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UNIDAD 1.Objectives
Taking the Driver License Test
Functions Objectives
Giving commands and making polite
requests
Making recommendations
Talking about cars and driving issues
Use the imperatives for commands
and polite requests
Use the imperative in negative form
Use vocabulary related to a vehicle’s
front panel and verbs related to
driving
Fasten your seat belt
Manny antryve! a nervous si"teen#year#old high school student! is getting hisfirst lesson $ith
Mr% &hodekil%
Narrator' Manny unlocks the car door and gets into the vehicle
Mr. Rhodeki' Manny( Unlock the door for me please) * can+t get in(
Mann!' Oh right%%%sorry%
Narrator' Manny unlocks the passenger door and Mr% &hodekil climbs in
Mr. Rhodeki' ,ll right then! $hat+s the first thing a driver must do $hen he gets into
a vehicle- .hat must $e do $ith the mirrors-
Mann!' /lean them-
Mr. Rhodeki' 0esides cleaning them% ,djust the mirrors( That+s the
first thing you should do%
Mann!' Oh yeah! yeah! no$ * remember%
Narrator' Manny reaches for the rearvie$ mirror and adjusts it and the side mirror on
the driver+s side%
Mann!' Mr% &hodekil! can you please move the passenger side mirror-
Mr. Rhodeki' 1ure thing son! $hich direction do you $ant me to move it-
Mann!' 2o$ about a little to the right%%% O%%! 1top( That +s good%
3o$! just a tad up% There! perfect(
Mr. Rhodeki' Ok then Manny! fasten your seat belt! and slide your seat for$ard just
a little% Manny) it seems to me that you+re a bit too far back%
Mann!' *s that good-
Mr. Rhodeki' 4es! that+s much better% ,ll right Manny! start her up(
Narrator' Manny shifts to reverse and puts the key into the ignition and starts the car
Mr. Rhodeki' Good job son! good job% 3o$ before you shift into
reverse! press do$n on the brake pedal fully%
Mann!' This one-
Mr.Rhodeki' 3o! not that one( That+s the accelerator( The other one
Manny! the other one(
Mr. Rhodeki' O%% 3o$! slo$ly! let go of the brake pedal%
Mr. Rhodeki' * said 15O.54! 15O.54( .hat is it $ith you! can’t you follo$ a
simple order-
Mann!' 1#1orry sir%
Mr. Rhodeki' ,ll right then! no$ that $e are out of the drive$ay! turn the steering
$heel to the right! but keep your foot on the brakes6
&evie$' *mperatives
*n 7nglish * you learned ho$ to use imperatives to give directions%
*mperatives are also used to give commands or make polite requests!
in $hich case! they are al$ays used in combination $ith the $ord
please'
8lease! unlock the door
8lease! get in the car
The simple form of the verb is used to form the imperative% The simple form is the infinitive
$ithout the particle to'

In"initive #i$%e "or$
to reach reach
to start start
to shift shift

&evie$' *mperatives
,lso! $ith the imperative the understood subject of the sentence is
al$ays you%
This happens because the command or instruction is for the person
the speaker is talking to! and that person is you%
1ee ho$ in the follo$ing sentences! the speaker is talking to you! you
are the recipient of the command! instruction or request'
1tart the engine(
1hift into reverse(

*mperative sentences are the only sentences in the active voice in 7nglish that do not require a
subject 9it is understood:%
&evie$' The imperative in negative form
Making imperative verbs negative is only a matter of adding don&t '
Don&t ; simple form of the verb
Don&t start the engine(
Don&t shift into reverse(
8ractice <
*magine you are a driving instructor% /omplete the follo$ing set of instructions $ith a verb from
the list% 8ay special attention to those sentences $here a negative is indicated 9#:%Use each
verb only once%
8ossible ans$ers '
put park shift go press release turn keep
=% into reverse%
>% on the brakes fully%
<% the key into the ignition%
?% the brake pedal abruptly% 9#:
@% the steering $heel to the right%
A% your foot on the brakes%
B% around the block% 9#:
C% in the designated space%
&ecommendations $ith should
The Modal verb should id used to give recommendations! that is! to
indicate that it is a good idea or convenient to do something%
.hen you give a recommendation! you normally start $ith I think6%or
* beieve6%or she thinks6%or so$eone beieves6% For e"ample'
I think you should change the oil in your car%
I beieve your brother should $ash his car% *t is really filthy(
The $echanic beieves $e should buy ne$ tires for our van%
&ecommendations $ith should
,s it happens $ith all modal verbs! shoud is al$ays follo$ed by a
main verb in si$%e "or$% 5ook at the follo$ing e"ample'
'e"ore !ou take the driving test( !ou shoud breathe dee%! and
rea).
modal verb simple form simple form

To make negative sentences $ith should use shouldn’t'

1hould shoudn&t ; si$%e "or$
*e% *ou shoudn&t take the test i" !ou haven&t
studied%
8ractice ?
/omplete the follo$ing sentences $ith shoud+shoudn&t , the si$%e "or$ of the corresponding verb from the
list'
keep allo$ use change rotate put change be
7"ample' Drive' 4ou really should’t drive over the speed limit in a school Eone%
=%Drivers the oil in their cars every <!FFF miles
>%.e the tires no$ before $e go on vacation%
<%2e the $ater filter before summer comes%
?%4ou your cell phone in the student’s drop#off and pick#up area%
@%4ou your eyes on the road at all times%
A%Drivers alert to any cars approaching them
B%1he make up on $hile driving on the speed$ay%
C%0us drivers people to $alk on their busses $hile these are in motion%
*n the follo$ing section! you $ill find C problems listed% &ecord a
recommendation for each problem using the verb should% 1end your
recording to your instructor by mail%

7"ample'
8roblem' athy +s car battery is dead%
8ossible ,ns$er' 1he should call ,,, road assistance
service%
=% 8roblem' evin is driving in very hot $eather%
1peaking
>% 8roblem' Gerald+s car is almost out of gas%
<% 8roblem' 8eter has a flat tire%
?% 8roblem' Gane can+t see $ell out of her rearvie$ mirror%
@% 8roblem' 4ou are not $earing your seat belt%
A% My car $on’t start and * have a meeting in half an hour%
B% My mother left the keys inside her car%
C% 1ome craEy drivers change lanes $ithout looking in their
rearvie$ mirrors%
U3*D,D >%Objectives
-eek ./ Let&s go to Ireand "or the #u$$er0
Functions Objectives
8lanning trips
Giving advice and
recommendations
Use modal verbs of advice in the
affirmative and negative
Use vocabulary and e"pressions
make arrangements for planning
a trip
*’ve got
tickets
to
*reland(
MAR*' Gohn! $hy don’t $e go some$here e"otic for a
vacation this year-
1O2N' 4eah! ho$ about Miami 0each-
MAR*' Hery funny( 3o! * mean let’s go to *reland%
1O2N' *reland- 0y plane-
Modal Herbs of ,dvice
Modals of advice are used to give recommendations or make suggestions% Modals
of advice include' should! ought to and had better% ,s $ith other modal verbs! modal
of advice are al$ays follo$ed by a main verb in simple form% 5ook at the follo$ing
e"ample'
a. We should plan our trip to Ireland
modal verb simple form
b. We ought to think about expenses!
modal verb simple form
c. You' d better hurry! The plane leaves in 5 minutes!
modal verb simple form


Note/ had better and ought to are t$o#$ord verbs% These t$o $ords
al$ays go together% 0oth $ords make up the modal verb itself% The modal had better
can be used in contracted form as follo$s'

You had better put your passport away before you lose it!
or
You’d better put your passport away before you lose it!

