ms
Content
1. Polio - is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route Tx
There is no cure for polio. The focus of modern treatment has been on providing relief of symptoms, speeding recovery and preventing complications. Supportive measures include antibiotics to prevent infections in weakened muscles, analgesics for pain, moderate exercise and a nutritious diet.[55] Treatment of polio often requires long-term rehabilitation, including physical therapy, braces, corrective shoes and, in some cases, orthopedic surgery. s/s asymptomatic. Rarely, the infection produces minor symptoms; these may include upper respiratory tract infection (sore throat and fever), gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation or, rarely, diarrhea), and influenza-like illness
causative agent: poliovirus 2. tetanus - is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction ofskeletal muscle fibers
Tx. The wound must be cleaned. Dead and infected tissue should be removed by surgical debridement. Administration of the antibiotic metronidazole decreases the number of bacteria but has no effect on the bacterial toxin. Penicillin was once used to treat tetanus, but is no longer the treatment of choice, owing to a theoretical risk of increased spasms. However, its use is recommended if metronidazole is not available. Passive immunization with human anti-tetanospasmin immunoglobulin or tetanus immunoglobulin is crucial. If specific anti-tetanospasmin immunoglobulin is not available, then normal human immunoglobulin may be given instead. All tetanus victims should be vaccinated against the disease or offered a booster shot.
Mild cases of tetanus can be treated with: Tetanus immunoglobulin IV or IM metronidazole IV for 10 days Diazepam
Severe cases will require admission to intensive care. In addition to the measures listed above for mild tetanus: human tetanus immunoglobulin injected intrathecally (increases clinical improvement from 4% to 35%) tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation for 3 to 4 weeks magnesium, as an intravenous (IV) infusion, to prevent muscle spasm diazepam as a continuous IV infusion the autonomic effects of tetanus can be difficult to manage (alternating hyperand hypotension hyperpyrexia/hypothermia) and may require IV labetalol, magnesium, clonidine, or nifedipine. Causative agent : bacteria
Clostridium tetani
3. diphtheria - An acute infectious disease that typically strikes the upper respiratory tract including the throat. It is caused by infection with the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheria
Tx.
The patient has to be given treatment immediately after the disease is suspected. A delay in treatment can result in death or long-term heart disease. In severe cases there is obstruction of the throat, which may require intubation or a tracheostomy
s/s The onset of diphtheria is usually gradual. Symptoms include Sore throat may range from mild to severe with painful swallowing and hoarseness of the voice. Drooling which indicates the obstruction of the airway passage. Fever and chills. Bloody, watery serosanguineous drainage from the nose. Croup-like coughing. Stridor, difficulty in breathing or sometimes-rapid breathing. Apnea may occur. Bluish coloration of the skin may be caused due to lack of oxygen. Skin lesions can be seen in cutaneous diphtheria. Swollen glands due to the enlarged lymph nodes in the neck (bull neck) Causative agent: Corynabacterium diphtheria
4. pertussis - Whooping cough, a communicable, potentially deadly illness characterized by fits of coughing
followed by a noisy, "whooping" indrawn breath. It is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. s/s
The first symptoms of whooping cough are similar to those of acommon cold: runny nose sneezing mild cough low-grade fever After about 1 to 2 weeks, the dry, irritating cough evolves intocoughing spells. Durin g a coughing spell, which can last for morethan a minute, the child may turn red or purple. At the end of aspell, the child may make a characteristic whooping sound w henbreathing in or may vomit. Between spells, the child usually feelswell.
Causative: Bordetella pertussis (or B.pertussis)
5. measles
is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus. In 1980, before widespread vaccination, measles caused an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year. Tx.
Severe complications from measles can be avoided though supportive care that ensures good nutrition, adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydration with WHOrecommended oral rehydration solution. This solution replaces fluids and other essential elements that are lost through diarrhoea or vomiting. Antibiotics should be prescribed to treat eye and ear infections, and pneumonia. All children in developing countries diagnosed with measles should receive two doses of vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart. This can help prevent eye damage and blindness. Vitamin A supplements have been shown to reduce the number of deaths from measles by 50%.
s/s The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts four to seven days. A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck. Over about three days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the hands and feet. The rash lasts for five to six days, and then fades. On average, the rash occurs 14 days after exposure to the virus (within a range of seven to 18 days).
Causative: RNA paramyxovirus
6. mumps - an infection caused by a virus. It is sometimes called infectious parotitis, and it primarily affects the
salivary glands. Tx
Medications (such asacetaminophen or ibuprofen) to control fever or pain Warm, moist towels to help with swelling Fluids Rest until the fever improves Soft, bland diet.
s/s
• • • • • • • • • • • Sore Throat. Swelling of the parotid glands. Slight Feverishness (for two to three days). Loss of appetite. Headache. Fatigue. Dry mouth. Earache. Stiff neck. Nausea and vomiting. Lower Abdominal pain in Women.
causative: paramyxovirus
7. rubella
- is an infection that primarily affects the skin and lymph nodes.
Tx. There is no specific treatment for Rubella; however, management is a matter of responding to
symptoms to diminish discomfort. Treatment of newly born babies is focused on management of the complications. Congenital heart defects[citation needed] and cataracts can be corrected by direct surgery. [17] Management for ocular congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is similar to that for age-relatedmacular degeneration, including counseling, regular monitoring, and the provision of low vision devices, if required.[18]
s/s Rubella infection may begin with 1-2 days of mild fever (99-100° F/37.2-37.8° C) and swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. A rash then begins on the face and spreads downward. As it spreads, it usually clears on the face. This rash is often the first sign of illness that a parent notices. Causative: rubella virus
8. hepa A - It is a highly contagious disease that attacks the liver. It is the most common type of viral hepatitis
and one of the most frequently reported vaccine preventable diseases in the United States.
Tx - There are no special medicines or antibiotics that can be used to treat a person once the symptoms
appear. Generally, bed rest is all that is needed.
s/s - The symptoms of hepatitis A may range from mild to severe and can include an abrupt onset of
fever, fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, stomach pain, dark-colored urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes). The disease is rarely fatal and most people recover in a few weeks without any complications. Adults are more likely than children to develop symptoms. Infants and young children tend to have very mild symptoms and are less likely to develop jaundice than are older children and adults. Not everyone who is infected will have all of the symptoms Causatice: hepatitis A virus 9. hepa B = Hepatitis B is a potentially serious form of liver inflammation due to infection by the hepatitis B virus
(HBV). It occurs in both rapidly developing (acute) and long-lasting (chronic) forms, and is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases worldwide. An effective vaccine is available that will prevent the disease in those who are later exposed.
Tx - Acute hepatitis B usually resolves on its own and does not require medical treatment. If very severe, symptoms such as vomiting or diarrheaare present, the affected person may require treatment to restore fluids and electrolytes. There are no medications that can prevent acute hepatitis B from becoming chronic. If a person has chronic hepatitis B, they should see their health care provider regularly
s/s - Appetite loss ,Feeling tired (fatigue),Nausea and vomiting,Itching all over the body
Pain over the location of the liver (on the right side of the abdomen, under the lower rib cage) Jaundice (a condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow in color) Dark urine (the color of cola or tea) Pale-colored stools (grayish or clay colored)
Causative: hepatitis B virus
10. influenza - An acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation of the respiratory tract and by
fever, chills, muscular pain, and prostration
Tx
• • •
Bed rest Drink extra fluids � at least one full glass of water or juice every hour. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), or Ibuprofen can relieve head and muscle aches. Aspirin should be avoided for children.
s/s - Fever and extreme coldness (chills shivering, shaking (rigor)) Cough Nasal congestion Body aches, especially joints and throat Fatigue Headache Irritated, watering eyes Reddened eyes, skin (especially face), mouth, throat and nose Petechial Rash[21] In children, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain,[22] [23] (may be severe in children with influenza B)[24] Causative: RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae 11. varicella - An acute contagious disease, primarily of children, that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and
characterized by skin eruptions, slight fever, and malaise
Tx s/s Causative:
There is no cure for polio. The focus of modern treatment has been on providing relief of symptoms, speeding recovery and preventing complications. Supportive measures include antibiotics to prevent infections in weakened muscles, analgesics for pain, moderate exercise and a nutritious diet.[55] Treatment of polio often requires long-term rehabilitation, including physical therapy, braces, corrective shoes and, in some cases, orthopedic surgery. s/s asymptomatic. Rarely, the infection produces minor symptoms; these may include upper respiratory tract infection (sore throat and fever), gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation or, rarely, diarrhea), and influenza-like illness
causative agent: poliovirus 2. tetanus - is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction ofskeletal muscle fibers
Tx. The wound must be cleaned. Dead and infected tissue should be removed by surgical debridement. Administration of the antibiotic metronidazole decreases the number of bacteria but has no effect on the bacterial toxin. Penicillin was once used to treat tetanus, but is no longer the treatment of choice, owing to a theoretical risk of increased spasms. However, its use is recommended if metronidazole is not available. Passive immunization with human anti-tetanospasmin immunoglobulin or tetanus immunoglobulin is crucial. If specific anti-tetanospasmin immunoglobulin is not available, then normal human immunoglobulin may be given instead. All tetanus victims should be vaccinated against the disease or offered a booster shot.
Mild cases of tetanus can be treated with: Tetanus immunoglobulin IV or IM metronidazole IV for 10 days Diazepam
Severe cases will require admission to intensive care. In addition to the measures listed above for mild tetanus: human tetanus immunoglobulin injected intrathecally (increases clinical improvement from 4% to 35%) tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation for 3 to 4 weeks magnesium, as an intravenous (IV) infusion, to prevent muscle spasm diazepam as a continuous IV infusion the autonomic effects of tetanus can be difficult to manage (alternating hyperand hypotension hyperpyrexia/hypothermia) and may require IV labetalol, magnesium, clonidine, or nifedipine. Causative agent : bacteria
Clostridium tetani
3. diphtheria - An acute infectious disease that typically strikes the upper respiratory tract including the throat. It is caused by infection with the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheria
Tx.
The patient has to be given treatment immediately after the disease is suspected. A delay in treatment can result in death or long-term heart disease. In severe cases there is obstruction of the throat, which may require intubation or a tracheostomy
s/s The onset of diphtheria is usually gradual. Symptoms include Sore throat may range from mild to severe with painful swallowing and hoarseness of the voice. Drooling which indicates the obstruction of the airway passage. Fever and chills. Bloody, watery serosanguineous drainage from the nose. Croup-like coughing. Stridor, difficulty in breathing or sometimes-rapid breathing. Apnea may occur. Bluish coloration of the skin may be caused due to lack of oxygen. Skin lesions can be seen in cutaneous diphtheria. Swollen glands due to the enlarged lymph nodes in the neck (bull neck) Causative agent: Corynabacterium diphtheria
4. pertussis - Whooping cough, a communicable, potentially deadly illness characterized by fits of coughing
followed by a noisy, "whooping" indrawn breath. It is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. s/s
The first symptoms of whooping cough are similar to those of acommon cold: runny nose sneezing mild cough low-grade fever After about 1 to 2 weeks, the dry, irritating cough evolves intocoughing spells. Durin g a coughing spell, which can last for morethan a minute, the child may turn red or purple. At the end of aspell, the child may make a characteristic whooping sound w henbreathing in or may vomit. Between spells, the child usually feelswell.
Causative: Bordetella pertussis (or B.pertussis)
5. measles
is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus. In 1980, before widespread vaccination, measles caused an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year. Tx.
Severe complications from measles can be avoided though supportive care that ensures good nutrition, adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydration with WHOrecommended oral rehydration solution. This solution replaces fluids and other essential elements that are lost through diarrhoea or vomiting. Antibiotics should be prescribed to treat eye and ear infections, and pneumonia. All children in developing countries diagnosed with measles should receive two doses of vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart. This can help prevent eye damage and blindness. Vitamin A supplements have been shown to reduce the number of deaths from measles by 50%.
s/s The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts four to seven days. A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck. Over about three days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the hands and feet. The rash lasts for five to six days, and then fades. On average, the rash occurs 14 days after exposure to the virus (within a range of seven to 18 days).
Causative: RNA paramyxovirus
6. mumps - an infection caused by a virus. It is sometimes called infectious parotitis, and it primarily affects the
salivary glands. Tx
Medications (such asacetaminophen or ibuprofen) to control fever or pain Warm, moist towels to help with swelling Fluids Rest until the fever improves Soft, bland diet.
s/s
• • • • • • • • • • • Sore Throat. Swelling of the parotid glands. Slight Feverishness (for two to three days). Loss of appetite. Headache. Fatigue. Dry mouth. Earache. Stiff neck. Nausea and vomiting. Lower Abdominal pain in Women.
causative: paramyxovirus
7. rubella
- is an infection that primarily affects the skin and lymph nodes.
Tx. There is no specific treatment for Rubella; however, management is a matter of responding to
symptoms to diminish discomfort. Treatment of newly born babies is focused on management of the complications. Congenital heart defects[citation needed] and cataracts can be corrected by direct surgery. [17] Management for ocular congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is similar to that for age-relatedmacular degeneration, including counseling, regular monitoring, and the provision of low vision devices, if required.[18]
s/s Rubella infection may begin with 1-2 days of mild fever (99-100° F/37.2-37.8° C) and swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. A rash then begins on the face and spreads downward. As it spreads, it usually clears on the face. This rash is often the first sign of illness that a parent notices. Causative: rubella virus
8. hepa A - It is a highly contagious disease that attacks the liver. It is the most common type of viral hepatitis
and one of the most frequently reported vaccine preventable diseases in the United States.
Tx - There are no special medicines or antibiotics that can be used to treat a person once the symptoms
appear. Generally, bed rest is all that is needed.
s/s - The symptoms of hepatitis A may range from mild to severe and can include an abrupt onset of
fever, fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, stomach pain, dark-colored urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes). The disease is rarely fatal and most people recover in a few weeks without any complications. Adults are more likely than children to develop symptoms. Infants and young children tend to have very mild symptoms and are less likely to develop jaundice than are older children and adults. Not everyone who is infected will have all of the symptoms Causatice: hepatitis A virus 9. hepa B = Hepatitis B is a potentially serious form of liver inflammation due to infection by the hepatitis B virus
(HBV). It occurs in both rapidly developing (acute) and long-lasting (chronic) forms, and is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases worldwide. An effective vaccine is available that will prevent the disease in those who are later exposed.
Tx - Acute hepatitis B usually resolves on its own and does not require medical treatment. If very severe, symptoms such as vomiting or diarrheaare present, the affected person may require treatment to restore fluids and electrolytes. There are no medications that can prevent acute hepatitis B from becoming chronic. If a person has chronic hepatitis B, they should see their health care provider regularly
s/s - Appetite loss ,Feeling tired (fatigue),Nausea and vomiting,Itching all over the body
Pain over the location of the liver (on the right side of the abdomen, under the lower rib cage) Jaundice (a condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow in color) Dark urine (the color of cola or tea) Pale-colored stools (grayish or clay colored)
Causative: hepatitis B virus
10. influenza - An acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation of the respiratory tract and by
fever, chills, muscular pain, and prostration
Tx
• • •
Bed rest Drink extra fluids � at least one full glass of water or juice every hour. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), or Ibuprofen can relieve head and muscle aches. Aspirin should be avoided for children.
s/s - Fever and extreme coldness (chills shivering, shaking (rigor)) Cough Nasal congestion Body aches, especially joints and throat Fatigue Headache Irritated, watering eyes Reddened eyes, skin (especially face), mouth, throat and nose Petechial Rash[21] In children, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain,[22] [23] (may be severe in children with influenza B)[24] Causative: RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae 11. varicella - An acute contagious disease, primarily of children, that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and
characterized by skin eruptions, slight fever, and malaise
Tx s/s Causative:
