publicly objected to the defence
by the 1772 Instrument of Government in a self-coup or- budget cuts made by Prime Minister Karl Staaf and the
chestrated by King Gustav III.
cabinet just before the First World War in event known as
On 17 September 1809 in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, as the Courtyard Crisis accompanied by the Peasant armaa result of the poorly managed Finnish war, Sweden had ment support march (Swedish: bondetåget), it was seen as
to surrender the eastern half of Sweden to Russia. King a deliberate provocation by conservatives and reactionarGustav IV Adolf and his descendants were deposed in a ies against the uncodified norm of a parliamentary syscoup d'etat led by dissatisfied army officers. The child- tem supported by the liberals and the social democrats,
[16]
less uncle of the former king was almost immediately leading to Staaf’s resignation. Gustaf V then appointed
elected as King Charles XIII. The Instrument of Govern- a caretaker government, supported by the conservatives,
ment of 1809 put an end to royal absolutism by dividing led by legal scholar Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, which rethe legislative power between the Riksdag (primary) and mained in power longer than expected due to the outbreak
the King (secondary), and vested executive power in the of World War I (in which Sweden remained neutral) and
increased defence spending was no longer a controverKing when acting through the Council of State.
sial issue.[17] Nevertheless, in the year of the outbreak
The present Bernadotte dynasty was established in of the Russian revolution, social tensions continued to
September 1810 when the Riksdag, convened in Örebro, rise; the general election in 1917 gave the liberals and
elected French Marshal and Prince of Ponte Corvo Jean social democrats greatly strengthened representation in
Baptiste Jules Bernadotte as Crown Prince. This took both Riksdag chambers and a conservative government
place because Charles XIII had no legitimate heir, and was no longer a defensible option.[17] Following the defa Crown Prince previously elected in January 1810, inite breakthrough of parliamentarism in 1917, with the
Charles August, suddenly had died of a stroke during a appointment of the coalition government of liberals and
military exercise.
social democrats led by Professor Nils Edén, the politiAlthough the 19th century Bernadotte monarchs that cal influence of the King was considerably reduced and

5
an unwritten constitutional precedent was set that would idea of a parliamentary system and promised Prime Minremain in effect until 1975.[18][19]
ister Nils Edén to stop seeking advice from secret advicabinet ministers and
Only during World War II, in the so-called Midsummer sors other than the duly appointed
[29][19]
not
to
interfere
in
politics
again;
the Torekov comcrisis (regarding the issue whether neutral Sweden should
promise,
struck
in
1971
by
the
four
major
parties at the
permit rail transport of German troops from Norway
time,
provided,
and
continues
to
provide,
a
majority
conpassing through to Finland), did Gustaf V allegedly try
sensus
in
Swedish
political
discourse
on
the
role
of
the
to intervene in the political process by threatening to
[21][30][7]
monarchy
within
the
constitutional
framework.
[20]
abdicate.
The official motive for the radical changes which came
King Gustaf VI Adolf succeeded his elderly father who to pass in 1975 was for it to be as descriptive as possible
died in 1950, and he is generally regarded as a consti- of the workings of the state and clear on how decisions
tutional monarch who stayed out of politics and con- actually are made.[28] Minister of Justice Lennart Geitroversy. In 1954, a royal commission began work on jer further remarked on the 1973 government bill that
whether Sweden should undergo constitutional reform to any continued pretensions of royal involvement in govadapt the 1809 Instrument of Government to current po- ernment decision making would be of a “fictitious nature”
litical realities, or whether a new one should be writ- and therefore “highly unsatisfactory”.[28]
ten; ultimately the latter idea was chosen.[21] The future role of the monarchy was settled in a manner well Thus, the monarch lost all formal executive powa ceremonial and representative
known within Swedish political discourse: a political ers, becoming
[30][31][28]
figurehead.
The monarch, while explicitly
compromise reached at the summer resort Torekov in
referred
to
as
the
“Head
of State” (Swedish: Statschefen)
1971 (hence known as the Torekov compromise, Swedish:
in
the
1974
Instrument
of
Government[n 12] , is not even
Torekovskompromissen) by representatives of four of the
[n 13][36][23][7]
The Instrument
parties in the Riksdag (the Social Democrats, the Centre the nominal chief executive.
of
Government
of
1974
does
grant
the
person
serving as
Party, the Liberal People’s Party, and the Moderate Party,
king
or
queen
regnant
absolute
immunity
from
criminal
[n 10][21]
that is all the parties except the Communists).
It
(but
not
civil)
charges
for
as
long
as
he
or
she
remains
in
mandated that the monarchy would remain largely as it
[37][n 14]
office.
The
monarch
therefore
cannot
be
prosewas but would become entirely ceremonial, without any
cuted or otherwise held to account for his or her actions,
residual political powers left.[21]
both official and private, in judicial proceedings.[37]
Following the required double Riksdag votes that took None of the other members of the Royal Family or the
place in 1973 and 1974, a new Instrument of Govern- employees the Royal Court enjoy similar immunity.[37]
ment was brought into effect. The monarch’s functions
and duties, as defined in the 1974 Constitution Act, in- At the request of the Speaker of the Riksdag, the monarch
clude heading the special cabinet council held when there opens the annual session of the Riksdag (Swedish:
öppnande) in the chamber of the Riksdag
is a change of government, but no executive powers with Riksmötets
[n 15][39]
building.
The king or queen regnant also rerespect to the governance of the realm are vested in
ceives
Letters
of
Credence of foreign ambassadors sent
[8][7]
him.
to Sweden and signs those of Swedish ambassadors sent
abroad.[8] The monarch also chairs the Cabinet Council (Swedish: skifteskonselj) in a session that establishes
the new government following a general election or ma2 Constitutional and official role
jor cabinet reshuffle and also chairs information councils
(Swedish: informationskonselj) approximately four times
When, on 1 January 1975, it replaced the Instrument a year to get information from the assembled Governof Government of 1809 as part of the Constitution ment, apart from that given by ministers in individual auof Sweden, the Instrument of Government of 1974 diences or through other means.[40][8] Formally, it is the
(Swedish: 1974 års regeringsform) transformed the ad- explicit responsibility of the prime minister to keep the
visory Council of State (Swedish: Statsrådet) into the monarch informed on the affairs of the realm; the failure
collegial Government (Swedish: Regeringen), to which to do so following the 2004 tsunami disaster in the Indian
all executive power was transferred.[23][24] Responsibil- Ocean (in which many Swedes perished) gave rise to wide
ity for nominating and dismissing the prime minister criticism of Prime Minister Göran Persson for his han(who, since 1975, is elected by the Riksdag) was trans- dling of the matter.[37] The monarch also chairs the Adviferred to the Speaker of the Riksdag and the prime min- sory Council on Foreign Affairs (Swedish: Utrikesnämnister appoints and dismisses the other ministers at his den), a body that enables the government of the day to
or her discretion.[25][26][24][n 11] Further, bills passed by inform not only the head of state, but also the speaker and
the Riksdag become law without royal assent: the prime representatives of the opposition parties in the Riksdag,
minister or any other cabinet minister signs them “On on foreign affairs issues in a confidential manner.[8][41][40]
Behalf of the Government” (Swedish: På regeringens
vägnar).[28] Although the unwritten precedent was set in While the monarch is no longer the commander-in-chief
1917, when Gustaf V had little choice but to support the (Swedish: högste befälhavare) of the Swedish Armed

