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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Recent advances in the field of artificial intelligence have led to the emergence of expert
systems, computational tools designed to capture and make available the knowledge of experts in
a field. Although much of the underlying technology available today is derived from basic
research on biomedical advice systems during the 1970s, medical application packages are thus
far generally unavailable from the young artificial intelligence industry. Medical expert systems
will begin to appear, however, as researchers in medical artificial intelligence continue to make
progress in key areas such as knowledge acquisition, model-based reasoning and system
integration for clinical environments. It is accordingly important for physicians to understand the
current state of such research and the theoretic and logistic barriers that remain before useful
systems can be made available.
Computer-based methods are increasingly used to improve the quality of medical services.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating expert machines
that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. (Russell S, et al, 2002). The
proposed system web assisted personal health assessment system is for dealing with the problem
of a disease diagnosis is an expert system. An expert system is a system that employs human
knowledge captured in a computer to solve problems that ordinarily require human expertise.
Expert system seeks and utilizes relevant information from their human users and from available
knowledge bases in order to make recommendations. (Azaab S, et al, 2000). Detecting diseases
at early stage can enable to overcome and treat them appropriately. Identifying the treatment
accurately depends on the method that is used in diagnosing the diseases. A Diagnosis expert
system (DExS) can help a great deal in identifying those diseases and describing methods of
treatment to be carried out taking into account the user capability in order to deal and interact
with expert system easily and clearly. DExS System can be used in consultation since it shows
quickly the diagnosis and in addition, it offers explanations of the obtained results, being very
helpful to the professional. With the expert system, the user can interact with a computer to solve
a certain problem. The computer applications in medicine go well beyond the convenient storage
and display of data. They include the analysis of medical images, diagnosis of heart diseases
from ECG data, and even robotic surgery based on a computer model. Medical Expert Systems
offer automatic or quicker medical diagnosis for patients
.
The most famous examples of medical expert systems are:
 MYCIN, an Expert System for diagnosing and recommending treatment of bacterial
infections of the blood, developed by Shortliffe and associates at Stanford University
 deDombal`s Leeds Abdominal Pain System, an expert system for acute abdominal pain,
developed by F.T. deDombal at the University of Leeds
 Help System, a hospital-based system, developed at LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City

Other Applications of Expert systems
Expert systems have found their way into most areas of knowledge work, the application of
expert systems technology have widely proliferated to industrial and commercial problems. The
main applications are stated below:
 Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Devices and Systems
Medical diagnosis was one of the first knowledge areas to which expert system technology was
applied n 1976 however, the diagnosis of engineering systems quickly surpassed medical
diagnosis.
 Planning and scheduling
The expert system’s commercial potential in planning and scheduling has been recognized as
very large. Examples are airlines scheduling their flights, personnel, and gates; the
manufacturing process planning and job scheduling;
 Configuration of Manufactured Objects from sub-assemblies
Configuration problems are synthesized from a given set of elements related by a set of
constraints. The expert systems have been very useful to find solutions. For example, modular
home building and manufacture in involving Complex engineering design.
 Financial Decision making
The financial services are the vigorous user of expert system techniques. Advisory programs
have been created to assist banker in determining whether to make loans to businesses and
individuals. Insurance companies to assess the risk presented by the customer and to determine a
price for the insurance. Expert systems are used in typical applications in the financial
markets/foreign exchange trading.
 Knowledge publishing
This is relatively new, but also potentially explosive area. Here the primary function of the
Expert system is to deliver knowledge that is relevant to the user’s problem, the two most widely
known expert system are; one, and advisor on appropriate grammatical usage in a text; and the
other, is a tax advisor on tax strategy, tactics and individual tax policy
 Process monitoring and control
Here expert system does analysis of real-time data from physical devices, looking for anomalies,
predicting trends, controlling optimality and failure correction. Examples or real-time system
that actively monitors processes are found in the steel making and oil refining industries.
 Design and manufacturing
Here the expert systems assist in the design of physical devices and processes, ranging from
high-level conceptual design of abstract entities all the way to factory floor configuration of
manufacturing processes.


Knowledge acquisition: The data and knowledge of diagnosis expert system (DExS) are
collected from different sources. The first primary source is the medical knowledge of expert
doctors. The second source is from specialized databases, books and a few electronic websites.
There are many applications of expert systems such as diagnosis, design, planning, financial
decision making etc. Most applications of expert systems in medicine involving predicting,
diagnosis and treating a particular disease

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
With the increased need for access to health care delivery systems and facilities and the
consequent over-crowding and over burdening of existing structures, there is an increased need
for the development of expert systems as related to the health care system. It would be of great
necessity to provide a web assisted personal health well-being assessment system as opposed to
computer based systems which will provide a complementary medical service, such as medical
disease diagnosis in places where there is difficulty in accessing medical personnel. Web based
systems are accessible to anyone, anywhere with internet access which makes them more
desirable.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
If this system is fully developed will be very useful in many areas such as:
 It can be useful in many hospitals, both private and government, cases where the expert is
not on seat.
 It can support academic development.
 It can be useful to individuals for their personal health assessment.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of the study project is limited on some of the non-communicable disease. Which
include:
 Malaria
 Typhoid

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
The major constraint faced during the implementation of this work was finance. This is among
other frustrations such as program failures during modular construction stages. Time was another
important factor that limited research.
1.6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this project is to develop and design a web assisted personal health well-being
assessment system for the diseases; typhoid and malaria.
1. To ease patients the stress of waiting to see a doctor for a long period of time.
2. To help hospital management to fasten the diagnosis of their patients.
3. To reduce human errors.
4. Creation of expert knowledge
5. To improve the performance of medical personnel in diagnosing patients.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Expert system
 An expert system is an interactive computer based decision tool that uses both
facts and heuristics to solve difficult decision making problems, based on
knowledge acquired from and expert.
 An expert system is a model and associated procedure that exhibits, within a
specific domain, a degree of expertise in problem solving that is comparable to
that of a human expert
 An expert system compared with traditional computer:
Inference engine + Knowledge = expert system
(Algorithm + Data structures = Program in traditional computer)
 First expert system, called DENDRAL, was developed in the early 70’s at
Stanford University
An expert system may also be defined as a computer system that emulates the decision-
making ability of a human expert.

Expert systems are designed to solve complex
problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented primarily as if–then rules rather
than through conventional procedural code.

 Diagnosis: Diagnostic describes a procedure or test which is performed to determine
what is wrong with a patient, or what illness they have. Medical care consists of three
main parts.
1. The diagnosis identification of disease or injury
2. The treatment of disease or injury
3. The prevention of disease
 Health system:

 Diagnose: The identifying of an illness or disorder in a patient through physical
examination, medical tests, or other procedures.
 Medical: Relating to medicine, physical examination to determine health: a physical
examination by a doctor to check.
 Malaria: An infectious disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted by the bite of
infected mosquitoes. Common in tropical countries, the disease is characterized by
recurring chills and fever.
 Typhoid: A disease or a serious fatal bacterial infection of the digestive system, caused
by ingesting food or water contaminated with the bacillus salmonella typhoid.
 Knowledge engineer; Uses the shell to build a system for a particular problem domain.
 System engineer: Builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the
knowledge base, and implements the inference engine






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