*f you take a look to the sentences above 9a! b and c: you $ill see that the
sentences $ith should and ought to are mild recommendations $hile the
sentence $ith had better sounds like a $arning of a bad consequence'
4ou+d better slo$ do$n( That car up ahead must only be going =@ miles an
hour(
.hat this sentence implies is that if you don’t slo$ do$n you $ill hit the car
ahead of you% There is a sense of urgency in that request that makes it
sound more like a $arning than a simple recommendation%
Urgency of Modals of ,dvice
Thes
e <
verb
s are
used
$ith
the
sam
e
sent
ence
struc
ture
9after
a
subj
ect
and
follo
$ed
by a
main
verb
in
simpl
e
form:
%
2o$
ever!
their
mea
ning
is
very
differ
ent
beca
use
they
e"pr
ess
differ
ent
degr
ees
of
urge
ncy%
#ho
ud
e"pr
esse
s a
reco
mme
ndati
on
that
you
may
or
may
not
follo
$!
$hile
had
bett
er
$arn
s
you
to do
or
not
to do
som
ethin
g in
order
to
avoi
d a
bad
/ons
eque
nce%
1o!
had
bett
er
has
a
high
er
degr
ee of
urge
ncy%
8ractice <
1elect the right modal verb of advice to provide a solution for the follo$ing problems% 8ay
special attention to the conte"t and the urgency on each situation%
3robe$ 1/ My sister hasn’t taken a vacation in five years% 1he is
e"hausted(
#oution/ 1he take a break and go some$here e"otic for a couple
of $eeks
3robe$ ./ Thomas+ luggage has a torn Eipper%
#oution/ Thomas buy ne$ luggage%
3robe$ 4/ Our car is very dirty%
#oution/ .e $ash our car%
3robe$ 5/ , police officer is behind me flashing his lights%
#oution/ 4ou pull over quickly%
3robe$ 6/ , little boy ran out into the street $ithout looking both $ays%
#oution/ That little boy learn not to run into the street like that(
3robe$ 7/ *’m leaving for 3e$ 4ork tomorro$ but the airport $as closed
due to bad $heather% * don’t kno$ $hat to do%%%
#oution/ Maybe you reschedule and get a flight for another day%
3egative Forms of Modal Herbs of ,dvice
This is ho$ you make negative sentences $ith shoud and had better'
#houd ' shouldn’t ; simple form
*e% 4ou shouldn’t take so many days off for your vacation%
2ad better/ had better ; not ; simple form
*e% 4ou had better not take so many days off for your vacation
Or $ith the contracted form'
8d better/ Id better ; not ; simple form
*e% 4ou’d better not take so many days off for your vacation
Note/ ought to is not usually used in negative form%
8ractice ?
5ouisa is leaving on vacation in t$o days% 1he and her sister 1ophie are making final
arrangements to make sure everything is O during her trip% 9o$%ete the sentences in
the diaogue beo:.
/hoose one verb from the follo$ing list and use the modal verb of advice as indicated% The
symbol J indicates that the modal verb should be used in negative form%
;)a$%e/
4ou 9shoud #: buy those e"pensive tickets to 8aris
&esulting sentence' 4ou shoudn&t bu! those e"pensive tickets to
8aris

complete be argue be start make finish
LOUI#A/ * forgot to book a hotel in 8aris%%%Do you think *’ll have any
problems-
#O32I;/ * think you 9should: a reservation before leaving to$n% * kno$ a
very cute hotel in the 5atin Kuarter%%%Gust blocks from 1aint Michell%
LOUI#A/ Ok% *’ll do that but before * 9ought to: this report% My boss told
me * 9had better: it by this afternoon because it is due tomorro$ morning%

#O32I;/ .ell! bosses are al$ays like that% Did you start packing-
LOUI#A/ 3ot yet! * haven’t even done the laundy%
#O32I;' /ome on! 5ouisa! you are nuts( 4ou 9had better: $ashing those
clothes or else you $ill have nothing to $ear in 8aris
LOUI#A' .ell%%%* can al$ays buy a ne$ outfit there% 8aris is the best place
on 7arth to buy clothes! remember-
#O32I;/ 4es! but you are on a tight budget% * think you 9should #:
thinking about spending your money on clothes%
*nstead! you 9ought to: preparing for your trip%%% .hat a lunatic you are%%%%
LOUI#A/ /ome on 1ophie! $e 9had better #: on my last night in to$n!
let’s go for a drink instead%%%$hen $e come back you can help me pack%%%
8ractice @
Think about < things you shoud do and < things you
shoudn&t do $hen planning a trip abroad% .rite A
sentences $ith these ideas using modal verbs of
advice% .rite your sentences on the clipboard and save
them on a te"t document% Then record your sentences
and send this audio to your instructor by mail% 0e
prepared to discuss this topic in a chat room session%
<% The sound L I MIsit’% This sound does not e"ist in letters of the 7nglish ,lphabet
pig L p
I
g M s$im Ls $
I
m M
pink L p
I
n k M si" 9A: Ls
I
k sM
kiss L k
I
s M chips L t
I
p s M
$itch L $
I
t M gym L
I
mM
.riting
.rite a paragraph giving advice about the best place to spend a summer vacation% Use
modal verbs of advice and the vocabulary you learned in this $eek% 8ay special attention to
the follo$ing'
-hen using the si$%e %resent tense' Third person singular verb endings
-hen using $oda verbs o" advice' shouldNshouldn’t! ought to and had betterNhad better
not ; simple form of verb%
;)a$%es/
Correct she should/ought to/had better start packing
Incorrect/ she shouldNought toNhad better to start packing
9orrect/ she shouldn’tNhad better not forget her passport at home
Incorrect/ she shouldn’tN had better not to forget her passport at home
.rite your paragraph on the clipboard and save it on a te"t document% 1end it to your
instructor by mail%
U3*D,D <%Objectives
-hat is the -eather Like<
Functions Objectives
Talking about the
$eather
Giving advice and
recommendations
Use the subjunctive to
give recommendations
Use adjectives to
describe the $eather
.hat is the .eather 5ike in the United 1tates-

0ecause The United 1tates is such
a big country! it has a $ide range
of different climates and $eather%
Much of the country e"periences
the four seasons) $inter! spring!
summer! and autumn%
Most of the states in the north get
quite a bit of sno$ in the $inter%
Though a sno$y landscape can be
an impressive sight! it brings $ith it
consequences $hich affect the $ay
a society functions% For e"ample! it
is necessary to put salt on the
road$ays so that cars do not slip
and
slide on icy roads% *n addition! it is
recommended that people use
special tires on their cars for further
protection against this haEard%
1no$ storms called bliEEards! occur
quite often in the northeastern
portion of the country and may
shutdo$n schools and businesses
temporarily%
The sno$! ho$ever! provides
$onderful entertainment for people!
especially children! $ho love to
make sno$men! get into sno$ball
fights! go sledding! go skiing! and
go ice# skating%
.hat is the .eather 5ike in the United 1tates-
1pring follo$s $inter and it is a pretty time $hen the leaves
on the trees start gro$ing and the flo$ers start budding% *t
is also the season that brings forth a lot of rain%
The $eather is usually mild and very enjoyable% *n more
rural areas! one can see the return of certain animals!
$hich had been sheltered during the $inter%
.hat is the .eather 5ike in the United 1tates-
1ummer is the hottest time of year% The days are longer
and sunnier and people often head outdoors for recreation%
8eople flock to the parks and the countryside to practice
sports! go hiking! and s$imming%
*t is a great ,merican pastime to have outdoor cookouts
$ith different meats and vegetables simmering on the grill%
*t still rains quite a bit in the summer! too! so thunderstorms
sometimes do spoil plans%
.hat is the .eather 5ike in the United 1tates-
,utum comes after summer! $hich is a special time in the
United 1tates% *n autumn! also called the fall! children
return to school after their long summer vacation%
The ,merican diet also changes at this time because it is
the time of harvest and some of the vegetables harvested
at this time are staples of ,merican cuisine% ,mong these
are' pumpkins! squash! cranberries! apples! yams and
corn%*n the fall! the $eather starts to cool do$n once again%
This cooling period may be accompanied by strong gusts
of $ind and cloudy skies% 2o$ever! the most striking
feature of autumn is the color of the leaves on the trees%
These turn into breathtaking shades of red! orange! yello$!
and bro$n%
1oon! these leaves $ill begin to fall to the ground signaling
the coming $inter and yet another cycle in the seasons%
The .eather
The .eather in the United 1tates changes a great deal from season to
season! therefore! forecasters and people in general use a variety of
$ords to describe $hat the $eather is like% Many of these $ords are
adjectives and they are created by adding the suffi" Jy to nouns such as'
sno$ sno$y
cloud cloudy
storm stormy
$ind $indy
rain rainy
The .eather
3ouns ending in e! like ice or breeEe! drop the e and add y'
breeEe breeEy
ice icy
<#letter $ords that have a consonant#vo$el#consonant combination double the second
consonant before adding the sufi" Jy'
fog foggy
mud muddy
sun sunny
mug muggy
Other adjectives used for describing the temperature include'
FreeEing *cy /old /ool .arm 2ot
8ractice
/hoose an adjective from the list to complete the follo$ing descriptions of the $eather'
$arm sno$y cloudy sunny breeEy icy freeEing muddy cool
=% *t rained so much that all the roads turned
>% roads are a risk of the long $inters in /anada%
<% *n the /aribbean the $eather is commonly and humid%
?% skies and thunderstorms are typical during the summer in 1outh
Florida%
@% .e had to $ear special clothes to protect us against the $ind% *t $as
and e"tremely cold%
A% 1ights of /hristmas in the 3orthern hemisphere usually include
rooftops and sno$y hills%
B% 4esterday $as but today it is very cold%
C% 8olar bears can resist temperatures thanks to their insulating coat of
fur and body fat%
The 1ubjunctive
The subjunctive describes a situation or necessity that results from someone’s desire or a
condition in nature! like the $eather% The subjunctive is formed as follo$s'
*ntroduced by
an e"pression
like'
that
subject
1imple
form of
verb
&est of
sentence
It is necessar! you $ear
$arm
clothes
during
$inter
It is i$%ortant people use
sunblock
lotion at
the beach
It is essentia 4our
father
turn on headlights
for driving
in the fog
It is advisabe children $ear
boots and
raincoats
It is
reco$$ended
roads be 1alted%
It is better $e shut
$indo$s
and doors
during a
hurricane%

Model sentences:
*t is important that your father turn on the lights $hen driving in the fog%

9simple form:
*t is essential that people shut $indo$s and doors during a hurricane%

9simple form:
To make a negative sentence $ith the 1ubjunctive! simply add not before the verb in simple
form'
.hen it is rainy! it is advisable that you use an umbrella%
9simple form:
.hen it is $indy! it is advisable that you not use an umbrella%
9simple form:
1peaking
.riting

*magine you have to describe a kind of $eather to someone $ho has
never e"perienced it before O for e"ample! a sno$storm or the sound of
a hurricane or strong $ind% 1tart $ith phrases such as the follo$ing' *t
looks like % % % *t sounds like % % % *t makes you think of % % % *t makes you
feel %
.rite a paragraph trying to Ppaint a pictureP $ith $ords! so the person
reading your description could visualiEe the kind of $eather you are
describing% Use the adjectives you learned in the vocabulary section of
this $eek% ,s a conclusion! include a couple of recommendations about
$hat people should do in this kind of $eather 9remember to use the
subjunctive:%
.rite your paragraph on the clipboard! save it on a te"t document and
send it to your instructor by mail%

U3*D,D ?%Objectives
Functions Objectives
,sking information about price and
length for sending a package or
Use comparatives related to price!
dimension! siEe and $eight
letter
Discussing several alternatives
Making comparisons
Use vocabulary related to the post
office! its services and mailing a
letter or package
2o$ much does it $eigh-
9evin is $aiting in line at the 8ost Office:
3O#TAL -OR=;R' May * help you! please-
=;>IN' 2i( 2o$ are you% * $ant to send this package to
7ngland! please%
3.-. 9taking the package) Do you $ant to send it by
surface mail! first classmail or special delivery-
=;>IN' 2o$ much does it cost by surface mail-
3.-. *t costs Q>%FF per pound of $eight! sir%
=;>IN' 2o$ much does it $eigh-
3.-. 9$eighs the package: 5et’s put it on the scale and
$e’ll kno$ its $eight% There' three pounds ten ounces!
sir% That’s si" dollars forty five cents 9QA%?@: %
=;>IN' 1ounds good% 2o$ long does it take to get
there-
3.-. ,bout one month! sir%
=;>IN' That’ s a long time% 2o$ about first class mail-
3.-. That’s QC%FF per pound that’s <lb =FoE times C
that’s er69he enters the amount on the calculator:
Q>@%=F! sir%
=;>IN' ,nd ho$ long does it take-
3.-. ,bout a $eek! sir%
=;>IN' O%% *’ll send it first class mail%
3.-. /an * help you $ith anything else sir- Do you
need stamps%
=;>IN' 4es! O%% give me a book of ten stamps%
3.-. That’s t$enty eight dollars eighty cents! sir% Thank
you! sir%
8ractice
T487
5,T% ,M%
7U&O
87
,1*,
O/7,
3*,
1urface
Mail
Q=%@F
per lb
Q>%FF per
lb
Q<%FF
per lb
Q?%FF per
lb
First
/lass
Q<%FF QC%FF Q=F%FF Q=>%FF
1pecial
Delivery
Q=F%FF Q=>%FF Q=?%FF Q=A%FF
Fill in the details of the follo$ing dialogues from information
from the chart%
8ractice
1elect the right $ordN$ords to complete the follo$ing
sentences%
8ossible choices '
First class
mail
1urface
mail
1pecial
delivery
$eight $eigh
=% is more e"pensive than other
kinds of delivery
>%2o$ much does this package -
<% The price depends on the of the
package%
?% takes shorter than regular mail%
@% is good for short distances and is
less e"pensive than other services%
, note about $eigh and $eight'
The $ord :eigh is a verb $hile the $ord :eight is a noun'
*%e% , heavy object :eighs more than a light object! because its :eight is
higher%
9verb: 9noun:
/omparative ,djectives
,djectives modify nouns! they describe ho$ things are 9animate and inanimate:% *n the specific conte"t of
mailing a letter or package! four kinds of adjectives come in handy% These are'
,djectives
describing siEe
,djectives
describing
,djectives
describing price
,djectives
describing $eight
dimension
large deep /heap light
bulky tall ine"pensive heavy
oversiEed $ide moderate
small reasonable
undersiEed e"pensive