6

4

Forces, as he once was under the 1809 Instrument of
Government[21] (and much older custom, as shown in the
history section), King Carl XVI Gustaf retains the honorary ranks of a four star admiral in the Swedish Navy
and general in the Swedish Army and Air Force.[8] As
part of his court, the monarch has a military staff, which
is headed by a senior officer (usually a general or admiral, retired from active service) and includes active duty
military officers serving as aides-de-camp to the monarch
and his or her family.[42]

3

Cultural role

The monarch and the members of Royal Family undertake a variety of official, unofficial and other representative duties within Sweden and abroad. The monarch and
his or her family play a central role in state visits to Sweden and the sovereign conducts state visits to other nations on behalf of Sweden. Other members of the Royal
Family may also represent the country abroad at lesser
functions.

TITLES

of Mora in Uppland and participation was originally restricted to the people of that area; hence, the need of having the election confirmed by the other parts of the realm.
The Eriksgata gradually lost its importance when, as of
the 14th century, representatives of other parts of Sweden began to participate in the election. After 1544, when
hereditary monarchy was instituted, that meant that the
Eriksgata had little practical importance. The last king
to travel the Eriksgata according to the old tradition was
Charles IX, whose reign began in 1604. Later, kings, up
until present times, have made visits to all the Swedish
provinces and called them an Eriksgata, while those visits
bear little resemblance to the medieval tradition.

4 Titles

The royal standard used by the monarch

Many of the flag days in Sweden have direct royal connections; among them are the name days of the King (28 January), the Queen (8 August), and the Crown Princess (12
March); the birthdays of the King (30 April), the Queen
(23 December), and the Crown Princess (14 July); and
Gustavus Adolphus Day (Swedish: Gustav Adolfsdagen),
on November 6, in memory of King Gustavus Adolphus,
who was killed on that date (old style) in 1632 in the
Battle of Lützen.[n 16][43][44][45] None of these flag days
are public holidays, however.[n 17]
The Silver Throne, used by all Swedish monarchs from Queen
Christina in 1650 onward

