Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
Content
Community Health Nursing
Vocabulary Chapters 1 – 10
Chapter 1: Community-Oriented Nursing and Community-Based Nursing Aggregate A population group
Assessment
Systematic data collection about a population; including monitoring population’s health status and providing information about the health of the community The public health role of making sure that essential community oriented health services are available People and relationships that emerge among them as they develop and use in common some agencies and institutions and share a physical environment
Assurance
Community
Community-based
Occurs outside an institution; services are provided to individuals and families in a community Provision of acute care and care for chronic health problems to individuals and families in the community Nursing practice in the community with the primary focus on the healthcare of individuals, families and groups in a community; preserve, protect, promote or maintain health
Community-based nursing
Community health nursing
Community-oriented nursing
Nursing in which the primary focus is the care of the community or a population of individuals, families and groups
Community-oriented practice
Broader scope than community-based practice; the nurse provides healthcare after doing a community diagnosis to determine what conditions need to be altered so that individuals, families and groups in the community to stay healthy
Policy development
Providing leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population
Population
A collection of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics Emphasizes populations who live in a community
Population-focused
Population-focused practice
The core of public health, a practice that emphasizes health protection, health promotion and disease prevention of a population
Primary health care services
Both primary care and public health services that are designed to meet the basic needs of people in communities at an affordable cost
Public health
Community efforts designed to prevent disease and promote health; it can be what members of society do collectively to ensure conditions that support health These include assessment, policy development and assurance Specialty of nursing that synthesizes nursing, social and public health sciences to provide care to populations Services designed to detect and treat disease in the early acute stage Subsets of population who share similar characteristics Services designed to limit the progression of disease or disability
Public health core functions
Public health nursing
Secondary health services
Subpopulations
Tertiary health care services
Chapter 2: The History of Public and Community Health and Nursing American Association of Colleges of Nursing Baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education programs that join together to serve as a national voice National association for registered nurses in the United States National organization facilitates interdisciplinary efforts and promotes public health National organization that seeks to reduce human suffering through health, safety and disaster-relief programs in affiliation with the International Committee of the Red Cross System in public health nursing in which a nurse was assigned to a geographic district in a town to provide a variety of health services for its residents Mary Breckinridge, outpost centers throughout the mountain areas in Kentucky to provide midwifery and nursing, medical and dental care Early term for visiting nursing; began in Boston
American Nurses Association
American Public Health Association
American Red Cross
District nursing
Frontier Nursing Service
Instructive district nursing
National League for Nursing
National nursing organization established nurse training standards and promoted collegial relations among nurses
Official health agencies
Agencies operated by state or local governments to provide a wide range of public health services, including community and public health nursing services
Settlement houses
Neighborhood centers providing social and health services
Shattuck Report
First attempt to describe a model approach to the organization of public health
Social Security Act of 1935
Enacted to protect the health of people and included funds for education and enjoyment of public health services Agencies staffed by nurses who provide care for patients and families most often in the home Nurses who provide care wherever the client may be— home, work or school First public health nurse in the United States; founder of the Henry Street Settlement Chapter 3: The U.S. Health and Public Health Care Systems
Visiting nurse association
Visiting nurses
Lillian Wald
Advanced-practice nursing
Nurses who hold a graduate preparation in a nursing specialty area Involvement of members of the community in decision making and planning for meeting their needs Support primary healthcare for all by 2000
Community participation Declaration of Alma-Ata
Disease prevention
Activities that have as their goal the protection of people from becoming ill because of actual or potential health threats Client safety-oriented system in which patient information is digital, privacy protected and interchangeable State of complete physical, mental and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Activities that have as their goal the development of human attitudes and behaviors that maintain or enhance well-being Integrated system for providing health care services in which consumers must abide by certain rules designed to achieve cost savings Technique for identifying prevention of error strategies and
Electronic medical record Health Health promotion
Managed care Root-cause analysis
National Health Service Corps
Primary care
Primary health care
Public health
developing a culture of safety Commissioned corps of health personnel who provide care in designated underserved areas Providing of integrated, accessible healthcare services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients and practicing in the context of family and community Combination of primary care and public healthcare made universally accessible to individuals and families in a community, with their full participation and provided at a cost that the community and country can afford Organized community efforts designed to prevent disease and promote health; links disciplines, builds on the science of epidemiology and focuses on the community Federal agency most heavily involved with health and welfare
