1) FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: ENVIRONMENTAL NURSING THEORY
Often considered nurse theorist the first
Defined nursing as ³the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery´. Nightingale¶s theory remains an integral part of nursing and healthcare today.
1) FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: ENVIRONMENTAL NURSING THEORY
5 Factors for a Healtthy Environment: ± Pure or fresh air ± Pure water ± Efficient drainage ± Cleanliness ± Light, especially direct sunlight
1) FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: ENVIRONMENTAL NURSING THEORY
Nightingale¶s general concepts of Environmental Sanitation includes: Proper Ventilation Adequate Lighting Cleanliness Adequate Warmth Quiet Diet
1) FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: ENVIRONMENTAL NURSING THEORY
Application: A. Nursing Practice
The principles of Nursing Practice by FN are continuously used to this very day. With the advent of technology and with it globalization, comes threats from the environment. > Global Warming > Industrial Noise > Air Pollution > Fad Diets > Vanity Nurses of today still needs to: Maintain Adequate Ventilation Promote Adequate & Appropriate Nutrition Maintain Normal Homeostatic Body Temperature Observe Basic Hygiene Comfort Measures including Environmental Sanitation
1) FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: ENVIRONMENTAL NURSING THEORY
B. Nursing Education
St. Thomas & King¶s College Hospital in London - able to provide framework for the establishment of Nursing Training Schools through a Universal template that contains principles of nursing training. It included instruction in Scientific Principles & Practical Experience for the mastery of skills - FN advocated the separation of nursing training from hospital to more appropriate learning environment in the School or University setting. This was advocated for FN believed the SN¶s role is to learn the Art & Science of Nursing before being employed in the Nursing Service. - FN is also a strong proponent of practice nursing in education. She believed that Good Nursing only come from Good Education
2) VIRGINIA HENDERSON: FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
Assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs
Patient-centered
2) VIRGINIA HENDERSON: FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
Virginia Henderson¶s 14 Fundamental Needs of a Person 1) Breathing normally 2) Eating and drinking adequately 3) Eliminating body waste 4) Moving and maintaining a desirable position 5) Sleeping and resting 6) Selecting suitable clothes 7) Maintaining body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment
2) VIRGINIA HENDERSON: FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
8) Keeping the body clean and well groomed to protect the integument 9) Avoiding dangers in the environment and avoiding injuring others 10) Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions 11) Worshipping according to one¶s faith 12) Working in a such way that one feels a sense of accomplishment 13) Playing or participating in various forms of recreation 14) Learning, discovering, or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health, and using available health facilities
2) VIRGINIA HENDERSON: FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
Application:
Bedside Nursing
ability to perform the 14 basic needs should be assessed before considering the kind of nursing care function you will administer. Essential to determine if the N will be performing as a HELPER, DOER or a PARTNER Nsg interventions are implemented according to the 14 basic human needs of the patient. The degree of performance, involvement of the pt. and the level of nursing activity will be dependent on the specific role the nurse will be playing
- pt.¶s
3) FAYE ABDELLA: PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
Focus is on PROPER IDENTIFICATION of the problem Particularly about the NURSING proper DIAGNOSIS Nurse-centered
3) FAYE ABDELLA: PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
21 Nursing Problems
1.To maintain good hygiene. 2.To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, and sleep. 3.To promote safety. 4.To maintain good body mechanics. 5.To facilitate the maintenance of supply of oxygen. 6.To facilitate maintenance of nutrition. 7.To facilitate maintenance of elimination.
3) FAYE ABDELLA: PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
8.To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolytes balance. 9.To recognize the physiologic response of the body to disease conditions. 10.To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions. 11.To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function. 12.To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings and reactions. .
3) FAYE ABDELLA: PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
13.To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and illness 14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication. 15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship. 16. To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals. 17. To create and maintain a therapeutic environment.
3) FAYE ABDELLA: PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs. 19. To accept the optimum possible goals. 20.To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness. 21.To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors.