Perhaps the most globally known ceremony in which the
Swedish royals annually participate is the Nobel Prize
award ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall
(and the subsequent banquet in the Stockholm City Hall), 4.1 Monarch
where the monarch hands out the Nobel Prizes on behalf
of the Nobel Foundation for outstanding contributions to The full title of the Swedish monarch from 1544 to 1973
mankind in physics, chemistry, literature, physiology or included:
medicine, and the economic sciences.[47]
Eriksgata was the name of the traditional journey of
newly elected medieval Swedish kings through important provinces to have their election confirmed by local Things. The actual election took place at the Stone

In Swedish: Med Guds Nåde Sveriges, Götes
och Vendes Konung (By the Grace of God,
King of the Swedes, the Goths/Geats, and the
Wends)

4.3

Ducal
In Latin: Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gothorum et
Vandalorum Rex

7

4.3 Ducal
Main article: Duchies in Sweden

Sometimes the first part of the Latin title was Svionum or
Sveonum, all three words meaning “of the Swedes”, not King Gustav III revived a tradition from the time of
“of Sweden”.
Gustav Vasa and the medieval era by giving male heirs
Götes Konung (King of the Goths) dated back at least to to the throne ducal titles of Swedish provinces. The difKings Magnus III, Erik the Saint, and Charles VII (and ference between the ducal titles from the Vasa era and
possibly to Inge the Elder, the title being used in a letter those granted by Gustav III is they now are non-hereditary
to Inge from the Pope). The title Svea Konung (King of courtesy titles given at birth. Since 1980, they have been
the Swedes) dated to an older era. In the 16th century, conferred to all royal heirs, male and female. The wives
it was changed to Sveriges Konung or Rex Sveciae (King of royal dukes have always shared their husbands’ titles;
of Sweden), a short form of the title that came be used the husbands of royal duchesses have done so as of 2010.
sometimes in less formal circumstances.
Before the accession of the first king of the House of
Bernadotte, Charles XIV John, in 1818, the King of Swe- 5
den had many other titles relating to the wider Swedish
Empire:
5.1

Symbols of the Monarchy
Regalia

Grand Prince of Finland, Duke of Scania,
Estonia, Livonia, Karelia, Bremen, Verden,
Stettin, Pomerania, Kashubia and Wendia,
Prince of Rügen, Lord of Ingria and Wismar,
Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria,
Jülich, Cleves and Berg.
During the reign of the House of Holstein-Gottorp from
1751 to 1818, the title Heir to Norway (Arvinge till Norge)
was also used,[48] as well as other titles connected to the
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. When, after the Napoleonic
wars, Norway was in personal union with Sweden, the
title included King of Norway, in older Swedish spellings:
Sweriges, Norriges, Göthes och Wendes Konung.
Upon his accession, Carl XVI Gustaf chose for his title simply Sveriges Konung (King of Sweden).[9] This
was reflected in his personal motto För Sverige, i tiden
(“For Sweden, with the times”). Queen Margrethe II of
Denmark did the same in 1972 and, similarly, Harald V
of Norway bears no titles except King of Norway.
The Crown of Eric XIV.

4.2

Heir apparent

The customary title of the heir apparent is Crown Prince
of Sweden (Sveriges Kronprins) or, if female, Crown
Princess of Sweden (Sveriges Kronprinsessa). The wife of
a crown prince would also receive a corresponding title,
but not the husband of a crown princess. The traditional
official title used until 1980 for other dynastic male heirs
was Hereditary Prince of Sweden (Sveriges arvfurste), although the word prince (prins) was used in constitutional
legal texts such as the Act of Succession and also colloquially and informally. In all cases the title of princesses was
Princess of Sweden (Prinsessa av Sverige). Since 1980,
the official title of all dynasts is Prince/Princess of Sweden (Prins/Prinsessa av Sverige).

Main article: Swedish Royal Regalia
Sweden's Royal Regalia are kept deep in the vaults of the
Treasury chamber (Swedish: Skattkammaren), located
underneath the Royal Palace in Stockholm, in a museum
which has been open to the public since 1970. Among the
oldest objects in the collection are the sword of Gustav
Vasa and the crown, orb, sceptre and key of King Erik
XIV. The Regalia is state property and the government
authority which holds it in trust is Kammarkollegiet.[49][50]
The last King to be coronated was Oscar II. His son
and successor, Gustaf V, abstained from having a
coronation.[49] While the crowns and coronets have not
been worn by Swedish royals since 1907, they are nevertheless still displayed on royal occasions such as at

8

5

SYMBOLS OF THE MONARCHY

weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974, the Family.
crown and sceptre were also displayed on cushions beside the Silver Throne at the annual solemn opening of
the Riksdag (Swedish: Riksdagens högtidliga öppnan- 5.3 Royal residences
de).[49][50][51]
Main article: Crown palaces in Sweden

5.2

Royal orders of chivalry

The Royal Palaces (including the Royal Palace in Stockholm, Drottningholm Palace, Haga Palace, Rosendal
Palace, Ulriksdal Palace, Rosersberg Palace, Tullgarn
Palace and Gripsholm Castle) are the property of the
Swedish state, managed by the National Property Board
(Swedish: Statens fastighetsverk) and are at the disposal
of the Monarch, an arrangement that has been in place
since the beginning of the 19th century.[53][54] In addition, there are also residences which are held privately by
the Royal Family, such as Solliden Palace on the island
of Öland, a cottage in Storlien in the Jämtland and Villa
Mirage in Sainte-Maxime in southern France (originally
acquired by Prince Bertil).[55]

5.3.1 The Royal Palace
Main article: Stockholm Palace
The Royal Palace (Kungliga slottet), also known as

The Royal Orders of Sweden constituting the Royal Order of
Knights

The Royal orders have a historical basis, dating back
to the 1606 founding of the now extinct Jehova Order.
The Royal Orders of Knights of Sweden were only truly
codified in the 18th century, with their formal foundation in 1748 by King Frederick I. In 1974 the Riksdag
significantly changed the conditions and criteria under
which orders and decorations could be awarded: that no
Swedish citizen outside the Royal Family is eligible to
receive such decorations. The Order of the Seraphim
(Swedish: Serafimerorden) is only awarded to foreign
heads of state and members of the Swedish and foreign
royal families, while the Order of the Polar Star (Swedish:
Nordstjärneorden) can be bestowed on any non-Swedish
citizen.[52] Following the reforms, the Order of the Sword
(Swedish: Svärdsorden) and the Order of Vasa (Swedish:
Vasaorden) are no longer conferred: officially they have
been declared as “dormant”.

The Royal Palace in Stockholm, as seen from the tower of the
Cathedral.

Stockholm Palace (Swedish: Stockholms slott), is the
official residence of the King. The Royal Palace is located on Stadsholmen (“City Island”), commonly known
as Gamla Stan (“the Old Town”) in the national capital
city Stockholm.

The offices of the King, other members of the Swedish
Royal Family, and the offices of the Royal Court are located in the Palace. The Royal Palace is used for representative purposes and State occasions by the King.[1]
The Royal Palace is guarded by Högvakten, a royal guard,
consisting of regular service members of the Swedish
Armed Forces.[56] The tradition of having a regular unit
of the Army guarding at the royal residence dates back
Since 1975, H. M. The King’s Medal (Swedish: H.M. Ko- to 1523.[56] Until the mid 19th century, the royal guards
nungens medalj) is the highest honour that can be awarded also maintained law and order in the city and provided
to Swedish citizens other than members of the Royal firefighting services.[56]

5.3

Royal residences

9

The castle Tre Kronor, located on the site of today’s palace, in a
painting from 1661 by Govert Dircksz Camphuysen.

The southern façade faces the grand style slope
Slottsbacken; the eastern façade borders Skeppsbron, an
quay which passes along the eastern waterfront of the
old town; on the northern front Lejonbacken is a system
of ramps named for the Medici lions, sculptures on the
stone railings; and the western wings border the open
space Högvaktsterrassen. The Royal Palace in Stockholm
is unique among European royal residences in that large
portions of it are open year round to visitors, who pay
entrance fees.[1]
The first building on this site was a fortress with a core
tower built in the 13th century by Birger Jarl to defend
the entry into Lake Mälaren. The fortress gradually grew
to a castle, known as Tre Kronor: named after the spire on
the centre tower with Three Crowns, which have become
the Swedish national symbol.[n 14] In the late 16th century,
work was done to transform the castle into a Renaissance
palace during the reign of John III. In 1690, it was decided
that the castle be rebuilt in Baroque style in a design by
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger. In 1692, work began on
the northern row. However, much of the old castle was
destroyed in a disastrous fire on 7 May 1697.
Tessin rebuilt the damaged palace, and work continued
for another 63 years. Semicirclular wings around the
outer western courtyard were finished in 1734, the palace
church was finished in the 1740s, and the exterior was
finished in 1754. The royal family moved to the palace
with the southwest, southeast, and northeast wings finished. The northwest wing was finished in 1760. In the
north, Lejonbacken (the “Lion’s Slope”) was rebuilt from
1824 to 1830.
5.3.2

Drottningholm Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage site is the
home residence of the King & Queen.[2]

tourist attraction.[2]
The gardens and park areas surrounding Drottningholm
Palace and adjacent to its buildings are one of the main
attractions for the tourists that visit the palace each
year. The gardens have been established in stages since
the palace was first built, resulting in many different
styles.[57]
The royal domain of Drottningholm is a well preserved
milieu from the 17th and 18th centuries, inspired by
French buildings such as the Chateau of Versailles, and is
a UNESCO World Heritage Site, principally because of
the Drottningholm Palace Theatre and the Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm. It was added to the World Heritage
List in 1991.[58]
5.3.3 Haga Palace
Main article: Haga Palace
Haga Palace (Swedish: Haga slott), formerly known