/omparative ,djectives
.hen you make comparisons using these adjectives you must use their comparative forms% 5et’s revie$
ho$ comparative forms are made'
1hort adjectives' add er
*%e% This package is larger than this other%
1hort adjectives ending in y' drop 9eliminate:
the y and add' ier
*%e% This package is heavier than this other%
5onger adjectives' use the $ord more before
the adjective
*%e% First class mail is more e"pensive than
surface mail%
' in a setence! $hen the second term of the comparison 9second object being compared: is included!
you must use the $ord than% 5et’s look at the previous e"amples again'
This package is larger than this other%
This package is heavier than this other%
First class mail is more e"pensive than surface
mail%
8ractice
8rovide the comparative form of the follo$ing adjectives'
0ulky
1mall
*ne"pensive
Deep
Tall
.ide
/heap
&easonable
/omparative ,djectives
1ometimes $hen you compare you use the $ord less%
This happens $hen the second object you are comparing has a given attribute in a lesser degree%
The $ord less is used for all adjectives! short and long! and $hen you use it! the adjective remains intact%
5ook at the follo$ing e"amples'
0ulky less bulky
7"pensive less e"pensive
Tall less tall
.ide less $ide
/heap less cheap
&easonable less reasonable
8ractice
Fill in the blank $ith the correct comparative of the adjective in parenthesis% 9;: indicates more and 9#:
indicates less% &emember that shorter adjectives add erNier $hen they are used to indicate more'
7"ample' small 9;: smaller
=% ,ir mail is 9e"pensive ;: than surface mail%
>%This package is 9heavy ;: than * thought% *’ll be very e"pensive to mail it%
<%This bo" is 9$ide #: than the toy% *t $on’t fit% .e need a $ider bo"%
?%This receptacle is for 9light ;: parcels! letters and postcards only%
@%The mailman could not deliver the package! it $as $ay 9tall ;: than the
space in the mailbo"%
A%This envelope is 9small ;: than the letter% .e need to buy a larger one%
B% Mailing a package in the U%1% is 9e"pensive #: than it is in other
countries%
C% *t $ill not fit( .e need a 9deep ;: bo"
8ractice
Fill in the blanks $ith the correct $ord $ith the La M sound% /heck the list in the red book%
=% , big animal $hich produces milk%
>% , funny man at a circus%
<% AF minutes%
?% 3ot later( ( at this moment(
@% *n and %
A% *t’s not yours! it’s
B% that hurts(((
C% 8eople live in this place%
.riting
*OU' ,sk the price to send a package to /olombia% 92o$ much6%-:
3O#TAL-OR=;R' 9takes the package) Offer to $eigh the package%
95et’s $eigh6%:
*OU' ,sk ho$ much the package $eighs%
3.-. 1ay it $eighs < pounds 9lbs%:
*OU' ,sk the price per lb%
3.-. 1ay it costs Q>%FF per pound%
*OU' ,sk if the price is for surface or first 9=
st
: class mail%
3.-. 1ay that it’s surface mail%
*OU' ,sk about the length of time to get to /olombia% 92o$ long6%%-:
3.-% Mention that it’s three $eeks%
*OU' ,ccept %
.rite the dialogue -IT2OUT the functions%
.rite your o$n name 9not *OU: and send the complete dialogue to your instructor%
-eek UNIDAD 6/ -e had a bast0
Functions Objectives
Talking about short
trips and recreational
activities
Talking about past
events
Framing past events in
time
Use past tense to
describe recreational
activities and narrate
short trips
Distinguish and use
past tense forms of
regularNirregular verbs
in affirmative form
Use vocabulary
related to recreational
activities
Use time markers to
frame past events
&eading' .e had a blast(
aren and 2enry have just returned from their trip to Ft% 5auderdale! Florida% &ead as they tell 8eter
about their e"perience%
3;T;R/ 2ey you guys( * see you got back from your trip! so tell me ho$ it $as(
2;NR*/ *t+s good to see you again 8ete( Oh man! it $as great( .e had a blast(
=AR;N/ .e sure did( 2o$ever! * must say that the first fe$ days $ere a
rough%
3;T;R/ &eally- .hat happened-
=AR;N/ .ell the first day $e got to Ft% 5auderdale! $e realiEed that $e forgot to make
arrangements for our stay there%
2;NR*/ 4eah $e didn+t call any of the hotels before $e left% .e thought that $e could probably find
a cheap motel near the beach $hen $e got there) but! $hen $e arrived! everything $as full( There
$eren+t any vacancies any$here(
3;T;R/ 1o $hat did you do-
=AR;N/ .e $andered around the beachside a little $hile $ith our backpacks%
=AR;N/ .e finally found a place near the beach and moved in%
3;T;R/ 1o $hat did you do the rest of the time you $ere there-
=AR;N/ .e $ent s$imming nearly everyday and $e got sunburned(
2;NR*/ 4eah! $e $ere out in the sun so long that $e got a pretty bad sunburn( The ne"t day $e
$ere in some pain(
3;T;R/ That doesn+t sound like it $as fun%
=AR;N/ That part $asn+t! but all in all $e had a great time%
2;NR*/ .e $ent hunting for seashells the follo$ing day! despite our sunburns(
=AR;N/ The $ater $as a little cold! but it felt good on our sunburns(
3;T;R/ 4ou guys really had a good time! didn+t you- * just $ish * could go do$n to Florida $here
the $eather isn+t cold and gloomy% * $ould enjoy a change from this Minnesota $inter(
8ractice
1elect True or False for the follo$ing statements
=% The first fe$ days of aren and 2enry’s trip $ere very comfortable%
>% They planned their trip before getting there%
<% They did not find a cheap motel and had to $alk along the beach for hours%
?% They used sun#block lotion and did not get a sunburn%
@% They $ent hunting for $ild forest animals
A% The $ater $as some$hat cold! but it $as good for their sunburns%
Go ; gerund 9ing form:
The combination ?o , gerund @ing "or$A is used to refer to recreational activities! including hobbies
and some sports! that people enjoy $hen they go on a short trip or vacation%
These activities are usually outdoor and entail some contact $ith nature%
5ook at the follo$ing e"pressions! taken from the listening above'
.e
$ent s$imming
9past tense of go: ; gerund
nearly everyday
.e
$ent hunting
9past tense of go: ; gerund
for seashells
8ractice <
1elect the correct option%
=% .e $ent in Miami%
>% They $ent in the sea%
<% 4ou $ent in 3e$ 4ork%
?% Mary and 5aura $ent in 5as Hegas%
1imple 8ast Tense
Reguar >erbs
The simple past is created simply by adding J7D to regular verbs% &egular verbs have the same form for
both! the simple past and the past participle'
#i$%e "or$ #i$%e 3ast 3ast 3artici%e
1tay 1tayed 1tayed
/arry /arried /arried
.alk .alked .alked
9/lick on the &7D 0OO for a list of regular 7nglish verbs:
1ome regular verbs! ho$ever! require additional changes to their ending% These is ho$ they create their
simple past form'
Herbs ending ,dd #d 7"amples'
in e
love loved
live lived
Herbs ending
in
consonant;y
Drop the y and
add ied
7"amples'
/arry carried
/opy copied
Herbs ending
in vo$el ;
consonant
9e"cept yN$:
Double the
consonant
before adding
#ed
/lap clapped
2ug hugged
*rregular Herbs
Forming the past form of irregular verbs is not as easy as it is $ith regular verbs% .hat makes these
verbs irregular is e"actly the $ay in $hich they form their past tense and past participle forms! $hich! in
most cases! are different% The follo$ing verbs are irregular! notice that their past tense and past participle
forms are different'
#i$%e "or$ #i$%e 3ast 3ast 3artici%e
/ome came come
Go $ent gone
Do did done
9/lick on the &7D 0OO for a list of regular 7nglish verbs:
Of course! the most famous irregular verb in the 7nglish language is RbeS% This is ho$ it forms its past
#inguar 3ura
* $as .e $ere
4ou $ere 4ou $ere
2eNsheNit $as They $ere
8ractice ?
1elect the correct option%
=% 2e s$am >F miles at the beach the other day%
>% 1he took a ta"i to CBth 1treet%
<% 4ou preferred going sailing than going rafting%
?% They gave me a confirmation number for my hotel reservation%
@% The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last $eek%
A% My family visited me for /hristmas last year%
8ractice @
.rite the correct past tense form of the follo$ing verbs'
=% 1he 9go: to her friend’s house on Friday%
>% The flight 9be: delayed for a fe$ hours%
<% The air conditioning in our room 9break: do$n%
?% They 9have: breakfast by the pool%
@% .e 9rent: a sailboat and $ent sailing all afternoon%
A% * 9go: rafting on the pristine 1outh /arolina &ivers%
B% The girl 9jump: over the fence to get to her aunt’s house%
C% My sister 9arrive: from 3e$ Orleans yesterday%
Time Markers Used $ith 8ast Tense
The simple past tense is used to refer to events in the past% *t is usually accompanied $ith some
e"pressions that indicate $hen things happened% These e"pressions are called ti$e $arkers% 5ook at
the follo$ing e"ample'
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach ast :eek
The e"pression last $eek is a time marker% Many other $ords are used follo$ing last to indicate $hen
something occurred in the past'
; day of the $eek' last Monday! last 1aturday
5ast ; month last Ganuary! 5ast 3ovember
; season or holiday last $inter! last 2allo$een
; night! $eek! year last night! last year
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach ast su$$er
Or you can use $ords like' yesterday! the dayNnight before! the $eek before! a day of the $eek! month!
year or date%
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach on Frida!
Or
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach in 1u!
4ou can also use the $ord ago $ith to indicate the amount of time that has passed since something
happened'
T$o days ago T$o days have passed
T$o $eeks ago T$o $eeks have passed
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach t:o :eeks ago
1peaking
Unscramble the follo$ing sentences and conjugate the verb in the simple past tense% .rite your
sentences in the clipboard and save them on a te"t document% Then record your ans$ers on an
/harles bed last night go late to
Mike see on Tina movie and .ednesday a
buy pair * a mall jeans $eek at of the last
lie tan in out sun $e and get the a
beach Mott along $alk the family the
dinner you a $onderful cook
hotel stay an they e"pensive in
field soccer in children the play the
very it last be night cold
train miss the Tito
The #7D endings for &7GU5,& H7&01
U3*D,D A%Objectives
-hat did !ou do over the :eekend<
Functions Objectives
Talking about past events in everyday
colloquial 7nglish
Talking about customary $eekend
recreational activities
Use various types of question and
ans$er forms in the past tense' yesNno
and $h# questions and
affirmativeNnegative ans$ers
Use the past tense forms of verbs of
common everyday use
Use vocabulary related to $eekend
activities
2o$ did the cricket match go-
FRAN=/ 2o$ did the cricket match go on 1aturday! Tom-
TOM/ * don’t $ant to talk about it! $e lost by =FF runs%
FRAN=/ =FF runs( .ho did you play! the local kindergarten school-
TOM/ 9sarcastically) 2a( 2a( Hery funny% .e played against PamateursP $ho
looked more like professionals or semiNprofessionals to me%
FRAN=/ .here did they get their players-
TOM/ .ell! there $ere some people of *ndian and 8akistani origin on their
team and they $ere probably from first#rate teams over there%
FRAN=/ Did you score many runs yourself-
TOM/ 3o! * $as bo$led out on the first ball%
FRAN=/ .hat( and you are the team’s top scorer( .hat happened-
TOM/ *t $as an old trick% The bo$ler came up from behind my team#mate at
the other end and * couldn’t see him until he thre$ the ball% * missed it%
FRAN=/ .hat did you do about that-
TOM/ * protested! of course! but the official paid no attention%
FRAN=/ Oh! come on% 4ou’re just angry because your team lost%
TOM/ ,ngry! yes% 0ut not because $e lost% They broke the rules! not us% .e
didn’t break the rules%
8ractice
1elect the right $ord to provide a synonym for the follo$ing $ords% These $ords correspond to the
underlined $ords in the previous reading'
=%.e lost by =FF points%
>% .e played against non#professional players
<%The players $ere from professional teams
?%Did you make many runs-
@%4ou are the team’s best player%
A%One of my fello$ players $as injured
8ractice =
1elect True or False
=% Tom is not happy $ith the result of the cricket match%
>% Tom’s team didn’t $in%
<% The rival team had professional players%
?% Tom is a good cricket player%
@% Tom thinks the other team $as dishonest%
A% Tom is very angry because his team lost%
B% The local kindergarten cricket team is better than Tom’s team%
C% Tom’s team lost badly%
More go ; gerund' $eekend activities
*n .eek @ $e learned to use the combination go , gerund to refer to recreational activities performed
during a trip or short vacation% *n every#day 7nglish! though! the verb ?O is used in several combinations
to talk about activities people normally do in their free time! specially on $eekends'
-eekend activities

