Optimal Tax

Published on March 2017 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 27 | Comments: 0 | Views: 238
of 46
Download PDF   Embed   Report

Comments

Content

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Eptdaoc Xoxotdem O keaaem tox systfa ier occ motdems

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  XE^ Xox systfa ds o mfw tox systfa wbdkb kom lf usfh os o keaaem ke aaem tox systfa ier occ motdems te aogf tbf wbecf werch dmte emf iuccy epfm aorgft.

[ocdfmt ifoturfs ei tbds mfw tox systfa.................... ?>>% tox keccfktdems wdtbeut tox keccfktdem hfportafmts Me tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ier tbf @evfrmafmts Me tox keapcdomkf kest ier tbf pfepcf Me Hdrfkt omh Dmhdrfkt toxfs omh me tox rfturms Me kbfkg pests, woy ldccs, okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm`, tox cows, tox rodhs, ftk., Xox keapemfmt em omy keaaehdty er sfrvdkf wdcc lf cfss tbom ??% umcdgf aerf tbom ;>% dm tbf prfsfmt tox systfa. Xbf prdkfs wdcc lf sulstomtdoccy hfkrfosfh Me tox fvosdem omh dts aodm prehukt lcokg aemfy [dapcdidfh luh`ft prfporotdem, prfsfmtotdem omh dapcfafmtotde dapcfafmtotdem m Tft, tbf tox rfvfmufs wdcc lf ;> te 8>% aerf wbfm keaporfh te prfsfmt tox systfa.

-------------------------------------------------------  

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Ly..................... YO\AO  D oa su``fstdm` mfw aftbehs, aehfcs, omh dmmevotdvf omh octfrmotdvf pecdkdfs dm tbf orfos ei aemftory systfa, luh`ft prfporotdem , lomgdm` idmomkf systfa, pulcdk  idmomkf,  eptdaoc toxotdem, tox keccfktdem, tox keapcdomkf, sulsdhdfs, aemfy suppcy, omh idskoc pecdky te bfcp rfaevf kerruptdem, tox fvosdem, fkemeadk rfkfssdem, lcokg aemfy, iogf kurrfmky, romseas, rellfrdfs omh sekdftoc dmfquocdtdfs. Dm ay epdmdem, tbf prepesfh mfw fkemeadk  systfa aoy usbfr dm `eeh `evfrmomkf, ?>>% tox keapcdomkf omh kerruptdem irff fmvdremafmt. Dt su``fsts o sdm`cf tox koccfh – XE^ Xox‑ ( Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf Xox) ier letb Kfmtrf omh [totfs kealdmfh dm pcokf ei prfsfmt auctdpcf Dmhdrfkt toxfs wdtb hdiifrfmt scol rotfs em hdiifrfmt `eehs/keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs  omh auctdpcf Hdrfkt toxfs wdtb hdiifrfmt scol rotfs, rfcdfvdm` 9.4 ldccdem pfepcf ei tbf werch irea tbf kelwfl ei oald`ueus omh keapcfx tox strukturfs,

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ? 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

pcftbero ei tox cows, aomhotery omh kualfrseaf okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm`, tox rfturms omh kemsfqufmt quo`adrf ei occ tox rfcotfh kosfs. Xoxotdem, tox keccfktdem, tox fmierkfafmt, tox keapcdomkf, occekotdem ei rfvfmufs te vordeus admdstrdfs er hfportafmts omh aemfy suppcy dmte tbf fkemeay orf umdidfh omh dmtf`rotfh dm tbf lomgdm` systfa. Kdtdzfms mffh met aodmtodm sfporotf okkeumt leegs omh suladt tox rfturms ommuoccy ier poydm` fdtbfr Hdrfkt toxfs em

pfrsemoc dmkeafs er Dmhdrfkt toxfs wbdcf rummdm` lusdmfss er dmhustry. Xbds mfw fkemeadk systfa dmvecvdm` o mfw tox systfa wdtbeut auctdpcf toxfs, tox cows, tox keccfktdem hfportafmts, tox trdlumocs omh tox fmierkfafmt o`fmkdfs, fmvdso`fs <> te ;> % aerf rfvfmufs tbom prfsfmtcy okkrudm` irea auctdpcf toxfs keccfktfh ly hdiifrfmt tox keccfktdem hfportafmts/o`fmkdfs. Xbf ovodcoldcdty ei rfseurkfs omh kopdtoc icews, mffhfh ier fkemeadk rfkevfry, ds tbf sfci-prdadm` kboroktfr ei tbf –XE^ Xox systfa‑ wdtbeut @evfrmafmt—s idskoc stdaucus pokgo`fs. Xbds mfw fkemeadk  systfa  sbocc lf epfrotfh ly lomgs ot admdaua epfrotdm` kest wdtb cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky (>.8%)  omh hfaotfrdocdsfh aemfy (44.9%) ei tbf tetoc aemfy ovodcolcf dm tbf fkemeay dm tbf portdkucor keumtry , tbfrfly tetoccy fcdadmotdm` lcokg aemfy, tox fvosdem, iogf kurrfmky, kerruptdem omh fxtertdems. Vmhfr tbds mfw toxotdem systfa tbf tox mft, kost ly lomgs, wdcc lf tbf lreohfst wdtb olsecutfcy me tox fvosdem, aogdm` dt pessdlcf ier tbf cewfst tox scol rotf omh tbf kbfopfst prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs. Xbf rfhdstrdlutdem ei rfvfmufs irea @evfrmafmt te pfepcf dm tbf iera ei wfciorf skbfafs, sulsdhdfs omh vordeus rfcdfi iumhs wdcc lfkeaf fosdfr wdtbeut cfogo`fs, lrdlfs omh adsoppreprdotdem. adsoppreprdotdem. Octbeu`b tbds mfw toxotdem systfa systfa ds o losdk aehfc su``fstfh aodmcy ier Dmhdo, tbf losdk kemkfpt ei toxotdem, tox keccfktdem omh tox keapcdomkf aftbehs kom lf oheptfh omh dapcfafmtfh ly occ tbf hfvfcepfh omh hfvfcepdm` keumtrdfs ocdgf te lfmfidt 9.4 ldccdem pfepcf ei tbf werch dm occ spbfrfs ei tbfdr cdvfs dm emf iera er tbf etbfr. etbfr. 

Xbds ortdkcf kemtodms sfvfm ports: ---?. Xox strukturf omh hdrfkt lfmfidts ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa. <. Aftbeh ei dapcfafmtotdem ei XE^ Xox systfa. ;. Aemfy suppcy omh aemftory pecdky 8. Epfrotdm` kest ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa. 6. Keaporotdvf stuhy ei Xox rfvfmufs lftwffm prfsfmt systfa omh tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa. 9. Ohvomto`fs ei XE^ Xox systfa 0. [uaaory ei XE^ Xox systfa

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f < 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

?. Xox strukturf omh strukturf omh hdrfkt lfmfidts ei tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa systfa   Xox strukturf ei su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa ^rfsfmt systfa

[u``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa

su``fstfh scol rotf 

Hdrfkt/Dmhdrfkt toxfs(Kfmtrf omh [totfs)  ?.Dmkeaf Xox <.kerperotdem Xox

6+9+2+4+?>+?<+?8+?6+?0+?21 ?

Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf Xox (XE^ Xox) ier [totfs omh Kfmtrf kealdmfh 

;.kopdtoc `odms Xox 8.wfoctb Xox 6.[fkurdtdfs

8%

[col rotf 1 8%

tromsoktdem Xox 9.Kfmtroc

?+;+81

Fxkdsf <

huty 0.Kusteas huty

^reidt tox (Xetoccy ovedholcf)

;>%

ier [totfs omh Kfmtrf kealdmfh

2.[frvdkf Xox 4.[ocfs tox/YOX ly

scol rotf1;>% 

[totfs ?>.[toap huty

;

Xox

ly

Kfmtrf <>%

(eptdemoc)

??.comh rfvfmuf ?<.^reifssdemoc

Kerperotdem

8

Kusteas huty ly Kfmtrf (eptdemoc)

6

Fxkfss comh tox ([totfs omh Kfmtrf

Xox

mdc

?;.[totf Fxkdsf ?8.ektred

kealdmfh) eptdemoc

?6.surkbor`fs omh etbfr kfss ?9. ^repfrty Xox ?0. @dit Xox

9

[totf Fxkdsf ly [totfs

?2. K[X  Xbfrf wdcc lf emcy emf aomhotery tox koccfh XE^ Xox wdtb sdm`cf scol rotf(8%) ier letb Kfmtrf omh [totfs kealdmfh dm tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa. Xbf ^reidt tox  dm pcokf ei prfsfmt Dmkeaf tox omh kopdtoc `odms tox wdcc lf okkeumt losdk omh tetoccy ovedholcf  umcdgf dmhdvdhuoc losdk omh keapucsery dm tbf prfsfmt systfa. Ier kcfor umhfrstomhdm` pcfosf sff tolcf mualfr ? omh < dm po`f mualfr 9 omh 0. ^reidt tox  afoms dt wdcc lf dapesfh em pfrsem—s dmkeafs dmkeaf s (di rfaodmfh omy) formfh/`et tbreu`b socory, rfaumfrotdem, lusdmfss, dmhustry, hemotdems omh `dits oitfr cdlfroccy usfh em fxpfmhdturf/spfmhdm`, vordeus dmvfstafmts, `dits omh hemotdems. Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa, pfrsemoc Dmkeaf tox ds cfvdfh em dmkeafs formfh/`et tbreu`b socory, rfaumfrotdem, lusdmfss, `dits, hemotdems omh socf prekffhs (bewfvfr wdtb seaf fxfaptdems) lfierf  usfh em fxpfmhdturf/spfmhdm`, hemotdems omh vordeus dmvfstafmts. Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf Kerperotdem Xox omh Kustea huty/Dapert huty kom lf cfvdfh ly tbf Kfmtroc ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ; 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

`evfrmafmt os usuoc te sovf saocc skocf omh heafstdk dmhustrdfs rfspfktdvfcy. [dadcorcy tbf fxkdsf huty em cdquer omh wdmfs kom lf cfvdfh ly tbf [totf `evfrmafmts os umhfr tbf prfsfmt systfa te dmbdldt bfovy kemsuaptdem omh ohhdktdem.

Hdrfkt lfmfidts ei tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbfrf wdcc lf me Dmkeaf Xox omh etbfr Hdrfkt toxfs. Lfmfidts:  [e umhfr su``fstfh su``fstfh XE^ Xox Xox systfa, pfepcf wbe bovf toxolcf toxolcf dmkeafs `et irea socory/ rfaumfrotdem/preifssdemoc dmkeaf/hemotdem/`dit/sfrvdkf/lusdmfss/dmhustry dmkeaf/hemotdem/`dit/sfrvdkf/lusdmfss/dmhustry wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy mffh met poy Dmkeaf tox/etbfr Hdrfkt toxfs omh suladt Dmkeaf Xox rfturms ommuoccy. 0 ldccdem ^fepcf ei tbf werch wdcc lf umsbokgcfh irea occ Hdrfkt toxfs, tox cows, tox rodhs, tox rfturms, okkeumtdm` omh ouhdtdm`. Vmhfr su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbfrf wdcc lf me [ocfs Xox (YOX), Kfmtroc Fxkdsf Huty (KFMYOX), [frvdkf Xox omh occ etbfr Dmhdrfkt Xoxfs X oxfs. Lfmfidts:?. Aorgfts wdcc lf iuccy epfm wdtbeut omy burhcfs cdgf auctdpcf toxfs, pfradts, cdkfmsfs, woy ldccs, okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm`, tox rfturms omh tox cows. Xrohfrs, aomuiokturfrs, tromspertfrs, hfocfrs, rftodcfrs, vfmhers, kemtrokters, sfrvdkf prevdhfrs omh occ etbfrs wdcc met mffh te aodmtodm okkeumt leegs, socfs cdsts, stekg cdsts, woy ldccs ftk. Me okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm` omh tox rfturms wdcc lf rfqudrfh ier dmhdvdhuocs wbe rum lusdmfss er dmhustry. Xbf prfsfmt hoy trohf lorrdfrs lftwffm aomuiokturfrs omh kemsuafrs7 lftwffm tbf [totfs wdtbdm tbf keumtry omh lftwffm tbf motdems kom lf tetoccy rfaevfh. <. Xbfrfierf occ tbf kbfkg pests, wdtbdm o XE^ Xox systfa‑ dapcfafmtfh keumtry,  keumtry,   kom lf tetoccy rfaevfh occewdm` irff aevfafmt ei dmhustrdoc `eehs/keaaehdtdfs omh o`rdkucturf prehukf irea omywbfrf te omywbfrf dm tbot keumtry omh lfmfidttdm` occ iorafrs, aomuiokturfrs, trohfrs omh aerf dapertomtcy tbf kemsuafrs. ;. Xbf fmtdrf trukg ewmfrs wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy mffh met poy lrdlfs ot kbfkg pests. Xbfy mffh met korry woy ldccs wbdcf tromspertdm` dmhustrdoc `eehs omh o`rdkucturf prehukf irea emf pcokf te ometbfr pcokf dm tbot XE^ Xox systfa dapcfafmtfh dapcfafmtfh keumtry. 8. Xbf fmtdrf ioradm` keaaumdty wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy kom tromspert tbfdr o`rdkucturf prehukf irea omywbfrf te omywbfrf omh sfcc tbfdr prehukf ot aorgft prdkfs. 6. Xbfrf wdcc lf me tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ier tbf @evfrmafmts omh me tox keapcdomkf kests ier tbf pfepcf. Tft, tbf tox rfvfmufs irea sdm`cf tox (XE^ Xox) wdcc lf <> te 8>% aerf tbom tetoc rfvfmufs prfsfmtcy okkrudm` irea occ Hdrfkt omh Dmhdrfkt toxfs keccfktfh ly auctdpcf tox keccfktdem hfportafmts ot bu`f fxpfmhdturf ier letb [totfs omh Kfmtrf kealdmfh. 9. Xbf tox keapemfmt em omy keaaehdty, prehukt er sfrvdkf wdcc lf cfss tbom ??% wbdcf tbf ovfro`f tox keapemfmt ds aerf tbom ;6% dm tbf prfsfmt tox systfa. 0. Xbfrf wdcc lf olsecutfcy olsecutfcy me skepf ier tox fvosdem omh dt—s ly prehukts moafcy lcokg aemfy omh kerruptdem.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 8 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

<...........Aftbeh ei Dapcfafmtotdem ei XE^ tox systfa:

Losdk aehfc (Dmhdo) Pbot ds rfqudrfh ier XE^ tox systfa te lf sukkfssiuccy dapcfafmtfh ds tbf strem` pecdtdkoc wdcc te ludch tbf losdk dmirostrukturf ei prevdhdm` lomgdm` sfrvdkf ier fvfry vdcco`f/sulurl/tewm er kecemy bovdm` o pepucotdem ei oreumh <>>> wdtb tbf bfcp ei prdvotf sfkter lomgs omh dmstdtutdems. Xbf Kfmtroc `evfrmafmt sbeuch `dvf o pfraomfmt okkeumt mualfr (^OM) ly usdm` ldeaftrdk aftbeh omh Drds dhfmtdidkotdem te fvfry kdtdzfm olevf tbf o`f ei ?6 yfors omh aogf aomhotery ier fvfry kdtdzfm te bovf emcy emf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) wdtb tbf soaf ^OM dm tbf lomg/sfrvdkf kfmtrf sdtuotfh ot tbf vdcco`f er kecemy wbfrf bf cdvfs dm. Xbf ^OM omh A[O mualfr sbeuch lf emf omh soaf. Fvfry kdtdzfm weuch lf occewfh te epfm omy mualfr ei   [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts ([[O) os bf/sbf wdsbfs te epfrotf lusdmfss er dmhustry dm os aomy lomgs ly usdm` (A[O) mualfr. Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf okkeumtdm` omh ouhdtdm` ei tbf kerperotf er pulcdk keapomdfs wdcc lf aomhotery omh keapucsery os dm tbf prfsfmt systfa ier pretfktdm` tbf dmtfrfsts ei tbf dmvfsters. Kerperotf er pulcdk keapomdfs wdcc lf `dvfm Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfrs (KOM). Xbf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) sbeuch lf usfh ier luydm` ei sborfs, comh ier o`rdkucturf er dmhustrdoc purpesf, pcets, icots, `ech, jfwfccfry, vfbdkcfs, keaafrkdoc fstolcdsbafmts er omy etbfr aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrty. Xbf A[O sbocc ocse lf usfh te rfkfdvf er poy socordfs, preifssdemoc iffs, sfrvdkf iffs, rfaumfrotdems, hemotdems, ceoms ftk. Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  ds ocse mffhfh te `ft hrdvdm` cdkfmkf, posspert, vetdm` rd`bt, sulsdhdfs, iumhs, aemtbcy rotdem, pfmsdems, rfadttomkfs omh ceoms (pfrsemoc, o`rdkucturf, lusdmfss, fhukotdemoc omh dmhustrdoc) omh ier `fttdm` keapfmsotdem/fx`rotdo/rfcdfi iumhs dm tbf fvfmt ei moturoc kocoadtdfs cdgf kykcemfs, fortbquogfs, iceehs, ioadmfs, okkdhfmts, ftk,. Xbf [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts ([[O)  omh ocse tbf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumts (A[O ) kom lf usfh ier rummdm` lusdmfss, dmhustry, skbeecs, keccf`fs, bespdtocs, betfcs, rfstouromts, kemstruktdem, stuhdes, sfrvdkfs, er omy etbfr typf ei lusdmfss. Just cdgf A[O,  tbf [[O  kom ocse lf usfh te rfkfdvf er poy socordfs, preifssdemoc iffs, sfrvdkf iffs, rfaumfrotdems, hemotdems ceoms ftk. Xbf kerperotf er pulcdk keapomdfs wdcc bovf te epfrotf occ kosb tromsoktdems tbreu`b tbf Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfr (KOM) emcy. Oitfr fstolcdsbdm` suiidkdfmt mualfr ei lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs ly tbf @evfrmafmt (ier fxoapcf, Dmhdo) wdtb tbf bfcp ei prdvotf sfkter lomgs omh idmomkdoc dmstdtutdems, occ tbf kdtdzfms sbeuch lf osgfh te hfpesdt occ tbf kurrfmky metfs ei ?>>>, 6>>, ?>> omh 6> rupffs fxkfpt <>, ?>, 6, < rupff metfs/kedms, ovodcolcf wdtb tbfa dm tbfsf lomgs dm tbfdr mfwcy `dvfm Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) er [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts ([[O) wdtbdm o stdpucotfh tdaf ei ;> hoys. Occ prfsfmtcy rum sovdm`s okkeumts omh kurrfmt okkeumts sbeuch lf kemvfrtfh dm te [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts ([[Os) wdtb tbf soaf okkeumt mualfrs omh kom lf epfrotfh irea tbf soaf lomgs. [dadcorcy, pfepcf wbe bovf aemfy dm tbf idxfh hfpesdts/IH\s wdcc bovf te tromsifr occ tbfdr aemfy irea tbfsf idxfh hfpesdts/IH\s te tbfdr rfspfktdvf mfwcy `dvfm A[Os  er mfwcy epfmfh/kemvfrtfh [[Os wdtbdm tbf soaf stdpucotfh pfrdeh ei ;> hoys. Oitfr tbds `rokf pfrdeh ei ;> hoys, tbf @evfrmafmt (ier fxoapcf, Dmhdo) mffhs te hfaemftdsf   occ metfs ei hfmeadmotdem hfmeadmotdem ?>>>, 6>>, ?>> omh 6> rupff metfs fxkfpt fxkfpt <>, ?>, 6, omh < rupff metfs. Irea tbfm em, tbf XE^ tox systfa lfkeafs epfrotdemoc. epfrotdemoc . Fvfry pfrsem sbocc lf occewfh te wdtbhrow kosb up te aoxdaua ei rupffs 6,>>> pfr aemtb irea bds/bfr formdm`s er sovdm`s ovodcolcf dm bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt emcy. Xbus o ioadcy ei twe kom ovodc kosb ei ?>,>>>

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 6 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

rupffs aoxdaua pfr aemtb aodmcy te luy hodcy mfkfssdtdfs cdgf vf`ftolcfs, adcg, irudts, fhdlcfs, `rekfrdfs, omh occ etbfr saocc er cew vocufh dtfas. O pfrsem—s aoxdaua kosb wdtbhrowoc ei 6,>>> pfr aemtb irea bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) tbreu`b lomg er OXA wdcc lf dm \s <>, \s ?> omh \s. 6 metfs emcy. O pfrsem kom `ft seaf pertdem ei bds/bfr dmkeafs/formdm`s tromsifrrfh hdrfktcy dm te A[Os  ei bds/bfr etbfr mem formdm` ioadcy afalfrs irea seurkf ei bds/bfr dmkeafs/formdm`s se tbot tbot bds/bfr ioadcy kom wdtbhrow aerf kosb (kurrfmky) pfr aemtb. Fvfry dmhdvdhuoc—s dmkeafs omh sovdm`s wdcc lf dm hfaotfrdocdsfh iera dm bds/bfr A[O er [[Os. Etbfr tbom kosb wdtbhrowocs ei aoxdaua \s. 6,>>> pfr aemtb irea bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s  ), me  me pfrsem wdcc lf occewfh te wdtbhrow kosb irea bds/bfr [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts  Okkeumt (A[O), ([[O). Fvfry tdaf o pfrsem luys bd`b vocufh dtfas, `eehs, vfbdkcfs, comh, pcet, icot, `ech,  jfwfccfry, vfbdkcfs er omy etbfr aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrty, ovodcs pbysdkoc er dmtfccfktuoc sfrvdkfs er dm kosf bf/sbf cfmhs, hemotfs aemfy te etbfrs, tbfm bf/sbf mffhs te tromsifr tbf rfqudrfh aemfy irea bds/bfr [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt/Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt   tbreu`b kbfquf, hfldt korh er mft lomgdm` (emcdmf kosb tromsifrs). Lusdmfssafm, trohfrs, dmhustrdocdsts wdcc bovf te aogf tbfdr kosb tromsifrs ier occ tromsoktdems tbreu`b kbfquf, hfldt korh er mft lomgdm` (emcdmf kosb tromsifr) irea tbfdr [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts/Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt . [dadcorcy o pfrsem—s socory er rfaumfrotdem er preifssdemoc iff omh occ omh  occ bds/bfr dmkeafs irea lusdmfss er dmhustry wdcc lf krfhdtfh te tbfdr [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts  er Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  tbreu`b kbfqufs, hfldt korh er mft lomgdm` (emcdmf kosb tromsifrs). Occ tbrff okkeumts moafcy KOM, [[O omh A[O  kom lf utdcdsfh te rfkfdvf, poy er sterf dmkeafs/formdm`s/sovdm`s/hemotdems/ceoms. Lut kosb kom lf wdtbhrowm emcy irea A[O (di ovodcolcf) up te aoxdaua \s. 6>>> pfr aemtb pfr pfrsem. Xbf rfaodmdm` ovodcolcf aemfy (hfaotfrdocdsfh iera) irea A[O kom lf usfh er spfmt tbreu`b hfldt korh, kbfquf er emcdmf kosb tromsifr. Ier fvfry tromsifr ei oaeumt, o 8% Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf tox (XE^ Xox) Xox ) ei tbot oaeumt wdcc lf outeaotdkoccy hfhuktfh irea bds/bfr A[O/[[O  okkeumt. Xbds 8% tox oaeumt em fvfry kosb tromsoktdem tbreu`b A[O/[[O/KOM  irea occ lomgs dm o portdkucor [totf wdcc `e te tbf kealdmfh okkeumt ei [totf omh Kfmtrf dm tbot portdkucor [totf. ;>% ei tbds oaeumt irea fvfry [totf omh Kfmtrf— kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO) wdcc `e te Kfmtroc `evfrmafmt peec okkeumt. Xbf rfaodmdm` 0>% wdcc lf rftodmfh ly tbf rfspfktdvf [totf `evfrmafmts. Xbds 8% Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf (XE^  tox) kom lf rfhukfh te <% wdtbdm 8 yfors irea tbf oheptdem ei tbds XE^ tox systfa ly rfhukdm` >.6> losds pedmts pfr yfor. Xbds wdcc iurtbfr rfhukf tbf prdkfs ei tbf keaaehdtdfs lfmfidttdm` kemsuafrs. Occ `evfrmafmt okkeumts omh lomgs wdcc bovf te lf fxfaptfh irea tbds XE^ tox. Ydvdh fxpcomotdem: Xbds 8% Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf Xox (XE^ Xox)   em fokb kosb tromsifr, drrfspfktdvf ei tbf rfosem ier sukb tromsifr (purkbosf, `dit, hemotdem, socory/rfaumfrotdem er omy etbfr purpesf), epfrotfh tbreu`b Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumts  (A[O)/ [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts  ([[O)/ Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfrs (KOM),  (KOM), omh  omh epfrotfh ly omy lomg er sfrvdkf kfmtrf, wdcc lf outeaotdkoccy hfhuktfh irea tbot okkeumt omh tromsifrrfh te [totf omh Kfmtrf—s kealdmfh kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO). Xbf XE^ Xox wdcc lf tbf soaf omh umdiera tbreu`beut tbf keumtry em occ kosb tromsifrs aohf tbreu`b emcdmf/kbfquf/HH irea occ okkeumts teworhs purkbosf, `dit, hemotdem, omh socory/iff/rfaumfrotdem. [e dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf tox losf wdcc lf tbf cor`fst te bovf tbf admdaua scol rotf omh tbf cewfst tox keapemfmt em fokb keaaehdty/sfrvdkf. ^fepcf wdcc `ft keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs ot tbf cewfst prdkfs tbom dm tbf prfsfmt systfa. Iurtbfraerf tbf tetoc rfvfmufs `fmfrotfh irea XE^ Xox  irea occ kosb tromsifrs irea occ okkeumts wdcc lf aerf tbom heulcf tbom tbf kealdmfh rfvfmufs ei occ [totfs omh Kfmtrf `et irea prfsfmt auctdpcf toxfs wdtb hdiifrfmt scol rotfs. Pdtb cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky omh hfaotfrdocdsfh aemfy dm tbf XE^ tox systfa, fvfry tromsoktdem wdcc lf ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 9 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

tromsporfmt hfpdktdm` tbf oktuoc @H^ ei tbf keumtry. Dm cdtfroc sfmsf, fvfry purkbosf, `dit, hemotdem omh occ typfs ei poyafmts wdcc bovf te lf korrdfh tbreu`b emcdmf kosb tromsifrs irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt lfkousf ei cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky. Xbf tetoc rfvfmufs `et irea XE^ Xox wdcc lf opprexdaotfcy fquoc te ;x8 %( ?<%) ei oktuoc vocuf ei tbf @H^ ei tbot keumtry dm tbf aomuiokturfr, hfocfr, rftodcfr omh kemsuafr kbodm. Os `eehs, keaaehdtdfs, sfrvdkfs, hemotdems, pbysdkoc omh dmtfccfktuoc wegs kbom`f bomhs dm tbf aomuiokturfr, hfocfr, rftodcfr omh kemsuafr kbodm hfaotfrdocdsfh aemfy wdcc lf tromsifrrfh irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt kerrfspemhdm`cy. kerrfspemhdm`cy. Xbus fvfry kosb tromsifr tromsifr teworhs purkbosf, purkbosf, `dit, hemotdem, socory/rfaumfrotdem er omy etbfr purpesf wdcc lf okkeumtfh omh wdtbdm tbf systfa fcdadmotdm` umhfr`reumh/sbohew/umrfpertfh/bdhhfm tromsoktdems epfrotfh ly pbysdkoc kurrfmky `et irea lcokg aemfy omh iogf kurrfmky dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa. systfa. Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa tbf poroccfc fkemeay, lfdm` rum ly lcokg aemfy omh iogf kurrfmky, ds elskurdm` tbf rfoc @H^ omh boapfrdm` er cewfrdm` tbf keccfktdem ei rfvfmufs. Xbf XE^ Xox systfa wdcc fcdadmotf tbf lcokg aemfy omh iogf kurrfmkdfs ot emf `e omh hfpdkt tbf fxokt @H^ ei tbf keumtry. Xbf etbfr socdfmt ifoturf ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa ds tbf lfttfr fkemeadk aomo`fafmt omh oustfrdty. Xbf dmhdvdhuocs, wbe rum lusdmfss er dmhustry, wdcc lf rfcdfvfh irea oald`ueus tox strukturfs, pcftbero ei tox cows, omh aomhotery socfs cdsts, stekg cdsts, okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm` omh tox rfturms. Dm ohhdtdem te tbf Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf (XE^) tox, tox, o ^reidt Xox (^X) ei ;>% weuch lf cfvdfh omh outeaotdkoccy hfhuktfh emkf o yfor em tbf admdaua oaeumt rfkerhfh dm tbf idmomkdoc yfor ei Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) omh fokb [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt ([[O), ([[O), di omy, ei fvfry kdtdzfm. Xbf idmomkdoc yfor ei tbf A[O ei o pfrsem lf`dms ot tbf hotf tbf @evfrmafmt occets bda/bfr tbf A[O. Xbf idmomkdoc yfor ei tbf [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt ([[O) wdcc lf`dm ot tbf hotf o pfrsem kbeesfs te epfm bds/bfr [[O. Xbds ^reidt Xox (^X) ds om okkeumt losdk omh dt ds tetoccy drrfcfvomt wbe ewms tbot okkeumt (A[O/[[O). Xbf ^reidt Xox, ;>% ei admdaua locomkf oaeumt rfkerhfh dm tbf A[O omh fokb [[O (di omy) ei fvfry pfrsem, wdcc lf outeaotdkoccy hfhuktfh em tbf cost hoy ei tbf idmomkdoc yfor ei tbot A[O omh [[O (di omy) ei fokb pfrsem. Xbf ^reidt tox dm tbf mfxt idmomkdoc yfor ei tbot portdkucor A[O/[[O wdcc lf cfvdfh em tbf admdaua locomkf rfkerhfh ei tbot yfor admus  tbf prfvdeus yfor—s yfor—s toxfh oaeumt ei tbot portdkucor A[O/[[O  d`merdm` tbf aoxdaua oaeumt, bewfvfr bu`f aoy lf. Xbus tbf hfhuktfh ^reidt tox, ;>% ei admdaua locomkf oaeumt rfkerhfh dm tbf A[O omh fokb [[O  (di omy) ei fvfry pfrsem dm o portdkucor [totf, wdcc lf tromsifrrfh te tbot [totf omh kfmtrf—s kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO). Xbf kealdmfh toxfs ei XE^ Xox  omh ^reidt tox, keccfktfh dm fvfry [totf omh Kfmtrf—s kealdmfh okkeumt  ([OKKO), wdcc bovf te lf sborfh lftwffm tbot portdkucor [totf omh Kfmtrf dm tbf rotde ei tbot portdkucor [totf `fttdm` 0>% omh Kfmtrf ;>%. Bfmkf tbf tetoccy eptdemoc omh ovedholcf ^reidt Xox  wdcc fmsurf tbot tbf aemfy wdcc lf kemstomtcy puapfh lokg dmte systfa gffpdm` tbf fkemeadk `rewtb ot bfoctby rotf. Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa tbf bu`f lcokg aemfy, `fmfrotfh ly bdhhfm/sbohew okkeumts, kealdmfh   wdtb bu`f iogf kurrfmky ds pcoydm` bovek wdtb eur fkemeay. Lfsdhfs tbfsf twe toxfs moafcy XE^ Xox, omh ^reidt tox wbdkb kom lf ovedholcf, tbf Kfmtroc @evfrmafmt sbocc dapesf tbf kusteas huty (dapert huty) omh Kerperotdem tox os dm tbf fxdstdm` systfa. Fxkfpt tbfsf ieur toxfs, tbf XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts rfaevoc ei occ etbfr Hdrfkt toxfs, Dmhdrfkt toxfs omh vordeus surkbor`fs cfvdfh dm tbf prfsfmt systfa. Xbf ieccewdm` twe tolcfs kcforcy dccustrotf bew tetoccy ovedholcf ^reidt Xox ds hfhuktfh irea [[O omh A[O ei o pfrsem em admdaua locomkf oaeumts rfkerhfh dm fokb idmomkdoc yfor

fxkcuhdm` tbf prfvdeus er cost toxfh oaeumt.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 0 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Fxoapcf?: Dt sbews bew tbf ^reidt tox em admdaua locomkf oaeumts rfkerhfh fokb yfor fxkcuhdm` tbf prfvdeus er cost toxfh oaeumt wdcc lf hfhuktfh irea fokb [ul [ovdm`s okkeumt ([[O) epfrotfh ly o lomg/sfrvdkf kfmtrf drrfspfktdvf ei tbf iokt tbot wbe bechs tbot okkeumt. Admdaua Aoxdaua ^reidt Xox (^X) em tbf Adm. Mft ^reidt Xox Tfor locomkf ei Locomkf ei Oat. Oat. ‛  ‛ Xbf  Xbf cost toxfh oaeumt (^X)Hfhuktfh tbf yfor tbf yfor <>>0-‒‒>2 ?>,>>> <>>06>,>>,>>> ;>% ei ?>,>>> ;,>>>.>> <>>2-‒>4 <>>2‒>4   8>,>>> 0>,>>,>>> ;>% ei (8>,>>>-?>,>>>) 4,>>>.>> <>>4-‒?> <>>4‒?>   4>,>>> ?,2>,>>,>>> ;>% ei (4>,>>>-8>,>>>) ?6,>>>.>> <>?>-‒?? <>?>‒??   <>,>>> <,>>,>>,>>> <>??-‒?< <>??‒?<   ?,6>,>>> 6,>>,>>> ;>% ei (?,6>,>>>-4>,>>>) ?2,>>>.>> <>?<-‒?; <>?<‒?;   ?,6>,>>> ?>,>>,>>> <>?;-‒?8 <>?;‒?8   <,>>,>>> 2>,>>,>>> ;>% ei (<,>>,>>>-?,6>,>>>) ?6,>>>.>> <>?8-‒?6 <>?8‒?6   ?,>>,>>,>>> <,>>,>>,>>> ;>% ei (?,>>,>>,>>>-<,>>,>>>) <4,8>,>>>.>> <>?6-‒?9 <>?6‒?9   2>,>>,>>> ;,>>,>>,>>> Fxoapcf: <  <  - Dt sbews bew tbf ^reidt tox em admdaua locomkf oaeumts rfkerhfh dm fokb idmomkdoc yfor fxkcuhdm` tbf prfvdeus er cost toxfh oaeumt wdcc lf hfhuktfh irea fokb Aodm

[ovdm`s okkeumt (A[O) epfrotfh ly o lomg/sfrvdkf kfmtrf drrfspfktdvf ei bechs tbot okkeumt. Admdaua Aoxdaua ^reidt Xox (^X) em tbf Adm. locomkf ei Locomkf ei tbf Oat. Oat. ‛  ‛ Xbf  Xbf cost toxfh oaeumt Tfor tbf yfor yfor <>>0-‒>2 <>>0‒>2   <,44,>>> 6>,>>,>>> <>>2-‒>4 <>>2‒>4   ;,>>,>>> 0>,>>,>>> ;>% ei (;,>>,>>>) <>>4-‒?> <>>4‒?>   8,>>,>>> 8,6>,>>> ;>% ei (8,>>,>>>-;,>>,>>>) <>?>-‒?? <>?>‒??   <,>>,>>> 2,>>,>>> <>??-‒?< <>??‒?<   8,6>,>>> 6,>>,>>> ;>% ei (8,6>,>>>-8,>>,>>>) <>?<-‒?; <>?<‒?;   8,6>,>>> ?>,>>,>>> <>?;-‒?8 <>?;‒?8   9,>>,>>> 2>,>>,>>> ;>% ei (9,>>,>>>-8,6>,>>>)

tbf iokt tbot wbe Mft ^reidt Xox (^X)Hfhuktfh 4>,>>>.>> ;>,>>>.>> ?6,>>>.>> 86,>>>.>>

Mew dt ds kcforcy umhfrsteeh tbot tbf Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf  (XE^) (XE^) Xox wdcc lf soaf em kosb tromsifrs dm occ tbrff okkeumts moafcy Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O), [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt ([[O) omh Kerperotdem Okkeumt Mualfr (KOM). ).   Xbf ^reidt Xox ds ocse soaf dm Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  omh [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt fxkfpt tbf admdaua stero`f locomkf dm Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O).  (A[O).   Xbf ^reidt Xox  em admdaua locomkf dm Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  wdcc lf cfvdfh irea \s. ; cogbs emworhs. Xbf ^reidt Xox  em admdaua locomkf dm [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt  storts irea zfre emworhs. Dm tbf kosf ei Kerperotdem Okkeumt Mualfr (KOM), tbf ^reidt Xox wdcc bovf te lf cfvdfh dm tbf iera ei Kerperotdem Xox os dm tbf fxdstdm` systfa. ^cfosf metf tbot fokb pfrsem wdcc bovf emcy emf pfraomfmt omh cdif tdaf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  (A[O) lut kom bovf os aomy [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt ([[O) ([[O) os bf/sbf kom wdsb. [dadcorcy tbf ^reidt Xox wdcc lf em okkeumt losdk omh tetoccy ovedholcf, dmstfoh ei dmhdvdhuoc losdk omh keapucsery os dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa. ^cfosf ocse metf tbot tbf ^reidt Xox  em admdaua locomkf rfkerhfh dm fokb yfor dm Aodm [ovdm`s  Okkeumt  wdcc lf cfvdfh irea \s. ;, >>,>>> emworhs. Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa tbf Dmkeaf Xox, okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm` omh tox rfturms orf keapucsery. [e pfrsems wbe bovf toxolcf dmkeafs tbreu`b socory er lusdmfss er dmhustry er ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 2 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

rfaumfrotdem mffh te suladt Dmkeaf Xox rfturms ommuoccy. Lut XE^ Xox systfa—s ^reidt tox afoms dt wdcc lf dapesfh em pfrsem—s dmkeafs dmkeaf s `et tbreu`b socory, rfaumfrotdem, lusdmfss, dmhustry, hemotdems omh `dits oitfr cdlfroccy usfh er spfmt em fxpfmhdturf/spfmhdm`, vordeus dmvfstafmts, `dits omh hemotdems.   ^reidt tox  ei ;>% em admdaua locomkf rfkerhfh dm tbf idmomkdoc yfor ei fokb [ul [ovdm`s okkeumt ([[O) er Aodm [ovdm`s okkeumt  (drrfspfktdvf ei tbf bechfr ei tbot okkeumt) epfrotfh ly omy lomg/sfrvdkf kfmtrf wdcc lf hfhuktfh em tbf cost hoy ei tbf idmomkdoc yfor ei tbot portdkucor [[O  er A[O  omh wdcc lf tromsifrrfh te [totf omh Kfmtrf—s kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO). Xbf ^reidt tox dm tbf mfxt idmomkdoc yfor ei tbot portdkucor A[O/[[O wdcc lf cfvdfh em tbf admdaua locomkf rfkerhfh ei tbot yfor admus  tbf prfvdeus yfor—s toxfh oaeumt ei tbot portdkucor A[O/[[O  d`merdm` tbf aoxdaua oaeumt, bewfvfr bu`f aoy lf. ^cfosf umhfrstomh tbot admdaua locomkf rfkerhfh dm tbf idmomkdoc yfor ei fokb [ul [ovdm`s okkeumt ([[O) ([[O) er Aodm [ovdm`s okkeumt  okkeumt  afoms tbf aemfy umusfh er sto`motfh ier aerf tbom emf yfor. Dm tbf mfxt idmomkdoc yfor ei tbf A[O  er [[O,  tbf ^reidt Xox  wdcc lf cfvdfh em tbf ohhdtdemoc umusfh er sto`motfh aemfy  evfr tbf prfvdeus toxfh oaeumt. Xbot afoms tbfrf wdcc lf me rfkurrdm` preidt tox em umusfh er sterfh aemfy. Emkf toxfh, tbf umusfh aemfy kom lf spfmt omh rfkbor`fh/rfsterfh wdtbeut lfdm` rf toxfh ier tbf fmtdrf cdif ei tbot okkeumt. Dm tbf kosf ei kopdtoc `odms irea o socf ei omy prepfrty er ossft, o pfrsem wdcc bovf o admdaua ei ;98 hoys omh aoxdaua ei ? yfor omh ;98 hoy—s hoy—s   pfrdeh te ovedh ^reidt Xox irea socf prekffhs (kopdtoc `odms) te rfdmvfst. [dadcorcy 8% Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf tox (XE^ Xox), ), dm  dm cdfu ei prfsfmt occ dmhdrfkt toxfs omh vordeus surkbor`fs, wdcc lf hfhuktfh irea fvfry aemfy tromsifr dm fokb [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt  er Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  drrfspfktdvf ei tbf iokt tbot wbefvfr bechs tbot okkeumt omh em wbot purpesf tbf oaeumt bos lffm tromsifrrfh (purkbosf, `dit, hemotdem, socory/rfaumfrotdem er omy etbfr purpesf) epfrotfh ly omy lomg er sfrvdkf kfmtrf omh tromsifrrfh te [totf omh Kfmtrf—s Kfmtrf—s kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO). Xbus occ dmhdvdhuocs wbe form tbreu`b socordfs, rfaumfrotdems, `dits, omh hemotdems wdcc mffh met poy dmkeaf tox omh suladt dmkeaf tox rfturms ommuoccy. Xbus pfepcf wdcc lf rfcdfvfh irea tbf kelwfl ei prfsfmt oald`ueus omh keapcfx tox strukturfs, pcftbero ei tox cows, aomhotery omh kualfrseaf okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm` omh tox rfturms, omh kemsfqufmt quo`adrf ei occ tox rfcotfh kosfs.

Bew te ovedh ^reidt tox: --------------Fvfry pfrsem wdcc bovf tbf ieccewdm` eptdems te ovedh ^reidt Xox ei ;>% lfdm` hfhuktfh irea bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt omh [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts.  Bf/sbf kom luy comhs up te <> okrfs ei comh, umcdadtfh mualfr ei icots, keaafrkdoc fstolcdsbafmts omh etbfr prepfrtdfs os bf/sbf wdsbfs. Xbds fmolcfs rfoc fstotf sfkter `rews ot iostfr rotf omh beusf rfmts wdcc keaf hewm sulstomtdoccy lfmfidttdm` ioadcdfs wbe bovf me ewm beusfs. Bf/sbf kom luy umcdadtfh mualfr ei sborfs os bf/sbf wdsbfs .Fvfm tbeu`b bf/sbf ceesfs o 8% ei sborf vocuf os XE^ Xox wbdcf tromsifrrdm` kosb irea bds/bfr okkeumt stdcc bf/sbf `fts lfmfidtfh irea ;>% ^reidt Xox lfdm` hfhuktfh. [e pfepcf wdcc ceeg eut ier tbf keapomdfs wbdkb hfkcorf hdvdhfmhs fvfry yfor. Xbfy ocse stuhy korfiuccy tbf iumhoafmtocs ei tbf keapomy cdgf tbf leeg vocuf, F^[, ^/F rotde, preidts, hdvdhfmhs, rfsfrvfs, cdoldcdtdfs ftk. lfierf luydm` sborfs. Dm tbds skfmorde tbf stekg aorgfts wdcc `rew ot stfohy rotf omh tbfrf wdcc lf me aorgft krosbfs mew omh tbfm os wf orf fxpfrdfmkdm` f xpfrdfmkdm` umhfr prfsfmt systfa. Bf/sbf kom cfmh aemfy te etbfrs wbe orf dm mffh. mffh. Fvfm tbeu`b bf/sbf ceesfs 8% ei aemfy os XE^ Xox wbdcf tromsifrrdm` kosb kosb bf/sbf `fts lfmfidtfh lfmfidtfh ly `fttdm` 8% dmtfrfst em tbf ceom

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 4 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

oaeumt fvfr yfor. Dm tbf prekfss tbf ceomfrs ceomfrs (ceom togfrs) wdcc `ft ceoms ceoms ot kbfopfr rotf wbfm keaporfh te prfsfmt systfa. Bf/sbf kom sftup dmhustrdfs, stort lusdmfssfs te ovedh ^reidt tox. [e dm tbds prekfss bu`f fapceyafmt eppertumdtdfs eppertumdtdfs wdcc lf `fmfrotfh. `fmfrotfh. [e dm tbf fmsudm` fmsudm` keapftdtdem, keaaehdtdfs— prdkfs wdcc lfkeaf aukb kbfopfr. Bf/sbf kom tromsifr kosb irea bds/bfr A[O/[[Os  te ometbfr emf ei bds/bfr [ul [ovdm`s  Okkeumts er te bds wdif—s/bfr buslomh—s [[Os te ovedh ^reidt tox.  Bf/sbf kom hemotf bu`f oaeumts te er`omdsotdems/kbordtolcf trusts di bf/sbf wdsbfs. Dm tbds prekfss bf/sbf wdcc cesf 8% ei tbot tromsifrrfh kosb dm tbf iera ei Xep Xox. Bf/sbf kom dmvfst dm vordeus Cdif Dmsuromkf skbfafs. Ot tbf fmh ei tbf aoturdty pfrdeh tbfy wdcc `ft emcy tbf oktuoc tetoc prfadua oaeumt podh wdtbeut omy dmtfrfst. Lut dm kosf ei prfaoturf hfotb er bespdtocdsotdem huf te dccmfss iucc dmsurfh oaeumt wdcc lf podh os dm tbf prfsfmt systfa. Ydvdh fxpcomotdem: - Xbf XE^ Xox systfa—s tox keccfktdems (XE^ Xox omh ^reidt tox) ier @evfrmafmt omh tox poyafmts/tox keapcdomkf ly occ kdtdzfms wdcc lf tetoccy outeaotdk omh dmvecumtory just cdgf rfspdrotery systfa dm buaom lehy. Fvfry okkeumt (A[O/[[O/KOM) ds om dmvecumtory toxpoydm` toxpoydm` okkeumt. Kdtdzfms mffh mffh met aodmtodm sfporotf sfporotf okkeumt leegs omh suladt tox rfturms ommuoccy ier poydm` fdtbfr Hdrfkt toxfs em pfrsemoc dmkeafs er Dmhdrfkt toxfs wbdcf rummdm` lusdmfss er dmhustry. Xbf sdm`cf tox mft (Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf tox) sprfohs occ okkeumts omh fmtdrf motdem wdtbeut letbfrdm` oleut wbe bechs tbot okkeumt. Xbds wdcc put tbf tox keapemfmt ei `eehs/sfrvdkfs ot just emf tbdrh ei tox keapemfmt ei tbf fxdstdm` systfa. Lfsdhfs tbot tbfrf wdcc lf me tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ier tbf @evfrmafmt omh olsecutfcy me tox keapcdomkf kest ier poydm` fdtbfr Hdrfkt toxfs em pfrsemoc dmkeafs er Dmhdrfkt toxfs wbdcf rummdm` lusdmfss er dmhustry. Xbf Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf tox (8%) wdcc lf hfhuktfh outeaotdkoccy ly keaputfr systfas ei lomgs em occ aemfy tromsifrs irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt aohf tbreu`b kbfquf, hfldt korh, HH er emcdmf tromsifrs drrfspfktdvf ei tbf iokt tbot wbe bechs tbot okkeumt omh ier wbot purpesf tbot aemfy tromsifrs bovf lffm aohf. Xbus tox keccfktdem omh tox keapcdomkf wdcc dmvordolcy lfkeaf emf omh soaf. Xbds outeaotdk tox poyafmt omh tox keccfktdem systfa fmsurfs tbot tbfrf wdcc lf me rfvfmuf cfogo`fs, umokkeumtfh dmkeafs omh wfoctb. Xbfrf wdcc lf me mffh ier @evfrmafmts te rum sfporotf tox keccfktdem hfportafmts omh tox fmierkfafmt o`fmkdfs omh hfportafmts te sff omh vfrdiy okkeumts ei occ toxolcf kdtdzfms. [dadcorcy pfepcf mffh met fapcey okkeumtomts er tox kemsuctomts te poy fdtbfr Hdrfkt toxfs er Dmhdrfkt toxfs er te suladt tox rfturms. Xbf pcftbero ei tox cows, tbot orf fmoktfh omh lfdm` usfh dm tbf prfsfmt systfa te fmierkf tox poyafmts, wdcc met lf mfkfssory ot occ dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Xbf adccdems ei tox rfcotfh cf`oc kosfs, wbdkb orf faomotfh irea mem keapcdomkf ei toxfs omh umokkeumtfh dmkeafs, omh kbegdm` tbf juhdkdoc systfas ei occ motdems, wdcc met lf sffm dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Xbds ds bew tbf XE^ Xox systfa wergs omh bfcps letb @evfrmafmt dm Hdrfkt omh Dmhdrfkt tox keccfktdems wdtbeut tox cows omh fmierkfafmt, omh kdtdzfms dm poydm` toxfs dmvecumtordcy wdtbeut tox keapcdomkf (okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm`, tox rfturms ftk.,) kests. Xbf keccfktfh tox rfvfmufs ei XE^ Xox omh ^reidt Xox ly lomgs wdcc `e te @evfrmafmt okkeumts ([OKKO). Xbfsf rfvfmufs wdcc lf tromsifrrfh te vordeus hfportafmts/admdstrdfs okkerhdm` te tbf pfrkfmto`fs os occekotfh te tbfsf hfportafmts/admdstrdfs ot tbf luh`ft prfsfmtotdem. Xbds pfrkfmto`f ei occekotdems te vordeus hfportafmts/admdstrdfs kom lf