Drottningholm Palace

Main article: Drottningholm Palace
Drottningholm Palace (Swedish: Drottningholms slott)
is located at Drottningholm on the island of Lovön (in
Ekerö Municipality of Stockholm County), and is one of
Sweden’s Royal Palaces. It was originally built in the late
16th century. It has served as a residence of the Swedish
royal family members for most of the 18th and 19th centuries. Apart from being the current private residence of
the King and Queen, Drottningholm Palace is a popular

Haga Palace is the residence of Crown Princess Victoria and her
family.

as the Queen’s Pavilion (Swedish: Drottningens paviljong), is located in the Haga Park, Solna Municipality
in Metropolitan Stockholm. The palace, built between
1802 – 1805, was modelled after balletmaster Louis Gallodier's Italian villa at Drottningholm by architect Carl

10

7 SEE ALSO

Christoffer Gjörwell on appointment by King Gustaf IV
Adolf for the royal children. It has been the home or
summer house of several members of the Swedish royal
family – notably it was the birthplace of the present King
Carl XVI Gustaf – until 1966 when King Gustaf VI Adolf
transferred its disposal to the Prime Minister and it was
turned into a guest house for distinguished foreign official visitors (heads of state and heads of government et
cetera).[59]

4 that the Monarch and dynastic members of the Royal
House must at all times be a Protestant Christian of the
pure evangelical faith (by implication the Church of Sweden).[63][64]

A rewrite of the Act, entering into force in 1980, fundamentally changed the rules of succession from agnatic primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.[64] This allowed
for the crown to pass to the eldest child regardless of gender and thus retroactively installed Princess Victoria as
In April 2009, it was announced by Prime Minister Crown Princess (heir apparent) over her younger brother
Fredrik Reinfeldt that the rights of disposal of the palace Prince Carl Philip who had been born as Crown Prince.
would be transferred back to the King and thus could be In its present reading, Article 1 of the Act of Succession
used by Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and her limits the potential number of claimants to the throne, so
husband, Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland.[60] They that only the descendants of Carl XVI Gustaf can inherit
moved into the palace in the autumn after their wedding the Throne.[65][64] If the royal house were to be extinct,
on 19 June 2010.[61]
the Riksdag is not obligated to elect a new royal house,

6

Royal Family

Main article: Swedish Royal Family

as it once was up until the constitutional reforms of the
1970s.[37]

7 See also

The Swedish Royal Family is, according to the Royal
Court, currently cathegorized into three groups;
• first, those with royal titles and style (manner of address) who perform official and unofficial engagements for the nation, are the members of the Royal
Family (Swedish: Kungafamiljen) (currently this
category only includes the King, Queen and their descendants, including spouses);[62]
• second, those with royal titles and style (manner
of address) who performs no official engagements
(Swedish: Kungliga Huset, usually stylized with the
shortform Kungl. Huset);[62]
The royal barge Vasaorden, last used at the 2010 royal wedding.

• and third, the extended family of the King (Swedish:
Kungliga Familjens övriga medlemmar, usually stylized with the shortform Kungl. Famljens övriga
medlemmar) which is other close relatives who are 7.1 Notes
not dynasts and thus do not represent the country
[1] A complete Lutheran church ordinance was not preofficially.[62]

sented until the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, with a
statement of faith finalized by the Uppsala Synod in 1593.

However, in any case, there is no legislation or other public document which delineates the rules of membership
in either the Royal House or Royal Family, as it is left to
the sole discretion of the King.

6.1

The line of succession

[2] The powers of the king were originally regulated by a section of the written legal code called Konungabalk (English:
Kings’ partition) from medieval times until 1734, when a
new law code of Sweden was adopted and that section was
removed. The new law code of Sweden was adopted after
a long period of inquiries by royal commissions since the
days of Charles IX (late 16th/early 17th century)

Main article: Line of succession to the Swedish throne

[3] No regnal number—just Sigismund—is used when referring to Sigismund III Vasa as King of Sweden.

