Neurologic Signs and Symptoms
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Related Terms for Neurologic Disorders. 6) Calamba 1) 2) 3) Acalculia-Inability to perform simple arithmetic Agnosia- Inability to recognize familiar objects Amaurosis fugax- is a temporary loss of vision in one eye caused by decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the retina. Anisocoria- is a condition characterized by an unequal size of the pupils. Apraxia -Difficulty performing common motor skills, such as striking a match or combing one's hair, despite normal strength Areflexia -The absence of reflexes Ballism -is a violent flinging of one or more limbs out from the body Cephalalgia- pain in the head and neck region that may be either a disorder in its own right or a symptom Chorea -is an irregular, rapid, uncontrolled, involuntary, excessive movement that seems to move randomly from one part of the body to another. Dysdiadochokinesia- an inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, such as rhythmically tapping the fingers on the knee. Dysesthesias- are unpleasant and sometimes painful sensations that come from inflammation or damage to nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system. Dysmetria- is a lack of coordination of body movement, in which a person seems to over or underestimate distance with the eyes, hands, or legs. Dystonia- is a movement disorder which causes involuntary contractions of your muscles. These contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements. Hemianopsia- Literally, "half vision;" a condition resulting from malfunction or damage to one side of the optic tract Hemiparesis-Weakness on one side of the body. Hemiplegia -The inability to move a group of muscles in one side of the body Hyporeflexia- is the condition of below normal or absent reflexes. Opisthotonus -A type of spasm in which the head and heels arch backward in extreme hyperextension and the body forms a reverse bow Paresis- is a condition typified by partial loss of movement, or impaired movement. Paresthesia -is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent longterm physical effect. apraxia - An impairment in the ability to perform purposeful acts or to manipulate objects in the absence or loss of motor power, sensation or coordination. agnosia - Refers to the inability to recognize people or objects even when basic sensory modalities, such as vision, are intact. As an example, patients with visual agnosia may not recognize an object upon visual presentation even though they can describe its shape and other visual characteristics or the person cannot recognize their wife's face and in some cases even their own. seizures - Physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. delirium - Is a sudden severe confusion and rapid changes in brain function that occur with physical or mental illness.
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10) chorea - an irregular, rapid, uncontrolled, involuntary, excessive movement that seems to move randomly from one part of the body to another. 11) paresthesia - morbid or perverted sensation; an abnormal sensation, as burning, prickling, formication, etc.
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12) sciatica - is low back pain combined with a pain through the buttock and down one leg. The leg pain usually goes past the knee and may go farther to the foot 13) numbness - Abnormal sensations that can occur anywhere in the body, but are often felt in the fingers, hands, feet, arms, or legs 14) spasticity - A feature of altered skeletal muscle performance, occurring in disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) which give rise to the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome. 15) confusion - Is the inability to think at the client¶s usual speed or clarity, including feeling disoriented and having difficulty paying attention, remembering, and making decisions 16) cataplexy - A debilitating medical condition in which a person suddenly feels weak and collapses at moments of strong emotion such as laughter, anger, fear or surprise. 17) aphasia - A disorder caused by damage to the parts of the brain that control language. It can make it hard for the client to read, write and say what he means to say. It is most common in adults who have had a stroke. 18) acalculia - The inability to perform simple mathematic calculations the patient previously knew. Commonly seen in neurologic disorders, it is assessed by having a patient count forward or backwards or do mental addition or subtraction. 19) diplopia - The simultaneous perception of two images of a single object. These images may be displaced horizontally, vertically, or diagonally (i.e. both vertically and horizontally) in relation to each other. 20) dyspraxia - Clumsiness and tendency to fall down are a matter of poor balance and gross motor
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Sarmiento 1) ataxia - Impaired ability to coordinate movement. A staggering gait and postural imbalance are caused by a lesion in the spinal cord or cerebellum ataxic dysarthria - Abnormal speech characterized by faulty formation of sounds because of neuromuscular dysfunction of the cerebellum traumatopyra - An elevated temperature resulting from a wound or injury tinnitus - A subjective noise sensation often described as ringing, heard in one or both ears narcolepsy - A chronic disease of the central nervous system. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is the main symptom. Other primary symptoms of narcolepsy include loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), distorted perceptions (hypnagogic hallucinations), and inability to move or talk.
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coordination. They may also have a very low painthreshold or have an automatic reaction of fear ± tactile defensiveness ± when touched. 8) Satinitigan 1) 2) ageusia - Impaired sense of taste. agnosia -A general term for a loss of ability to recognize objects, people, sounds, shapes, or smells; that is, the inability to attach appropriate meaning to objective sense-data. It usually is used when the primary sense organ involved is not impaired. agraphia - Inability to express thought in written language (usually not due to mechanical disfunction) akathisia - Motor restlessness; an inability to sit still. Often caused by defects in the extrapyramidal system. akinesia - Unresponsiveness, with extreme reluctance to perform elementary motor activities. alalia - Loss of ability to speak. alexia - Loss of the ability to understand written language, i.e., to read. amentia - Extreme mental retardation. amnesia (syn: dysmnesia) - Total or partial loss of memory. amusia - Inability to produce and/or appreciate musical sounds. anacusia - Deafness. analgesia - Absence of a normal sense of pain. anergia - Listless or lacking in energy. anhedonia - Inability to experience pleasure. anomia - General term for the inability to name objects. This can be limited to inability to name objects in semantic categories such as living things, inanimate things, fruits and vegetables, colors, animals, body parts, furniture, etc. Many of these limited conditions are given special names. anosmia - Loss of the sense of smell. aphonia - Loss of ability to speak asthenia - General weakness or debilitation. ataxia - Poor coordination and unsteadiness due to failure to regulate the body's posture, and strength and direction of limb movements. Often a consequence of a disorder in the cerebellum. atonia - Lack of muscle tension or tone.
myopic (nearsighted) and the other hyperopic (farsighted). Anomia: A problem with word finding. Impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words. Anosmia: No sense of smell, due to loss of the sense of smell or failure for it to develop.
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10) Aphasia: One in a group of speech disorders in which there is a defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or a defect or loss of the power of comprehension of spoken or written language. 11) Aphagia: Inability to eat. 12) Aphonia: Inability to speak. 13) Aphrasia: The inability to speak or understand phrases. 14) Apnea: An apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops or is markedly reduced. 15) Apraxia: The inability to execute a voluntary motor movement despite being able to demonstrate normal muscle function. 16) Areflexia: Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee jerk reaction. 17) Asthenia: Weakness. Lack of energy and strength. Loss of strength. 18) Ataxia: Wobbliness. Incoordination and unsteadiness due to the brain's failure to regulate the body's posture and regulate the strength and direction of limb movements. 19) Dyscalculia: A specific developmental disability affecting a person's ability to conceptualize and perform mathematics. 20) Dysarthria: Speech that is characteristically slurred, slow, and difficult to produce (difficult to understand).
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Tapican 1) Acrodynia: Pain in the extremities (the hands and feet). Agnosia: The inability to recognize and identify objects or persons despite having knowledge of the characteristics of those objects or persons Akinesia: Impaired body movement; without movement (or without much movement). Amnesia: Lack of memory. Anhedonia: Loss of the capacity to experience pleasure. Anisocoria: Both pupils are usually of equal size. If they are not, that is termed anisocoria (from "a-", not + "iso", equal + "kore", pupil = not equal pupils). Anisometropia: The condition in which the two eyes have an unequal refractive power. One eye may be
21) Dysgraphia: A specific developmental disability that affects the person's ability to write. 22) Dyslexia: A specific reading disability due to a defect in the brain's processing of graphic symbols. 23) Dystonia: Involuntary movements and prolonged muscle contraction, resulting in twisting body motions, tremor, and abnormal posture. Tato 1) Hematoma -An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Hydrocephalus - Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricle Stuporous - A condition unconsciousness, diminished consciousness or lethargy with a suppression of sense or feeling.
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Semicomatose - An imprecise term for a state of drowsiness and inaction, in which more than ordinary stimulation may be required to evoke a response, and the response may be delayed or incomplete. Comatose - A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Astereognosia. - loss of ability to identify objects based on touch Rigidity - Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid, rigor. Flaccidity ± Lacking firmness, resilence or muscle tone. Otorrhea - A discharge from the ear, especially a purulent one.
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12) Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia) 13) -Inability to recognize the movement of object (Movement Agnosia) 14) -Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia) 15) -Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia). 16) -characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep and/or difficulty staying asleep. (Insomnia) 17) -This means your arms, trunk, legs and pelvic organs are all affected by your spinal cord injury. (Tetraplegia or quadriplegia) 18) -This paralysis affects all or part of the trunk, legs and pelvic organs. (Paraplegia) 19) -increased muscle tone (Spasticity) 20) - abnormal increases in blood pressure, sweating, and other autonomic responses to pain or sensory disturbances.( Autonomic dysreflexia) Yan 1) Aneurysm ² A weak point in a blood vessel where the pressure of the blood causes the vessel wall to bulge outwards. An aneurysm may also appear as a sac-like projection from the blood vessel wall. Arachnoid mater ² One of three membranes that encase the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater is the middle membrane. Arteriovenous malformation ² An abnormal tangle of arteries and veins in which the arteries feed directly into the veins without a normal intervening capillary bed. Atherosclerosis ² An abnormal condition in which lipids, or fats, form deposits on the inside walls of blood vessels. Cerebral angiography ²A medical test in which an x-ray visible dye is injected into blood vessels to allow them to be imaged on an x ray. Cerebrospinal fluid ² The clear, normally colorless fluid found within the subarachnoid space. Computerized tomography (CT) scan ² Crosssectional x rays of the body compiled to create a three-dimensional image of the body's internal structures. Hemorrhage ² The escape of blood from blood vessels. Hydrocephalus ² Englargement of the chambers in the brain (ventricles) caused by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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10) Rhinorrhea - The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. 2) 11) Retrograde amnesia- Loss or confusion of long-term memory prior to focal neuropathy 12) Anterograde amnesia - Inability to form new memories 13) ataxia - unsteady and clumsy motion of the limbs or torso 4) 14) hypertonia - muscular rigidity, resistance to passive movements of the limbs 15) monoparesis - paralysis of a limb 16) hemiparesis - Paralysis of a larger area on one side of the body 6) 17) Broca's aphasia - inability to express oneself linguistically, described as an expressive aphasia 7) 18) Anosmia - unilateral loss of smell 19) Dysgraphia- loss of ability to write 20) Dyscalculia - loss of ability to calculate Tumakay -Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis). 2) -Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing). 3) -Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration). 4) -Inability to focus on task (Attending). 5) -Mood changes (Emotionally Labile). 6) -Inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia) 7) -Inability to name an object (Anomia). 8) -Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia). 9) -Problems with reading (Alexia). 10) -Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia). 11) -Lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space (Apraxia) 1) 9) 8) 5) 3)
10) Intracranial hypertension ² Abnormally high pressure within the brain. 11) Ischemia ² A condition in which blood flow is cut off or restricted from a particular area. The tissue becomes starved of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in tissue death. 12) Ischemic ² Referring to ischemia.
13) Lumbar puncture ² A diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lower spine to withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid is examined to assess trauma to the brain. 14) Subarachnoid ² Referring to the space underneath the arachnoid mater. 15) Vasospasm ² The constriction or narrowing of blood vessels. In cases of hemorrhage, the constriction is prompted by chemical signals from the escaped blood as it breaks down. 16) Xanthochromia - a yellowish tinge caused by blood breakdown products in the csf 17) seizures: uncontrollable convulsion, spasm, or series of jerking movements of the face, trunk, arms, or legs. 18) Opisthotonos - Sudden stiffening of back and neck, with arching of the back Yap 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Hemiparesis - weakness down one side. Hemiplegia - paralysis down one side. Hemianasthesia - loss of sensation down one side. Hemianopia - loss of half the visual field (centred around the midline) Quandrantanopia - loss of one quarter of the visual field Alexia - reading problems, indicates damage to primary visual cortex and lateral occipital regions Agraphia - writing problems, often follows damage to the left angular gyrus. Agnosia - a disorder of object recognition Dyskinesias- abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes.
15) Photophobia- is abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye disease; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. 16) Amaurosis Fugax- is a transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the carotid artery and other locations that enter the central retinal artery. 17) Vertigo- is an illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear; vestibular nerve; brainstem; or cerebral cortex. 18) Ageusia- is a complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by olfaction disorders. 19) Dysgeusia- is a condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. 20) Glossalgia- is a painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning. Ylaya 1. Motor problems y hemiparesis - weakness down one side y hemiplegia - paralysis down one side Both indicate damage including the contralateral motor strip 2. Sensory problems y hemianasthesia - loss of sensation down one side Indicates damage to the contra-lateral sensory strip 3. Visual problems y hemianopia - loss of half the visual field (centred around the midline) y quandrantanopia - loss of one quarter of the visual field Both indicate damage to primary visual cortex, contra-lateral to the field loss. 4. Attentional problems Neglect - an inattention to one side of space. This can include vision, audition, sensation. E.g. patients will ignore you if you stand on their 'neglected side', or speak to them from that side. They might only eat the food from one half of their plate and ignore the rest. People will bisect a horizontal line well away from the middle. This generally indicates damage to the contra-lateral parietal cortex. Left neglect (after right parietal damage) is much more common than right neglect, although both are seen immediately after injury, left neglect seems to persist for longer. Extinction - this is commonly seen once neglect has remediated, and is also a sign of parietal damage. Here patients will not report events that occur on the contra-lateral side of space, if a simultaneous event occurs on the ispsi-lateral (same side as the lesion). Thus someone with left extinction will report 'finger wags' if one finger is wiggled on the right, or one on the left side of space; if however both fingers are wiggled together, the patient only reports the right finger moving - it literally extinguishes the event on the left. 5. Reflexes - a loss or a change to these can reflect local damage. e.g. Pupil responses - if the pupil does not contract when exposed to light, it suggests damage to the nerve either in the brain stem nuclei or in the peripheral nerve itself.
10) Myokymia- successive and rapid contractions of motor units associated with chronic nerve injury 11) Myotonia- prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction 12) Autonomic Dysreflexia- a syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include hypertension; tachycardia (or reflex bradycardia); fever; flushing; and hyperhidrosis. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a stroke. 13) Miosis- pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the conjunctive or cornea. 14) Diplopia- a visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one.
Babinski reflex - if you tickle the feet of a new born child the toes splay out - this is the Babinski reflex. If you tickle the feet of an adult, the foot curls. If the adult shows the Babinski reflex, this suggests damage to the cortical control of motor responses, e.g. the motor strip. 6. Apraxias These are disorders of learned movements Ideomotor apraxia Most common. Cannot carry out an action to command, but can do the same act spontaneously, e.g. smile. Can be limited to one part of the body. Can affect testing of comprehension. Patients can do better if they can imitate or use an object. Ideational apraxia Patients cannot plan a sequence of movements, e.g. light a candle. This can cause great problems in everyday life. They can typically imitate. Indicates bilateral damage. Limb-kinetic apraxia This affects fine motor movements, e.g. doing up buttons. It affects both automatic and voluntary movements. Indicates premotor lesions. Constructional Demonstrate problems with spatial construction, cannot copy figures or block arrangements. Indicates parietal lobe lesions, and can affect test performance. Dressing The patient cannot dress themselves, as they have problems relating their clothing to their body. Indicates right parietal lesions. Speech apraxia Cannot control voluntary muscle movements when speaking. Reflects problems in the motor programming of speech, and leads to articulatory problems, and disordered prosody (pausing, slow speech, altered stress). Patients appear to visibly grope for the right position of the mouth. They can make a wide variety of errors. Unlike dysarthrics, they are thought to make substitutions of phonemes, rather than distortions, though this claim is controversial. They have more problems with repetition than in spontaneous speech, and their automatic and reactive speech can be OK. Co-occurs with aphasia. 7. Alexia - reading problems, indicates damage to primary visual cortex and lateral occipital regions 8. Agraphia - writing problems, often follows damage to the left angular gyrus. 9. Agnosia - a disorder of object recognition y Visual - extensive, bilateral temporal-parietal damage. y Auditory - very rare without aphasia - indicates mid superior temporal sulcus damage, bilaterally. y Tactile - bilateral parietal damage. y Autopagnosia - don't recognise part of body as own body - posterior inferior parietal lobe damage y Anosagnosia - lack of recognition of own deficits damage to supramarginal gyrus. 10. Twitching -arises as a flickering in conduction of impulses to cause involuntary muscular contraction. It is otherwise called fasciculation. Its incidence seems to be more in cases of dehydration, malnutrition, vitamin and mineral deficiencies (especially magnesium deficiency), in bedridden persons, undue loss of vital fluids (blood / menses / semen), etc. 11. Tremors ± are rhythmic involuntary movements occuring in skeletal muscle fibres. It is supposed to arise from weakness of nerves or loss of proper coordination in it . 12. Numbness ± is an altered sensation of the touch. It is otherwise called as paraesthesia or sleeping nerve. It is commonly felt in hands and legs. It produces a tingling sensation or feeling of pin and needles. It happens because of compression of nerves or pressure over the nerves. It can also occur in pathological conditions 13. Neuritis -means inflammation / irritation of the nerve(s). It can occur in any places / nerves. The incidence of neuritis will
be more with diabetes, hypertension, alcoholism and exposure to extremes of temperature. 14. Paresisis - said to be a pre-paralytic condition or mild paralysis, where muscles seem to be very weak, but work. One should be more cautious in this state and undergo treatment immediately with proper diagnosis, since paresis could progress to paralysis anytime. 15. Headache - Headaches have a wide variety of causes, ranging from eyestrain to inflammation of the sinus cavities to life-threatening conditions such as encephalitis, brain cancer, and cerebral Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a head injury the cause is usually quite evident; however, many causes of headaches are more elusive. The most common type of headache is a tension headache. Some people experience headaches when they are hungry or dehydrated. 16. Memory loss- Memory can be termed as the ability to store and recall information. certain factors, like, stress, alcohol or drug abuse and some medical conditions can also bring about considerable loss of memory that can interfere with day to day activities. 17.Tinnitus- Hearing loss is without doubt the largest proven cause of tinnitus. Hearing loss may occur due to several factors. Old age is one known factor due to the degeneration of the cochlea and damage to the hair cells and the nerves responsible for sending sound signals to the brain. Temporary hearing loss can occur when there is a blockage in the auditory canal by ear wax. 18. Episodes of bizarre behavior 19. Drooping eyelids/ Ptosis - Ptosis occurs when the muscles that raise the eyelid (levator and Müller's muscles) are not strong enough to do so properly. Ptosis may be caused by damage/trauma to the muscle which raises the eyelid, or damage to the nerve (3rd cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)) which controls this muscle. Such damage could be a sign or symptom of an underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus, a brain tumor, and diseases which may cause weakness in muscles or nerve damage, such as myasthenia gravis. 20. Syncope- the brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain. Syncope may be associated with a sudden fall in blood pressure, a decrease in heart rate or changes in blood volume or distribution. The person usually regains consciousness and becomes alert right away, but may experience a brief period of confusion. Syncope is often the result of an underlying medical condition that could be related to your heart, nervous system or blood flow to the brain.
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10) chorea - an irregular, rapid, uncontrolled, involuntary, excessive movement that seems to move randomly from one part of the body to another. 11) paresthesia - morbid or perverted sensation; an abnormal sensation, as burning, prickling, formication, etc.
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12) sciatica - is low back pain combined with a pain through the buttock and down one leg. The leg pain usually goes past the knee and may go farther to the foot 13) numbness - Abnormal sensations that can occur anywhere in the body, but are often felt in the fingers, hands, feet, arms, or legs 14) spasticity - A feature of altered skeletal muscle performance, occurring in disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) which give rise to the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome. 15) confusion - Is the inability to think at the client¶s usual speed or clarity, including feeling disoriented and having difficulty paying attention, remembering, and making decisions 16) cataplexy - A debilitating medical condition in which a person suddenly feels weak and collapses at moments of strong emotion such as laughter, anger, fear or surprise. 17) aphasia - A disorder caused by damage to the parts of the brain that control language. It can make it hard for the client to read, write and say what he means to say. It is most common in adults who have had a stroke. 18) acalculia - The inability to perform simple mathematic calculations the patient previously knew. Commonly seen in neurologic disorders, it is assessed by having a patient count forward or backwards or do mental addition or subtraction. 19) diplopia - The simultaneous perception of two images of a single object. These images may be displaced horizontally, vertically, or diagonally (i.e. both vertically and horizontally) in relation to each other. 20) dyspraxia - Clumsiness and tendency to fall down are a matter of poor balance and gross motor
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Sarmiento 1) ataxia - Impaired ability to coordinate movement. A staggering gait and postural imbalance are caused by a lesion in the spinal cord or cerebellum ataxic dysarthria - Abnormal speech characterized by faulty formation of sounds because of neuromuscular dysfunction of the cerebellum traumatopyra - An elevated temperature resulting from a wound or injury tinnitus - A subjective noise sensation often described as ringing, heard in one or both ears narcolepsy - A chronic disease of the central nervous system. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is the main symptom. Other primary symptoms of narcolepsy include loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), distorted perceptions (hypnagogic hallucinations), and inability to move or talk.
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coordination. They may also have a very low painthreshold or have an automatic reaction of fear ± tactile defensiveness ± when touched. 8) Satinitigan 1) 2) ageusia - Impaired sense of taste. agnosia -A general term for a loss of ability to recognize objects, people, sounds, shapes, or smells; that is, the inability to attach appropriate meaning to objective sense-data. It usually is used when the primary sense organ involved is not impaired. agraphia - Inability to express thought in written language (usually not due to mechanical disfunction) akathisia - Motor restlessness; an inability to sit still. Often caused by defects in the extrapyramidal system. akinesia - Unresponsiveness, with extreme reluctance to perform elementary motor activities. alalia - Loss of ability to speak. alexia - Loss of the ability to understand written language, i.e., to read. amentia - Extreme mental retardation. amnesia (syn: dysmnesia) - Total or partial loss of memory. amusia - Inability to produce and/or appreciate musical sounds. anacusia - Deafness. analgesia - Absence of a normal sense of pain. anergia - Listless or lacking in energy. anhedonia - Inability to experience pleasure. anomia - General term for the inability to name objects. This can be limited to inability to name objects in semantic categories such as living things, inanimate things, fruits and vegetables, colors, animals, body parts, furniture, etc. Many of these limited conditions are given special names. anosmia - Loss of the sense of smell. aphonia - Loss of ability to speak asthenia - General weakness or debilitation. ataxia - Poor coordination and unsteadiness due to failure to regulate the body's posture, and strength and direction of limb movements. Often a consequence of a disorder in the cerebellum. atonia - Lack of muscle tension or tone.
myopic (nearsighted) and the other hyperopic (farsighted). Anomia: A problem with word finding. Impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words. Anosmia: No sense of smell, due to loss of the sense of smell or failure for it to develop.
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10) Aphasia: One in a group of speech disorders in which there is a defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or a defect or loss of the power of comprehension of spoken or written language. 11) Aphagia: Inability to eat. 12) Aphonia: Inability to speak. 13) Aphrasia: The inability to speak or understand phrases. 14) Apnea: An apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops or is markedly reduced. 15) Apraxia: The inability to execute a voluntary motor movement despite being able to demonstrate normal muscle function. 16) Areflexia: Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee jerk reaction. 17) Asthenia: Weakness. Lack of energy and strength. Loss of strength. 18) Ataxia: Wobbliness. Incoordination and unsteadiness due to the brain's failure to regulate the body's posture and regulate the strength and direction of limb movements. 19) Dyscalculia: A specific developmental disability affecting a person's ability to conceptualize and perform mathematics. 20) Dysarthria: Speech that is characteristically slurred, slow, and difficult to produce (difficult to understand).
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Tapican 1) Acrodynia: Pain in the extremities (the hands and feet). Agnosia: The inability to recognize and identify objects or persons despite having knowledge of the characteristics of those objects or persons Akinesia: Impaired body movement; without movement (or without much movement). Amnesia: Lack of memory. Anhedonia: Loss of the capacity to experience pleasure. Anisocoria: Both pupils are usually of equal size. If they are not, that is termed anisocoria (from "a-", not + "iso", equal + "kore", pupil = not equal pupils). Anisometropia: The condition in which the two eyes have an unequal refractive power. One eye may be
21) Dysgraphia: A specific developmental disability that affects the person's ability to write. 22) Dyslexia: A specific reading disability due to a defect in the brain's processing of graphic symbols. 23) Dystonia: Involuntary movements and prolonged muscle contraction, resulting in twisting body motions, tremor, and abnormal posture. Tato 1) Hematoma -An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Hydrocephalus - Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricle Stuporous - A condition unconsciousness, diminished consciousness or lethargy with a suppression of sense or feeling.
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Semicomatose - An imprecise term for a state of drowsiness and inaction, in which more than ordinary stimulation may be required to evoke a response, and the response may be delayed or incomplete. Comatose - A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Astereognosia. - loss of ability to identify objects based on touch Rigidity - Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid, rigor. Flaccidity ± Lacking firmness, resilence or muscle tone. Otorrhea - A discharge from the ear, especially a purulent one.
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12) Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia) 13) -Inability to recognize the movement of object (Movement Agnosia) 14) -Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia) 15) -Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia). 16) -characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep and/or difficulty staying asleep. (Insomnia) 17) -This means your arms, trunk, legs and pelvic organs are all affected by your spinal cord injury. (Tetraplegia or quadriplegia) 18) -This paralysis affects all or part of the trunk, legs and pelvic organs. (Paraplegia) 19) -increased muscle tone (Spasticity) 20) - abnormal increases in blood pressure, sweating, and other autonomic responses to pain or sensory disturbances.( Autonomic dysreflexia) Yan 1) Aneurysm ² A weak point in a blood vessel where the pressure of the blood causes the vessel wall to bulge outwards. An aneurysm may also appear as a sac-like projection from the blood vessel wall. Arachnoid mater ² One of three membranes that encase the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater is the middle membrane. Arteriovenous malformation ² An abnormal tangle of arteries and veins in which the arteries feed directly into the veins without a normal intervening capillary bed. Atherosclerosis ² An abnormal condition in which lipids, or fats, form deposits on the inside walls of blood vessels. Cerebral angiography ²A medical test in which an x-ray visible dye is injected into blood vessels to allow them to be imaged on an x ray. Cerebrospinal fluid ² The clear, normally colorless fluid found within the subarachnoid space. Computerized tomography (CT) scan ² Crosssectional x rays of the body compiled to create a three-dimensional image of the body's internal structures. Hemorrhage ² The escape of blood from blood vessels. Hydrocephalus ² Englargement of the chambers in the brain (ventricles) caused by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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10) Rhinorrhea - The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. 2) 11) Retrograde amnesia- Loss or confusion of long-term memory prior to focal neuropathy 12) Anterograde amnesia - Inability to form new memories 13) ataxia - unsteady and clumsy motion of the limbs or torso 4) 14) hypertonia - muscular rigidity, resistance to passive movements of the limbs 15) monoparesis - paralysis of a limb 16) hemiparesis - Paralysis of a larger area on one side of the body 6) 17) Broca's aphasia - inability to express oneself linguistically, described as an expressive aphasia 7) 18) Anosmia - unilateral loss of smell 19) Dysgraphia- loss of ability to write 20) Dyscalculia - loss of ability to calculate Tumakay -Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis). 2) -Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing). 3) -Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration). 4) -Inability to focus on task (Attending). 5) -Mood changes (Emotionally Labile). 6) -Inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia) 7) -Inability to name an object (Anomia). 8) -Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia). 9) -Problems with reading (Alexia). 10) -Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia). 11) -Lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space (Apraxia) 1) 9) 8) 5) 3)
10) Intracranial hypertension ² Abnormally high pressure within the brain. 11) Ischemia ² A condition in which blood flow is cut off or restricted from a particular area. The tissue becomes starved of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in tissue death. 12) Ischemic ² Referring to ischemia.
13) Lumbar puncture ² A diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lower spine to withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid is examined to assess trauma to the brain. 14) Subarachnoid ² Referring to the space underneath the arachnoid mater. 15) Vasospasm ² The constriction or narrowing of blood vessels. In cases of hemorrhage, the constriction is prompted by chemical signals from the escaped blood as it breaks down. 16) Xanthochromia - a yellowish tinge caused by blood breakdown products in the csf 17) seizures: uncontrollable convulsion, spasm, or series of jerking movements of the face, trunk, arms, or legs. 18) Opisthotonos - Sudden stiffening of back and neck, with arching of the back Yap 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Hemiparesis - weakness down one side. Hemiplegia - paralysis down one side. Hemianasthesia - loss of sensation down one side. Hemianopia - loss of half the visual field (centred around the midline) Quandrantanopia - loss of one quarter of the visual field Alexia - reading problems, indicates damage to primary visual cortex and lateral occipital regions Agraphia - writing problems, often follows damage to the left angular gyrus. Agnosia - a disorder of object recognition Dyskinesias- abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes.
15) Photophobia- is abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye disease; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. 16) Amaurosis Fugax- is a transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the carotid artery and other locations that enter the central retinal artery. 17) Vertigo- is an illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear; vestibular nerve; brainstem; or cerebral cortex. 18) Ageusia- is a complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by olfaction disorders. 19) Dysgeusia- is a condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. 20) Glossalgia- is a painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning. Ylaya 1. Motor problems y hemiparesis - weakness down one side y hemiplegia - paralysis down one side Both indicate damage including the contralateral motor strip 2. Sensory problems y hemianasthesia - loss of sensation down one side Indicates damage to the contra-lateral sensory strip 3. Visual problems y hemianopia - loss of half the visual field (centred around the midline) y quandrantanopia - loss of one quarter of the visual field Both indicate damage to primary visual cortex, contra-lateral to the field loss. 4. Attentional problems Neglect - an inattention to one side of space. This can include vision, audition, sensation. E.g. patients will ignore you if you stand on their 'neglected side', or speak to them from that side. They might only eat the food from one half of their plate and ignore the rest. People will bisect a horizontal line well away from the middle. This generally indicates damage to the contra-lateral parietal cortex. Left neglect (after right parietal damage) is much more common than right neglect, although both are seen immediately after injury, left neglect seems to persist for longer. Extinction - this is commonly seen once neglect has remediated, and is also a sign of parietal damage. Here patients will not report events that occur on the contra-lateral side of space, if a simultaneous event occurs on the ispsi-lateral (same side as the lesion). Thus someone with left extinction will report 'finger wags' if one finger is wiggled on the right, or one on the left side of space; if however both fingers are wiggled together, the patient only reports the right finger moving - it literally extinguishes the event on the left. 5. Reflexes - a loss or a change to these can reflect local damage. e.g. Pupil responses - if the pupil does not contract when exposed to light, it suggests damage to the nerve either in the brain stem nuclei or in the peripheral nerve itself.
10) Myokymia- successive and rapid contractions of motor units associated with chronic nerve injury 11) Myotonia- prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction 12) Autonomic Dysreflexia- a syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include hypertension; tachycardia (or reflex bradycardia); fever; flushing; and hyperhidrosis. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a stroke. 13) Miosis- pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the conjunctive or cornea. 14) Diplopia- a visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one.
Babinski reflex - if you tickle the feet of a new born child the toes splay out - this is the Babinski reflex. If you tickle the feet of an adult, the foot curls. If the adult shows the Babinski reflex, this suggests damage to the cortical control of motor responses, e.g. the motor strip. 6. Apraxias These are disorders of learned movements Ideomotor apraxia Most common. Cannot carry out an action to command, but can do the same act spontaneously, e.g. smile. Can be limited to one part of the body. Can affect testing of comprehension. Patients can do better if they can imitate or use an object. Ideational apraxia Patients cannot plan a sequence of movements, e.g. light a candle. This can cause great problems in everyday life. They can typically imitate. Indicates bilateral damage. Limb-kinetic apraxia This affects fine motor movements, e.g. doing up buttons. It affects both automatic and voluntary movements. Indicates premotor lesions. Constructional Demonstrate problems with spatial construction, cannot copy figures or block arrangements. Indicates parietal lobe lesions, and can affect test performance. Dressing The patient cannot dress themselves, as they have problems relating their clothing to their body. Indicates right parietal lesions. Speech apraxia Cannot control voluntary muscle movements when speaking. Reflects problems in the motor programming of speech, and leads to articulatory problems, and disordered prosody (pausing, slow speech, altered stress). Patients appear to visibly grope for the right position of the mouth. They can make a wide variety of errors. Unlike dysarthrics, they are thought to make substitutions of phonemes, rather than distortions, though this claim is controversial. They have more problems with repetition than in spontaneous speech, and their automatic and reactive speech can be OK. Co-occurs with aphasia. 7. Alexia - reading problems, indicates damage to primary visual cortex and lateral occipital regions 8. Agraphia - writing problems, often follows damage to the left angular gyrus. 9. Agnosia - a disorder of object recognition y Visual - extensive, bilateral temporal-parietal damage. y Auditory - very rare without aphasia - indicates mid superior temporal sulcus damage, bilaterally. y Tactile - bilateral parietal damage. y Autopagnosia - don't recognise part of body as own body - posterior inferior parietal lobe damage y Anosagnosia - lack of recognition of own deficits damage to supramarginal gyrus. 10. Twitching -arises as a flickering in conduction of impulses to cause involuntary muscular contraction. It is otherwise called fasciculation. Its incidence seems to be more in cases of dehydration, malnutrition, vitamin and mineral deficiencies (especially magnesium deficiency), in bedridden persons, undue loss of vital fluids (blood / menses / semen), etc. 11. Tremors ± are rhythmic involuntary movements occuring in skeletal muscle fibres. It is supposed to arise from weakness of nerves or loss of proper coordination in it . 12. Numbness ± is an altered sensation of the touch. It is otherwise called as paraesthesia or sleeping nerve. It is commonly felt in hands and legs. It produces a tingling sensation or feeling of pin and needles. It happens because of compression of nerves or pressure over the nerves. It can also occur in pathological conditions 13. Neuritis -means inflammation / irritation of the nerve(s). It can occur in any places / nerves. The incidence of neuritis will
be more with diabetes, hypertension, alcoholism and exposure to extremes of temperature. 14. Paresisis - said to be a pre-paralytic condition or mild paralysis, where muscles seem to be very weak, but work. One should be more cautious in this state and undergo treatment immediately with proper diagnosis, since paresis could progress to paralysis anytime. 15. Headache - Headaches have a wide variety of causes, ranging from eyestrain to inflammation of the sinus cavities to life-threatening conditions such as encephalitis, brain cancer, and cerebral Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a head injury the cause is usually quite evident; however, many causes of headaches are more elusive. The most common type of headache is a tension headache. Some people experience headaches when they are hungry or dehydrated. 16. Memory loss- Memory can be termed as the ability to store and recall information. certain factors, like, stress, alcohol or drug abuse and some medical conditions can also bring about considerable loss of memory that can interfere with day to day activities. 17.Tinnitus- Hearing loss is without doubt the largest proven cause of tinnitus. Hearing loss may occur due to several factors. Old age is one known factor due to the degeneration of the cochlea and damage to the hair cells and the nerves responsible for sending sound signals to the brain. Temporary hearing loss can occur when there is a blockage in the auditory canal by ear wax. 18. Episodes of bizarre behavior 19. Drooping eyelids/ Ptosis - Ptosis occurs when the muscles that raise the eyelid (levator and Müller's muscles) are not strong enough to do so properly. Ptosis may be caused by damage/trauma to the muscle which raises the eyelid, or damage to the nerve (3rd cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)) which controls this muscle. Such damage could be a sign or symptom of an underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus, a brain tumor, and diseases which may cause weakness in muscles or nerve damage, such as myasthenia gravis. 20. Syncope- the brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain. Syncope may be associated with a sudden fall in blood pressure, a decrease in heart rate or changes in blood volume or distribution. The person usually regains consciousness and becomes alert right away, but may experience a brief period of confusion. Syncope is often the result of an underlying medical condition that could be related to your heart, nervous system or blood flow to the brain.