?o
for ;
nounNnoun
phrase
a $alk
a cup of
.e $ent
for a cup
of coffee in
coffee
drinks
the
afternoon
to ;
nounNnoun
phrase
the park
the beach
the game
They $ent
to the
cricket
match on
1aturday
out for ;
noun
dinner
lunch
They $ent
out for
dinner on
Friday
gerund shopping
dancing
They $ent
jogging in
the
jogging morning
8ractice >
Fill in the follo$ing blanks $ith an activity from the list'
to the
beach
out for
lunch
s$imming
for a cup of
coffee
jogging
for a
$alk
shopping
to the
Opera
=% .e $ent in the park%
>% They $ent in Fort 5auderdale%
<% They $ent at =>'<F p%m%
?% * $ent for a ne$ pair of shoes last 1aturday%
@% .e $ent yesterday( *t $as an e"cellent $orkout%
A% They $ent The sa$ ,ida! but didn’t like it much%
B% The children $ent in the pool yesterday%
C% My friends $ent in 1tarbuck’s%
3egative 1tatements in 8ast Tense
*n $eek @ you learned about forming the simple past tense form of regular verbs% 4ou also learned that
irregular verbs have a different verb form for the simple past% *n this $eek you $ill learn to make negative
statements in the past tense%
/hanging from an affirmative to a negative statement in the past tense is very simple! all you have to do
is use the au"iliary did ; not! or its contracted form! didn’t ; the simple form of your verb'
They broke the rules .e didn’t break the rules
This is true $ith all subjects! singular and plural! and all verbs! regular and irregular'
* had * didn’t have * didn’t have fun at the game
4ou came 4ou didn’t come 4ou didn’t come to the movies
1he $ent 1he didn’t go 1he didn’t go dancing on Friday
.e liked .e didn’t like .e didn’t like that restaurant
4ou $ent 4ou didn’t go 4ou didn’t go out for dinner
They stayed They didn’t stay They didn’t stay until the end
e"cept the verb to be'
* $as * $asn’t * $asn’t home on 1aturday
4ou $ere 4ou $eren’t
1heNheNit $as 2e $asn’t 2e $asn’t happy about the result
.e $ere .e $eren’t
4ou $ere 4ou $eren’t
They $ere They $eren’t They $eren’t at the game on 1unday
8ractice <
Fill in the blanks to make the follo$ing sentences negative'
=% Tom’s team 9$on:
>% The rival team 9had: professional players%
<% My father 9$as: a good soccer player%
?% The other team 9$as: dishonest%
@% Mitchell 9scored: the $inning goal%
A% The children 9$ent: s$imming in the pool all
afternoon%
B% Tom’s sister 9came: to visit last night%
C% .e 9found: bargain prices and sales at the
mall(
4esN3o questions in 8ast Tense
To make a yes N no question! start $ith did! then the subject!
then the simple form of your verb'
A""ir$ative *es+No Buestion :ord order

Did ; subject ;
simple form

2ad Did you have-
Did you have fun at the
game-
/ame Did you come-
Did you come home late
on 1aturday-
.ent Did you go-
Did you go to the
movies last $eekend-
1tay Did you stay-
Did you stay home on
Friday night-

.asN$ere .asN$ere ; subject .as she at
home -
3o au"iliary is necessary .ere you at the game-
Take the place of the au"iliary
9before the subject:

1ometimes! you also have to change the subject! to do this!
$hat you normally do is use a different noun or pronoun'
The team lost the
game
Did they lose the game-
* had fun at the
game
Did you have fun at the
game-
8ractice ?
/omplete the follo$ing yesNno questions% Fill in the blanks $ith
did , subject , si$%e "or$ of the verb in parenthesis'
=% 9go: to the beach yesterday-
4es! they $ent to the beach yesterday%
>% 9see:the tennis match on Television-
3o! * didn’t% * sa$ the results on the ne$s last
night%
<% 9go: out for lunch at =>'FF-
3o! she $ent out for lunch at =>'<F p%m%
?% 9find: the ne$ pair of shoes she $anted-
4es! she did% 1he found a beautiful pair of shoes
at The 1hoeOutlet%
@% 9sleep: late on 1unday-
4es! he slept until == a%m%
A% 9$atch: television last night-
3o! * didn’t% * rented a movie instead%
B% 9have: breakfast at the ne$ cafeteria
around the corner-
4es! * did% * had pancakes and scrambled eggs% *t
$as very good(
C% 9get: the ne$ book they $ere looking for-
3o! they didn’t% *t $as sold out%
,ns$ering 4es N 3o questions
5et’s take this question'
Did you go to the movies-
To ans$er! start $ith'
*es! ;
affirmative
*es! * $ent to the
movies
Or
No! ; negative
No! * didn’t go to the
movies
, short ans$er is also possible! and very common
$hen speaking'

Did !ou go to the $ovies<
Yes, I did
3o! * didn’t
,ns$ering 4es N 3o questions
5et’s take this question'
Did you go to the movies-
To ans$er! start $ith'
*es! ; *es! * $ent to the
.h# Kuestions in 1imple 8ast
.h# questions are also called information questions! and they
are used to get information that you don’t kno$% .h#questions
in the past tense are formed as follo$s'
4ou can make a .h# question to get information that is either
in the subject or the predicate of your ans$er%
5et’s take the follo$ing ans$er'
5uis talked to Gina in the garage
1U0G7/T 8&7D*/,T7
*f you $ant to kno$ $ho talked to Gina! then you’re looking
for information that is in the subject of your ans$er%
0ut if you $ant to kno$ $here they talked! then your
information is in the predicate of your ans$er%
This is important because $h# questions are formed in t$o
different $ays! depending on the part of the ans$er
9subject or predicate: $here the desired information is%
Kuestions about the subject
To make a question about the subject! simply
add :ho to the beginning of your yes N no
question% Then remove the subject%
3ote' the subject becomes part of your
ans$er% 5ook at the follo$ing e"ample'
Did 5uis talk to Gina in
the garage-
-ho talked to Gina in
the garage-
5uis talked to Gina in
the garage
Kuestions about the predicate
To make a -hC Buestion about the predicate!
simply add a :hC :ord 9:hat( :here( :hen(
ho:( ho: $uch( etc: to the beginning of
your yes N no question%
Note/ the rest of your yes N no question
disappears and becomes part of your ans$er%
5ook at the follo$ing e"amples'
Did you go out
dinner-
.hen did you go out
to dinner-
* $ent to dinner
yesterday%

.ere you at the mall on
1aturday afternoon-
.here $ere you on
1aturday afternoon -
* $as at the mall%
8ractice @
/omplete these questions% Fill in the blanks $ith the au"iliary did ; a verb
in simple form or $ith the verb in simple past% &ead the ans$ers carefully
to get clues about $hat to ask%
.hat you -
.e ate piEEa%
.here your parents -
My parents $ent to a concert%
.hen the game -
The game started at five o’clock
.ho the most goals-
They did( Our team lost B to =% .hat a $aste(
8ractice @
/omplete these questions% Fill in the blanks $ith the au"iliary did ; a verb in simple form or $ith the verb in simple
past% &ead the ans$ers carefully to get clues about $hat to ask%
.hich restaurant he to-
2e $ent to the *talian restaurant across the street from our apartment%
.hat you on 1unday-
.e didn’t do anything! $e $atched TH all day%
.hen the children s$imming-
They $ent s$imming on Friday%
.here the students % last Friday-
The students $ent to a party in 1outh 0each
8ractice A
,nna is talking to her friend Martha about $hat she did over the $eekend% Fill in the blanks $ith the verb in
parenthesis in affirmative! negative or question form%
9#: indicates negative! e"% go 9#: T didn’t go%