3) FAYE ABDELLA: PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
Application: Bedside Nursing The N¶s ability to address & effectively manage the 21 Nursing problems will spell the patient¶s state of health ± whether he fully recovers well & fast, or deteriorate further with devastating consequences Ns therefore, have very important role to play. By adhering to these nursing problems, the work of a N becomes More Definite
4) MADELEINE LEININGER:
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING THEORY
Nursing is a HUMANISTIC and SCIENTIFIC mode of helping through CULTURE-SPECIFIC PROCESS
Emphasizes human caring varies among cultures
Culture Care Preservation and Maintenance Culture Care Accommodation and Negotiation Culture Care Restructuring and Repatterning
4) MADELEINE LEININGER: TRANSCULTURAL NURSING THEORY Application: Important esp because of the rapid expansion of knowledge & increasing globalization with the advent of advances in ICT. Working Overseas Impt to learn the cultures of other people because each culture has its own sets of patterns, expressions & values of caring. Getting acquainted with the culture of a country you are seeking employment as a professional nurse will be a good stepping stone towards a more fulfilling career in nursing.
5) MARTHA ROGERS
SCIENCE of UNITARY HUMAN BEING Views the person as a irreducible whole, the whole being greater than the sum of its parts
± Man is composed of energy fields, which are in constant interaction with the environment ± Seek to promote harmonic interactions between the two energy fields (Human and Environmental)
5) MARTHA ROGERS SCIENCE of UNITARY HUMAN BEING
Application Her theory is relevant in today¶s nurses focusing on the Totality of the Person. Nurses should strive to promote symphonic interaction between the 2 energy fields in order to strengthen the coherence & integrity of the person.
6) IMOGENE KING
GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY Patient has THREE (3) interacting systems ± Individuals / Personal systems
How the nurse views and integrates self based from personal goals and beliefs.
± Group systems / Interpersonal systems
How the N interrelates w/ a co-workers or pt. particularly in N-Pt. relationship
± Social systems
how the N interacts w/ co-workers, superiors, subordinates & the ct. environment in general
6) IMOGENE KING GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
Action
A means of behavior or activities that are towards the accomplishment of certain act. It is both PHYSICAL & MENTAL. Mental (POA) Action (Goal Setting w/ Ct.) Perform Achieve Goal
Reaction
A form of reacting or response to a certain Stimuli.
Interaction
Any situation wherein the N relates & deals With a ct. or pt.
Transaction
6) IMOGENE KING GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
Application:
Provides enough direction to how nurses should be able to behave or act in the presence of pts. Since majority of nursing activities involves direct interaction w/ pts., Ns should understand the basic implications of the Action-Reaction-InteractionTransaction model of the N-Pt. Relationship.
7) HILDEGARD PEPLAU INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL
Peplau is a psychiatric nurse ± Focus: Therapeutic process ± Attained through: Healthy Nurse-Patient Relationship
7) HILDEGARD PEPLAU INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL
Four (4) Phases of NursePatient Interaction 1. Orientation Nurse and patient test the role each one assumes Prepares patient for termination Patient identifies areas of difficulty
7) HILDEGARD PEPLAU INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL
2. Identification Phase Patient identifies with the personnel who can satisfy his needs 3. Exploitation Phase Nurse maximizes all the resources to benefit the patient
7) HILDEGARD PEPLAU INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL
4. Resolution Phase or Termination Phase Occurs when patient¶s needs have been met
7) HILDEGARD PEPLAU INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL
Application
Significant in terms of the different phases of the N-Pt. interaction & the different ROLES the N can play in giving nursing care to pts. It thus becomes important for nurses to understand the principles behind each of these concepts so that clinical nsg will be more meaningful for the nurse. Eventually, this will translate to pt. outcomes like: Improved health Prevention of Disease pr Enhancement of care faculties
8) JEAN WATSON: HUMAN CARING MODEL
Nursing involves the application of ART and HUMAN SCIENCE through TRANSPERSONAL TRANSACTIONS in order to help the person achieve mind, body and soul harmony
8) JEAN WATSON: HUMAN CARING MODEL
7 Assumptions on the Science of Caring
1. Caring can be effectively demonstrated & practiced only interpersonally Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth Caring responses accept a person not only as he or she is now but as what he or she may become A caring envi. Is one that offers the dev¶t of potential while allowing the person to choose the best action for himself at a given point in time.
2. 3.
4.
8) JEAN WATSON: HUMAN CARING MODEL
5. Caring is more ³healthogenic´ than is curing. The practice of caring integrates biophysical knowledge w/ knowledge of human behavior to generate or promote hx & to provide care to those who are ill. A science of caring is therefore complementary to the science of curing 6. The practice of caring is central to nursing
8) JEAN WATSON: HUMAN CARING MODEL
10 CARATIVE FACTORS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Formation of a Humanistic-Altruistic system of values Instillation of faith-Hope Cultivation of sensitivity to one¶s self & to others Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive & negative feelings; Systematic use of a creative problemsolving caring process
6.
8) JEAN WATSON: HUMAN CARING MODEL
10 CARATIVE FACTORS
7. Promotion of transpersonal teachinglearning 8. Provision for a supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical, societal & spiritual environment 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs 10. Allowance for existentialphenomenological-spiritual forces
8) JEAN WATSON: HUMAN CARING MODEL
Application:
Her model of nursing reflects & embodies the TRUE ESSENCE or nursing profession to this very day. It viewed the pt. as the Mind-Body-Spirit entity that needs holistic nursing care. It thus becomes a must for all nurses to view each pt. in the light of the caring theory of Watson. One major implication of the theory is in the realm of Bedside Nursing, where Ns of today have particularly begun to neglect. The essence of nursing is in the caring aspect & caring is taking the wholeness, the totality of the pt. into consideration. It is every Ns duty & obligation to care for his pt. not by merely looking into and caring for his physical dse.but try to care for the pt. for who he is.
9) IDA JEAN ORLANDO:
NURSING PROCESS THEORY
The Nursing Process is an interaction of Three Basic Elements: 1. Patient¶s Behavior 2. Nurse¶s reaction 3. Nursing Actions ± designed for the patient¶s benefit
The Role of the Nurse is to find out & meet the Pt¶s stat need for help. Ns should use his perception, thoughts about the perception or the feeling engendered from their thoughts to explore with patients the meaning of their behavior
9) IDA JEAN ORLANDO:
NURSING PROCESS THEORY
The use of the theory keeps the N¶s focus on the patient Application: The Theory increases the Therapeutic Effectiveness of nurses by the expression of Empathy, Warmth & Genuineness esp in the light of addressing the Stat Need of the Patient for help. This framework will be important for Ns who are assigned in special clinical areas that requires quick decision making & critical thinking skills. If the patient¶s condition improved, then the intervention is effective and the patient moves on to new problems
10) JOYCE TRAVELBEE
INTERPERSONAL ASPECTS OF NURSING THEORY Human to Human Relationship
Greatly emphasized on the Therapeutic Human Relationship between the Nurse & the Patient. Her model emphasizes: Empathy Sympathy Rapport & the Emotional aspects of Nursing
4 Interlocking Phases that precedes RAPPORT
And the establishment of N-Pt. Relationship: Original Encounter Emerging Identities Empathy Sympathy
10) JOYCE TRAVELBEE INTERPERSONAL ASPECTS OF NURSING THEORY
Human to Human Relationship Application: The theory describes the various stages of interpersonal elations that occur bet a Patient and a N. It thus becomes important for Ns to fully understand the phases and its effects to the patient¶s welfare. Due consideration should be given to the pt¶s inherent personal characteristics to interact w/ other people, most especially Ns & other members of the healthcare professions. The key concept of Empthy, Sympathy, Rapport & Emotional Understanding are very important for the Ns of today because it makes the patient feel human.
11) NOLA PENDER: HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
Focuses on 10 Categories of determinants of healthPromoting Behaviors. Views a person s healthpromoting behavior in the light of his individual characteristics & experiences
11) NOLA PENDER: HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
The 10 Determinants are:
² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² Prior related behavior Perceived benefits of action Perceived barriers of action Perceived self-efficacy Activity related effect Interpersonal Influences (family, friends, providers) norms, support & models Situational Influences ( options, demand characteristics, aesthetics) Immediate competing demands (low control) and preferences (high demand) Commitment to a plan of action Personal Factors ( Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural)
11) NOLA PENDER: HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
Application: Health Promotion Activities are the major Focus of Hx Care Organizations. In order for Patients to take on the Behaviour we, Hx care professionals, advise them to take, we should carefully looked into a host of factors that can influence his decision to really adopt the behaviour.
It is important for Ns to be ROLE MODELS for the pts.
12) BETTY NEUMAN: HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL
The model is based on the Person·s Relationship to Stress, his Reaction to it and Reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature
The concern of nursing is to PREVENT STRESS INVASION
12) BETTY NEUMAN: HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL
Person is viewed as an Open System composed of Basic Structure of Energy Resources which includes: Physiologic Psychologic Sociocultural Developmental Spiritual
12) BETTY NEUMAN: HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL
Basic Structure/Central Core - surrounded by 2 concentric boundaries or Rings called Lines Of Resistance which represents the internal factors that AID the person Defend against a Stressor. Lines of Resistance ± further surrounded by 2 lines of Defense 1. Normal Line of Defense 2. Flexible Line of Defense
12) BETTY NEUMAN: HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL
1. Normal Line of Defense - person¶s state of equilibrium or the state of adaptation developed & maintained over time and which is considered normal for the person 2. Flexible Line of Defense - dynamic and can be readily and rapidly changed over a short period of time. - adjusts to situations that threatens the imbalance w/in the client¶s stability Stressors: Intrapersonal Interpersonal Extrapersonal
12) BETTY NEUMAN: HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL
FOCUS of Nursing Interventions : - keeping or maintaining the stability of the open system which can be carried out on three levels of prevention APPLICATION
Very comprehensive model of nsg that outlines the way how Ns provide HOLISTIC NURSING CARE to pts. Emphasis is on the management of Stress thru adequate understanding of the complex client system. Strong Advocate of Prevention Interventions which is congruent to the aims of modern-day nsg & Hxcare services. It is a MUST that Ns perform thorough & comprehensive assessment that includes ALL aspects of the Ct.
13) SISTER CALISTA ROY: ADAPTATION MODEL
Man is a BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING Four (4) modes of Adaptation ± Physiologic Mode ± Self Concept ± Role Function ± Interdependence
13) SISTER CALISTA ROY: ADAPTATION MODEL
Her Model is best exemplified in the Nursing Process which includes the following steps: 1. Assessment of Behavior 2. Assessment of Stimuli 3. Nursing Diagnosis 4. Goal Setting 5. Intervention 6. Evaluation
13) SISTER CALISTA ROY: ADAPTATION MODEL
APPLICATION
Best applied in the performance of the Nursing Process which is cyclical in nature. The Assessment component is the Stimuli or Input The Planning & Implementation are the Throughput process. The Evaluation which provides necessary feedback to the Goal of care is the Output. The N decides what necessary actions should be taken next in the light of the patient¶s response to the Nursing Interventions. This action by the N is Adaptation in its simplest terms Patients adopt too. The Nursing interventions we perform ultimately elicits a response from them. Depending on the nature & extent of the nursing interventions, pts may or may not actually adopt according to our expectations
14) DOROTHEA OREM: SELF CARE AND SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
Three (3) Nursing Systems based on Art of Care of Patient Needs 1. Wholly Compensatory or Total Compensatory ± For paralyzed patients, for ICU patients 2. Partial Compensatory ± Patient performs some of nursing care needs 3. Supportive-Educative ± For up and about patient
14) DOROTHEA OREM: SELF CARE AND SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
APPLICATION
The elements of the theory clearly emphasize the need to understand the importance of self- care in the Promotion and maintenance of Health & Wellbeing. Focus on the pt¶s capacity/ability to perform self-care activities in order to determine which self-care activities to perform for the client.
The model emphasizes on Education & Supportive Measures Health Education ± very important aspect of clinical nursing today
15) PATRICIA BENNER NURSING EXPERTISE MODEL Her concern is: ´How do Nurses learn to do Nursingµ Experience-based skill acquisition ² is safer & quicker when it is founded on a sound educational base Skill ² refers to Nursing interventions and Clinical judgment skills in actual clinical situations.
As the N gains experience, Clinical knowledge becomes a GOOD MIX of PRACTICAL & THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
15) PATRICIA BENNER NURSING EXPERTISE MODEL
APPLICATION
Instrumental in differentiating knowledge development & career progression in Nursing. It is important for Nursing students and professional nurses alike to learn through Experience or by Experiential Learning. Learning by experience will allow you to gain Mastery of a given skill.
16) LYDIA HALL CORE, CARE, CURE MODEL
Individuals could be conceptualized in 3 Separate Domains:
1. CARE ± hands on bodily care 2. CORE ± using the self in relationship to the
client
3. CURE ± applying medical knowledge
Nurses function in all 3 Domains but in
different Degrees. 1. CURE ± limited to helping patients/families deals w/ the measures instituted by the physician 2. CARE ± exclusive for nursing 3. CORE ± shared w/ Social workers, Psychologists, Clergy & other Professionals
16) LYDIA HALL CORE, CARE, CURE MODEL
APPLICATION Foundation for classifying the Professional N¶s functions today. Ns are able to carry out Nursing Interventions INDEPENDENTLY DEPENDENTLY INTERDEPENDENTLY
CORE ± maintains that it is the N responsibility
to make sure that the client receives the highest level of care possible from all concerned Hx Professionals. Ns ROLES: COLLABORATOR, COORDINATOR and in COOPERATION with other members of the HX team that pertains to PATIENT¶S WELFARE.
16) LYDIA HALL CORE, CARE, CURE MODEL
CURE ± clearly delineates nursing functions that are DEPENDENT on the members of the Medical Profession. Interventions carried out needs a written order from the doctor/s
CARE ± refers to the independent roles & functions of the Nurse insofar as her knowledge & skills about the patient¶s condition will allow her to carry on with her Nursing Responsibilities
17) MYRA LEVINE:
FOUR CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NURSING
1. Conservation of Energy ± Example: complete bed rest without bathroom privileges 2. Conservation of Structural Integrity ± Example: turn patient from side to side every two hours to avoid bed sores
17) MYRA LEVINE:
FOUR CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NURSING
3. Conservation of Personal Integrity ± Example: maintain patient¶s privacy 4. Conservation of Social Integrity ± Example: maintenance of patient¶s relationships
17) MYRA LEVINE:
FOUR CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NURSING
APPLICATION
Ns should be able to identify the many Nurse-Patient activities which are implied in the 4 Conservation Models. It can be applied to geriatric nursing where majority of the elderly pts will have some problems in at least 2 of the conservation models. Structural integrity focuses on the body¶s ability to ward of infections & other bodily harm. It means that it is important to keep these barriers ± skin & mucous membranes - intact
18) MARJORIE GORDON:
HUMAN FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
± Focus is on Eleven (11) Health Patterns ± Advantage to the nurse: It enables the nurse to determine the client¶s response as functional or dysfunctional
18) MARJORIE GORDON:
HUMAN FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
Eleven Functional Health Patterns ± ± ± ± Health perception Nutritional / Metabolic Elimination Activity and Exercise Pattern ± Cognitive Perceptual Pattern
18) MARJORIE GORDON:
HUMAN FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
Eleven Functional Health Patterns ± Sleep and Rest ± Self perception / Self concept ± Role Relationship Pattern ± Sexuality / Reproductive ± Coping-StressTolerance ± Value Belief Patterns
18) MARJORIE GORDON:
HUMAN FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
SISTER LETTY G. KUAN
Dissertation: ´Retirement & Role Discontinuitiesµ
³I have grown and sown and now I
can reap the reward & blessing of a life lived in joy & love, for I too have made others grow´ CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Determinants of Fruitful Aging
Prepared retirement Health Status Income Family Constellation Self-preparation
Retirement Role Discontinuities (Aging Process)
Change of Life
Outcome Fruitful Retirement And Aging
CARMENCITA ABAQUIN
Dissertation: ´PREPARE MEµ Interventions & the Quality of Life of Advance Progressive Cancer Patients
³To Nursing« may be able to provide the care that our clients need in maintaining their quality of life and being instrumental in ³Birthing´ them to External life´ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK