Movers and Shakers in Education
Content
Running head: MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION
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Movers and Shakers in Education Erica Priscella July 10, 2013 Barbara Lee
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION
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Movers and Shakers in Education In today’s education system there have been many individuals and acts that have helped develop, advance, and reform the education system to what it is today. The American education system has come a long way from the one room school house to parents having a choice to whom or where they send their child to school. A few of the influential people or acts are Horace Mann, John Dewey, Maria Montessori, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
Horace Mann was an education reformist. He was a politician from Massachusetts that served in the state House of Representatives and Senate. In 1937, he served as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. Mann is credited with being the “Father of the Common School Movement” (Good, 2008). Most states have adopted the version of the school system that Massachusetts had especially for the normal school to train educators. Horace Mann while he was Secretary of the Board of Education in Massachusetts he traveled to every school in the state. In 1838, Mann created the Common School Journal and it targeted public schools and its problems. He had “six main principles (a) the public schools and its problems, (b) education should be paid for, controlled, and sustained by the public, (c) education will be best provided in schools that embrace a variety of backgrounds, (d) education is non-sectarian, (e) education must be taught by the spirit, methods, and
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION discipline of free society, and (f) education should be provide by well-trained professional teachers” (Mondale, 2001).
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John Dewey was a philosopher, psychologist, and education reformist. He has been an influential in social and education reform. He is known for his work in progressive education. Progressive Education is “a reaction against traditional style of teaching which teaches facts largely at the expense of understanding what is being taught” (Kennedy, n.d.). The progressive philosophy has embraced the idea of how we should teach the children how to think and not measure them on being an educated person. Dewey has five standpoints in Progressive Education “What Education is, What the School is, The Subject-Matter of Education, The Nature of Method, The School and Social Progress” (Dewey, 1897). Dewey believed that the role of education is to encourage individuals to work to their full potential as humans. Dewey has also used some of his educational theories in books that he has written. He believed that education and learning are social and interactive process. Students should be involved in their learning.
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION
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Maria Montessori was an Italian doctor and an educator. Maria Montessori developed an educational movement that is still used today and is named after her. Montessori education covers education from infants through high school. The philosophy of Maria Montessori was “to aid life, leaving it free, however, to unfold itself, that is the basic task of the educator”(n.d.). Montessori education allows students to learn on their own while their teacher is guiding their discovery. The teacher assesses the students on what they have learned and then guides them to need discoveries. The classroom will be grouped with several students in their classroom in different age ranges.
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) is a law that "is designed to protect the rights of students with disabilities by ensuring that everyone receives a free appropriate public education of their ability. One of the aims of IDEA is to 'grant equal access to students with disabilities and to provide additional special education services and procedural safeguards'" (NJCLD, 2010, p.4).
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION In 1975, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was formed. The act required
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"all public schools accepting federal funds provide equal access to education and one free meal a day to children with physical and mental disabilities. The public schools were required to evaluate the handicapped children and create an educational plan with parental input to help emulate the educational experiences of non-disabled peers" (EAHC, 1, 1975). The act also required the school districts to have procedures, so that parents can dispute decisions made about his or her child's education and parents can seek judicial review of the administrative decisions after all efforts were exhausted. In 1990, the EAHC Act was replaced by the IDEA after it was introduced to the Senate by Tom Harkins of Iowa. IDEA was to focus on the individual instead of the conditions that the child would have. The act has changed over the years like adding programs like Head Start and transition planning. The reauthorization of the IDEA 2004 made sure that all children with disabilities have availability to FAPE and services like special education and related services (SLP, OT, or PT) to meet their needs and prepare them for the future. Parents and children were also given rights to protect themselves and they were granted access to educational services. In 2006, "another change was made when final regulations were released for IDEA 2004. Many schools were waiting for students to fall two or more years behind in school before they would be considered eligible for special education (IDEA, n.d.)." Today schools, no longer follow that discrepancy model especially with RTI in place. RTI allows students to get extra intervention before being referred to special education.
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION References: Dewey, J. (1897). My Pedagogical Creed. School Journal, 54. pp 77-80. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://dewey.pragmatism.org/creed.htm EAHC (Education of All Handicapped Children Act). Public Law 940142. (1975). Retrieved from http://www.venturacountyselpa.com/portals/45/users/public %20law%2094.pdf Good, T.L. (2008). 21st Century Education; a reference.
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IDEA (The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) (n.d.). National Resource Center on ADHD: A Program of CHADD. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://www.help4adhd.org/education/rights/idea Kennedy, R. (n.d). What is Montessori Education?. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http:// Privateschool.about.com/od/typesofprivateschools/f/Montessori.htm Kennedy, R.(n.d.). What is Progressive Education?. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://privateschools.about.com/of/typesofprivateschools/g/progressive.htm Mondale, S. (2001). School: The story of American Public Education. New York: Beacon. Montessori, M. (n.d.). The Montessori Education Philosophy. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://alfredmontessori.com/montessori-philosophy.htm NJCLD (National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities). (2010). Retrieved July 10, 2013 from WETA website:http://www.ldonline.org/features/idea2004.