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Chapter 4: Ethics in Community-Oriented Nursing Practice Advocacy Act of pleading for or supporting a course of action on behalf of a person, group or community ―do good‖ Branch of ethics that applies to ethical problems in healthcare Moral standards that specify a profession’s values, goals and obligations Maintains that abstract, universal principles are not an adequate basis for moral decision making; history, tradition and concrete moral communities should be the basis Approach whereby the right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of good or the least amount of evil in a given situation Bases moral obligation on duty and claims that actions are obligatory irrespective of the good or bad consequences that they produce; never treat someone as only a means Fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in society based on the needs and contributions of its members; society must determine a minimal level of goods and services to be available to its members Making decisions within an orderly framework that considers context, ethical approaches and client values and professional obligations Puzzling moral problems in which a person, group or community can envision morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action Moral challenges Branch of philosophy that includes a body of knowledge and a process of reflection for determining what persons
Beneficence
Bioethics
Code of ethics
Communitarianism
Consequentialism
Deontology
Distributive justice
Ethical decision making
Ethical dilemmas
Ethical issues
Ethics
ought to do or be, regarding this life; speaks to the morality of life Ethics of care Belief in morality of responsibility in relationships that emphasize connection and caring Critique of classical ethical theories developed by men and women about the social, cultural, political, economic, environmental and professional contexts that oppress women as individuals Women and men that hold a worldview of advocating economic, social and political status of women as equal to that of men Uncomfortable state of self when one is unable to act ethically Shared and generational societal norms about what constitutes right and wrong ―do no harm‖ Problem solving using the principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, nomaleficence, justice as the basis for organization and analysis Based on human dignity and respect for individuals that allows them to choose the actions and goals that fulfill their life plans unless they result in harm to another Ethical theory based on weighing of morally significant outcomes or consequences regarding the overall maximizing of good and minimizing of harm for the greatest number of people Beliefs about the shared worth or importance of what is desired or esteemed in a society ―What kind of person should I be?‖ Acquired traits of character that dispose humans to act in accord with their natural good Chapter 5: Cultural Influences in Nursing in Community Health Cultural awareness Appreciation of and sensitivity to a client’s values, beliefs, practices, lifestyle and problem-solving strategies When differences between cultures are ignored and persons act as though these differences do not exist Advocating, mediating, negotiating and intervening between the client’s culture and the biomedical healthcare culture on behalf of your client Interplay of factors that motivates a person to develop knowledge, skill and the ability to care for others Perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of expectations between clients and nurses when neither is
Feminist ethics
Feminist
Moral distress
Morality
Nonmaleficence
Principlism
Respect for autonomy
Utilitarianism
Values
Virtue ethics
Virtues
Cultural blindness
Cultural brokering
Cultural competence
Cultural conflict
Cultural desire Cultural encounter Cultural imposition
aware of their cultural differences Intrinsic motivation to provide culturally competent care Interaction with client related to all aspects of life Process of imposing one’s values on others Information necessary to provide nurses with an understanding of organizational elements of cultures and to provide effective nursing care A systematic way to identify the beliefs, values, meanings and behaviors of people while considering their history, life experiences and the social and physical environments in which they live Use by clients of those aspects of their culture that promote healthy behaviors Feeling of helplessness, discomfort and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to another cultural group that differs in practices, values, and beliefs Effective integration of cultural knowledge and awareness to meet the needs of the client The learned ways of behaving that are communicated by one group to another to provide tested solutions to vital problems Ability of individuals to control nature and to influence factors in the environment that affect them Shared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals One’s own group or culture is superior to others
Cultural knowledge
Cultural nursing assessment
Cultural preservation
Cultural shock
Cultural skill
Culture
Environmental control
Ethnicity
Ethnocentrism
Immigrants
People who come into a new country in order to settle there Use of body language or gestures to convey information that cannot or may not be indicated verbally Emotional manifestation of deeply held feelings about other groups Biological designation whereby group members share distinguishing features Form of prejudice that refers to the belief that persons who are born into certain groups are inferior in intelligence, morals, beauty and self-worth The way in which a cultural group structures itself around the family to carry out role functions Physical distance between individuals during an interaction