kbom`fh irea tdaf te tdaf hfpfmhdm` upem tbf mfkfssdty, mffh, ur`fmky omh fafr`fmky ei tbf sdtuotdem tbot ordsf umfxpfktfhcy. Os stotfh forcdfr tbf rfvfmuf `fmfrotdem wdcc lf saeetb, fosy omh kemtdmueus prekfss ot admdaua lurhfm em pfepcf aogdm` dt pessdlcf ier ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?> 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

tbf sdapcdidfh luh`ft prfsfmtotdem. Xbf keccfktdem ei rfvfmufs irea pfepcf te @evfrmafmt omh tromsifr ei tbfsf rfvfmufs irea @evfrmafmt te pfepcf tbreu`b vordeus admdstrdfs/hfportafmts/o`fmkdfs ds saeetb, bosscf irff omh kemtdmueus prekfss wdtbeut cfogo`fs, tox keccfktdem, tox fmierkfafmt omh tox keapcdomkf kests. Dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa Hdrfkt omh Dmhdrfkt toxfs orf lfdm` podh ly kdtdzfms losfh em tbf okkeumts prfporfh ly tbfa omh tbfrf ds keaaem idmomkdoc yfor ier occ kdtdzfms te suladt tbfdr okkeumts omh Dmkeaf tox rfturms. Lut dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa, XE^ Xox omh ^reidt tox wdcc lf em okkeumt losdk. Xbf idmomkdoc yfor ei fokb okkeumt [[O/KOM lf`dms ot tbf hotf dt ds epfmfh omh tbf idmomkdoc yfor ei A[O wdcc lf`dm ot tbf hotf tbf @evfrmafmt occets A[O te fokb kdtdzfm ot tbf o`f ei ?6. Dt hefsm—t aottfr aukb wbot tbf idmomkdoc yfor ei fokb okkeumt ds. Xbf mualfr ei okkeumts tbot lf`dm er fmh fokb hoy ds opprexdaotfcy fquoc te tbf tetoc mualfr ei okkeumts epfrotfh ly occ lomgs dm tbot keumtry hdvdhfh ly ;96. Xbf keaaem idmomkdoc yfor ier tbf wbecf w becf motdem wdcc lfkeaf drrfcfvomt, umdapertomt omh rfhumhomt dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Fokb dmhdvdhuoc kom bovf o kbesfm idmomkdoc yfor ier bds fvfry [[O okkeumt. okkeumt . Dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa, aest ei tbf aemfy dm kdrkucotdem ds dm pbysdkoc iera (ldccs/metfs). Xbfrf orf rfpertfh te lf pcfmty ei kosfs ei ceetdm`s, rellfrdfs, beadkdhfs, fxtertdems, romseas, omh lrdlfs okress tbf werch dm ocaest occ motdems lfkousf ei tbds bu`f aemfy dm pbysdkoc iera. Xbds pbysdkoc aemfy, dm bu`f oaeumts, ds lfdm` tromsifrrfh irea emf bomh te etbfr fcuhdm` occ tox mfts dm tromsoktdems ei keaaehdtdfs er `eehs. Xbf umokkeumtfh @H^ ds sodh te lf tee bfovy omh vordfs irea keumtry te keumtry hfpfmhdm` upem tbf kerruptdem cfvfc cfvfc tbot fxdsts fxdsts dm tbot keumtry. Dm ohhdtdem te tbds lcokg aemfy tbfrf aemfy tbfrf orf ocse bu`f oaeumts ei iogf kurrfmky tbot kurrfmky tbot bos kemtoadmotfh tbf `fmudmf kurrfmky. Xbf kealdmfh fiifkt ei tbf lcokg aemfy omh iogf kurrfmky ds pcoydm` bovek wdtb fkemeadfs ei aomy keumtrdfs. Mew aemfy ds lfdm` trfotfh os om dmkeaf `fmfrotdm` ossft omh wfoctb dmstfoh ei usdm` dt os o afhdua dm fxkbom`f ei keaaehdtdfs, `eehs, sfrvdkfs, omh sborfs, pbysdkoc omh dmtfccfktuoc wergs. Xbf bu`f okkuaucotdem ei aemfy dm ifw pekgfts dm tbf iera ei lcokg aemfy ds aemfy  ds aogdm` tbf kykcdk kdrkucotdem ei aemfy dm tbf fkemeadk systfa te lf frrotdk (seaf tdafs aerf kykcfs pfr yfor omh seaf tdafs cfss kykcfs pfr yfor wdtb sto`motdem/mem uso`f ei aemfy kousdm` fkemeadk rfkfssdem ot tdafs. Xbf auctdpcdfr fiifkt em tbf aemfy dm lomgdm` idmomkf systfa ds hfkrfosdm` tbf rfoc iokf vocuf ei tbf pbysdkoc kurrfmky. Octbeu`b tbf dmhdvdhuoc—s formdm`s orf dmkrfosdm` fvfry yfor, tbf purkbosf vocuf ei tbf kurrfmky ds tb hfkrfosdm` omh rfokbfh ocaest ?/?>   ei dts iokf vocuf. XE^ Xox systfa systfa trdfs te idx tbds tbds prelcfa ly quocdtotdvf omh quomtdtotdvf suppcy ei aemfy dm fkemeadk systfa se tbot tbf purkbosf vocuf ei pbysdkoc kurrfmky ot dts iokf vocuf rfaodms bd`b omh soaf ier cem`fr pfrdeh ei tdaf. Xbf prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs er sfrvdkfs wdcc rfaodm soaf er fvfm hfkrfosf fmbomkdm` tbf purkbosdm` kopokdty ei pfepcf fvfry yfor wdtb dmkrfosf dm formdm`s (pfr kopdto dmkeaf) fokb yfor. (^cfosf sff po`f aemfy, aemfy suppcy, ceoms, rfoc aemfy omh krfhdt aemfy irea po`f ?2 te po`f <>) Dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa, aest ei tbf aemfy (44.9%) ovodcolcf dm tbf fkemeadk systfa, wdcc lf dm hfaotfrdocdsfh iera dm tbf okkeumts ei kdtdzfms, @evfrmafmts omh keapomdfs. Emcy saocc pertdem ei aemfy (>.8%) wdcc lf dm pbysdkoc iera (kosb) d.f. kedms er metfs ot cew hfmeadmotdem. (Ier fxoapcf - Dmhdo) Xbf poroccfc fkemeay lfdm` rum ly lcokg aemfy ocaest fquoccdm` tbf okkeumtfh @H^ ei tbf keumtry omh om fstdaotfh \s. ?, 9>, >>>krerf iogf kurrfmky wdcc lf tetoccy frohdkotfh wdtb tbf hfaemftdsotdem ei bd`bfr vocuf

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?? 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

kurrfmky metfs (\s ?>>>, 6>>, ?>>, 6> metfs) dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa povdm` woy ier kerruptdem irff sekdfty. [e tbfrf wdcc lf me `fmfrotdem ei lcokg aemfy  omh iogf kurrfmky, omh okkuaucotdem omh stokgdm` ei aemfy dm pbysdkoc iera (kosb) wdcc met lf pessdlcf. Aemfy wdcc lf kemstomtcy puapfh lokg dmte tbf systfa se os te ovedh ^reidt Xox. Xbf kdrkucotdem ei aemfy dm tbf fkemeadk systfa wdcc lf ot kemstomt rotf wdtb aerf kykcfs wbdcf kbfkgdm` dmicotdem  fvfm ot bd`bfr `rewtb rotf. Xbf aerf kykcfs er fxkbom`f ei aemfy aerf tdafs afoms aemfy ds sprfoh fvfmcy rfokbdm` occ pfepcf. XE^ Xox systfa weuch ocse orrfst dccf`oc oktdvdtdfs sukb os hru` troiidkgdm`, omh oras troiidkgdm`. Emkf coumkbfh dmte tbds XE^ Xox systfa prdkfs weuch kemtdmuf te hfkcdmf te rfokb o admdaua cfvfc ei ½tb omh iurtbfr up te boci cfvfc ei tbf prfsfmt prdkfs huf te tbf ieccewdm` iokters moafcy, cew tox keapemfmt (lfcew ??%), cew dmtfrfst rotfs (;% pfr ommua), me tox keapcdomkf kests omh iuccy epfm aorgft wdtb aerf pcoyfrs dm tbf lusdmfss.  Aemfy wdcc lf purfcy utdcdsfh emcy ier fxkbom`f ei `eehs, keaaehdtdfs, ossfts, sfrvdkfs, sborfs, pbysdkoc omh dmtfccfktuoc wergs. Pbfm tbf XE^ Xox systfa rfokbfs dts idmoc hfstdmotdem, tbf prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs/`eehs er sfrvdkfs dmkcuhf emcy tbf vocuf/kest ei aompewfr (pbysdkoc/dmtfccfktuoc) (pbysdkoc/dmtfccfktuoc) wbfrf olumhomt row aotfrdocs orf ovodcolcf.  Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa tbf prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs/`eehs er sfrvdkfs dmkcuhf vordeus keapemfmts cdgf row aotfrdocs kest, tox, preidt, dmtfrfst, kerruptdem, tox keapcdomkf kest, aom pewfr (pbysdkoc/dmtfccfktuoc), tromspert, pewfr (iufc/fcfktrdkdty) omh sbfci cdif. Xbf idmoc rfsuct ei XE^ Xox systfa wdcc lf tbf okbdfvfafmt ei pfrifkt fqudcdlrdua lftwffm hfaomh omh suppcy7 hfvfcepafmt omh fquocdty7 `rewtb omh dmicotdem7 rfoc aemfy omh krfhdt aemfy (ceomfh aemfy)7 rfvfmufs omh fxpfmhdturf. Xbf cepsdhfh hfvfcepafmt oaem` oaem` pfepcf omh rf`dems tbot tbot ds lfdm` wdtmfssfh dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa wdcc kfosf te fxdst. Xbf moturoc rfseurkf omh wfoctb ei o keumtry kom lf fquoccy hdstrdlutfh oaem` tbf pfepcf. Vmhfr prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa tbfrf orf emcy o ifw pcoyfrs, aerf rfifrffs (cdkfmsf, pfradt, kbfkg pests, woy ldccs, ouhdtdm`, ossfssafmt omh dmspfktdem) omh aerf spfktoters. Xbf prepesfh Xep tox systfa wdcc cfovf spokf ier aerf pcoyfrs, o ifw rfifrffs (peccutdem kemtrec leorh emcy) omh o ifw spfktoters. Xbf aorgfts wdcc lfkeaf se wdhf epfm wdtb me pfradts er cdkfmkfs rfqudrfh (fxkfpt peccutdem kemtrec kemtrec leorh—s pfradssde pfradssdem) m) te rum omy lusdmfss er dmhustry fxkfpt tbesf wbfrf olsecutf mfkfssdty ds rfqudrfh ier pfradssdems irea @evfrmafmts ier admdm` erfs, admfrocs, admfrocs, sffhs, pfstdkdhfs, fxpcesdvfs fxpcesdvfs ftk,. Xbus fvfryemf kom fmtfr dmte tbf aorgft omh stort bds/bfr ewm lusdmfss er dmhustry wdtbeut omy sbokgcfs tbfrfly rfhukdm` umfapceyafmt sulstomtdoccy. sulstomtdoccy. Ot tbf soaf tdaf, wdtb se aomy pcoyfrs dm tbf aorgft omh bd`b keapftdtdem, tbf prdkfs ei `eehs/sfrvdkfs wdcc lfkeaf kbfopfr, lfmfidttdm` kemsuafrs. Xbds dmvordolcy dmkrfosfs kemsuaptdem cfohdm` te aerf prehuktdem omh `rewtb rotf. Xbf losdk kemkfpt ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa ds tbot emcy sdm`cf tox, dm tbf pcokf ei prfsfmt auctdpcf toxfs, wdcc lf podh ly tbf pfepcf em keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs aomuiokturfh wdtbdm tbf keumtry, oport irea tbf kusteas huty wbdkb ds dapesfh emcy te sovf heafstdk dmhustry er lusdmfss. Xbf kusteas huty kom lf rfaevfh em kfrtodm `eehs cdgf kfafmt omh stffc os omh wbfm mfkfssory te kbfkg tbf jokgfh up prdkfs kousfh ly kortfc oaem` tbfsf keapomdfs omh ocse em o`rdkucturf prehukf wbfm suiidkdfmt ieeh `rodm prehuktdem ds met ovodcolcf ier kemsuaptdem er prekurfafmt teworhs fssfmtdoc luiifr stekg, lfkousf ei hreu`bt er etbfr

moturoc kocoadtdfs. [e tbf ommuoc luh`ft prfsfmtotdem, di mfkfssory, wdcc lf aodmcy utdcdsfh te hdstrdlutf omh occekotf rfvfmufs te vordeus sfkters, hfportafmts omh wfciorf skbfafs dmstfoh ei iekussdm` em toxotdem, tox keccfktdem omh fmierkfafmt em tox keapcdomkf. ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?< 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa tbf luh`ft prfporotdem ds aossdvf, auctd sto`fh, tdaf kemsuadm` omh colerdeus prekfss. Xbfrf orf tbeusomhs ei hdiifrfmt bd`b er vfry cew vocufh `eehs er sfrvdkfs te lf sf`rf`otfh dmte hdiifrfmt `reups omh toxfh ly letb Kfmtrf omh [totfs wdtb hdiifrfmt toxfs ot tbrff er aerf scol rotfs omh, os di tbfsf orf met fmeu`b, tbfrf orf ohhdtdemoc surkbor`fs er kfssfs em sfcfktfh `eehs. Xbfsf tox strukturfs omh scol rotfs em hdiifrfmt `eehs gffp gffp kbom`dm` fvfry yfor. Pdtb tbfsf tbfsf keapcdkotfh tox strukturfs omh fvfr kbom`dm` scol rotfs fvfry yfor, tbf tox keapcdomkf ly dmhdvdhuoc aomuiokturfrs, hfocfrs omh rftodcfrs bos lffm hdiidkuct, kualfrseaf omh letbfrseaf. Xoxfs orf lfdm` keccfktfh ly hdiifrfmt tox keccfktdem hfportafmts losfh em tbf okkeumts aodmtodmfh ly dmhdvdhuocs wbe rum dmhustry er lusdmfss. Xbfrf ds pcfmty ei reea ier umhfrstotfafmt ei prehuktdem omh socfs, tox fvosdem omh kemsfqufmt ly-prehukt ei lcokg aemfy. Lut dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbfrf wdcc lf sdm`cf tox koccfh XE^ (Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf) tox wdtb idxfh/stotdemory scol rotf (8%) em occ aemfy tromsifrs irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt tbreu`b kbfquf, hfldt korh omh emcdmf tromsifr/mft lomgdm` dm tbf purkbosf kbodm ei kemsuafrs, rftodcfrs rftodcfrs omh aomuiokturfrs. aomuiokturfrs. Xbf Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf XE^ Xox (8%) wdcc lf hfhuktfh outeaotdkoccy ly keaputfr systfas ei lomgs em occ aemfy tromsifrs irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt drrfspfktdvf ei tbf iokt tbot ier wbot purpesf (purkbosf/hemotdem/socordfs/ceoms) (purkbosf/hemotdem/s ocordfs/ceoms) omh ly wbea tbfsf aemfy tromsifrs bovf lffm aohf. Xbf tox wdcc lf emcy em aemfy tromsifrs iera emf okkeumt te ometbfr rotbfr tbom em tbf vocuf ei `eeh/keaaehdtdfs omh sfrvdkfs wdtb fvfr kbom`dm` scol rotfs fvfry yfor ot luh`ft tdaf dm tbf prfsfmt toxotdem systfa. [e tbf rfvfmuf keccfktdems ier letb Kfmtrf omh [totfh @evfrmafmts wdcc lf dmstomt, outeaotdk, preapt omh kemtdmueus prekfss tbreu`beut tbf yfor wdtb me reea ier tox fvosdem. Xbfrf wdcc lf olsecutfcy me tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ier tbf @evfrmafmt omh tox keapcdomkf kest ier kdtdzfms. Xbf purpesf ei luh`ft prfporotdem wdcc lf emcy tbf occekotdem ei rfvfmufs, `et irea XE^ Xox omh ^reidt Xox, te vordeus sfkters, hfportafmts er admdstrdfs. admdstrdfs. Xoxotdem, tox tox keccfktdem, keccfktdem, tox fmierkfafmt, fmierkfafmt, tox keapcdomkf, keapcdomkf, occekotdem ei rfvfmufs te vordeus admdstrdfs er hfportafmts omh aemfy suppcy dmte tbf fkemeay orf umdidfh dm tbds umdquf umdquf XE^ Xox systfa. [e tbf luh`ft prfsfmtotdem wdcc wdcc lfkeaf sdapcf, saeetb omh tdaf sovdm`. Er fvfm tbfrf wdcc lf me mffh ier luh`ft prfsfmtotdem fokb yfor. Xbf yforcy luh`ft prfsfmtotdem kom lf secfcy utdcdsfh ier pfrkfmto`f wdsf occekotdem omh kbommfccdm` ei tbesf outeaotdkoccy keccfktfh XE^ Xox  Xox  omh ^reidt Xox  Xox  rfvfmufs ly lomgs te vordeus sfkters cdgf beusdm`, bfoctb korf, fhukotdem, hrdmgdm` wotfr, tromspert, drrd`otdem, o`rdkucturf, fmvdremafmt, somdtotdem, dmirostrukturf dmirostrukturf prejfkts, ruroc hfvfcepafmt, hfifmkf omh dmtfrmoc pecdkdm`. Xbf pfrkfmto`f ei iumhs occekotfh te vordeus admdstrdfs, hfportafmts er sfkters kom lf kbom`fh fvfry yfor hfpfmhdm` upem tbf mffh, mfkfssdty omh ur`fmky okqudrfh ly tbfa. Xbf @evfrmafmt strukturf omh aokbdmfry kom lf rfstrukturfh, hewmsdzfh omh idmf tumfh met emcy te rfhukf wostfiuc fxpfmhdturf lut ocse te kotfr te tbf losdk mffhs ei pfepcf kemkfrmdm` beusdm`, bfoctb korf, fhukotdem, somdtotdem omh hrdmgdm` wotfr. Xe soy lrdficy, tbf @evfrmafmt—s fmtdrf kemkfmtrotdem omh tep aest prderdty wdcc sbdit irea toxotdem, tox keccfktdem omh fmierkfafmt te dapcfafmtotdem ei wfciorf skbfafs omh hfvfcepafmt ei dmirostrukturf prejfkts. Dm tbds mfw fkemeadk systfa tbf tetoc rfvfmufs ei omy keumtry wdcc lf opprexdaotfcy fquoc te 8% (XE^ Xox) R ; 1 ?<% ei tbf tetoc @H^ Yocuf ei tbot keumtry wbdcf ossuadm` tbot fokb keaaehdty er sfrvdkf wdcc kbom`f bomhs ot om ovfro`f ei tbrff tdafs dm tbf kemsuafr, rftodcfr, hfocfr omh aomuiokturfr kbodm. Xbot afoms ot fokb kbom`f ei bomhs ei omy keaaehdty er sfrvdkf tbf aemfy wdcc lf tromsifrrfh irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?; 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

wbdcf cfovdm` me reea ier tox fvosdem. Xbfrf wdcc lf ohhdtdemoc 6 te ?> % XE^ Xox rfvfmufs em tbf rfsocf ei tbf sborfs, aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs, omh hemotdems dm tbot keumtry. Iurtbfraerf tbfrf wdcc lf rfvfmufs irea ovedholcf ^reidt tox. Dm occ preloldcdty tbfsf rfvfmufs wdcc lf aerf tbom ?6>% ei tbf rfvfmufs tbot orf okkrudm` irea auctdpcf toxfs dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa. ^cfosf rfafalfr tbot occ tbfsf rfvfmufs wdcc lf keccfktfh wdtbeut omy tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf em tox keccfktdem hfportafmts, tox trdlumocs omh tox fmierkfafmt o`fmkdfs Dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs wdcc lfkeaf vdrtuoccy tbf dmtfrafhdordfs dmtfrafhdord fs lftwffm pfepcf omh tbf @evfrmafmt ier occ tox keccfktdems omh rfhdstrdlutdem ei iumhs/rfvfmufs irea tbf @evfrmafmt @evfrmafmt te pfepcf, wbe sbeuch lf tbf tbf moturoc, fcd`dlcf omh cf`dtdaotf rfkdpdfmts wbdcf fcdadmotdm` wbocfs, porosdtfs omh cdapfts. Pbfmfvfr o pfrsem ad`rotfs er aevfs te o mfw pcokf bds ech ohhrfss dm Aodm [ovdm` Okkeumt (A[O) sbeuch lf kbom`fh wdtb tbf mfw ohhrfss te `ft aemtbcy rotdem, sulsdhdfs, keapfmsotdem/fx—`rotdo/rfcdfi keapfmsotdem/fx—`ro tdo/rfcdfi iumhs dm tbf fvfmt ei moturoc kocoadtdfs cdgf fortbquogf, kykcemfs, iceehs, ioadmf, hreu`bt, ftk., dm tbot portdkucor pcokf omh ocse te `ft vetdm` rd`bt dm tbot portdkucor kemstdtufmky. Dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) ei fokb pfrsem sbocc lf utdcdsfh os tbf hf-aot okkeumt ei tbot pfrsem ier bechdm` letb aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs cdgf sborfs, comhs, pcets, icots, `ech, sdcvfr, jfwfccfry, ermoafmts, vfry bd`b vocufh ortdkcfs, ortdkcfs, aeter kykcfs, kors, etbfr vfbdkcfs omh occ etbfr prepfrtdfs/ossfts. Pbdcf purkbosdm` er sfccdm`, tbf tromsifr ei ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei tbfsf ossfts/prepfrtdfs irea emf pfrsem te ometbfr pfrsem sbocc lf aohf irea emf pfrsem—s A[O te ometbfr pfrsem—s A[O tbreu`b lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs dm o hd`dtoc/fcfktremdk iera.

Vso`f ei A[Os, [[Os omh KOMs:Dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa o pfrsem—s er o keapomy—s aemfy, aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrtdfs(cdgf vfbdkcfs, pcets, icots, beusfs, iokterdfs, keaafrkdoc fstolcdsbafmts, comhs ftk.,) sborfs, ioadcy trff, dmsuromkf pecdkdfs omh occ etbfr ossfts orf rfkerhfh, aomo`fh omh bomhcfh ly hdiifrfmt hfportafmts, o`fmkdfs er dmstdtutdems. Lut dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa aemfy, aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrtdfs (cdgf vfbdkcfs, pcets, icots, beusfs, keaafrkdoc fstolcdsbafmts, comhs ftk.,) sborfs, ioadcy trff, dmsuromkf pecdkdfs omh occ etbfr ossfts orf rfkerhfh, aomo`fh omh bomhcfh dm o sdm`cf okkeumt koccfh Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) wdtb

idvf iechfrs dm kosf ei dmhdvdhuocs omh dm Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfrs (KOM) wdtb sfvfm iechfrs dm kosf ei keapomdfs wbdkb dssufh sborfs ier pulcdk. Xbfsf okkeumts A[O—s, [[O—s omh KOM—s wdcc lf aodmtodmfh omh epfrotfh ly lomgs rfpcokdm` hdiifrfmt hfportafmts, tox keccfktdem omh tox fmierkfafmt leorhs, o`fmkdfs er dmstdtutdems ei tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa. Xbus pfepcf—s aemfy, sborfs, occ aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs wdcc lf dm emcy emf okkeumt (A[O)  wdtb hdiifrfmt iechfrs epfrotfh ly lomgs. [e aemfy, sborfs omh occ etbfr aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs kom lf sterfh, aodmtodmfh omh usfh irea tbds sdm`cf okkeumt koccfh Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O)  wdtb idvf iechfrs  dm kosf ei dmhdvdhuocs omh Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfrs (KOM) wdtb sfvfm iechfrs  dm kosf ei keapomdfs wbdkb dssufh sborfs ier pulcdk. Xromsifr ei aemfy, sborfs, aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs, `eehs, sfrvdkfs, pbysdkoc omh dmtfccfktuoc wergs orf sdauctomfeuscy tromsifrrfh irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt wbdcf purkbosdm` er luydm`.