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION
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1
Movers and Shakers in Education Erica Priscella July 10, 2013 Barbara Lee
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION
2
Movers and Shakers in Education In today’s education system there have been many individuals and acts that have helped develop, advance, and reform the education system to what it is today. The American education system has come a long way from the one room school house to parents having a choice to whom or where they send their child to school. A few of the influential people or acts are Horace Mann, John Dewey, Maria Montessori, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
Horace Mann was an education reformist. He was a politician from Massachusetts that served in the state House of Representatives and Senate. In 1937, he served as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. Mann is credited with being the “Father of the Common School Movement” (Good, 2008). Most states have adopted the version of the school system that Massachusetts had especially for the normal school to train educators. Horace Mann while he was Secretary of the Board of Education in Massachusetts he traveled to every school in the state. In 1838, Mann created the Common School Journal and it targeted public schools and its problems. He had “six main principles (a) the public schools and its problems, (b) education should be paid for, controlled, and sustained by the public, (c) education will be best provided in schools that embrace a variety of backgrounds, (d) education is non-sectarian, (e) education must be taught by the spirit, methods, and
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION discipline of free society, and (f) education should be provide by well-trained professional teachers” (Mondale, 2001).
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John Dewey was a philosopher, psychologist, and education reformist. He has been an influential in social and education reform. He is known for his work in progressive education. Progressive Education is “a reaction against traditional style of teaching which teaches facts largely at the expense of understanding what is being taught” (Kennedy, n.d.). The progressive philosophy has embraced the idea of how we should teach the children how to think and not measure them on being an educated person. Dewey has five standpoints in Progressive Education “What Education is, What the School is, The Subject-Matter of Education, The Nature of Method, The School and Social Progress” (Dewey, 1897). Dewey believed that the role of education is to encourage individuals to work to their full potential as humans. Dewey has also used some of his educational theories in books that he has written. He believed that education and learning are social and interactive process. Students should be involved in their learning.
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION
2
Maria Montessori was an Italian doctor and an educator. Maria Montessori developed an educational movement that is still used today and is named after her. Montessori education covers education from infants through high school. The philosophy of Maria Montessori was “to aid life, leaving it free, however, to unfold itself, that is the basic task of the educator”(n.d.). Montessori education allows students to learn on their own while their teacher is guiding their discovery. The teacher assesses the students on what they have learned and then guides them to need discoveries. The classroom will be grouped with several students in their classroom in different age ranges.
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) is a law that "is designed to protect the rights of students with disabilities by ensuring that everyone receives a free appropriate public education of their ability. One of the aims of IDEA is to 'grant equal access to students with disabilities and to provide additional special education services and procedural safeguards'" (NJCLD, 2010, p.4).
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION In 1975, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was formed. The act required
2
"all public schools accepting federal funds provide equal access to education and one free meal a day to children with physical and mental disabilities. The public schools were required to evaluate the handicapped children and create an educational plan with parental input to help emulate the educational experiences of non-disabled peers" (EAHC, 1, 1975). The act also required the school districts to have procedures, so that parents can dispute decisions made about his or her child's education and parents can seek judicial review of the administrative decisions after all efforts were exhausted. In 1990, the EAHC Act was replaced by the IDEA after it was introduced to the Senate by Tom Harkins of Iowa. IDEA was to focus on the individual instead of the conditions that the child would have. The act has changed over the years like adding programs like Head Start and transition planning. The reauthorization of the IDEA 2004 made sure that all children with disabilities have availability to FAPE and services like special education and related services (SLP, OT, or PT) to meet their needs and prepare them for the future. Parents and children were also given rights to protect themselves and they were granted access to educational services. In 2006, "another change was made when final regulations were released for IDEA 2004. Many schools were waiting for students to fall two or more years behind in school before they would be considered eligible for special education (IDEA, n.d.)." Today schools, no longer follow that discrepancy model especially with RTI in place. RTI allows students to get extra intervention before being referred to special education.
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION References: Dewey, J. (1897). My Pedagogical Creed. School Journal, 54. pp 77-80. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://dewey.pragmatism.org/creed.htm EAHC (Education of All Handicapped Children Act). Public Law 940142. (1975). Retrieved from http://www.venturacountyselpa.com/portals/45/users/public %20law%2094.pdf Good, T.L. (2008). 21st Century Education; a reference.
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IDEA (The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) (n.d.). National Resource Center on ADHD: A Program of CHADD. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://www.help4adhd.org/education/rights/idea Kennedy, R. (n.d). What is Montessori Education?. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http:// Privateschool.about.com/od/typesofprivateschools/f/Montessori.htm Kennedy, R.(n.d.). What is Progressive Education?. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://privateschools.about.com/of/typesofprivateschools/g/progressive.htm Mondale, S. (2001). School: The story of American Public Education. New York: Beacon. Montessori, M. (n.d.). The Montessori Education Philosophy. Retrieved July 10, 2013 from http://alfredmontessori.com/montessori-philosophy.htm NJCLD (National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities). (2010). Retrieved July 10, 2013 from WETA website:http://www.ldonline.org/features/idea2004.
MOVERS AND SHAKERS IN EDUCATION
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