Martha' Oh! yes- .hat 9see: -
' .e 9see: a French movie $ith Gerard Depardieu% *t 9be: very funny%
Then on 1aturday! * 9have: 9#: to clean my room because a maid came and dit it for me% ,t noon! * $ent
out for lunch $ith my friends from the Gym%.e 9go: to this ne$ 7thiopian restaurant do$nto$n%
Martha' * kno$% *t 9open: last month% *s it any good-
' 4es! very% The food is different! though
Martha' * imagine! .hat 9have: -
' .ell! $e 9have: a little bit of everything% .e 9order: a sample dish that included different kinds of
meats! poultry and vegetables%
Martha' .O.( 1ounds good( .hat about 1unday-
' 1unday $as the best% My friend from /hicago 9come: by surprise and 9take: me out shopping%
Then $e $ent for dinner and then dancing until * 9drop: *t $as a lot of fun% .e really had a blast(((((
1peaking
,ns$er the follo$ing questions about your routine $eekend activities%
.rite complete sentences on the clipboard and save them on a te"t document%
Then record your ans$ers and send them to your instructor by mail%
=% .hat did you do on Friday night-
>% .hat did you do on 1aturday morning-
<% Did you go out to dinner on 1aturday night-
?% Did you sleep late on 1unday-
?% .hen $as the last time you $ent to the movies-
@% .hat $as the last movie you rented- .hen-
A% Did you go s$imming last $eek-
C% .ho did you go out $ith last $eek-
=% Fill in the blanks $ith the right $ord from the list'
points score arrangements sunburns
amateurs rough trip vacancy
=% .e asked every$here! but there $as no .e had to sleep in the car%
>% Our team is e"cellent! but today they played like %
<% .e tried hard! but $e didn’t The other team $on%
?% The journey $as very There $as a storm and the ship moved like craEy%
@% On my ne"t vacation! * $ant to take a to the Galapagos%
A% 1he is making for her trip% 1he has already made hotel and flight reservations%
3o$ she is looking for a nice guided tour of the city%
B% .earing sunblock is the only $ay to prevent %
C% Our soccer team is < from the top team%
=% Modals of ,dvice
1elect the right modal of advice according to the situation'
=% * think you take dancing lessons%
>% The teacher said * pay more attention in class%
<% 2is boss told him he finish the report by tonight%
?% * think he finish the report! or he $ill be fired%
@% * think they clean up their apartment% *t’s very messy(
A% * think you do your home$ork before your mother tells you again%
>% Modals of ,dvice
/omplete the follo$ing sentences $ith a modal of advice and a verb from the list'
=% My grandma believes that modern parents more strict $ith their children%
>% 4ou or you $ill miss your train%
<% * think she a daily planner% 1he’s al$ays forgetting things(
?% * think you those shoes to school% They are not black and the uniform requires black
shoes%
@% /ome on! you this% 4ou $ill regret it after$ards6
A% 2e the oil in his car% *t’s been more than =FFFF miles since he last did it
B% * think you the car’s door% This neighborhood is not safe anymore(
C% 2e looks horrible( 2e in bed and drink this soup * made for him%
<% *mperatives
Off line' 8repare a list of ten things a person should do $hen driving from one
destination to another%
.rite ten commands using the imperative%
1end the list to your instructor by mail%
@% 8ast Tense
/omplete the follo$ing conversation% Use affirmative past tense verbs and questions $ith the au"iliary D
si$%e "or$ of the verb'
Aice' .hat you 9do: -
1ohn' .ell! first $e 9go: to ey .est%
.e 9get: off and 9go: for a $alk%
.e $ent to some of the museums and 9have: lunch in a 0raEilian restaurant there%
Aice' you go to the beach-
Martha' 3o! $e didn’t% .e didn’t have time% .e 9be: at the beach many times during the
cruise% .e $ent to a beautiful beach at the Mayan &iviera%.e even 9go: s$imming $ith sea
animals! some stingrays and dolphins% *t $as magnificent(
1ohn' .O.( That must have been great% .hat about $ater sports- you practice any of them-
Aice' 4es! .e $ent skiing and parasailing% .e also $ent snorkeling% *t $as really unforgettable%
&7,D*3G /OM8&72731*O3
For the average ,merican! the green insect $hich vibrates its back legs to make a shrill
sound is much more familiar than the 7nglish summer game of the same name% The only
thing they have in common is that they are both a summer phenomenon%
The ,merican observer is puEEled at $hat seems to be a static! immobile game $here only
one person moves' the bo$ler% The bo$ler’s objective is to thro$ 9bo$l: the ball and hit
three perpendicular sticks $hich they call a I$icket’ at a distance of about ? to @ meters% *f
he hits the $icket $ith the ball then the defending player is Iout’ and the players on the
opposing team shout in obvious delight%
The only problem is that a man $ith a cricket bat is in front of the $icket and tries to hit the
ball% *f he connects! he runs to the other end! in a straight line! $hile the other player at the
other end does the same% 7very time they reach the opposite end of the pitch they score a
run 9only one bet$een the t$o of them:%
Mean$hile the opposing players scramble to get the ball back to the playing area%% *f the
player $ho hit the ball! or his team mate! does not arrive at the $icket before an opposing
team player touches the $icket $ith the ball in his hand! that player is Pout%P Then the ne"t of
the == members of the team comes out to take his place%
' /lick on the &ed 0ook for a Hocabulary
U3*D,D71 C%Objectives
O20 M! 'ack0
Functions Objectives
Talking about illnesses!
ailments and injuries%
Talking about body
parts and symptoms!
aches! pains and sore
parts%
Use verbs of obligation
as related to taking
prescriptions and
medicines
Use haveNhave got to
designate symptoms
and ailments%
Use prepositional
phrases and adverbs of
frequency to specify
amount and frequency%
O2( My 0ack
A visit to the doctor.
9Jill and husband Mike Pickles are at home:
1ILL/ Oh! my back( *t hurts $hen * stand
up%
MI=;/ 4ou shouldn’t be bending do$n so
much% 4ou do that all day at $ork%
1ILL/ * kno$% * $as bending do$n
yesterday $hen * felt a sharp pain in my
back% 3o$! * have a constant backache%
MI=;/ * think you ought to see a doctor%
4ou should change your job! too% *’m
$orried about the headaches you’re
suffering from these days%
1ILL / Me! too% .ell! maybe you’re right% *
$asn’t suffering from these headaches
before * started $orking there%
9Next day in the waiting room at the doctor’s: 9Gill is
talking to a patient:
*OUN? -OMAN/ %%4es! the doctor says *’ve got to
keep out of the sun% * $as lying on the beach for some
time $hen * my back began to itch% 3o$ its red and
sore and itching again% *t $as itching all night until my
husband put some ice on it%My eyes are also sore from
the salt $ater% *t’s getting me do$n%
1ILL' 8oor girl! you shouldn’t overdo the beach or else
you $ill get a bad sunburn% *’ve got problems $ith my
back6%
DO9TOR/ 9appearing suddenly: 3e"t patient! please(
9In the doctor’s office)
DO9TOR/ Tell me $here it hurts Mrs 8ickles% (e
begins to poke her gently in the back)
1ILL/ 4aaaaghhh(
DO9TOR/ 2mm( The pain is located here under the
solar ple"us% *t looks like you need to rest for a $hile% *’ll
give you some medicine to take but you need to rest
more than anything% ,re you suffering from headaches
or any soreness in your body-
1ILL/ 4es! doctor! * feel quite sore in my joints at the
end of the day%
DO9TOR/ .ell! * think you’re overdoing it! Mrs 8ickles%
4ou need at least a month off from $ork%
1ILL/ 0ut doctor! * need the money(
DO9TOR/ /an’t you get a less strenuous job-
1ILL/ * don’t kno$!6 *’ll try%
DO9TOR/ 4ou ought to try! Mrs 8ickles% One’s health
comes first%
8ractice =
Fill in the blanks $ith a synonym or an equivalent e"pression
of the underlined $ords from the reading% ==Fnic the right
==Fnic from the list belo$'
e"hausting discomfort irritated
to
rela"
==Fnicial=
=Fe $ith
$ellbeing is painful
tickle
and
prickle