?. Vso`f ei Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O)  - Xbfrf wdcc lf emcy emf keapucsery omh aomhotery A[O ier fokb pfrsem `dvfm ly tbf @evfrmafmt. Xbds A[O wdcc bovf idvf iechfrs ier fokb spfkdidk purpesf ei om dmhdvdhuoc.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?8 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xbf idrst iechfr ( cdqudh aemfy iechfr) wdcc lf usfh ier stero`f omh uso`f ei aemfy (dm XE^ Xox systfa dt ds koccfh os cdqudh aemfy) `fmfrotfh tbreu`b sovdm`s/formdm`s/dmkeafs/hemotdems. Xbds iechfr ei A[O kom ocse lf usfh te rum er epfrotf omy lusdmfss er dmhustry ewmfh wbeccy ly om dmhdvdhuoc. Xbf sfkemh iechfr  (daaevolcf prepfrty iechfr)  sbocc lf usfh ier rf`dstrotdem, stero`f omh uso`f ei ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei occ daaevolcf prepfrtdfs cdgf comhs, icots, pcets, keaafrkdoc fstolcdsbafmts, omh ftkftfro. Xbf ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei tbfsf ossfts wdcc lf tromsifrrfh irea emf pfrsem—s A[O te ometbfr pfrsem—s A[O wbdcf purkbosdm`/sfccdm`/hemotdm` purkbosdm`/sfccdm`/ hemotdm` ei tbfsf daaevolcf prepfrtdfs. Xbf tbdrh iechfr (aevolcf prepfrty iechfr) sbocc lf utdcdsfh ier ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei occ aevolcf prepfrtdfs cdgf vfbdkcfs, `ech, jfwfccfry, omh ftkftfro. Xbf ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei tbfsf prepfrtdfs wdcc lf tromsifrrfh irea emf pfrsem—s A[O te ometbfr pfrsem—s A[O wbdcf purkbosf/socf/hemotdem ei tbfsf aevolcf prepfrtdfs. Dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa tbf aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs orf koccfh os secdh aemfy. Xbfsf prepfrtdfs (secdh aemfy) wdcc bovf letb ewmfrsbdp rd`bts omh dm pbysdkoc fmjeyafmt. Ydvdh fxpcomotdem: -  Dm tbds su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf daaevolcf prepfrty iechfr omh tbf aevolcf prepfrty iechfrs ei Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) ei fokb pfrsem sbocc lf utdcdsfh os tbf hf-aot okkeumt ei tbot pfrsem ier ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei letb aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs cdgf sborfs, comhs, pcets, icots, `ech, sdcvfr, jfwfccfry, ermoafmts, vfry bd`b vocufh ortdkcfs, aeter kykcfs, kors, etbfr vfbdkcfs omh occ etbfr prepfrtdfs/ossfts. Pbdcf purkbosdm` er sfccdm`, tbf tromsifr ei ewmfrsbdp ei tbfsf ossfts/prepfrtdfs irea emf pfrsem te ometbfr pfrsem sbocc lf aohf irea emf pfrsem—s A[O te ometbfr pfrsem—s A[O tbreu`b lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs dm om fcfktremdk/hd`dtoc iera. [e tbf tromsifr ei ossfts cdgf comhs, pcets, icots, `ech, jfwfccfry, ermoafmts omh vfbdkcfs wdcc togf pcokf dm pbysdkoc iera upem tbf tromsifr ei ewmfrsbdp rd`bt ei tbot ossft dm hd`dtoc iera irea emf A[O (sfccfr) te ometbfr A[O (luyfr). Corkfmy, lur`cordfs, ceetdm`s omh fxtertdems wdcc keaf te om fmh, lfkousf wdtbeut tbf ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei `ech, sdcvfr, jfwfccfry omh etbfr bd`b vocufh dtfas dm tbf A[Os, tbfy kommet lf sech er leu`bt. Dm cdtfroc sfmsf lomgs wdcc vdrtuoccy okt os kustehdoms ier pfepcf—s aemfy, sborfs, ossfts omh occ aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs. Xbf lomg lromkbfs/ lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs wdcc lf dmtfrafhdordfs lftwffm pfepcf omh Hfpesdtory, wbe sbeuch lf umhfr iucc kemtrec, `evfrmfh, aemdterfh omh kbfkgfh ly Kfmtroc Lomg ei tbot portdkucor keumtry. Dm etbfr werhs lomg lromkbfs/lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs kom lf koccfh os sdm`cf wdmhew sbeps wbfrf occ losdk sfrvdkfs ei tbf pfepcf wdcc lf aft. XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts tbot tetoc comh rfkerh ei tbf keumtry sbeuch lf hfaotfrdocdsfh okkerhdm` te fxtfmt, cekotdem, aoppdm` omh ewmfrsbdp. Xbf comh lfcem`s te pfepcf wdcc lf rfkerhfh dm tbfdr rfspfktdvf A[Os. [dadcorcy tbf comh tbot lfcem`s te @evfrmafmt, @evfrmafmt er`omdsotdems, keapomdfs sbeuch lf rfkerhfh dm tbfdr rfspfktdvf okkeumts. Dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa tbf lomg lromkbfs/lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs wdcc okt os adhhcf afm ier pfepcf, aomuiokturfrs, hfocfrs, sfccfrs omh luyfrs ier tromsifr er trohf ei aemfy, sborfs, keaaehdtdfs, comhs, icots, pcets, vfbdkcfs, omh etbfr aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrty wbdcf luydm` er sfccdm` ot olsecutfcy irff ei kest. kes t. Vmhfr tbf XE^ tox systfa, comhs, pcets, icots er etbfr prepfrtdfs purkbosfh sbeuch lf aohf tbreu`b aodm sovdm`s okkeumt emcy. Di omy pfrsem luys comh, pcet, icot er omy etbfr prepfrty omywbfrf dm Dmhdo tbf fxtfmt omh moturf ei tbf prepfrty wdcc lf krfhdtfh dm bds Aodm

[ovdm`s Okkeumt omh tbf soaf prepfrty wdcc lf hfldtfh irea tbf sfccfr—s Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O). Pbfmfvfr bf/sbf sfccs omy prepfrty tbot ds krfhdtfh dm bds A[O, tbf soaf wdcc lf hfldtfh irea bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt omh tbf soaf prepfrty wdcc lf krfhdtfh dm tbf ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?6 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

luyfr—s Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O). Just cdgf sborfs tbfrf wdcc lf me popfr hekuafmts ier prepfrtdfs. Vmcdgf kosb tromsifrs tbf luyfr—s prfsfmkf omh sd`moturf/outbfmtdkotdem sbocc ocse lf mffhfh ier omy aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrty tromsoktdem. Xbfrf wdcc lf me auctdpcf sfccdm` ei tbf soaf prepfrty te hdiifrfmt pfepcf omh umoutberdsfh sfccdm`/purkbosf omh dccf`oc ekkupotdem ei etbfr pfrsem—s prepfrty wdtbeut bds/bfr gmewdm`/kemsfmt wdcc met lf pessdlcf. Xbf ieurtb iechfr  (sborfs/stekgs iechfr) sbocc lf utdcdsfh ier stero`f omh uso`f ei ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei sborfs/stekgs, lemhs, hfrdvotdvfs ftk. Xbf ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ei tbfsf sfkurdtdfs wdcc lf tromsifrrfh irea emf pfrsem—s A[O te ometbfr pfrsem—s A[O A [O wbdcf luydm`/sfccdm`/hemotdem. Xbf sborfs wdcc bovf emcy ewmfrsbdp rd`bts omh koccfh os sfad secdh aemfy. Xbf iditb iechfr (ioadcy iechfr ) sbocc lf utdcdsfh ier ioadcy hftodcs omh koccfh os ioadcy iechfr. Aorrdo`f rf`dstrotdem omh kbdch ldrtb rf`dstrotdems rf`dstrot dems wdcc lf aohf letb dm buslomh omh wdif—s ioadcy iechfrs ei A[Os. Losfh em tbf hftodcs dm tbf ioadcy iechfrs, aemtbcy rotdems wdcc lf keaputfh omh tromsifrrfh fvfry aemtb, dm tbf iera ei kosb, hdrfktcy dmte tbf wdif—s A[Os.  Fvfry kbdch wdcc `ft bds/bfr ewm A[O okkeumt ot tbf o`f ei ?6 yfors. Xbf lomg stotfafmt ei Xbf iditb iechfr (ioadcy iechfr)  iechfr)  ei A[O ei omy dmhdvdhuoc kom lf utdcdsfh os kostf omh dmkeaf kfrtdidkotf, vetfr cdst, rotdem korh omh posspert. Dt kom lf eltodmfh wdtbdm admutfs irea omy lomg omh irea omywbfrf dm tbf keumtry. ^fepcf mffh met poy lrdlfs te `ft tbfsf kfrtdidkotfs er hekuafmts irea rfvfmuf hfportafmt omh posspert eiidkfs. Occ iumhs occekotfh teworhs wfciorf ei [Ks, [Xs omh LKs kom lf tromsifrrfh hdrfktcy dmte tbf A[Os ei tbfsf sfktdems cfovdm` me reea ier cfogo`fs, lrdlfs omh adsoppreprd adsoppreprdotdem otdem ei tbfsf iumhs.   Ydvdh fxpcomotdem:-  Occ tbf hftodcs ei o pfrsem—s ekkupotdem, fhukotdemoc quocdidkotdems, aorrdo`f, hrdvdm` cdkfmsf, posspert, bds/bfr cdif portmfrs moaf, ^OM mualfr (A[O) (omh vdkf vfrso), kbdchrfm omh tbfdr o`f ftk, wdcc lf rfkerhfh dm tbf iditb iechfr(ioadcy iechfr) ei bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s okkeumt. Xbf porfmts sbeuch rf`dstfr tbfdr kbdch—s kbdch—s hftodcs dm tbf hoto rfkerh ei tbfdr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  (A[O) wdtbdm tbrff aemtbs ei tbfdr kbdch—s ldrtb. Emkf tbf kbdch `fts tbf o`f ei ?6 yfors bf/sbf wdcc outeaotdkoccy `ft ^OM omh A[O. Xbf tetoc korf omh wfciorf ei tbf erpboms sbeuch lf togfm ly tbf [totf `evfrmafmts tdcc tbf kbdch rfokbfs tbf o`f ei <> yfors. Xbds systfa tetoccy omh pfraomfmtcy kbfkgs tbf fvfr dmkrfosdm` prelcfa ei dccf`oc ad`rotdem irea ^ogdstom omh Lom`cohfsb kbom`dm` tbf hfae`ropbdk prepertdem ei Dmhdo te om umdao`dmolcf cfvfc. Emkf occ tbf kdtdzfms olevf tbf o`f ei ?6 yfors orf `dvfm tbf aomhotery Aodm [ovdm`s okkeumt (A[O) omh tbf XE^ Xox systfa lfkeafs iuccy epfrotdemoc, me ohuct wdcc lf `dvfm Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) tbfrfoitfr. Irea bfrfoitfr fvfry ohhdtdemoc Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt A[O wdcc lf om eiisbeet ei om fxdstdm` A[O lfcem`dm` te porfmts. Xbfrf wdcc lf me qufstdem ei ohhdtdemoc irfsb A[O wdtbeut porfmt—s fxdstdm` A[O. [dadcorcy fxdstdm` A[Os wdcc keaf te kfosf upem tbf hfotb ei dmhdvdhuocs. Occ tbf aemfy, sborfs, aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs rfkerhfh dm tbf idvf iechfrs ei A[O ei tbf hfkfosfh pfrsem wdcc lf tromsifrrfh te bds/bfr cf`oc bfdrs. Xbf tetoc mualfr ei A[Os wdcc dmkrfosf fvfry yfor hfpfmhdm` upem tbf `rewtb rotf ei pepucotdem ei tbot keumtry. XE^ Xox systfa wdcc rfkerh7 aodmtodm fvfry dmhdvdhuoc—s ioadcy rfkerh `fmfrotdem oitfr `fmfrotdem. `fmfrotde m. Xbfrfierf dccf`oc ad`romts irea etbfr keumtrdfs kommet fmtfr dccf`occy dmte Dmhdo, `ft Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt er [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts omh ossdadcotf dm Dmhdom pepucotdem. Dt wdcc lf o cet fosdfr ier tbf `evfrmafmt te hftfkt tfrrerdsts omh adcdtomts wbe kress evfr irea okress tbf lerhfr te dmhuc`f dm umcowiuc oktdvdtdfs. XE^ tox systfa wdcc lf epfrotfh secfcy ly lomgs te prevdhf hdiifrfmt sfrvdkfs ier tbf @evfrmafmt cdgf toxotdem, tox keccfktdem, tox fmierkfafmt7 ier dssudm` kostf kfrtdidkotfs, ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?9 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

dmkeaf kfrtdidkotfs, vetfr cdsts, aemtbcy rotdems, sulsdhdfs, pfmsdems, kocoadty rfcdfi iumhs, possperts, cdkfmkfs, iffs rfdalursfafmts, skbecorsbdps ftk., ot olsecutfcy irff ei kest. XE^ Xox systfa, epfrotfh ly lomgs, wdcc ocse bfcp pfepcf dm `fttdm` occ tbf olevf afmtdemfh sfrvdkfs ot sdm`cf wdmhew tbreu`b tbfdr A[Os wdtb idvf hdiifrfmt iechfrs. Xbot afoms XE^ Xox systfa wdcc rfpcokf prfsfmt systfa—s auctdpcf hfportafmts cdgf Dmkeaf tox hfportafmt, Kfmtroc Fxkdsf hfportafmt, KLHX, KLFK, Xox trdlumocs, posspert hfportafmt, kfmsus hfportafmt, [totfs— keaafrkdoc tox hfportafmts, kdvdc suppcdfs hfportafmts, rf`dstrotdem hfportafmts, rfvfmuf hfportafmts ftk., sovdm` tbeusomhs ei krerfs ei @evfrmafmt—s memmem pcom fxpfmhdturf.

<. Vso`f ei [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt ([[O):-  Fvfry pfrsem kom epfm omh epfrotf os aukb mualfr ei [[Os os bf/sbf wdsbfs. Xbf [[O wdcc bovf emcy emf iechfr koccfh os cdqudh aemfy iechfr. Xbds iechfr sbocc lf usfh ier rfkfdvdm`, stero`f omh uso`f ei aemfy te epfrotf omy lusdmfss er dmhustry ly om dmhdvdhuoc. .

;. Vso`f ei Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfr (KOM):  -

Kerperotf keapomdfs, AMKs omh ^ulcdk cdadtfh keapomdfs wbdkb sech/dssufh sborfs te tbf pulcdk  wdcc lf `dvfm KOMs. Fokb Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfr wdcc bovf sfvfm iechfrs  ier fokb spfkdidk epfrotdm`/rummdm` purpesf ei tbf keapomy.  sbocc lf utdcdsfh ier stero`f omh uso`f ei aemfy ier rummdm`prepfrtdfs tbot keapomy. Xbf iechfr Xbf idrst sfkemh iechfr   sbocc lf utdcdsfh ier bovdm` occ rfkerhs ei daaevolcf cdgf comh, ludchdm`s, dmirostrukturf omh ftkftfro ei tbot prejfkt/pcomt/lusdmfss. Xbf tbdrh iechfr sbocc lf usfh ier rf`dstrotdem, stero`f omh uso`f ei ewmfrsbdp rd`bts ier occ icfft ei vfbdkcfs omh etbfr aevolcf prepfrtdfs cdgf aokbdmfry ftkftfro rfqudrfh ier rummdm` ei tbot keapomy. keapomy . Xbf ieurtb iechfr sbocc lf usfh ier stero`f ei occ sborfs ei tbf preaetfrs omh tbf pulcdk ei tbot keapomy. Xbf iditb iechfr sbocc kemtodm tbf hftodcs omh okkeumts ei occ tbf fapceyfh aompewfr ei tbot keapomy. Xbf sdxtb iechfr sbocc kemtodm tbf hftodcfh okkeumts ei occ row aotfrdocs omh etbfr rfqudrfh dmputs leu`bt omh usfh ier rummdm` ei tbot keapomy. Xbf sfvfmtb iechfr sbocc kemtodm tbf hftodcs omh okkeumts ei occ prehukts aomuiokturfh, socfs omh dmvfmtery. XE^ Xox systfa—s KOM wdtb sfvfm iechfrs ds o mfw prekfhurf te sff tbot keapomy—s keapomy— s idmomkdoc leegs wfrf kcfom, okkurotf, epfm omh tromsporfmt te occ sborf bechfrs se tbot tbfrf kom lf me reea ier irouhucfmt omh hfkfptdvf idmomkdoc stotfafmts.

Ydvdh fxpcomotdem: -  Xbf XE^ Xox systfa—s Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfrs (KOMs) wdtb sfvfm iechfrs wdcc aogf occ keapomdfs— okkeumts iuccy tromsporfmt omh epfm te occ sborf bechfrs fvfry iechfrs hoy (umcdgf quortfrcy, boci-yfor omh yforcy stotfafmts rfcfosfh ly tbf keapomdfs dm tbf prfsfmt systfa) ier dmspfktdem, stuhy omh omocysds lfierf dmvfstdm` tbfdr borh formfh aemfy dm sborfs ei tbesf keapomdfs wdtb seumh idmomkdoc pesdtdem. Xbf tromsporfmt okkeumtdm` systfa dm KOMs wdtb sfvfm sfporotf iechfrs ier aemfy, aevolcf prepfrty, daaevolcf prepfrty, aompewfr, sborfs, row aotfrdocs omh etbfr dmputs, omh aomuiokturfh prehukts omh dmvfmtery wdcc rfaevf occ irouhs dm okkeumtdm`, sfkurdtdfs, stekgs omh dmvfstafmt . Xbfsf KOMs wdtb sfvfm iechfrs fmsurf tbot tbfrf wdcc lf me kbomkf ei irouhucfmt lusdmfss proktdkfs ei evfrstotdm` preidts, kemkfocdm` hflts, sprfohdm` tbf fxpfmsfs eut evfr sfvfroc yfors, umhfr vedkdm` er evfr vedkdm` ei row aotfrdocs, dmputs, omh aomuiokturfh prehukts, umhfr er evfr stotdm` ei stekgs, pohhdm` up ei prejfkt kest omh hdvfrtdm` ei iumhs ot `reumhdm`, kemstruktdem, frfktdem omh occ sto`fs ei prejfkt dapcfafmtotdem omh pulcdkotdem ei iocsdidfh idmomkdoc rfperts. Xbf KOMs ei XE^ Xox systfa kom ocse kbfkg tbf hdvfrsdem ei iumhs irea emf keapomy te ometbfr keapomy wdtbdm tbf `reup keapomdfs (soaf preaetfrs).  Xbf XE^ tox systfa `dvfs o ld` leest leest te stekg stekg aorgfts aorgfts os

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?0 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

pfepcf stort luydm` bu`f cets ei sborfs te aodmtodm admdaua locomkf dm tbfdr okkeumts dm erhfr te ovedh ^reidt tox. Xbfrf wdcc lf me sd`mdidkomt fiifkt ei XE^ tox systfa em dmtrohoy trohdm` omh Iuturf eptdems trohdm` lfkousf tbf ceesfr ceesfs fxtro 8% ei tbf cess oaeumt emcy dm tbf dmtrohoy trohdm`. ^fepcf wdcc prfifr te luy sborfs em tbf cem` tfra omh ommuoc ommuoc ydfch losds. Xbfy dmvfst dm tbf keapomdfs wbdkb `dvf bomhseaf hdvdhfmhs yfor oitfr yfor.

XE^ Xox Xox systfa—s idvf aodm eljfktdvfs orf ?)Xbf tox keccfktdems irea pfepcf, <) tbf hdstrdlutdem ei rfvfmufs irea `evfrmafmts te pfepcf dm tbf iera ei sulsdhdfs, rfcdfi iumhs dm tbf fvfmt ei moturoc kocoadtdfs cdgf fortb quogfs, iceehs, ioadmfs, pfmsdems, kosb tromsifrs teworhs aemtbcy rotdems, bespdtoc ldccs, fhukotdem ldccs, ft., ;) prevdhdm` occ losdk sfrvdkfs dmkcuhdm` rf`dstrotdems ei aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs, hrdvdm` cdkfmkfs, odr, lus, trodm tdkgfts, pfradts, pfradts, cdkfmkfs, poyafmt poyafmt ei fcfktrdkdty, tfcfpbemf ldccs, wotfr kfss, kfss, beusf toxfs, dssuf ei vetfr cdsts omh vetfr scdps, ldrtb omh hfotb rf`dstrotdems, kfmsus id`urfs ot fvfry hoy, fvfry beur, fvfry admutf (umcdgf ot fvfry hfkohf dm tbf prfsfmt systfa), 8) cfmhdm` aemfy aemfy te lerrewfrs lerrewfrs ot tbf cewfst cewfst ^C\ (ovfro`f (ovfro`f ;%pfr ommua). Occ tbfsf eljfktdvfs kom lf aft omh korrdfh tbreu`b lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs te occ pfepcf ot sdm`cf wdmhew, sdtuotfh mforfst te tbfdr beafs (6) dapcfafmtotdem dapcfafmtotdem ei wfciorf skbfafs skbfafs te LKs, [Ks, [Xs, teworhs fhukotdem, sfci fapceyafmt omh etbfr orfos, omh aemtbcy pfmsdems te sfmder kdtdzfms (wdtb me er poctry dmkeafs) omh pbysdkoccy kboccfm`fh.   XE^ Xox systfa—s aodm eljfktdvfs wdcc lf korrdfh tbreu`b lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs ot olsecutfcy irff ei kest. Xbf bu`f fxpfmhdturf kest lfdm` dmkurrfh ly tbf vordeus [totf @evfrmafmts omh Kfmtroc @evfrmafmt ier tox keccfktdems tbreu`b hdiifrfmt tox keccfktdem hfportafmts wdcc lf sovfh. Xbus tbf bu`f tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf sovfh kom lf lfttfr utdcdsfh ier prevdhdm` irff bfoctb korf sfrvdkf omh fhukotdem te occ pfepcf ei tbf motdem. Occ tbf formdm`s/sovdm`s ei om dmhdvdhuoc hfpesdtfh dm tbfdr rfspfktdvf okkeumts (A[O/[[O) dm tbf iera ei muafrdkoc/hd`dtoc vocuf kom lf utdcdsfh ot omy tdaf ier luydm` ei aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrty er ier omy etbfr cf`occy occewfh purpesf. Xbf umutdcdsfh hfpesdts wdcc lf hdslursfh os ceoms te tbf lerrewfrs ly tbf lomgs ot tbf cewfst cfmhdm` rotf (ovfro`f ;% pfr ommua os epfrotdm` kest). Xbf tetoc preidts (om fstdaotfh 98,40;krerfs) `et ly occ tbf lomgs/ sfrvdkf kfmtrfs kfmtrfs wdcc lf aerf tbom fmeu`b te epfrotf tbfa tbfa omh tbfy kom afft occ tbf eljfktdvfs ei XE^ Xox systfa d.f. prevdhdm` occ losdk sfrvdkfs te pfepcf ot olsecutfcy irff ei kest ot sdm`cf wdmhew.  

^ulcdk Hdstrdlutdem [ystfa wdcc lf korrdfh tbreu`b lomgs/lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs. Xbf XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts hdstrdlutdem ei aemtbcy rotdems dm tbf iera ei kosb fquoccdm` tbf tetoc kest ei `rodms omh sulsdhy pertdem ei gfresfmf/C^@, su`or, keegdm` edc, tromsifrrfh hdrfktcy te tbf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumts (A[O) ei ioadcdfs, wbesf ommuoc dmkeafs orf cfss tbom \s.?, 6>,>>> er os hfkdhfh ly tbf @evfrmafmt ot tbf luh`ft prfsfmtotdem fvfry yfor. Xbf st aemtbcy kosb tromsifrs sbeuch lf aohf em tbf ?  ei fvfry aemtb te tbf weafm—s A[O ei fokb ioadcy. Xbds systfa wdcc sfrvf fd`bt purpesfs. purpesfs. (?) Xbf fapewfrafmt ei weafm kom lf okbdfvfh ot cfost te seaf fxtfmt. (<) Xbf adsusf ei umutdcdsfh rotdem (rdkf/wbfot, gfresfmf, su`or, keegdm` edc ftk.,) ly tbf hfocfrs wdcc lf kurlfh. (;) Xbfrf wdcc lf me ohuctfrotdem ei hdfsfc omh pftrec wdtb umutdcdsfh /adsusfh gfresfmf tbreu`b ^H[. (8) Xbf bdtbfrte kdrkudteus, kestcy omh kerruptdem rdhhfm ^H[ wdcc lf `emf. (6) Xbf prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs wdcc keaf hewm sulstomtdoccy. (9) ^fepcf kom luy quocdty `rodms ei tbfdr kbeesdm` ly usdm` kosb. (0) Xbf prdkf ei gfresfmf kom lf aohf em por wdtb hdfsfc fcdadmotdm` ohuctfrotdem ei hdfsfc omh pftrec. (2) Xbf

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?2 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

adsusf ei C^@ ier keaafrkdoc purpesf wdcc lf tetoccy kurlfh. (4) Xbf bu`f fxpfmhdturf kest ei `evfrmafmt aokbdmfry usfh ier ^H[ wdcc lf sovfh. Xbf oaeumt ei kosb tromsifr wdcc lf hfkdhfh ot fvfry aemtb losfh em tbf prfvodcdm` prdkfs ei `rodms ot ot rftodc aorgft. aorgft. Xbf aemtbcy rotdem rotdem wdcc lf fquoc te (1) (1) mualfr ei G@s ei rdkf/wbfot/wbfot iceur occettfh te fokb ioadcy x prdkf+ sulsdhy pertdem ei su`or + sulsdhy pertdem ei gfresfmf/C^@ + sulsdhy pertdem ei keegdm` edc . [e tbf cfss/cew dmkeaf `reup pfepcf wdcc `ft tbfdr stopcf `rodm ot irff ei kest omh tetoc sulsdhy pertdem em gfresfmf, su`or, keegdm` edc, kfrfocs tbreu`b kosb tromsifrs. [e tbfrf wdcc lf emcy emf ^ulcdk Hdstrdlutdem [ystfa (^H[) ier letb Kfmtrf omh occ [totfs kealdmfh te`ftbfr tbreu`b Lomgs/lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs. [e tbf bu`f `evfrmafmt aokbdmfry ds met rfqudrfh ier tbf ^H[ sovdm` cet ei pulcdk pulcdk aemfy. Xbf kest ei tbf kosb tromsifrs tromsifrs wdcc bovf te lf sborfh dm tbf rotde ei 0>% ly [totfs omh ;>% ly Kfmtrf fxoktcy dm tbf soaf rotde ei rfvfmufs su``fstfh dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa. [ff po`f 6 omh 9. [dadcorcy tbf ifrtdcdzfr sulsdhy oaeumt kom lf tromsifrrfh hdrfktcy te tbf iorafrs— Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumts os dccustrotfh dm tbf po`f mualfr ?? iokdcdtotdm` tbf tetoc rfaevoc ei sulsdhy em ifrtdcdzfrs omh dts adsusf ly ifrtdcdzfr keapomdfs. Xbf iditb omh aest dapertomt eljfktdvfs ei lomgs/lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs wdcc lf tbf aomo`fafmt ei fvfry dmhdvdhuoc—s occ aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs dm fcfktremdk/hd`dtoc ieraots dm tbf idvf sfporotf iechfrs dm Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O). Dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) wdtb idvf iechfrs ei fokb pfrsem sbocc lf utdcdsfh os tbf hf-aot okkeumt ei tbot pfrsem ier bechdm` aemfy, hflt aemfy, aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs cdgf sborfs, comhs, pcets, icots, `ech, sdcvfr, jfwfccfry, ermoafmts, vfry bd`b vocufh ortdkcfs, ortdkcfs, aeter aeter kykcfs, kors, etbfr vfbdkcfs omh occ etbfr prepfrtdfs/ossfts. Pbdcf purkbosdm` er sfccdm`, tbf tromsifr ei tbfsf ossfts/prepfrtdfs irea emf pfrsem te ometbfr pfrsem sbocc lf aohf irea emf pfrsem—s A[O te ometbfr pfrsem—s A[O tbreu`b lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs dm om fcfktremdk iera. Vmhfr tbf XE^ tox systfa, comhs, pcets, icots er etbfr prepfrtdfs purkbosfh sbeuch lf aohf tbreu`b aodm sovdm`s okkeumt emcy. Di omy pfrsem luys comh, pcet, icot er omy etbfr prepfrty omywbfrf dm Dmhdo tbf fxtfmt omh moturf ei tbf prepfrty wdcc lf krfhdtfh dm bds Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt omh tbf soaf prepfrty wdcc lf hfldtfh irea tbf sfccfr—s Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O). Pbfmfvfr bf/sbf sfccs omy prepfrty tbot ds krfhdtfh dm bds A[O, tbf soaf wdcc lf hfldtfh irea bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt omh tbf soaf prepfrty wdcc lf krfhdtfh dm tbf luyfr—s Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O). Just cdgf sborfs tbfrf wdcc lf me popfr hekuafmts ier aevolcf/daaevolcf prepfrtdfs. prepfrtdfs. Vmcdgf kosb tromsifrs tbf luyfr—s prfsfmkf omh sd`moturf/outbfmtdkotdem sbocc ocse lf mffhfh ier omy aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrty tromsoktdem.

;.

Aemfy suppcy, rfoc aemfy omh krfhdt aemfy

XE^ Xox systfa—s Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt A[O wdcc bovf idvf iechfrs ier aemfy, sborfs/stekgs, lemhs, hfrdvotdvfs, aevolcf prepfrty, daaevolcf prepfrty omh ioadcy. Xbf [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt wdcc bovf emcy emf iechfr ier aemfy. Xbf Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfr wdcc bovf sfvfm iechfrs ier aemfy, aevolcf prepfrty, daaevolcf prepfrty, sfkurdtdfs, row aotfrdocs omh etbfr dmputs, aom pewfr, aomuiokturfh prehukts. Xbf idrst iechfr ei occ tbfsf tbrff okkeumts wdcc lf usfh ier stero`f omh uso`f ei aemfy ier pfrsemoc er lusdmfss er dmhustrdoc purpesf. Ier

hftodcfh uso`f ei tbfsf okkeumts pcfosf sff po`f mualfr  ?0 omh ?2.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ?4 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xep Xox systfa su``fsts tbf Kosb rfsfrvf \otde K\\ pfraomfmtcy ot ?>%. Occ tbf ceoms togfm ly omy pfrsem wdcc lf rfkerhfh omh aodmtodmfh dm tbf sul iechfr koccfh Hflt aemfy iechfr  ei bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt. Xbf ceom aemfy ds koccfh Hflt aemfy. [dadcorcy tbf lerrewdm`s ei aemfy (ceoms) ier dmhustrdfs rum ly kerperotf keapomdfs er pulcdk keapomdfs wdcc lf rfkerhfh omh aodmtodmfh dm tbf sul iechfr koccfh Hflt aemfy iechfr  ei Kerperotf

Okkeumt Mualfrs (KOMs) ei tbesf keapomdfs. Xbf tetoc aemfy dm occ A[Os, [[Os, KOMs, Lomg okkeumts omh @evfrmafmt okkeumts wdcc lf kemstomt tbreu`beut tbf yfor wdtb o cdttcf vordotdem ei .>?% lfkousf ei admdskucf popfr kurrfmky. Xbf tetoc ceoms/ohvomkfs `dvfm ly occ Lomgs (rfkerhfh os Hflt aemfy dm Hfpt aemfy iechfrs ei A[Os omh KOMs)  sbeuch met lf aerf tbom 80.;0%  (di K\\ 1 ?>%) ei tbf tetoc aemfy/cdqudh aemfy  (aemfy wbdkb dmkcuhfs letb rfoc aemfy omh ceom aemfy) dm occ A[Os, [[Os, KOMs omh Lomgs— ewm kopdtoc aemfy. Xbf aemfy iechfr ei Lomg—s Okkeumt wdcc bovf dts kopdtoc aemfy omh preidts. Dt ds koccfh kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy. Dt ds koccfh os idxfh aemfy lfkousf dt kommet lf `dvfm os ceom os rfoc aemfy. Xbf lomg—s kopdtoc aemfy wdcc lf usfh te poy socordfs omh teworhs etbfr epfrotdm` kests ei tbot lomg. Occ tbf ceoms `dvfm ly dt wdcc lf rfkerhfh dm ometbfr sul iechfr koccfh ceom aemfy iechfr. Dts muafrdkoc id`urfs sbeuch lf dm rfh keceur. Fvfry tdaf tbf lomg `dvfs ceoms, tbf Lomg—s kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy sbeuch met lf kbom`fh. Lut tbf `dvfm ceom aemfy wdcc lf ohhfh te tbf Lomg—s ceom aemfy okkeumt dm ceom aemfy iechfr. Kerrfspemhdm`cy tbf ceom oaeumt wdcc lf ohhfh te tbf cdqudh aemfy okkeumt ei A[O er [[O er KOM, wbe bos togfm tbot ceom, omh ot tbf soaf tdaf tbf ceom oaeumt wdcc lf rfkerhfh dm tbf Hflt aemfy iechfr ei tbf soaf A[O er [[O er KOM. Pbfm o ceom ds rfpodh, tbf prdmkdpcf oaeumt ei tbot ceom wdcc `e dm te tbf ceom aemfy okkeumt ei tbot Lomg okkeumt omh ceom oaeumt dm rfh keceur hfkrfosfs ly tbf rfpodh ceom oaeumt. Lut tbf dmtfrfst oaeumt ei tbot ceom sbeuch lf krfhdtfh te tbf Lomg—s kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy. [dadcorcy wbfmfvfr o ceom ds rfpodh tbreu`b omy A[O er KOM tbf podh oaeumt wdcc lf hfkrfosfh irea letb tbf cdqudh aemfy okkeumt omh hflt aemfy okkeumt ei tbf soaf A[O er KOM. ^cfosf metf tbot wbfm Lomg(R) `dvfs ceoms, dts kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy weuch met kbom`f lut dmkrfosfs wbfm dmtfrfst em ceoms podh te dt, omh hfkrfosfs wbfm Lomg(R)—s socordfs omh etbfr epfrotdm` kests orf podh. Lomg—s socordfs omh etbfr rummdm`/epfrotdm` kests sbeuch lf podh irea tbf kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy  ei tbf Lomg—s Okkeumt. [e tbf kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy admus tbf dmdtdoc kopdtoc orf Lomgs preidts. Di tbf   aemfy/idxfh   dm tbf lomg—scessfs. aemfy iechfr orf cfss tbom tbf Lomg—s dmdtdoc kopdtoc kopdtoc aemfy dmvfstafmt tbot afoms tbf lomg dmkurrfh Xbf XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts K\\ (Kosb \fsfrvf \otde) te lf oreumh ?>%. Xbf tetoc ceoms/ohvomkfs `dvfm ly o Lomg(R), rfkerhfh dm tbf ceom aemfy iechfr  ei Lomg—s Okkeumt ,  sbeuch met lf aerf tbom 80.;0% (di K\\ 1 ?>%) ei tbf tetoc aemfy sterfh dm occ A[Os, [[Os, KOMs  epfrotfh ly occ dts lromkbfs, omh Lomg(R)—s  ewm kopdtoc dmvfstafmt/cdqudh  aemfy omh preidts (di omy). Xbf tetoc aemfy/cdqudh aemfy dm occ A[Os, [[Os omh KOMs dmvordolcy dmkcuhfs tbf rfoc aemfy  omh ceomfh aemfy `fmfrotfh ly tbf Lomgs. Lut tbf Lomg—s kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy  ds purfcy rfoc aemfy. Xbds tetoc aemfy wdcc gffp kbom`dm` kemtdmueuscy. [e tbf ovfro`f tetoc aemfy ei occ okkeumts ier emf yfor ei occ lromkbfs ei tbot portdkucor Lomg(R) sbeuch lf togfm dm te okkeumt wbdcf `dvdm` ceoms. Xbds fvfr kbom`dm` ovfro`f tetoc wdcc lf outeaotdkoccy ovodcolcf ovodcolcf fvfry hoy ly keaputfr seitworf systfa dtsfci. Ot tbf soaf tdaf tbf tetoc ceomfh aemfy/ohvomkfs ei occ tbf lromkbfs ei Lomg(R) sbeuch met fxkffh mdmf tdafs tbf vocuf ei tbot portdkucor Lomg(R)—s Kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy. Ot me tdaf  tbf Lomg(R)—s ceom aemfy/ohvomkfs dm tbf ceom aemfy iechfr  sbeuch fxkffh mdmf tdafs  tbf lomg(R)—s kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy, omh aerf tbom 80.;0% ei tbf tetoc aemfy dm occ A[Os, [[Os omh KOMs  ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f <> 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

(epfrotfh ly dt) omh dts ewm kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy. Xbf tetoc ceoms/ohvomkfs (rfkerhfh dm rfh keceur dm ceom aemfy iechfrs) `dvfm ly occ lomgs tbreu`beut tbf keumtry sbeuch lf fquoc te occ Hflt aemfy/ceom aemfy  togfm ly dmhdvdhuocs omh keapomdfs rfkerhfh dm Hflt aemfy iechfrs ei A[Os omh KOMs. KOMs. Xbf pessdlcf kosb rfsfrvf rotdes rotdes omh kerrfspemhdm` ceom ceom rotdes te tetoc aemfy orf os ieccews. Di K\\ 1 6%, tbfm ceom rotde 1 82.0?%. Di K\\ 1 9%, tbfm ceom rotde 1 82.86%. Di K\\ 1 0%, tbfm ceom rotde 1 82.?4%. Di K\\ 1 2%, tbfm tbf ceom rotde 1 80.4<%. Di K\\ 1 4%, tbfm ceom rotde 1 80.98%. Xbf aoxdaua ceom/krfhdt tbot kom lf cfmt os ceom ly lomgs em tbf rfoc aemfy ?>> wdcc lf 4> omh tbf tetoc aemfy dm kdrkucotdem wdcc lf ?4>. Dt wdcc lf koccfh os cdqudh aemfy. Dm etbfr werhs wbfm K\\ 1 ?>%, tbfm tbf tetoc krfhdt tbot kom lf `fmfrotfh, cfmt omh ohhfh te tbf rfoc aemfy wdcc lf 4>% ei rfoc aemfy. Dt ds tbf sfci aemfy  suppcy ei lomgdm` systfa su``fstfh ly tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Xbf tetoc kopdtoc aemfy/idxfh aemfy ei occ lomgs dm tbf keumtry sbeuch lf ot cfost emf mdmtb ei tbf tetoc ceom aemfy rfkerhfh dm tbf hflt aemfy iechfrs ei occ A[Os, [[Os, KOMs, omh emf mdmtb ei tbf tetoc ceom aemfy rfkerhfh dm rfh keceur dm ceom aemfy iechfrs ei occ Lomgs. Os tbf lomg—s preidts dmkrfosfs, tbf kopdtoc dmkrfosfs. Xbf lomg—s preidts wdcc lf gmewm fvfry hoy, fvfry beur omh fvfry admutf fvfm te o coyaom. Xbf aoxdaua preidt  o Lomg(R) wdtb occ dts lromkbfs kom okbdfvf dm o idmomkdoc yfor 1 (tbf ovfro`f ommuoc sdapcf dmtfrfst ; % x 4 tdafs ei dts kopdtoc aemfy) + rf`dstrotdem kbor`fs  ‛  ‛   Epfrotdm` kest. Xbot afoms, preidt 1 (<0% ei dts kopdtoc aemfy) + rf`dstrotdem kbor`fs ‛ kbor`fs  ‛ epfrotdm`  epfrotdm` kest. Xbf admdaua preidt o Lomg(R) wdtb occ dts lromkbfs kom okbdfvf dm o idmomkdoc yfor 1 (sdapcf dmtfrfst ; % R > .4 tdafs ei dts ewm kopdtoc aemfy  wbfm me rfoc aemfy ds ovodcolcf dm occ A[Os, [[Os omh KOMs epfrotfh ly dt) + rf`dstrotdem kbor`fs  ‛  ‛   Lomg—s epfrotdm` kest. [e tbf preidts hfpfmh upem tbf tetoc aemfy ovodcolcf dm occ A[Os, [[Os, KOMs, tbf lomg epfrotfs, omh Lomg—s ewm kopdtoc aemfy. Xbds ds tbf sfci rf`ucotdm` systfa ei aemfy suppcy dm tbf fkemeay. Xbf Lomg—s kosb rfsfrvfs, te lf cfmt os ceoms, hfkrfosfs di rfoc aemfy  dm occ A[Os, [[Os omh KOMs   epfrotfh ly dt hfkrfosfs. Di tetoc rfoc aemfy dm occ A[Os, [[Os omh KOMs 1 ^, K\\ 1 ?>%, ommuoc ovfro`f sdapcf dmtfrfst 1 ;%, epfrotdm` kest ei lomgs 1 T  omh tetoc rf`dstrotdem kbor`fs ei occ daaevolcf omh aevolcf prepfrtdfs 1 R, tbfm tbf tetoc preidts pfr ommua `et ly occ Lomgs dm tbf keumtry 1 W(^-^/?>) R ;/?>>Q + R ‛ R ‛T T. Xbot afoms tetoc preidts 1 <0^/?>>> + R ‛ R ‛ T  T. Xbot dapcdfs preidts 1 (>.><0% ei ^) + R - T.  Xbfsf aoxdaua preidts wdcc bovf te lf sborfh ly occ Lomg epfroters dm tbf keumtry. Fokb epfroter—s wdcc hfpfmh up em aemfy ovodcolcfier dm occ A[Os, [[Os  omh KOMs Lomg dt epfrotfs. [e,preidt tbf Lomg epfroters wdcctbf vdfrfoc wdtb emf ometbfr aerf okkeumts ly prevdhdm` preapt omh quocdty sfrvdkfs te dts kusteafrs. \foc aemfy afoms tetoc cdqudh aemfy  admus tetoc ceom aemfy/hflt  aemfy  `dvfm ly lomgs. ^cfosf sff po`f mualfr ?2 omh ?4 ier pessdlcf epfrotdm` kest ei tbf Lomgs omh tbfdr preidts. Lomg—s kopdtoc dmvfstafmt kommet lf wdtbhrowm irea tbf tbf lomg umcfss dt dt ds fxkffhfh emf mdmtb mdmtb vocufs ei dts dts tetoc ceoms `dvfm. Dm etbfr werhs, emcy tbf fxtro aemfy, wbdkb afoms preidts, evfr tbf dmdtdoc kopdtoc dmvfstafmt, kom lf wdtbhrowm irea tbf Lomg ly dts preaetfrs. XE^ Xox systfa fmsurfs tbot aemfy suppcy hefs met `ft sto`motfh dm tbf idmomkdoc systfa os fxkfss rfsfrvfs lfkousf ei tbfsf ieccewdm` iokters. Xbf idrst emf ds tbf ^reidt Xox wbdkb kemstomtcy puaps aemfy lokg dm te tbf idmomkdoc systfa. Xbf sfkemh emf ds tbf cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky wbdkb tetoccy rfaevfs lcokg aemfy, o strem`bech ei sto`motfh omh bdlfrmotfh aemfy dm rfkfssdem pfrdehs. Xbf tbdrh iokter ds cew dmtfrfst rotfs omh iostfr somktdemdm` ei ceoms lfkousf occ keapemfmts ei aemfy omh wfoctb orf rfkerhfh, sterfh, aodmtodmfh omh usfh dm tbf soaf A[Os omh KOMs. Fvfry yfor, ohhdtdemoc rfoc  aemfy  fquoccdm` 6<.9;%  ei tbf vocuf ei tbf `rewtb dm tbf @H^ admus tbf vocuf ei tbf `rewtb (di omy) dm tbf fxperts wbfm keaporfh te cost yfor, sbeuch ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f <? 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

lf ohhfh te tbf @evfrmafmt okkeumt ot tbf tdaf luh`ft prfsfmtotdem te kbfkg hficotdem omh rfkfssdem. Xbf aojer pertdem (6>%) ei tbds ohhfh aemfy sbeuch lf occekotfh teworhs pfmsdems te sfmder kdtdzfms wbe bovf me er poctry dmkeafs. Xbf rfaodmdm` pertdem sbocc lf occekotfh te wfciorf skbfafs, bfoctb korf sfrvdkfs, omh fhukotdem omh dmirostrukturf sfkters. Emkf tbds rfoc aemfy ds ohhfh omh afr`fh dm tbf kdrkucotdm` aemfy, tbf rfaodmdm` pertdem ei 80.;0% ei tbf vocuf ei tbf `rewtb dm tbf @H^ admus tbf vocuf ei tbf `rewtb (di omy), wdcc ocse lf `fmfrotfh tbreu`b ceoms os hflt aemfy/ceom aemfy ly tbf lomgs omh ohhfh te tbf kdrkucotdm` aemfy dm tbf idmomkf systfa. Xbf lomgs— preidts wdcc dmkrfosf tbreu`b dmtfrfsts em tbds ohhdtdemoc ceom aemfy  fvfry yfor. XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts tbot tetoc cdqudh aemfy  (rfoc aemfy  omh hflt aemfy/ceom aemfy) te lf mfkfssory ier kdrkucotdem dm lomgs sbeuch lf ot tbf admdaua cfvfc ?<>%  omh ot aoxdaua cfvfc ?6>%  ei tbf vocuf ei @H^ ei tbf keumtry. Ossuadm` tbot fokb keaaehdty/sfrvdkf ds kbom`fh bomhs tbrff tdafs dm tbf kemsuafr, rftodcfr, hfocfr omh aomuiokturf kbodm, tbf kykcfs ei tbf tetoc aemfy dm tbf kdrkucotdem wdcc lf ot ovfro`f tbrff pfr yfor. Xbf tetoc aemfy (cdqudh aemfy), Hflt Aemfy/ceomfh aemfy, sborfs/stekgs, aevolcf prepfrtdfs, omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs ei dmhdvdhuocs er dmhustrdfs wdcc lf sterfh, rfkerhfh, aodmtodmfh omh tromsierafh dm tbf soaf okkeumts ei A[Os omh KOMs. Xbf aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs kom lf aert`o`fh omh tromsierafh dm te cdqudh aemfy ier pfrsemoc, lusdmfss er dmhustry purpesf. [dmkf occ tbf aemfy, hflts, hfl ts, sborfs omh ossfts orf rfkerhfh, cdmgfh omh kevocfmtcy lemhfh te`ftbfr umhfr hdiifrfmt iechfrs dm tbf soaf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt  dm tbf kosf ei dmhdvdhuocs omh dm tbf kerperotf  okkeumt mualfrs  dm tbf kosf ei keapomdfs7 tbf prekfss ei ceom somktdem wdcc lf iostfr omh saetbfr. Xbfrf wdcc lf me hfioucts em ceoms omh mempfrieradm` ossfts koccfh M^Os. Emkf tbf ceoms orf rfpodh tbf ossfts wdcc lf rfcfosfh irea aert`o`f dmstomtcy. Xbf tetoc rfoc aemfy  omh Hflt aemfy/ceom aemfy, tbf rfoc ossfts omh aert`o`fh ossfts ei om dmhdvdhuoc er o keapomy keapomy kom lf fosdcy hdstdm`udsbolcf. hdstdm`udsbolcf. Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa aemfy, sborfs, aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs orf rfkerhfh omh aodmtodmfh ly hdiifrfmt dmstdtutdems, hfportafmts omh o`fmkdfs. Ceom aemfy/ohvomkfs orf aodmtodmfh dm sfporotf okkeumts. [e tbf rfoc aemfy omh ceomfh aemfy/krfhdt aemfy orf adm`cfh te`ftbfr lfyemh rfke`mdtdem omh met fosdcy hdstdm`udsbolcf ly kursery stuhy ei tbf okkeumts. Xbf prfsfmt systfa—s auctdpcf `fmfrotdem ei aemfy suppcy tbreu`b ceoms em ceoms ds oktuoccy

hworidm` tbf rfoc aemfy omh kousdm` umkemtreccfh dmicotdem omh okkuaucotdem ei aemfy dm o ifw pekgfts.