The Act of Succession of 1810 provides the rules governing the line of succession and designates the legitimate heirs to the Swedish Throne; it also states in article

[4] The war against Denmark was concluded in 1613 with a
peace treaty, which did not cost Sweden any territory, but
Sweden was nevertheless forced to pay a heavy indemnity

7.2

References

to Denmark (Treaty of Knäred) in order to regain control
of Älvsborg fortress.
[5] Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Tilly was laying waste
to Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly’s army and
crushed it at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in September 1631. He then marched clear across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near the Rhine, making plans
for the invasion of the rest of the Holy Roman Empire.
In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria, a
staunch ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal of
his Catholic opponents at the Battle of Rain. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would
preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while
guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achieving
these objectives depended on his continued success on the
battlefield.
[6] In Chapter V of Carl von Clausewitz' On War, he lists
Gustavus Adolphus as an example of an outstanding military leader, along with: Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Alexander Farnese, Charles XII, Frederick the Great
and Napoleon Bonaparte.
[7] Although the local conflict with Denmark-Norway, as part
of the Thirty Years’ War was settled at the Second Treaty
of Brömsebro (1645), in which the Danes ceded the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre &
Särna as well as the Danish Baltic Sea islands of Gotland
and Ösel. Sweden was furthermore exempted from the
Sound Dues and received the Danish province of Halland
for a period of 30 years as a guarantee of these provisions.
[8] Charles Gustav was the son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg (1589-1652) and Princess Catherine of
Sweden (1584-1638), daughter of King Charles IX.
[9] Sweden ceded its Baltic provinces and parts of Finland to
Russia in the 1721 Treaty of Nystad.
[10] Also known as the Torekov Agreement (Swedish: Torekovsövernskommelsen). The participants were Valter
Åman (s), Bertil Fiskesjö (c), Birger Lundström (fp) and
Allan Hernelius (m).[22]
[11] The Speaker of the Riksdag, not the Prime Minister, is
considered the second highest public office in the order of
precedence, below the head of state.[27]
[12] Such as in the first article in which the monarch is mentioned:
Art. 5. The King or Queen who occupies the throne of Sweden in accordance with
the Act of Succession shall be the Head of
State.[32]
[13] Given their predominance in 20th century Swedish politics, the public positions taken by the leaders of the Social
Democrats are noteworthy; particularly given that their
party programme does call for the abolishment of the
monarchy.[33] Party leaders and prime ministers Hjalmar
Branting, Per-Albin Hansson and Tage Erlander all made
statements to the effect of being for a republic in principle whenever the issue was raised, but that it was not worth
pursuing (presumably fearing an electoral backlash).[34] At

11

the 1972 party congress of the Social Democrats, Prime
Minister Olof Palme publicly defended the Torekov compromise, in response some members that yearned for a republic, by famously characterizing that the upcoming reforms would reduce the constitutional role of the monarchy to nothing but a "plume" (Swedish: plym) and thus
paving the way to abolish the monarchy with the stroke of
a pen (Swedish: penndrag) at some distant point in the future. Palme emphasized though that other reforms were
far more important for the Social Democrats than abolishing the monarchy.[33][35] Successive leaders (and prime
ministers) Ingvar Carlsson and Göran Persson have also
defended the status quo.[33]
[14] This could be interpreted as “for life”, given the historical precedent: no voluntary abdication has occurred since
Ulrika Eleonora, in 1719 and only three hereditary monarchs have been involuntarily deposed (Eric XIV in 1568,
Sigisumnd 1599, and Gustav IV Adolf in 1809).
[15] The Riksdag Act provision in question reads:
Special meeting for the opening of the
Riksdag session Art. 6. A special meeting
of the Chamber for the formal opening of a
Riksdag session takes place no later than the
third day of the session. At the request of the
Speaker, the Head of State declares the session open. If the Head of State is unable to
attend, the Speaker declares the session open.
At this meeting, the Prime Minister delivers a
statement of Government policy unless there
are special grounds why he or she should refrain from doing so.
Time of meeting for the opening of the
Riksdag session
Supplementary provision 3.6.1 The formal
opening of the session after an election to the
Riksdag takes place at 2 p.m. on the second
day of the session.
In years in which no election to the Riksdag
has been held, the formal opening takes place
on the first day of the session at the same
time.
The Speaker may appoint another time for
the meeting.[38]
[16] According to the Gregorian calendar, the king died on 16
November, but the Julian calendar (“old style”) was still
used in Protestant Sweden at the time and the same date
is still used now.
[17] Flag days are regulated by an ordinance issued by the
Government of Sweden.[46] This means that the national
flag is flown on all public flag poles and buildings on those
dates.

7.2 References
[1] “The Royal Palace of Stockholm”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
[2] “Drottningholm Palace”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-23.

12

[3] See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5.
[4] Parliamentary system: see the Instrument of Government,
Chapter 1, Article 1.
[5] “The Monarchy in Sweden”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
[6] “The Constitution”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
[7] “The Head of State”. Government of Sweden. Retrieved
2014-02-22.
[8] “Duties of the Monarch”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
[9] (Swedish) SFS (1973:702)

7 SEE ALSO

[25] “Forming a government”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 201410-24.
[26] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 166-170.
[27] Larsson & Bäck: p. 155.
[28] Prop. 1973:90. Kungl. Maj:ts proposition med förslag
till ny regeringsform och ny riksdagsordning m. m.; given
Stockholms slott den 16 mars 1973. p. 172-175.
[29] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 65-69.
[30] Nergelius: p. 41.
[31] Larsson & Bäck: p. 166.
[32] The Instrument of Government: Chapter 1, Article 5.

[10] Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden
1523-1611 (1968); Jan Glete, War and the State in Early
Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic, and Sweden as
Fiscal-Military States, 1500-1660 (2002) online edition

[33] “Socialdemokraterna och republikfrågan”.
Arbetarrörelsen arkiv och bibliotek (Swedish Labour Movement
Archives and Library). Retrieved 2014-12-02.

[11] Article “Johan III”, from Nordisk familjebok

[34] Åse: pp. 58-60.

[12] Ericson Wolke, Lars; Larsson, Villstrand. Historiska Media, ed. Trettioåriga kriget (in Swedish). pp. 145–148.
ISBN 91-85377-37-6.

[35] Åse: pp. 11-13.

[13] “Nordisk Familjebok – Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna”.
Nordisk Familjebok at runeberg.org (in Swedish). 1914.
Retrieved 2014-10-23.

[37] Nergelius: p. 42.

[14] Prinz, Oliver C. (2005). Der Einfluss von Heeresverfassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Militärstrafrechts.
Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte (in German) 7. Osnabrück: V&R unipress.
pp. 40–41. ISBN 3-89971-129-7. Referring to Kroener,
Bernhard R. (1993). “Militärgeschichte des Mittelalters
und der frühen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskrieger
zum Söldner”. In Neugebauer, Karl-Volker. Grundzüge
der deutschen Militärgeschichte (in German) 1. Freiburg:
Rombach. p. 32.
[15] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 66-67.
[16] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 67-68.
[17] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 68-69.
[18] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 66-69.
[19] Lewin: pp. 112-115.
[20] Larsson & Bäck: p. 72.
[21] Torbjörn Bergman (1999). “Trade-offs in Swedish Constitutional design: The Monarchy Under Challenge”. In
Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm, eds., Policy? Office?, or Votes? How Political Parties Make Hard Choices.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63723-6.
[22] “Monarken utan formell makt efter Torekovskompromissen”. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 23 February 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
[23] Nergelius: pp. 15-16.
[24] Nergelius: pp. 33-34.

[36] Petersson: p. 44.

[38] The Riksdag Act: Chapter 3, Article 6.
[39] “A year in the Riksdag”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 201410-24.
[40] Nergelius: pp. 41-42.
[41] “The Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs”. The Riksdag.
Retrieved 2014-10-24.
[42] "Övriga funktioner” (in Swedish). The Royal Court of
Sweden. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
[43] Steve Wilson. “The genius of Sweden’s 'Lion of the
North'". Military History Online. Retrieved 20 February
2014.
[44] “In Memory of a Great Man”. Spokane Daily Chronicle
(scanned by Google). 4 November 1901. Retrieved 20
February 2014.
[45] “Swedish Festival Calendar”. Swedish Language Training
London. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
[46] “Förordning (1982:270) om allmänna flaggdagar”.
Swedish Code of Statutes. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
[47] Levinovitz, pp. 21–23
[48] See the preamble to the Act of Succession.
[49] “History, The Treasury”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
[50] “Regal symbols”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved
2014-02-23.
[51] “The Treasury”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 201402-23.

13

[52] Orders, Swedish Royal Court, date accessed 2014-10-22.
[53] “Svenska folkets slott” (PDF) (in Swedish).
fastighetsverk. Retrieved 2014-10-23.

Statens

[54] “State administration in Sweden”. Government of Sweden
accessdate = 2014-11-13.
[55] “Interests”. Royal Court of Sweden accessdate = 201411-13.
[56] “About the Royal Guards”. Swedish Armed Forces. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
[57] “Drottningholm Palace Park”. Royal Court of Sweden.
Retrieved 2014-02-26.
[58] “The World Heritage”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved
2014-02-26.
[59] “Buildings in Haga Park”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
[60] “Regeringen återlämnar Haga slott” (in Swedish).
Government of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-11-13.

• Nergelius, Joakim (2011). Constitutional Law in
Sweden. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International BV. ISBN 9789041134356.
• Petersson, Olof (2010). Den offentliga makten (in
Swedish). Stockholm: SNS Förlag. ISBN 978-9186203-66-5.
• Roberts, Michael (1992). Gustavus Adolphus. Profiles in Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN
0582090008.
• Truedson Demitz, Jacob (1996). Throne of a Thousand Years. Ludvika & Los Angeles: Ristesson Ent.
ISBN 91-630-5030-7.
• Åse, Cecilia (2009). Monarkins makt. Nationell
gemenskap i svensk demokrati (in Swedish). Stockholm: Ordfront. ISBN 978-91-7037-416-6.

8 External links

[61] “Haga Palace”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 201411-13.

• The Royal Court of Sweden - official website

[62] “Möt Kungafamiljen” (in Swedish). Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-11-23.

• Kungahuset on YouTube - official video channel on
YouTube

[63] “The Act of Succession”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 201410-24.

• Kungahuset on Vimeo - official video channel on
Vimeo

[64] Nergelius: pp. 42-44.

• Skattkammaren - the Royal Treasury

[65] See Act of Succession, Article 1.

• Livrustkammaren - the Royal Armoury (Swedish
museum of royal history)

English translations of Swedish fundamental laws
and the Riksdag Act
• The Instrument of Government (PDF). Stockholm:
The Riksdag. 2012.
• The Act of Succession (PDF). Stockholm: The
Riksdag. 2012.
• The Riksdag Act (PDF). Stockholm: The Riksdag.
2014.
Bibliography
• Larsson, Torbjörn; Bäck, Henry (2008). Governing
and Governance in Sweden. Lund: Studentlitteratur
AB. ISBN 978-91-44-03682-3.
• Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz,
ed. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. Imperial
College Press and World Scientific Publishing.
ISBN 981-02-4664-1.
• Lewin, Leif (1988). Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 9780521343305.

14

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

• Monarchy of Sweden Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden?oldid=676000844 Contributors: Manning Bartlett,
Mic, Dod1, John K, Ruhrjung, Wik, Eliashedberg, Jao, Wiglaf, HangingCurve, Orpheus, Everyking, Gugganij, Gadfium, Quadell, Domino
theory, Djonn~enwiki, Lacrimosus, Buffyg, Mad Greg, Summer Song, Bill Thayer, Pedro Aguiar, Wtmitchell, TaintedMustard, Siafu,
Woohookitty, Pol098, RicJac, Jebur~enwiki, Wachholder0, Rjwilmsi, CalJW, JDM1991, RexNL, Gaius Cornelius, Gadget850, FF2010,
Silverhorse, Barryob, SmackBot, Slarre, Cubs Fan, Rrius, Flamarande, Srnec, Peter Isotalo, Pzavon, Hmains, Bluebot, GoodDay, Savidan,
HADRIANVS, A. Parrot, Odengatan, Kencf0618, ES Vic, DangerousPanda, CmdrObot, Oden, Gogo Dodo, PKT, 0lorenzo0, Ludde23,
Nick Number, Mkallgren, Mackan79, Camptown, Catgut, Animum, Berig, MartinBot, STBot, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, DrKiernan, Davidm617617, Limetolime, Bonadea, Signalhead, G2bambino, FrinkMan, Gotipe, Retireduser1111, Joshejuansueco,
Danog-76, ClueBot, Dashenti, Versus22, Kreb, Surtsicna, Nayiuotreekutf, Addbot, Download, Favonian, TaBOT-zerem, Dennislarsson93,
AnomieBOT, Gold Wiz113, Jim1138, Galoubet, 9258fahsflkh917fas, LilHelpa, Xqbot, DSisyphBot, Koyos, Miesianiacal, SD5, FrescoBot,
Carlstaffanholmer, James7709, Σ, VenomousConcept, SergeWoodzing, Yunshui, Fry1989, Mackay 86, EmausBot, Chelos, GoingBatty,
Elzo 90, Lungboy87, Sundostund, Bollyjeff, Wieralee, PinkPhantom, Donner60, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Zkia, Frietjes, Widr, Tudosobreatv,
Tholme, TheSwedishBeast, BG19bot, Keivan.f, Titanic1000, Klilidiplomus, Justincheng12345-bot, Hipposcrashed, ChrisGualtieri, Arcandam, Qexigator, Cmills924, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, TrulyVIKING, Icensnow42, Johnsully107, The Last Arietta, TompaDompa, Pakeha and
Anonymous: 83

9.2

Images

• File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: www.nationalmuseum.se Original artist: Attributed to David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Greater_coat_of_arms_
of_Sweden.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted
from this:
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg' class='image'><img
alt='Coat of Arms of Juliana of the Netherlands.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg/18px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png'
width='18'
height='20'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg/27px-Coat_
of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg/36px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='952' data-fileheight='1045' /></a> Coat of Arms of Juliana of the Netherlands.svg (by Sodacan). Original artist: Ssolbergj
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Drottningholm_castle_viewed_from_east_2005-08-14.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/
Drottningholm_castle_viewed_from_east_2005-08-14.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Own work (Photo taken by me) Original
artist: Tage Olsin
• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden_(without_ermine_mantling).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
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• File:Royal_crown_of_Sweden.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Royal_crown_of_Sweden.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: “Svenska konstskatter. Från äldsta tider till 1900-talets början”, page 49, published by Bokförlaget
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