=%*t $hen * stand up%
>% My back began to
<% 3o$ my back is red and and itching
again%
?% 4ou shouldn’t the beach or else you
$ill get a sunburn%
@% 4ou need more than anything%
A% ,re you suffering from headaches or any
in your body-
B% /an’t you get a less job-
C% One’s comes first(
&evie$' Modals of ,dvice
*n $eek < you leaned to use modal verbs
9shoud( ought to( had better: to give
advice% These modal verbs! in addition to
need to! are particularly useful! and quite
common! in the conte"t of a doctor $ho tells a
patient ho$ to take a medicine or take care of
an injury% 5ook at these e"amples from the
reading'
4ou shouldn’t be bending do$n so much(
* think you ought to see a doctor% 4ou should
change your job! too%
*’ll give you some medicine to take but you need
to rest more than anything%
,s you can see from the e"amples above! modal verbs are
al$ays follo$ed by another verb in simple form' be! see and
rest! in this case%
8ractice <
2ere are some symptoms and their corresponding advice or
solution% Fill in the blanks $ith the modal of advice in
parenthesis ; the simple form of one of these verbs'
to
look
to
see
to
$ear
to
take
to
rub
to
drink
to
go
to
take
Model' * have a stomachache% 4ou 9should: shoud take a fe$
drops of this medicine%
=%* hurt my foot and it is painful to $ear shoes%
4ou 9should: sandals
>% * have a sunburn% My back itches% 4ou 9need
to: your back $ith this soothing lotion
t$ice a day%
<% * have a bad cold% 4ou 9need to:
plenty of $ater%
?% * suffer from recurrent headaches% 4ou 9ought
to: a specialist%
@% 2is job is strenuous and poorly paid% 2e
9should: for another job%
A% 2ere is the prescription for your allergy% 4ou
9need to: these pills three times a day%
B% * feel so bad * can’t even open my eyes( 4ou 9Id
better: home and get some rest%
C% * have a fever and a sore throat% 4ou 9need to:
these antibiotics $ith every meal%
8repositional 8hrases and ,dverbs of
Frequency
3re%ositiona 3hrases/
8repositional 8hrases are an important component of the
7nglish language%
They consist of a preposition 98rep: 9/lick on the &ed book for
common prepositions : and its object 9Obj% of the 8rep%:!
normally anoun or pronoun'
*n the morning
8rep Obj% of the 8rep% 9noun:
8repositional phrases are used to give important information!
such as time 9at < o’clock:! place 9in the doctor’s office:!
duration 9for a $eek:! etc%
*n the particular situation $e’re dealing $ith in this unit' taking
about symptoms and taking prescriptions! prepositional
phrases come in very handy to indicate amount and frequency%
5ook at the follo$ing e"amples'
*n the morningNafternoonNevening
.ith foodN$ater
,t night
0eforeNafter mealsNgoing to bed
0et$een meals
==Anicial of Frequency
,dverbs of frequency indicate ho$ often something happens%
They are very useful to indicate ho$ often you suffer from an
illness or ailment% This frequency ranges from =FFU 9al$ays:
to FU 9never:'
* al$ays get a cold during the $inter
* never get a cold during the $inter
Or in bet$een'
Frequently
* frequently get a cold during the
$inter
Generally
* generally get a cold during the
$inter
1ometimes
* sometimes get a cold during the
$inter
1eldom * seldom get a cold during the $inter
&arely * rarely get a cold during the $inter
These $ords and e"pressions are also used to indicate
frequency'
T$ice a
day
4ou need to take these pills t$ice a day
< times a
day
4ou need to rub this on your neck < times a
day
? days a
$eek
4ou need to e"ercise ? times a $eek
7very <
hours
4ou need to take this medicine every <
hours' at =>'FF! at <'FF! at A'FF and so on%
1peaking
/omplete the follo$ing dialogue% Make a printout of it
and $rite your ans$ers% &ecord your ans$ers and
send them to your instructor by mail% 0e prepared to
engage in similar conversation during class%
*ou' /hoose a symptom from the
vocabulary section and tell the doctor
about it% 1tart $ith * have6%
Doctor' .hen did this startNhappen-
*ou' 1ay it startedNhappened a $eek ago%
Doctor' 2o$ did this happen-
*ou' 7"plain ho$% ,: /hoose one of the
follo$ing' you hurt your6% N got a cold6 N
stayed in the sun too long N e"ercisedNate
too much! or b: state your o$n
e"planation
Doctor' Do you have any other
symptoms-
*ou' 1ay you also have6% 9tell about
another symptom:
Doctor' 2o$ many times has this
happened-
*ou' 1ay it happened t$ice during the
$eek
9The doctor gives you a prescription and
tells you ho$ to take the medicine' :
Doctor' *’m going to give you a
prescription% 4ou should take this
medicine every ? hours! $ith food%
*ou' ,sk if you should take the medicine
every @ hours%
Doctor' 3o! not every @ hours% 7very ?
hours%
*ou' ,sk for ho$ long%
Doctor' For t$o $eeks

8ractice B
Match the follo$ing parts of the body as parts that Iache’ LeikM or are Isore’ L sor M according
to the conte"t% &efer back to 8ractice =%
7V,M857
,' Oh! my throat ! it hurts $hen * s$allo$%
0' Oh! sorry to hear you have a sore throat!
=% ,' Oh! * that piEEa $as so good! but my poor stomach! oo$$$(
0' 4ou have a *’m so sorry%
>% ,' Oh s$imming in the ocean $as great but! oo$(! my eyes%
0' Oh! and they are red too% 4ou have that’s too bad%
<% ,' Oh! my molar hurts% * must go to the dentist’s%
0' * feel for you! a is terrible%
?% ,' 8lease! that music’s so loud(( My poor head% * need an
aspirin%
0' Oh! you have a ! *’m sorry%
@% ,' Ouch( That hurts% .hen * lift things my back hurts%
0' 4es! you have a don’t lift things%
A% ,' Oh these shoes% * must take them off! they’re hurting me%
0' 4es! ne$ shoes can give you %
, dialogue using functions
.rite a dialogue $ith the follo$ing functions% 91ituation' your knee hurts you and you see
the doctor:%
!"#!$ : %sk the patient how s/he feels&
4OU& 3,M7' &espond9Don’t mention your knee:
DO/TO&' ,sk $hat the problem is%
4OU' 7"plain that your knee hurts%
DO/TO&' 9looks at the knee: 7"plain that the knee is s$ollen but it’s not serious%
4OU' ,sk the doctor $hat sNhe recommends%
DO/TO&' 2e recommends 94ou should6%: that you rest and take aspirin%
4OU' ,sk ho$ often you should take the aspirin%
DO/TO&' &ecommend three times a day after meals%
4OU' Thank the doctor%
DO/TO&' &espond .rite the complete dialogue and send it by e#mail to your instructor%
U3*D,D W%Objectives
O20 M! 'ack0
Functions Objectives
Talking about informal 9summer:
jobs
7"pressing $ishes and desires
7"pressing possibility
/omparing jobs
Use R$ould likeS to e"press $ishes
and desires
Use modal verbs of possibility
Use comparative adjectives
Use connectors of comparison and
contrast
&eading
1ituation' 9Daniel and Marisol are $aiting to enter the university in 1eptember% *t is no$
May and they $ant to find a job:
DANI;L' * need a job% *’m going to have a lot of e"penses during the
summer%
MARI#OL' Me! too% 5et’s look in the R/lassified 1ectionS of the Daily
1qua$k % 9They open the ne$spaper: There might be some jobs for the
summer months%
DANI;L' 5et’s see% * $ould like to $ork outside in the summer and keep
fit%
MARI#OL' Oh! yes! and get sunburned and have sore! red skin- *
prefer an indoor job $ith air conditioning%
DANI;L' 5ook! there’s a landscaping job here! the pay is not bad%
MARI#OL' *t doesn’t say it has health or dental benefits%
DANI;L' 4ou don’t usually get those in a summer job% *t’s better than
this job as a cook! here in the =st column! and you probably don’t have
to $ork as hard%
MARI#OL' 0ut the pay is better and they may give you free food to
take home%
DANI;L' 4es! but it says they need Iprevious e"perience%’ .hat about
you-
MARI#OL' .ell! * prefer evening $ork if possible% 5ook! Mary’s 8iEEa
8arlor is offering Q?%@F plus tips% * might try that% * have my o$n car! too%
DANI;L' 4es! it doesn’t look bad! ho$ever *’ve heard that Mary is a
slave driver%
MARI#OL' .hat’s that-
DANI;L' 1omebody $ho makes you $ork hard for little money% 2er
piEEas
might be cheaper than other places! but her employees $ork much
harder%
MARI#OL' .ell! any$ay% * think * $ould like a job at Frank’s 0urgers%
The pay’s not bad and maybe * can $ork overtime%
DANI;L' .ell! * $ould like to try the landscaping job% * like being
outdoors and the hours are fle"ible% * $ould like to take some morninoff%
5et’s give them a call(
MARI#OL' .ell! *’m not sure! yet% *’m interested in the dog#$alking job!
but * don’t like getting up early% The cook’s job might be more
interesting! ho$ever! $ho kno$s% * think * $ould like more time to think
about it%
,ntonyms
,n anton!$ has the opposite meaning of a given $ord%
7"amples of antonyms are' good D bad'
8iEEa delivery is a good summer
job%
Or the contrary'
8iEEa delivery is a bad summer
job%
8ractice <
1ay if the follo$ing statements are True or False%

=% Daniel and Marisol need money%
>% Mary is generous to her employees%
<% Marisol $ants to get a tan 9sunburn: in the summer months
?% Daniel $ould like to get healthier during the summer%
@% The cook’s job needs no prerequisites%
A% ,ll four jobs have benefits%
B% Marisol is in no hurry to get the cook’s job%
C% Marisol $ouldn’t like to $ork in the mornings%
7"pressing $ishes and desires%
The e"pression R:oud ikeS is used to indicate that you $ant something%
This something that you $ant is called a $ish or desire%
*e' * :oud ike a ne$ job
Uses of $ould like
=% R:oud ikeS ; nounNnoun phrase'
, noun phrase may contain the follo$ing elements'
determiner ; adj% ; noun
a ne$ job
a different job
.hen you use R:oud ikeS; a nounNnoun phrase $hat you’re saying is that you $ant an
object or a thing 9a ne$ job! a ne$ car! a bigger TH set! etc:
>% R:oud ikeS ; infinitive
R:oud ikeS can also be follo$ed by a verb in infinitive%
*e' * $ould like to get a ne$ job
This means that you $ant to find a different job%
R:oud ikeS ; infinitive is used to e"press that you $ant something to happen! in other
$ords your $ish or desire is not an object! but an action'
* $ould like to get a raise
1he $ould like to change jobs
They $ould like to make more money
.ould is a modal verb! therefore it doesn’t change form $ith third person singular as other
verbs do'
8ractice ?
A. Identi"!ing desires/
&ead the te"t again% There are @ sentences that contain the e"pression R$ould
likeS%
/opy these sentences on the clipboard% 1ave then on a te"t document and send
them to you instructor by mail%
"opy to "lipboard
'. Taking about desires/
.rite @ desires about a summer job similar to the ones above%
.rite your sentences on the clipboard% 1ave then on a te"t document and send them to
you instructor by mail%
Modals of 8ossibility
The modal verbs $a! and $ight are used to e"press possibility $ith no difference in
meaning'
*t $a! rain tomorro$
*t $ight rain tomorro$
0oth indicate that it is possible that it $ill rain% ,s $ith other modal verbs! $a! and $ight
are al$ays follo$ed by another verb 9main verb: in si$%e "or$% 5ook at the follo$ing
e"amples from the reading at the beginning of this chapter'
They $a! give you free food to take home%
9simple form:
Mary’s 8iEEa 8arlor is offering Q?%@F plus tips% * might try that%
9simple form:
The cook’s job $ight be more interesting%
9simple form:
Maybe 9spelled as one $ord: is an adverb and it is also used to indicate prossibility% *t
means RperhapsS% 5ook at ho$ $a! be and maybe are used'
Maybe! he is at Mary’s 8iEEa 8arlor
2e $ight be at Mary’s 8iEEa 8arlor
0oth sentences e"press the same! the possibility that he be at the 8iEEa 8arlor! but one
uses a verb in the simple present 9he is:! plus an adverb that indicates possibility 9maybe:!
$hile the other sentence e"presses the same idea of possibility the modal verb $ight%
8ractice A
Use $a! or $ight plus the simple form of the verb in
parenthesis'
Model' 2e $ight go 9to go:to the doctor today% 2e is not
felling $ell%
=% 2e 9to be: at the office% 2e al$ays $orks
late(
>% The sho$ 9to start: late% There $ere delays
every$here due to the heavy rains%
<% *t 9to rain: tomorro$% The forecaster
predicted a thunderstorm $ith sho$ers%
?% 1he 9to get: the job as a dog $alker% 1he
adores dogs%
@% They 9to go: to the pool this afternoon% *t is
sunny and $arm! perfect for an afternoon at the
pool%
A% My mother 9to cook: my favorite dessert for
my birthday% 1he does it almost every year%
B% The teacher 9to give: us e"tra home$ork%
.e did terribly on the e"am%
C% Frank 9to play: the violin today% 2e plays
every 1aturday%
&evie$' /omparative ,djectives
The follo$ing sentences from the listening
contain adjectives in comparative form'
2er employees $ork much
harder%
The cook’s job might be
more interesting %
5et’s revie$ the rules for making comparative
forms of adjectives
=% Reguar adjectives'
a: #hort adjectives'
,dd er
*%e% 2er employees $ork much harder%
b: #hort adjectives ending in !' 9nasty:
Drop 9eliminate: the y and add' ier
*%e% This job as garbage collector is nastier
than this job as dog $alker%
c: Longer adjectives' 9interesting:
Use the $ord more or less before the
adjective
*%e% The cook’s job might be more interesting
The cook’s job might be less e"citing than the
dog $alker’s job
&evie$' /omparative ,djectives
>% Irreguar adjectives'
1ome adjectives don’t follo$ the rules above%
They are irregular adjectives% 5ook at the
follo$ing e"ample'
The job as a dog :aker is better than this
job as a cook
2ere are some irregular adjectives! and their
comparative forms'
Good better
0ad $orse
Far
farther 9for physical
matters! like distance:
Further 9for intangible
matters! like
kno$ledge or
information:
Note' *n a sentence! $hen the second term of
the comparison 9second object being
compared: is included! you must use the
$ord than! as in the follo$ing e"amples'
The job as a dog $alker is better than this job
as a cook
, summer job is shorter and less stressful
than a regular job
8ractice B
&ead the follo$ing sentences carefully% Fill in the blank $ith
the comparative form of the corresponding adjective% 9#: means
that you should use less'
prepared e"hausting bad high long good dangerous
=% The pay at Mary’s 8iEEa 8arlor is than the
8ay at Frank’s 0urgers%
>% The hours at Mary’s 8iEEa 8arlor are than
the hours at Frank’s 0urgers% ,t Mary’s 8arlor you
have to $ork more than => hours a day% .hat a
slave driver(
<% , job as a sales person is 9#: than a job
as an astronaut%
?% The salary of doctors is than the salary of
piEEa delivery persons%
@% This is not such a good idea% *t might be to
look for a job in the ne$spaper%
A% 1he might not get the job% 1he is 9#: than
the other candidates%
B% This job is than my previous job% *’m going
to look for another job%
C% This job as a dog $alker is than *
thought( *’m really! really tired(
8ractice
5ook at the follo$ing pictures% .hat is the occupation
of these < people- .rite at least < reasons to justify
your ans$er% .rite your ans$er on the clipboard%
1ave it on a te"t document and send it to your
instructor by mail% 0e prepared to discuss your
opinions in class%
1tart your ans$er as follo$s'
* think sheNhe mightNmay be a66% because66%
1heNhe mightNmay also be a 66 because6%%
0ut! sheNhe mightNmay also be a 66because 66%
"opy to "lipboard "opy to "lipboard "opy to "lipboard
/onnectors # =% The connector of
consequence' Iso’
This is an off#line non#synchronous activity
.e sa$ ho$ connectors joined t$o separate
sentences in 7nglish = $ith Iand’ and Ibut’%
3o$ $e $ill add more to make your $riting more
effective and interesting% 1end them by mail to your
instructor%
=% The connector of consequence' Iso’
This connector joins t$o ideas $here the first
motivates the reaction of the second'
7V,M857'
* have a toothache% *’m going to the
dentist% 9so:
* have a toothache so *’m going to the
dentist%
7"ercise =% Goin the follo$ing sentences $ith the
connector Iso’%
"opy to "lipboard
/onnectors # >% The connector of cause and
effect' Ibecause’
>% The connector of cause and effect' Ibecause’
This connector joins t$o ideas $here the first idea is
the effect of the cause in the second'
7V,M857'
*’m very happy% 1ally says she loves me%
*’m very happy because 1ally says she
loves me%
7"ercise >% Goin the follo$ing $ith the connector
because'
"opy to "lipboard
/onnectors # <% The connector of contrast
Ibut’
<% The connector of contrast Ibut’
This connector joins t$o ideas $here the second
contrasts $ith the first'
7V,M857'
Gane likes coffee% 1he doesn’t like tea%
Gane likes coffee! but she doesn’t like tea%
93otice that you need a comma 9!: before the
connector Ibut%’:
7"ercise <% Goin the follo$ing sentences $ith the
connector Ibut’

"opy to "lipboard

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