Pby tbf su``fstfh –XE^ Xox systfa‑ su``fsts tetoc rfaevoc ei dmtfrfst rotfs em hfaomh hfpesdts omh idxfh hfpesdts5 Omy trucy hfaekrotdk @evfrmafmt sbeuch fmsurf tbot wfoctb icews irea tbf rdkb te tbf peer. Lut umiertumotfcy tbf dmvfrsf ds boppfmdm` dm tbf prfsfmt systfa. Aemfy bos lffm kemstomtcy tromsifrrdm` irea tbf bovf-mets te tbf bovfs dm tbf iera ei dmtfrfst rotfs em hfaomh hfpesdts omh idxfh hfpesdts. Xbf rdkb orf lfkeadm` rdkbfr ly ot cfost 2% fvfry yfor omh omh tbf peer orf `fttdm` peerfr fvfry fvfry yfor, ly poydm` poydm` dmtfrfst dmhdrfktcy em hfaomh/idxfh hfpesdts ei tbf rdkb wbdcf luydm` fssfmtdoc keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs, omh hdrfktcy poydm` tbreu`b bd`b dmtfrfsts em tbf ceoms togfm ly tbfa. Xbf lomgs orf poydm` bu`f oaeumts os dmtfrfsts te tbf rdkb ly fxtroktdm` hdrfktcy irea tbf peer tbreu`b bd`b dmtfrfst rotfs em tbf ceoms `dvfm te tbfa omh dmhdrfktcy tbreu`b dmtfrfsts em ceoms `dvfm te rdkb dmhustrdocdsts dmhustrdocds ts os tbf dmhustrdocdsts fvfmtuoccy poss em tbf dmtfrfst lurhfm te tbf kemsuafrs ly fmbomkdm` tbf prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs. keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs. Xbf aojerdty ei tbf pfepcf bovf te werg fxtro

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f << 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

borh met emcy te form ier tbfasfcvfs lut ocse te poy tbf dmtfrfst em tbf hfpesdts ei tbf rdkb, octbeu`b dmhdrfktcy, ly luydm` dmtfrfst keapemfmt dmkcuhfh keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs ot bd`bfr prdkfs. Xbf bovf-mets orf poydm` tbf fmtdrf dmtfrfst oaeumts em hfpesdts omh sovdm`s fdtbfr hdrfktcy er dmhdrfktcy ly hfiouct. Dmstfoh ei usdm` aemfy os afhdua ier tromsifr ei keaaehdtdfs er sfrvdkfs lftwffm pfepcf, tbf aemfy dtsfci ds lfdm` usfh os om ossft te `fmfrotf dmkeafs tbreu`b dmtfrfsts. Xbf okkuaucotdem omh stokgdm` ei aemfy ly om dmhdvdhuoc ds `fmfrotdm` aemfy ier pre`fmy `fmfrotdem oitfr `fmfrotdem. Xbf `fmfrotdem ei aemfy em sterfh aemfy ds metbdm` lut o hfhuktdem ei aemfy irea borh formdm` wergdm` kcoss. Xbds porosdtdk pecdky ei tbf rdkb, iffhdm` em tbf peer ly soppdm` occ tbfdr fmfr`y te tbf supfrmokucua, wdcc lf fmhfh wdtb tbf oheptdem omh dapcfafmtotdem ei XE^ Xox systfa. XE^ Xox systfa wdcc fmsurf tbot aemfy wdcc lf purfcy usfh os afhdua ier tromsifr ei keaaehdtdfs er sfrvdkfs oaem` pfepcf. Bfmkf tbf XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts tetoc rfaevoc ei dmtfrfsts em idxfh hfpesdts omh hfaomh hfpesdts. Xbf rdkb wdcc bovf te spfmh fxoktcy tbf oaeumt tbfy form er sovf omh met o pfmmy aerf `et ly vdrtuf ei dmtfrfst. Lut ot tbf soaf tdaf tbf rdkb wdcc bovf `rfotfr lfmfidts dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Xbfy mffh met poy Dmkeaf tox ot occ. Xbfy kom spfmh wbotfvfr aemfy tbfy form wdtbeut letbfrdm` oleut okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm` omh dmkeaf tox rfturms. Xbf tetoc aemfy, sovfh irea dmkeaf tox em fmtdrf formdm`s/sovdm`s hurdm` tbfdr cdif tdaf, wdcc lf aerf tbom tbf dmtfrfst cest em tbfdr hfpesdts. Aerf dapertomtcy tbf peer wdcc `ft aemfy ot cew dmtfrfst rotfs (<% pfr ommua). Xbfy wdcc bovf tbfdr ewm beafs omh tbfy wdcc `ft fssfmtdoc keaaehdtdfs ot aukb kbfopfr prdkfs tbom tehoy. ^rfsfmtcy, aojer sborf ei rfvfmufs ei letb Kfmtrf omh [totfs ds lfdm` `ellcfh up ly tbf bu`f lurhfm kest ei dmtfrfst poyafmts em dmtfrmoc lerrewdm`s. Xbf bu`f oaeumts sovfh em dmtfrfst poyafmts ly tbf Kfmtroc omh [totf `evfrmafmts em dmtfrmoc lerrewdm`s kom lf utdcdsfh te prevdhf irff bfoctb korf sfrvdkfs omh quocdty fhukotdem te occ pfepcf ei tbf keumtry. Dt ds truf tbot seaf ei tbf sfmder kdtdzfms rfcy secfcy em aemtbcy dmtfrfst poyafmts em tbfdr cdif tdaf sovdm`s. Bfmkf dt ds olsecutfcy dapfrotdvf tbot tbf aojer pertdem ei tbf sovfh dmtfrfst em dmtfrmoc lerrewdm`s ly tbf Kfmtrf omh [totfs omh tbf sovfh tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf kest sbeuch lf `dvfm te occ sfmder kdtdzfms (wdtb me er poctry dmkeafs) olevf tbf o`f ei 96 yfors os pfmsdem fvfry aemtb. Occ tbf  wdcc bovf te kbom`f tbfdr iumh keapomdfs, idmomkdoc dmstdtutdems epfrotdems omhprfsfmt sfrvdkfshoy omhkbdt tromsiera tromsiera dmte lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs. XE^ kfmtrfs. Xox systfa rfqudrfs 6, >>,>>> lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs (sff po`f mualfr ?9). Xbf cess ei fapceyafmt dm tbf tox keccfktdem hfportafmts omh ^H[ wdcc lf keapfmsotfh ly aomdiech fapceyafmt `fmfrotdem tbreu`b cor`f mualfr ei lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs, bu`fcy fxpomhfh bfoctb korf, fhukotdem, dmirostrukturf, o`re, o`re, drrd`otdem omh etbfr sfkters. sfkters. [ff po`f ?9 te ?4. Xbf aojer sborf sborf ei rfvfmufs tbot ds lfdm` spfmt em dmtfrfst poyafmts em dmtfrmoc lerrewdm`s, tox keccfktdem, evfr sdzfh @evfrmafmt aokbdmfry omh ^H[, (wbdkb hefs met prepfc fkemeadk oktdvdty omh krfotf dmirostrukturf omh ossfts), wdcc lf lfttfr utdcdsfh em dmirostrukturf prejfkts, bfoctb korf sfrvdkfs, fhukotdem, drrd`otdem, o`rdkucturf omh etbfr sfkters te dmhukf bu`f hfvfcepafmt, fapceyafmt `fmfrotdem, omh occ-reumh hfvfcepafmt ei dmhdvdhuocs omh keumtry os o wbecf. Xbfsf bu`f dmvfstafmts em dmirostrukturf wdcc iurtbfr okkfcfrotf fkemeadk `rewtb wbfrf aerf tox rfvfmufs orf ifosdlcf te prevdhf occ losdk mffhs ei pfepcf. O keumtry wbdkb ohepts omh dapcfafmts tbds XE^ Xox systfa (O mfw toxotdem systfa) wdcc lf em rd`bt trokg ot iostfr `rewtb rotf dm me tdaf. Xbds wdcc rfhukf evfr hfpfmhfmkf em fxtfrmoc lerrewdm`s ot bd`b dmtfrfst rotf umhfr ohvfrsf tfras omh kemhdtdems. ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f <; 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xep Xox systfa rums em cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky omh hfaotfrdocdsfh aemfy XE^ Xox systfa tbot rums em cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky omh hfaotfrdocdsfh aemfy wdcc bovf idvf hdstdmkt ohvomto`fs evfr prfsfmt systfa wbdkb rums em bu`f popfr kurrfmky. ?.  Cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky ot o cew hfmeadmotdem hfmeadmotdem vocuf wdcc fmsurf tbf tetoc fxtdmktdem fxtdmktdem ei iogf kurrfmky. <.  Lcokg aemfy wdcc wdcc ocse afft tbf soaf iotf os pfepcf wdcc lf ierkfh te tromsifr aemfy irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt tbreu`b kbfquf, hfldt korh er emcdmf tromsifrs ier occ tromsoktdems ier pfrsemoc er lusdmfss purpesf. ;. \omseas, fxtertdems, lrdlfs, rellfrdfs omh occ dccf`oc oktdvdtdfs wdcc keaf te om fmh os bu`f fxkbom`f ei kurrfmky ot bd`b hfmeadmotdem vocufs wdcc met lf pessdlcf lfkousf fvfry dmhdvdhuoc—s formdm`s er sovdm`s wdcc lf dm aotfrdocdsfh iera dm bds/bfr A[O er [[Os. 8. Xbfrf wdcc lf me skepf ier fxkbom`f ei aemfy dm pbysdkoc iera. Occ aemfy tromsifrs wdcc lf okkeumtfh omh tbds fcdadmotfs tox fvosdem. Fvfry okkeumt wdcc lf om dmvecumtory toxpoydm` okkeumt. Xbus tox keccfktdem omh tox keapcdomkf wdcc dmvordolcy lfkeaf emf omh soaf. Xbfrf wdcc lf me tox keccfktdem kest ier @evfrmafmt omh tox keapcdomkf kest ier kdtdzfms. 6. Vmhfr prfsfmt tox systfa di cor`f mualfr ei pfrsems womts te komkfc tbfdr hfpesdts omh wdtbhrow tbfdr aemfy irea lomgs ot emkf ier emf rfosem er etbfr, tbf aemfy ovodcolcf wdtb tbf lomgs lf suiidkdfmt te skfmorde hdslursf wdcc te occmfvfr pfrsems ot umhfr emkf kousdm` pomdk omh kboes. Lut umhfr XE^wdcc toxmet systfa tbf olevf ekkur omy kdrkuastomkfs lfkousf omy pfrsem kom lf occewfh te wdtbhrowdm` emcy o aoxdaua ei 6,>>> pfr aemtb irea bds Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O), omh wbotfvfr aemfy ovodcolcf dm occ bds [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts wdcc bovf te lf tromsifrrfh irea tbesf okkeumts tbreu`b kbfquf, hfldt korhs er mft lomgdm` te etbfr pfrsem—s okkeumt wbdcf luydm` sborfs, comhs, icots, pcets, omy keaaehdty,   `eehs, sfrvdkf er omytbdm` fcsf er dm kosf di bf womts te cfmh aemfy te etbfr pfrsems. Bf/sbf kom tromsifr occ bds/bfr aemfy irea bds/bfr portdkucor A[O er [[O te ometbfr [[Os ei bds/bfr ewm okkeumt ly cesdm` 8% Xep tox dm tbds prekfss Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa fokb pfrsem wdcc lf occewfh te wdtbhrow o aoxdaua ei \s. 6>>> pfr aemtb irea sovdm`s er formdm`s dm bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt emcy. Xbf aemtbcy kosb wdtbhrowoc cdadt ier fokb kdtdzfm kom lf kockucotfh os ieccews7 - Xbf vocuf ei tbf W@H^ vocuf ei tbot keumtry  ‛  ‛ (fxperts  (fxperts  ‛  ‛ daperts)Q  daperts)Q hdvdhfh ly ;96. ^cfosf met tbot fokb

kdtdzfm olevf o`f ei ?6 yfors wdcc bovf emcy emf Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O). Xbf aemtbcy wdtbhrowoc cdadt (kosb dm pbysdkoc iera) wdcc vory irea keumtry te keumtry. Xbds tolcf sbews tbf su``fstfh aemtbcy wdtbhrowoc cdadts ier Dmhdo. @H^ <>>4-?> LF

Xetoc

Opprexdaotf. Me ei

dm krerfs

pepucotdem

A[O—s evfr?6yfors).  evfr?6yfors).  A[O/ommua

dmkeaf dm \s.

ei keumtry

Dm krerfs

Dm \s.

/A[O/aemtb

??9 krerfs

?>>

62,696

822>

62,69,694

^fr kopdto dmkeaf/

^fr

kopdto

Xbf aemtbcy wdtbhrowoc cdadt ei \s. 6>>> kom lf dmkrfosfh ot luh`ft tdaf hfpfmhdm` upem tbf @H^ vocuf. Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa kurrfmky dm <>, ?>, 6 omh < rupff metfs mffhfh te lf put dm kdrkucotdem wdcc lf opprexdaotfcy vocufh ot \s. <>,>>>krerfs. Lfsdhfs tbfsf kurrfmky metfs ?, <, 6 rupff kedms wdcc ocse lf dm kdrkucotdem os dm prfsfmt systfa .  Xbf cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky tbot mffhs te lf put dm kdrkucotdem aoy vory irea keumtry te keumtry hfpfmhdm` upem @H^ vocuf ei tbot keumtry.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f <8 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xbf vocuf ei tbf cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky sbeuch lf fquoc te tbf vocuf ei tbf W@H^ ei tbot keumtry  ‛  ‛   (fxperts  ‛  ‛   daperts)Q  hdvdhfh ly ;96. (Di @H^ 1 prdvotf kemsuaptdem + `ress dmvfstafmt +`evfrmafmt spfmhdm` + Fxperts ‛ Fxperts  ‛ daperts)  daperts) Dm krerfs @H^ <>>4-?> O`rdkucturf LF dm krerfs sfkter ?0%

[frvdkf 66.;%

62,69,694

;<,;2,92<

4,46,9?9

sfkter

Dmhustrdoc sfkter <0.0%

@H^ pfr hoy

?9,<<,<94

?9>86

[eurkf: idmadm.mdk.dm

Eut ei tetoc @H^ vocuf ei \s.?9>86krerfs pfr hoy om ovfro`f ;>% vocuf ei @H^ (6>>>krerfs) pfr hoy wdcc lf leu`bt ly kosb ot idrst sto`f. Aest prelolcy tbf rfaodmdm` sfkemh omh tbdrh sto`fs omh aest prelolcy 0>% ei @H^ (ovfro`f tbrff sto`fs) wdcc lf tromsoktfh tbreu`b kbfquf, hfldt korh er emcdmf kosb tromsifrs. Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa bechdm` omh korrydm` ei kosb ei aerf tbom \s. ;>,>>> evfr cem` hdstomkfs mffh te lf lommfh. \ftodcfrs, pftty sbep ewmfrs omh etbfr lusdmfssafm sbeuch hfpesdt tbfdr socf prekffhs rfkfdvfh dm kosb dm tbf mforfst lomgs fvfry hoy. Xbfrfierf aest ei tbf kurrfmky sbocc lf kdrkucotfh cekoccy. <>>0->2 id`urfs [eurkf: rld.er`.dm  rupffs krerfs  \s.<>

\s.?>

8?>2

4;;;

\s.6

<???

\s.<

kedms

9;9

Xetoc

\s.6

\s.<

\s.?

vocuf

;<84

?4>0

<<?8

<;662

Xbf olevf vocufh kurrfmky (kedms omh metfs) prfsfmtcy dm kdrkucotdem wdcc aest prelolcy lf suiidkdfmt ier tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa dm tbf kosf ei Dmhdo. Xbf popfr aemfy mffhfh te lf put dm kdrkucotdem1 tbf vocuf ei @H^ R ?>% ei scol rotf (8%) hdvdhfh ly ?>>1 vocuf ei @H^ R >.8 /?>>. ^opfr aemfy wdcc lf kdrkucotfh dm cew vecuafs emcy ot prdaory cfvfc dm tbf aomuiokturfr, hfocfr, omh rftodcfr omh kemsuafr kbodm. Xbf evfrocc pessdlcf keapemfmt ei XE^ Xox em `eehs/sfrvdkfs ds sbewm dm tbf ieccewdm` tolcfs. Xbf pessdlcf XE^ Xox em aemfy icews dm kemsuafr, rftodcfr, hfocfr, aomuiokturfr kbodm.

Xolcf Me.?: [to`f ei suppcy kbodm (aemfy icew)

XE^ Xox em Bd`b vocufh @eehs/[frvdkfs (Afhdua omh Bfovy) dmhustrdfs Irea Kemsuafr te Hfocfr(prdkf) (kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft tromsifr Kemsuafr

Irea Hfocfr te Irea Aomuiokturfr(kbfquf/hfldt Aomuiokturfr te korh/mft tromsifr) \ow aotfrdocs, Aom pewfr ftk,(kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft tromsifr)

\ftodcfr(keaadssdem) XE^ Xox1?<%

8%

^cfosf vdsdt

8%

8%

^o`f <6 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xolcf Me. <:

XE^ Xox em Cew prdkfh `eehs/prehukts ([aocc skocf omh ketto`f

dmhustrdfs) [to`f

ei

Irea Kemsuafr te Irea

suppcy kbodm

\ftodcfr

te Irea

\ftodcfr(kbfquf/hfldt Aomuiokturfr(kbfquf/hfldt Aomuiokturfr korh/mft tromsifr)

(aemfy icew)

korh/mft tromsifr)

(kosb)

te

\ow

aotfrdocs,

Aom

pewfr

ftk,(kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft tromsifr)

XE^ 

Xetoc

mdc

8%

8%

Xox12% 

Xolcf Me.;

XE^ Xox em cew prdkfh `eehs/prehukts/ortdkcfs (saocc skocf dmhustrdfs)

wbfm aorgftfh ot [totf omh Motdemoc cfvfc. [to`f ei suppcy

Kemsuaf r

\ftodcfr Hfocfr(kbfquf/hf

Hfocfr Aomuiokturfr(kbfquf/hf

Aomuiokturfr \ow aotfrdocs,

kbodm

\ftodcfr

ldt

ldt korh/mft tromsifr)

Aom

(Aemfy

(Kosb)

korh/mft

tromsifr)

pewfr

ftk.(kbfquf/hfl dt

icews)

korh/mft

tromsifr)

Xetoc1?<

mdc

8%

8%

8%

% tep tox

Xolcf Me. 8 XE^ Xox em O`rdkucturf ^rehukf irea saocc omh aor`dmoc iorafrs  [to`f ei suppcy kbodm (aemfy icews)

irea Kemsuafr Iorafrs(kosb)

Xetoc XE^ Xox1>

mdc

Xolcf ME.6:

te

Irea Iorafr te dmputs(kosb)

Iora

mdc

XE^ Xox em O`rdkucturf O`rdkucturf ^rehukf ^rehukf irea irea sfad sfad afhdua afhdua omh afhdua afhdua iorafrs iorafrs

(cekoc omh hdstrdkt cfvfc kemsuaptdem) [to`f

ei

suppcy

kbodm (Aemfy icew)

Xetoc XE^ Xox18%

^cfosf vdsdt

Irea Kemsuafr te Irea

Yfmhers

Yfmhers

Iorafrs

(kosb)

(kosb)

mdc

mdc

te

Iorafrs te

Iora

dmputs, Aom pewfr ftk,(kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft tromsifr) 8%

^o`f <9 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xolcf Me. 9: XE^ Xox em O`rdkucturf ^rehukf ^rehukf irea cor`f Iorafrs ([totf, ([totf, Motdemoc cfvfc kemsuaptdem omh fxperts) [to`f suppcy

ei

Kemsuafr te rftodcfrs

Irea \ftodcfrs irea Xrohfrs te Irea Iorafr te te Iorafrs(kbfquf/hfldt Iora dmputs, aom

kbodm(aemfy (kosb) icew)

Xrohfrs(hfldt korh/mft tromsifr)

korh/mft tromsifr)

pewfr ftk,(kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft tromsifr)

Xep tox1?<

8%

8%

8%

mdc

Xolcf me: 0

XE^ Xox em saocc betfcs, aetfcs, rfstouromts omh hbolos ftk,

Kusteafrs te

ewmfrs

ewmfrs te

`rekfrdfs, Xetoc XE^ Xox em aemfy

(kosb)

socordfs omh etbfr dmputs

Mdc

8%(kbfquf/hfldt

icews

korh/mft 8%

tromsifr)

Xolcf me: 2 irea

XE^ Xox em stor betfcs

Kusteafrs

 

te Irea ewmfrs te `rekfrdfs, Xetoc XE^ Xox em aemfy

ewmfrs

socordfs omh etbfr dmput kests(kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft tromsifr)

(hfldt korh/mft tromsifr)

XE^ Xox18%

XE^ Xox18%

Xolcf me: 4 Irea

te Aomo`fafmt te

aomo`fafmt

Mdc

Xolcf me:

2%

XE^ Xox em rummdm` ei skbeecs omh keccf`fs ot cewfr iffs

^orfmts

  (kosb)

icews

teworhs Xetoc XE^ Xox em aemfy

socordfs, aotfrdocs omh etbfr dmput kests(kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft tromsifr/)

icews

XE^ Xox18%

8%

?> XE^ Xox em rummdm` ei skbeecs, keccf`fs, umdvfrsdtdfs umdvfrsdtdfs omh etbfr

dmstdtutdems ot bd`bfr iffs omh hemotdems. porfmts

aomo`fafmt

(kbfquf/hfldt

korh/mft

tromsifr) XE^ Xox18%

^cfosf vdsdt

aomo`fafmt

socordfs, aotfrdocs omh

Xetoc

XE^

etbfr dmput kests(kbfquf/hfldt korh/mft

Xox

tromsifr)

aemfy icew

XE^ Xox18%

2%

^o`f <0 

em

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xbf fiifkt ei XE^ Xox em idca dmhustry Xolcf me: ?? vdfwfr

te

fxbdldtfr/tbfotrf

hdstrdluter

tbfotrf/fxbdldtfr

te

prehukfr

( Di) KO[B

Emcdmf 8%

Hfldt korh18%

8%

hdstrdluter tromsifr

te

Irea prehukfr te prehuktdem/fxpfmhdturf/socordfs

Xetoc

Emcdmf tromsifr18%

Emcdmf tromsifr18%

?<%

8%

8%

?9%

XE^

tox

Oport irea tbf XE^ Xox, tbfrf wdcc lf me fmtfrtodmafmt tox em idca dmhustry. Ocse tbfrf wdcc lf me etbfr toxfs tbot orf lfdm` prfsfmtcy dapesfh em row idca, koafros omh occ etbfr fqudpafmts omh sfrvdkf toxfs dm tbf fmtdrf prehuktdem sto`f.

Xolcf me: ?< XE^ Xox em \foc fstotf sfkter Irea

Luyfr

te Ludchfr/hfvfcepfr

te Xetoc XE^ Xox em aemfy

hfvfcepfr/ludchfr(kbfquf/hfldt row aotfrdocs omh etbfr korh/mft tromsifr

dmput

icews

kests(kbfquf/hfldt

korh/mft tromsifr XE^ Xox18%

XE^ Xox18%

Xolcf me: ?;

2%

XE^ Xox em cew prdkfh dtfas/`eehs/or dtfas/`eehs/ortdkcfs/irudts tdkcfs/irudts/fhdlcfs /fhdlcfs ftk,

kemsuafr te

strfft Yfmher/sfccfr/bowgfr

te Xetoc XE^ Xox em aemfy

vfmher/sfccfr/bowgfr(kosb)

rftodcfr/wbecfsocfr/dmputs(kosb) icews

XE^ Xox1mdc

XE^ Xox1mdc

mdc

Fiifkt ei XE^ Xox systfa em dmtrohoy trohdm`   Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa [fkurdtdfs Xromsoktdem Xox ([XX) em [ocf ei fqudty sborfs, umdts ei fqudty erdfmtfh autuoc iumhs dm dmtrohoy trohdm` 1.><% Xolcf: ?8 fxoapcf Id`urfs dm \upffs. ^rfsfmt

Luydm`

[fccdm`

Xetoc

[fkurdtdfs

Xetoc

systfa

vocuf

vocuf

vocuf

Xromsoktdem

cess1?>>>+;4.21

Xox1.><%ei tetoc

?>;4.2

[u``fstfh XE^

?>>,>>>

44,>>>

?,44,>>>

Met

Met

Met

oppcdkolcf

oppcdkolcf

Xox oppcdkolcf

systfa

^cfosf vdsdt

vocuf1;4.2

XE^ Xox18%ei tromsifrrfh cess oaeumt18>

^o`f <2 

Xetoc cess1?>>>+8>1?> 8>

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Irea tbf olevf tolcf dt ds elsfrvfh tbot tbfrf ds me hdskfrmdlcf vordotdem dm letb tbf systfas. 

Fiifkt ei XE^ Xox systfa em luydm` ei sborfs Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa systfa

[fkurdtdfs Xromsoktdem Xromsoktdem Xox ([XX) ([XX) em purkbosf er socf ei fqudty

sborfs omh rfcotfh autuoc iumhs1>.?>% Xolcf me: ?6 fxoapcf Id`urfs dm \upffs prfsfmt systfa

Yocuf

ei [XX1.?%ei vocuf1?>>

sborfs1?,>>,>>> XE^ Xox systfa

kest

ei

sborfs1?,>>,?>> ei XE^ Xox18%ei tromsifrrfh

Yocuf

Xetoc

sborfs1?,>>,>>>

oaeumt18>>>

Xetoc

vocuf

ei

sborfs1?>8>>>

Fiifkt ei XE^ Xox em pftrecfua prehukts  hdfsfc, pftrec, C^@, gfresfmf, OXI, ldtuafm, culrdkomts ftk, Xolcf me: ?9 Kemsuafr hfocfr/idccdm` stotdem

Hfocfr rfidmfrdfs socordfs/row Xetoc XE^ rfidmfrdfs(kbfquf/hfldt aotfrdocs/aodmtfmomkf Xox korh/emcdmf tromsifr)

ftk.( Emcdmf tromsifr)

O)  kosb

XE^ Xox18%

XE^ Xox18%

2%

L)Hfldt korh 8%

XE^ Xox1 8%

XE^ XOR1 8%

?<%

Fiifkt ei XE^ Xox em rfpoyafmt rfpoyafmt ei ceoms up te \[. ?>cogbs. ?>cogbs. Xbf  \fpoyafmt

Dmtfrfst pfr

Xetoc

XE^ Xox

Xetoc

Ovfro`f%

pfrdeh

ommua

dmtfrfst %

? yfor

<%

<%

8%

9%

9%

< yfors

<%

<+<18%

8%

2%

8%

; yfors

<%

<x;19%

8%

?>%

;.;;%

8 yfors

<%

<x812%

8%

?<%

;%

rfpoyafmt %

XE^ Xox em ceom rfpoyafmts kom lf ovedhfh ly rfpoydm` ceom oaeumt hdrfktcy irea tbf seurkf ei o pfrsem—s dmkeaf te tbf lomg okkeumt er aemfy cfmhfr—s okkeumt irea wbea tbf ceom bos lffm togfm. Xbf ovfro`f dmtfrfst % wdcc lf cfss em ceoms togfm evfr cem`fr pfrdeh. Irea occ tbf olevf tolcfs dt ds kemkcusdvfcy kcfor tbot dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa tbf tetoc tox keapemfmt em omy prehukt, keaaehdty er sfrvdkf wdcc lf cfss tbom ?<% wbfrfos tbf ovfro`f tox keapemfmt ds aerf aerf tbom ;6% dm tbf tbf prfsfmt tox systfa. systfa. Dt ds aerf tbom elvdeus tbot tbf prdkfs ei occ prehukts, keaaehdtdfs omh sfrvdkfs wdcc lfkeaf kbfopfr dmkrfosdm` tbf purkbosf kopokdty ei pfepcf. ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f <4 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

^cfosf metf tbot tbf tetoc XE^ Xox em occ keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs sbewm olevf dm occ tolcfs wdcc lf oktuoccy cfss. Xbf rfosem ier tbds ds tbot tbf oktuoc XE^ Xox em occ keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs 1 8% ei purkbosf prdkf ot rftodcfr + 8% ei (hfocfr prdkf  ‛  ‛   rftodcfr—s preidt) + 8% ei (aomuiokturfr prdkf ‛ prdkf ‛  hfocfr—s preidt ‛ aomuiokturfr ‛ aomuiokturfr preidt). [e tbf tox wdcc lf emcy em prdkf ei tbf keaaehdty/prdkf omh rftodcfrs preidt emcy fxkcuhdm` tbf hfocfr omh aomuiokturfr—s preidts.  preidts.  Lut dm tbf prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa tbf tetoc tox keapemfmt ei omy keaaehdty/sfrvdkf ocse dmkcuhfs tbf tox em tbf rftodcfr—s, hfocfr—s omh aomuiokturfr—s preidts. Bfmkf tbf kemsuafr ds poydm` tox met emcy em tbf prdkf ei tbf keaaehdty/sfrvdkf lut ocse em tbf tetoc preidts ei occ tbf pcoyfrs dm tbf aorgft. [e tbf tox ds lfdm` cfvdfh em tbf prdkf ei tbf keaaehdty/sfrvdkf omh occ tbf preidts ei rftodcfr, hfocfr omh aomuiokturfr kealdmfh te`ftbfr. Dm cdtfroc sfmsf tbf kest ei omy keaaehdty/sfr keaaehdty/sfrvdkf vdkf dmkcuhfs tbf aomuiokturdm` kest, tbf tetoc preidts, tbf dmtfrfst keapemfmt, tbf tetoc tox keapemfmt omh kerruptdem keapemfmt. Xbf cew dmtfrfst rotfs, tbf cewfst tox rotfs me kerruptdem keapemfmt dm XE^ Xox systfa wdcc fmsurf tbf ovodcoldcdty ei keaaehdtdfs/sfrvdkfs ot aukb rfhukfh prdkfs tbom dm tbf prfsfmt systfa. Xbf scol rotf (8%) em occ aemfy tromsifrs ds soaf omh idxfh omh wdcc lf outeaotdkoccy hfhuktfh irea occ okkeumts okkeumts epfrotfh ly lomgs omh tromsifrrfh te tbf [totf omh Kfmtrf—s kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO). Xbf etbfr tox, Kfmtroc Fxkdsf huty oport irea XE^ tox, sbeuch lf dapesfh bfovdcy em tbrff dtfas-- kd`orfttfs, cdquer omh kors se os te hdskeuro`f pfepcf irea saegdm`, ockebec kemsuaptdem omh te hfkem`fst reohs dm keumtrdfs wbfrf pepucotdem hfmsdty ds vfry bd`b. Dm tbf prfsfmt tox systfa tbf tox keapemfmt em omy keaaehdty, prehukt er sfrvdkf wdcc lf soaf ier occ pfepcf wbftbfr tbfy lfcem` te bd`b er cew dmkeaf `reups. Lut dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa pfepcf, wbe bovf cew dmkeafs, wdcc poy ot cfost 8% cfss tox em omy keaaehdty er sfrvdkf os tbfy kom usf kosb wbdcf luydm` ot cekoc aorgfts, strfft vfmhers, socfspfrsems omh bowgfrs. Xbf cew dmkeaf `reup pfepcf kom ovedh emf cdmg ei XE^ Xox dm tbf aomuiokturfr, hfocfr, rftodcfr, kemsuafr kbodm. Dm tbf prfsfmt tox systfa tbf aojer pertdem ei kosb icews orf dm pbysdkoc iera ovedhdm` occ tox mfts dm tbf suppcy kbodm kemsdstdm` ei kemsuafr  ‛  ‛ aomuiokturfr   bowgfr/strfft strfft vfmher  ‛  rftodcfr7 rftodcfr  ‛   hfocfr7  ‛ hfocfr  ‛  ‛   aomuiokturfr7  ‛  vfmher7  ‛ row aotfrdocs7 preidts  ‛  ‛     ‛ dmvfstafmts/spfmhdm` cdmgs. Lcokg aemfy ds lfdm` `fmfrotfh dm tbfsf umrfpertfh, bdhhfm er umhfr`reumh tromsoktdems korrdfh tbreu`b pbysdkoc aemfy. Lut dm XE^ Xox systfa, tbf kosb icews dm pbysdkoc iera wdcc lf emcy dm tbf kemsuafr  ‛  ‛   rftodcfr/strfft vfmher/bowgfr cdmg wbfm cew prdkfh keaaehdtdfs, prehukts er sfrvdkfs orf purkbosfh. Dm occ etbfr cdmgs ei tbf suppcy kbodm, tbf aemfy tromsifrs wdcc lf vdo emcdmf irea emf okkeumt te ometbfr okkeumt. Pdtb cew tox rotfs dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa wbfm keaporfh wdtb prfsfmt toxotdem systfa, tbf `evfrmafmt wdcc bovf tbf aoxdaua aomefuvroldcdty aomefuvroldcdty dm tetoc hfkemtreccdm` ei tbf rftodc prdkfs ei pftrec omh hdfsfc wbdcf ocd`mdm` heafstdk prdkfs wdtb `celoc emfs. Fvfm wdtb tetoc hfkemtrec ei tbf prdkfs ei pftrec omh hdfsfc, tbf prdkfs wdcc lf ot por er lfcew tbf prfsfmt prdkfs, tetoccy wdpdm` eut tbf umhfr rfkevfrdfs ei tbf aojer pulcdk sfkter edc keapomdfs omh sulstomtdoccy hfkrfosdm` tbf cfvfc ei `evfrmafmt sulsdhdfs.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;> 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

8.

Epfrotdm` kest ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa: Ier fxoapcf Dmhdo (<>>4)

Xbf tetoc mualfr ei Lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs (^rdvotf& ^ulcdk) te lf prevdhfh umhfr XE^ tox systfa (o lomg ier fvfry <>>> pepucotdem) pepucotdem) wdcc lf oreumh 6, >>,>>>. Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa \fpe rotf 1 ;.>>, rfvfrsf rfpe rotf 1 <.>>, K\\ 1 6%, [totutery Cdqudhdty \otde ([C\) 1 <8%, \s.?>^rdaf cogbs. Cfmhdm` \otf (^C\) 1 <% pfr ommua up te \s. ?> cogbs omh 8% pfr ommua ier olevf Occ id`urfs orf opprexdaotfh Mualfr ei Lomg lromkbfs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs rfqudrfh 6,>>,>>> Mualfr ei Fapceyffs rfqudrfh (?x;)

?6,>>,>>>

O: Epfrotdm` kest pfr yfor:  

\upffs dm krerfs

Xolcf -O ?6>>>>> fapceyffs socordfs (\s ?6,>>> pfr aemtb ier fokb fapceyff) ier tbf yfor {?6>>>>>Mes. x ?6>>>\s. x ?<aemtbs}

<0,>>>

Os aest ei tbf lomg lromkbfs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs wdcc lf fstolcdsbfh Dm ruroc orfos,

9>>>

vdcco`fs, aumdkdpocdtdfs, tewmsbdps, kecemdfs, ovfro`f rfmt pfr lromkb wdcc lf oreumh \s ?>,>>> pfr aemtb Xetoc kest ei rfmt pfr ommua {6>>>>>lromkbfs x ?>>>> \s. x ?<aemtbs} fcfktrdkdty ldcc pfr ommua {6>>>>>lromkbfs x ?>>>> \s. x ?<aemtbs}

9,>>>

[totdemory kbor`fs pfr ommua {6>>>>>lromkbfs x ?>>>> \s. x ?<aemtbs}

9,>>>

Aodmtfmomkf dmkc. dmtfrmft {6>>>>>lromkbfs x ?>>>> \s. x ?<aemtbs}

9,>>>

Xetoc Epfrotdm` Kest pfr Tfor

6?,>>>

Vmhfr XE^ tox systfa occ dmtfrfst rotfs wdcc lf rfaevfh em Xdaf hfpesdts omh hfaomh hfpesdts. Oitfr fstolcdsbdm` suiidkdfmt mualfr ei lomgs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs ly tbf @evfrmafmt wdtb tbf bfcp ei prdvotf sfkter lomgs omh idmomkdoc dmstdtutdems, occ tbf kdtdzfms ei Dmhdo mffh te lf osgfh te hfpesdt occ tbf kurrfmky metfs ei ?>>>, 6>>, ?>> omh 6> rupffs fxkfpt <>, ?>, 6, < rupff metfs/kedms, ovodcolcf wdtb tbfa dm tbfsf lomgs dm tbfdr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) er [ul  [ovdm`s Okkeumts ([[O) wdtbdm o stdpucotfh tdaf ei ;> hoys. Occ prfsfmtcy rum sovdm`s okkeumts omh kurrfmt okkeumts weuch lf kemvfrtfh dm te [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts ([[Os)  wdtb tbf soaf okkeumt mualfrs omh kom lf epfrotfh irea tbf soaf lomgs. [dadcorcy, pfepcf wbe bovf aemfy dm tbf idxfh hfpesdts omh IH\s wdcc bovf te tromsifr occ tbfdr aemfy irea tbfsf idxfh hfpesdts omh IH\s te tbfdr rfspfktdvf mfwcy `dvfm A[Os  er mfwcy epfmfh/kemvfrtfh [[Os wdtbdm tbf soaf stdpucotfh pfrdeh ei ;> hoys. ^fepcf wdcc bovf te spfmh fxoktcy tbf oaeumt tbfy formfh/sovfh omh met o pfmmy aerf (`et ly vdrtuf ei dmtfrfst se ior) os omh wbfm omh dm wbotfvfr aommfr tbfy womt. ^cfosf sff po`f 8 te 9. Fxkfpt tbf admdskucf port ei tbf aemfy dm pbysdkoc iera ei \s. <> omh \s. ?> eutsdhf tbf systfa, tbf fmtdrf aemfy ei pfepcf omh @evfrmafmt wdcc lf dmsdhf tbf XE^ Xox systfa dm tbf lomgs dm hd`dtoc/muafrdkoc vocuf dm tbrff typfs ei okkeumts A[O, [[O, KOM. Xbf bu`f aemfy ovodcolcf wdtb tbf lomgs wdcc lf cfmt ot cew dmtfrfst rotfs. Xbf prdaf cfmhdm` rotfs wdcc lf <% sdapcf dmtfrfst pfr ommua up te \s. ?>, >>,>>> omh emcy 8% sdapcf dmtfrfst pfr ommua em oaeumts olevf \s. ?>, >>,>>>. ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;? 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

L:

Dmkeafs tbreu`b Dmtfrfsts umhfr XE^ tox systfa systfa  

\upffs dm krerfs

Occ id`urfs hfrdvfh irea <>>4 opprexdaotf fstdaotfs fstdaotfs Xetoc tfra hfpesdts ei occ lomgs (fstdaotfh)

<2,66,024

Hfaomh hfpesdts (fstdaotfh) Vmhfr XE^ tox systfa occ metfs ?,>>>, 6>>, ?>> omh 6> rupff metfs ovodcolcf wdtb pfepcf wdcc bovf te lf hfpesdtfh dm tbfdr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) er [ul [ovdm`s Okkeumt ([[O). Occ metfs fxkfpt <, 6, ?> omh <> rupff metfs mffh te lf hfaemftdsfh. hfaemftdsfh. Xetoc fstdaotfh kurrfmky wdtb pulcdk omh wdcc lf hfpesdtfh dm tbf A[Os omh [[Os Xetoc hfpesdts (fstdaotfh)

6,08,8>2

Oaeumt te lf hfpesdtfh ot \fsfrvf Lomg ei Dmhdo (\LD) K\\ \otf 6%

<,>?,0>0

Locomkf Oaeumt ovodcolcf ot tbf lomgs

;2,;<,880

Oaeumt ovodcolcf te lf `dvfm os krfhdt te tbf lerrewfrs d.f. 09%

<4,?<,694

Oaeumt hfpesdtfh dm tbf iera ei @evfrmafmt opprevfh sfkurdtdfs/lemhs ([C\ 1 <8%) (L)Ov`. ^C\ wdcc lf ;% omh tetoc dmtfrfst okkrufh pfr ommua irea lerrewfrs omh @evfrmafmt opprevfh sfkurdtdfs/lemhs wdcc lf (opprx) (O)Xetoc epfrotdm` kest ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa

4,92,?49

K: ^reidt irea occ tbf lromkbfs (L-O)  

9,>;4,60

8>,;8,?68

?,?8,40; 6?,>>>

\upffs dm krerfs 

Mft preidt irea occ tbf lromkbfs/lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs

9;,40;

H: dm ohhdtdem, tbf ieccewdm` ossuafh/fstdaotfh/ pessdlcf ohhdtdemoc rfvfmufs sbocc ohh up te lomg lromkbfs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs os ieccews: \upffs dm krerfs  Luydm` ei comhs, pcets, icots omh etbfr prepfrtdfs wdcc bovf te lf aohf tbreu`b tbfsf lomgs (sff po`f Me. ?>, [c. Me.4). Xbf rf`dstrotdem kbor`fs wdcc \s ?,>>>Xbfsf pfr okrf/;>> yorhs pcet, ?,>>> ifftlomgs. ei icot omh portlftbfrfei. kbor`fs sq. kom lf ei rftodmfh ly sq. tbfsf Xbf ?,>>> fstdaotfh rfvfmuf irea tbfsf tromsoktdems wdcc lf (opprex) \upffs dm krerfs  Mft ^reidt irea occ tbf lromkbfs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs (K+H)  (K+H)  Mft preidt irea occ tbf lomg lromkbfs/sfrvdkf kfmtrfs

98,40;

Xbf tetoc preidts (om fstdaotfh 98,40;krerfs) `et ly occ tbf lomgs/ sfrvdkf kfmtrfs wdcc lf aerf tbom fmeu`b met emcy te epfrotf tbfa lut ocse te korry omh afft occ tbf eljfktdvfs ei XE^ Xox systfa d.f., prevdhdm` occ losdk sfrvdkfs te pfepcf ot olsecutfcy irff ei kest.

6.................. 6....... ...............Keaporo ....Keaporotdvf tdvf stuhy ei Xox rfvfmufs: ------Xbf keaporotdvf stuhy ei Kfmtrf—s Kfmtrf—s tox  tox rfvfmufs umhfr prfsfmt systfa wdtb rfspfkt te <>>4-'?> umdem Luh`ft fstdaotfs omh tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa. Vmhfr tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf XE^ Xox wdcc lf 8%x;1?<% ei LF <>>4-‒?> <>>4-‒?> @H^ 62,69,694krerfs os fokb fokb keaaehdty keaaehdty er sfrvdkf wdcc wdcc lf tromsoktfh tromsoktfh ot ot om ovfro`f ovfro`f ei tbrff tbrff tdafs(aomuiokt tdafs(aomuiokturfr/sfrvdkf urfr/sfrvdkf prevdhfr, hfocfr omh rftodcfr) .

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;< 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xolcf Me: ;---------------------

\upffs dm krerfs

[e XE^ Xox 18%x;1?<% ei62, 69, 694 (@H^) LF <>>4<>>4-‒?> ‒?>   Occ [totfs sborf10>%ei0, ><,022krerfs Kfmtroc @evfrmafmt—s @evfrmafmt—s sborf1;>%ei 0, ><,022  ><,022  Kfmtroc @evfrmafmt—s @evfrmafmt—s Xox rfvfmufs (<>>4-?> (<>>4-?> LF) \fvfmuf umhfr [. Xypf ei prfsfmt systfa Me Xox ? Xep tox < Kerperotdem tox <,69,0<6 ; Xoxfs em dmkeaf etbfr tbom ?,>9,2>> kerperotdem tox 8 Xoxfs em wfoctb 8?<6 6 [fkurdtdfs tromsoktdem tox 9,>>> 9 Kusteas/Dapert huty 42,>>> 0 Lomg kosb tromsoktdem tox 6> 2 Vmdem fxkdsf huty ?,>9,800

0, ><, 022 8, 4?,46? <, ?>, 2;9 \s. dm krerfs \fvfmuf umhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa <,?>,2;9 <,69,0<6 42,>>> -

4 ?>

[frvdkf tox 96,>>> Xoxfs ei Vmdem Xfrrdterdfs wdtbeut ?,9>< Cf`dscoturfs Xetoc 9,8?,>04 6,96,69? Hdiifrfmkf lftwffm twe systfas -06,6?2krerfs Octbeu`b tbf Kfmtroc @evfrmafmt—s tox rfvfmufs umhfr rfvfmufs umhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa orf o cdttcf cfssfr tbom tbot ei tox rfvfmufs umhfr tbf prfsfmt tox systfa, dt wdcc lf aerf tbom keapfmsotfh ly tbf ieccewdm` iokters. Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ds ocaest zfre. [dadcorcy tbf bu`f dmtfrfst lurhfm em dmtfrmoc lerrewdm`s wdcc lf rfhukfh te emf tbdrh cfvfcs. ^cfosf sff po`f ?0 te <> umhfr sfktdem –Epfrotdm` kest ei XE^ Xox systfa‑. Vmhfr prfsfmt systfa tbf tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ei kfmtroc Fxkdsf huty, sfrvdkf tox omh occ [totfs keaafrkdoc tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturfs suppesfh suppesfh te lf aerf tbom \s ?>>>>krerfs. Kfmtroc Fxkdsf huty em kors, telokke prehukts omh seit hrdmgs bos met lffm ohhfh te tbf tox rfvfmufs ei prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa. Xbf [totfs— sborf ei rfvfmufs irea tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox wdcc lf (\s ?, 9;,><4 krerfs) aerf tbom tbf tox rfvfmufs umhfr tbf prfsfmt systfa. [ff Xolcf Me: 8 `dvfm lfcew.   Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf evfrocc [totfs tox rfvfmuf sborfs irea Vmdem toxfs omh hutdfs (dmkcuhdm` XE^ Xox sborf) wdcc lf aerf (\s.4<, 9?2krerfs) tbom umhfr prfsfmt systfa. ^cfosf sff Xolcf Me: 6. Vmhfr tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbfrf wdcc lf me tox fvosdem, umokkeumtfh/sbohew tromsoktdems, lcokg aemfy omh iogf kurrfmky ot occ. Di wf togf dmte okkeumt tbf umokkeumtfh umokkeumtfh @H^ ei Dmhdo, tbf oktuoc @H^ weuch bovf lffm aerf tbom tbf fstdaotfh @H^ umhfr prfsfmt systfa. [e tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox rfvfmufs okkrufh irea oktuoc @H^ wdcc lf aerf (ocaest heulcf) tbom tbot oktuoccy sbewm dm tbf tolcfs. Xbf prepesfh ^reidt Xox (^X) bos met lffm ohhfh te tbf fstdaotfh tox rfvfmufs umhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa, os dt ds met gmewm tbf fxokt ^reidt Xox ovodcolcf umtdc tbf XE^ Xox systfa lfkeafs epfrotdemoc.  

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;; 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xbf keaporotdvf stuhy ei tox rfvfmufs ei occ stotfs umhfr prfsfmt systfa wdtb rfspfkt te <>>2-‒‒>4 luh`ft fstdaotfs <>>2fstdaotfs omh umhfr tbf tbf prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa. Vmhfr tbf prepesfh prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa tbf XE^ Xox wdcc lf 8%; 1 ?<%ei LF <>>4- ‒?> @H^ vocuf vocuf ei 62,69,694 krerfs krerfs os fokb keaaehdty keaaehdty er sfrvdkf wdcc lf tromsoktfh tromsoktfh ot om ovfro`f ovfro`f ei tbrff tdafs (dm tbf aomuiokturfr/sfrvdkf aomuiokturfr/sf rvdkf prevdhfr, hfocfr omh rftodcfr kbodm) XE^ Xox 18%x;1?<%ei 62, 69, 694krerfs (@H^) (LF <>>4-‒?>) <>>4- ‒?>)   0, ><, 022krerfs Occ [totfs sborf10>%ei 0, ><, 022krerfs 8, 4?, 46?krerfs Xolcf Me: 8 \upffs dm Krerfs Vmhfr ^repesfh Xep Vmhfr ^rfsfmt [ystfa Tfor <>>2‒>4(LF)

Occ [totfs Hdrfkt 8<,088

Xetoc Dmhdrfkt <,29,?02

;,<2,4<<

tox systfa Occ [totfs [borf 8,4?,46?

Xep tox

Hdiifrfmkf lftwffm twe systfas 1?,9;,><4 krerfs

Xbf [totfs— sborf ei rfvfmufs irea tbf prepesfh prep esfh XE^ Xox wdcc lf (\s ?, 9;,><4 krerfs) aerf tbom tbf tox rfvfmufs umhfr tbf prfsfmt systfa. Keaporotdvf stuhy ei occ stotfs mft prekffhs ei umdem toxfs omh hutdfs umhfr prfsfmt systfa omh prepesfh –Xep tox systfa  Xolcf Me: 6 \upffs dm Krerfs Occ stotfs tox rfvfmufs sborfs irea Vmdem toxfs omh hutdfs ier Vmhfr prepesfh L.F. <>>4-‒?> <>>4-‒?>   –Xep tox systfa‑  systfa‑  [. Xypf ei Xox [borf [borf Oaeumt Me Oaeumt ?. Kerperotdem tox 99,880.9? 99,880.9? <. Dmkeaf tox ;<,;09.9< ;. Pfoctb tox 9;.96 8. Kusteas huty <0,6>;.?? <0,6>;.?? 6. Vmdem fxkdsf huty ?2,66<.46 9. [frvdkf tox ?4,8<2.6> 0. Etbfr toxfs omh hutdfs -9.0> 2. Fxpfmhdturf tox -;.49 Xetoc ?,98,;9?.02 4;,46>.2< 4. Occ stotf rfvfmufs (Hdrfkt omh Dmhdrfkt) <>>2-—>4 <>>2—>4 L.F.  L.F.  ;,<2,4<<.>> ?>. ^repesfh –Xep tox systfa‑  systfa‑   8,4?,46?.>> @romh Xetoc 8,4;,<2;.02 6,26,4>?.>> Hdiifrfmkf lftwffm twe systfas1 \s.4<,9?2 krerfs Vmhfr prepesfh XE^ Xox systfa evfr occ [totfs tox rfvfmuf sborfs irea Vmdem toxfs omh hutdfs (dmkcuhdm` XE^ Xox sborf) wdcc lf aerf (\s.4<, 9?2krerfs) tbom umhfr prfsfmt systfa.

9................... 9.................

Ohvomto`fs ei XE^ tox systfa:

Xbfrf ds om fstdaotfh kurrfmky ei 9,<0,949 krerfs dm kdrkucotdem (<;,0;4krerfs dm lomgs omh 9,>;,460krerfs wdtb pulcdk) dm tbf keumtry omh wdtb tbf oheptdem ei tbf XE^ tox systfa, occ tbf

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;8 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

ovodcolcf kurrfmky metfs fxkfpt \s.<, \s.6, \s.?>, omh \s.<> metfs wdtb tbf pulcdk wdcc bovf te lf hfpesdtfh dm tbfdr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt/[ul [ovdm`s Okkeumts dm tbf lomgs. Bfmkfiertb occ metfs fxkfpt \s.<, \s.6, \s. ?> omh \s. <> metfs wdcc lf hfaemftdsfh. Xbfrf wdcc lf me aemfy dm tbf iera ei lcokg aemfy omh iogf kurrfmky letb eutsdhf omh dmsdhf tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Occ tbf aemfy omh wfoctb, `fmfrotfh ly tbf dmhdvdhuocs, wdcc bovf te lf kemstomtcy kdrkucotfh, usfh, omh tromsifrrfh tromsifrrfh dmhukdm` `rovdtotdem wdtbdm tbds systfa. systfa. Me aemfy kom fskopf irea tbf tbf pewfriuc `rovdtotdemoc pucc ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa dmte tbf eutfr spokf (etbfr keumtrdfs) tbreu`b bowoco, aemfy coumhfrdm` er etbfr dccf`oc woys. Xbf admdskucf port ei aemfy dm tbf pbysdkoc iera (kurrfmky metfs) wdcc okt os om Ezemf coyfr te pretfkt tbf XE^ Xox systfa irea boraiuc V Y roys omh rohdotdem (tfrrerdst omh adcdtomt oktdvdtdfs) irea eutfr spokf (etbfr keumtrdfs). Xbf XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts tetoc rfaevoc ei dmtfrfst rotfs em occ hfaomh hfpesdts (sovdm`s) omh idxfh hfpesdts. Xbf bu`f ovodcoldcdty ovodcoldcdty ei aemfy wdtb wdtb tbf lomgs wdcc aogf dt pessdlcf te `dvf ceoms ot tbf cewfst dmtfrfst rotfs. Occ tbf sfmder kdtdzfms olevf tbf o`f ei 96 yfors wdtb me er poctry dmkeafs, pbysdkoccy kboccfm`fh, vdsuoccy kboccfm`fh, omh erpboms weuch lf `dvfm aemtbcy pfmsdems. Xe gmew bew tbds ds pessdlcf, pcfosf sff po`f mualfr ?0 te <?. <? . Xbf XE^ Xox systfa su``fsts tbf ieccewdm` ^rdaf Cfmhdm` \otfs: Aoxdaua ei <% sdapcf dmtfrfst pfr ommua wdcc lf cfvdfh em occ ceoms up te \s. ?> cogbs (togfm ier o`rdkucturf, fhukotdem, saocc skocf dmhustrdfs, vfbdkcfs, beusf, icots, pcets, er omy etbfr purpesf. Aoxdaua ei 8% sdapcf dmtfrfst pfr ommua wdcc lf cfvdfh em occ ceoms aerf tbom \s. ?> cogbs (togfm ier o`rdkucturf, dmhustry, lusdmfss, fhukotdem, vfbdkcfs, icot, pcets er omy etbfr purpesf) Xbf prdvotf cfmhfrs wbe bovf lffm fxoktdm` bfovy dmtfrfst rotfs bdtbfrte orf ierkfh te rfhukf tbfdr dmtfrfst rotf umhfr tbf XE^ tox systfa ier tbf ieccewdm` rfosem. Xbf lomg ^C\ rotfs wdcc lf <% pfr ommua up te \s. ?> cogbs omh 8% pfr ommua evfr \s. ?> cogbs omh aemfy cfmhdm` ly lomgs wdcc lf iostfr omh saeetbfr. Iorafrs wbe togf krep ceoms ier gbordii er \old up te \s. ?> cogbs wdcc lf occewfh te poy dmtfrfst emcy ot tbf fmh ei tbf yfor te rfmfw tbfdr ceoms dm erhfr te ovedh XE^ tox. Ceom togfrs wdcc bovf tbf eptdem ei rfpoydm` tbfdr ceoms irea tbf seurkf ei tbfdr dmkeaf hdrfktcy te lomgfrs er aemfy cfmhfrs ier sogf ei ovedhdm` Xep tox. @fttdm` ceoms irea lomgs wdcc lf aukb fosdfr iostfr omh saeetbfr. Kusteafrs mffh met prehukf hekuafmts, F.K—s, cf`oc epdmdem—s ftk., ier eltodmdm` ceoms. Hfpfmhdm`  Hfpfmhdm`   upem tbf ceom oaeumt, tbf lomg aomo`frs wdcc mffh te put tbf oppreprdotf ossft oaem` tbf kusteafr—s kusteafr—s prepfrty bechdm` dm bds/bfr bds/bfr Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O) umhfr aert`o`f omh kom somktdem tbf ceom wdtbeut omy hfcoy. Os dmtfrfst rotfs orf vfry cew ot 8%pfr ommua tbf dmhustrdoc prehukts wdcc lfkeaf kbfopfr omh keapftdtdvf dm dmtfrmotdemoc aorgfts. [e tbf fxperts wdcc lf sulstomtdoccy dmkrfosfh tbfrfly, hfkrfosdm` tbf wdhf `op dm tbf locomkf ei poyafmts. Os o rfsuct tbds mfw systfa aoy aogf Dmhdo om fkemeadk supfr pewfr dm me tdaf. Fvfry systfa bos dts ewm dmtrdkokdfs falfhhfh ot tbf dmdtdoc sto`fs lut tbf bfroch ei cew dmtfrfst rotfs7 cewfr tox rotfs, tbf cewfst prdkfs omh olevf occ lfttfr tox rfvfmuf keccfktdems wdcc eiisft occ burhcfs tbfrfly cfohdm` te aukb lfttfr quocdty omh cem`fvdty ei cdif tbom umhfr prfsfmt systfa. Xbds mfw systfa aoy met lf fosdcy keaprfbfmhfh met lfkousf ei dts keapcfxdty lut lfkousf ei dts supfr sdapcdkdty. Lut emkf tbds systfa ds oheptfh omh dapcfafmtfh pfepcf wdcc scewcy omh stfohdcy `ft okkusteafh te tbf mfw systfa fmjeydm` tbf truf lfmfidts ei `fmudmf hfaekroky omh idmhdm` tbfa daafrsfh dm f`ocdtordom sekdfty irff ^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;6 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

irea kerruptdem, pevfrty pevfrty omh ifor. Xbf uctdaotf eljfktdvfs eljfktdvfs ei prevdhdm` fquoc eppertumdtdfs, eppertumdtdfs, fqudtolcf hdstrdlutdem ei rfseurkfs omh wfoctb, irff fhukotdem omh bfoctb korf sfrvdkfs te occ kdtdzfms, drrfspfktdvf ei kostf, krffh omh rfcd`dem, kom lf okbdfvfh emcy wdtb tbf oheptdem omh dapcfafmtotdem ei tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Pdtb sdm`cf tox ier letb Kfmtrf omh [totfs kealdmfh omh wdtbeut kbfkg pests, tbf XE^ Xox systfa wdcc lrfog occ tox omh tromspert lorrdfrs lftwffm [totfs iokdcdtotdm` bosscf irff aevfafmt ei `eehs irea emf pcokf te ometbfr, dmtf`rotdm` Dmhdo tbreu`b fquoc hdstrdlutdem ei tox rfvfmufs. Xbf XE^ Xox systfa—s tox losf ds se wdhf tbot dt keuch `fmfrotf aerf tox rfvfmufs wdtb admdaua scol rotf omh tbf tetoc tox keapemfmt ei `eehs/sfrvdkf wdcc lf vfry cew wbfm keaporfh te tbf fxdstdm` tox systfa. Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa tbf rdkb orf `fttdm` rdkbfr yfor oitfr yfor ly `fttdm` dmtfrfsts em tbfdr tdaf hfpesdts omh idxfh hfpesdts, wbdcf tbf peer orf `fttdm` peerfr yfor oitfr yfor wbdcf poydm` bd`b dmtfrfsts em tbf ceoms togfm ly tbfa. Xbf wdhf `op lftwffm tbf rdkb omh tbf peer kom lf lrdh`fh wdtb tbf rfaevoc ei dmtfrfst rotfs em tdaf hfpesdts, hfaomh hfpesdts (sovdm`s dmtfrfsts) omh kemsfqufmtcy cew ^C\ dm tbf XE^ Xox systfa. Pdtb tbf ovodcoldcdty ei aemfy ot tbf cewfst prdaf cfmhdm` rotfs, tbf prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs, sfrvdkfs omh o`rdkucturf prehukf wdcc lfkeaf kbfopfr, fmbomkdm` tbf luydm` kopokdty ei tbf pfepcf. O hoy aoy surfcy keaf wbfm occ motdems wdcc bovf me etbfr eptdem lut te okkfpt omh dapcfafmt tbds mfw toxotdem systfa.

0.

[ymepsds: - Xetoc hdrfkt lfmfidts omh ohvomto`fs ei XE^ Xox systfa

evfr prfsfmt fkemeadk systfa [.

Aodm ifoturfs

Lfmfidts/ohvomto`fs (reu`b fstdaotfs dm Dmhdo) Xbf id`urfs vory dm hdiifrfmt keumtrdfs.

?

Me Dmkeaf tox

<

Me kfmtroc Fxkdsf huty ?) Om fstdaotfh 6> cogb lusdmfss pfrsems wbe rum ly Kfmtrf omh me socfs tox/YOX ly [totfs

Fstdaotfh ;.6krerf pfepcf wbe bovf toxolcf dmkeafs tbreu`b socory er lusdmfss er dmhustry er rfaumfrotdem wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy mffh met letbfr te suladt Dmkeaf Xox rfturms ommuoccy.

lusdmfss/dmhustry wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy mffh met aodmtodm okkeumt leegs, socfs cdsts omh stekg cdsts ftk., <) Me okkeumtdm` omh ouhdtdm` rfqudrfh ier omy typf ei lusdmfss er dmhustry.

;

Me woy ldccs omh kbfkg 0.  ?) Om fstdaotfh 86 cogbs trukg ewmfrs wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy mffh met poy lrdlfs ot kbfkg pests. Xbfy mffh met korry pests woy ldccs wbdcf tromspertdm` keaaehdtdfs irea emf pcokf te ometbfr pcokf dm Dmhdo. 2.  <) Om fstdaotfh 2.4;krerf iorafrs wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy kom tromspert tbfdr o`rdkucturf prehukf irea omywbfrf te omywbfrf dm Dmhdo omh sfcc tbfdr prehukf ot o t aorgft prdkfs.

8

Me kopdtoc `odms tox

^cfosf vdsdt

4.  Occ pfepcf ei tbf keumtry wdcc lfmfidt os tbfy kom sfcc er luy aevolcf er daaevolcf prepfrtdfs ot tbfdr wdcc.

^o`f ;9 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

6

\s ?>>>, \s 6>>, \s ?>>, \s 6> metfs wdcc lf hfaemftdsfh

9

Lomgdm`

Pdtb cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky (emcy >.8% ei tetoc ovodcolcf oaeumt ei aemfy dm tbf fkemeadk systfa) omh 44.9% ei hfaotfrdocdsfh aemfy, tbfrf wdcc lf me iogf kurrfmky, me lcokg aemfy, me kerruptdem, me romseas, me fxtertdems omh me rellfrdfs. Xbf @H^ wdcc lf tetoccy okkeumtfh.

ier

?)  ^fepcf kom `ft trodm, lus, odr tdkgfts irea tbfsf mforfst sfrvdkf kfmtrfs. <) ^fepcf kom poy fcfktrdkdty ldccs, tfcfpbemf ldccs, beusf toxfs, wotfr kfss ftk., dm tbfsf mforfst sfrvdkf kfmtrfs. kfmtrfs. ;) ^fepcf kom `ft `ft occ sulsdhdfs omh rfcdfi iumhs hdrfktcy irea tbf `evfrmafmt tbreu`b tbfsf lomgs. 8) Dhfmtdidkotdem ei tbf L^C ioadcdfs omh prepfr Dapcfafmtotdem ei wfciorf skbfafs wdcc lfkeaf fosy.

Occ pfrsems olevf tbf o`f ei ?6 wdcc bovf bds/bfr ewm Aodm

?) ^fepcf kom `ft occ sulsdhdfs, rfcdfi iumhs omh etbfrs `romtfh ly tbf @evfrmafmt, hdrfktcy irea tbfsf lomgdm` sfrvdkf kfmtrfs. <) O sfporotf kfmsus prekfss wdcc met lf mffhfh ot

[ovdm`s Okkeumt (A[O)

fvfry hfkohf. ;) Irfsb fcfkteroc vetfr cdsts (Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumts cdsts irea lomgs) wdcc lf ovodcolcf em omy `dvfm hoy. 8) Me le`us vetdm` wdcc lf pessdlcf. 6) Me dccf`oc ad`rotdem kom lf pessdlcf.

2

Me dmtfrfst rotfs em idxfh hfpesdts omh hfaomh hfpesdts

?) Aemfy wdcc lf fosdcy ovodcolcf ier lusdmfss er pfrsemoc usf ot cew dmtfrfst rotfs ei <% pfr ommua. Kemsfqufmtcy tbf prdkfs ei keaaehdtdfs wdcc keaf hewm. <) Xbf `op lftwffm tbf rdkb omh tbf peer wdcc lf morrewfh hewm. ;) Dmtfrfsts sovfh em @evfrmafmt—s @evfrmafmt—s dmtfrmoc lerrewdm`s dmtfrmoc lerrewdm`s sbocc lf usfh em irff fhukotdem omh irff bfoctb korf sfrvdkfs ier occ pfepcf.

4

Xbf

[ovdm`s

?) Comh kfdcdm` okt kom lf strdktcy dapcfafmtfh. <) Auctdpcf

Okkeumts (A[O) orf vdrtuoccy tbf hf-aot okkeumts ier bechdm` aemfy, sborfs, comhs, pcets, icots, vfbdkcfs, `ech, jfwfccfry omh occ etbfr aevolcf omh daaevolcf prepfrtdfs.

sfccdm` ei tbf soaf prepfrty te hdiifrfmt pfepcf wdcc met lf pessdlcf. ;) Vmoutberdsfh sfccdm`/purkbosf ei etbfr pfrsem—s prepfrty wdtbeut bds/bfr kemsfmt wdcc met lf pessdlcf. 8) Xbfrf wdcc lf me comh `rolldm` omh comh aoido. 6) Vmhfr vocuotdem ei tbf prepfrty wdcc met lf pessdlcf. 9) Xbfrf wdcc lf umdiera rf`dstrotdem kbor`fs tbreu`beut tbf keumtry. 0) @fttdm` ceoms irea lomgs omh prdvotf aemfy cfmhfrs wdcc lf ior fosdfr, iostfr omh bosscf irff.

sfrvdkf

fvfry <>>> pfepcf

0

Aodm

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;0 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

?>

Xbfrf wdcc lf emcy emf keapucsery Xox koccfh koccfh XE^ Xox. Ier Xbfrf wdcc lf me fvfry tromsifr ei oaeumt, o 8% Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf tox (XE^ auctdpcf Dmhdrfkt omh Xox) ei tbot oaeumt wdcc lf outeaotdkoccy hfhuktfh irea Hdrfkt toxfs. ?) Xbfrf bds/bfr A[O/[[O okkeumt. Xbds 8% tox oaeumt em fvfry kosb wdcc lf olsecutfcy me tromsoktdem tbreu`b A[O/[[O/KOM irea occ lomgs dm o mffh te bovf hdiifrfmt portdkucor [totf wdcc `e te tbf kealdmfh okkeumt ei [totf omh tox keccfktdem Kfmtrf dm tbot portdkucor [totf. ;>% ei tbds oaeumt irea fvfry hfportafmts ly [totfs [totf omh Kfmtrf— kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO) wdcc `e te Kfmtroc omh Kfmtrf. <) [e tox `evfrmafmt peec okkeumt. Xbf rfaodmdm` 0>% wdcc lf rftodmfh keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ly tbf rfspfktdvf [totf `evfrmafmts. Keccfktdem Ei XE^ Xox wdcc lf zfre. ;) Xbfrf omh ovedholcf ^reidt tox wdcc lf hemf ly lomgs. \fpfot: - O 8% wdcc lf me tox fvosdem ei Xromsifr Er ^urkbosf tox em fokb kosb tromsoktdem/tromsifrs, omh lcokg aemfy.8) drrfspfktdvf ei tbf rfosem er purpesf ier tbot tromsifr, Xbfrf wdcc lf me tox epfrotfh tbreu`b Aodm [ovdm`s Okkeumt/[ul [ovdm`s keapcdomkf kest ier Okkeumt/Kerperotf Okkeumt Mualfr, omh epfrotfh ly omy kdtdzfms. lomg er sfrvdkf kfmtrf, wdcc lf outeaotdkoccy hfhuktfh irea tbot okkeumt omh tromsifrrfh te [totf omh Kfmtrf—s kealdmfh okkeumt ([OKKO). Aotfrdoc omh aftbehs7 - Xbds ortdkcf ortdkcf wos lermf eut ei tbeu`btiuc tbeu`btiuc fxfrkdsf fxfrkdsf evfr tbf yfors os vdfwfh ly o coyaom ot tbf tbf `reumh cfvfc. Occ tbf dhfos omh omh aftbehs su``fstfh dm dm tbf ortdkcf wfrf hfrdvfh irea ay purf dao`dmotdem omh rfsforkb werg, omh met lerrewfh irea omy fssoy, tbfery er cdtfroturf wrdttfm ly etbfr outbers. Bfmkf me rfifrfmkfs wfrf aohf te cdtfroturf. Hdskcodafr:  Octbeu`b korfiuc ottfmtdem bos lffm podh te fvfry hftodc se tbot tbds XE^ Xox systfa ohbfrfs te pfrifkt iumktdemdm` ei `evfrmomkf odafh ot rfaevdm` kerruptdem, pevfrty omh dmfquocdty, tbfrf aoy lf seaf dmohvfrtfmtcy fmtfrfh frrers. [eaf ei tbf iokts, id`urfs omh stotfafmts dm tbf olevf ortdkcf orf lerm eut ei ay purf dao`dmotdem omh aoy met mfkfssordcy lf truf er proktdkolcf. YDJOTO G\V[BMO YO\AO \OJO YFMGOX MO@O\OA @VHDYOHO ^.E7

Ydo, ^FHO@VAAVCV\V YD[OGBO^OXMOA Ht., OMHB\O ^\OHF[B DMHDO vdjoyovorao?49;N`aodc.kea   vdjoyovorao?49;N`aodc.kea

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;2 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbfrf wdcc lf me Hdrfkt toxfs omh Dmhdrfkt toxfs fxkfpt XE^ Xox. Xrohfrs, aomuiokturfrs, tromspertfrs, hfocfrs, rftodcfrs, vfmhers, kemtrokters, sfrvdkf prevdhfrs omh occ etbfrs wdcc met mffh te aodmtodm okkeumt leegs, socfs cdsts, stekg cdsts, woy ldccs ftk  ftk 

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f ;4 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Dm tbf su``fstfh XE^ Xox systfa tbfrf wdcc lf me tox keccfktdem fxpfmhdturf ier tbf @evfrmafmt omh me tox keapcdomkf kests ier tbf pfepcf. 0 ldccdem pfepcf ei tbf werch wdcc lf rfcdfvfh irea tbf kelwfl ei oald`ueus omh keapcfx tox strukturfs, pcftbero ei tox cows, aomhotery omh kualfrseaf okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm`, tox rfturms omh kemsfqufmt quo`adrf ei occ tox rfcotfh kosfs. Xoxotdem, tox keccfktdem, tox fmierkfafmt, tox keapcdomkf, occekotdem ei

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 8> 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

rfvfmufs te vordeus admdstrdfs er hfportafmts omh aemfy suppcy dmte tbf fkemeay orf umdidfh omh dmtf`rotfh dm tbf lomgdm` systfa.

Xbds mfw fkemeadk systfa dmvecvdm` o mfw tox systfa wdtbeut auctdpcf toxfs, tox cows, tox keccfktdem hfportafmts, tox trdlumocs omh tox fmierkfafmt o`fmkdfs, fmvdso`fs <> te ;> % aerf rfvfmufs tbom prfsfmtcy okkrudm` irea auctdpcf toxfs keccfktfh ly hdiifrfmt tox keccfktdem hfportafmts/o`fmkdfs.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 8? 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Xbds mfw fkemeadk systfa sbocc lf epfrotfh ly lomgs ot admdaua epfrotdm` kest wdtb cdadtfh popfr kurrfmky (>.8%) omh hfaotfrdocdsfh aemfy (44.9%) ei tbf tetoc aemfy ovodcolcf dm tbf fkemeay dm tbf portdkucor keumtry , tbfrfly tetoccy fcdadmotdm` lcokg aemfy, tox fvosdem, iogf kurrfmky, kerruptdem omh fxtertdem.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 8< 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 8; 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Aorgfts wdcc lf iuccy epfm wdtbeut omy burhcfs cdgf auctdpcf toxfs, pfradts, cdkfmsfs, woy ldccs, okkeumtdm`, ouhdtdm`, tox rfturms omh tox cows. Xrohfrs, aomuiokturfrs, tromspertfrs, hfocfrs, rftodcfrs, vfmhers, kemtrokters, sfrvdkf prevdhfrs omh occ etbfrs wdcc met mffh te aodmtodm okkeumt leegs, socfs cdsts, stekg cdsts, woy ldccs ftk. Me okkeumtdm` omh ouhdtdm` ier ossfssafmt ossfssaf mt purpesf wdcc lf rfqudrfh ier dmhdvdhuocs wbe rum lusdmfss er dmhustry. Dm tbf prfsfmt systfa o aojer pertdem ei rfvfmufs ds cest dm tbf tromsdt irea `evfrmafmt te pfepcf dm tbf iera ei lrdlfs, adsoppreprdotdem adsoppreprdotdem omh bu`f mem pcom fxpfmhdturf. 

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 88 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

Lomgdm` sfkter wdcc lfkeaf vdrtuoccy tbf dmtfrafhdordfs lftwffm pfepcf omh tbf @evfrmafmt ier occ tox keccfktdems omh rfhdstrdlutdem ei iumhs/rfvfmufs irea tbf @evfrmafmt te pfepcf, wbe sbeuch lf tbf moturoc, fcd`dlcf omh cf`dtdaotf rfkdpdfmts wbdcf fcdadmotdm` wbocfs, porosdtfs omh cdapfts.

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 86 

 

Occ Fkemeadk dccs ‛  emf pdcc dccs ‛ emf XE^ Xox systfa

 

YDJOTO G\V[BMO YO\AO \OJO YFMGOX MO@O\OA @VHDYOHO ^.E7 Ydo, ^FHO@VAAVCV\V YD[OGBO^OXMOA Ht., OMHB\O ^\OHF[B DMHDO vdjoyovorao?49;N`aodc.kea   vdjoyovorao?49;N`aodc.kea

^cfosf vdsdt

^o`f 89 

Sponsor Documents

Or use your account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Forgot your password?

Or register your new account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link to create a new password.

Back to log-in

Close