Nonverbal communication
Prejudice
Race
Racism
Social organization
Space
Stereotyping
Basis for ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about a group to an individual without giving adequate attention to individual differences Refers to past, present, and future times as well as duration of and period between events Use of language in the form of words within a grammatical structure to express ideas and feelings to describe objects Chapter 6: Environmental Health
Time
Verbal communication
Agent
Causative factor invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease Process for ensuring that permitting requirements are met Provision that required all community water systems deliver a brief annual water report to their consumers Occurs when formal actions are taken to control environmental damage All factors internal and external to the client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by agent-host interactions; all conditions affecting life Study of effect on human health of physical, chemical and biological factors in the external environment Equal protection from environmental hazards for individuals, groups or communities Norms that impose limits on the amount of pollutants or emissions produced Infectious agent host environment Science that explains the strength of human association between exposures and health effects in human populations A living human or animal organism in which an infections agent can exist under natural conditions Measure of breathable air inside a habitable structure
Compliance
Consumer confidence report (CCR)
Enforcement
Environment
Environmental epidemiology
Environmental justice
Environmental standards
Epidemiologic triangle
Epidemiology
Host
Indoor air quality
Methyl mercury
Organic form of mercury that is highly toxic to humans Periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine level of compliance with statutory requirements and/or pollutant levels Diffuse pollution source, without a single point of origin
Monitoring
Nonpoint source
Permitting
First step in the process of controlling pollution Highly toxic, long lasting substances that can build up in the food chain to levels that are harmful to human health and cause environmental harm Toxic substances composed of organic chemical compounds and mixtures, bi-products of industrial processes Stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged Right of citizens to have direct access to information about issues of environmental concern such as information on quality of drinking water, food additive usage and chemical use in the workplace and community Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and/or environment by the actual or potential presence of specific pollutans Exchange of information about health or environmental risks among general public, risk assessors, news media and interest groups Basic science that studies health effects associated with chemical exposures
Persistent bioaccumulative toxins
Persistent organic pollutants
Point-source
Right to know
Risk assessment
Risk communication
Toxicology
Chapter 7: Government, the Law and Policy Activism Nurses with advanced education beyond the baccalaureate degree who are prepared to manage and deliver health care Advanced practice nurses services to individuals, families, groups and communities and populations Division of the USDHHS whose mission is to support research designed to improve the outcomes and quality of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality healthcare, reduce its costs, address patient safety and medical errors and broaden access to services American Nurses Association National professional association of registered nurses in the United States Predetermined amount of money based on previous spending and availability of funds that is given to a state by the federal government for designated purposes Group created in each state by legislation known as a state nurse practice act, writing explicit statements regarding nursing and nursing practice Federal, state or local funds used to conduct a specific program such as a tuberculosis screening, HIV/AIDS home care or prenatal care; cannot be used for any other funding Branch of law dealing with the organization and function of a government Process of shifting, planning, delivering and financing responsibility for programs from the federal to the state level
Block grants
Board of nursing
Categorical programs/funding
Constitutional law
Devolution
Health policy
Public policy that affects health and health services; options from which individuals and organizations make their health-related choices made within a political context Law based on court or jury decisions Bills introduced by Congress for establishing laws that direct policy Individual or groups of individuals who perform duties such as research and writing, help legislator move policy ideas through the legislative process into law Legal sanction to practice a profession after attaining the minimum degree of competence to ensure protection of public health safety One of the NIH charged with promoting the growth and quality of research in nursing State law that governs the practice of nursing Federal agency charged with improving worker health and safety by establishing standards and regulations and by educating workers Office of the executive branch designed to protect citizens from terrorist threats or attacks including bioterrorism States’ power to act to protect the health, safety and welfare of their citizens Settled course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end The art of influencing others to accept a specific course of action Specific statements of law that relate to and clarify individual pieces of legislation Regulatory agency of the executive branch of government charged with overseeing the health and welfare needs of the U.S. citizens Arm of the United Nations that provides worldwide services to promote health Chapter 8: Economic Influences
Judicial law Legislation Legislative staff
Licensure
National Institute of Nursing Research
Nurse practice act
OSHA
Office of Homeland Security
Police power
Policy
Politics
Regulations
USDHHS
World Health Organization
Capitation
Payment system whereby one fee is charged the client to pay for all services received or needed Persons enrolled in a healthcare plan who are eligible for services under that plan Patient classification scheme that defines 468 illness categories and the corresponding healthcare services that are reimbursable under Medicare Social science concerned with the problems of using or
Covered lives
Diagnosis-related groups
Economics
administering scarce resources n the most efficient way to attain maximum fulfillment of society’s unlimited wants Measure of an organization’s performance as compared with its philosophy, goals, and objectives Process of meeting goals in a way that minimizes costs and maximizes benefits Act of shielding or preventing the addict from experiencing the consequences of the addiction List of health care services with monetary or unit values attached that specifies the amounts third parties must pay for services Statistical measure used to compare health care spending among countries Method to reduce health care costs by controlling the use of health care services and technologies Branch of economics concerned with the problems of producing and distributing the health care resources of the nation in a way that provides maximum benefit to the most people Measure of macroeconomic theory that involves improving human qualities such as health and is a focus for developing and spending money on goods and services A sustained upward trend in the prices of goods and services The use of technologies, supplies, and health care services by or for the client Method of organizing a number of different health care services together along a continuum of care, Method used to assess whether a client’s income level qualifies him or her for Medicare and/or Medicaid Jointly sponsored state and federal program that pays for medical services for the aged, poor, blind, disabled and families with dependent children
Effectiveness Efficiency Enabling
Fee-for-service
Gross domestic product
Health care rationing
Health economics
Human capital
Inflation
Intensity
Managed care
Means testing
Medicaid
Medical technology
The set of techniques, drugs, equipment and procedures used by health care professions in the delivery of medical care to individuals Federally funded health insurance program for the elderly and disabled and persons with end-stage renal disease Focuses on producing, distributing and consuming of goods and services as related to public health Method of payment to an agency based on units of services
Medicare
Public health economics
Retrospective reimbursement
delivered Improved health outcomes as a result of the resources provided for a program or intervention Those community providers that offer services to the uninsured and underinsured Reimbursement made to healthcare providers by an agency other than the client Chapter 9: Epidemiologic Applications Measure of existing disease in a population at a given time Type of intervention that seeks to promote health and prevent disease from the beginning Type of ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator Proportion of all deaths due to a specific cause Measure of frequency of a health event in a defined population during a specified period Precision, stability, agreement or replicability of a measuring instrument when repeatedly used; indication of consistency Application of a test to people who are as yet asymptomatic for the purpose of classfying them with respect to their likelihood of developing a particular disease Intervention that seeks to detect disease early in its progression before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent in order to make an early diagnosis and begin treatment Long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality The extent to which a test identifies those individuals who have the condition being examined Extent to which a test identifies those individuals who do not have the disease or condition being examined Systematic and ongoing observation and collection of data concerning disease occurrence in order to describe phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution Intervention that begins once the disease is obvious; aim is to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur and begin rehabilitation Accuracy of a test or measurement, how closely it measures what it claims to measure Complex interrelations of factors interacting with each
Return on investment
Safety net providers Third-party payers
Prevalence proportion
Primary prevention
Proportion
Proportionate mortality ratio
Rate
Reliability
Screening
Secondary prevention
Secular trends
Sensitivity
Specificity
Surveillance
Tertiary prevention
Validity
Web of casuality
Evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based nursing
Evidence-based practice
Evidence-based public health
Grading the strength of evidence
Meta-analysis
other to influence the risk for or distribution of health outcomes Chapter 10: Evidence-Based Practice Being aware of the evidence on which one’s practice is based, the soundness of the evidence and the strength of inference the evidence permits Integration of the best evidence available, nursing expertise and the values and preferences of the individuals, families and communities who are served Includes the best available evidence from a variety of the sources, including research studies, evidence from nursing experience and expertise and evidence from the community leaders Informed, explicit and judicious use of evidence that has been derived from any variety of science and social science research and evaluation methods Determining the quality, quantity and consistency of research studies in order to make recommendations for practice Specific method of statistical synthesis used in some systematic reviews in which the results from several studies are quantitatively combined and summarized Generally ranks as the highest level of evidence followed by other randomized-controlled trials The process of transforming research knowledge into practice and the use of research to guide clinical practice Summary of research evidence that relates to a specific question and to the effects of an intervention
Randomized controlled trial
Research utilization
Systematic review
Vocabulary Chapters 1 – 10
Chapter 1: Community-Oriented Nursing and Community-Based Nursing Aggregate A population group
Assessment
Systematic data collection about a population; including monitoring population’s health status and providing information about the health of the community The public health role of making sure that essential community oriented health services are available People and relationships that emerge among them as they develop and use in common some agencies and institutions and share a physical environment
Assurance
Community
Community-based
Occurs outside an institution; services are provided to individuals and families in a community Provision of acute care and care for chronic health problems to individuals and families in the community Nursing practice in the community with the primary focus on the healthcare of individuals, families and groups in a community; preserve, protect, promote or maintain health
Community-based nursing
Community health nursing
Community-oriented nursing
Nursing in which the primary focus is the care of the community or a population of individuals, families and groups
Community-oriented practice
Broader scope than community-based practice; the nurse provides healthcare after doing a community diagnosis to determine what conditions need to be altered so that individuals, families and groups in the community to stay healthy
Policy development
Providing leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population
Population
A collection of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics Emphasizes populations who live in a community
Population-focused
Population-focused practice
The core of public health, a practice that emphasizes health protection, health promotion and disease prevention of a population
Primary health care services
Both primary care and public health services that are designed to meet the basic needs of people in communities at an affordable cost
Public health
Community efforts designed to prevent disease and promote health; it can be what members of society do collectively to ensure conditions that support health These include assessment, policy development and assurance Specialty of nursing that synthesizes nursing, social and public health sciences to provide care to populations Services designed to detect and treat disease in the early acute stage Subsets of population who share similar characteristics Services designed to limit the progression of disease or disability
Public health core functions
Public health nursing
Secondary health services
Subpopulations
Tertiary health care services
Chapter 2: The History of Public and Community Health and Nursing American Association of Colleges of Nursing Baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education programs that join together to serve as a national voice National association for registered nurses in the United States National organization facilitates interdisciplinary efforts and promotes public health National organization that seeks to reduce human suffering through health, safety and disaster-relief programs in affiliation with the International Committee of the Red Cross System in public health nursing in which a nurse was assigned to a geographic district in a town to provide a variety of health services for its residents Mary Breckinridge, outpost centers throughout the mountain areas in Kentucky to provide midwifery and nursing, medical and dental care Early term for visiting nursing; began in Boston
American Nurses Association
American Public Health Association
American Red Cross
District nursing
Frontier Nursing Service
Instructive district nursing
National League for Nursing
National nursing organization established nurse training standards and promoted collegial relations among nurses
Official health agencies
Agencies operated by state or local governments to provide a wide range of public health services, including community and public health nursing services
Settlement houses
Neighborhood centers providing social and health services
Shattuck Report
First attempt to describe a model approach to the organization of public health
Social Security Act of 1935
Enacted to protect the health of people and included funds for education and enjoyment of public health services Agencies staffed by nurses who provide care for patients and families most often in the home Nurses who provide care wherever the client may be— home, work or school First public health nurse in the United States; founder of the Henry Street Settlement Chapter 3: The U.S. Health and Public Health Care Systems
Visiting nurse association
Visiting nurses
Lillian Wald
Advanced-practice nursing
Nurses who hold a graduate preparation in a nursing specialty area Involvement of members of the community in decision making and planning for meeting their needs Support primary healthcare for all by 2000
Community participation Declaration of Alma-Ata
Disease prevention
Activities that have as their goal the protection of people from becoming ill because of actual or potential health threats Client safety-oriented system in which patient information is digital, privacy protected and interchangeable State of complete physical, mental and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Activities that have as their goal the development of human attitudes and behaviors that maintain or enhance well-being Integrated system for providing health care services in which consumers must abide by certain rules designed to achieve cost savings Technique for identifying prevention of error strategies and
Electronic medical record Health Health promotion
Managed care Root-cause analysis
National Health Service Corps
Primary care
Primary health care
Public health
developing a culture of safety Commissioned corps of health personnel who provide care in designated underserved areas Providing of integrated, accessible healthcare services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients and practicing in the context of family and community Combination of primary care and public healthcare made universally accessible to individuals and families in a community, with their full participation and provided at a cost that the community and country can afford Organized community efforts designed to prevent disease and promote health; links disciplines, builds on the science of epidemiology and focuses on the community Federal agency most heavily involved with health and welfare
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Chapter 4: Ethics in Community-Oriented Nursing Practice Advocacy Act of pleading for or supporting a course of action on behalf of a person, group or community ―do good‖ Branch of ethics that applies to ethical problems in healthcare Moral standards that specify a profession’s values, goals and obligations Maintains that abstract, universal principles are not an adequate basis for moral decision making; history, tradition and concrete moral communities should be the basis Approach whereby the right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of good or the least amount of evil in a given situation Bases moral obligation on duty and claims that actions are obligatory irrespective of the good or bad consequences that they produce; never treat someone as only a means Fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in society based on the needs and contributions of its members; society must determine a minimal level of goods and services to be available to its members Making decisions within an orderly framework that considers context, ethical approaches and client values and professional obligations Puzzling moral problems in which a person, group or community can envision morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action Moral challenges Branch of philosophy that includes a body of knowledge and a process of reflection for determining what persons
Beneficence
Bioethics
Code of ethics
Communitarianism
Consequentialism
Deontology
Distributive justice
Ethical decision making
Ethical dilemmas
Ethical issues
Ethics
ought to do or be, regarding this life; speaks to the morality of life Ethics of care Belief in morality of responsibility in relationships that emphasize connection and caring Critique of classical ethical theories developed by men and women about the social, cultural, political, economic, environmental and professional contexts that oppress women as individuals Women and men that hold a worldview of advocating economic, social and political status of women as equal to that of men Uncomfortable state of self when one is unable to act ethically Shared and generational societal norms about what constitutes right and wrong ―do no harm‖ Problem solving using the principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, nomaleficence, justice as the basis for organization and analysis Based on human dignity and respect for individuals that allows them to choose the actions and goals that fulfill their life plans unless they result in harm to another Ethical theory based on weighing of morally significant outcomes or consequences regarding the overall maximizing of good and minimizing of harm for the greatest number of people Beliefs about the shared worth or importance of what is desired or esteemed in a society ―What kind of person should I be?‖ Acquired traits of character that dispose humans to act in accord with their natural good Chapter 5: Cultural Influences in Nursing in Community Health Cultural awareness Appreciation of and sensitivity to a client’s values, beliefs, practices, lifestyle and problem-solving strategies When differences between cultures are ignored and persons act as though these differences do not exist Advocating, mediating, negotiating and intervening between the client’s culture and the biomedical healthcare culture on behalf of your client Interplay of factors that motivates a person to develop knowledge, skill and the ability to care for others Perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of expectations between clients and nurses when neither is
Feminist ethics
Feminist
Moral distress
Morality
Nonmaleficence
Principlism
Respect for autonomy
Utilitarianism
Values
Virtue ethics
Virtues
Cultural blindness
Cultural brokering
Cultural competence
Cultural conflict
Cultural desire Cultural encounter Cultural imposition
aware of their cultural differences Intrinsic motivation to provide culturally competent care Interaction with client related to all aspects of life Process of imposing one’s values on others Information necessary to provide nurses with an understanding of organizational elements of cultures and to provide effective nursing care A systematic way to identify the beliefs, values, meanings and behaviors of people while considering their history, life experiences and the social and physical environments in which they live Use by clients of those aspects of their culture that promote healthy behaviors Feeling of helplessness, discomfort and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to another cultural group that differs in practices, values, and beliefs Effective integration of cultural knowledge and awareness to meet the needs of the client The learned ways of behaving that are communicated by one group to another to provide tested solutions to vital problems Ability of individuals to control nature and to influence factors in the environment that affect them Shared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals One’s own group or culture is superior to others
Cultural knowledge
Cultural nursing assessment
Cultural preservation
Cultural shock
Cultural skill
Culture
Environmental control
Ethnicity
Ethnocentrism
Immigrants
People who come into a new country in order to settle there Use of body language or gestures to convey information that cannot or may not be indicated verbally Emotional manifestation of deeply held feelings about other groups Biological designation whereby group members share distinguishing features Form of prejudice that refers to the belief that persons who are born into certain groups are inferior in intelligence, morals, beauty and self-worth The way in which a cultural group structures itself around the family to carry out role functions Physical distance between individuals during an interaction
Nonverbal communication
Prejudice
Race
Racism
Social organization
Space
Stereotyping
Basis for ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about a group to an individual without giving adequate attention to individual differences Refers to past, present, and future times as well as duration of and period between events Use of language in the form of words within a grammatical structure to express ideas and feelings to describe objects Chapter 6: Environmental Health
Time
Verbal communication
Agent
Causative factor invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease Process for ensuring that permitting requirements are met Provision that required all community water systems deliver a brief annual water report to their consumers Occurs when formal actions are taken to control environmental damage All factors internal and external to the client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by agent-host interactions; all conditions affecting life Study of effect on human health of physical, chemical and biological factors in the external environment Equal protection from environmental hazards for individuals, groups or communities Norms that impose limits on the amount of pollutants or emissions produced Infectious agent host environment Science that explains the strength of human association between exposures and health effects in human populations A living human or animal organism in which an infections agent can exist under natural conditions Measure of breathable air inside a habitable structure
Compliance
Consumer confidence report (CCR)
Enforcement
Environment
Environmental epidemiology
Environmental justice
Environmental standards
Epidemiologic triangle
Epidemiology
Host
Indoor air quality
Methyl mercury
Organic form of mercury that is highly toxic to humans Periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine level of compliance with statutory requirements and/or pollutant levels Diffuse pollution source, without a single point of origin
Monitoring
Nonpoint source
Permitting
First step in the process of controlling pollution Highly toxic, long lasting substances that can build up in the food chain to levels that are harmful to human health and cause environmental harm Toxic substances composed of organic chemical compounds and mixtures, bi-products of industrial processes Stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged Right of citizens to have direct access to information about issues of environmental concern such as information on quality of drinking water, food additive usage and chemical use in the workplace and community Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and/or environment by the actual or potential presence of specific pollutans Exchange of information about health or environmental risks among general public, risk assessors, news media and interest groups Basic science that studies health effects associated with chemical exposures
Persistent bioaccumulative toxins
Persistent organic pollutants
Point-source
Right to know
Risk assessment
Risk communication
Toxicology
Chapter 7: Government, the Law and Policy Activism Nurses with advanced education beyond the baccalaureate degree who are prepared to manage and deliver health care Advanced practice nurses services to individuals, families, groups and communities and populations Division of the USDHHS whose mission is to support research designed to improve the outcomes and quality of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality healthcare, reduce its costs, address patient safety and medical errors and broaden access to services American Nurses Association National professional association of registered nurses in the United States Predetermined amount of money based on previous spending and availability of funds that is given to a state by the federal government for designated purposes Group created in each state by legislation known as a state nurse practice act, writing explicit statements regarding nursing and nursing practice Federal, state or local funds used to conduct a specific program such as a tuberculosis screening, HIV/AIDS home care or prenatal care; cannot be used for any other funding Branch of law dealing with the organization and function of a government Process of shifting, planning, delivering and financing responsibility for programs from the federal to the state level
Block grants
Board of nursing
Categorical programs/funding
Constitutional law
Devolution
Health policy
Public policy that affects health and health services; options from which individuals and organizations make their health-related choices made within a political context Law based on court or jury decisions Bills introduced by Congress for establishing laws that direct policy Individual or groups of individuals who perform duties such as research and writing, help legislator move policy ideas through the legislative process into law Legal sanction to practice a profession after attaining the minimum degree of competence to ensure protection of public health safety One of the NIH charged with promoting the growth and quality of research in nursing State law that governs the practice of nursing Federal agency charged with improving worker health and safety by establishing standards and regulations and by educating workers Office of the executive branch designed to protect citizens from terrorist threats or attacks including bioterrorism States’ power to act to protect the health, safety and welfare of their citizens Settled course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end The art of influencing others to accept a specific course of action Specific statements of law that relate to and clarify individual pieces of legislation Regulatory agency of the executive branch of government charged with overseeing the health and welfare needs of the U.S. citizens Arm of the United Nations that provides worldwide services to promote health Chapter 8: Economic Influences
Judicial law Legislation Legislative staff
Licensure
National Institute of Nursing Research
Nurse practice act
OSHA
Office of Homeland Security
Police power
Policy
Politics
Regulations
USDHHS
World Health Organization
Capitation
Payment system whereby one fee is charged the client to pay for all services received or needed Persons enrolled in a healthcare plan who are eligible for services under that plan Patient classification scheme that defines 468 illness categories and the corresponding healthcare services that are reimbursable under Medicare Social science concerned with the problems of using or
Covered lives
Diagnosis-related groups
Economics
administering scarce resources n the most efficient way to attain maximum fulfillment of society’s unlimited wants Measure of an organization’s performance as compared with its philosophy, goals, and objectives Process of meeting goals in a way that minimizes costs and maximizes benefits Act of shielding or preventing the addict from experiencing the consequences of the addiction List of health care services with monetary or unit values attached that specifies the amounts third parties must pay for services Statistical measure used to compare health care spending among countries Method to reduce health care costs by controlling the use of health care services and technologies Branch of economics concerned with the problems of producing and distributing the health care resources of the nation in a way that provides maximum benefit to the most people Measure of macroeconomic theory that involves improving human qualities such as health and is a focus for developing and spending money on goods and services A sustained upward trend in the prices of goods and services The use of technologies, supplies, and health care services by or for the client Method of organizing a number of different health care services together along a continuum of care, Method used to assess whether a client’s income level qualifies him or her for Medicare and/or Medicaid Jointly sponsored state and federal program that pays for medical services for the aged, poor, blind, disabled and families with dependent children
Effectiveness Efficiency Enabling
Fee-for-service
Gross domestic product
Health care rationing
Health economics
Human capital
Inflation
Intensity
Managed care
Means testing
Medicaid
Medical technology
The set of techniques, drugs, equipment and procedures used by health care professions in the delivery of medical care to individuals Federally funded health insurance program for the elderly and disabled and persons with end-stage renal disease Focuses on producing, distributing and consuming of goods and services as related to public health Method of payment to an agency based on units of services
Medicare
Public health economics
Retrospective reimbursement
delivered Improved health outcomes as a result of the resources provided for a program or intervention Those community providers that offer services to the uninsured and underinsured Reimbursement made to healthcare providers by an agency other than the client Chapter 9: Epidemiologic Applications Measure of existing disease in a population at a given time Type of intervention that seeks to promote health and prevent disease from the beginning Type of ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator Proportion of all deaths due to a specific cause Measure of frequency of a health event in a defined population during a specified period Precision, stability, agreement or replicability of a measuring instrument when repeatedly used; indication of consistency Application of a test to people who are as yet asymptomatic for the purpose of classfying them with respect to their likelihood of developing a particular disease Intervention that seeks to detect disease early in its progression before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent in order to make an early diagnosis and begin treatment Long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality The extent to which a test identifies those individuals who have the condition being examined Extent to which a test identifies those individuals who do not have the disease or condition being examined Systematic and ongoing observation and collection of data concerning disease occurrence in order to describe phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution Intervention that begins once the disease is obvious; aim is to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur and begin rehabilitation Accuracy of a test or measurement, how closely it measures what it claims to measure Complex interrelations of factors interacting with each
Return on investment
Safety net providers Third-party payers
Prevalence proportion
Primary prevention
Proportion
Proportionate mortality ratio
Rate
Reliability
Screening
Secondary prevention
Secular trends
Sensitivity
Specificity
Surveillance
Tertiary prevention
Validity
Web of casuality
Evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based nursing
Evidence-based practice
Evidence-based public health
Grading the strength of evidence
Meta-analysis
other to influence the risk for or distribution of health outcomes Chapter 10: Evidence-Based Practice Being aware of the evidence on which one’s practice is based, the soundness of the evidence and the strength of inference the evidence permits Integration of the best evidence available, nursing expertise and the values and preferences of the individuals, families and communities who are served Includes the best available evidence from a variety of the sources, including research studies, evidence from nursing experience and expertise and evidence from the community leaders Informed, explicit and judicious use of evidence that has been derived from any variety of science and social science research and evaluation methods Determining the quality, quantity and consistency of research studies in order to make recommendations for practice Specific method of statistical synthesis used in some systematic reviews in which the results from several studies are quantitatively combined and summarized Generally ranks as the highest level of evidence followed by other randomized-controlled trials The process of transforming research knowledge into practice and the use of research to guide clinical practice Summary of research evidence that relates to a specific question and to the effects of an intervention
Randomized controlled trial
Research utilization
Systematic review
