OSI Report Uncensored

The Office of Special Investigations: Striving for AccountabUity in the Aftermath of the Holocaust

by Judy F~

Edited by Marl; M Riclwd
former DepIZly AssiSlllllC Atlomey Gcnmol Depar1lIICIIl of JlISlioe Criminal Division

December 2006

Tabk of C....tu u
,.~

~face

, ,

iv

C hapler One, The Cl'Mtion of OSI

Introduction..............................................................................................................
The Bcginning.

r
2 21

HistoriaM.................................................................................................................

,

,

ChllJllCl"Two: TheLimiu of lheLaw

Introduetion.............................................................................................................. Statutes aod ProccdIll'CS............................................................................................
Chapter Three , Case Studi o' oi'Voriou. PCJS«uton and How the Law Hoodled Them

33 35

Introduc!ion.
HlQd'M Pmegnnrs

4S

FO odor Fedol1!nko - ~A!oistMcc in PeneeUiion" Underthe DPA............... Gcora LindCl'l and Adam Friedrich - ~AISi~ in PeJsccutiOl1" UDder the RRA Frank WillIS - Lessons I.camcd by OSI _. Elman SJIlOgi. - Wbe:u. Arc Law Enf= PencculOn1 ,................ ...... .......... Jacob TaMeDbawn - The Kapo Dilemma _. Edgar. Laip""icb - When Th= IlRI No Good Cboica........................................ 1.....-. KUIlIJY! - When i. MioreJlf""Clltation AWoDabJc? .....................................
Leonid Petkicwytscb - An Aberntional lou _ AlO)'Dl BaJ"Y" ood VytallW Gccas _ Self_Incriminati on in OSl John DmYanj uk - An Appropriate Pr=ution Initially Brought, in Perl,

48
64

11

ea.e.

101 106 117 127 _... 134 141

Under the Wrong Factual Pn:dicate........................................... ISO Johann Brqer - An AmeriCIUI Pene.:utor
PmpoFAndi51'
175

Vladimir Snkolov - A Per.occuIor Wbn Found a Hom e in Academi
Va1crian Tri&. - A P =utor Wbo f ound Refuge in His Chlttcll FcrclU> Koreb - A Lifetime o f Prope ganda.

192 203 229

SenjorOfJkj ah
Andrij Artukovic - Justice rntel'lnill8bly Delayed.M Otto von BoIscItwing - An Eichmann Msociale Who Became I CIA Source

Karl Linnas - Cold War PolitiOll and OSI Liti..tiol\.
Chapter Four: Protecting Our Bord"",

239 259 271

ln1roductiOll. TIle Watehlist. _

M

M M _ M

_._._ M Kw1 Waldheim - A Promincnl International Figure

M M_ 296 _M 297 310
M • •• •• _ • •

Cbapler Five: Alleged U.S. SlIJ'POrt f'oz Eatry of Nazis into the United States
lDtrodll<:tion 330 Arthur Rudolpll- An Honored Rockel Scientist........•......................_..MM...........•~ •• 331 Tscborim Soobmkov _ The Victim ofVigilaDlcs. 342 The Bel..... Conspinocy - Sensa.tionaliom Vl. Reali!)'•.•.•. ..•.•.....•.•...•.•...•.•.....•.•...•.•. 356
M M _

Chapk:r Six: Expanding Jurisdictioo
Introduo>tion. _ _•.. 370

KlllOlll Barbie - The Bulcllcr of LYOf\S. Raben Verklen - Another Barbie? Josef Mqele - 'The A1Iiel ofDeath. Looted Asse\$
M

_
_
M

_ _.......•.•.•• 371 __ _.....•.............• 38S
390 406

OSI Goes Intgpatjopal

Germany _

M

424
M

The Ballies The Common_alm N. liom.
J. pan , M M Tracking Persecutors Oulside !he United Stalts: Case Sn>did of Bohdan Ko:riy and Harry Mlnnil.
Chapter Scv..., R«ction to OSI

454 485

M

_•.•...•.•... SOlI

509

Introduction.

_
H

,_

_

S23

•

The kwisb Community
Critict. __

"
_
n

~." •.•...•.•..."._.•._

__.•."

_.._
_

S24 __...•••••.._••_ S3J
_

Conclusion........ .... ....................................•..
Appondix

• • • •• •• • • • • _

SS6

_....................................................................................•..._•..... 569

iii

Prefa..,
di.ltanI. we are from it, the larger it Ioonu. Eacll deeade IUlce the end of the war hili seen areater. not leIIet, lnention, and Ihal ilon oddity. There are very f..... i,..... whk:h pow in nlIJIlitude 01 they are further OWlY from tile event. ThU i.l one ofthml!.. Perhopo bccauIe it ill the u1timlle e\1il. b«.auae it !lkelao muo::h time 10 obeorb itllellOlll, and !hoi tho"" Jeaaona hove become IlIIiveBllized. in Cambodi.. in Rwanda, in ethnic cleonsin& in tho 8&lI<ana, the Holocouat wilken 011 .m _ ~ sense oflqCDty.'

mile HoloclllSl i.l one oftbo"" few i_1hal the _

The Office of SpecWlnvatiptiOlll (OS!) i.l of\ca n:ferred to as the aovemmenl', "Nazi-

exclude ovezyonc who had &IIlffiJiwou with the Nazi.. oar CVl:o CYeryOIlC wbo fou&bt OD lheir
behoIf. OSI', role illO idmlify, and 10 aed<. ren>ov-' of, oo.Iy \bole wbo ailed. the N-us mel

their alii.. in the ~<»I of civili-.
In the 19700, the publie was shoclccd 10 Icom Ihot....,., Nozi ~ bod emigrated 10

Ihe United Stota. There wen: callI fortbcir ""puJo;"", and leiislslion WOol JlIII8Cd 10 f""mtall

their depoMltion. OSI WII cn:aICd in 1m 10 bandle the caselood.
The 00arsdea 10 8\lCteSS wen: fonnidable. 051 bod to prove eYftIli decadcll old whidI
were comntined tboIIaands ofmilel l way, despite the fICI tho! moR wi1DeSSel bod been tilled
durins the wor. Molly ",ho 'urvivecl the war oevertheIeaa died belonI 051',

f'oundin&.

The

witnClocs uIlimlldy avoilable fo< lcatim<my..",1y knew the DImeO ofthcir lonncnlors.
Morenv..-, by tile time they wen: called IIpOII to bear wimell, lbcir memozic:s

were faIIjble.

Muth

oftbe teleVllll dOC\llllotl1lary proofhad been dCllrOyed -

1OJ1IC ;0

the rubble of_. 110IIII by
by IlC\Vly liberated cunp

Nozio inlClll on oblilC~ evide:ntc oftlleir hnniJlc ICII, and _

;III1IIIC5...mo. in the first blu!b of freedom, wonted 10 burn the rc<XI<'rlI oftbcir penecutorI. Muth

of wIIlIl . wvivod was behind the Iron CulWn. Aooess 10 this l1UIte:riai was e>r.tmndy limited
until the Cold War ended - more \lim • deeade lifter OSl'. fOWlding.

The most frequently lI<ked qlleSlions . boul NlIZi persccuIOf'S in the United S1llW are : bow many came? did OSI find moS! of1hem? IlIId was the govemmcnl complioit in providing
Ihese pcnecuIOlli • saft Mven? osr . WOfk sheds light, alibough 1l0i definitivo snsWlilll, Oil all

IMs<! qllMions.
One orOSI's _ly DiJ«:ton hypothco1i=l in 19S41ba1 opproximlll¢ly 10,1>00 NlIZi
pet'lI"CIl1Ol'S had emigm1ed 10 Ib!

Uniled S1aIes.' In rclrospcI:1, WI estimate seemJ hip. iD

19S4, the Cold W. was 111 iiS height; """ eollld OIliy specuWeIlbo\ll infotmll1ion in Soviet ..duva. We 1>0'" hove..."sslO tlIousands ofnamesnot """;labktben. RwmiIlg1bo9o names
thrOUgh COmpiiIer Pid iceS
i>f~

in·1he Uniled SlIlte:l-(. r=h tecl>n.iquo aI"" not ""ail.hIe

in 19S4)twnotied to anywhere near 10.000 "hilS....

The 10,000 figlll'lO bas enduring siinifi""""e, ho\vevl:r , hecsusI: il hu b=l wideI)'
,qlOited.' To the ex_ W I JlWPle helievt il, il wofoJ1UnaWly suggests that tbe number o f CIlselI

howdled by OSI - approximaIeJy 130 - is de ",i"imus.' Ho~r, that number, whid includes

three cases that .-:hed the S~ Court, should k pJaud ill <;OnIe><l. There is onotl1lOUS
diflkul ty in msnha1ing the evido:nce for Ihese prosecuiions, many rubjec1S died kfore
iIlverogation was oomplete ,' the cases We JC'Il 1O litigllle 10completion, IlJld the office is

smIl1l! As of !his writing, Il>07e than 2S Yt:m siler OSI's founding, 83 p<n«:1II0rl1 MVC been
dell/llurllliud; sixty-two MVO left the COIUlby pennanattly as . ",sull ofOSI's

work.' More \lim

11O!IlI"" been ~ted from entering at oIL
The disparity
~een the

number of eases filed and !he number of defendiuliS who ldl

the counlry is due to I variety of &eton. Sew:n.l ca.s _ still in litiption. More
dd~ died

thAQ 20

while their ~ were pending. Some csscs were JC1tlcd _ gencrally bccausc of

hcaltlI i,sues - with the govermnctlt a grecinjj nOl Io pum>c dcpo<taliOl1 <:vm thnugb lhc f8Cla wouJd ho.... wammted iI. The govcmmenl did not prevail in a few cues, and a handful of
ddc:adants who hove botn oJdcred deponod runain in the United States because no other eounlry is willina to a=pI tItcIlt.

"Nazi huntina~ 1(1 many)'QJ'S after tlle MIt" Is dramatic, tedious and difficult. It caUs for the pmsccutorial aillabnr3tion ofl icgaron: ond hiStorians. Bccauac the wort< Is "" lII'lUIUIJ, and the Olonl coment III profound. the Dt:piu l1btill of Justice detamined !hal the hinol)' of the office
itsdf mould be documented. Thill report Is 1M res1IIl of thIlt deternrltWlon.
In prepariDa: a report of this type . tbcre is inrntab!y!be qlleStiOJl of wbat, aDd bow l1lllCh,
10inclucle. Any reader int=rted in the fuU scope oftbc lic gatiOJl handled by the offi ce ahoul d
IU1'P lo

the A~ at tbc COIIClusion of thilo "'port. ll iists eYCJ'y cue filed, the charges made,

Olld tbe litiptiVlli outcomc. The body of the "'POrt details only. oampliD,g of the oases. Tbcy

wen: chosen lOll It']'JU C1twivc of IlYJle of - . or of .
wx1emluuIiD,g tbe wort ofOSL

pIlrtieular ........ itnportanlto

Allhough osr, litigati"" 10_ _ few, vUtually oil "'" diKusocd I. This ..... done for
1WO 1U$OllS' ( I) lo avoid any SIl88cstinn thai the "'pori is desi gned to aggrandize the office',

n:co:rd; and (2) because the losses arc rvc, oImost oil present uniq.... issues wort!ly of comment.

The hisloQ' of OSlinvolvcs

m~ than

its euos, 110_. AI1bnugb initiolly o::onc:eived

solely lOll a l itiBatinB uni t, OSI' , mandate hu e xpanded over thc yews. As . rep<nitory of Wood

War U know!cdge, the off",., ItalI beta ce lled upon by varinus parts oftllC lll1velT1mCtIllo prepare

.i

repons and to assist in non-lirigati ve mallen concerning !he HOlotaust. The reports, all ofwhicll are detailed herein, involve World War n iss ues ",leVlo l to the nation and to !he world

community.
Whi lelhe eeses and projects are individually fascinating, Ibis rep<lfl was 110I written l imply to fU'(llUIl a series ofunrd.ted but ioteresting undcrIal<inis. II;" designed to ocrve IS a

IeB<:hing and research wol for hionorilUlJ, the media, acadcmic3, policy maken ond \he aeneraI
public, The project will bopeIuIly provoke disc\lSsion BbouIllOme of the )eg" lIDd lIIOfI1I i$sucs involving p rosecution o fthosc involved wilh !be Holocaust. Among the qucstiOllll: what kind of behavior ~Of\$1i1ul.. .l$simncc in pcrsccuIion? bow do people become inv olved in gcnocidaI octivity? did \hey have vioble ..1Cmati....? if 1101, oII<t\Ild that he • factor in dcIc:rroining wbclhcr

Ibo:)' .... ollowed to Slay in the Ullited StaleS? bow obould _iety handle Ibcm, 30, 40, ~O yean
ofIcr the fa<:l? do.. the passage oftimo affecllheir a bility 10 refine !he clwgu? And what is

society's goal in bringing these cases? should il be lO punish? 10 establish personal acrountability ? to ed ocate fIltuR generations? 10 pn:sem I historiClli reco ld1 WhaIcve1Ihe
goals, how CIII1 tbcy bcsl be met ?

The issues "" legiOJL While one """lIId hope lhal!be Holocaust ""'" sud> ao aberration
thol its like would never rttI1r,

the """ rid hu since Ieamed ofnew and bonifi<: gcJlO<idol

undcnakings. BosniB, Cambodia, Croati.. Iraq, Rwaoda, Serbil &nd Sudan IIZ'C among the 011· IOO-many COWllries lnvolv.... These societies will inevitably have 10 confront some of lhc """'" issues which foc:ed OSI. The United Staleo as w ell will have to revisit ..,me of the issues as il

delcnnines how 10 lrCBIlhose new pcrs=rtors who have cmigrBtod to Ibis commy. II is the
Deportment' . hope thai this RpOrt will help bring oome of the nurtten inlO focuo, both for

vii

bi.lorical accuracy u _II u to provide ",me guidance (ll> bow 10 ","pond 10the inevitable
",peritiOll of peneculion.

viii

I. s . Eiunstat, K~ Adthss, 2S fordham In"l LJ. 2<15,208 (2001). Timc,"by Angie Cannon, ~ MiQJflf Herold, Nov. 2, 1\196; "Nazi HUIIler.~St ill 011 W88," byRick Alkinson, ~ WasJrl'W""Po.rt,Aug. 27, 1995;ABC-TV New$, Matth 2S, 1995 (doscribing OSI ... "the most !ItICCeSS/id govmuneut Nazi.buntiDjj orgoniution onearth.i 2.
J. Allan Ry.... Qlilel Netg/fbol's (llat'Cowt Brace, 1984), pp. 26-27. Ryan aclaIowiedgecl \lIaI the figure was speal!alive. Hi! cal<:1llation We based on the fiu:t \lIaI opproximateJy 400,000 emigRs had been Idminecl under the Displaced flersons ~ That statute fa~ ponono ill the Baltic stales and Ul<JaiDe, two regionsrife with Nazi coilllbmatOl1. Because the visa screeniDs: process was woefully iDadequatl: (n ' pp. 36-37), Ryan postulated thaI 10% of those admittecl had been c<>llobonllws. NOI WBlltiDg to be IICcusod of "bein& hyswicoI OIIlhis lUl!joct, he halYed the percentage and tbeJI baiYed il Yd ogain. The fiiW'l thus calcuialed was 10,000. Recordod Ryan lnrerview, Oet. 6, 2000. (Ryan'1 calculations do Dot iD.clude iD.Y admilleeS under the Refugee Relief Act, IIUdcr whicb lID.Olher 200,000 pcrsoD.S eutcml the country. Vtry few of thosc .odmittees were from the Baltico or {)}:nine.)
R

E.g_ tR~AgainsI

4. Of course,!lOt all pmolll wbo paniclpaled in the Holocaust are listed OIl rooten mel the g<IVenIIIleul does DOl hove all relevanl rosIUS in iD.Y e'lent; \llIUI)' are missinll or iD.complote. Moreover, \be number of "hilS" does noI ~llle directly with prose<:Il\Il>l. eas=. Many

oubjcct. died be[""" OSlleamed !heirnomos. SomehilS "'" cases of mislat:en identity; in others thoro ;" 110 evidence or insufficl_ evidence of pcnecutioo. Allbousb we have 110 reliabl. WIllY of de1crmining !he precise number of Nazi persecutor> who cntcrod the United SlOIle. oiler World War II, OSJ bas ;,nvutigaled appn>ximalely 1,500 peJSMS sinoc its foUDdintl; in 1!n9. That nunlbcr OVCl"Sl4lles the W1ivcrx ofknown potentially viable cues, bowevd'; BcfOTC 1988, I matter was "opened'" as an OSI invaligatio:n as aollD ... a matcb (or aomclimcs ........ ll)I1oh) was fullJld between a name ill INS tile. and • name 011 lUI 081 """""" Ii!lt, In many inItan<:eI, it tIImcd OUl \lIaI the perIOD. was dead, tho nev-matcll was not 111 .actual match, or ~ was 110 reasonable basis to believe !he individual was involvccl in persecution. AtIer 1988, OSI geueraIIy"opened" • o;ase OD.ly after it was clear \hal !he lUt!ject was ali"" and living in the U.S. (or a U.s. citizen livinll abroad), the matd> W8:3 proper, and dum, _ I ft830nablc basisto believe he had becu iIIvQlvod in /leis of pcrsecutio:n. 5. E.g., "AI Sll3pectod Nazi Cases Dwindle, o.,vcrnmcnl to CuI Wider Nct," by DavidPoner, AP, Feb. 27, 200s; 1JD.lbrgivcn, Mich&cl Gruber Can Never ~ his Nazi Past," by KaIho!riD.e Marsh, The L<M Angele. TlmQ Mag<lZf"',1W1e 17, 2001; "Filed Away, AlAmcri.,.' ILaat Hidden Nazis are PunIlCd, Sil."l Witnesses Emerge to TestilY from Long-Hidden Soviet ArchivlI$," by loSl:ph Srobodzian, The Philadelphia lnql41"er Maga:iM, May 13,2001; "Proben Race Against 1 ""0 in Hunl for Fullitive Nazis," by Adam Piore, The &cord (Bergen Co., N1), Aug. 10, 1997; "Nazi Hunten Sill Aging Arcbive," by hgieCanD.I,lD, 11w! CharlO/Ie Oburwr (No. Car.), Oct. 13, 1996; "HnJocaust'. Last Chapter; HUIIl for Nazis ContinllCll As Clock Winds Do"",," AP, Apr. 11, 1995; "The Nazi5 AmOlli Va," by David Friodm.... N....stIay (New York), Feb. 22, 1995; " As Time Runs OUt, Hunl furNazUi Spcodi.ng Up," by Man o 'Connor, The

;.

Chfa>go Tribune, Aug. 26, 1994; M RacinS nme for the Post'. Tndh," by Carolyn Pesce, ~ To",>" Feb. 6, 1992; ' 'The H\IlI! Quickens for Hiller'. BIIIcl>en, by Daly M, 'TIM Courier.Maii (Queensland, Australil), Mar. 5, 1986; "Nw HIlIt\en Rnise ' Most Wanted' til'" Our Putpose i. Not Just to Cat<:hl LotofOld Men, MbyLeonDanieI, UPl, July 7, 198$.
M

6. Not aillhc:se cases involved court proceedings. Some lubJeets Mo# 10 leave before a ease was filed, tither as pari Df a seIIlemem UI" .imply 10 lhwan litigatiUll.
7. As oflhi. writing, opp:rmrimalcly 600 subjecl:ll have died while UDder im=tigation. II is impolSible to extrapolate front thil number bow IIlaJl)' might have bee!t prosecutable.
S. At ilS zenith, in 1983, the: office had a rtalJ of S I, 20 ofwbum wen: liti gating BtIon>eys. Af, of !hi, writing, the office Ita 26 employ.... iJ>cJuding 5 litigating attomcys.

9. OIl<: defCPdallt, DOl iJ>cJuded in !be 62, left tbc: cowury and Ibm returned luneptitiously. He was ultimBteIy apprehended and rpent 40 I!lUDlbs in CIlSlOOy. Hi. case il discussed at pp. 440-

..z.
10. Theolliy umissions an: (I) loss.. handed down befureOS! was founded - eveD thougb in two iDstanccl OSI bandied the ultimately UIlIUl:<leIIful oppc8I , (D<:lIavs 8Dd HamllrI); (2) ODe case filed by INS beJ'tm: OSI'. fiIinll and then dislnissed by OSI beca""" the: office concluded that then: ,... insI.fficjent evi~ 10 proceed (M. KOIO<lJclruk); and (3) 0lIC ease ill w\Ucb OS! did DOl file I denattua\i2Itio case but Jalhet IIl\$IIccessfuily "'lOd . court 10 Iec(IDSider ill v~ retell! gran! of citi=t5hJp (&nays). All of these ....", .... included in the Appendix.

ODpler ODe: ne C... IiOD ofOSI
Inll'lxhK:tiOO

Tht chllOli DttendBnt upon lilt end of Wor\d Wir D is bud 10 0_

". M;1lioDII were

homeless and ""willing 10 return 10 Iboir countries of CJriiin. Sortlt......., vietimD, OlIIm
penecuton, and lOme ",,"0 begin lIS ptneC\Ilors IKlW aw 1ilem3t1_ u victims.

Amoog 1ht ~ wtI"t of COIInlt Jews lIIKI 01hcr NDZi '\rndesil'Dbles who ftIrod
fl

R1WniIIa 10 CIl\Wlrits wbm they hDd beea lUbjeeud to UDmiIip!ed dqrwIation. Amona 1ht
ptrSeI;uton

were DWlY 1lOll-Gttmans who, Dl the: bdIc:s1 oflhe NDZi.. hDd btlpod uny ~

policies dtsiancd 10 dcsuoy tho unwanted. Thest aoccompli_ iocllKled lAtvl-. Eatoni..... lJth".n;.n. UbDini..." Hungorir.ns, R<mar>ims, Slov.b lIIKI C:rom. After the
"""'" ofdltm _ &Ions with I..... ofthouands of inIIo;Jooql poIitie&l refI.Ja- - JOugbl

COIded,
iDto

tho United SIDleS OJ! tht ground thal1hey wen: llIrti.commUDistl whole b"""'lIDds wen: w>dtr
50vitl comtol.
The means of Idmission for most ofthut ptOpIe _
Ol"

the Dioplaud P_ACl (llPA)

the RtJuace ReliefAot (RRA), IWO of the: most r.r-r--hina htllllipDtiaa Jr... evtr tnIII:ted by
d, iDcllldina Nm vic:timll """

CoDgms. Bo1h SIlIM... """'" inteDdc>d to lIlImit Ihe 0"""

political refugees from C=unism. Undtr 1htir provisionsova 600.000 tmi llril from IlCOfO
ofcountries.rrtered the United SWell ~D l !l4g Dnd 1953.
Tht pressun: of pmccWng such Dvolume of deopemIe and dillpDrDlt ~ _
ttlO1lllO\II.

Not surprisingly, somt who had mOIled !be NllZis hIld DO cornp<01Clioo DboUlIyiJIi

md dtceiYilta oYOfWOtl<td COIUUW offici'" who reviewed Ibeir applicaliom for Idmi.. ion.

Mote than three docad., ~ before OSI was c:reattd 10 tum:l1hesc tmlI1

,

tlwas ~ UQtiI the 1970lI thai the "Nn:i " ar criminal

i_~ peroolated inlO the public's

conxiOWll>C!ll. The timinz is due 1(IS confluence of tactors, incllldin& (I ) ee denatursliutiora
and eX1rllditi"" of Hermm. BrawmeinerRyan, a GennaIl.flom New Yoric City ~fe who

Md served lIS a 2Uml supervisor It . Nn:i death camp; ' (2) public denuQciatjon oftbe INS by the

invcstipiOl" andP=iOI" in the BrsunsteiMr Ryan trill, eacb ofwhom Jdl the agency aft...

aeeusinll il offOOl-dr3i:zioa and coverup in other Nn:i investigltiomf (3) publicity Ittendd the
oiwwlIIDO<lIII filin& oltbrec deportltioa actions apinsI IIkzed _
criminals in 1976;'

(..) Conpssional oYCfligbl _ arinss in 197", 1m aod 1918 ....hich hiahliiblCd deJieialCies in the INS JltOC«Ium for in\'Utipting Nazi uses; (5) a GAO ItIIdy which conc:h.lded thai the INS

P"',..,., ti<lll of a d..".ll1ndizalion ease againsI the Romaniao 0r1:h0cI0x Bishop o f America for his
slleg«! involvtonent in atroeiliesduring World War U;' (7) the 1m bestse ller IV anI. 41 The

Until 1973, Nn:i _

wen: handled lIS any other immijp'lllion matter _ diSlriet by disDiet
,

. -_..-

House Subcommin... on ImmigMion. Citi:=nship, ....:l lnlmoolional La......... bolding routine owrsigbl bearings On the ms. Ntwty.dected New York City C~ .. EJizabcdl

2

the OOUIIlry, and that the INS was doing DOIhing about it,' she lhrcw out . skeptiul question 10 INS ComrniSllioncrLF. CMpmm, Jr. Once he dDowiedgodthat _ h Nw. _

in the UrUted

SUleS, she ...... rivete<l by the issue. hllbe wo<ds ofher thea Iegisllllive 1IUi~ she "sunk her
teelb in it and would not let it go...
A month.tler thc heuing, Holtzrnlm bdd • _

(:Onference in wbidl ohe ........ ed thc

-eenc:y fur iNdeq_

in_iptiou U>d ~ =ating. Woz Crimes Slrike Fo= willtin !he

INS.' ShcmIy 1beretiIet, """ ukod !be INS for !be JWne of every person under investIptiOll.
The INS go."" her 73 IWlleS ...:l DOJ mNe public. list of37 wbn _under ilrvestiption...
HoIIzIND d>d 1'01 _I)' bKtor, she &01 down in the tm>obes. She met .1 her offioc with

INS mvesrigo.lon 10 review !he Iellding invesrigMiDrlll;" she visited IN S' New Volt office IlDd
spmI hours reviewin~ !he files;" ...:l she _

!he INS c\eWle<l criliques ...:l ..wy,n ot the

"'3c:n<:Y' . work."

'The INS ...... noc the sole fOClll' of Conares"""""'"" HoltzmaQ', concan. She wrote I<>
the SecmaIy ofS",1e <XJmpl.oining .bout his nep_', "continuing fail"", 10 ~ wiIh
!be INS in illl rifom 10 investigate ollepd Noal _

c:riminlol, ",siding in thc United S~~.

DisMtime<l with !be "'"I"""" she received.""" releucd !be excbulge oflellen IDld ehllrged ee
S_ Department with "in.ctiorl and indifl'_.~"_ Eve:nlUally. 1IIe ~ I)epIlrunalt

acknowle<lged 10 Holl2maQ that it bad 6g _

from INS .bou1 whom il bad not JIll uke<l the

U.S.S.R. for 11II)' pcninem infrmnlllion 'The SIae Depsnmem wmI on 10 promise IhaI hCDCCfonh lWfIes would be submitted ..., lIOOIllIS !hey Ill'e re<:eived.••" Holtzrnlm obo IrI.vekd
to Gemwty 10 eJ<horIlbe . UIborilin lhere 10 file ct.rges ~ . mident in her di!flricl wbo, ..

chief of. police pm:iDCI in l..olvi.. bad asisIed in the peneclllion of civilWls durillj the Woz."

3

In early 1911, Holl1m8fl and • colleaiue called 011 Collar-man Joshua Eil1>era, Chair o(

the House Subcomminoe. to bold new bearinp on Nazi ..... erimiJll1.. The INS used the hearing
to anoow>c<! pn<:mptively tl\8l il WIllI overhlulin& its procedUl't:ll (or invatipting Nazis.

Hencd'onh, • Washington !ask force of fo", triall1tOnleys and OM \ead M1OnIeY, uncia- the
purview of tho INS General Co<mxI. would raiew all INS fil., and IftIICriaI connected willi

alleged Nazi WIll" criminIIl.. DenaturalizMion and deporwion proceedings .....,.,Id be filed if the

cvideDce 10 WiJTtlIlted."
INS Omen! CourlKI David Croslaod o;bo$e Mamn Memlelsolut. III attome)' ......-tinlil 011
the Hill, to 1IClld!be new wUt.

ComiDR from. Civil Rigbll ~ C,oslllld tbo..pl it

especially.appmpl1"'! tIw the ~ oh unil)nvolved ill World W... n pmecIItioo ~ Jewish. While "" wu nol lCli...,ly loo1<i"ll to bin: • Jewisb chid, all things bci"ll eqUlll, lid thqr -no, ""
wu pleued tIw he _

able to do 110." The office _

oot fully staffed uotil IIllC

SIIlIImU

of

1978. Meodelsohn Irited four m orneys, fWO INS egenU, four Il"duMc SlUdents fl...... in

GeTman. and one "",hjvist. The !ask fon:e WIllI called the Spceill Liriplion Unil (SLtl).
Crosland ordemllll closed ...... involvina Illeaed Nazi WI1 eriminals still IIi..., and in
the United SlIta =peno:I for investiption. " In addition. the SLU bad to deal immediately

with c..... a1reIdy filed by INS and U.S. AlIomcyS tIm:lugbout the counirJ'!" Mendelsohn
doci<led, "" • <aX by cue buis, whit rolc: the SLU would plIy. He made these dertrminltions
bI:Ied on t!>e staae o(t!>e liligation and IU.
&15e$1l1DmI

of the 10cIl ASlistanl u .s. Atto""" .."

MendcllOhn 1110 tried to CS1IbJisb working re18tiomhip' with otho:r nlltioonJ wbo$o

cooperation he deemed eosentill 10 the SW. To wt end, he tnvded 10 lNrlel and the Soviet
Unioa, both ofwlt ich were home 10 potelIlill witn_. The U.S.S.R. also was the repository for

•

marly ,..kvOlll Nazi ,.. I'CC<Ifds which had been taken by

Ih~

R""".... as they eonqumd Nm-

beklleTritories. Mendel10lm Ipob with W

approprial~ .ulhoriliet

.houl_

to witnesselllD4

records. Bo1lI be and Cro<l1Uld also ~ 10 keep the J~wish o;omrnWlity llPpri$ed of offioc .
pJlll< lIIld acx:omplisll=nts. 21
Once he was tho""" 10 lead WSW, MeDdc:1sohn was • fft>quenl visitor 10

Consros_ Hol _' . offi« -. fact which caused &ic:tiaD bet"eeL him lIIld Genend Coull..] CroIIltld, who """" neither inviled 10, nor inf"""ed aMlll, lb¢ villI&. Bec...se the SW
needed immedietcl)' 10 8d up 10 opccd OIl previously filed .,...., the Wlit made linl~ Ilfle:mpl l/)
~Iop <:Un ""

ill own. M<:tJdebolm visiled some of the U. S, AlIOouc:y1' Officce (USAOI)

Iiti&Uin8 theIc: C8SCI bill fell himself"' . disadvllllqe ~ they viewed him ..... INS
II10i MY rathel' than •

DOJ Ittomey."

An additionIII problem concerned fundi,,&- The 1979 [)qaItmcm of JIII!tice

AuI!loliutiOll bill eam.arked $2.os2,000 for the SLU. H"""",e!', the AJ'Il'UpriItlon bill made DO

mmliou of eumerked /\mcls, IUId Ibm _

"""'" quation II I/) wbich bill b.d pm:edcncc. Lea

!han IWflbedeo ip;nateo;l 1InOWII .... spmton tbe unit by INS durins Fisad Year 1 m

.

In JUIIIII)' ]979, the Depm1mml: of JIlStice' . 0f60e of Legal CoWlSd ..tviaed tbIt !be full

S2,0S2,OOO ~d be 101 aide. Wbdhoo- the SW .....led Iillhil fimdin& WIll .w.tab l~ .
Crosland Md Asooeilte Anome,. GtnenJ (AAG) MichaoeJ Epn believed tbe Wlit was
overfuncled; Mendelsohn (bad:ed by Jewish &fOUPS and HollZIIWI) felt

otherwi.....

The

solulion 10 both the rlIIure lUId flmding probI....... II Holtzmalland Mendelsohn ..,. it, _10
h/lw the WIit mo\ltlll to the mllin buildinj of 0epI:tmem of Justice. Thi. Vl'OUId inslanIly

provide increued vi.sibility md IfX.eOS 10 the IkJWUIICII1 '. greate!'support I'C!OUI"CCI; the full

s

alloo:aUoo could ea.oily be spent in sucb IIll envi~ "

Thill was llOI • clw!ge that ~ther the DepllrIment of Justice or INS .ought." The
AJJOCiMe Anomey General, the INS Commissioner lIIId INS GeneralCOImIel mel: with HoI_ to IJy to persuade bet tho! suc:h . move wu wallC: '''Y. They were UllllX:CeSlfuI; Jbe

lhrWened to le,:islMe ee move if llle DepMtment did not -.:ude.'" The Dopmmenl of JUJlice bowed to the preSSuni. Testi.fyina befofe Holl2lnan' s Subcommittee, AAQ EpI1, VI'lIooe supervi.,ory aeeia ineluded INS. wu cmdid.oo", t h e _ f... the mo"" mel hi• ..,.,uDD 10 it.
I ... ve n lUl:lan1ly come 10 ~ u..e the unit must be III<IVCd from INS. The iwmediue director of the uni~ Mr. MendeIJOha, bu urged thi.o for ........ time.

...........

1_ sony to see it pW: out of m'J Jupervi siWl. befCR iu mis.sion io suooessfuUy lICI:OItIpl ished. HQWeVeI", the unil C8IIDOl peJform witbout the suppon lIIId CODtidence of this Subcommittee. I trust the 1r8JlIf... ...m help 10 a:hieve tblt
Mm ddoolut ,ave li1tle tJ>ouaht to where wilhill the 0epIInment his se<:tion sbouId be

...

placed. HoItmw1,

bo_.

did. She fd t the Criminal Division had Ihe moR "heft."" ill

addition, . he felt that thi. would be the llloM :opptOjHNlte fit since "'the cue! involve murder" with an Older of proof allllOSt II high II that requited in . erlnmaJ lrioJ ." The ~er offici..Uy took pJ_
WI.

Seplembet 4. 1979. the dale 00 which Anoroey

GmenI Benj&min Ci viletti signed ... <Ifder givina the CrimiDaI Division:

prim.uy respomibility for deteeting, iovestiaati na, and, where appoopiate. Wing Jeaal d OlI to ~ delWtnlize, or prooe<:IIk ..y individual who was MImi1ted as on alien into or beelune • tI8lunIIized dtizen of lbe Unikd StIleS and who had _islod the Nazi, by perxcuting any per!Oft because of JlI<:e. religion, nMiona! oriain, or political opiniO'l."

6

The lIeW section was the OffICe of Spcciallavestigatiom (OS/) and it r<pJrtcd to the AAO fur

the Criminal Divi.ion, thea Philip Heymann, through hi, deputy Mark M Riclwd (DAAO
Rkhard)." The Justice Department "'""! a memorandum toall u .s. Attomcys odvisinS thm> of

OSI' , prirMcy in the prosecutiOll ofNazi cases. "
The AAO wanted • Di=wr with "in_ cmlibility" to give the offi<:e IUl llUSPicious
1IIlIrt."

Heaol<cd Walter Rockier, a farmcrNumnberB ptmeCItIor:llld then.~ in. D.C.

law finn, to bdp in the $CM:b." Rockier <:onboCted several people, ineludin& Telfurd Taylor
(.,md" prosecuIO< at Numnbers) IUld Charles La FoDetc <Nurembcra JI""S""'1Il and Iatet a

Congr=num l'rom Iodiana.) No one had fill)" augpione.
AAG Heymarm then asked R!>I:1<Jer himsclflo eonsidcr the position; Rockier ..... DOt

' lntmsted. He had spent the

3~

yean siDce Nuremberi "blollirla out the

_.R

(His 'Wife,

whom

he llICl at NUftmbers, had been all &loniaD aI. ve l.borer.) Mol'COVll", at N=beri be had
iDvestipted and prosecutccI btInIcm: be did not knowthe kl"lY stvff' aboulcooccllbwtion camp'

that would be ccntraI to OSI ~utiona. 'And finally, bo Ihougbt the _ s ' 'woIIld be. bIu>ch
of sarbage. lNumnberaJ had the biS·timen. n But ev<ntuaIly, as he mulled 0"'"' the issue, be decided thai the easel, thoullb leas sisnificanl lhan the ones in Nurembers, """" still W<lItb filing.
1llere......., practical problerM, however. RoclUer had four coIles-Pi childrm 10

suppon. la addition, be was litigotina lICVCJ'lIl W< oues against the 0epaJtment of Justi<:e, and il
would prnenI' c:onflid of inlC1'C31 if be _ the

;n litigaliOfl aaamSl the OepatJllCllI of JIISIia: .II

sam.e time be was tn their mlploy . AAG Heytn4WI offf:ttd J()lutions 10 bolb obstacles: DOS

woukI wai..... any oonfIicl of interest Illd hire Rockier IS • part.lime <:ontnIct employee. He CO\Ild

then be poid by the aovemmen' on an hoorIy basi. and .. ill ........t at the firm part_time." The

,

new director in place. Roc:kler's finn 100 was IlCCQlNIlodaling, Ill"Ccins 10 provide his full
partn<:rship dnIw. Ie.. only what he eIUTICd from the sovemmenl."

The SlU attome)'t ~ invited 10 lran$fer ell ........... mid all but one made the move. The:

mid b110 reapply for. pennanenl position. All tbox who did _

m osm.

~_

nomed DeplllJl Director of the unit Roelder wmted him to ovenee litiptioo while Roclder

de$cribed hiI OWll responsibilitiel:

I bad to waste an awful lot of time delesatiOI\S of UOIIpa, lhe Balties, the Ukraini..... 1 hid delejatiou descer>cl OIl me to p1C1lC11he eese of tbeir couatrymen.. They -.e all beina; potCIllially perlICCllled• .1didn'l know an}'lhina: Ilbout it 1would IUtea to them and be fairI1l1On-ClOllWlinal . All... . while I SOl fairly impstiern "";11I1hem and 1said look. we'", noIlloin& to pumIC anybody because !hey ""' Utviao, Li1huaciaa or Ukninian. II ain't. nationality desiplioa. Ifwe find: they'w o:nppd in &Il)'Ihioa, why dOll' C)'011 help UI iDmed of eriticizinll us'! Why don'lyon come f-.rd ,.,.;th SlUff 10 _'U set done with ;1 ArId) _ shan ternpered ..d ) didq'l WIdcmand public ",11Iio"". 1 I didq'l undemancI lbe job i•• JlIlblic relations jol:>. Memwhile Ibe Jewish llfOIIPS were dao:a>din& on me and they hod . different pilch. whieh 1 found d b .. " d y irritatina too, which .....: Where the hell have )'0\1 been for 30 ~? How eome )'IlII hIve:D'1 hung anybc>dy? ) thou&bt: to myoelf; they're all mns. ) mean pcopIe are Iatally polarized. They don 'l know wIuIllbe hen ll_ O!I and they were aonoyina. Some of the parliClll. Jewish s:roups bad partieulu larlltU in mind.. They wamed US 10 ll" after Mr. X. Mr. Y or Mr. Z. So I ..... "'lISImalD.wfUJ 101 of time 0!I1hings like dlat I had • couple of public: 1JlPIuances. I didll'1 want the pub/it relaliona part ofi! onyhow, buI then: ..... no ,.., to .void it"
Rocl<ler, u Meodelsoltn before him, abo IrI.velod to Ibe U.S.SA lllId Isnoel lo speak "";Ib 1m

"""'a

•

shehad to help OS! 1hal DOJ.itI1ll didn't have. DOJ had to 1lO through the S_ Dcpsrtment IlDd it took WfrJ too long. She 0IIUld I;UI ri&hl Ihroup thII.Thus, wh en """ l......t thai OSI WM havin& trouble geniDll doc:urnenu it n=Ied &om

ROJIWIia in on1er to p:t05«Irte Art:lIbill!lop Trifa, llhe IeSlified abour the problem before • Heme

(the nmkinll Republican on her fmmigruion IUbeommi.nee) 'MIl' able 10 gmher 120 """IJIODIIOIS
on. 1979 resollllion utJlinlIlhe West Omnaa ~ 10 mend or abolislr. itllWIde of

limitaticmIllovemina the ~ ofNm _

._...

._.. Like virtIIaIl)' evet)'Olle iDvolved witb osr at the belIirm;..... RockIer tbouaht the offioe

_ -._

-

crima. (1t wu abol;obed.f'

WQu1d allllplete iUl W<Irl: iD five or rix yean. He hoped 10 file a coopJe of easel bofOnlho left

litiplion.. Roekler felt 1hal Mmclelsohll WM spmdi"i too mucll time on the HiD conferrin& with

Holtzman (~DO longer Mendel...hn' a responsibility) ODd not enough time on the casa.

Rodder kept both AAO Heynwm and DAAO Ridwd apprix4 ofhis concenos. In JaallCy 1910, DAAG Rkbard, IICtiIqj; 011 directiooa from AAG Heymann, assipd MmdellOIm 10

",u n , idea."

RockIer'.I' M .or wu 10 be Allan Ryan." Just at Croslaod had """Jbt 10 bin: • Jew to . lead the section (.til thinp boinJ equal ), AAG Heymann and DAAG Richard soullbt a - . lew

,

(oJI things being eqlllll/). They did no! WlIlII the oifice 10 be Stl"" IS .lewish organization." . Ryan welcomed the public rclKlions ospeclS of the pooilion mucb m"", tbm b.d Rocl<l....
One of the I1mlBSb he set for bimsrlf wu !he creation of &II OSlllllcnda. 10 be -wro\'Cld by

AAO Heymann and DAAG Richard: lIInOJlg lIle ilemll lis1cd .... the ""ed 10 keep the public:

infomtedofOSI', work."
To IhM end. be oouahllO cstabli.sb ti.. with both tho Jewish and ethnic: commtmities. He

801 beJp WI both fiooll from OOJ. AAO HeytB8IW wrote 10, and met with, kwisb leadm 10
assure them abo.. Ryan ..... to reit...at. lbe Ikp&nmeJll'. OQDlJDitmmllo the SIIClCCflI oCaSI.

!ben filii sbould be filed or the casc cloKd OIIlbe 2S0 pending INS invcstigatiom.'" The Jewi sh

oommllllil)' "'"JIOIIdod positi.,..], ..... issued . 1ftS" rei .... in ""l'J'IXI ofllle fledgling ocction."

came from 1lIIY Irao Cvmio cO\llllr)'... much oftbc evidCIICC relied 00 by OSi did.
Ry&ll and various DeplliUbCllI officials mel willl etbllic gJOUp Ielod.... and aeked their help

in sorting outthe"bcJocs from Ibccollaboraton. - Ryan allIOmcl wilh local groops and_

over Homn..n.
She hid lIle rcpollltion in OSI • . . ofbcirli ••• GhCQiif Khan incarnIIC. You'd IItink coilIi 10 see her WBS liI<e cHmbini MI. E_IO _!he DeJj Lama. She _ • SIlpportcr ofMo1l)' Mendelsohn's IDd . .. 1 J.d 10 speak with {lJcrJbcocaluc she WBS the keypcnoo 00 lbe Hm. •.. 1basi",,"y IOId her wIw I said 10 !he lewisb groups: Here's who 1am: I>ere'. ""'Kl I WlDIIO do. 1_'I do it all It

m

on« bul gi"" me some opponuniIy 10 do it aDd Ilhink I win pro"" te you tball ean do iL It was the be-gillnine of. very mUllla1ly mpecttiII relationship."
AlihDugb Hollmlallmade peace with Ryan's ascension Ie the directonhip, :;he remained

vigilant abollt OSI matlers, iSsWDg press releases 10 lllII1O\llICe OSIfilings and vi ctories,

exbortina the Slate De partment 10 v.wk with OSl IO update its Watchli.... (they did). demanding
iIlaI Slate m<>difY its vi.. applicalion form to take into lI<X:OUIIl De'" legislatiOll precluding the
entry efNazi penccuton (also done)," and DD1ifying OSI when she learned eh poctnlial

subject. The priority she gave OSI mall.... _

Mdmt when she left Congress in Dea=mber

\9110; ooc of her last speeches 011 \be Floor $llessed!be issue ofNozi war criminal proOCC1Jliono."
Ryan mnaiJ>Cd at OSI ...tiI198). 1MIder3lUp1henpas$cd to hi. Deputy, Neal $her.
k i, .1wd 10 overstate the obstacles !be of!i.,., initially bad to o V«cOme . As noted micr,

many n=rds had bce:Il desIroyod.. Those wbicll rtnIained (including Gcnnllll militaly and
odrninistralive records, newspepm and magazinos published or supp<>Jtod by 1he Gorman

bWk of them in Gennaoy ..d the U.S.S.R. Wilhin oacll cc\lI1ttY they wqe ofupetsed mnons maoy archives. Tho rules of e<:<:ess varied and rnean:b aids 11l'CIe grnonlly limitod or _ ...xistent.
In 1h!d Cold War ..... If8U'Ibly \be m<)S1 difflCUlt hunile was. genizlg infonnatico from the
..

, .. .

Soviet Uni OI!. Hoi_ and Eilberg, Mendelsohn, aDd later RockIer, DAAO Richard aDd Ryan,

all IlI8de trip.! te 1Iu: U.S.s.R. to di""ll$S the issue. A1tcmey Gmer:aI Civilt:tti raised the mailer in
a meeling at the Justi.,., Oeparunem with 1he Chief Jl1'!Iice of thc Soviet Supmne Court." All
were promised tbalthe United Stales """"td be all<r.wd 10 take vid<>otaped <lepcQtions of Soviet

wimesse. and 10 ha"" increased orchival..,.,.,... Ahhough !be Sovi'" generally mede good on

"

!heir depositillD promise, lUChlvol a.eeUIl _

mueb more difficult. The Soviets had inadcq\l.alC

IlclIivol indices and wen not willinglO grant aeeesl directly 10 Wes\enl

,.;bol_'"

OSI

lh....fo'" had 10 rely on the Soviets 10 do !be ",5e8ZCll, although the Soviets often pvc thc: wk to
prosceutOl'S aDd police investigators, nth... than to hWoriaIls. AlIlltill, coupled with !be f8Cl that

Soviet evidential)" ..,quirem"'lS

10 differmt,. oftenlctl OS! ill need of-"",", iafonn.tiwl."

11>= wen: oIso pncticaJ impedimeJllS. The Soviet UDion and Eas\erQ Europeaq
~oumri .. l.odcd

the 1'UO\lI'CClI- bolh penonnel aod mlllerial _ to ~ .....". ..,q1lC!tl.

fI ...... nOlllQCOJlllllOn for a;rem to pus hdon: Ih= ...... tc:spot""; followups therefore often

seemcol irnpn<:tical." ProbI<m3 were: 011", mW>dllne bIIt seriouI, includiDg m.dequate COJI)'ing

__ _ ~fi.!i"', 1&cll ot~~ paper, ~ ~~.~ 1IlCOr:dS due to.lnsufflci~ ~
times OS! wooId provide 10Der mel paper or bring • portable l:<IJI)'i"lI mac:hine.)
EVCII within the UDi1tld Stales Ibm: we-re eDOrtlIOlIll hurdJCI. A1lbouab the Na:tioDoI

(AI

AJclthq, Lib..,y ofCongreu aDd III.iII)' piY8le institllliont ban \<aluub!e _lDllIeri-.l, 100

ofteo perIioent information ...... dtttJoyed in due course or "" poorly kcpr thlll: ill v.uue wu

limited." Moteri.u in pivale collections IOI1IClimes had reotrietcd....,... EVCII govemrnenl agmelCl impeded OSI'. dforu. OSI.nomey. complained that the CIA lIOIlleOmes CCI_ed

documents 10 heavily there was viJtually no inl"onnation pnlvidcd. The Agency -.150 JWn)wec!
<esean:h f«I- SO Ihl only infonnation direclly ",woe! 10 immigration and naNJalizatioD _

slim. MOtCOYCr, i1 dislinguisbed bet"ea. "r>o identifiable infonnotion~ mel "nil ~~ Thll&,
ifOSI ISked for infonnation al>oln lollJl Smith, • reeotd of "Smith, FNU (flrllllllme Wl1oown)~ would DOl be consideJed identifiable, e\lCfl ifSmilb FNU wu • World Wu 1I figure; ifthc: Agency had material fi-om IIIlOther BOvclDD>OJllal SO"",",. it would neither:shan: it nor advise OSJ

"

that il exi$led $0 thai OSI could ~ ... st il from the originaling agency. "

Thexproblems gOl resolved , to """"" degree al lust, in • yuiely of W1IY'. Tho: bigge$l
and most drmnlttie clw:lge tt$u1ted from the colLapse ofCommlUlism. Once the Berlin W.u .,.."., down, OSI WlIlI allowed a::«llS 10 n>o$l -.clll_ in the former
Eut~nl

bloc oountrica. Also,

with lime, lIWQ' countries improved archiwl faci lities and as! developed and nurtured

..,ll1tionship$ with ~Yists """"'" the world." And 10 the e>l1eJl11hIII 0SI 1eam¢d IhIII
documeots ......., . iKlUiIo be destroyfJd in the United States, \hey

intervoned. 10 !lOp the prn=IlI.+>

DAAG Richard helped smO<l1h Iho way for greater """""" from the in\clligence agcnoiK...

While !he ability 10 gather evidellce haa greatly hnpnwed over the }'W'S, lhe$e ..... not ' easy euea 10 ew lish. Oiven1hc advanced. <Jf survivors and quelllionabl~ value of
ej>ewitnesi .....riitiily,... ca$l! ;;,-aenml1y only WI good .. 1hc an:hiwl evid"""". 'NhaI is extarIt

and what is /lCCeuible varies. It genenlly falla 00 the historiana -lbe backboM of !he section 10 secure !he essential documentation. Their iMegralion into th~ office makes OSI unique among
litigating lCCIiom within the Department of Ju.aice.

u

I. The: INS tint Iean>ed of the de&ndaDt after 1M N.w YDI'i Timtls ran • atory about her put. "Fonner N~ CampOuanl is Now. H ~ in Qu!IeDs,- by 1o""Jb Ldyveld, T1w Ntw fort e 11_ 4, My 14, 1964; "U.s. Sludies Enlry of£ll-N~ GlIIIrd,~ 7lHo Ntw Y",* TiMQ, JllIy 15, 1964. (Accordina 1 I.cJ1'""Id, be ~ a tip abou1 Ryan from Nui hw:dcr Simon Wi_lllhaJ . 0 "Bnakil:Ia Away, by Jomph ~ d, 1Jw Ntw YDI't 1imu (Magazine Sa:tiOll), Mar. 6, 2005.) Ryan's e><tl'8ditiool was Doot page n.....'1dn.. R)'IIl Or<lomd Extnodited for Trial .. N~ War Crimlna1,. by M<IIris Kaplan, '1M Nnt YDI't 1'I""s, May 2, Jm. BefOte emigrating to the U.s., 8n.~ner Ry8D. h&d been COIIYicted oflJllDS1Aughtcr in AUIU'ia. 8M sel'Wld 3 pn: in prisoo before being aranted amDesty . The: fail= to rqKItI her convictiOll "" hercitiza>ship ~ was the basis for the INS dc:m:twalization JIlit. Mid· trial, ~ R)SII vohmtarily ",linquiohed her citizenahip. In"'"JXlDR to (lermaqy'. IIhe WIll ..tradited iq 1m. Aft.. . pro!ollFd trial, IIhe was convicted in 1981 of "complicity in the deathl ofmon: IhOI1 I,OOO prioonen. Shoe WIll ..,luM<l Io lile ;mprisoomorll. In 1996 she _ rdcued bec.o_ofiU health; sbedied in 1999. Th.... ~ a lianifi'- number offernolo! c:omp guard. m;I ...,men........t in lJlher capacities .. well. 11 1 Vf!rJ difficult 10 dttennine wbcthcr a DOtIIble DIlllI~ ofWOlllen 1 pcnecuton mtignted, ~_, sloce INS could only i<!e:Jtify emip by the 0..... 00 lbrir lrlIVel docuznaWI; if . woman married before cmIgratiJI& INS ...,uId haw no ru:onl other maiden _ . OSI believ.. Iha! few ""OJne:II fPII'ds _ 10 the U.S. because &uatd..o ...... generally selected from Auslri.I or Oemlany. The post·war Immla:ratiOD Jaws did IlOl faYOl' cmigraats from tbo.ge CO\llltnes. $i. pp. 36,38. lNS MVa" filed IUit aaainst IDOther WOUIIII fOl bcr WOlld War D activities. In 2006, OSI filed ill 11m - IIDlIIo date ODIy - .... qainst a womaa. Su discussion ofElfricde R..iIIkei .iD the

""'I"'"

ft

AppendiJl:.

2. AlI<Imey Vince Schiano ..milled while invcsti. 1IOr Tlm)' ~ Vito retin:d. AJIhoVib both metI faulted the INS fOl ill handI.iD& of Na:zi inYCSlip tions, Dc Vito IIlCUOCd !he 8Fn"Y of a collSJliracy to ~ the iIIvcstigatiom; SchiIllO opined lbal tb= miglu. be mon: bcnilll cxplanatiOlll, illdlldina inefficiency or pelSOllllllJimUllIoWlJ"d him. "'N~. in AJMri.... 71J<r MocNllUlJJr#, hpl, Feb. 2, J917.
3. Su "g., "S<>tnc S\lIP'CCI<d afN~ Wor CriIII.. Art KJlown A. Mood Cilizeno, ~ by Ralph BJUdH:lI1haI, 1711 N.", Y<»'li Ti_&. Oct. J8, 1916; "111. Mi~ed RC&IOll!I for New U.S. Na:>:i HIIllI, ~ by RAlph BhlJllmthal, "" Nnr Y""i Nov. 28, 1916; ~lnuniiflllll~ Nazis Next Door?" Htw:swHI, Oct. 2~, 1976. The three defClldaalS were Boleslavs Maiko'tWs (discuucd at PI'- 427, 43Q-431), &ani", Kaminskas IIId JCarJi. DctIavs. OII1y the Maikovoki. ~"" wasllltimately fllCCCSIlfuJ.

"_&,

4. Wkk&pt'"d Co.upinlcy to 0/.>.rII'vct hom ifA//'gtd Nazi W", (jlMlnab N<Il Swpportw by AY<>iJuM. b id."", - Cofll1'f1JlVlY M<l)I CoNi1lW (May 1918).

5. Su pp. 203-221.
6. Howard BIUII\ (fi""'. Books).

7. Interviewed in 2002, MB. HoItmuIII no longer recalled who had alerted her to the iMue. h ill possible that it was INS inwstiglll<:Jr De VilO &nd INS prosecuIOl" Schiano. Wbe:zl interviewed on the PBS teleYision program "Nazis inAmeriea, The Mai:HeilILehrerRepmt, Feb. 2, 1977. Schiano sald that tMy had ''perhapaM spoken10 then-Congresswomaa Holtzmall about the need Cor lUI orgmizcd task Coree to in~estigate alleged Nazi war eriminab.
M

"""'"'.

II Apr. II, 2001 re<:orded interview with Jim S<:bweit= ~ Sehweitzer interview). In 1979, when Holtzman became clIair of the subcommittee, Schweitzer was made """"";ttee

9. M Ho1tzDwJ Ca!JlI U.S. Lax on NllZi lnquiries,M by Ralph BJIIltleIlta1, TM Nrw YOIi n",n, . May 20, 1974; May 20, 1974 Holtzman JlRSS release.
10. JUDe 5, 1974 letter to Hollml8D from lNS CommissionerChapman.with ll!t8<:hed "Delalled Report in IDvestisalioo oC Alleged Had WlIf Criminals Prep<wd from the FUCII oCN~ York DiSlriet Office,lNS,M"37 Undc:r Inquiry in Crimes by Nazis,MTIw Nrw York 1lmf:I ,lWle 61974. I I. Aug. 20, 1974 memo 10 File. from inv<:stigstor O.H. Col1Oli reMAlleged W. CriminalS; Meeting with Repmentsli"" El~ Holtzman.~

12. feb. 14, 1975 memo 10 lNS Regional Commissiooer Nonbeast IJom Disaiel Diree1OI, New York,NewYork. 13. E.,., May 20, 1974 1ener 10 INS CommissjOl>l!r 1..eotlard ChapmaD (I pagel .ingl~ with • 10 IM8" singJe-!paced addondum).
14. A\Ji, 2S,1975 HoltzlnaDpm! ",1_ .

IS. Sept. 21. 1971 lmer lO HoII=aD fromJobn DeWitt, Deputy Assiswu Se=wy Cor Consular Affairs; Sept. 30 HollZmaP press ",1_ re '"Stale Department Aecede! to HolIZman Demand fur Stepped up Action 00 Nazi WarCriminal!.M
16. Sept. 24, I97S letteI from Distriet Attorney in 1.Imdtn>1'fiIIl: 10 Cmlral Offic;e of Stare Judfcial AdmiiUMtiotiS iii LuiIWi~. Tlie resIdeo1 BOIesfiV Mai!io\lliiii: 0ennaDy refused Hollml8D" rt>que!l. OS] uItimlnely filed ~ apimt him and be _ onIered deported in 1984. The cireumstaneel ofbis deput\lll! from the United SlalCl are diseuascd aI p.

was

430.
17. M AUeged Nul Wu<;:riminals,~Hearin ga bd. the ~ SUbeteeon Imm., Cit., and lntemat' l Law, 9S· Con8., I" Se!s. (Aug. 3, 1971), testimony oflNS Co<nmismoner l..conool J. Castillo, p.

".

18, Apr. 10. 2001

~

inle.-view with Crosland (heuafter Crosland intetview).

"

,
19. June 12, 1978 memorandum 10 Sool=kov file fro", M.......ISOIm.
20. Amona the cues already filed wen: J.1tl;ltuvslh, Dellaw, H(4",n , KmIIinWu
(d<pcqulions); lNmj~..J.,

r,ifo, WWIG, KowoJcnJr, Pf1W~CI4Mi1

Frdqr,fl1o

(denatunIlizatiOlJl).

21. Recaded interview wilh Mllrtin MCIldclllOhn, May 23, 2001 (bm:aficr Mendelsohn iDtcrview).

Jewish Fedetllion ofNonh J-r.

22. £6., Feb. 27, 1979 letIe:r from Crosland 10 Ri<:hlrd Krieger, ~ecutiyc Di=tor of the

23. MtnddlOhn interview, 8111""', Do 21. J...oe., it was. xp_ OOIIlpooenL

Aith<lu&h INS ..... then put of1l>e DepwliDt>1t of

24. M Ajency Scud)'in&Nazitis Upgmded, Rby A.O. SuW>e!ier,JrM1?w N#w YtW.l TImU, Mar. 21.1979; ClwIaod interview.$lVfl, 11.18.
25. "Di"JIlJleQvcr Rd eaWla Fwld. MiJes federal lllvemptiOll of 17$ A1Jegtd Nu:I War Crimmalf ill V.8 - by A.O. SuW>etF. Jr 1?w N", y",* n _.M.... 2S. 1979. AtttJI"d,
M M

Mmde1sollll interview•....,...., II. 21.
26.

Accordins to Mark Richard, Deputy Assimnt Allomey GeDenI (DAAG) forthe Criminal

Divisioll, !he DepanInelat _ opposed 10 assuminS m;ponsibilil)' ov..- ... iaitiali"" designed to foeus OIl 1l0lKl'iJniD8l remodia. Monova, lbe Depenmm was rd~ 10 _ 0Ul jllrisdktioa trom a COlDpOl>CDt (lNS). DAAG RkbanI iD\efVicw,~ . l l , 2001. M"'ldel solm has an altenWive ,""plan""'" b. , !hal DO one expected the &QvauuWJ]l 10 win !be.. cues and 0 the J)epartmaIl did IIDI _ 1 RO 10 lbe Hill tOf . ppropri.iont wilb • reduced win nUo. McndeIsolm inlCrView, I<IpO'Q, n. 21.
27. lDtervicwwilhLiz HahzmaD,J~ 12,2002 (bcrafIcrHoltm>lll inteMew). C~ ... Holtzman beclllll< cbair of the 1llImi~OQ subcommlllec.tler EilbeJ&, indicted 011 bribery cJwses, lost hi. _IOClioq bid in 1978. He p1td &\Iihy ODd was _1W<:td to five yean probMinn. _

28. Mill". 28, 1979 leS1imooy bd'ore tilt Suboornmitklt. 29. Schwei= interviow, mpt'O, n. 8.
30. Hol_ inl""";"w, .rrtp.-.>, II. 21.

31. Order No. 8~1·79. While Sept. 1979 i. !be officilll crtation or OSI, in fIct il was in ~~fore lbcn. ByllltmOJal>dum of Api". 4, 1979, tilt DAAO (Of Admim.ntioo IIlIIOUIICCd thol tbc SLU would ~ lnIIIIf=cd nn Apr. 22, 1979; III Apr. l Odirective from Philip HcymaJm, AAG (Of the CriminoJ Di vision, aDIlOIlIlCed tlud tbe nOW lIIIil would be eSlIIblishccl on

"

"" ,.
32. The office was originally to repon to DMG Robert Keucb but due to an illness La hi. family, the re5p::l1W Dility was ~ to DAAG Richard.

33. O<:t. 26, 1979 memo from AAO Heymann to 011U.S. Attorney"" "Officeof Special
inV<'sligalions. ~

-

34. June 7, 2000 m:orded interview wi... Heymllllll (hereaIlcr HeymlllUl imerview). All refemlCell in Ibis chapter to MO He)'mann'1 &<:lions COlllC from this inlel'View ur:dcss OIherwise
35. May 10, 2000 TW:It<k<I imcrview wi... Walter Roclder (hereafter Rocldcr iDte:rview). Al l to his W<l<ds lind aetiOllS -... from this interview UlII. . otherwi.. 1IOled.

"'ference'

36. Rockler ~Ied hi. "'action 10 the waiver: "ltbousJn Ibis was anomaloUs all hdI bur il d idn't..,UDd bod to me. ~ .

......

37. Rodier originally estimaled his tUne would be fairly evenly divided betweea OSl end private practice. As it t\InIe<I cut, he spent approlIimalely 110% ofhi. time OIl 0SI 1llOItI<1'3. He tI>en .....eeotiated wi th his firm and lOOk . 25% CuI in draw for !be duration "rhis a<>"etlloleJll

38. While this I1ICI1IOJY of the Jewish groups comporu wilh Mende lO()!m' . de3criplioll, b<llh DAAQ Richard and MQ Heymann recaIIlhe J.wi$ll groups as sin>ply seeking moliltioo _ one \W)' or IIIOthor. Accordina 10DAAO Richard and MQ HeymIlQll, the Jewish Ieadmhip.lllSl ....med to see """,c mcrvemcm in !he case..

39. Rocller lnd Holtzman d id ZIIIt Jeltiong. She pe=ived him ... having the "typical Justice Depe:tmm! Ktitudc:," I.e., that 11K Hill ohou1<Il101 be meddIin& in liliption. Mofeover. sbe fdt loyal to Mn>liebohn, who sbe tb\lught ohowd Uve beelI chosen as DirectoJ. RocIder lIle'Ul\\tlile. having worked in the same law firm .. she, but 20 years prior, vi~ her lIS ... pup. M ~ lind Rockler inte1views, supra, I>Otcs II and 35.
40. So::h_iiift intervM:W, nqmJ, Do 8.'

41. Su pp. 210-211.
42. H. Res. 196 (\16- Cong., I " Sess.) sa"" as one of its SIIJlIl'Olting .u..ons that the United SUI.. -.. "'moving oggre.uivdy" againot penon3 sospected of war crimes and bad ~stablishcd • special unit within the Department of Justice to handle these The resolution passed 401 to 0 (with 2 WllelI of"p=ent.j • The U.S. _ DOt lMonlyC(>llnlryto premueGem>an)-OJI this issue. Aceording to ... officer of the Czechoslowllk politicIJ inteUigenc:e service who defected to the Welt, the Soviets" 100 wanted to prevent lap se of the ...tuleof Hmiwions. To tho! end, \lie)' worke d wi th the

=.

Czocb. 1 devioc III rllbonle f\I,!e. ""Opemlion.1'leplUlle. invdYOll talcing aWteDli e Gem1lIIl 0 military .....,<do Imm C:I:<dl llllCl SOviel lllclri..... mel submerging !hom .t !he bo1lom ofBI8Ck Lake, _ 120 miles !rom Prquo. They _Ibon ""irw:lwnently diooovered" by • team of diVGll worl<injj ill IIIOCiation with • C=:b television =wo. The: "nowly-<ti...,vmd'" docwnentl wm: 1bc:n publicized lllS proofthal Cu<:hQllov.u. had_ ~'" oumber of ori~ md inijO<l1l1l11 Nazi dncwnc:nll .t ill disposal. and th'" it WOII!d be h'Cilp<h1s;ible for West Germany 10 allow the prosecution of j:RYiollSly unidentificcl Nq __ c:rirniOII.lo become lu.."bBmd before the do<:u",..I1. could be evallII!ed. 11ttI ~pt;oII Ga1rw: CuclwMlolKlk J"" lJig_ i'I Suvitt PoIJ(kd JY~/""', by Ladislav Bittmao (Syn.cuoe Uni...... ity ~ 1972). <43. Holtzman lCCIIocd the lumce Department of exaetiDc retribution on Mendeloohn for his "'Ie ID movina: llIe unit fronllhe INS . Rockl.... e<fIIIly b1unl, claimed dLIl Mendellllbll would DOl follow insIJuc:tionII. plaeecl too moch emphasis 011 public relatiOllt, and hid Ileilecte<l 111811820_ of t!le offioe. AAG Heymann IItI'ibuted the move10 • "penorlaIily eont1ict" between Mendclsollll mel Rockler. III expjlnltion which Rockler fell was !DIdeqlllle. Mlustice Dept. 10 Ouo:l1'lazi Rumer.Mby Roben P.... 1'1w Nr,., YOI'k n_, Jill. 6, 1980. p. AI; M JewUb Leaden Sayl ustice 0qIanmcnl Movil!a ApiJut Nazi..• by' - Rubin, n , 11m. 13, 1980Allhe lime, Mende190hn decliDcd 10 COaIIDeDl in the pal. Yean Iilei', be opined lbIl pan ol!he prob!em lay iIllbe &a tbII he "teIm.pJayer.M He also felt doerc_ " ' _ ofbio ability 10 Ie( funding eanDIrhd for the oe<:ti<m. Mendelooha. imcrview•....,..... o. 21. &rm.rbd fundia8 eoatiouecl for oevenl yean. often '" lever, maher !bin the Deja b""11 ""l'JCSICd. Sn '.g., H. Rep. 9ll-759, Depanmem ofl Ultiee Approprillion -Autborizati.... Ael, Fi.teal Year 1985 (98" Cong., 2"" Sea), pp. 5-6.

_not.

« . R)'lIIl came from the llIItiq Deparunent's SolicllOf Omeral', office and bad ""';tterI the
45. lkyroann interview. suprQ. Q . 3-4; OAAG Richard inlm'iew of Apr. 15. 2000. 46. SepI. 19. 2005 ..1IlIiI from RJtan 10 Judy Feigin '" "Query PS .
M

appel1lte mef au<! aoBUcd the seminal OSJ case of UnJreJStales Y. Fedomu;Q bdore !be Fifth CircuiL For an accounl ofhow RJtan came 10 be ehose<I, _ pp . SJ.-55.

41 . ~Year's Deadline Set in SeIrcll for Nazi s, ~ by A .D. Sulzberger, h ., 11ttI New York 71",.... Jan. 16. 1980" . A 17. The p l _ JKII mel.

48. 11lII. 16, 1980 joint 1ft.. "'I.... issued by !he Anti-Defamation leogue, .... ~ l ewi.n Comminee ancIlbe Ao:Ierica<l Jewisb Congras. <49. SeI p - S41, 0. ' .

........,.,.

.Sll. Se, ' .g.• Feb. 23, 1981 lellen from Ryllll lo Petro Mirclmt, I'ruide!ll1)krainian Wei)' of PoIilical Prisoncn, Inc , ancIlO lbe Edilorof Vab.. Euzl So"", (all Ellonian-AmeriCAII

"

Jan, 1 985 LllM"" N~ DtgUl, "ItYoo FooBht CommWlisan You must be Deported Sa)" 1919 US Law;~ Sept. 1983 Darbilliltw (Broold)'ll, NY) "How to DWIPd Oneself from Attacks by OSI.~ Many Eastern Europeans were <:oJICOlJlOC.I since Ihey had CaI.med thrir place ofbinb WI their viSli appllc&tioo. 1n order to avoid tile possibility of replllrill1ioD to • COWl!l)' onderCommllllisl domination. Ryan sought in vain to cxplaia !hat Ibis WIll not tbe type ofmisJepreoentatiOD OSI wu intmSled in jlW'SIling. This disttIIst of OSl Illld IWO sorious oonseq_ : it cui off evidemiary sour<:es 1'0< the government ODd put inno<::etlt people in lIIIWananted fellC. Recorded interview wilh All"" Ryllll, Oct 6, 2000 ~ Ryan interview).

51.

Sn~,g. ,

52.

Ryaninterview,~, n.5 1.

53. For II discllSlioo of the WIICh!ist, "~ pp. 297-309.

54. Oc~ 8, 1980 Ientr from Hol1Zl1Ul1l to Secretary of Slit<: Muskie; Oct. 24 _ponse from Moskie to HoIumaD.
55. Cong. Re~ vol. 126,96'"COO8., 2" Sess., Dec. 3, 1980, HllS05.
56. Oct. 26, J979 let1er from Attorney OeIIeraI Civiletti to Lev Nikolaevich Smimov. Chairmara of tile Supreme COUl1 of the UlliOll of Soviet Socialist kepublies. Sn aha, "Soviet AI'=' to _ Aid .u.S--<>tLDepoJtatiODS- ofNIIZis," 'UPL,,~ New YorkTfmes, Nov. 8, 1979. 57. The Soviets used a _linked index !hat indicated ~ .... II name was mentiooed, but did not cro. .re-femM;e IIUpporti:ISdocumentation. PoI.oo was tile only EuIem European COIl"1JY !hat a1 ~ OSI historians di.- archival acceso dwins the Cold W ....

58. Soviet C"-'CO o nly ~ prooftha1 the defendant was II member of II o:e:rtain llIli\ wbm=as OSl also needed hiotorical cauexl about tile unit 59. July 6, 1984 memo from OSI bistori... David M"""",n to DiRctol Siler '" "Soviet An:hilIes." !in 0>/$0, Oct. 13, 1980 memo from MarweIl IO Dirutor Ryan 00 lhuame topic.
60. For uample, in 1976 all Disp1a<:cd Persoo Commilsioll recortb (other thEw reject lilts) wen 4esrI'oyed in d"" 1lO\II'$l!. May 12, 19781ener10 then-SLU(lIlId later OSI) llI10lDeY Robert Boylan from J. Adler, Chief; Refen:nce Service BraIICh Yedemi AAhives ,. Records Carter. PrelimUwy worksheebi completed by those _killS admiuloo WIder thc: RRA were destmycd in 1958. Oct. 7, 1981 lIImIO to OSI bistorian DavidManoell from Alice Harri.. Departmeat of State re"Disposai Scbedule 00 Foreign Service Visa Records in 1956 [sic]. ~

61. See ~.g. , Nov. 30, 1988 memo to DeputyDiredorEli Rosenbaum from OSI lillOlIlt)' Philip SIIIlShine; May 23, 1989 memo to Rosenbaum from OSl Senior Utigation CoIlllSC1 Ronnie Edelman. .
62 . Still, problems exist

Due to deteriorating diplomatic ll'lati011S with Ubaine dUl'illg the lim

years of tile 21" century, American JeSeaft:hen have been deni ed K«SS to some Valuable

"

arclIival material. OOI>Cenling Hungarian persecution oflhe Jews. Mar. 5, 20041etlCl' 10 tJkrainc: Prime M ini!llel' V iktor YlIIllIkovycb from Congressman TllIU Lantos. Another problem exists in Russia where. treasul'e eeve of docwnen\lil is housed in !be FSB(formerly KGB) An:hi..... in Moscow. While OSI resc:an:hm CIIlI ~icw documenuthcn: (and documents in outlying arclIivcs arc ""mrum.s scm dICl'C fur OSI viewing), tbcy ellWlOt make ~ons or cvelI "'QUelil them oll-si~. A Mjucsl in wriling is made after the O SI hislorilUl rctumlIlO the United Sw cs. The Ar<:hive itse:lfwillllDl reopond 10 requests; ....orything ill clone ihrtlugh imennodiarios. ThUll, tbe AmcriCllll C~ Scrvi"" Section d tho American Embassy COlllaCtS tho RUSIIian J)l'OC\lI'lIlOr (prollC<:U1OI') who in tum deab with the FSB~, Not JWprisingly, aive:n this labyrimhian sysIWl, !be rcoponse lime is paiWulIy slow; two-)'C8I' dellys arc IIDl WlCCmmon. CompollDClins these pobl...... tho FSB An:hives has made l~ effort to preserve documcms, scme ofwhicb arc merely onioo skin earbODs. Reproductions, wbeD tbcy llnalIy come, ere $OlllO\imes \llIS&tisfactory. While deleriOl1llion of documeuts is • problem in many former Eastero bloc uclU....., an ....... mo", """ous problem """"""" in YugoslaviL The ravages of war in !be 1990s destroyed entirely _ archived documc:u.\liI.
63 . ThIlS, in 1982, when the Arehi~1IS division in Bayoone NJ Wlll abollllO desavy DPC rcjcelion ~ OSl aoteustody of the documeots. In the mMna y..." !he State Department, thoOA and the ArmY eou;,l.... lntcJIigeiioe Col'JI' (ClC) granted pe-rmin icn 10 de<:lassifY most of ' the material in their files. 64. DAAG Riehald's contribution 10 the section ."tended far beyond liai",n with tho intelligence =WIity. From its fuWldir:qj (and WltiIlm), OSI reponed III him. He..,v;cwcd all eases lIId Wlll the eonduil between OSI and the politieally ehaoging lOP management within !be Department. In Ryan'.l>mrds;
MarIe was the...bole show.• . Mart was the guy who made this thing wmil ... . He was !be illY in the tmlcbcs. .. . Mark looked out fOf us, looted out fur ttIC, pointed us ill the right direction, 10Id Il\e what was goinj nn... . lff. had 10 do it On my own, il would not bIIve been as mudl fun or nearly as sue<:essfuI.

___ _ _ __ _ _. _R~ .x~_ .jmil.,. ~1&. 1\CQQr<lill& lQbim.DAAG RicbaId _"w'UI the,. _
eontel' or. lei of things thal l am very proud of taking credil fOr now, but !hisone mOre lhlIIllny 01ber. . •. IjllSl turned il OWT 10 Mark. Marl< was !he senior point man. 1mnember biB.pCw1Wg • lot g{tiJne on this. • • . AUllil [Ryan) was reponinJ; iu evilly sense of tile word 011 • wry substaDlial basis to M..t. . . . Marl who oIways has 2 or ] or 51lllljor lI01ivilies or iniliativa. This was a!molil number one ill IelJDl of !he fund t look, the energy be put into il. • • • [He JotJ !he building sp&<:C, the "8C"lS. . . rcIstlons with CIA, gettiJ>& malCrial•. Both Rocl<Jer and Ryan -e very strong bul they _ both beginners in !his world and . . • Marl< was aivins il. 1m of tim. and enetgy. He wanted it 10 suoeeed. He knew I wamed il to SU<:<:eed. He lmew lbere was all the Congre..io:nal ""PJIOII- wanted and no shortag. of money for iL ..65.

see discussion of the wal... and lMnyc'!iuhasc.ull pp. 71-100, 1SO- I74.
20

Tbe HillO rblDt
In 1bc 1976 movie ~Maratbon MIIfI,
ft •

Nazi dtlItiSl who wmUd in • CODCftIlr3tioo camp

i. oceo waIlciPg in Man/WtaQ;s diamond di5lrict. A HoJocaUSl victim recoani= him and swta

SCIUIlIilla. Aslhc dtqtist flees from Iht """""', D1has join !be <:h.... 11 is 8JClIl cU>ema but it
bears Uttlc relation tol"ta1ity.

In only DDt ins1ancc _

au OS] cast booled 011 • HoIOClUSlsurvivor recogn.iziDa his

~tor in the civic oquare.' In. bandful of other cues,

the

11""""- was aimed to.

potential deftD<isrJl by "!IIszi hunlfn....

However, lI>OIt Nazi ~ found in the United

Sial., Ire disoovercd throup ee UJIIlIJDOlltOUS and doaao:t ~tw of Nazi -era <locumenb. The
work is dono by multi·!inausl OS] bistnrilJlll in arcbi_ lIJOund tbt world.

That Ibt JOvernmtnI ncecled inclividwlls with combined lang'Il&gC skiUs and hirlorical
e ~pmi st

_

IlOl immediately 1Idt..,videm.

Oovcrnment CIIItS are gmerally developed by aD

investigative I l!tIII ond s prosecutina sttome)'. Wbtn lilt SLU was trIIIbJisbed in 1977, the
tndiOOnal paradigm was modified a1igblly jq recognition of the .....,.j for lingui"", 10 review

Third Reich records III the National Archives. As DOted earlier, the SLU was staffed by four
atIOnleyI. two INS aaeats. four pad"",,, studems fluem in GamIIn, and ""'" Gaman-'P""kina

srchivist. Tbouah the lIIlIdeDts and archivist. WU't called "hiSlOri..... in fact only DDt wu
ft

formally trained as sllCh.'
As it tumed out, 110 lItw _ _ filed by the SLU; the unit assisted with, 01o_w,
cas<'$ previously flied

by INS 01 U.s. AltQlnty's Office$. Sinc:e 051_ ts1abIisbe>i as I raull

of bemc..dous publi<ity and JlR ssun: about the.....,.j to get "Nazi war cri<ninaI ~ CISt5 mo..mg.
there wu an wgency 10 hYe the otroce fully staffed .. qllicl<l,. .. posaibl•.

nu. wu

'I

8Ccomplisbed, in part, by b<Irrowing inveSli8UOB from • v....ly of aamoies, includina INS. Fish

lIIId Wildlife, IRS. Sem1 Servi<:e IIIId the Swe: Dcponmcnt. None hid 1lIIY JIII1icu1llr koowlcd,e lIbout the Nazi en lIIId only ODe or two hIId ...,. proficim<:)' in GemwJ. Two hillori_ were
hired durinS the lline-mouth leowe ofDinclor Rocklc:r. '.\o'beIl the)' _1lddN 10 the grIC!UIIC
sNdan pool. the rIlio of invesllplOn to historiOlll '"IS ~ y 2;1.

RodI... bepn with two Depul)' Directors, Marlin Mendelsolm 10 avenal lillption, md

Att SiJllli 10 mpervioe inveoligations.

Thoup trIined a.s • 1lIWJ1.... Sinai - . by 1 1 1 _

(includin S his own), III investigMor II bean. His role in the office was eaentW1)r IIw ofChief
1nvatigolor IIId be hIId alndition/ll. iDYCsliplor'. 1PP'«<:h: inveotipIQrI IIIlbet lhe evideoee.

Illlomey.s prcsml the case in court. The hiSlOriIlU at tile time felt III ifthe)' wen: seeoad dUll

eitiuns. The fict thI:l Simi reponed di.-!)' 10 Roctler. but the ChicfHiSlOrim I'ql<lfted to
Sinai, reinforced those feelinll.'

By vinuo of their diffcrinlllkilJs,the invClliglltorl and historiam "I'Jlf'lICbcd .....
diffamlly. Investiguon spent the bulk oflbeir time lr)'in& 10 find 1be dcfmdlml, lowe ..ill .. 1I>d IwIdle JlIjlOn with futeign govemmarts ond domestic ~

e-

devdopmmt was drfendant~ Were there d _ dttaiIing ........ he hod done?

Eyewi_s...mo couJd testify to his IIUIIfellSlUloe? In IIlOSI inmDces, the IlD!IWeI" WIll DO, since:

the bu1k ofOSI iovestiJlliOJll involved camp i'JAtds or _

ben of ,nili"'Y police \IIIits ,boo!

....nom there i. rudy ioformllion involvinl penonaJ """"sdoin&-'
Pet.... BltIo:k WIll the fl/'Sl foon,lly trlined historian hired by OSlo He came to \he office in 1980. Followinl the oppmach Gennlnf look io their war crimes prosecutiollI. he bepn to
<:<,>n<aIIrale on the IlIIil in which , lubjeeo: served. Wbll were the d\llies lIId r=ponsibilities of

22

that unit? Who el.., was in it? Whatcould be leomed about daily life iD. the orpnimtjon? Will

thi.o a "";t - as many were _ whose m~o r purpoM W1l!I peneCutiOD of Jews and other civilian '
'"uodetinbles?"

He, and CIIhe. hi.. ori...... \hey \Verll lUI$!, spem moll Dfthe ir time in archives. They
searched for rosIeB, identity canb issued 10 members of awdliary police fome>' aqd eamp p.an:ls,
requestS for servica or benefilJ (e&., P"""ions) in whidl !he applicant .iSled hi. -..time

usignmcnla and aclivilies, and peninrnt refueled and IIalemmts from the hllDllrcdo of",,",.

war trials cond\lCUld In Europe. Given their txpu'Iise in the ~ underinvestigatiOIl,
hisrorians eouJd =&Dizc the oi~ of a cIo<:ument which miiln otherwise 10 tIIIIIOticed.' E)'CWitness lesl;1DOll)' eGIIld corroborate IRbiYal information, buI the hiSloriana did DOl ....,. 10
rely on il .. a primay melhoo of""",f.'

While !heir academic lrain.in& Jed hisIorian5 lo _I; cchival evidmce, !here were
praeUcal oonsid<moliO<1S .. well. The Waf"" pvsceulion' had """'" ablmdanl!y clear the
probluns of ";!JleSS iduIIificaiioD. Moreovu, neD it muncries were ac......... allhc ouIIct - .

dubiClUl proposition <:onoiderin.g the fau that viClims ran:1y knew their caplOlS'

lIlIIIlC!

and .....

little oceasioo /Or direelcY" conta<:I _ lhcse lIll!moma weno much 1_ rdiabk .. wime-o and

subjects aged.
Despite the diffcri"ll apprnacbe. of investlptors and histarilUlll, the lira be!WeCIl them

were

DOl

&IlW)'l1 demortod. In lKlIIIC insrances, hisIori.... iateniewed wilDc:s-. especiaIJy iflhe

hi:sl<lriaa had WUler foreign languaae skill. than the assilllX'd investigator. Where boIil were
qualified, !he ossignmenl was geDeraiJy baled OIl al\Olllq "",ference. Incvilably, then: - . lCJUioo beIwem the invmgalon and hiJlori..... m ""h of ir related

"

to status. 'Who was going to puI!he ease together, the inve5tigator or the historian? Who would
deoide ",hioll inVfiligati""" to open and which witnesses M ould be interviewed? Who would
lloCQOmpan)' \be

lawyer to !he inlel'View1"

When Allan R)'IIIl

became Director in M"",h 199(l, be began to reassess !he office

pandigm. Ar. he saw it, !he proportion ofinvestipton to histOrilllll was invenc; hi.,orian.

needed to be the lynohpin in Ofder for judses to undentand ful ly the signifieana: and c:ontext of

[W]e were not gain&; to win casu by """""",ing \be judge thai 1>='1 a guy who bad cbeated on hit immigndion fortlll. We' d only win cueI if we 'd oonvince \be judge thot here WIlla .... criminal with blood on his bando. •.. My sensetbal we needed 10 <10 this for !he j udge rdk:etod my 0WIl o.m.tamiliari!y wi th \be ~ I bad alwaY' ooosidered myself $OUIething of a Wodd W. D buff, blIt I bad absolutely
110 clue of\be orgonization, \be detai l, \be mudun:, Ihe actions, \be sequence of events, puticulOJIy o n \be EuIem &onl where most of om attentiOJl was
CO""""'ttlIled ,1O

Thue were two aspecu to Ryan's "JlllIOllclt: (I ) hire ttlIined histOrians to develop \be C&Se:J; and
(2) e:ngaae an outside ~expenM bistorillll to testify d lrial.

Clue immediaTe probl.... in hiring historillD!l WIll salary. Lawyen ent=d gowmmenl
service d !he OS-II level and moved quicl:ly to Os..13; historians with PhDs started IS OS_9s."

Ryan ~ to DAAG Richard who orunged for histori..... 10 be promoted quicl:ly to OS-I l l.
T..... early efforts proved parliC\llarly ftuitful io tho search for outoide o"peN. First, 0Sl

arguably !he preeminent tox l on \be issue. Hilbetg testified in. series of eor\y .,...... for OSl, including U.s. " K_1clwl, \be fU'Sl triallwldled by !he offioe. Second, in April l9S0, OSI sent two historians (and • third attended It his own expense) 10 • S)'Illposium
01\

Hitler and \be

NalioDal Socialist Er. hold III the Ciwlel in Soll\h e.tolinll. O!le oflbe main purposes in
attOl>diJla .... 10 ll1lIke eonl*;:l with hi>lorilUlS in 1bc: field in order 10 edllCllle them ~ OSI.

Th<1 met Charle!l Sydno< and ChrisIopl>co- Browning, two IeadiDS HolOC8\l$l bistorilUlS.
offi«.

Hilbeq;

and Sydnor were the two experts ....... used by OSI over the)'ellS; Brownlni a1$O testified for the

An lDIel<pected byproduct oftbe SOIItb ClIOlinl conference wu. haDdwrittell list of

s""estioos for improving \he lot orOSJ hillorilns. -It was wrillerl by the tluee OSI.ltQ~h"S IS
tbqr sat O\'erIookiDs Fon S=ter durirla • b=I< in 1bc: Confneoce; tbqr dubbed it "The

Chorlmorl MOltifeslO.~" It makes dear bow lnI/iiJlaIiwl tbe IlisroriIDS felt They ........... ~lik<l

\he anomeys and invtoStigaton,~ 10 be usigned 10 individual cues on. formal basis. SuclI
_&fIlIIeD1 should provide "fuIJ and onaoina bri<fma on Jeaalcu: ~ stI'IIelJ)' and
SlBlIls" as .....n III pMicipation in meetin,p ~ tIle....e. They also lOuaht the autIlority 10

develop and maintain COlll*;:l with historical and archival experts "wider the hiSlOri""" ""'"

......es and the right 10 "develop and follow up =eardlleads both in tbe United Swes IlDiI
abmIId. The latter <:omplaim wu based on tbe 1'I'I'iter.I' pm:eptiOQ that mrveJ was trated ...
perq..ui~ w/Dl:h

ft

ft

genenll)' went 10 investipron IIId lawyen rather th.m 10 historians."

Though the Manifesto WIll never fmmall)'prelIeIlted 10 OSI ~ its ~ wu

pused OIl onlly. Over tbe Dellt few)'ems, the key SUQesUonI ........ all adopted. In addition,

wbm Art Sinai left in the summer of 19a1, the Chid Historian beaw> reportins directly 10 the

""-.
Given the subjcd matter orOSI casos, Ihe alt<tn>e)'S ""'"' lleneralJy not well ~ in the
field. Bef""" meeti"ll with the MOlltSide ft historians in ~(lI\ fur trial, the aIlO""'YI Qe«\ed

"

reports concerning the relevant historical background. These repolU, often over a hundred pages long, weJ'e pre pared by OSI historillll5.'· Most

attorneys soon resiizod 1hal it helped to have the

in-bouse historillJ\ along to resoI", any ambiguities 0\' questions when Iller met willi the experl."
0Iher f1I<:tors 100 affectod the increasin& role for hiSlOrilut& Someof the traditional work

performed by investigaton - finding defmdsot s and witoesses ~ became routiM and simple willi
the adveut of computen &lid, mucb later, the intcmeL For example, il is 110 Iouger necessary to

do world-wio:k se=hes for swvivor wimesses. lnte:nlel sites Il"Id ~ogy links gi", instant
information. On·linc: ac<:es!I lo government reoords elsa makes searcl>ing for a IUI!ject simple.

Within a matter of minutes, OSI CIUt ascenain w beth<O- someone in the Uoited StlIleI is ali", &lid,
if so, where be i. living. 'This effort used 10 take months of iDvestiplon' lime.

There ...... thus lIS!! for the investigatoll '" do while the work for historiatl!l ""'"
increuiog. 8ioee OIUst of the investigaton were On 10&11 from other ~ies, they were .imply

repJ.aee<l. by newly-hiredhi5l0rian0 I>I\U their 10&11 period. <&enerally one or two year:s) expired.
8y the late 3Os, the positionof the historillN oeemed secure. They had largely supplsnted
invest igaton and by now iliey were being paid ... OS-145, • sallU)' lOueb hip

than _

would

have earned in academia, their most likely alternative emplOJ'lOcnr. Moreover, in 1986, Peter Blad essumed.11llUl)' nfthe respomibilities of tile CbiefHistorian-" Unlike IPs ]>ill""
50',

be

..... fonnally moined in the field snd ..... seen by hi. eolleagllCl lS williog to light for the ir
rightful place in the office.

Two thin~$, however. served to shake the historians' smIrity. TIt¢ lint ...... OMB

Circular "'-76. tint issl>ed in 19S5. end designed tc privatize varlOUll government fimctiOlll when
the government ean SlI'" III I...,. 10% by doing so. Di fferent sdminisuations haWl snached more

•

ze

. or less signific.,.,., 10 the Cifeular. In the l.te 80s, dwiDg the adminiSlJalioa of George H.W. Bush, it received moewed emphasis. WillUDthe Departme;ot of Justice, o~ of the few 8fOlIjl8
1algeIed for privatization was the OSI hinorians.

Unde:r the A-76 plllll, • private comp....y would inu:rvicw . pplicants and then submit a
report and resumis to OSlo OS! could choose from among the D am.. submitted, but would have

no oppotlIIIIiIy to ilxlf iD len':iew the .wJicanU. The eootno:t employees wo uld be lower paid

than OSI historiarLII and would receive no bcDd" DAAG Richard and the OSl le&dcnhip wert: lt5.

.

strongly opposed 10 the .o:ocept, fearing that it would dillite the quality of historians and
therefo re, ultim8tcly, of OSlo Congressmen, alerted by OSI IO the problem, intCIVflled to ~1II

. iIlI appli~'Il\Jp .Q6.L. _ _._.

.._.. ._ _ ._ _.. ,

The second employment scm cwne iD 1993, when OSI itselfbopn hiring 011 a contract basis. Newly-hired histOrians and attomcys were
ctlp8cd for two year lenoS,

thou(lb III the wne

salay ( n with the SIIIIIC benefits) "" if tbey WCR pamaIICtlI him. lhe contracts were renew.bl. for 0"" man two year period, and then, for a (mal 0"" yea,- period. lbc rational. for this cboul,e of protocol was that the office wlIS 001 cxpcctcd 10 C<>JIti.....e significantly 1001'" and thetefore there \Io8S no need for long-Ienn hires." Ho_ , the office did DOt disband and in August 200'l, all the con1JllCl histori.... posiUQllS were convened intofulJ.ti.... ll"vemmcm

positions." That the offlC<! was still in existence in 2004 is dllOlargeJy to the ~lopme:nt of. researcb and development program which was a naturaloutgrnwtb of lbe an.:hiva) approach
adopted by the historians. INS and the SW bad bceo reactive - Ie5JlOoWng to illfonnatiOll pt. sented to them by OIIt5idc sources (often the media). Ooc:e historillIlS UIIC:OYere<I [WI.... IIIId

other ...,hival maltrilll, tht office became ~ve. It submitted lists of names to INS to
dtlennine whether any oftht """l had e:oterod lhc Unilcd States. Without such aD R 4 0
program, the office might _lJ have c"'-' within lhc 6"" yan e'Ve7yOOe • ....-oed a rho ouWt

to be ilS life expectancy.
In addition to lrInsf<>nnin& tht _y aSIIeans.bout JUbjccts ooiI invesliplCl cues, tht

b.islori_ have ~ tDOfItlOIIs/y the body ofHoloc:e.USl kDowledF. The)' bIIve dooe 50 in
wrious 1W)'S. As part ofOSl'1 me-clIllIId cue devdopllled, the historianshave

_I''' '

the

IIflCll C:OllCelllblltion of documcou in the world c:ooo:emina T......wu - . Germsn......... tminin&
eMlp

ill Polooil forc:onc:eatralion cMIp

JIICd.s."

ADlIlysil of this dm. - often .. pm of the

hiIIOricaI rq><>rtI pn:JlIIRld lOr OSlliligWoo - bas helped expIsilI. how tho NQiI trained lIICI,

many of wiKrm were prisomers of....., to t:MaIly penc<:ute civiliml. The TrlWIliklI\o()' bas be... a:cepted by oouns ooiI ....se public in. series ofOSI decUioDs.'" OS! hillorilDl have 11I50
unesnhed ooiI soned _
ooiI LithllaDilo."

the m le illdigaoous police fo>«I plsycd in ISrinin& lbc Nazis in E$toni.

Untillbc Cold W. ended, ooiI OSI historiam gaiJ>ed ~ to arclIi",,"
wi<Icopttld bclieftlw the ...... mur<ler of Jews in

prevlously behind the Iroa CIlItain, m- _

tbOM two ooumria ...... done by the Gcrma.ns.21 The mudl _

complex story ofindi2CllOOS

lium lhc 11UlInC)S, OSI historiml l>llve wrinm exhaustive reports (IQ COlIUOVeISilll Holoclusl

subjects illCh.ling Mengele, Blubie, WlIldheim, VerbclcD. ooiI """'" WlIlCbIial ...ndUla ... They
abo <X>ntri buted silPlificantly 10 • Stile Depsrtment repon 011 NQi gold."
As oflhil writi.og, OS! bas KVell historians ooiI one investiptor. Histori...

= vay

much il)volved in decisloo_miling, both on !be lIIICIO ooiI mio:m.level. The Chid Histori... il I

"

Deputy Director oflM lICCtion and consult! wi th the Di=1or and Princi pal D..... ty on alm... all

nc.pite the near parity, ~, I!IeTe iI. diff=nce in puspcx:live. Some histori.....

1M differenc:e. A.o .....pllined by ooe: You In: aoina 10, ill 1M I;OIIrOC of . proceeding lIw illilte • aiminII pn5COUlion, ove=phuize limply tJuouah fo:us, if IlOl tbroueb Ibetoric, bIIl50lrletima tlwougb rhetoric IS well. YOQ'~ aoini to ovemnphuize the role oflhis indiridUII beeIuse t!vd'. w!uK the trial i••bout. [IJD the ...... contexr. oilhinp, JIOIl......wdn'1 haY<! .,.,.,palhy for (biln), though )'OIl might, bill hi! role ill mudl I_ . inis er Ibm i, would appear ill I trial dif,eeted abo.. hi. perso1l.

"

1. JIlCClI TIIIIIICtIMwn. dilCllDCd III pp. 1()6.116.
2. E,g., C...-!ian "Nazi b unta" Steven R&lDbIw aJ orud OSI \hal JobaruI lep:rich, ,,(onDer OSI ddmdant, ho.d relI.>.-l lo the U.S., altbo"llb P.aml;cg oould not pinpoinl Ilia loc:oti"". St . p . 44 1. Simon Wiescnlbal notified T1w N.... Yar! TholQ ~ HenniJ>e B...-. iner Ryan. Su p. 14, n. I. Tho Simoa WiesmthaJ Cmter bn:ru&bI Harry MIIDI:IiJ to OSI' I """"lion. MInDiI il di"" ussc d AI pp . 300-301, 456-4S1. In 1Olll' inlltln<;Q, ~, N azi bun l.... u:ve publicly identified peopI. as pono:cuIon who lurocd out nol to 1;>0 10.

3. 80m. SW docIwlontI ref....,.,. fDlll"hislorianIl'Ilhor1bm five.

~ ODC

<Jf themMimtl

IlIIY bo.~ u.dveru:Dlly boal omittod. 1M Sl\Id"'lU bod an Id~ to INS beyond !heir II.IIj'IJqe IAiDs. They -re mucb cbeopor to biro thIlI lNS agem ...no. bc:cIU!ie !bey were wtb orizod to cany ..apllll, """" omitled to mand8loJy o-time poymmu. INS "hi.norimo" were tb\lll lCQ, ill part, .. .. way to aa ilI~ wore cbap!y. Apr. 11,2001 re\ophoDe call with fotmu INS 0en0raJ CouIlsd D....;d Croslo.nd.

_ wodins out uf New York IDd dlad=

4. 0<:1. I I, 2000 reoorded intervitw with t'onnor OSI biSlOri... (aad Jo.w ClUd"HiItoriarI) Peter
BIId; (bem1t« Black. inloo'iew); Apr. 2, 2001 m:ordod ia\ervi... with furmer 08.1 bisroril.D ~vid M.r-U (berqf\eT M--n interview); Ap-. 2S, 2002 iii""";"" with OSJ biscoriaD Steven S. Rogaa. TMCbiefHiItorianbad boeQ hired by RodIOT. H. hId bc:al ltnmJalor lll Numnberg o.nd bad lh"'fellflOT wod:ocd III lb. c ...... of M~itary HislOl)'.
S. 0... mo,iar exceptioD CODCenII puds II die Mo.~1llo.~ COlItCllU..IiOll camp ill AUIlrilI who wore IeSp)mible far die dl:...... ofP"l'lOllJ in .... camp. AD 0Sl bi.slOriaa. doma resurdI AI !he NaliooaJ AIclli_, fouocI . book ontilled w U1lllltlnJ Death Book, ~ in which !he No.m recorded .oil in-.. of M..utbausc:n pards killirJs in-.. hx:ident Iep<IIU: -..d diagro.ms wtft kqlt. (No.nnI deo.lhe included doo.tb ...,.,. ~on, c>venI'OJlt, and iii......,. Sh<>otibg o f an .a.llcged polmIiaJ eocapco . . . COII$idortld

"WIoalufaI.,

6. A dramatic exampl. of cbia involwd ptqlI.<Ilion of .... W.a.ldbeim Repmt (di"",,"1ed at pp , 310-3 29). OS I hist orian. rocogni.red lbot "OJ " .... W.a.ldbeiza' . TUIk in \he mililUY, mel lhat <:l<JcurnentI band ini!Pled "W- from the 03 officer in his unit on cenain dales bad to have been from him . Oct. 20, 19116 memo 10 Sbcr from OSI historian Patrick Treo.norre wPmpqancla doaIIno:nlS inilio.Jed by W.a.ldbcinl. ~

aooa.

7. Recorded iDIeNiew willi BJ ad<, MIY 3, 2002; UNt><:OJ'IIed diseu.osiOIl wilh Black, Nov. 50

3. S..pp. 11-IOO.

, . Bla

intoMo.... supra, Do 4.

10. Oct. 6,2000 r=>Jdocd in!en'io... with All"" Rym. All Ryan 'efcoMuure ID tbiI .iDterview unlessotherwise _cd. All the histori.... of that erB v.b<J were inlervjewoed agreed tbal it was

R)'l'Jl who focuoed on, ond o::h8ngt:d, the role ofhist<>rilu>s in the office. 11. "(jS~ stands for Govcmmem Service. Salaries wilhiD most "fthe fedmd govanment are based on one', GS level; !he higber!he lne\, the greaIQ the salary. 12. lnfonnatiOll about the Charleston Mani fest" CQlPell from !be Bl""'" on<! MarwdI imorviews, supra, n. 4, .. wen .. infonna1 discussions with OS! historillll Steve R~ 13. Black and M.......ell intaviews, 8If""l,
II.

4.

14. Under !be ru1el of evidence then in eff'oct, !be repmI was IKII ohown I" the outside expert or defense co_I . In 1993, a modiflcali<l" oflhe Fedmd Rules ofEviIlence reqlliJed lbe IOlSIifyiDa: expert to provide . wrillell rep<>rl to ue defense before trial. As. pncd~a1lJ lI'llCr, \hill didlllK IIltel" lbc role of the OS! historilUL In ID06t casca, the IqlOl1 ls drafted by III081 historiao illld ,

lbcn IJIOdificd, .. W8rI'IlIllcd, by the IcSlifYini wi- . . ' There ilia dDWllllide for the OSI bistorianll with \hill chanlie in pro<:t>dufe. To the_ tballbeir mearcll becomes a rep:nt issued undeT \he II&IIlC of anOIber bilItori.... il inlpedclllhcir ability to Jl=CIIl !be material .. original WOlk of their own. In . field where publiutioos maIIu for ~ appoin1mcntl (which some OSI hilltorilPS stiR see _ • future tmpIoymml option), thi, can diminilb tbciJ abi ~ty to enhaoee their CIITriclsI"", 'lit".. I' , In a 1982 televilli<>D appeIIllIlI'e, Allan Ry.... 1bea OSI Director, d~bed OS! historians as "peoplewbo bow the city of Rip ill 1941 bcnerthaB IheykDow \he city of Bailimore in 1 911 1 .~ ' M Aft... Houn,~ J.... 1, 1982, nus deptb ofbowlediC was tsseJdial. " Ha defcoo:I.ntwere lO say he had tumcd • eorncr and _ X, OS! oecdtd to know IfX was there or oot. ~ Rcmarb by '_ Rym at Oct. 24, 2(M)4 lunclle<la """,""""DnIIinS OSI' , 25- IlllliVC7SllJ}', 16, He was fomlally nun.d to thai po$! in 1999 whcu!be Soction', tiM Chid"H1stori11llcfl. 11. Whil. this chong< in policy itnI-t0<l both historians and stlOmO)'3, it il lhe hi!ltl>riano wOO r. lt most concerned. 1hoy _0<1 thai \be Department would a1wayo ,mel • pI_ for an attorney of proven worlb; they f.lI loss sangIIino \hat thcre would be options for than.
18. In ~ !be ~ of bc\n( a "'11'1rll<:l ompl~ did 1'9Ilca!l,Jo ~ !l~""I, in !he quality "f tppIiClllllo or hites, nus may be due in part to tbe fllCl thai acadomia, all obvious a1tomative for well...,redcntialed PhDs, !/topped hiriPi witb 1bo lIbandon of. ,....,..tion tic.

19. In additiOll to ICl"Iina IS • tnlining cam p, Trawniki also WBS the site of a forced labor eamp. On November 3, 1943 more tban 6,000 men, womelllllld children incarcentted there_ sboI to dcaIh. lt WIllI cee "flbc lorJCSl sing1c massacres oftbe Holocaust. TraWlliki m... auisl. d in Al:tion Reinhard ("Opcmi<>n Reinhard"). tbo Nari projoct whoso ullimme JOII wu Ibc Ill\IIlhilation of Polish JewI)'. Under tbe aq:ilI ofOperation Reinh..... 1II OItimatotl 1,100,000 Po~slI Jews wore tnIlI'dert>d, tbe labc>r of abl&-bodicd """,",Ora WlII Q.ploilcd in .love labor cam,," IlIId..- anncd guard, and Ibc personal belongingsoftbe murdered lews were OlD and diotribuled to benefillhe Oonnan erouomy , len

n

In 1990, shortly aJ't<:' C2ecbosIovdda'. .... elvcl Revolution, OSI historillJlll were JlWlI«l lICCeS!IlO Czech and Slovak an:hi-. They found. collection of rosten from tho SS &rWion Streibe~ . 1IlIit fomIf>CI in tho lUIllIlIer of 1944 dwinJl thc: ~on o fTrawnild, The tomn Iisl bundreda ofTra....w mal by lIIIme, rank and identity fl\IIllber. The iJlforllW:ion from thi5 m.teriaI ~ly led OSI'I historimilO thc: Central ~ in Moocow where they found. Ireuure nyc ofTrawniti lMterilJ, incJudinll perso"nel files, dopkljmc:n! orden, and IIId:itiOlllll
M

~

As of !his writing. the Trawnilci documcnll ""'" beal ""'"' in It Ieut IS O SI c:ueI.

20. &te .. g., U.s. Y Haida,Tl'prQ, 936 F. Supp. 14S2; u.s. Y. K~, 6OO F. Supp. 12S4(N.D. ill. 19114), aff'd. 712 F2d 1374 (.,. Cit. 1986); U.S. Y Scldjfr;, 13 1 F. Supp. 1166, 1177 (ED. . Pa. 1993), aff'd, 31 F.3d 1m (3" Cit. 1994); Us. Y. w"")'Iyl, 162 F. Sopp. 86 (ND .N. Y. 2001).
2 1. Their role ;" 1Ml>ia fll'St

,.....

be8... 10 emetB" II • raull ofOermlm crimm.! ;"vcmgAtiont. in the

,

22. f or example.lhere "'&I 'Pl*wlly DD1hing meationed dorlDa 1be Nonmbcrg illvestigltiollll &D<I1riaII about !he SlIIIgUIIIlII' (Lilbuonim leCorilj pol ice) IU1c in annilIiktion ofLithuniJl'l
l~

23. FnrLitb........ s.. e.6-, U.s. Y LilellrU, 929 F. Sow. 31 (D . MU!!. 1996); U.s. l'.~ , 911 . F. SIlIlP. SIS (ED.N.Y. I 996), _<d .. reminded, 11 9 FJdI 22 (2""CiJ. I997), ,.,.'d <Jnd ,.wrmrded, S24 U.S. 666(1991); U.S. v, Dal//de, 227 FJd 31S (6'" Cir.2000). For Estoni.. ue U.s. Y. Linnas, S27 F. SUpp. 426, 430 (E.D.N.Y. 1911), qff'd, 685 F.2d 421 " : Cir.). . 24. Ste pp. 3 00-302, 310-329, 3 71-423.

C". pler T..o, Tbe Llaolto of Ihe IA..

Thooc who OSI investiglltes have 1Iliegedly been illvolved ill penccWOD of civilians based on their "'""'. ",Iigi"", national origin or politiclll belie&. No InaIW bow egregious the

pmccutory activity, the United SillIeS coonot lik criminlll ~ ~ the lilies"'" crimc.o -

comminod on foreign soil aaainst non-u.s. citium - vioillted "" U,S. law of the time.'

Any

legislmion to criminali>2 'uch activity retroactively would be collSlitutiolllllly barredby the & Post Facto C&au.e. Unable10 prosecute and inclucentte Nazi pmlCCOlonl for their crimes, !be government's

goal is 10 mnove the:mfrolD!be oooznry. Their .spoosemdchildml, whc1heror not bomiD the United Stoles, The _
"'" DOl part

oflbe litiglltiou.

oft_used method of remoli8l i. deportation. However. the govenw>ent cannot

de.,.:»1 U.S. citizens. Therefore, iftbe IUbjCCl became . lW\U'llIiud U.S. ciliuo after cmigmina;

the &Oveo>menl mUlll fim file luit If> he.ve hi. citizenship MYoRd. 1f1hlll i. """"",pi;""""••

Boch denatoniIizatiou and deportotiou "'" civil mllter.l. 1"hoft is DO SliItule oflimitations

controlling the filing of either ofthae procecdiogs. GivenlhIt.oSI was DOl founded Ullti134
y..... after World WI>: D ended, and cootinoed investigating Nazi penecolols fur over • '1uarter

By COIlInISI, in the modem era, the United S"""" i. a pmty to variOWl conventi",," which call forprosecutiou or extmditiOll ofpel'SOJlS found ill the U.S. who C<lIIIlUiIted crilll= on fo"'ign so.il. Implementing legi.latiOQ grants the U.S.jwiJdicliOD to prosec:uU. E.g. The Hague Convention concemilIg scm... of ain::raft and 49 U.s.c. § 46502; The Terrorisl Financioe ConvenUOQ and II U.s .C. f 2339C; The Terrorisl Bombing Convention and l8 U.s.C. f 2332f, The Viole~ at AitpozuProlocol and 18 U.S. C. § 37; Tho Nocl.... MlIlerilll. Convention and II U.S.c. § 831; and The Hostage TlIlcina Convention and lS U.S.c. § 1203.
J

3l

of. ceotury th=.after, the defcodantll are invarilblyeldcrly. Siocc each phase oftbc TWo-$1cp

liligalivc process - denoturaliWion and deportation _ takes ycan 10 COlIlplctc, • signifi""'" number of OSI defcnr:\onto die before litigatioo ia fioalizcd.
An understanding of the S\a!'lJlo7)" bases for OSI '5 filings - including !be limilalions ofthc

ot8tutea uodorwhich it opcmcs - is essenIial lO assessing what o m has bo:cn able to aecompIish.

"

StUll ... aod Pntedu""

The basil for OSI'1 cues, and 0lI!IIelim." evaI \hi: deciliOD to brilIg . CUll It al~ depmda ill part on when the pmoo entcml the United Statell. Changina immiemion 11_ eslIIblisbed

differina l'riteril for IIdmlISion.
The e:cclusiDD of oliml deemed. dangerolll to!he Ullitecl Slates .wes blCk to the A1ieD
ACl of 1m. However, it _ llOl until passage of the Quota Aet in 19211hat \he U.s. im~

restrictive limitalionl bued oo lllltiouality. The IIUJtIber of ol.ietll to be 8dmillod in Ia)' aiYlO1
)'ClII" _

capped lit 3% of the D lllDbcr of pen<lDI of WIt llIIIionality then ill !he U.s. OiVCllIhe

em igration

""ttems .. \he time, tbese restrictions l l vorod wnlenI EuropeonII. The 1924
n, miWOlIS of dilpla:ed penooIsou&bt to emipe;te to the United

Jmmigratiotl Act perpelUIted thi! dllplrity.
Followins World Wu

Slates. Many wereJewa bopina: roJlarl . new lifeafter thc:decimlltionofthe Ho1~. An
even ifC8let olllDbcr.lloweva-. were non.JewlI neeins Co:mmunist rule ill 1lle Soviet Union,
EuIenI E IIrOpe &nd the Baltica. The situation "'IS ehaotic. RefiJ&eel_ 1iviDa in <:amJIS, often

ill «>wIlliel other than their ....... &nd withouIlhIffic.... t doc:UD>eIllatiOll to eItIblj... thei< identity
o ' their history.

iJl l 947, the U.N. =otcd IU1l:lIemllion.ll Refugee Orpnization (IRO) to help

with ililUel of lCplllriatiOll and resettlement. The IRO's ",aMIte did llOI _ lude anyone who
J,.[ "usiM1Cd \he enemy in persecutill.& eM! populltions, M

or who ""olllDwiJy UliM1Cd the enemy

f=a.

M '

In 1948, the United Slates IIIIaeted the Displaeed Pen<lIIlI Aet which provided for \he
issuance of 2()j,OOO vi... Over 1 two yearperiod without regard to statIIImy <l. UOla limitations.'

The Acl def lod displaced penons in !he _ U

mann... .. had the IRO but.ddecl the additional

"

requimnent thalapplicanls ha~ been in I displloed JIl'IIOlII <:Imp by December 22, IlM.1 .

COf\if'OSI' ovariding llOCICCm II !be time was in helping refugees acape Comml.lllisl rule.
Fony percerll ofw Ildmittees had 10 be from !be BIltic DatiOlll (newly incorponted into the Soviet Union) IJId 30 pert:elJl had 10 be f'lrmers (IS were many from the U.S.S.R.). A Baltic

emi¢ who _

I firmer lhus had I cIoIIble preferenee. V«y few Jews were farJllaS or Balls.

MOftlOVCr, many otberwise-qualified Je_ did IlOl . . - the <:Imp e:utoff dlte.>

While the Act focused mostly oa those ....king 10 escape Conunllllist ~ it rocognizod !be possibilil)' thII_ unwelcome funnr:J elIemi., mi&hl Jed< 10 lOtIIe in the U.S.
It tt-:filro precluded issuina vi>u 10 ID)'OI'O who had usi!Ud the enemy in ponecutiD& ciYiliin

popuIalions or had been ... member of, or pIflicipited ill, any IIXlvemm! . . . hoIrtiJe 10 tbe United

---sNii.....··Ajipl iCiiniii ..wo"wilfuJlY mi~ or oonceIIed "IMteri.. facts~ ""'"' ....
ineligible for1dmissi0ll undertbe DPA.

Conllf"'l'l <:mIled I Displaced PmollS Commissioa (OPe) 10 CIIlY 0IlI tbe M'•

.......toIes IUld 10 determine the eligibility of lppIicInta. Eligibility depeDded 011 I -wty of
f.ac:ton, iro:luding personIl inlaviews, modicIl cumiDltions, sponsonhip by I U.S. citizea or
orpniDlion Ind invaligativc feJ"JN """""'" by tho Army'. Counter Intelligmce Carp! (CJC).

This lIN1ti-rienld J'l'OC'IOSS WI! desilJ>Od 10 pnwido reliable Ind deWJed IaIItiIIr of IIlllpplielolrL '
In prIOlicc, bowever. lhe Jl1OCOS' _

difficult 10 ilnpIement. Mall)' relovam reeords had buD

dostro)'ed during !be war. Oflhosc!hl! survived, lli&nificam pcn:entai" wen: in tho SoYi",

Union, whiclI had IrWqIl up huie c.:hn of GcnnIIII nweriIl IS !he Nazis I"OIfto8led westwwd Tho SoviC13 did no! give the U,S. _ 1 0 the lDItcriaI. Evea wben reconIa were Ivlillble in !be
west, they 01'1 ...

CII\I1d no! be ltCessod easily. They wen: diopc:ned in varlous coo.lIIlI'in Ind had

"

u.s . which were sponsori"ll appJi<:anlS fur admipjon as wdI as Conpsmeo interYcrnng on
behalf of constituents. U .S. abips bringing !he "'fiIFcs to !be UnilCd Sial" oouId 001 wail

endlessly. AI . result, e..,11 when record! were .~aiI ohle in the W est, thq ollen ecuId DOl be
• din 1m-. MotJy llpplic:anlS wm ailowed to bowd ahips with !he puviJo tb/Illbcy mij:br _

be om! back iflltlllltive Illforrn.tioII wen: JlIIer found .'

In 1949, tbe Swe Dt:... tmem bsued • "'iUlalion predudina i _ of . ~b. to IllIl'

who has acI~ocued or ""'Iwesced in IlOlivitiq 01' conduet WlItrary to civllizaliOll and hwnllll <Iecmey onbehalf oftbe Alia l'OUIIIIiel durina; . • . [World W. Dj'Anyooc entering after 1949 (DO matter IUIder what la w), also had to _
tbe st:I.ndmds lei forth

in thia ..,...tation.
III 1950, Ihe DPA _

elCtended . - more yearlI (and the immigration quota railed). III

aclditiWl IO the I'eslrictiCflll ill !he 1948 Act, CollpeIs added • provision denyina adnIissiOft 10

llllyQlle who had Madvocated or assiJlN ill the pmecution ofany penon because of..,., ",Jigion"
Or llIli Olll1 oriiin.~ Jc also ex1tDded \he camp eligibility l!aluo 15141, lbereby a1lowinll: more
Jews 10 qualify.

AftllougII tb= -.... IXI restrictiOIll dlm:ily baaed on World War D activi ty, !he Ad denied vi....

31

108I1y<lDe who eitller misrepresenled or coneeaJed pertinem iPlomwion on m. vi.. application. Approximately 400,000 n:fugees entered lbe U.s. under !be DPA. Of these, about 68,000

were Jews.'

Mo~ than

70% oftbe 400,OOO.were from countries OCCIlpied or dominBledby the

U.S.s.R.' Hundrf:dsof!housands mon: Eas\em bloc n:fugeco fled 10
poesI!"'"

_em

Europe. The

ofthio influx on countries lr)'in& 10 n:build after the WIll" was enonnoIIS. Izr. Older 10

alleviaTe some of!be bwdeu, Congress pessed lhe Refu&ce Relief A<;t in 1953. · It all1borizcd!be adroission of lldditional non-qllOll refugees, I.f., refili=' in addition 10 1bose .wmssiblc UDder

.... INA..
TheRRA was similar to 1heDPA bul differed in Ihfee mpK03 pertinent 10 thioreport. Fin!, il elimitwed !be "movement hostile" provision. St>oond, wilbout IUlY explanalOoY legi.oldive histo1}', it modified .lightly the provision barring admission 10 thoiSe who "assisted in
1be peJSlCCUlion of ey pmol1 bo«use of race, religion, or national origilI." Ullder the RRA,

lldotission was barml10 those who /HrsontJlly assillled in such acts. Finally, tbt: _
llWIdated that ~ COllOtry seDding someone 10 !be Uniletl Swes i.... each anillJaDl.

Certifit:alll ofreadmi'lSion guoranteeing recntty iftbe U.S. later detennined thallhe emigrant had
proevred • U.S. visa by fraud. RefIlg_ could DOt enter under !be RRA if their couotry of

embaJbtioo did oot aceept this conditioo>.
Sereening uoder the RRA "'IS IIOl signiflClDtty better than it bad been under the DPA

si""" most of!he """,e pressures ,...".;oed

Appm~ioWcly 200,000 people

were odmitted UDder

!he RRA before it eJlpircd at the end of 1956. Almost all weoe refIIgces ond _ "P"I from Comllumm persecution, nolwlll call1llity ond miliwy operations, or dose relatives of citiuns or
pennaneoI

resident oliens of the

us.v

"

lD order lo J'n'Oke the citizenshi p of. OIDf:OflC who bcame. nIItIII1lIi:r:ocl U .S. ci tizen, the
government files. cue ill f"'end dimel court. Theft' i. "" 8ppIi""ble _

of limitltion! DOr

is there • right to . trial by illlJ: the matter is heard by I i.

alone. The 8O"C1 'Ullei~ must

proY1: ill case by ~d<:llf, uncquivoeal and oooviJleina" evi6enc:e.. staDc:Iud which the SIIJlfCD>"

Coon bas equm.llo pnofbcyond
a;n:nmd IhBl the lUItl.iniIizBtiOll pn>cesS i1se1f
eouDlry _ wilhotn whieh lII1UnIlizatiQII

ble doubt. " The JUit <:lll1 beprodiwcd 011 the
flawed or Ih&t the lqllIl;eanl'l .smiss:i0ll into the
faulty, M_

would IlOI ba~ been poNIole- _

eommonly ill OSl cases, the 80vanment alleges Ibal the 1Ipp1ic1lll'. usis1IDoe ill peneclltioD
made him ineligible 10 ."Ier Wld
llII~ iafQlW4tjon .... !be """'
~ lnI)' also WoOll

the DPA or RRA llldIor tbal be misrepretenled or conceale:I of sppIyiJls for • vi.. or ""'IuirinB cilizenahip. The

!hit the applieam lacked the "good moral ~ n ,
fa<:l; IbaI

"y for

citizenship. Assilllinl .... pcneeulion, or~ ..... conc:ealifti the
done so, ... bueI fOl OSIlIblishiD81ack of $OOd moral ~,'l

one hal

lithe court IlMIkes ciUenship, the defendautem appeal to • federal coun of IflPe*Is

and, theleaf\er, .... k review from \be SupretM Court. The ~ proeesIlIkes ran 0Dly after
;1 i' eompleted (and lUWIling Ihat the revoeatioD 01 eiti>:en!hip ;1 upbeldj, CIIII!he IOvcmmeDl

beIiD deportaticm pmc""inv For emi8"'!S who _
ho'Never. deportlQoD is the lint court proccedin&-

became lII1UnIliud U S, citiuns,

In depmlMioo easn, the aovemmeat must prove ill <:aX by "ciearllld convil>ciD&
evidence..... The millter is bandied by an immiptiOil i\ld&e. Apin, there is DO swute of

limilatioas and DO iUlY. However, unlike denannlimiom, heallII)' ill a:lmiasible. The ooun'l
nilini; may be appealed 10 the Board oflmmiption Appeals (BrA), &om there 10 • fcdenll
39

appellll1e oclllt, and then\<> the S"""""" Coun. Tbi5, ""', o;:aIIlake years.
Misrcpr=tatioll or oon=dmcnt "fmaterial fiu:ts CIIII provide !he: basis for dcp<>na1ion

as well as dClIlIlw1Iliution. Howev«, BD)'ODe crdCICd dcp<>ncd lID tbcsc grow>ds -

cveII itlbe

mi scqnsmtatlO or oonocolment rdBles \<> penecution OJ war orimes - CIIl ask tile AftOmey ll

General \<> cxm;i.., his or bcr disomioo in order I<> prevail deportation. One ""'is for such

disaeti<>nll1y relief is thai dcporlaIioo would subj...-t the dckndanl\<> pa=tioo abroad.
AooIhcr is tlw deportation would OBUSC pcnonaI OJ family hardship.

M.m oS! dcfmdaJlts oo.ud ask for a waiver "" 0""' or b<>ih ottbcsc grounds. Maoy had
j oinccl wilb Ibe Nazis in opposins Comnwnism. During Iho Cold Waryean, they feared

rctBliBtioo iftbe)' were dcpon..-l I<> an Eastem bloc oowrtry. Moreover, be<:ause of lbtir

ad~

age, many have mcdioal problems or """"""" with mcdicaI nccds. Their clIildrco an: goncra.lly
. U.S. oitizens. AU thew facton prcscoI potelllial eqllitable bases for \he Anomey 0eDeral1<> jp"BIIt
dison1iOltBl)' ~liefliom an orderof deporwioo. lttbe ATto1l:le)' Ocomd doca c:xm:isc such

discretioD, tile govemmoot's 00W1 vic:toty _ g=ctally IlOhilM'd after yean of investigatioo and ' litigatioo - is pynbic:.
To eliminate this probl..... C""g=B in 1978 psucd tbi: qxK1ymOUSly lUUIlod Holtzman

AmeiIdmertt, sponsored by R o:pt'UOIltative E1izabctb Ho!lzrnao. It makes participation in Nazi .
persewticn 011 the bams of raoc, "'ligion, natiollBl origin or politic:ftl opinion lID indcpelldem basis
for deportation. The law applies RlJOBl:livoly ancI oovon aDyOIlC in tbe United Sl8ta, regard!....

ofwhioh law provided their adroitlBllOC into the eD\lllll)'. Most impoItarrt1y, if Ml immigration
judge orders deponation based on panid....lion in pmccutioD on bdIalf of the Nazis (even if

other grounds fOf dcpcrtation an: cited IS well), lb. Anomey Geocral is statutorily precluded

from pnMdina: dis=tioouy n:lid: The HGI_ Amendmenl_ pusedsbortly beron: lheCRatioa alOSlio 1979. Tthas
been b y to OS!'I cffons to deport those wbo pmceutcd 0.lI behalf otthc NaziL

Onee. COurl detennines 1haI . defmdlDt shoIIld be deponed, !be qUcstiOll ofwbete be
sboulcI be 1CII1 100ms large. Thlt issue il dis<:usMd ill various pIt\ll alibi. rq>tllt." There is •
.<WUtoIy ..,heme to dcterllline!be appropriste d..... inarion."

1iowevcI', ill I!Ie end . it dcpmda

upon the designated couotry

beins wiUina: to _cpt 1be deportee.

The tate al. defcndan1 io the receivinS country varies. Most deponed OSJ de{cndmb
apcnd the re:mai.D:ler of their Jives in freed"'" sod peace. In """'" cascs, ~. the f'CI:ip;cm

COWltry hal jurisdietioll lo try bitn l:Iiminal!)" for hiI World War 0 aelivitios. 11 may or may noI choose to do so.

Cownries tbst are """ious to pt05CCUIe OSl defeDdlrtts CUI expedite their removal from
the U.s. by lloSidlIIl thc U.S. 10 extradite them. Extr8dili"" is the prt>C<l1ll whereby • foreillD

I " " - ' asb lhc United S _ to ocnd 00IQCl0D0 to the requestina COWltry to ItaDd !rial on
criminal cJwgu. The Uniled S_
and the requesting c"""try must have • !re&ly p:t'OViding for

extnIdition ..... sp:cifYinl: whim c:rimeI mayCO!\ItilUte the beoil for ... c><tnIdilion request.

o..oc

e""'-<liuOll pspm arc filed, the dcfcndanl is amstcd ..... iI gmctalIy DOl eligible tc. ..,1C8!IC em

Omd. Evidence from the requestinl
COUlIIJy

ill usual!)" presented in court by the U.S.

ggvcrnrnenl. The 00"" must detcnninc whether criminll ehIqtos an: pendina: io the requestlna
lisle, whether !be defoudan! is the penIOII JUlIlIed in
llJ

those ebN1cs. whether probable CBlISC exists

believe !hit be <:<JJnJJ>.iued the crimes alleacd. and ifso, whct!Icr, under !be treaty belWml the

two o;Qunlrie., th= o::rimeo arc extraditable off""lC$. If the lIIIIW<'f 10 all tbeae questions is yeo,

the ddendant is extmditable. Whether be in fact shollld be e><trsdiled is Ibcn determined by the
Secretary of Stale; (s)hl! alone has !be JKlW"lIO issue • wsmmI of e><lntditability.
In miliDS lbcir detumi!llltions., ne ither \be j udI!" nor the
ull""-te i_

Secmary of S_ decides

nee or guilt. If the defeadant i, exttadited, his elllpolbility is decided II lriaI in the

reqoesting COUDlry.

While ~tion is. IIIl11:h ~ proc_ than denatunlliWion and deportation, with
lbcir mlllliple levels of appeal, it is rarel)' used in OS!

cases."

Its use depends 011 sa unliUly

eonfI.,.".,. of fiIctors - sa extradition ~lIly between ths U.S. and. <>OIIIIlI1 withjwisdiClion l<l

proseeute criminally, S\IfIicienl admimble evidenu in the

f~gq

jllri!!dietion l<l ssIi5fY the

l>Iaden ofproofin. cimiDallrill1, sa d the political will and eolJDDitmml by ths foreigq country
to prosecute 1bese eases dccIldes after the CI'imcs <><:<:WJed,

Since Ibex factors nnl)' eonverse. denslunIIizlUion ar>dIor deportatiOD are Ibc tnoditiODal
rneMS

for e>cpellina; from the United Stales someone who

was wolve<! in penecution on behalf

of the Nazis during World W. B. These "'" the esse. which OSI was crwcd to handle.

"

I . Annex 1 oflhl: ConstiMion of the lnlemational Refugee OrBan. 62 SIl. 3OJ7. JO~I (1946). s.~ Illso, IRO MBrlIIlI\ for EligibiJily Officers, p. 33.

2. ,..,.

lmtnigran'" """"illo<l under rho DPA were to be .....,,~ again,,! the nationality quota iD furun:

3. Many displaced Jews fled Poland in 1946 followiog • brutal posl-war pogrom. "PolisII Jews' Exit i. Put al 20.000 Sim:e Pogrom.~ n, The NIl>/I r.....l TimBS, A"ll' 15, 1946; uJ(lO,OOO More Jews Seen F1eeillll Poland,~ Tho NIl>/I fort 11_s, AU&. 4, 1Sl46. Pmidmt TIWlWI, who had urged COlIif'lSS 10 PISS lil>enlimlg immigration legislation, signed the DPA bill with muchhe3itatiOD. He felt that some ofi'" eategorizatiolll -..: "wholly ofjustice. ~ ''New DP MeasureCalled Unwonhy,n me inoonsistent with the American _ Nn. Yorkn-, ]une28, 1948.
4. Wbother. movanenl qualified as "hostiJe~ wu detmnincd by refemlce 10 .Ust of"inimiClll ~0llS ~ ptepare<lby rho Displaced Pet1IODIi Commission. The list was periodically revised llltlIouBh lOme organizatioas \I'm pcnnIIImlly lililed. AmoItll them wen: indi8ftlOllll police . grouJl5 who worked with Nazi mobile killing Imit. and the SS Totellkopf l>ottaliO!l, 'whose lIlCIIlben...-ved as camp guards. uAilegedNazi W. Criminal.. Hearings bd". !he Subc:l.... onlmm., Cit.,.IIld In\cmal'1Law. 9~ · Cong., 2" s-. p. 1~I (July 19-21 , 1978)~.
W

6. 10 Fed. Reg. 8995, 8997, 9000 (1945); 8 C.F.R. §§ 17S.52(a), 175.53(j)(19478); 22 C.F.R. § ~8 (19478).
7. A_riM ond 1M SllrI'iwJn ofw HolOCllUSlby Leonard DinDcrsIein (Columbia Univ. Prcu). An additional 40,000 Jews bad entered bcrwcen 1945 and June 30. 1948 (wbo:n rho DPA was· CIIBClcd). 1'be.4O,000 were &dmitted under. Dec. 1945 dinIclivc by Ptaidcnt Truman which &1M' priorily 10 displaced persons wilhin nillins Ameri""" quotIlaws. Review by Leonard Dinncrstein of"l'osl-Holocaust Politi••: Bri1llirl, the United Stala, and lewisii RelIli_ 1945 1948,~ by Arieh Kodlavi. The ~ is poSled Il www.political~ewnet.comfpolmlfrevi ewsldlphIR_I045 _2096 _04 6.asp (lui visited Nov. - 20(5) .... _. ... .

8. The OP S«mo. The Fillll1 Report of the United Stat.. Di$pillCed P"""", Commi$lion, 1952, p.
243 .

9. Final Repon oflhe Administnlloroflbe Refill'" Rdi=f ACl of 1953, Nov. 15, 1957,p. 8 Q>=ofttt RRA R=port). P=rsons UIlering ~ expintion oflhe DPAIDd ...._ oflhe RRA came in :soldy UDder the SI8J>dsrd INA quoItS. UnliU lhe DPA, 1MRRA did not require lha1 en"","" be! clwgcd 10 fulllf1: lIlIIiooaJily quotas. 10. uAllcged Nazi W. CriInioalst Hcarioga bd". the House Subctee OIIlrnm., Cit., and Inlcmal'l Law, 9S'" COIIg. , I" Scss. (Aug. 3, 1977), p . 46; RRA R=JlDI1, wpro, Q. 9 aI p. xiii.

"

II. KJIipJll"Ot/ ".

U 33S us. 601, 612 (I949). .s.,

12..... of2004, l a of good mont char8ctet ealI be provm _ direcIIy. Section SS04 ofTbe Intelligence Refonn and Tmori"", Pn!'ICIIliOD Act of2004 amended the INA to IpCclfiClllly make _ SWICe in Nazi pcnecutiOD • bar to good mom el\anIcter for aliens. Su S U.S.C.A. § IlOI(f)(9).

13. The Supreme Court bad originally set the s!andIIrd .. "cl=, uncquiV<>CIII and coo..mcing. Woaiby" INS, 38S U.8. 276, 285-86 (1966). In 1996, C""ll"""" legislatcd the 1"",,", staodIlrd of "cl_ and CQO..mcing.~ INA § 24O(c)(3)O, 8 U.S.C.I229a(c)(3). Suo/..." S C F.R. 12.c(l.S.
W

14. S#, .. g., pp. 271·29S, 426-4S3. 1S. lmmigralion lAwpro'lido:lll three-step procesIl for delerminina I COWl"" of dCJ'ONlioa. F'll1I, 1M defmdut himselflll8Y cIesi$r>Ite I >'OlUIlI)'. lf lh&t coWltr)' is <mwillinglO Kt:epI him, or the U.S. contends his deportaclioD. tbcrc would be pn:judici.ll to the: United StaIeI, be CIID be dcport<ld 101lIIY CO\UIII)' ofwlW:h be i. l lUlJjcct, lWiolll! or oitizca, Ie l""ll U 11111 coUDll)< i. wiIIIoS 10 acoepl him. llurinjj; that, tbcrc "'" • Hrin of optiWlI wlUc:b tlIke into acoouot·the: shiil:inll boundlries and 1O"~lies followinll World W.II: (I ) the: cowury from which be las! entered the United States> (2) !be 00\I0lIY which """!lUIs!befOftigo por'l from which he cmbluked for the UDitcd

(S) 1lIIY oountJy in which he resided prior to entcriq the <:mmtry from which be cmb8rl<ed for 1M United Slates; (6) 1lIIY country 11111 had ........mgnty 0Vl:I' hi. bUthplllOC It the time of hia biJth. Then! is 110 order of priority among these cboicca. If"""" of them i. fe...ible, the a1ie!l1ll8Y be !eDl; 101lIIY <:mmtry wiIIiDj to IIC<:qlC him.
16. Only thJ« OSI defeIldants bI"" been extradited: BnmoBIII:h, John Demjllljui< and Andrij ArtukO'lio. The Dewrjanjulr and tl.rtulravlc case. "'" di..,usxdlll PI'< 1Sll-174 and 239-2SI,

-,

S\atC3;

(3) the <:mmtry in whichbc - . born; _. (4) the 00\I0lIY in wIticlIthe place ofhia bUth i.litu8tedol the: time be i. oldcred

n=opectivcly.

Chapter lb,,", C ... St.dl.. of Vario... Prnecuton • • d How Ibr lAw HudJrd T b_

lotroductioo
Thr l-loloca\llt did n<>I OCCur ill a nouuP> or tbrougb the operlllionor"""", sbcw

impentive ort in motion by tho action. of a few fanatical iudivid...... Ib horrific !COpe _ in
1emII of dumiOll, grographical J3II8r and orpnizatio<W r fficiency - rcqllir<d !he PUtidp.tiOD

and ~ of\lDlold . "",ben ofpeople.

lboor wbo "only" acqlticoced - by mMing OQ lbr Iidrlineo whilr their t:O\IIItryJnrI>
committed lIUOCitirs ill !heir _ - IlK not witllin OSI'. pr.iew. The roc... orOSI's

c:ndeotvon is the panidp8fIU _ tboar wbcI in """'" way uailled til<: Axio powrr3 in tbrir

peneeIllion ofcivilian-. Tbrge patticiPflllll_ &ora .011 -...alb "flife, _ ;.01 _

and etlmic

boIcklllVUllds. OSl'1 1"OIIrr of dcfrndanto IdIcctI tiIIII divcnity.
HigI>-nnkiQg Na officiab wrrr aenrnlly Oerman or AU$triau. The DPA and RRA
grralI y favorullbooe flerin& Easten1 Europe ond the Scnoirt UrnOll,. Th.... rve:a if l!ley could

hove hiddrn thrir WllrtiJne JIII5l. ..lfttivrly trw Nazi Iraden ....ere d;giblr to rnter tbr United
SIGel undrr1lteoe rxpanaive- . They could hove IOtIBhl admiMiQll W>iXr the COIIIIDy

q _ ICllbnb in !he INA, but tltc """,her Idmi..,blr fil:ml Grtmany and Austria at that time

wuqwtclimilcll.
In &ldI circUlDSlancrl, iI is DOl swprisintl tI:w very few OSIdrfcDl!llncl w= lelldrn iD

!he Nazi ........ Most wrn: cam p

lJUOrds·

A fo... hold "white col.lar" positiolll. Thc CIlIrI

dlmiled in litis chlplcr givr a samplintl of!he OSI pro-=ulOri&l sprctruPl; the Appendix
pltlvidel • lI)'IlOpSiI ofall
C&X:I.

The .stalutcll on which OSJ pro seculions 1ft baoo:d do not distinguilll omoog levrll of

assi.<tanee is ,,150 ofteo • fllC1Or. Yet the meaning of~assist.aDccia petSe<ution" is DOl ... If_

rendmd, hut only because the alternative might he death? And what should he actionable in
misrepresenting infonnatiWl on . vi.. or citizenship appIiClltion? Docs eveJy Cal... stalC:ment, no

The casea filed by OSI helped clarify the law in all m- areas.
While the collfl:! gave legal onswers, detailed iD the ClISCS reponed berein, the issues

remain haWlliDg when comidered in the conuxt of aetuII1 OSI casa.

Is. police official who was

"blereIy" fo llowina orders when be roru>ded up Jews and ronfis<aled thei1 PlOll"4lY different in

any mcaniIl&fid way fImn • CIIIIJl i\IIIfd? Ax there distinctioJu. to he drawn ~ the camp
guards themselvea? Wt:tethose who coo.., such duty (and received pay) _

mponsible than

1hosc who were drawn frulll1he nnI<s ofGennaa POWs? '" making thai detennination, should
OM comider!he barbaric conditions of POW camps and the fact !hat POW. faced . Hobsoa'.

c:hoic:e? They knew they would likely perish if they mnaiocd ill German c:aplivity for an

And what aboutpropagandists? Although lhe Nuremheq: biaJs made c1.... 1hat
pmpagandim wen: culpllhle because they mad. genocide pBiatahl. to !he public, how d_

lhe

J'l'O$O'Cution ofpropagondiS13 C Ofnpon with our concept ofm speech IIlId freedom ofiM press?'

•."

, In 1%6, the world cOll1lJllD1ity view 0fI PJtlIl8iIIIdisll WIll codiflcd iD the Inte:mational Coven""l 011 Civil and Political Riglm.. 999 UN.T.S. 17l, 6 I.LM . 368. AJUcI. 20 provides

"

Allhougb lhe First Amendment doea not apply 10 writings by foRign oatiooaJa overse&&, shoIlld

we eonsider the spirit oftile Amendmmt befOl'e liliDg a CISe agliast a propagandist?
Howtoo should soctety view tile scientists, industrialists, politicians and mid-level
burea:ucnlts who e<>mributed to lhe honors of the Holocausl throup dire<:l and indirect .lforu to

keep the killing macllinos,going? Are they more 0llcs5 guilty thaD tile camp guarda, police

Shoukllll. be considered in !hose matters? Do.. tho fact that ODO was 17 or 18 durins
the war make bim 1031 n!llpOnsibie than tIIOK who were older? And what obout age now?

Should the aovomment proseeuto pwple who bave spcnl decades as" law abidiDa citizens in tho
_~ ~.1IQd II"C now nearing

tbe tnd ofthoir 1i,,",,7 Wbothor or lIIlI age ;s "'levant, can a

persecIl\OI' exP"'ilIte his guilt by postwar activities that benefitted the United StII•• 1IJIl1 possibly

others as welI7 "These are IUI101I8 IIu: IDIIlI)' issues whicll come to mind when examininlI the rol.
of OSlsubjecll in the Nazi genocidal program.

I . Any ~da for war .haIl be prohibiled by law. 2. Any ~ ofnational, mal or n!1i,gioua baInld that constilulel incitemont to di..,riminatiOll, hostilityor violc:nce shall be prohibilCd by law. Tho oovenant WIll .ipod by President Caner in 1978 and tatiflOd by the Senate in 1992, subjod 10. reservation proposed by the Otorge H.W. B""b administratiOo.: that it ~doos o.ot authoriu or roquire Jeaislation Of other actioo. by th. United States thll would reslrier. the:rigld of froe spoeclI and llS5Ociation protoded by tho ConstilUlion and ~ of"'" United Stateo.~ The United StII.s 1110 attacllod • decl......ion Sllling that the provision WIll not ... If-excculing.

"

H..... CIa Penentto'"
Feodor Fedore nko _MA"'''. n«''
F~mM ¥. J'~tlo.6

Vndtr lhe DPA

lhtlJul Stotu is OSI'. terninaleate. It p ve the Supreme Cellm'.

imprilDlltUr to OSI'. miOlion tnd made JIOSSible numerous JIltl'IC"IIlia thai would otherwile

hive been fol'ecIOMd

FeodorFedorenko. I U!<:llinilll drllf\ee in !be Savill AJmy, WIII'lIJltItfCd by die Oamms
in 1941. POW <'lIIIp 00J>dj1i0Dl wa'C \nulaI, willl IDIIII)' dyinaof overwork. diSCllH lIIldIor
starrlltiOll.' After being held prisoner in ....nODI OennBII camPa. he, lllonS with le>'eI'llI h\llldrlld

otherPOWI, WII lCIll to Tnwniki, Poland, I uainins llI'eII for mea "'ho were 10 usi llt the Nuis
in inIplernentina Operation Rcinhanl_ ~ program to dispoueu, expJoilllDll murdet !be Polilh

J."".'

Qnoe his

lrainini ..... complece, Fedorenko aetVed .. I auard in vMOUlIocati<ms,

--

indudina I Jewisb iJ>etIO llDIllhe Treblinb death camp. when: approximately 800 ,000 JeM

Believillj Ill. wife ""d clilldren had dieddurina the _. he emianted 10 the United

Slit.. in 1949. Hi. vi.. opplicotion falsdy IItIted lhat he hod t-r. bonl in Pol.ond .ond IpmI the

.... yean th-. flnl III • fumet tnd lllta III • faclory work....
. Fedorenko remarricd inthe United Swea llDIl ' - - lnotura\i>:ed eiliu:n in 1970. He Il ler learned 111M his ~ family had IlUIViveclllnd _ IIiU i n 1he Savill Uni<m. He refIm>cd to

visit them in 1m. 19 73 llDIl apin in t 975-76. Durinll the second trip be was inlen'Opicd by
Savill .~lboriti.. lbo\lt his role dlDinr; World W. ll. The SoviCII ooncluded thai be was "not
criminaUy lilble ft far hi. activities. .ond !hey informed him IIlI much.'

The INS opened "" iDveaiSllian in November 1975 liter IUIllrUcle in 17w UlraVrlO/l

.

Nnv~

reported !hit Fcdortnko had p8r1icipoted bl .lrocities durin& World W.

n.

At INS'

behest, the lsIaclis interYieWed vorious Treblinklslnivon. Most pi cled him frolD •

pl"Jlospreaol lind l'tl(aIJed beIlinas m:I

bnJloIjti~s be

bod odmini-=d . When inlerviewed by the

INS, Fedorenko odntined having been • guanilt T~bl inka, tbouah be conteoded be had gone

under duress and had II<Jl penonaIly been irlvolw:d in any pel'S"CIItion. Allhou&h some POW,

!hII Fedoomlt:o hod done 10.
The U.S. AtIOllIe)'" Oflioe for the Soutbem Distriet of Florido. filed. _ _ _ deaonnIizItlo:a complainl in August 1977. Four oCthe eoums 1UIIled on Fed<iralI<o'.
eommined ....... crimes.

Uvins

The mnaitlder itM:>1~ hit fail_to dilClOI" pertiDct infunnatitm (biI

birthp!aoe and .... -nee) ODd hi. lock oftbe ....., DIOI'Il cbonIeter -=111)' for citizenship.
CoincideqjJy, the vert IIIOII1h !be complaint _

filed, the SW _

emblished An SW trial

anomer WILlI ..... to aWOl in the FWon,w, ~ Jm main oontributioo ..... 10 find aod

JlreIlIR I witoea to testil)' .bout Stote DeputmeDI pro<:edures.
TrioIlutecI two wecb. AI ~bed by m evidell1ly ""i'Y disaiCl c:ourt:

It ever I cue suppotIed \he 1udiciol Collfermoe ruliD& burin& _ _ from \he COIIl1roOm, lhilIcase does. From tile be&iJwWi it walike I HoU ywood ~ """ p>lori2.ed the n:sideDto ofSoul!I. florida. .
AI on exomple of some of tbc emolionaJ intensity J\ImlOmdina !he trial, the Jewish Defenoe Leoguc ... ods 10 neW!Jl8lX'l'1 olferi"l cbor1efed buses IiolD Miomi BeoclI to Fan LoudadoJe OIl opening day. A de""",*"1i<lol 0lItIide !be c:ounmom ensued ""lbl chant: "Who do we .....11 Fedon:ak o. How do _ _ him? Dad.. Alia- the court _ intmupted twice """ the first three waminp wen: igtlllftd by the demDl1ltrl:lOf3, I l-tcr who .... uoin& an amplified buIlhom WIS..-nIed.• . Six Treblinkl .urvi\'Of'lle!ltified lhl f edorealo hod bealc:n OJ shot Jewish pri!lOJlCJS 01

.

!be camp. In oddi!illll, • Vice Consul (the OSI·~ wirnessl who hid ~ dispJlIIOCd
per30ns IJIpliCllliDla afIef!be war, told tho court that ... lIIlIed lP'"l'd would hive beet! inrli,;ble

,. for . vi..- even in the unlikelydn:ummnce that hi: bid becQ impottuDCil to 1IeI'VI:. The denill

of. via wuuld hive been hued on !be grouro:l that be bid UllisIed in persecutinll ciYiliins.

Fedorenko tutifled in his own bebaJI. He expllined that u. POW be bid boal SW"o'ivina

on pa IIld mm.; hi wouJd hive died hid be IlClt beer! KIll 10 Trawniki. EYeIl so. be bid noc
YOhmteel'ed. He..mulled bIowiD8 !bit kws wen: murdcm:l ll tbe """'" buI insiSied tbII,

hIvini IICI'Y<ld u. perimeter gI.Wd. he hid DO hIDd in their death. A1tbouab be admilled

• •

ohootiDa ill the di=tion of lbc prisoDen. during !be 1943 Treblinka upriq he Ai d be hid IIO!
timed 10!dU. He apllincd !hIl be bid fllsely listed Polar>d III his pl..:c ofbinh in Older 10

. void lql8lriation 10 tbe Soviet Uniot>.

Defendant has n:Iiml 00 .1IIciaI ~ly pension ..... . pem;OII from hi. 20 yean labor . .. . He doem't own a car; be doeoa' i own. houoe; be 0WIII1lO real _ ,""apia <:eml!!a)' 101, aod he bas a burial inso.umce policy. He baa ltCUtIIlI1atcd a life oavioaa of S~ ,OOO but 0 _ his anomey III unkno.... fee •• . . He has DeYe:I been ltnUl<d in 2' yeara 001 eva> for . traffic otfenoe. Hit 0<Ie fail"", ... raid=! and citize:n in 2')'CII"I: he received 0I>li parking ticket. Feodor Fodorenko has been a bard-working and responsible Ameriam citizen. The ooun'a benign vi_ of Fedortnko conIIUIed llharpJy wiIb ill "!IX of!be
prosecution. The coun qlleSliOlled whether !be action should blve been brougblll all, suggesti:lls
that doina 10 violated DOl proI<lCOl. The wort rdied on. 1909 OOJ CirculII' Letter whicll

swed that denannliution aetioos sbuuld be brousht only rarely, and thm only II a memo of

tranocripls and two Russion inlu pielus.
Tho coun was nol any ltindcr In the gmounnlUll nil the merits ofihe cue. 11 concluded

court identifitatiotl of _h of the IUl'Yivon asked to identify FcdormI<o in the coowomn. The court IIlto felll'ed !hat the witneMes had bun diocussina the IriaI aIIllIIi tbcm!eJva, or, a'CII

wone, IXII)' haw: been cooclled on the identification.' The courl rejecled the i:D-court
idultificaliona "in lOCO.'

The COurt then turned 10 a SWUlO1)' analysis. Only "dioplaced pcnom'" wen: digiblc elM" a

via. UIIda" the DPA. The Act spocifkally e;¢hMhd pmoos who oouId be IIbowD:
(a) 10 have assisted the mcmy in JIC'SCCI'Iini civil popuIotions of CO\OIlria. . • or (b) to haw: volunwily .. riSlM the enemy forctl . . . in Ihdr OJ'U'Iotiom aaainst the UIli!ed St.ks.
Allbou gh the won1 "W>1unWiIy" was !lOt used io subsectio.. (a), the CO\Itt OODChded thai

it should be muI into thaI...ctiou. Fail..... to do "" would lead to the 'abeun!' result tha anyone

prisooen _ would be elIcludllble. The crw< of'the case lbc:n:fore ... wbctba' FedoJmko' l

guard duly ..... a vol...-y auignment. Though Fedooad<o n1iQbl haw _oped (te£imody ..... that tome bad done so) the judge refused 10 impooe n:troao<tiveJy an obligation lbaI a prisoner of
war rid< hil lm: in NclI an Incmpl.

"

U nder this reasoning, Ftdorcnl<o

was not au lomalically banal lrom appl)'in& for a visa.
wamII:l....

The court then considem! whether anything aboul his vi... application ilself

revocation

of ci liunship. There was no dispule !hat Fcdorenko had lied lboul his p lace of birth and wartime amgnn>cnl. But IIIIdoI" Supreme Court precedent, such misrepresentations bad to be: "'maIcrial" ,f they were to be: the bais for ...¥<>king citi=>lhip. The: Supmnc Cowl bad let up

.....0 tests to detcrmlllC materiality; (I ) were f _ SUJlIkl'oacd which, ii known, would hi...

warante<I darlaI of citiunship; or (2) migbt disclosure of !he fuu
invcstiption possibly ICIldina to the diKOw., of other facts

bc:ca useful ira an
ti"8 denial of citiWlSltip.'

The lIO"anmenl did DOl contend 111M guard"""';"" al T blinka would, ira and of l....1f, have warante<I darlaI of citizalsbip (!bouab IIltimaldy the cue came 10 stall4 for thai wtY
propositillll.) The lI'M'mmont argued onl y that ifll bad blown of bil worir. at Tn:bl inka, It would

m vc investigated. and thai inveslipUoa would hi"" shown be: committed lI1JOC:itiO$ lbal would

havepm:Judcd his bo:oming a U.S. citizen. The ooun di""ll"""l on the ground tbal there was no
t\'idmcc Ihal Fedcrenko had pWcipaced in 1tn>Cities. Even hi. ahootillll lll prisonen durina the
uprisinfj did lIOC quali fy bceause the courI doubted he did all)'Ihinj other than . """'" over their

heads." The court was DO IIlOR b<:>llIcmI by Fedotenko'l f.llilllre to ICpOn lIlal be: bad seJ\'ed with
the German amy. The COUll held that Fcdorenko ~ y viewed. bin>sdfa pri$oaes ofwar

mhor than a so ldi...., All fof good onoral choractet, Iht coun hosed OD his 29 cxemplay yean
in the United Swcs; his «mdI>a in !he _
was IOn fraught with "c:onfIict and une:enaioty" 10 be

delermirwive. In sum.lbc court found no statuIooy basis for '"""-i"8 dtizalsbip and the
government lost the case 00 the menl$. The district coutI then _ one IIOJ' further and rul ed

sa

!hal

e\<UI

if the l8w did no! W8mUII denial of the government'. cl.um, it "'OuId hiooe rulcd for the

deknsc on equit8ble grounds. To fCIlCh tlWI C<lnCtw.ion, the court foo::woed on FedomIko'.
exemplary beIuovior ill the United Stllles mher tban hi. cond..... during the W8t•

...levlUlt agency or .Ilties iII"olved, pillion oYCrView from one ofthe lawyers ill hi. office. ill
this calC, the U.S. Al:lomey ti"om the Southm1 Oimiet of Florida, the Criminal DivisiOllIDd INS

aU ~ded "1'1""'1. MaJtiD MencIWobD, boIld "fthe SLU, _ _ thId: "Tbc:n: won: no
llMr8l& • • daItb ellmp; the choice was killer or Yictim;M be pili FeclorerIko Iq.....my in Ihe firSI ' '

_aorY. The m..li .. D<lt "lImII.Ily pmticis-II ill tIQ dcci........makia& procesa, ....gbcd ill
survivon rducWrt 10 temfy in fidun: CIISeI. 1bqr w= 81.., horrified Ihal the district court

""'lUld even wggcst Ihal bpos had tided pcrxeution.'

The.,..., wasassilftOll 10 Allan Ryan, Ibm wodina ill the SolicitorGcncral'.office.. A8
be .. wit, the cnlXofllle ccmpltint _th8l Fedormko had committed _

crimes. Yet Ibm
~III

_no documernory evidence llOI the point md the distriCl court opirOOn _

huvi.ly n:lilm.1t]

llOI obHrvlllion of """'ww thalllO court ofappeal. will reverse.... M Cot the lllisn:p:melll.ot:IS

deade:od in thilcalC. To be"""" Ibm il . wry limited ""tesoo>" of c.... when: 8ppCal, even if fomIoomed, must be tal.... 10 :lllow the flag - 10 dcmonsnte the sowmment'l indigll8tiOllIl the jJOCljjmCDl bokrw md ill ck1enninatimllo ~ even when the cl:oonces of 1'C\'<:r8a1_ 8IrnosI ai l. If..., had exlr8judici" evidence Ihal Fed........" __ ill fRet • _
In! • •

,thus think...,

"

crimin.., such a pyrrhic: appca.I might be worthwhile. But we do not. The fiu:t ill that we do not knew today for SUl'C if Fedorenlco is a war eriminal or IIOt. He may be, Of he may be the lUI1cmmate victim ofinnooently mistakm identificati<lJl, or indeed he may be !be target ofa group ofTrebJinb survivors who saw fmlily and friends slau&htucd ad who ~ detennined 10 bring vengC&llCe on my Treblinka guard, guilty ornot. We silllPly do not know. Forsome reason, lbe case bounced RJ'IlII. " After submitting hi. memomndwn, he wed

for. copy of the InD:leripl - a requeSl nol routine in ee ptql8Iation of appeal memos by
associates in 1M Solicilor GeneIlII's office." The transcripl ~baneed Ryan's opinion. He did not

quam:l willi the ""un'. rulina lh.u lbe ~ovmunenl ml>Sl prove voluniariPess. but he became
convince<llhal Fed<mlilko's service 10 the: Nazi..."" volunW)'. He analogized illo the Patty
Hearst l<:Cllllrio - !hat while Fedo=>ko'. capn.ne was by force,
0Wf lhe course

of time he lhrew

in hi.llll wilh hi. caplon aDd lheraflcr participated ao::tively in lhcit crimes." Mono\lel", Ryan
belilCWld Fcdorenko'. service had been brutal ... well.

n...d Ule,IM govemmenl "muolappeel

rell"l'dless oflbe J>Iospet:Q ofll\\'eJSal.~" The war crimes and vohmtariness ill!Ue,l ""old be dcci(\ecl wilhout ,.,...,bing the muriclcr question ofwhat oonstilolcd " "materiaI~ min pnsenlation. Yel if the ooun wanled 10reach that issue, Ryan fell lbe goveromeot had stroJli arguments 10 present He had originally believed lhal
"miStepe:oe"wion would be material underthe SUpmneCoun'.les1 only iflhe go~enl

emablish only thai an inveti",tioft would baw been opened and that it mighl hai>e led 10 the

diocoYeIy ofSOme disqualiJYing infonnatiOll. IfIM latter S1lU1dard was applied, the Vice
CollSll!'. lI!Slimony would mike the case, since he !eSlified that ifil had been known ther

Fedorenkn were a guard, he would have been denied admiwon. The Solicitor GeJlcraI

. Ulborized appeal. Attomeys in !he Solicitor General'. office argue casesbefore \be Supreme Court, It is
extremely ran for them to bandle casn in the lower C OIlrlS. However, \be INS asked if RyllD

could do so. By Ibis point, he WlIS wdl irnrPerged in the issues and happy to take on the ~

Witl:l the Solicitor Genenl's approval, he wrote !he brief and qued the CllIie before the Fifth
Circuit.
Tk g<>Vel'IIIl'lClll made three arguments: (I) Ihat Fedorenko', deception about his
wartime: suvi"" wheu be applied for • vi.. was materiaJ.1IId justified ~ ofbis

citW:lIShip; (2) lha1 the dislrict collet Ll$ed the WI'On3 otan<lards in judging the cm:Iibility of1he
surviv« witnesses; and (3) that \he COIIl1 cmd in holding Ihllt equitllble co llSiderati<lns (Fedormko' . conduct in the U.S.) may serve as lID a!temIItivc IfOUI'II for il:S judi'JlC'll. Tk

govcmmcnt did 1101 challenge \be district CO\Ift'a mdina of . V<llunwiness requimnent into the
IitlllUtC. On the llOJltIuy, the government explUlSly cDdoncd tIwt position.

The gowmment won the oppeal, with 1he CiJeult adopting the government'. positiou on

the mi.. ep_ utalion and cquil8ble relief issues; il did not rule on the question of eyewi-..
tcstimooy.'· Tk dec:isiOll <:amedown in JUDe 1979, wheD OSJ was in itsinfaDcy. Ryan sent the decloi"" and appelialc brief to AAG Heymann, \CUing him thIII iflhcrc wuanything becould do

10 belp the DeW sectioJl get launclted, be would be bappy 10 do so. AI1he time, be tIlought he
migbt be ablc to belp with some brie:fi even while be remained in the Solicitor <kncnl'. Office.

Instead, Heymann convin<:cd him 10 join OSI witlt the: intention of taking over in • few months

when DirccIor Walter RockJcr retwnccllO privlte pnK:Iice. 1l.)'lIII went to OS] in JIlrlIlaly 1980.
A month later thc SIlpmllC Cow1 granted certionui in FcdoreMt>.

ss

Attorneys 0eneraI usually llJ8Uli at least 0IlCIl MOle !be SupretllC! COWl durinlllbcir lerm.

ill office. The case i. of1heir eboosing, Attorney General BerUamin Civile1ti aelected
FedortlW>. II WIllI the only BJgIIIIIelIl be presented u Anomey GcnenLI and lie had Kl'0lIII
~1IS for ~

the choice; (1) \he record wI! tairlyImall and so c:oWd be masteml despite the dai.ly

of hi. office; (2) be felt an RflWty for OSl both because \he section bad beeo

cstabli!bcd during hi. IeDwe aod because be bad met with the Soviet Chief Justice and _wed

tluwgh him greeter a = 10 the Soviet archive. conlaininll Naz:i m:onIs; and (3) be had 10ll@
been

-"''''''ted"by the Holocaust."
Civi/etti WIllI aWN'C ofleger>d wi1hirl1llc Department thai <me ofhi. predocesson.,

preparing for hi. only vgumcm, had .. m a llOf! advising the Cow'! !hal h. WIllI makini.
cerem<mial e~ and would appreciate om bcina asked questions. While that S!ol)' may be
apocl')'llllal. CI\'ii etti did DOl want to 1iK. IlDy <han=. He .... a IlOl. to the Chief JlIIIlice saylag

he would welcollle questiom during his ~lalion.
There were two issuea befon: the Cou.t; the muoins of"m.ate:rialily" and whether the

district coutt could JUle 011 equitable ground.. Both sides were pcppe::ted willi questiOJ>S on
materialily," Yet ill the end, the Coun'. ruling did 1I011Um on this at all." Inslead, it

nleXamillCd the lanl\lllllC of the DPA and the leSlimony of the Vice Consul 10 road! oonclusiOllS
eIIlire1y dimrem ftom those oftbe district _

judge. Wlterus the district COW1 ~ the word

"vollIJl\af)'" in!<> Section (a) of the SIlItUtc, the Supreme Coun declined 10 do

so.

Gi\'Cfl!hal the

WOld was in O~ section but not the next, the Court assumed lhe omission was imentionaI. Thus,
lhose who had assisted in penecutioo w.... ineligible for a vi.. - whether or not theyICIed

voluntarily."

ss

IlffLImatively, the CoUl1 relied on the IestimOlly of lhe Vice Coasul who saidlhlll camp guards
were I'OIIlinely denled admi..ion OIllhe 8fOII'Id thal tbey had assisied in ~ Given llW,

Fedorenko bad been 1lIlI&\lofII1Iy admitted. E\'tO')'thin& tlowina therefrom wulainted, iD<:ludmi
his citizensllip. It had b£en ~mepl ly procIll"ld" and mll!t be revoked. Of

Unlike tile dimiet comt, the Supmne Court was DOl coocemed !hat 'IICh" arWy!l;ilI

The solutioll • •• lies, IlOl ilI"interp'etina:" the Act to iD<:hlde & voIl1Otaril>ea requiremc:lll. m.t lhe ....tutc: ilXlf d.oeI DDt impoIIB. buI ia fbeuaiaa; lID wbetho:r plrlicul. conchaet <:all be llOMidered usistjna in lhe ~rnCllli"" of eMu-. Tbus, aD iadivldllll1 who di<l1lO more thM wt lbe hair of fem.le mm.tolI before they """'" a oc;W>d c.IIIlJt be found to hr..... usist<d ia the pasceutioa of ei...m.nt. On lhe odxf baod, ~ f;8II be IlO queslioo. tbot a jUafII who _ issued .1Dliform and anned willi. rifle and • pistol, who _ paid • fIipend and _ regularly allowed to leave the _aIiOa camp to visit. nearby vil1aBe, aDd who ~ to .1lootiDt; ot ncapiDg innuIta on orden from tbe ~ of .... camp, fiu within lhe IIalUlOfy lquase about """,,III who usirted ia lhe pent:eution of civiliml.»

< empbalil i1I oriainal).
The Court also ruled thon the llial ~ bed Do dis.=ti<m to""'" dmI:tID'Iliution 011 equitable

&:fOIJI"II """'" lhe ~ Rqlliremalu

for ~ had bce:n .-mlied. Fedoreoko'.

JOlIlica WbiIe aDd S _ dil«llled. Stevens' di_ wu pusi_. He bel i~ tbM
volWlllrinea should be the k~. W"nbouI iI, lhe COWl', effon to distiD~ bpos &om guards

did DOl bold llJ>[T)be kapos were comrrw>ded by .... 55 10 adnW>i_ beatinp 10 .... p r i - . IIId they did so witbjUII eDougb forq 10 make .... beitina; appear re.olistic ~ a-roid iojury to the prisoDCl"• •.. I be lieve their <:ooduoet would have 10 be

"

clwacteri=I IS . . .i$ling ill tbo= persecution of 0Ihcr pri.oonen. In my view, the =son that JuclI conducIlhould DOt male the Upol illdigiblc for citizmship is
thai illUldy wu not vohmwy.

SICVCllll """used hi. colleagues of fUeling 10 the bormrs ofTn:bIinb. ..me:. than following the
logic: of the I."", "lbc ll"'csomc facts recited iIllhi. rum<! ClQ\c wbIl Justice Holmco dcscn"bed

.... sort of 'bydroulic prellSUR" Ibol tends 10 distort 011I" judgincnt.·

With the denoruroliu.i.:w) C(lmplctc. OSI filed. depoIu!iOlllO'tion. fedoronko_
<Ifdcn:d deported ill 1933 one! be o:hoM= the U.S.s.R. ... bis dcstinolion."

II probobly oppcucd •

wise cboice lithe time, PVCD lhollbc Soviet UnK>n hod corIier ossurt>d bim he foced DO crimillIl
liobillty.

While fedoJenko _

in ee midst of oppeolitla tbc deportotiOll OnIer,Ibc U.S. Embossy

ill MOllCOW inf<>m>cd OSI of. I'CO!lII trio! one! exllCUliOll in Ibc Soviet Union of. noturIiized

• pri."..". of _

Mconvin<:cd 10 joio-Ibc Ocmr.aa .....; be emipotocl 10 Belgil"" of\er tbc __

but hid been IrTWed by tbc Soviets <Iuria&. 1961l visit 10 bis botnelond. He _

dC!Ii""" in 1he

Soviet UIIioD wrtiI hi! trial in 19113.

The Embassy reo:ommended lhol fedorenkci be Iold oflbc elSe one! the possible rW<s ""

fIlCCld if deported 10 the U.S.SA The Criminol Division orgucd othc:rwioe. h poinIed out !hot
f eclorrnko hod been back 10 the U.s.S.R. in Y"fS oller !he Bclgion bad l:>cen detoined, yet be hod
not been _Sled; il wu llna DOt cl..... he """",Id

be omostocl if deported DOW. M<lI'tlOVCI", since

the Belgion cue: hod been wen co-..d by the u .s. moclio, fodorenko one! hi. attorney c:ould
lCICD obout il one! make: III
fcdo~ o

iDdCf'l'l'dent.'

osmenl ofhill cin:lII"............:O'

_

deported 10 the Soviet Union!" December \984. Shortly before hill

"

depanure.. SovicI Embusy offici.u opined 1hlII Fedof"Dko would be lrUled lenlently in J.i&ht of
hi• • ." Aod indeed, the following June Ibe Amerian Embassy in Moxow ~ 011. ' tip ~

Fedonab ..... livins .in Ihe ~ ..... seekinS prinle pension bendill." The ldqpam e<mehxled: "This . . . would"""", to indiate tMt l'edof"Dko i. ali~e mel _II aod 1M! be expedll
10 be in. posilion 10 enjoy his pension for \he

f"

".tile 1'u11n.~

It _

IlOI lo be . Just ODe )'aIf llOler,

Ibe SoYieis tried him far desmioJI, 1Wng ponti""

acbono opiM; civil........... pmlicipcion in ma.u

"""".mon..." Accordin& 10 rq:>Of1S in Ihe

80viel ~, se-maI willleSSel teslified Wt I'edarenko h6dbeoten Jews u they waIlted 0IIkcd

1oWMl. ps dwnber." He _
ouIin 1m.

found &"illy aod tciltCilCed 10 deIth. The ""ecutioo .... carried

The cae has rcvClben:led for OSI. The VMl built ofOSI pro9I!eutiOllll have beeo ·of camj:I

aua:ds.

By

focusina DB COIlduel raIbeJ than interJl, FNonMo made it po.... >le 10 prosceute 1bcIe 1 sbowin& thII ia IXIOSI _
eould DOl euiIy

. . - wilholJl showi"l1hlll service __ volllOwy _ .

be wade. Under the Sujnme Court nilina. if. viA _;"'Jl"'peI'Iy pn:x:wed, ~
i. mandloIory. Just 11$ inIp>rtllDlly, the Court eliminaled the JIOIIIl>ility of.....niDs; oquilabJe
defeoIc!J in tbeoe _

Hod the boIdina been 0Ibcrwi1C,' variety d equitlblclfl\l'MMl (I.g.,

the difficully of defeodin, apinIl elaims INin8 6'llOG ICtlvily 10 lolls in tbe put, tbe •
gt>\'a,wlo:01'. oJlllOfllD1ity to bo."" leaned of the eventIlOOIIU", the clefendam"lIJlSlIOdina U.S.
cilizenlhip) migbl b.In resulu.l io the di..,,;...... of OSI cues. Wilboul Fll1oww" OSI would

have hid .

~

$bon docket.

Itt . igni1'1CIIIICC .>rICDds beyolld 1bII. however. In the WOlds of DAAO Richard:
Jt oavallO Idute the IlOtioD. 111111he mm JlIW&i" oftilnc IIlld the lcadi"I of .

"

quicllifo: in the \1.5. somehow ma<k amends fOf the put. II established the _ _ ofOSI'_ effort...d p"" il • qitimacy thol .• . aIbcn COIIld new:r ' Pve . .. . It Slid l!IItthe iosuowasa'tmere!yone for the ~ but.m.tind oh 1lIli0ll we WllDlto be - • rduie for !be rep=ocd or _life hIval fOf the
""....,..

.

I. Conditions in """'" POW campo _sodin! that Ibere_ ins_ r:.f<:aMibalism. fHr, ' -ff., Doc. 63 : T""";I Comp 140 10 tho 21'· Security Division, Jan. 20, 1942, in NARA mictofilmcollcetiOll T_501 (Records ofOemlaaFie1d Commands). -.l l, rr-1114. Of tho rouahlY3.S "",rioln So"';et POW, who fell inlo Oennao IunII in 1941 .. the,ar of Feel=nko', capNrc - over two million -.e cicIld by Feb. I , 19012. Chtiltim ~I, ",.1". KD_radm: Di. WrhtrnQ&hllInd die .to'Njrll4ehrn Krirg'p}Qngr_ J!U l _ 194J , 4· eel. (Bona: UtW. Didz
NI<:hf ~

1997), p. 136.

2. Srrp.31, n. 19.

3. Fcdorenko te:mfied , bout Ibi. durin& his depottatioa heariJla. The U.S. sovmunenllearned. of tho Soviet: dccisiOJlllfter it file:! iu dlOlatul'llizatiOll cue. A",. II , 1971 cable frolll the MiniS\!)' ofForei.,. Atrain of lheU.s.s.R. 10 the American F.m\Buy in Mo!lCOW.
4. fhrlud Stare, •. F.J"w,...., 4SS F. Supp. 193, 199 (S.D. FL 1978), ...., 'd, 597 F.2d 946 (~ CU. 19WJ,aJrd. 449 U.S. 490 (191 1).

5. Accordinl!lo the OSIIltomey (inteMe~ on Jan. 16, 20(2). iWllbe l..-li liai$OO 011 the case: (who ~ wilb SLU l!Ionl<y ThiIoIfafter trial), then! lOU no buil for Ibi, <>:JIIclusioo. The witneslC3, ...-bo hrod _ befon: been in • U.S. courtroom, ......, not individull1y pt:pji«l llOl" eveD !(Ild how the COI>rtrt>om WIll orpniud. H"""" testified II WII" crima lriIII in G~, SOllle lbO"lhI thIl the ddeDd_ III..... be IeIle:! in lb• • udienc•.
6 . C/It:nurl Y. tJ"it«l Sttll.z, 364 U.s. 350, 3 SS ( 1960). 7. Sop!. I S. 1m DlIl:lllO from MeDdeIooIm !(I the So!iciror GaletaI.

I. Alii- 24, 1m 1rtter1O JosbUlE~be:a. Chai:mII:I of the House JudiciayCommittec's Subcommittee 0II1rninigratioo. Citizalship IlId lntemalionoJ Law fium Mmachem Russek, Olief SIlP<"'inl<mdent tor 1M Israeli Police Seclioo for the Invatigllioo otNllZi W. Crimes. 9. Sepi.1 2, 1971 mernorandurn l'tom Allan Ryan 10 the SolkirorGenenl. All references heoeaI\cf 10 Ryan'. fint DlQl:lO In: 10 !his doc:lImCnl.

10. Recorded Ryan interview, Feb. 7, 2002. AlI,etaulCCs bereIiter to Rylul',llCIions Ind
motivatiOlU corne from this interview unlas otberwi.e specifie:!. I I . Ryan could poinl lO 110 e>nernal f _ ..mclIled him to read the trarllCript. II shouJd be nokd ho>oever. that INS' apptaI rec:ommet>dali< (they Ict\laIly wrol. two, one of wh;clr had Mendeloobn's dramatic view of T~inka) both lIIrived lbortIy aIlcr Ryan _ his fint merna.

12. PalIJI Heam W811n hei«,ss kidnlpcd by . l1Idicai llfOllp in Ihe 1970s. She __ convicted tor pmicipdirJs in. bIutk robbery with her e-plOfI. (Ye&IlI uter, OVId 10lli after Ryim'1 memo, she _ gnnled I p..-don by PresidUII ClintOll.)

"

13. Sept. 27. 1978 mernonndum from Rym ttllhe Solicitor Gencnl. All ref'emlces boreafter ttl Ryan's scwnd memo an: 10 this docwlIent.
14. UnifodSrO v. Ffdorf nJri>, 597 F.2d 946, 953 (5 ~ Cir. 1979). U8

15. His feelinp on tho: issue wen: 30 mona that in 2001 he still had DeVor visiled 0mnaDy. Recorded inler>'iew willi Clvilel1i, March 30, 2001. All refm:nces ttl Qviletti'uC!ions f;:Qme from this intorview Wl1e.. otherwise noted.

16. Supmno CourtllfB\llllal1S are =01'ded and the lapes are kepi on file in tho: Moti<m Pictun: SoUDd Illd R.efermee Room 81 !be NIIlionBI Arcllivcs. The FedormJ:D IIrJIII1IlOll ill 267.326, No. 79·56112. 17. FNou"iQy. UniredSl<#fI, 449 U.5. 490 (1981). Ho.... ttI~mmrialily iD1bcse oaxs _ resolved years lain in U"itod Srolfl II. K wrogys, 485 U.s. 759 (1988), ~ at PI'127_133.

18. In fact, was not Congress which crafu:d !he laIIgIIage in sediollS 2(1) and (b); the languase adopted from !be IRQ. N01hina in the IegislatiVIC bi5lOry of the Act iDdic:a1eS thai Congms focused onthe$e subtleties in the IRQ. Tbo:refore, il -suably presumes 100 much to say _. _Jhal..Coogmsu node .-...:lous..dislinction; iI-'.VU &imply lalciDll-definitiopQ\Jmll-' lium another

_.1I

---

19. The Comt' . opinion did DDt clearly distinguish betw-. citizenship tbat ia "illegally JlfOCIlJC'I" or citizemhip procllfed lhJou gb "misrepreaematiOll" or "coaceaIn>enI of . 1JIll1eriaI fact." The Supreme Com; seemed to be $lying !hat Fedorenko had boIb pro<unld his citizenship . ilI"$8Ily and through mi~laIion.
20. The facton enumerated by !be Court wen: those which app~ed to Fcdorenko. An argument oould be mode howev... thai t-...:> of the !acton - !be £lipend II:Id leaV1C _ have nothing to do with

".,.,..,.
21. Akutu ofFedorenM, A07 333 468 (Imm. Ct.,Harifold, Conn. 1983), (ljf'd, 19 L.t N. Dec. S7 (BlA 19&4),
22. Nov. 8, 1984 mCQlO to MO Trott from DirectOr Sher Ie "I)"porlWoil ofFeodoT FedomI1<o ju !be U.s.S.R."

F_ "

23. Nov. 26, 1984 memo ttl Anumey G"oera\ Smith from MG Trott Ie "Deportation of Feodor

24. Telegtam No. 071 833Z, lImO 7, 1985 fromAmEmb., Moscow to the: Secretary of S_ . Accot:ding to SUbsequeol news IO <;OIUIIS, he b;J(l indeed been living in lhe Crimea with hill wi fe. "Suviel Repurts it Executed Nazi Guard U.s . Exlradited," by f elicity Barringer, 'l7oe New Yori
1'fJMJ, July 2, 1987.

62

2S. It i. unknown why tile Soviet> changed their view on hi. wartime culpability.

26. "W1r Criminal ScnteDl;ed to De8th,~ by AliSOll Smale, AP, June 19, 1986.

sa

Geo"l Llad......d Ad•• Frlodrk:lI -"Anlst..,.., Ia Pe...... tlaa~ Ua"". tile RRA
The Ito..., <jUIIJ1)' u !be Mallthausen _tralioo camp _
infamoua for iu bnltaIity.

The prisoDm Wl!R foroecl to extraoeIlatie quantities of iJ"IlIi\e fi'onlllte qllllT)' without siiJlifieant wety _ aDd wilhaut ~ to the health ofihe prison=. The quany incl""ed a IIeI of <me hllDdml aDd eighty-six _ stain: from the floor to the top of the q....-ry. Some au-ds fOll:Cld PliSODm co matI::h up and down!he min ~ heavy "''''''' • a form ofpwriahmem.'

Georg UDIiert servedas a a-d U !be qllll11"
Linder! lim applieclco eMer!he Uni!Od Stales in 19S1 , IIl1der!he DPA. Rather!haD listing hi. guanl duty OIl the vi.. opplieatioo, Lindert ellime<lto lave ...--1 ia • combe dimioa
of the Wall... SS. AI !he time he applied for entry, adminim.ti"" regului""" IDIoIk nxmberlhip

.. !" 1he_.~~ ~S_~ a~e disqll41i /)'ini faetot. A=diniIY. hia vi.. ~ ..... denied. _
Thne yean lu .... 1he DPA had bee:n supplanled hy lite RRA. 10 """iti02l, !he

l'CI»OIIN CO . questiool_l<inlI for I list " fhi.

rm<leDees. Lindm _

" 1942-1945 with the

Gmnan Anny. ~ The vi........ illllled, and he CIIIDC: to lite Uailccl Stales ia 1954.

Several )UI'I laleT. whea appI)'ina fo< U.s. l;itizenship, Linden: completeoll fono which
..ked for a tistina of IU orpniuti""" of whitll he had been I member. He did not lilt !he

miliwy.

The RRA'I use afthe -ro "pmonally" when describing _illln« in paxcIltioD .....
ClI2Ie

of eoJ2CerD to OSI. The itddilian ot thia wonl- .bsent fro2II the DPA under whielIlQOII

culpability. In DPA cases, il i••ullkienllO show !halite d.feDcIam _

..... of IIlJOUIl all

"

~b1e

fur activities wlUeh ImOlIDted lO assi_ in persecution. OS! was conoemed that it
nccc:SSIU)'

could not meet the potentially "hesvy burden of proof"
"pe=naI~

to csublish Lindert'l

assimnee in persecution, especially since some Cllm.p guards had obtained visas WIder

tho. RRA even after disclosing !heir camp IlCI'Vice,' Therefore, when it filed suit against LiD1erI

in 1992, the govemmelll did not base jill claim on hil having assiSled in pm«Ution. He was
charged only with illegal procwemem of citizenshlp. The """,-plaint KI forth lhree bases for its claim: (I) service ... camp guonl. showed I!ud

LiDdert lacked tho. Bood roollli <:hanlcter ""luiml fur lIlIluJBIization; (2) M misrep=ted llIld conceaIed .1lI8tcriJI hoct on his citi=
hip applkJtion when be r.iled lO !ist the military .. an

0JP'IizaIi0ll to whiclJ he belonged; and (3) he Iadcd Bood """'" character beauae he bad bee"
untnIlhful b<rth ill failiDs to US( MlIul/uo.....", as. place of .... ide:nc:e ODd ill DOl. referencing the
mi litary asan OfiJIIization to whicb be bad belonaed.

Ltndm _

the first

case ill which OS l chBrpd "llcl< of good mond chJnlcteT" baed 011

auJrd service for l!CIIDOlOIIC who bad cntel'ed undet"!he RRA. Following. lhree week trial with
ova- 300 governruent C1'IhibilS, \he district COIIlt rejected all !he ~·Ilheorits . The
court aclu>owIedged

that lir>dert bad serwd ... guard ill a bnJIaI. camp. Ho_, absent

uevjdence tlwlindert ever fired hi. guD or tool any other aCtion hostile 10 any pri.oner,~ tho.

. oun was unwilling to conclude that hi. moral chanlcter "was irrepuablr lOiled br hi' acti ons or
inactions while be WIllI I
guonl.,~

The court exC\Ued Undcrt'. miSS1JlICmcnlS 011 the ground thellbe forms he completed

were arnbiJllOlll. No question bad specifiI:.oIly asked about miliwy service. Not everyone .. ked
to 1i51 organizatiOlll of '\\'hlch tbey were a member WOIIld think lhat c.alled for ald'crence 10 the

es

military. NOI", in the court's view, was it ""If ~ that. li5tina olresid _ would m.ndate .

specinc: refc:mooe 10. <>OIlOefItrarion c:unp, wbea in faet the dc:fc:ndant hlld IC3J)I>Dded that he: was

in the: militay dun"ll tile rele:vM! pc:riod. Bc:aIux of tbc: .... biS'Jily. the c:ourI found DO evidc:noe

til. Lindert hoOd ;"ended 10 mis!OIId. Withoul sudl illlm, Ihere was neither I "wilful ~
mi.. "P'btJlWion not' evidc:nc:c: of""" monl c:haracter. He was allo-el1O retain hi, citizc:mlljp.
In Nlinl apilllllbe SOWTlllllc:lll on the: quc:si;oo olwho:thc:r
Ie

urn"" u . CInf' IUlfdper Slfloenl

established lICk of anod IIlOfSl c:haraet8", the court relied in Jarae pAn on its II

of

wilDaS c:mIibiliry. The: court believed tho dc:fc:ndam'.lesIimnay W I bo bad 0CJVCd "only" II I

perinJetef ,...nf, IDd IbII. • sucIt, bohad 00 role in persecutiOll- II dixoumed die leSl:imony of
OS!'IC"~ ~ _ hi... 'Ii,,!:,_wbo. ~_\hit i'JIldS

""lIlcd rnponsihililie."

1 1Iloo rejected

OSl ' . argumenllh. pc:rim:1.. dUly alone ,..,.,)d esIIbIidl llld: <L Sood, moral dlll1lcter in lIlY

c:vem. bc:c:.oux perimeter suardI kept ~ civil i""" from coc:Ipina.
The Undm ntIilll came: in spill: oldie facl: that the Supmnc COlIn hid beId in FedorenhJ

that ilOf\'io:e II . .... ij,>e\.. guard ao>oun1ed 10 "lIli_

in pm;eeuti0ll" unda" the OM.

Allbaush F~ did Dot M'<e' ~sood """'" c:luaacter" count, the LINk,., COIrI
found FedoTenlw insIru<:liYC. Since F~onnlw, UDliIr.. Lindcst. had admiltc:d shooting II

cocapina inmates, !he LlIf<k" coon c:onc:lllded thai it took !hit lJ'pc of direct l busi.., Ic:tinn to
ltIlablish

""* of&nod mDnll cl>onetc:t.'
H~, none

The: Lindt,., court WIll D:lt the finl lOrul e Illainsl !he: government on iuuc:s GOnCCmi"ll

misrepresenlllioo at>out place of m idence or orglniwioos joiMd.'

of lhe other .

eases involved I defend... r wIIo hid cote:red under Ihe RRA. Moreover, the: otherCOutb bad
ec:c:cpted alll:mItive til"";"" offmd by !he: Sovemmctll Cor rewki"ll ci tizenship. The Lf1ldm

"

court did not lind the c.... was therefore on outright loss.

Despite illl frustration with !be com's ruling, OSI recommended againsl: oppeal. The office ass"$'od lbe chance of revernal-as 'lim because (I) appcllare courta an: reJ""1aIII to overturn a district coun'. credibility finding; aDd (2) the appeal would be to the SixlhCircuit,

wbc:n: OSI h&d Ilready lost two caaes.' OS] determined it would nnber dislinguish .loss in \he
district court til.,., run the serio... risk of ano..... adverse Ippcllatc Nlillg.' The: Criminal Division and Solicitor General agreed and no a.ppcal was filed.' Although Lindm was only• district court opinion, il! impKt oo-OSI ... significant.
Even before LInde" was Wed, the ofli<:c was relllClllllt to file . _
aso i_~

bued 00 "pcrsoll&!

in pcr!ClC\IIiQII. After LInde,t, it bccaonc wary of char&ins a guanl who had ontcoed

UJKIcr IIoc RRA with ~l""k of good moral chatacter.~ Although ~ wen: oeveraI RRA cases UJKIcr iDvWigation aI the lime ofthc lintkn loss, they wcoe put aside.
Yean IlllCT, on anoroey who joined the offioe after lindnt was decided urged OSI to

reexamine the maller. Based on newmearch, lhcoffiecproposcd filinga _ _ to litigate the
"personally Ildvoca.tcd or assisted ;0 pmecuIioIl~ i....., directly, as it had IlOl bcm dooc in

Lin<kn. The Criminal Division authorimllhc IiIing, aDd in 2002, _

y..... after Lhtt/erl. a -

eese was fiIod apiaot Adam Friedrich.
Friedrich had cntm.:I the aluntry undet the RRA afIet 5eYYin8 as a guard at two camps.
Hi' duties twice: i""h'dcd guanling pri,onen 01\ forced marcl>cs during <:lIIJIP C'Iltc\llIlions

Neilbet hi, vi.. application nor hi! 1%2 citizenship popcrs merrtioned hi' guard setvice. The govcmmem filed • dcnatwuli:.alioo ease and argued thot the word "pcnonaUy" Wit inscmd jnto
Ihe RRA only to entun: that individlllls Were excluded baml upoocondtoct, ralbtt Ihan mere

membership in III organization.'" Since the de&ndant bad bn:n. CIIllp aIIIfd. \he aovunme:nl
contended tbIl thilIllIone edablished impenniss.ibll coDducl.

The di5!rice court, citing F~,,*o and its DPA pugOll)',.,;=<I. It ..... ~ ~ited Linder1. The Circui t coun, also ignoriqg Linde" , allirmcd aDd issued &II even lm>ooder JUling. It
hold thaI the word ~pcnonaI ly" modifies "advocated" or ''uIiIted;~ il does QOI ""'",""Q ..mcthol'

one "en&a&ed in di=t penewtiOll." " (B}y impeding pri.oonen ' eooape, ~ Friedrich wu "Ktively
and pcrsoqaJly involved in ~Oll" ....... if k "never gw. priJO..... escape, never binned •

prisoDer, _ r di5chItaed hiJ

""""""Q guording ~ and whilo=
w "

Dn'Cf SlW ...,. prisooen die

durine the forc:ed CVleUllion mllldles.

The fHfdrldt prtI8OCUIiOll ended tho poJI CUI by LIntkn and opened tbc
01 cue!I tbIl OSl bad been bolding in ~ for years."

-r fur • .mcs

"

I. U"/fe!d StIllB' Y Li'ldm, 907 F. Supp. 11 14 (N.D. Ohio. IWS). .
2. He aLso stood guard at a Mauthausen IlIlbcamp wheJe iMlales wen: forced to build a tum>d through amOUQUlin pass.

3. May 20, 1996 m<mot3DlIwn from Directof RosenbaumlO DAAO Ricllmlre ~Defendanl'. A1lcgalion of'Bad Faith' in Seeking A ttorney'. F_ in Upikd Slaleli y , Undmt C.... No. 4;!12CV136S (N.D.Ohio)."

4. The hiltori"", Charl... Sydnor. has ""'rked on approximately IWO dozcll caaes for OSI. HC belie"". lhIII all camp guards perfonned a \'&riel)' of chniea includios n.ighl p8II'01. CSC<ll'lina inmatel lO and tiomWOlk deIails, guanling them III work, serving in thio watclllOWS. and patrolling 1M ~ of the camp. The prilII8t)' cIo<:umaltey mdellce ill suppon of1hiaview is 1M Ocrmao Wmnw'Riabl pi= book aDd ita Damlillli CODIp8Dion, "lnstruction on Tub llIId DIllies of the Guard,.. as ~ as the 1933 """';ce regulatillJlS for the D&ohau """"",,1nIlio.o. CIlIllp<
5. IntoteltiJlily, the LindB" court made no mention of U.s. '1'. ScJtjjfr~. 83 1 F. Supp. 1166 (ED. Pa. 1993), afJ'd, 31 F.3d 1175 (3'" dr. 1994), decidedjlllt a Y"'" earlier. '" thllI (I>OD-RRA) "..., the cowt llODCluded thllI laek "good .lOOnll dwaetcr" depeOOed on a showioa: tIIaIlhe penon ~11y msqeil in "~ moraIly Jqlre/IelwDlc cellll\lct." For instaoc>e, a pmou who WllI foroed iDm 'eMce IlIIder a _ thmd of dNIh roigbt not Iaet anod IDOnI1 oil_tel simply beca_ "chi. service. Similarl,. it is not eotilely imp>SIible that a member of lb. SS bod resp>nsibilities, such .. minuscIlIeclerical duties, ... imigoificant and uoreIated 10 the Naa p<OiIWIl tIIaI hi. contribution i. negligibJe. 831 F . Supp. III 11 9 8. (The coun concluded that Schiffer, ..nose service was "Oluotary and signifiCllllI, did lad< good

moral chanlcter.)
6. u.s. Y. Kairyl, 6OO F. Supp. 12 54 (NO UJ. 1984), qlf'd, 712 F.2d 1374 (7'"Cir.) (wartime oervice Deed DOl be listed in respoll$l! 10 the quesliOll about membenhip in orpUutioas); U.s. Yo OIki<Jcll, 513 F. Supp. 51, 104 (ED. Pa. 1981) (defmdlllll DOl ""luired 10 list his p:>Iice oervi"" in re sponse to that question). Both Ka,ry3 llIId U.s. Y. ScIotlfong, 717 F.2d 329 (7'" Cir. 1983) , hold tbal the residence question did not cal l fur a Qliol of colMl"'lllion camp postiop.

7. IHmjtl>ljd v. Pm<n>Iky. 10 F.3d 338 (6- Cir. 1993), (:fir! au.1d....b ""... Rison Y .
~nVanjd:. 513

u .s. 914 (1995) and U.s. Y. PB tliewyUt;II, 945 F.2d 871

(~ Cir.

1991). Thne

casa "'" discussed at pp. 134 -14 0 and 150·1 74 .

Swes Yo LipO."

8. Sept. 22, 1995 memorandum from Din'JCto. Rosenbaum to DAAQ Richard re ' 'Loll• .iD ~

9. Nov. 8, 1995 memonndum from Actin&: AAO 10hn C. Keeney to the SolicitorOeneral re "United SIaIeS v. OeolIle Linde:rt. ~

"

10- Unlike the DPA, the RRA did IlOl preclude i~ orvi_ to ~ who were members or . "movement bostiJe~ to the U.s. The sovemmcnt contended Ihat the word "'pm<>MIly" reinfu""'d the new stIltulol)' emphui. _ fucusing D/l pc:roocutioo etIlI>ll'Iitled by on individual rather thon by ft group. As such, it bad oothinS to do with one'• ..,bjedi"" intent to penecuIe

"""" 11.

U.s." Frledrld!, )OS F. Supp, 2d 1101 (B.D. MOo 20(4 ), ajf'd, 402 F.3d 842 (8" 2OOS).
12. As ofthla writing, tbrcc RRA _

ce,

me in litigation. The defendams ore Jotm HmsI, Josiu KIIllIp1' and Anton Gei!lCl". Both Hans! and KumpC had their citlzenshIp revoked, IIIld. in -:h c:P: the COIQI relied heavily on Fm drlclr. U.s. •. HtmIl, 36-4 F. SUJIII.2d 966 (S.D. Iowa 2ooS), t¢!'d, 439 F.2d &SO(8" Cir. 2006); U.s. •. K""'P/. 200S WI. 1198893 (E.D. wu, 2OOS), ajf'd, 433 F.3d 785 (7'" Crr. 2006). <#isv io still pending.

70

Frank Wal... _ Le..oa. Loa","" by OSI

r.

Ilu:: P"W!utiou

Early critic. 0[ OSl often cited the WalIU c....... an example ofm" offi"" ovcrrcaclting.'
Their c:ritic:;Stn was misdir«led. In fael, !/Ie proseo:uticn and ""peal wen: handled by the Chi""go

U.S. Anomey'. Offi"" be~ OSI'. founding. The CircuillUli"ll - excoriating: the P"'"""ution

and remanding the case for ..lrial - ..... issued shonIy af\er OSlwas established, malting WallLf
one oflhe first cases willllOhicll the office had 10 OOJItend. OSI'. role was palliative. Fmnk Walus was born 10 Polish parents residing in Gmnany. Hi. father died wilen he
was a )'OU!liSler and the f8n1ily returned 10 Paland. When: he: 'paIl the war)'CllJ3 became: a

mllller of~ _di.pul~, IS di~~~w. AtIeJ the_~, be lived in PoIllIId, opcndias .. ven yean io the 10wn ofKielC'e. He entmd the United SlBle5 in 1959 uml... the INA. SeveTI! month, later be reI\1med to !'oland, bul then came beck 10 the United SlBleo in (96) . He settled
in Chicago, wh... he was nalllralized in 1970.

A le11erftom Simon Wi""",,lhal brought Walw 10 the attention of tho INS in 1974. Wiesenlhal reported thal Walus had delivered Jews 10 the Gestapo in the Poli.sll iowns of

Custocbowa and Kielce.'
INS OOJIlacled repn:.....lBtiYfl of variOIlS lewish aW'ViYOr Ol'il\IIizatiOlll IO dctmDiM if they had any infonnation aboul Wa/ua. No,," did.' The agency al.o . poke with .1....... ofhis
neighbors, eight fonner boud.... in hi. home, and Wal... himself. Nothing supporting the

allegaliona came from th_ interviews.'

Wal.... lold INS thal he had ,pettt World War II ill

Gcnnany
In

forced labo..r.' ponselO an INS requcSl, Israel placed ad""ni""mento in 10000Ii nowspapen asking

"

anyone with infonnation to come forward, The ads mentioned WallIS by name and explaiMd
1haI they wen: seeking witnesse!i for an inwstigation ofwar criminal, in the Poliah to""", of

Czestochowa and Kiek:e, 11lose Woo came forward won: shown one of two photoopn:ads. In
each, !he pi~ ofWal... showecl him at Oil' 36 allhough he bad been a teenager d:\Ili.ni the war.
Israel gatbcrcd six survivor affidavilO, with fi"" olthe affiams claiming 10 be

eycwitneoses 10 atrocities committed by Wah.,. The sixth I1lItcd thai he delivcMd mail 10
Gnlapo Iwadquanen in Kielce, II:DCI ",,1m of!be len,," Wen! addrnsed 10 a frank Walus.

The ~mesa """~, were dramalic,' Several recalled

-u.g Wal... in unifonn or at

Gntapo headqUBl'ler.l, although tbey were divided as 10 whetboo' he had been in Kielce 01
Czeotoehowa. (The to""," ..., 60 milea apart.) One c laimed Walus had :<hot a woman in the

neck aft... forcinll her and two YO\Ulg pia 10 di&obe. Although !he wi_ tumed away after
!be lim shot waa fir«1, he hewd two additj<>n/ll shoU. When be looked bad, the three bodies

lay motionl"",. On a diffem:n occ:aoion, he saw Walua all_ a Pole who had been tryin$ to

_.

Another witness claimed that Wal... draued a neiahbo< &om 1m apartmllnl to a walling
automobile. He saw WallIS ,trike the neighbor and later Iean>ed !hal the neighbor had died. A

third saw Wal... beat an elderly Jew to doatb with an ;"'0 bar. The fourth reported suing Walus
St:parale chiidren from adulla. She Iller heaJd that the children had been killed. The fifth had

witneOSt:d Walus beating Poks and Jews. All bill one wiln.,. picked WallIS from the

photospad.
INS artomeys wen! \0 Israel to interview the witneo= themselves. The inti:>mlalinn tbey

de""loped was generallyconoborati"", though in some cases more detailed than had pn:viously

n

been known. For ..,.ample. the witness who nriginally rep<>nod the deliv01Y of mail to a Frank

Wolus al ~Iapo hClldq<Wlm now ~led persot1a1ly banding oome of those lellers to Walus. M""'o,v.... he rt<:aIl.d seeing W.oIWl shoot an elderly ""d sick womon '" _ II as .. VCl'aI crippled and undernourished ghetto residenlJ. He tnld one INS lawyer lI1lll he did not Ii"" the Israelis

full wOfIll.oon because he helieved the Israeli interviewer was ;nexperiellced' and not -kina ""

in-d"Jllb 1oOCO\IIIl of ."""{S.

He told anoI!ler that he 1wI been retiarll with the b rael;. because he

knew lI1lll WallIS _living ill the U.S. end \hen:fon: I\S8UIned the lIIraelis would he Wlllble to do
mI)'Ihing about him, And while he . arlier had been unable 10 pick oUl WalWl' photognlph. he

could DOW do so, expWning thai be had DOl been wearins hi. alll$SCS during the prior imerview.

The wiIDCSS woo recalled Walus beatina a Jew now said lI1lll he witnessed Walus beal five 01ber
Jew. as well.
The INS attorney. compeml the Illatemenla they had l8l<= with tOO.. given to the

Israelis. They gene:rolly fo""d reaJOM 10 Ill'tcpllhe ItIler and 111M: detailed llCCOUnlJ given to

them, In part beca\lSe they believed the INS qllffii<>11in3 wu "more speoim and detailed' than

had been the rSl1lClI. '. They expressed concernover only OIIC wilDCSB because . be "was VOlY
emotional and it wu very difficult to obtain dirutlUlSWClll," They suggtsted sbe not be called 10
teslify.'

Additional irIvesligatinn by INS lIlmed up .......... witness<. in the Uniud S1lI1eS. 0""

said he was within 50 feet ofW.oIus in the CzenochoW!l ghetto in 194 1. H. heard shots ring out
and then saw Walus with • pistol in hand ' 1aIlding OVCI" tbe dead bodies of. mother and daughter

who had boen walking down \he Sl.ed. Another recalled Walu. bn:0kin8 ;nlo her mnm and pointina a piSlOI at her hll$band. She pled with Walus 10 SJI'lf¢ her husband' s life. He did so 1mI

then

hill. inlO another

l pattment IJ>d shot the inhIbilanl therein.

DeopilC tile dilOOYCt)' of these .,.ewitncsses 10 pcnccution, there was no ready buiI for

deportltion siooe the Holtzmall an>MdnImt had Dol yet been enacted. H_ . 1i!l be «naturalized, ollhou&h the ready
~

, Wah.. couJd

for denIturaI izatio!1 - usiJllncc in pcnc<:lItion

- ..... ",,",vai llble !inee WII... had DOl emia;rated Uhder !be DPA or RRA. In JIl.nlW)' 1'J71,
Wahu ..... clwKcd with f'l"Xurlni

his ci tizenship i1Icpl1)", both becaux be COJ>CCII1cd mllcrill

facIs (...,iJlIe atrocities IJ>d his membership in the "GestIpD. SS or OIber similar or~DD")
aod l>eeIlIOI he la<ked !he aood moral clIanoclet required (... eWIcnced by his havinll cornmincd

__ crimea and '-in&: --'cd his mcmbcnhip In the GeItIpo) .
Bef"", !he <:aK weollO trill, !he SLU was ea.blilbcd. SLU clUe! MCDdellolm hall
~

III the Assisunt U.S . Attonle>" (AUSAs) asaipcd 10 the Wllus prosecution and

Illowcd thm> 10 eoaliouc withoullOpetYioioo from the SLU.' Trill began in M...eb

1m bef"", Senior Judge l uli... Hoffman.

Hoffman hod ru:eivcd

mlll:h notoriety aod neprive publ icity nine yean earlier when he praided o ver the lri.tl of "The
Chicago ~· .

POUP ofprolUlDn.,the 196a Democnti. CDID\'ftItion. Thejud&e'.olltllttnts

and inabi lity 10 t<NIlnlllhe co urtroom were the basis for DYcrtumina I!>DISc CDa\'ietiDl>I on

."..,

.
At thetimc ofm. W....'" triol, Judae HotJman was 82 re-old. By lllliOrtwwc

happmstantt, the role oflhc Nuil durina WQl"Jd

w... n ..... then II>codlinc story inChicogo ..

_U all the rat of the nation beca.... of I p1.onncd 1JIOIn:h of Nw syrnv-thizm t1Iroogb Skokie,
Illinois.
Skokie, . Ch i"",8" IUblllb whicb ..... home 10 many HoJocalill SlIrYivors, had rnactcd

Iluw ordinances desian«! \0 restricl ~ .. A mooth before 1M W Q/... trial, a ClOIIrI

ruled 1M ordilW\"'" WlCODItitutiooal," The appeal ofthlll lUling _ trial.

araued clmiOi the W oJlI.l

C<>urtbouse .ecurily durio& the trial was uoUl'.l&lly tiBhl for the timeI; illn<:Judod • metal dttectuo . Ihc CO ..UOOItl door and In IJTIICd iuud.ll the clev&lor.
1k JOV U IdllUl\ presmtoeI

rweJ\'e cyewicne-s. eight t'roIll lorwcl and fOUJ &om the United Slaics. &ch Icstificd to hrnnj
seen Will... in Poland (either in Czeslccbo~ or Kiclce)bcn•••n 1W I and 1943.

wi_ "'~ told _~ IN~ hoe bed turned_ away at\cr -inI WllIua murder a woman,. only to hear

two """" IIhots rina: oul, lIOW claimOllIo ha"" aelUll1l, ..mncacd the murder of &II throe vielirns.

AnoIber lOkI of W.IIUI kiI.Iioa In old _ _ and Ibootina two of m. besI frie:ad3,

thouab he bad

"'" mcntiooed lb. murder ofhia mends when he lim spoke with llnKili intcm>~ The
wiInca who ..... INS IOll<lmey bed deemed 100 crnoIionallO testify wu, Dlll"lethelesa, l2U0Il by

mdibilily oftbe erewilneSll idenlifiCltions. Nor lIftIy had !be pupw alor I""" frolll a)'OUlb 10a

lIliddle-aeed mm in !be 3.1

inrcrvcnina: years, bIlt!be WI)' circumSlllnCes of ~110 Ufe made it

questionable wllCI!Iu" the IUrVivor.! could ..,Iy CD their visual mem<.rics. TCItirnony included the

following:
1 wouldn't loot at him. J uied IIOt to see him. I tried to avoid Ili:m 15 much .. one
avoidsadoa.

"

I ....erlwked in hi. eyes. I was afraid 10 look in his eyes. I thanked God every time I left the GesIapo.

At lhoi time tbere wasn 't even S pm;enl o f bope in me that I wiU swvi"" this time. Therefo~, I didn' t really mab any spe:<.:ial mental rernalb. Nor did the mental image swviVOIS recoiled matcb well with thc: defeodanl in the

oounroom. Despite WallIS' d iminutive stature (be !il00d ll)lJ)Wl<imaIely 5'4"). thc: willleSSOS
generally described thc: assailanl as IMTage height o. raU....
The iO""IJU"ent also presente4 several witnesses who Iirsr met Walus in 1MUnited
States. They testified about 5Ialemen13 of hi. whicb were inconsistent with his claiul ofhaving

been a faml Laborer in O<':rJllany during the war. Twe said that Wah... spoke ofbeioa in .. labor
camp and inadvertently gassina prisonen. H. told them \hat the Gmrwls bad tricked him inlO

. tuniing on the shower witham teJ1 in& him \hat the system 'fIIas designed for executi""".
A key witneSS .... sented by IIIe iOVemment WlIS Michael Alper, & fonner boarder in !he Wal lIS home and nne ofllle two men whose report 10 Wiesentbal had ui~ the government'.

invm iSatwn."

1Il his IR'"trial deposition, Alper conceded \hat WallIS told .. differml llQl)' every Alper,

day; WallIS' wife had admitted tn Alper that e ven shedid not know what In believe." however, showed nu such doubt. during hi. trial tesrimony. He described Walus

boastintl abmIt

helping the Gestapo liqui date ghct10s and OJTeSl;ng Po les wbo assi st ed Jews. According 10 Alper, WallIS \ol d ofhaving thrown Jewish babies agai nsr .. wall. Alper ' s wife had similar stories, involving tales of k illing lewish children and who hid l ews. The defe""" suggc sred that both A lpers were bi.....d I:w:cauSie ofllle slnmg animllS between them and Wa llIS: WaIus had ac<:used A lper of cheating bnth him and another tenant 0lII

pregnant women and mw>ding ",, !'<lIes

af """",y, moligncd AIJ'"l" lo " ..",ill xrvi<:c asen<:y, reponed him to the INS, told Alper's tleW

neighbor1 that Alper '""" " mllfl:krer, and written derogotorily Ib<>ut A1J'"l" to the president ofl Pali. h organiz.olian in Vi....." when Alper we1d 10 AuslriL l oose Hoffman thought pursuit oflhe bias angle "inoppropri lle ." He eut off ,",itM ..... of <:rOSHXominItion with other witnes_ too, ind<ldina probes "bout the kighllUld voice
timbre of the penon whom the ........VllfS were recalling. At limes the eow1_ so anta&Oni:stie
to defeme eounsel lhat the i l l _ t j(lir>ed with the defem< in In elfon to aa1vaae the

-<."
The defmse bqan with Walua' testimony. He reeounlCd k;ng lllken from PolODd to

Gamony ODd being fun:ed to work 00 ..moua flllDll. He IlIIned !be (ormm, rccaIIed lc><:al
friends, and dnr;:ribed the _

aDd surroundiDs IemIin with greot panieulority. He even

introdueed p i _ ofhimaelf on !lOme of the r"""" during the """ yeon.. The pictures had

JWnped 01:1 their Mcli: the dote ond pllCe or development. Oennao fanners, their te llti"'s ond
neighbors verified that WailD had indeed been at me.e Ioeationa. A PoIWl prie. wtifi ed that Wal.... had
~ed ehurCh fairly

regularly IIIIIiI 19'10 IIId then \IoU nut seen asm. Wlril 1947.

The: priest also eonflODed WI !be pienua of Walua submitted by !be defeme aeeumely depicted
the way Wal.... lool<ed 1\ the time. Walus a1!1O p:resented abwtdont documenW)/ e«robomiull, most of which his attorneys

had turned Over ta the govemmenl before tri al. Thete

~ reeotds from

\he Gemtlll Health

IJlSWanCl: OffIce(an organilJl\i<m anal"llOUS 10 Blue Cross) showingthal poymem. were made
fot I fannhand named Wal.. who worl<ed during the 1t" 1~!IIIt periods on the farms Ibow which

Wl h.. t<>;tified And RN e",,,,, reeonh, elUted in 19'19, liSled WallIS IS • foreigner in the

n

.pproprial. form lOWI\S ofGtmI&IlYduring the'_.
The: . b:senoe of eortoin n:cords wu also lelling. The Oennons had no,."."".,) or WallIS

hoving served in tho military and the' Polish _
hod no record mrum . ither.

en"," eommwi<ms in JUeJce and eu..""bowo

The: lrialllUted 17 days. During tho .... """,,u thol !be cue wu W><kr submiMioo, Ibo

"oloeollSl WlIS much in Ibo ......... The: 8"vem<Il of llIioois JIOclaimcd HoloeollSl Romombrmce

Week, NBC lim! • powerful
Ibe Skokie

~

minioories on Iho Holo<:oollSl and Ibo ~Ib CimUt ruled

ardinm>eelI unconali.... liona/." In lIdditiOll, Simon Wi-.uhal gave ... interview I<>

1M ChiaJgo s__ n_~ in whicb be lICknowledsed informing Ibe INS .bout Wall&! and boasted
!bat be...- had.case of mi5lOken identity."

- - 1udle Hotrmara revokod Walw' citizenship." He found the Slltvi~(lf witnessell
"powaful and convincin&" noIina ". high degree" or CGIlSiSlellq' 8IIIIlIIll1hem. The CGUJl wu

alSCI persuaded by !be defendont' J JtatemeJltS orwortime e"""pod... - especially hit _

I<>

the Alpen. Although the CGw1 oclulowI«lsed "Slnln& iUwiU" between Walus and Ibe Alpers, the
Alp"'" lelllimonial ~ penwdod Judge Hoffmon lholthey were credible.

By CGIIlraSf, be found !he d.f..... wimcssa _.mcina.

1be~..,.

fKlIbaI WillIS'

fonner employen wet'e S IIJlllOflM bespoke their disingenlKl\tlllOSS lOS for lOS Ibe judie WIll

o:oneemed. H. fGllJld it "auiOllll" thol. forc:ed loboreT would hove formed fiicndshipo md kepi <:on1llCl with tho.. for whom be worked, And the fa<:! thol SClme of the wiUlesses (or their
n:latives) hod been memben <>flbo Nozi pmt)' wnished their 1;ICdJ."bi~ty in Judie HoffinoD's

0=

The: docwnenwy evidence did nothing I<> bolster tho defense cue in 1he <:oWl". view. He

"

found the d"'~ and place stamps OJIlI>. pbologropbJ irnlev... t beca.... they eslabllshcd only

wh..., lhc film had been dc...,loped. not wb= the pbotographs were tal.1I. lb.

m~dical

insurance =ords wa'e di....gardcd becausc 1bcy were incomplete (some bavin& been destroyed
durinS or aftcr the war). Wal us filed a seri.. of rnolions 10 vacate thejudsmcnt ba$cd OIl newly discovered

dQCllrtlenta ..... witncsSCI. The documents included resi~ pmnita recatIly found in a

German 1U'Chi...,. The pcrntils, whiclI includood a phclopph of the dcfaldMt, hod l>ccn issued in
1940 """ placed WallIS on two of the f...... .bolll which he testified.
New cyewit_ teslin>ooy came &om a f rench prUoner of,.. ..hipped to Germany as a
forco:l labor~.

He had come in contact will> W alus durina tMt time &r>d ..... tomina forward

"in.,-rder to r«ti1Y a miSCllrTiq. ofjusti...• after readinS about lb. trial.

Two other witnesses, who bad been known to the <lef...... but had ",fUsed to """'" 10 the
United States to testilY, wen: now willilll to do SO iIIliaht of the verdict s.gain$t Wal us. One_
a Pol. who bad been for=l to worI< ifI Qennany. His affidlovit was accompanied by four
pbolognphs ofWal ... wi th othet Polioh fum WO<k.... ifI Germany belW_ t94 1 and I 'MS. The

""""nd was a Germ ""

pri.'" who bad been too ill to 1nI",,' to the trial. Hi, affidavit owed thot

Wah.. had attended services in his p4rislI durina the ...... yun. Waltll aJso o ffered, Ntemem

from the University of Munich rwing that he could DDt baw l>ccn in tho SS or the Gestapo both
because he was Polish and beea.... be was too short to meet the ~ cri'eriL"

JIId&e HolTman _1lOI pemI4ded. Since som. of lhe wi........ had been known to the
d. f....., bofon lrial, their .ll1IemetIta did not qualify .. "newly diseoYa'cd: 0theI' evidence wa
",je<led 011 the Il"'Wld that it was merely cumulativc ofmJIterial JlfCSC"ted durin, the trial." At

"

for the Dationality and hel ghi restri~tions. Hoffinan noted \hat they were nOl obooI~le.'" Severalll1Oothslater, Walus lIOu&l!t oss.i!;tance from \lie enlllt in S«Uring the tnlimony of
yet m<m newly diseovm o ~ wi1nCliSO$. Walus' Polish fa!her-in-Iaw had been enIWlCled

after the verdict by geYcraI Poles who badbun for<:ed laborers wiib WaiWi. The cIefellsc lacked resoun:es to Ira",,! to Poland and interview ihese new wilnesses and had twice asked !he Polish War Crimes Commission to condllC1 the interviews.. The ColDIJIission had IlOl "-ndcd and Walus wan1e<I the courl to issue an order stating \hat !hey should do so.
Judge Hofl'man denied the request withoui opinion. Two days later, defense <:<>WISd ' e«i>iUI a letter from the Polish War Crimes Commission sWinS \hat it woWd. provide
information if SO 0Tdered by a colD'!. The defense urged tho <OUr1 to reconsider ilSnilidi id lisht

of the Polisb offer. JudSe Hoffinarl refused. Walus sppealed the origiDlll distri~t niling boih on im mcriu and for alleged biss by the
j udge.

He appealed alllO the denials of his post-lrialll1Otions. The <:ases _

consolidated sod

argued OIIC wed< bef"'" OSI was established. The S'"""'lIh CiroWt issued its opinion ten momhs ISIe1." Alibougb!he Cowl DOled "instances of anittlde ~ fwd somewhat distwbins on Ihe part ofthi' cxpcrieaced trial judse,' il declined to reYClSC on the SJO""'l ofbi..... The Circuit WlU more "'l.wvoeal about tbc: meri.. of the case itoclf, dllU'a~terizing as "pcnuasi""ly ~. the

arswneot that thm WlU iMllfficic:nt evidence to support the verdict. In the CIId, however, the
court opted for a mnand. II did SO on the 8"o""d \hat the govemmm\'s case "was suffieiendy
weak, panicularly as to imJ>CllChmmt of the defentlanl', doollmClllary cvidenoe, that the newly_

discovered evidence wOtIld almost certainly compel a ditfucnt rcsuIt in the event of a new trial."
The Circuit was particularlyeoncerned about the reliahility oflbe government's

"

witnesses had lim leamed o f tho

in~e,tigation

an4lhc: pn><ed""'" uaed duri"lllhc pholoppb

displays. Not only wen: !he pbo lMpend p~ laken oIrnool20 yca,saft.,. the ~ m q....stion," but the

pCl\ln: stlown to eig/ll of the tw<lve "YewillJCS5CS __ of puticularly poor

quality. The eourt was di.....y.ed also by ludge Hoffinan',

bel"" reliance 011 the A1pen despite
I)' sll'llll&."

the /iloI1hs1 the "evidenoe of bstred" betw«n lhem and the defendlutt was ' ex_

m order to crealC anlllibi, the CiJaliI would have none of It.

ta Iig/ll o f the newly-discxr<=d

evidence, 1M noun f<lUZld the gOVClDlnent'. theory "impossible to believe" and ooneludcd !hal

Iffinnina Judi<' Honm.u'. decision would be "an lntoJenbJe iDjllStice." Th e <:me """ remanded

for llial hefon: II ditferem judg•.
Sinee OSI had DOl been in cxilllcneC at the time ofth< Cireuil argument, fe\'icw of !be opinion ....... iu tint input OIl the ease. Allan Ryan , then Deputy Dire<:tor, urged apill!! SfJCl<in& rebcarin& or Supreme Court ..... w. His conecms '-1: both pragmatie and lei'"! .

I have the d istinct imprcssi<lR, from rnding tho opm;<IR, Iluu. il WBI originally drafted .. an outrigbl reversal, and that !he ponlons rd$ina 10 II remand for II new trial on tho newI)' di......mc1 evidence queslioo _ added II the Iut minute. The Assill!llJll United SlIItes Allomeyt wbo bandled !he appeal ba.... lhe im~ that the two SeY."th C ireuit Judges, Pell and Wood, w=wiginaIly • majority 10 rcvcnc, but !hal looge Moore of the Second C in:uil prevailed on them to remand on the new e ~idencc q_ion, in an opinion which.olllltrce j udges
coWdjoin.

...
"

A_ming thal il is 50, we wou ld Itave mueb to lose if we souglll rebearing en bene in thi l ....... There lIll' nine judgco OIl !he ikventh Cimrit, and tItuo we would have to win over Ii .... of the '• .,.,uliniog ,.....en. If we fail in that, we could well face !lot merely an affirmatioo of the pinel" deei,;"" but ... outrig/ll

reversal, ending 1I>e case against WaI ... <mce aod for all 1 don'l like 1bosc: odds. I lhink we are much bolter off wi1b what we MV - wlUch is !he oppoI1IUIily to II)' e

WaiUl apin.

...

I have direc1o:lthal this OfT"", reopeo iu invqtjption of Waius as a lhatter of the highest priority . .. . If"'" """"' to =k reh eari"ll or certionri IIO\Y, I could not ignore 1I>e possibility that "'" might be pl""""'"'dios against 1I>e WI'OIls mao. Finally, 1I>e evidenc>o we 111m up in our pmIIOIll invatiptio:o <Pay wclI p10ce US in • stronp pooition at Ilia! than """ were orisinally - or than "'" ..., now in oeckinS further revi......."
The Criminal Division mel 1I>e SoIiciUlr GmeraI agreed with R)'lIII" analysis. In the end,

il ...... WallIS who petiti"""" for rehearinB. orgui"ll that a retrial """"" p>se • ~
flll8llcial burden. He Ill"" asked !he court 10 consider an ouaip l
~

withoul remand. The:

question.· The panc:1made: even more clear than il h&d oriiPnally ilS disdain for the case as tried. [W]e are hesi_ 10 believe thallhe DepIlI'1Jne1l1 of Justice will decide to relitisate this case wilbout first detenninina that It IIu • strooaer case than lt did in the first Ilia!. In !hal respc>ct, It is of inl=st that wilb the ~ at ilS command, the Oovernrneat baa apparently hem unable 10 dcmorwo",," man: pasllUively than It has bete1ofore that Wahoa ...... indeed in Poland durina the aucial yean. •• • 11 i. oomewbat incredible thai if Will... opeOl his boyhood in 1I>e area in PoIODd ....tIm: be a1le,ed1y committed hi. Nazi activities in hi. laIe """'" that _ one wi1JlaO has t-l brouibl forward who remembad !he boy JI"OWin& into manhood """ who, 011 that bAsi, of pm<lfIaI knowIedae, identified him as the pe,pe~aM ofthe lIlrOCi6c:. IIItribuied 10 him.'"

The ball ...... now oquarely in OSI'slllp." Ryan sent tIOO in_i i8!orsto E1IrOJIe to
examine the case "down 10 io floor nail• ."'" 11wy intetViewed CUImIt and former resideno from

the ara of Oennsny where WallIS claimed to ,,"ve spent the ."".,. ~II'I. Some ofw wilnes.... hod testified al lIial: othen wen: newly fOUDd. All ' upponed the defense theory ohhe case. So 100 did emplo)'ftS al1l>e Gctrnlll1 Health In:i.....cc office. To the e.tmt !hat OSI ...... allowed 1 0

sz

examine their records." that too WU oormhorati.... o f Walus' d ii.....

0 _ tile oo"'W o f thil lrip ""d another, OSI com piled . Ii.!! oOS Gennans who would

h..... been io • posilioolO know WallIS iflle bad wod:ed for the GmtUIII poIi"" in C:teS1<I<hnWII
or Ki.lee. Of tile V , tbcy localed six. Two refused 10 answer Iny qucstiOlls; the nther four were

shown . pbotospreaod. They could IIOl idemi/)' W.hll by picture Of name.
The c""V&'!S;ng and researcb ..... cxbansti.... and rooll approximately _
montlIllO

com plete. II inc:lllded c e ronowini: .. kina the PnliM W... C rlma Commi..ion 10 inlCrView WallIS' lim wifund his Europcao employers u well u 10 review all invcs1igatiOOl of Nul

nperalioos in the ..... of Poland where Walus had allegedly been .wioncd durina !be ww;

havin.B the Isndis,.v;ew all d. f_

d"",wnems for . w.eJllicity;" reviewing,.....,..,j. IIllb e

National Archi..... and II.: VIVO Institute in N.... Y<>riI. City for doc_ relating to the

vi.inity ill Poland where wa!us had al legedly been posted; read ing repoJU from survivors of the

Ki.k. and Czalnc:bowlI gbctlns 10 IICC iflb...., wu any mention of Walus; .""Iaetina !be Polish
Arcbiv.., !be Berlin Docwnart C..,lcr (R:JKISitory nf mcmb=hip record. of the Nazi J*1)' IIOd !he SS). the Oennan cquivaleolS of the CIA" and FBI,» the Hoo_lnItitute," !he Bavari"" Slate
AJdUvu, and ..nous ogmciel in the area in which WallIS .laimed 10 "-"e been • farm workcr,"
subjecting the """" ds WallIS had submitted 10 furenlic .,._inlIli",,; having the Polish sovemnoent inlCrVicw the Pol" who tiled posl-lrial affidavits on Walus' bchaIf; IIld inlerYiewing

Jew! born Czestnc:hn.... and Kiek e

now living in the Unit<d SUI!a

Alidc from one surviv« in the United States who claimed \(J recoiJIiu W.h.!$, ew:rything
supponed WalUl' defense orJed 10 . dead end. There ..... even oew reason 10 doubl the Al~ '

leSl;mony: Walus had tiled . lawsuit against Michael AIpel' in O<:toller 1974."

"

Two OSI lnomel" "'viewed !he case. Jerry SeanJ.., did 10 befon: aU !he additional
",vatigalion wu compleIC, Rob in &l)'l... II Ihe one! oJ!he~ . After pennnaJly inlCn'iewing the four Ameriean willleSSeS (including the Alpm) and ,eading all the tri.aI
test imony, Scanlan n:commended elimi rwing seveII of !he lWeI.... eycw;blellel, in some
iflSlll><".

because !heir ewn:nt ....mory oontr8dietcd their IriaIlestimony.1< Sooan suggested

some addilional in~igll i .... Ilops be t&kea before I decision was made.
After &l)'lan reviewed !be cue, be oo""luded thallbe governmenl <:oUId no! in good failh Il&IId by OIl)' of ill wi~.'" He strnsed !be bi11emeSl bel"_ !he Alpera aDd Wah.. and

dn:w a profile ofWalua booed on the more IlIan 150 pe<lple Illd inltitutions the l utIIorilies had """taeted ovt:r the years. These included twenty-lWO witncoxs who had IiVfJd 01 """"'ed wilh

Walui: They had differing memoria of WalUl' ...mime K<:oIIIl1:S, wlticll inc:luded elaima that he
had _aped from • GerrDaD ooneenlnlio.n c:amp and served with !he Poli!lt Wlderground. His

neiahbon dacribed him u acrimofUoUl. In &l)'lua' s Yiew:
• picture cmo:Ii'" oJ ... UJ>eduelled )'Oulh fronl P" land who Spall the _ • a fannhand in a """kwater of Ocnnany Illd wb<> built hinuelf up afterwards by n:<:oUfIli"l!l a ...-ill of eo mpletely irnaginaly ....psdeI invo1vi"l!l the 1In<krgmund, the Polish army and daring escapes from ooneenlnlli"" <:aJ\\PI. Hil <nYin1 for ....,.,.ruliOD is U ap~ in the.. storiea .. in his lempeItuOuI",blti<>ns with hi. neilhbon and in his attemplS to play ",odfIlher" 1 !he Poli!lt immigrants who 0 ,rayed in hi. house.

&l)'lm (oWid the evidentc overwbeimin&Jy SUJlPOTli.... o( WaI"..' defense. Hi. fonner fann employen, fell<>w fon:ed laboras, and two priests all ' won: 10 faets in WallIS' favor . In

additiDll, lhm _

d<>cIImentary evidence which OS!'s own ""pens had authenti<:lled.. And

beyond rbi, direet proof, lbere was oompelli"l!l eifC1ll1lS1lrllial evidcnee, i""luding the "oomplete absenee of any [COIIuaryj doeumenlll)' evidence" despi.. thorough SIlUd>es. More<>ver, WalUli

.

ones headed weol, lIWlIy from 1M _

oflheir crimes."

We ore faced wilb two mutually e~clusi~e ~miollS offi~ yearll In WallIS' life. If """ bellll'\'e one, """ mUll 1IeCeS...n!y disbe lieve the Dlhcr. The choice il this: either tile twenty people, tho <10<"''''''111 and !be photoppho have been bribed, forKed aad faked to show that Wllus was in Gennany, or !be JO\'=eIll'l ~ eyewitnesses (seven of whom """ are r..-dy 10 abandou. in I retrial) Ire millakeG. Bcclll* 1 fiOO il Ibsurd 10 beli""" that WillIS ' dd"eDIC II the product oI l massive consp;mcy, I am <:ompcllcd to concIude lbMlbe SOvernmc:n1 was .......g, and that WIIUl did:!pend the_inOermlny.

Clearly, then: is no question o f retrying tho case. The only Wile we face il how to bad: lway fiom it. Many opti<>n$ are aVllilabJe, each ofwhidl Is chlnCterized by one of tluu ut><krlyiol attitudes, (0) ' We ,••" " right about Wllus bur """ COII't prove II', (b) 'We were ,"",'Ii", or (c) "We don' l know."
He lilaJyzeillbe options. The firs! WIll sppeali"ll since ' it is more comfortable to be

right than wrOlli. II also noid!l stickyquestions l bout lIt",eliabilily of ,,>,ewitneMes'

II would Ia"" lIS open in Mu:re <:&oeS 10 oeri"'" 11Ia<:h OIl the .. Iidity of identifications by eye"';tneues. II would II", have adverse short I""" efl"«ls o f bid publiciI)' lIIld lack of eredlbilily. II could c...... hanl fedi"lls 0 0 lite part of lhe 1sIaeUp>lice and Simon Wiesenlhal. The focli"ll" mlghl5plCld lhrnughoul the Jewisb <>OmJIlunity in lhe Uniled States and lad In p>litical repercussions.
Only tho "know nothinll' option lvoided al l lheM pitflll.. y"" Boylan reconunended

against it He believed WaIuJ was i""""",,1, and thai "00 reasonable peIIOO who IlIlI examined the tile could cODelude othcrwix.' A fail,,", to odmillhe 1I0~emmenl'S CITOI would therefore
.",.te the fllse impreuion thai Walus

was I

waf

criminol. Thi s would be panlculariy egreg;oUl

"

sin<:<: the govemrDel11 had the evidence in band, befo'" lIial. 10 realize 1IIlIl the case opinst Walus

coold llOl st.and.

we done M Mequste job, Walns would not be saddled with the !leary flnMCial borden onder which be Dow labon. The least we CM do 1I11his point is
Had
to n<lid saddling him with the suspidOll thal he got away with murder.

RyM agrwI and discussed deWls for the disrniua! with the U.s. An<ln>ey's Office."

Both om.,.,s ddmnined that a statement should be issued. Ryan iMiSled, however, 1IIlIl the gnvcmment stand by its eyewitnesses in Older to preserve <llIt ",Istionship with the Israelis and 10
"protect ow flank."

On November 26, 1980, the U.S. Anomey, with the approval oftbe Crimioal Division,
moved to dismiss the <asc. He..,...j a II1atemClll p«pM<d by l>im$clf and Ryan. 1t iDc:lodod a
"""';cw of the

e><haustive invo:st;gatioo condUC1ed by OSl in the watc of the Cireuit <>pini0ll and

noted thaI the govcmrnc:ot had "no doubt that the witne!S<S who testified on bchaIf of the
government - the survivors of the Nozi persecotions ofC7.cstocbowa and Kielce - testified

since>ely and honestly." The &Ovemmem noted too that the defmdant had told various

violence <In innocent and dct"ensc:le!llS Jews. "Although he later dc:aied such admissiOllS, the law
has traditionally and properly accorded such odmi!llSions significant weight and, indeed, the District Coun fOlUld these stalcments critical to its decision." Nonetheless, !be "miking abscn<e"

of <:OJTObonting .....idencc, and the plctho" of cvid...... supporting Walus' <lsi""" "cornpelo the conclusion that we could nol ,"poosibly go fo.......d with a retrial." The govcmmenl, mindful of its obligation "10 lake special can: 1IIlIl the processes of the law II<K he brought 10 bear against

those who are nOl gui lty" expressed its ".. gr<! " 10 Walns_

.

The rourt granted tho lI\01ion 10 dismi", and aclrnowIcdged tho enol'lllOll:l cmoIionaIloll

on a1llhe ~cipanta.
nul case dclllOnltl'alCS the buman fallibility of tho trial proceu. and the continuing need for • careful and viiil8lll SJ'"l"rI\ of "'view ofllial eourt decisi""". But for !he paillSlallina te\'ieW given this case by the Court of Appeal$, the defe."lanl would have been !!ripped "fhis United Stales cilizc:mhip.

In addition, !he cue is • manifelllalion of. wonhy and COUl'Ip)l1t Bovunmenlllld ill .......amlJ who arc able and willins 10 investisau= cvidenoe ra""..blc III 11\ ICCIllCd. and III rftJlanUnc IIId wil/ldraw dIatsca lIlAdc apirut an _ cd wbicb are \UlSUllPOned by lhc evidence. In arantinB tho Oovenunenl'l motion. we do no! fOIllCl!be abominable atrocities inflicted II the ItIm<b of the NaziJ on Ihoac and !he fantili" oflbo.., who lcSlified against !be dcfmdalll. B.. those 0UIragCS cannot be undooc and o;ataiqIy not by an uojlllt roavil:tion ofthc dcfCDdanI. Indeed, we arc C<lIIfi<lcnt dial those who .urvi-J the atn>citi.. IOlId !OOdr. vindication in mmIOI)' of those who did DOl """"';d not want their honor I18incd by. ronvil:tioa which could no!: withstand ~fu1, dispusioJllIe sautiny."

I think it is • Bond Slatcmmt and asrec that tbc Office It.:lIIOrcaI <:bake except 10 abandon the pIOK'CUtion. ••• (1 ia likely dIal lbe case involves miNk... ]1 iclcmificMi"" but il ;, not certain.
I would IlOl, b o _, under any circumslan<:a, ha~ e:tprnscd "'S'd 10 Walua. In good part , he brought the c""" on him",lf by \clling cronies dial be had actively participated in pcl'SCCuling 1cWll1I>d in making otbcf anli.scm;lic 1CtIWb. In my view, the cin:wnotane:o:!l call for no apglogy &om Ibo Government.·

Ryan cxpJllincd the "!ltory behind" the SUllcmenl.

Tom Sullivan. the Uniled StaleS Attorney, felt \ICI)' stroJtgIy tbaI we should
malee an ""lrishl apgl"gy 10 WallIS. I llslly ",fusod, and Mark Richard becked me up. Sullivan said lhal if the O<pQrtmem of 1ustice did ""I lender an apology, that be would issu e his Own 81a1emem "tspology. Such. slltcmem obviously would have boomcJanged .gainst lIS and pul us in the position of ans-rilli

"

=banassing questiollS from !he press highlighting our refusall<l make all

apol"iY. SulJivar:t aIId I compromised OIl' statemml of ' regn:!' , !he idea being that it i. alw,rs ' .egrettable exper;"""" to han a uiaI bucd 011 mislal<en identity or insuffioicm evidonce. In fonnulatinll th. statement, I lOOk pains to point out WallJll' own bnluint; to cronies and allli·Semitic remub lest !he publie be under !he mi5lllken impreuioa lh8l lhl. fellow was emirely blameless for his
predicament."

Artiel... appeared in the: pn:sa castigating the ll"vommem for the original prosecution."

Tho Israelis, CD !he oIher lund, castigated the ll"~l for not repn>lO<:Uling Walus. Israel'.
Chief Superintendont for the: lnvestigaliOll ofN.ozi War Climes wrote RYIIl ,bou1 the impact of

the d ismi....J 00 tho I.... li. who l..tifled. Aft.. haviJJg "revealed I<l the world their wounds,
which will _

be healed" they feU lIS iflhey had "been deceived in lhat th. llial ill Chicago

was no moJe Ihaa a well-<lirecled .mow, with their participation." He described the witnes&=s as
"spiritually broken" by Ryan's decision, "teMS in tOO. ")'e$, " though blood WIll still ~

from their wounds, not btlievinll tbeir own ears lh8l, d ecision had been taken not to renew tho
WallIS ease.' An Israeli Jusliu MiniSV)' offi cial",,~ slznilar CODCemIII<l U.S. Anomey Sullivar:t. The ISllIelis shared tl=e """""ms with tho modi.."

Ai\er the <:ase was dismissed, Walus sued Simon WieseDthaJ for having made false
a1legalions. Walus ICOUXd Wiescnthal of forging docllments IIlIi W",senthal coWlte:rsued for
libel. Wiesenthal was ",pre£eined in Ihe litigation by Martin Mendelsohn, chief of the SLU when !he W <>1ru cue was Iried. The WaluslWi~nlhaJ suit wall settled for an undisclosccl amount,

with damages awarded to Wicscnlhal and not to WaI......
Walus had one final imol'l101.ion with OSl. In 1984, be wcm to Polaod with collJt:ld for

Ivan ~mjanjuk. Demjaqjuk had 1M hi. citizenship afte, • distriet j udg<: concluded that, ao

alleged by OSI, he waolwn the Tetri~le, a particularly brutal glllU'd at tho Treblinl<l death camp.

.

As detailed .lsewhere in thi, rcpon," the I>en1jMjuk pt<:IMC\ltioll, like Walus', m\fOl~ed a eee of

miBllk"" id....ity. 10 lb. oxl""l til.. Detnjllljuk was o:blrlled with bav;l\i been Ivan the Terrible.
(He was later denaruralized on lhe basis of /lavina been a

auard atlhe FIO$5CIlbOr& IlDd Majdanek

co no:entration C\IlIlps as ...at 1$ at the Sobibo<" death """p.) WallIS wenl to Poland see.kina

wib>esset to d.ar Demjanjuk',

IIIlDe

and testified on Demjanjuk', behalf.1 his 1983 depor1alinn

pO<Udings. Walua died in 1994.

n. The fallOO1
The W<Jh<I trial showcased. ~ariely of is:suq relevanl to OSl liligation, indueling the

"PJI"OI'riate _y to conlac'l.wrvivon, the proper .... of p/loIo~" and Ib e potential Wll'eliabilit)' of eyewitness temmoll)".

A. Eytwimm Ic:;!jmony

CorIventionai wisdom in the Iale 1970s -.. thai cyewilnc$llemmony .... Ib. kO)' to idemil)ina "Nazi wv criminals.The pn>secIlIion _
forward in Wahu belicvins thaI

IOVel)'lhina d........... "" their .)'O'wilnCSSC$ and confident thIl1heM witna.les would be suffi<:ient
lO ovm:ome whatever dooumenwy e\'idenoo WalU!l might ' ubmit." ThaI confulen<:e "'" hued

not o nly on their q~ of the witnesxs, blJt al so on a belief that the more horrific !he
memory, the
IIKII'e

likely ;t would be c«:bed i1Idelibly."

Thi' ~~ was ~ by Jewish gn:>UJlII"

and evelI lIad lIOllle ~ in the sci""tif.. community."
In the contexl of the tim.. _ !be Cold War at iI' beig.ht and therefore limited """'$1 10

doc"",,,,,.. behind the Iron Curtain-lhe oxaqemN rel"",ce on eyewi tneSS leStimOl'ly ill perhapI

Wlderslalldable. BIlI even then, 001C\'t:IYOne libamllhis view. The West GMrIald, wndUCIinll
• $<'ries ofwar crim. tri.l" were be&Lnnina lO doubt the reliability of Slll'Yivor memories . In

"

MarclIl979 - after the Walus \rial but before the appellate Niing - Gettllan prosecutors moved
to di"", iss, mid·lria~ a ease againsl four former Nazi SS guards accusedof P'ltticipating in the

murder of 250,OOO J~ .. The PJO.ecUlor said tbe age otthe wimcsses and their emotional
reaction 10 the trial rendtml many of them ineffective." The molion 10 dismiss was gramed, with the Chief Judge """Ill1enling lhat faded memories, misidentification and the gmenl effects
of!he JlWlSlOie of 30 yean precluded tbe conclusivo proof lICedod...

OSI al\0IlIey Robin Boylan, in his mOmo to Director Ryan .bout the Wo>lw case, _bed excClpl$ from a Gennan war crimes tribunal which board testimony on the vogories of mem<!JY.

As $IIIlUI\arized by Boyl"",
The theory advanood by !be expert and accqiIod by tbe court is really . matter of common ......e and every day <:JLpeI;"",,", the detaila of an incident ore not -- ';emernbmd as _dily M tbe eentJal faets. COIISeCluently, the description ofa remembered event changes M the wimess 1llinks IlIOni about it and recalls mCft detaiis. Sometimes, tho,.h. tbe dNil. ore notlctwl1ly ~"d. but an: filled in by the witness on the basis ofhis experi"",," or perhaps with information the witness thinks the interroaator wishes 10 hew."
Other poycl>ologicli faclon IIIll)' Ii.., OOIDO iolo play, subcollSciously but neverthe1esll

profoundly. As one coun ""led in another OSI case:
who is .wan lhJt the co mmandant or deputy commandant . . . worked hand-in-g1ove with the Nazis in peneculing Jews, and who I...".. yun later lhallhe dofendsnt has been charged with baYing ...... 011 as the conunandanl Of doputy commandant, migbt readily 1IChie"" a fLml present recollection that indeed it was the ddendSll\ who pasticipatcd in panicular incidents."

A wi_

Tho infwi"" of historians inlO OSI advancul relillJlCe on documentary evidence over
cyewimess testimony. Morenva', the ease law developed in such. way lhsl it Is not ~ssary 10 idenlify. dofelldant as having personally oommined atrocities Of acts ofperseeution. It is
e"""gIIro sllow that he served in • unit wllosc main pmpose was pel'SecUlory (• .g.• camp guards)

r
~

~~ . ~ iI !'H j so,

1 •
i

Ir il

...
•
~31
'a

r r nu t u u
5-

-~I g !.~ ;:

s. ;r ! g a i

'

~ ~"r'
~ f~~~
0 '

~~

'2.

ui : ~ i
! " ~

,[,j:

1 ~. 0 !
1
,

0

3" "

~ 5·

[ :; I :• · ~ , g ~ ; "~i " I
a It
0

So

~~:~~11 ~~ ~ ! l Ii j: ~ ~ ~.; I ; l j: • • I [ I .;.

t

~

:

j: " l

~'I:

I
c
&

~g!l[.gg' ;;- ~'2 : il
5'

'iH"1 ~[' !. s e ~. i 'i i I i i 'l" I
a~

i,Hoi: · • ,I;. i l ! ··. l i
0

f "~'I'
~,.;;..

• i 1. i

, j ' If a ~ . .. l • " " i (ii I ' ~r"<ii "
=.~.a
§lj
8. ",.

'§

Ii

] g

•
,

[ I t
t

I;~·
.!L

I!.

1
a

I " ~ I t· ~ . , ;oi 'f ~. ~ I ~ til I ' ! I ooR'Ol
i
..

° ' !.:z' 1

I ~·g; "iG~~ .5
~

l.

.. , =. • a _ =.
~ " if
I -

s. ,i. i ' ~

•

:
I

e' ~

i
~ r

'i!~'ri52.S' ~~' --=.~.<>- !l~ .. • ii" . ~ ~ ~ "¥ a
~

ii ii .

uu.I uui : • ii ! I , . . • ! ~ I , , i
i

lj'"ii[jl

- or

e:

:r:

..

:::

g

~i s. 5'

§

"if

'II S'

srs

o' !· ';.
0

!. '~ ~j: , '
a

ii,g~;'fi[ "II: -, s.; I!.
0 " " ·' 1 "
~I-.;' 0 g

i ! . ,. ; 1 o_.~ia'g ·-<

I

1 s
~

[

.

r I I!, I r :I Ii- l[• '[ r [•l II I I r Ii 1~lllf[ ~ . ! I • I _I" • f[ 'ii'l I· ..-, ~ Il·'~·~·Ii'~IH!. r I ~ i I · ~ !. • i-;r'~ m. i if
0 ..

'I" •
g _ --

1" 'I ,g~· l~' "
:r
~ ~

..
~

;; •
!

- "

~ < I<

~-

!.
[

0

0

•

w.~

I
I

s

~ i I< [ " E ~: i t tg
..

.' ;; I

i . ~ ~

l ~ ~ ! • •

r ,il;t I- ~,'pI • z i_ , I f ¥ < I: I t !~ ~ ~- I~f ' I. !~ N "a ~'i r. ~ ~ r " ~~. ~ I ~ R~~oi ~ r " ~ ~. • J I I ~ 'I i iii:; r
5

~

~ ~ '. l ;S ' i ! E ~ s

Jl

s

~

I f

I I
:r

';;

",~

~g~~

'a

0

~'Si·lifa.if

~

if~l!l:-

r I 'w;; I' 1 I• ~ [ , ~ , • t ! • I ~ _g,s~'j;a_ ig' J Il ~.t l£ [II iI I' It II I ;I I~ ! I: ~ I - I iIi I • if~ • • ~ ~ g I. i ~
,I. Erf
...
N

'~l' I .• !
g

~

i.l -_rlf~.

L 'i I' f'
!!."

s.s

"'f IfK!l'~Er
....

i

f

• J

'.If

ti!~'

11'$ ~a. -

~ ;; ; ' i

"",,!aiDed. form 10 be complC1Cd by !be investiaalO' and sianed by Ibo inler\'iewee. the form lists (and is 10 be oigM<! by) aU pmona prese.... If . pholflilllPll is chosen, il is 10 be . igncd by
!be witness; all otbe. pbotoarapbs viewed "'" 10 be inilialcd. "
ThaI form bcc:ame Ibo Slandanl pro\OC<>l Wlli12001 whoa Direclor Roscnbllll\1, In<:ting to
• magazine Irlicle, made some ohaoges. The article repo r1ed tballCqucntial lincups ~.

wilncsll views OM penon It • lime and is u ked 10 decide if (s )he is !be culprit before the noxl

pcnoo is broUj!ld in - "'" liaJlificanlly more reliable1hon the traditional limultancous viewi"8-.,

ROXIIbaum wa pmuadcd by the dati in the article and dc1e:rmincd thIt it would be jwlll!I

relevMl lo phot~.

H.

asked ibM all p/IotoSJIrCads 1ll~ involw

_b.

ICql\Clltial

Ihowina of piC1Ul'C:!.tJ hi fact, howeve , OSI hu SO dcer, ...ed rcJilUlCC lNI cycwilr1CII testimony
1haI \IX of photosprcads is viJtllalIy obsolete.

D. QSJ' s lm w
Most unquantitiablc of the

IV.

ramificationa i. its impact On OSI- 110111 inlemally and

."'cmally. Th. courage illOOi: 10 dism llllhc casc should IiOt be undercstimalcd. Only fOl1l"
months be fore, the office had dismisxd the prosectllion ofTsclIerim Soobwkov, diocusscd
el~

in this ~." And now a case whic h had bee n ""'" below was bcina abandoned.

willi reants (lIOundina very c10K 10 aa apology) beina
victories &om which

Jiven.

OSI did not)'fl havu cushion of

'0draw comfort.
H. bad barely had time to mablisb his

The l~sb communiI}' \Va 1>01 pleased wilb lb. di:;mjssai" and Ryan, in \Vbose lI8IIIC the
dccisilNl _

bcina made, _ 1lIi11a newcomer ' 0 them.

boM ftth• . He procccdcd iD 1bc bclicftlw his uack rcco«l ov... tim. would l.aw no doobl

about his commitment 10 prosccotina lhose again.. """'01 the aOV<11lll>Cnl had suffkieol

"

~mce,

Tbll Ry.. uki..... ety _

!he raped .... adminIta ot lM Jewish

communi" iI

ct-. Ia 1991, he wuapp>ta.... 100 IIw Euculi¥e ColrPina ollbl New £n&Iand. Repooa ot...
~ I..cqI>t - lIlo:

r.n._..... '"'''er to be 10 b;waed.

"

I. See • .g., Patrick Buohanan on the MaoNcillLehmNewshuur. Apr. 21, 1987; "1'bc Pcnecution of Frank WallIS: To Calcll. Nazi," TIt. Rc«i., (ChiC8ll0), Jan. 23, 1981; "The Perseculion of Frank Walus,· [8 sepam. piece despite tho: simi l.,.li~.J, SJlUknrLa>ryo-r. May 1981. 2. 0..:. 12, 1974 letter from Simon Wi.xnthal to INS in Wier>, ~nnany .
3. May 12, I97S Rcpon of lnvcsligation (ROI) by INS )qvmptor Roben Rdlinger.

4. Wah" ran " boordin, bouse fon~en l emi~. Reports of lbe early INS interviews "'" no longer in the OSI file. lnformalion about them comes from OSI attorney Robin Boy1....'e Nov. 6, 1980 draft mcmomndum to Director Ryan ... JI S Y WallIl! (hercafler Boylan memo). Aooordina

Boylllll, only one of the n"';ahbors bad l.I\y _ informalion about WallIS. (She ola.ilned b. bad been in the Polish W1derground.) Theothers re<o\lJllod disputes and oJashes with WallIS, su~ that he was ditr",u1t to act alOIIg with. OM of the boarden rcca!lcd WallIS sayin,g he bad Spenlthe _ years with the Communist under&JOW1d. Another said he bad...., a pietIII'C of Wa.lllll with Qocring or Geobbels.
I<J

S. Feb. 10, 1976 memo

I<J

EasIcm Regional Commi.olsioncr from N.Y. DiSlriot Oirector ... "Fmnk

WaI.... ~
5. The slalcmcnlS of ti~ of the wi1JleSSCS arc set fOltb in a July 6, 1976 memorandum to District Di=ror (Chicaao) from Regional CommissiOllCl'. Eastern Repon. The ' iJ<1h i' in an Oct. 28, t 976 SwnmSJ)' Report oflnvestiaation by Ralph C. Jolmson.
7. Undated memomndmn entitled 'Summary EvaJw.ti"" and Recommendatioa in the Case of Possibl. Re\rocation Proceedi,.. being iJlstituted aaainst Frank Wa!ua All 7Jg 778," pupued by Uoyd Sbennlll and William S _. 8. Recorded interview with Martin Mendelsohn, May 23, 2001 (hercafler Mend.1sohn

inlerview). 9. & . U" lted St",.. v. De/ll"8'" 472 F.2d 340, 386-i18 (7'" Cir. 1972). 10. The firsl established a pennil <yI1em for pmKIes and publio assemblies and roquired applioanlS to po$! publio liability and property darnat!c inswmH:c. The scocmd prohibited the d;sseminati"" of malena! that inoil.d rada.l or reliaiOllS hatred wi1ll iotem so to incile, and the third prohibiled publio dem"""lnuion, by members of polilioal parties in military 5t)'1e uniforms. I I.

c"m v. Smith, 447 F. Supp. 676 (N.D. m.1978). "

12. Poland would nol allow Wiescntha.l ', othet ~ to Il'avellO the United States to testifY. Aoc:oro;ng 10 the !'<lIes. !Ie rould add little I<J whit WI.'I alrcady knowrJ because !Ie had been only fourteen when !he: war ended and had no peno1I4I knowledge of Wa!\II' wartime ac:tivilies. Cable 1008227, Jan. 10, 1978 from Amer, Emb, WllI'5aW loSccmary ofSlale re M idal JlKl

"

A ssistance: United StllleS venus Frank W.hlS.~

13. Alpe...lepooiljog, Sop!. 25, 1977, pp. 43 , 44.
14. Recorded inler\'iew wilb Wolus prosecutor Bill CanIon, Nov. 21l, 1000 (heJeafIer ConI"" itl1£I\'iew).

15. Colli" y. SMitlr, S78 F.2d 1 197 rr Cir. 1978). Ultimalely, the neo-Nazis ~ their effort 1 assemble in Sk okie &nd gstheM:l inslead in Chicago' s Marquette Pari<.. 0
16. ~'Nui H!roter' Can'1 Stop. ~ TIM Chlcogo s......n ..... , Ap-. 19, 1978, p. 6l.

17. Ufliu d Slat, H. Wahu, 453 F. Supp. 699(N.D. m. 197& ).
lB. Letter o f Sq:M:. 21, 19 78 from Ootz Po llrien 10 defense COUIIXI Charles NixoD, attached to SllpJlIement to MotioIl to Remand to Trial Court to Consider MoD"" Re: Newly ~ Eviderlr:e.
19. 1111.23, 1979 MemoJaIldum andOrdcr.

Hoffinan was at Ieas1 partislly <:orTCCI 8bouT this. 1Jl. reb. 27, 1980 memorandum 10 Director R)'IIIl, 081 histori"" Peter Blacl< ~ned !hat height requiretnenu nisled only for Ihe SS , noI for the Gestapo. Ahhoup. the ss standards were strinpm unli11939, they relaxed as the 20.
Jud~

_

p1I'>liessed ,

21. Ullit.d Slotu Y. W aJ..", 616 F.2d 283 ~

ce. 1980).

22. The d istrict coun bad considet'cd the time 81"'" but found It uniu>p<ll'laIlt. IlJd ~ Hoffioaa reviewed pic:lUrel ofhimself fiom \WefIIy yean earl ier and found it "remar1<abI. how mudl ilook todIy as I did then, ...... tboush the curl is now olll of my "-it."
23. Msn:b 12, 1980 II'ICmO:mdwn from Ryan to AAG Heymann.

24. Apr. I , 19&0 orderin

u.s: v. Walwt, Nos. 7 8-1732, 79- 1140, 79-1587, 79-1629 (""""b ' d).

25 . Unless otl\erWi,. noted, infonllation on OSI '. investiptive dfortS comes froni • Sept. 23, 19 BO memo byOSI attorney let1)' Sunlan to Ryan as weu ssa JU/II! 12 . 19 80 Report of InvesliptiOll (ROl) by OS I investigator Ed Gaffney. .
26. Recorded interview with Ryan, Oct. 6, 2000. Unless otherwise nolcd, s11SlatemenlS abouI Ryan 's anions and motivations come from this interview.

27. GmDllIl ptiVIll;)' laws placed some limilS on--.
28 . Israel was an xious to have the esse proceed snd had offered to ....i. ;" any way it could.

"

lO. Bundesaml fue:r VctflWUllpochUl2., equivalent 10 the o;ounle!intcRigen<:e b!aoch ol die FBI; ond BlIlIdeskriminaloml, analOIlO"" lO the Criminal Division of lhe FBI. l l . The Hoov... I"";lute u SWlforrl Univcmty i. 0""' of llle larsest privue . .hives ill the OOUDlly :and """lllillO a large Eulem European eollcetioa.

32. Most ofNe>! Ulm was d"",,,oyaI durin& the W• • SOIIIf ,urvivinj records w= lllleJ deotrnyed .. a marlel" of 00IIr.Ie. (The Neu U1m polioc destroy records after 25 years.)
ll. Dot. 6, 19lK1 Rcquul for InvnligllliOll Io 051 Deputy Di=Ior Charles Giltmll from Robin
&,I~

l 4. The wil"..: ... SeanJ... IVOllld ret:lIin all plaud Wal", io Custocllowa, lb.", avoiding !be . awkward probkm ill the lirst llial ofhavi"ll him """"'ins io two towns sixty rnil<:. ~

3'. Boylan memo, S1Ipnl. II. 4. 36. 8o)'1 ...... olIO on the wi mel ~ handwritten llO!es of the eonvenation, an
l 1. The :ll&LcmeIIl _ inoh.ded ill the OOUJI" UIlKpOrted m,,,oorandum orrI... of N"..., 26, 1980. The c:ourllater granted WaI... 131.000 io w wt 00:11&. "Frank Walus - N'" ExtenniNnor or VietimofMilllake?" Ch;O<lSODaily Low BlJJdi.., M.... 18, 1981. p,l . He hod sought S8l .466.81, which ineluded SlS,209.l 1 in oul..,r.pooket txpcmca, and $48,257.50 in sttome)'$ fees. Motion for Asscsomcnl of ColIS by Defenclant. Si".., the law berred ftlOOVa)' of momqr's f=, he_ in fooct, re;mbuned.1m<m to !he full ~m pc aible. l8. Dee. 12. 1980 Iene:r from Roclcler Irl Ryan. Others, fau lted Iht: Sl.tement for nOl apolo&irina enough. So, '_g_, 71Ie Rtadn. II. I, whichdeemed the &overnrr>efIl's stalemeot "ipoblc" bo:ause il ·left the irnprcss;on,. duly eon~ by reporl. .... that Walus may yel be guilty," 19. Doc. 15. 1980 lett... from R)'IO 10 Roc1Jer.
40.

ho_. ""/I'll.

s.cn. I , supra.

41, ·["",eli Ao.sails Justi"" Dept. Dec;"ioD on Accused N...." 77te N.... YOI'.t TJ""s. Jan. 26, 198I; "Da1a Against Walus lgrumd - 2 Israeli.." '11te ChktJfO Som.nma, Jan. 25. 1911.
42. Mendelsohn interview, '''P'd, o. 8.

n

s..pp. 150. 174.

44. 51. , .,.• Ib.. openina remarkt ofChainnan Joshua Eilberio "Alleaed N'" W... Criminals.· Hearing before the Subcomm. on lnun., Cil. and Internal'l Law of the House Judidary

91

Commin.... 95- Cong. , I- Sea.., A\II. 3. 1m. p. I; O. N...dson a S. Lube!, E:;.orw/ln~u ldenlificculon in Wd/" CrlIMs Trials. 2 Cardono L Rev. 71. 74. 11. 16(19110).
45 . Conlon inlerview•• OepBr1ment of Justice.

_(>.

II.

14; Au&- 8, 19n memorandum from AUSA John 0uI>bins to the

46. Oct. 28 .1976 memo on Walus investigatiou by INS Investigator Ralpb Jolwon. ltlOOllc:ctions of Wahlll PfQ5eC\lIOf Bill Conlon ill Conlon interview•• upNJ, II. 14.

,fiXOrd.

41 . °Analysis of!tle severrtb CiTCUiI Opiniorl ill U.s. v. Fnmi W<Ihd: by the AnIi-Dcf.matioo Lea&ue..-:l !be American J~sb Congress, forwarded to OSI by \be U.S. Attorney' . Off"", for the Northem District oflUinoiJ. 00 Mar. 6, 1980. 48 . St~ ~.g. , Let1eI'IO the Edi1ol", 1'Ito NPI Yori Mar. 25.1919 from Dr. William O. Ni......laod, clinical pmf..- emm1U!l of psyebiatly. di"""'iIlI: "h)pc:'''''lesia" - "the overly sharp, 8CUIe ..-:I di:ltincl """"">I)' of _victim o f m.t.l ity." 49. "Bo"" Said 10 P1an Release: of A<:<:uscd War Criminals"0 by Jolm Vmo.:..-. ThI NffW YOI'i Mar. 15. 1919.

fi_"

n..u.

so. °Acquinal of Four EJ<·NII2.iI Stilll Anpy ProleSl in Court," The NnI Yorinmu, Apr. 20.
5 1. Boylan memo, ",?,Q. II. 4. There i. 00 indication of which Gmn.an trial is referenced. All be recalled the ~ yean later. Boylan attributed his skepticism 10 IlI(lft lban JUiI the WQ/... dceision. He rtmembered one willlClll found by the [snc!i po lice who 8ave tbo same Dlement. reptdl_ of tho ....... Interview with Robin Boylan, Sepl. 27. 2000.

,,,,.

52. us: v XowQ/cltui, 571 F . Sopp, . Cit. 1985).

n. 78{E.D. Pa.. 1983), aJrd.n lIaJoc, rn F.2d4S3 0"

53. S.. . '8.• F~"'" v. U.S. . ..9 U.S. 4\10(1981); U.s. v, FrHdTil:h. 305 F. Supp.2d 1101 (E.O. Mo. 2(04), djf'd, 402 F.3d 142 (8- Cir. 2005 ). F. dor. nM is diocuued lIIpp. 48-63 o f this "'POrt: F,I~drldl is diocossed 1II pp. 67-68. 54. In v. J(O'WQ/cm." SlJP'Q. n. 52, tbo coun _ suuek by tbo fact that \ben! _ °llOlone ocrapof doc omentary evidence rel.m.8 to the pc:rtinenl focts." 571 F. Supp. G 75. H..--, re lyinB primarily on \he testilllOlly fiom IhI: dtfmdtmt an d his wilnesscs, Ihe cowl """"Juded thai Kowalchuk'. ""livilies during the ,... ~ revocation of citizenship. In the ...... or JoooI:> Tannenbaum, Iheno _ no doobl he h... b:ea I upo; he lIdmitted il. The only qoestioo _ what he hid done in !hit Clplcity. For lllal OSl in,01lded 10 n:ly o:ntireIy on the IIatements of fellow prison<n. Thrit ",uibiliry .... lIOl1cSttd i:n the end .. the case lI1limsl<:ly -..d (3ee pp. lQ6. 116). Finally. in 2002. the office m ed . denaroraJiZlllion lOtion againsl John Bemes. Tho: ~""'I intended 10 ",Iy 011 eyewimuses and Bemes' OW1llldmis,ions 10..r.hlish lhe persons! role Be""," bed ployed in smdin8 opproximotely 1,300 Jews and o ther civil ians in

u.s.

.

Lithuania to tbeir death. However. Bemeo I~n !he United SlB1cs scvend days before l!I~ comp laint """" filed. A dd'aultjudgment waa later entered stripptnS him oftus ~itizensltip.
55. NOl ,.II juda:-', howe\'«, want their hearUtringo pulled. £8.• in UniudStarts v, SU hinsty}. 1hcj udI!" Nled that ..I .... idence lOU tn be submi l1ed through affiebvits; o nly crou ~umination would be in court. Since the defcnoc ind ieated pre-triol that lhey """,Id not ~I'WS examine 1hc lurvivon. the .trldavits alone told thei r $lmy. They -... J'O"I""ful noncthel_. Tho court quoted d ramatically lind extensively fiom them in ,ts opinion llripping SU hinskyj of eitiunahip. U" ilN SIoI~' \' S:l~hirlStxJ. 104 F. Supp.2d 4 80. 486 (E D. p.. 2000), ojf'd. 271 F.3d 33 1 (3"

""'.

Cir. 2002). In U";fN SlOfU •. the judI!" iss ued . pre-triAl onIer pm;luding the inlmducrion of suM\IQf teltimony in the so~ mm ent' s cue-in-ehief. The court rul ed that the testimony might be adrniIsible ia rebuttal, depending on the deft:Jue p=ented. Tho ease settled before

lhtc,..,....

56. Ryan interview, supra. I\.. 26.
57. July 31. 19 80 memorandlllQ. from OSI Depul)' Oim:tor Sinai to Charles Wyman. CNOSCICCS/EUR, ~entofS_.

S8. Oct. 3. 'l 9 80 menxit.ridwit in:mi Jetty ScanlIII re "Fninl: woius," p. 21 , The !:Inela wm! 01 110 ch8SIised for aJoppy p,otospread proccd",.,. ia U"I,. SIOIa v. F«lortnkJ.>. 4 55 f . Supp. 893,906 (S.D. fl. 1978) lInd us: v. Kowolem.1:, 57l f .supp. 72, 78 (S.D. fa. 19 83), aft'd , ,, bone. 173 F..2d 4 88 (3" Cit. 198j). A1lhollgh the disuict COIIfl TIlling ill F.dorc'lko was ult imate ly _rned. it _ OJ! J;fOlIJl<b independent oflbc: photospRad lasw:. '97 f.2d 94ii (5· Cit. 1979), ojf'd. 449 U.S. 490(1 981). FNowrJ;o ia<b:usscd mpp. 48-63.

'9. & . dil<uSlion o f photo identifleation in the Dr"!io'Y'..t ....u

t pp. 154 and 156.

60. In 1987,. question.bl~ p/Io1<Mprea<I procedure waa used by the Soviet Illtboriues 011 bellllf nfOSI. II colltlincd 8 p ictufes, rwo ofwltieh were oflllc: subject. It is UI\kIIoVl1l whether the photooprud was pr-q>an:d by OSI Of by tile So";ct/I. In lIlY event, the COID1 did IIOl lind 1he procedlW d isq lll1ifYina. hi" Kol~ A l l 655 36 1 (BrA 1992 ). p. 31. js.
61. May 23. 1980 memorandUm from Rod Smitb to Ryan Ai "Pre-Triol Pbo1ographic: Identi f"'.tion PtoceduteS." Milli n MOJldeIIOIm had tried to instinne !intil." tbouib llOl quite as riJOl'llUI proc«IlIfeI. m in Apr. 2 . 1979 lener to Isrncl's Chid Superinle ndent for tIM: Investi gatiOD of W... Cri mc:a, he torwar-dcd several sets ofpllotosprta<b. wed lIUII the wilneS1l 5ign the pietun: ~bosen, and that 0IlCC . photo was signed it not be shown to.llly other wi"",", 62. "Under Suspici01l," by Atul G.-.dc, TIN !'In.

r....u.-, lin. 8, 2000.p. SO.

6] . 1"". 8, 2001 e-m.oil from Rosenblum 10 all OS I re ' PbOlospresd Procedures, Importlal Updote."

64. Su pp. 342·3~ S .
6S. On the contrary, many ""ied the 1I0Vft1l1l\eDl10 press forward with. re1rial. The: Chair of 1M Publit Affltin Co mmittee of lhe Jtwlm United flllld of Metropolitan Cllk:qo _ to !he United States Attotnq arguing thar /lII)1binll IesI "would be . si~ 10 defendam.o, willlC!lSCS and pros«Uton till! the Govenvnem is wiUing to 'forgive and forget' wartime lllrOo:ities.· Mar. 4, 1980 ltlt... from Jod SJl1lll'"'FIl to U.s. Diwiet AI1Qn>e)' [sit] Thomas P. Sullivan. The Amc:rio:an kwish Co"ifUS and the AJlti·Ddarnation Luguc: believallbo t vidtncc: IlUppOrted Jud&c Ho/'linan' . vmlict. "Analysis of the Seventh Circuit Opinion in U.s. v. FrtmIr W <>I...... forwarded by the Uniled SUItes Attorney'. om« 10 OSI by lrt1... of Mar. 6, 1980.

'00

£I"'.... Sprog;. _

w.u "'.., u .. E"foTtetllt,,1 om.."

'elVCllon?

Eirnan Spmgi. was on llsiSWII police chief in LlltYiI. durinillhe early war yean. He
liO\N mis on his vi.. ~pliwiOD and signed I fonll :lIMing that be bad lle\'er 8dvocIlcd or

assisted in pmecution ~ O race, religiOl1 Of narional origill. He enl=d the United SlI1ei in n
1~1) under Ihe

DPA IIId beeanle I d tizell rweive year.I ' - .

Hued

on n&IePlelllS from ""v"""' former poUce co lleagues II1d two internees, OSI

belie>'ed Sprogis hid plflid polled in three incidents of ~oa. The fIrSt in""'ved the Illest,
transporwion ond confiSCItion of pmpel1y from nine Jew!; the oecond l:llIICaIIed truspo!tinc

100· 151) Jews to the si~ ofthc:ir ""eo::utiOllIl1d guardina them unIil they """' murdered; the lost
iovolved IppItlIriatina fumilUre &om til: hom... of .-.ested. Jews.

1.0 1982, the ~ d .... 1led Sprogis with illegsJ pro<:urernmI of citize nship, both
beca use he bad ...iOled in perx<Uion (II kt forth in the llbo>'e th= inciden1l) and becaIue he

bid falsely denied such assilllncC.' 11 d limed 1I..,1hIt his ...isl.llnCC io pelSttUtiOll showed •

la<:k of the iood mor:ll clwx1er nec:essaI)' for ciliunship.
By the Iimc: of trill, nnly lWO witnesses wen: l\'lli l. ble ~ the bsI lWO IIlcpliolUl of peIXCIlriOll. On. had been I prisoner and the other. coll""8"". Their IcItimOlly __

vidoQtlpOd in UM" then . Soviet Republic. Bued on tho witnesses' dmoeano<, the court

f.ared Ihst the . n-..ironmom hid been coerc ive . MotCOver, the co urt folll>d the stltements
inconsi " . lIl (.ither with earlier ...,.......ts lb. witnesses hod lI1Ide or wi th Slatements from Sprogis), conOkti ng wilh one anQIh.., IJJd """"",,o bon.1Od by extmW e'tidence. "'«:ordingly , il
Illlve thml M credllllCe.

Th. o ne remaiDinllllleaation of pen<:<:ution pertained to Sprogis' role in 1he fate of the

'"

I. ! ~ ! J ~ ~ t [ ! i H~ i' V~~~~'! H~ ~"-~d,pIH I ! ~ • f " t ~ i : r ~ ~ a . -< -2 ~
M

I f•
.
is'

~,

J
"

s

fd ! ~HWuHf ~ .'- · l~ i. 1 :; r - !H '·1.....·, n . i ' !: • •
Ii
5" S"

· - , · 't,UP>F' _. • ~ "'I!"'!,! · Jl -"' u '"I [n "i"~~ il" '' !! "~~ '· it·~ [ Iltii:i:[["li t r s rr r e r r s r : i'~HHIV~ i· • ! ui ! • uf ni u! uI u~ ~ ~ ~ - i 1 [ a'tll"'l' ~ f •. . ,; ~I ~ "~" :; , · ,I rr,.
&.

,e. ,
Z

l!

8

a i .!. .. ~. ,n 2:
~

a

"

.

p

.

!~

.-

SI

i

i

0

,

,•

_ .

• ~

• '"

• • e, . ..

e, -Ii~li:q

n 1 .,I !,.,:; .~,
,
8

! z

~. ~ ""
if

di:

~

'} ~~'!:l:

> <>. e. . !!. ::i.

~ i}

- I
~

~.

'H

~.~.i:§I§'f'II1; a.~
i
.~

"

~

1 f

.. ~ I

It

>i.

<!:

e ! . =: ~ i •

i- f ~ ..
.i
~.
7 a

· iq~'

·, 1 H···~ ,""
i _ ~ &: :5. tt ~ ~ ~ 1I: 8 a

• ".~
~

t

' e,

l

~

~

'"

'- 5 Il~S lr -

os;

.. ,.
18 '~

Sir" , I ~i I:

~

" '.• l ll l l i. " 1l _ ; , ' '.,1. ll
~"I'I

~·I···l • •o · .~ ~§
'g.

•• · , ,·i . •
~ "'i'",,~k

. l • tf. • · ~ • ~ • ~~ ,.:

.... j.., "
I

q

'.!: F·l"·[~ ·

~f]~ir

order 10 esmblish illegal procumnaIt of eilizenship. The ~dena against most OSI SIIt;ee1s

Divisloo d id no! support this request beca_ il doubled :
whether the eourt' s distinction berw.:>o:a aetive and pa.ujve ~ _ is all thai memnngful. Judges ..... going to de<:ide the.. cases bAsed on their "feelinlf thai the sta1lde should or should DOt apply 00 the parlieular COIIduet before them, and no! based on wht1her the eonduel fiIlI mOO' cubbyhole labeled "aetive~ or "peasi""....

The Soiicit or General de<:lintd to authorize further review aad the Crin>inaI DiVision's
analysis pr<>~ed correct.

S1JroiU in fset has had very linle preudential vallie.

Other C ircuits

Well: distnissi~e of the dccision;' ultimately IMIIllbe Second C irl:uit see med 10 reject ils

msoaing.' Juriiprudcnlially, the.,.... ill f~ in OSI hi5toty.

1. Sinu Sprogis had trvthfuJly listed his """";ce IS a l.atvi.aq policeman, !here was "" a1leption of mi=pre= tarion. In Ibis ~ the ease differed from most brouahl by OSI ill its early
,.~

2. U. S. y, SP'""Sis, No. CV·82_1804 (ED.N.Y. 19S4)(lIIlpUb'd). It ;" of""""",,, impossible to delmnine whal ultimately pemlllded 1Mjudge. HOWOl'er, Jeffrey Mausner, trial .lIOrney in the ease, posited . theaoy. AO\1OI'dinilo M........, ill an off""",,reconl di!CIISSi"" with lhe allomeyS, the trial judge .... ed whether the IUYemmen! inten<led to deport Sprogis to !be Suviet Uni"". Mausner told the jl>dge that Il(l decisi"" had yet been made , Nunetheless, he seDXd thal the judge was troubled by the p<>$Olbility that the Soviet Union wouJd be the ultimaLe destinalion since thi> incruaed substantially the likelibood that Sprogil might be execu«>d for his World War n activities. (AI the time of tbe Sprogi.r trial (Del. 1983), OIl OSI defendanl had yet been ""'" to the SuYiel: UBi"", but the coneenl __ not frivol".... The U .S.SA had years euJj. . .."Lenced Iwo other OSI defendants - Bolesla"" MaikoYOki laDd Karl LiMas - to death I" " In"'fill for their wartime lIeIivilies.) Su PI' 271 and 430.

3. The lI':lYemmenI did not appeaI1he judge's de1ennination as to the othet two a1leaed insun<:a of penecution. The judge'. rulina eoneernins thooe incidents turned 011 hi. ossessmenJ. of witnesa credibility, a matter in which the: judie had enormoua cliJcretioa The goyermnelll fell !hoi an appeal of that di:lel'eliOXlU)' dctermin.ation would not be 1JIlCCUSfuI,

---

4. U.s.

763 F.2d 11$, 122 (2" Cir. 198$). Although all thRe appellole jllSlices agreed WI the di!lrict court opinion should be affirmed, """judge wrote separmly lo ""Jl=I

~. SprtlgIJ,

I do DOl s!lere the majority'. yiew that Sprogi.' conduct IlmOIIDted to men:
This il
nnI

''puoi..e aecommodation of the Nazi•.~

the cose of a minor employee perfom\in,J SOme iNi~ficMI or subordinate ministerial task, wilboul knowledlC of Nazi oppmsiOD. It iI the SlOl)' oJ. penoIl who vo/unl"rd to become. policeman and JUsistam Pm:inct Chief . . . afler hi. COIIJI1Zy bod beeD owmm by the Na:ziL We an ~ take j udicial llOlice lIw at that time Nazi poJl'Olll' and perse<:lllio.o of the J......... genenolly lmown. particlllatly to penom engaged in law enfi:>loemenl ODd f""'SN·ed ofSprogis' educatiOD aDd bedllfOUlld. Under these eircumstances a vohmteetmust have ~bly aoticipated that as . police official he would pn;>l>ably be relied upon by the N.ui. for asNlance in the performance of their unsovory tasIts. • . • [HIe perfonned 50 Ati:d"sctorily that withio two month, he
became AMiSlanl Chief of Police in a largrr city... Jd. at 124. (empbuis in original)

In U.s. y, KQWQlchuA:, $7 11'. Supp. n{ED. PL 1983), 'lff'd ",krlC', 773 F.2d488{3" Cit. 198$), the dokndanl, • Ukrainian polieema.n durinl tile ...,., typed tile daily reports of poli«
$.

'"

activity. While the police were invalved in variOIlS aclS DfpcnecUlioo apinst the Jews, including bcIIlings and eonfistation of valuables, tlIO'e was 00 evidence lhal Kowalclluk binucJf participated in IlII}' of lhac acIivities or ilia! be knew lhal Jews WCIC 10 he liquidated. Set olro, Us. ~. O.ido<:lt, S13 F. Supp. SI (1'-0. PL 19& whefc the dckndantSCNed as an anned. 1), unifonncd street policeman and inlctpretcr for the lIIaainlan and Gcnnan poIk~. 6. July I, 19&5 memorandum 10 the Actinl Solicitor Gcnml &om AAO Tro«.
7. Su r,g.,

661 (7'" Or. 1986); Ho1tmtN v. INS, 19~ f .3<l I36, 443 (6'" Or. 1999).

us: v. Korflt, S9 F.3d ·431, 44 1-42 (3" ce. I ~S);&n.II<NJg v. INS, 8O~ F.2d 65~,

8. '" ()finu .. MCEJTI))', 91 F.ld 694 (19'96), an qylum case, lbc eourt was intel'pn'lin& • ISlatuIC which denled lIS)'lum 10 -.t)"OIIoC who M oodcn:d. incited, ltUiotc<l, or othuwi... partic:ipoted izl the pcDCCIIlIon of My penon 00 account of. .. politiall opillloo.- The defendant had worked as • senior officer in • qussi1"'licc force in Ghana. Witboul citing SpNgi.s, 1llc court held IbM "pet3mIa1 ;"vo1 _;" lcilling or 101tUll! ill not necesYIY 1<1 impose rap<lMibility for umm tlll or puticiplliIl8 in pmecution.M

J..,,,1t Tn D ~ D b"'lD _ Tb~ Klpa

DiI~.....

It is not an easy lhinl to JlIIS!I judpnenl and determine . senlence for !hose poor """,s whom 1M Nazis dehwntJlized and whose hwnsn fftlings were d mroyed. II is difficull for lI5, !he j udges oflSIVl, 10 free nunelves of lhe feeling lIIlII, when we pUlli'" sucII. hwnsn wonn. """ ""' I..:h",ina. e~en by Ibe leur bit, The abysmal &'Jill of llle Nazis lhemscJ~es. '

Kapoa wen: inmates (some Jewish and othen 1101) 'Mw collaboraled widllheil Nazi pet=Uton by scrvi"ll llS overseen ar !be camps. In retunI. d1ey received limited privile&CS lImmUly better food. dothing and/or h\lllk SJ>Il<'I' _ wilhirl The camp hierarchy.
10 I<aJICI varied, TBqing from "_
J~wish

reacIi<m

j uscir:e" to · ccuns" in survivor camps and other amlS wbne

Friedman. Jol<ob TCDcCI" and J<m.. 1..eloy. None of llle pro .... utions was ultimatdy !ll«essful.
In both FrltdM411 and TtllC~, The: COIl1ls « >Deluded That !he dilemma faced by The: kapo mil igaled
his a<:tiollll.' Th~ Uwy ccun held otherwise. Lewey was nrdered depntled fOr "-vinl

porticipalCCl in aetivilies eotlttary 10 civilization and human decc:ncy On behalf "fthe Axia.

However, after ce decision was a1f1lllltd, it was Icamed That The gnvernmenl bad nll1lUmed """I

Uniled Slates unlil his dea lh in 1980.
When OSI was emblishtd in 1979, !he office inheri ted -Sell","" u p<> investigations from

lNS. One involved Jacob TlIlI1IeDbaum. an observant Polish Jew who, k fon: the war, had bee:n
Delive in Zionist activities, His wife, .iX..m>nlh nld daughl~r, parents and Ii"" sib linp peti.hed

durinlllhe Ho locaust. Tannenbown served .. a forced 1 .00= fmm I'MI 10 19-14 .1 • ;eric. of

''''

eOlll:Clltralion l:aI1IpS- In GoerJiu,' die last eamp u whicll be was ~ Tannenbaum-..

mAde bud kapo.
He efl1em1lhc Uniled SlUes WIder the DPA in 19SO. He wid the illvestiptina

authorities that be had b=i a fon::ed Iabocw in O<:>erlitz from SqKemba- 1944 l11l1i.l May ol l94S, _ melllionina hi. time ... kapo. He beanie. Ullileod SlaIn citizen in I9SS, sertlinll in

8l'OoI<Iyn. New York, whefe he heame.lll active mm1ber in ... Or1I>odoK S)'II88Ol1"". Hi.

yurty charitab'" o:ontributiOllS iDCluded donations 10 \he Simon Wiesl=nthal Center•• NuIhunting otgIni7" 'iolL'

In 1976, • Ho\oc.aUll """"';vor Ittogniud T"""""baum and rqo>rIed ItiIllIo l!II: INS. INS
opened ... inv=illation and imerviewcd dozcnI of Gomitz ....-vi.......

Almost..u described

TannelIblwm .os particllllrly sadistic. Twelve had thenueI..e been be&teIl by TInI>elIba.1IIlI and

..u but one had witnesIcd hi. batinB othen.

Six rqIOTWI inrnau! dwhI as • rcouIt of

TIlUlmba.um '. llCIioDII. SuM",," m:alled, ""'''"II other thin.." 1hU T..."c:nba!m bad bnI1811y
ba1en inmate. ewn when no Oennano were preMPl, that die Gaman. sho1lW11 inmate.

otter

TIIIIJ>/:Ilbawn rq><><ted lheir ritlina llwoough • pillOtY in SQJ<:h of food, and th.at Ibc: SS ~

tnmala who T.....""baum IqlOned for bying to lVOid on nlCll:ltioo march. Mony said

T_

boown -.. m<m brul8l than tbo camp'. S5

kad"".·

\VlIen imerviewcd, TlnJIoeIIbaum acknowh:dged thaI be had been a bead kapo, opininll
that he was chosm became he was "tall lll>d Jltt'<"I'labie and spoke . l;n~ Ge=an."' Adtttininil that he: had be&ltn pri""""", .os pan ofhis duties, be claimed 10 hl.ve done "" only whc:n Gmn811

. lIIhnritica were present - and t hen only10 "protect" lhe prionnen from being shot by die
Gmn8IIa for whalev"" infraction hl.d . llelledl)' ncclllTed..

'"

By the lime INS transferred its caseload 10 OSI, 38 witnesses had been inlerviewed . OSI

",viewed all the witness slltcmems and spoke with

ten

of the survi\'Ors. The OSI Ittorne)' on the

;nVdigal;on fdl confident of only one. Hi. enloe;""" were under contrOl, his memory precise, and his recollectio"" were bosed 00 personal nhsetvltions rather th&n hearsay. Problems with the

for Tannenbaum that the IlIOrney feamJ emotional tiradeli; others had • "rum the other cheek

altitude" ond showed no erootion; one saw himself IS I "man of God" and preferred not 10 testilY againstanyone. However, sinee names of new wilDe..... we.e still Maein8, the I ttO rney

beliend the CI$I! had potential.
DireelOl Rockl.. di~ AJ. matter ofpoliCjl. be viewed kapos IS vietinul ralh..

aI'' ' .

I thwght [it] was absolulely insane. • • •You could brWg ehari= apinsI themfor other ruaons but not no the ground thaI they were Nazi pene<:ukm. They """'" eoneenIralion camp irun.llcll. generally Jnvs who were I$!iigned supervisory responsibility with respect to other J....... Were they l""abIe? No . Theysllyed BUI they were lhemsel""" inmates ODd we", ;0 marl)' e.... exterminated. Kapas were the las! target gtoUJIl had in mind.'

ThaI Tannenbaum was Jewish wall irrelevant. Rodel .. had earlier cl","" an inWSligatilln ofa Catholic kopo in<:areel1lled for her W<>rli: with the undo:rgroonl.

II was 001 W1til 19&4• ...men Di"""Of Sher e~pteSSed interest in the _ , that the
invesligation again

beeam.e a<u"". He knew. of """"e, thlll the mati ... would be eontro\fef!lial.

The",fo",. ,a1thougb various 8IIOmey:s worked on the ..... She< wall the publk: face. "I felt if
then: waa any gridlO be bad, il should COme on Illy bead• .•• 1 interrogated the bum; 1 deposed
the bum."

"i

The interrogation (interview) was in October 1984. Tannenbaum readily conceded, III he

had to the INS, that he had been the <:hid Jewish kapo, ond lIcl;.nowlcdgcd that bencfil9 had been

bestowed

00

him as a result ofltis po.ition. These illCludcd ""ving hi. own room, wearing a

civilianjad:cl, and leaviD the camp W1guardcd to gel supplieo inlOWll." Ho offmd g

explanations or doItiaia for the brutality whi<:h irmIateS had reported.

OSI continued to reinlOl'viow 'lII'\'ivors. ShoT rccaIled eommolll9ll1011& the U Df: "He'. ""
SliD ali",,? OM: .... hi. address and ytlUWOII't ha"" IDWDIT)' .b<>uI him." Pe<>ple dsimcd 10

hove cwretIt nightmares ab<>ut him. Shcr bad many "sleepleS!! IIights" III he "8"lIizcd 0\It:r the

casc. OSI e<msultcd with rabbis ond various SCgmertlS oflho lewi!lb community during the
co urse Dfthc lrrvcstigation for their m>ctlDD 1<> the prosecution of a kapo.

E'o'eI)' availablo wrvi\lOl" wIlD know Tannoobaum favored prosecution. Simon WiesentIW

ond the Israelis had DO objcctior> ill principle. lnd<>cd, the ltraelis themselves had p~tod
several kapos. "Tho mesuac OS1 took ftom the 1.....lis wuthat it would be immMll nOiIO

prouod with the ....." UltiTlUllcly, Shcr recommended )lIOSOCUtiOll.

AI finll foit I !lad to discount the fioreoness of [wilncsa) attitudos bouuse by viewirlg him as • lrllitor they might havo uninlentionally oxaggcmcd whir he had don e, Because he was alew, thoy mighl ODlISider it more ~giOUl ihIIII il was. BUllhc oviderJc:e increased so dranwieIIly and was SO strong.. Wlw made me 1;10$$ tbc line is that he was involved in the use of doadly forte wltb his own hands outsido the presmce ofOemwls. w. know from reading sud tIIkine with SUlVivon and expertsthat there w en: I<ap<>s who were buicaUy benevolent. They look tho job 10 ~ their lives. Did whal thoy!lodin do in ftont ofOcrman!i but ,,"vcr more. This guy Will aud beyond bcIiot: This was vOl)' hurtful for me becIusc I knew he had lost his first family. 1 Ie hnc mattcr who:rc you drcl>I tho line, no mllta how much leeway and benefil of dDUbt you p "" hitq, be crouod tho: liDo.
"Tho Crimina! Divi'ion agreed. Before tho complaint was filed, hoWC\lt:l", the

'"'

iIl_ tip tion was leaked 10 11>1 N~ r.,..~ lAw J_

I." 0tbeT papm pide<:!\ljl \he $\Oly."

Fonn.. DirecIor Rockl.. read 1Marticles and wrote 10 Shot.

I regard such • lUil as rno~ than • linlc dubiouSlls • matter oflaw, and 11$ improper, ifnol outraiCQUS, as a malletof policy.

...

Ov.,. the yea!$, it seems to me, the lhn1sl o( OSI KtivitieJ, and publicity attendant thereon, seems to have been to ""&&eot IIw. Oennan Na>i prograna wen: IUily programs ofEul Europeans - ~ whi le Jl.ussianlI, 8 altiea and PoIq. AI we know, !OIne of these people may have been willins ac:eomplices and collaboraron , but they were llOl dire<:ton or principals. To sussea thai Jews wen: willinl participants in the program of nternUnlltion of Je- taniQ thilI rniodin'lCtion one step further to-.rd absolule nons<'tIX - to "'y IIOllWll oflendina aid and eornfort to the enemy."

Taonenbaum, wilhoul <:ornpo::ruation. if the COTIIpiaint wen: filed. He SOU&hI an opiniOll from the Depanmeol of JUSlicc as to whcIber such representation JllC'iC'0ted. coDllict ofimerut bc<:ause

of hi. prior leoder$llip of OSI. He was lold tlIlII it would.
Roclder was DO! 1M only """ •...,.inllo the pno-filinl publicity. Someone omashed the

windows in TannenbAum'. home and his second wife, from whom he bod been separated since
the Iale 1960&, was abtllptly fired from h.. job."

Thecomplaim was filed on Mar 12.19& The . ovemmenIchatged Ilw Tannenbaum 7.

was inel igible to eater under the DPA becaux be had assiSled in perse<:utins civili... 1lDd, as a
kapo,

bod beeo a member or paniciparrt ill a ~ hO ltile to !he United S1&ICI. The that hilenay wasl>arrW by !he Stale Department lCQUlalion neludiol

complaint a1... 01.

persons who advocated. ""'IuiellCe<l or engaged in ""tiviti.. Of condue! cootruy 10 civilization

110

fa.- U .S. citizenship.
By """ large the Jewisll <:<lJIUlIunity did noc critieizc the filinj. The direetor ofthc World

JewL.h Con gress ( WJC) told the p u s that "N o one should be able to d oll lhemselves in oome
coI l« liv e elhr1 ie garb to exape justioe."" The president o f the Ameriellll GMherin g of Jewisb Holoeaust Survivon IltatCd Ibat despi le the dire condiciOflll of eam.p life, "O\ll'
Ja)")'0\1 must remain a h W1llJl

Intman bac k~

being even under !he ........,g of ciR:UIIUWI<:eS. " "

TmnenbaW1l denied III the ch.qe;s, 8dmininll only that he had hcc:n a bpo, a posi cion wbieh had heeD fmeed on him. He ra.i$ed. {our defenses: (I) thai !he Uniled SlateS had a "d uty

and oblia-lioo to condllCll """,plete ar>d Ibof'l>llgh investipli""" bet""" issuintl a vioa; (2) !til

actions were d<mc "to PfC\'en1 his beina killed;" (3) tbe aov=unmt delayed brin&ina sllit so 1""11
that be
~ld no 1000ger pati<:ipatc

in his own de fense; and (4) his actiona helped preserve the

lives o f fel low iJ>JBItQ.
He .... . depoJed by Direel... SIler over three days in Auaust 1987. II was a tense
eonliomatioo. Leu than ... hour into the third diy, Tannenba1lnl fell ill. He was W eD by

ambularlee to the bospitl! ""'.... Ile remained for almost three wed<s with heatl p'OblemJ.
C ilillll hullh reuons, bis a"omoyS proposed senlinj the . ..... " A doetor.1!oKlI by the

i<'vel'lllllelll c:ondllCled an illdepmdent namination. He _lllded thai Tam>eJlba"'" s\&ffi:red from diabetes, "" well as an orwuUe mcnlll syndr<l.......hieb Idl him somewhat <:oIIl\ooed, and
J'OMible W>derlyi llll eoronary dioeue. A .ltessfu]
~tuali(lD

eould a8Fnale bit eondition and

pi.... him al "high risk ;" ;1 mighl ~ be life du ea lEniug.
DAAG Riehard kne... thai an -areement in the Tannrnbawn cue migbl be viewed
ske pti. a1ly . Amooa other things, the medieaJ evideno:e ..... "less than o ve:wl>elm ing. " "I"",

'"

imponlUllly:

inasmllcllas Tannenhoum is J~wi5h, this settkrnem may be CIJIIDCOllSIy viewed by lOme as I ·$ell oul". The fa.ets, boWC\'el', speak for Ibcmsdves - Ih .e WIIlted to ·sell ow" we oould bave doctined t<> brinS \he c.... in 1M fin t instance."

panicipaled in Jl<'fSCCUtion "by brutalizinll and physically abUSinll prisoners <>utlide 1M Ples<:t1Oe

of German SS pm<lnnel.· .. The lI"""I'I"I". lI agr=I nallO institute dqx>rtation proeeedinp
unless Tannenboum 's bellth - which the S"vemment ""'" 10 monitor _ impov....

The parties oppeared before JudS" I. Leo 01...... on Febnwy.t. 19S8. tt ..... appamrt
thal thejudge bimselfwas 10m.

THE COURT: 1\ll'Caded the "-y "'ben this case was to l:Ofl\e to Trial . .. . I was one of 1M very early soldiers into Dachau in World War D. but I have often

wendeml how ml>Ch OlOnil and physical C()~ we bave a rillht to demand or "peel ofsoll>ebody In the posiliofl of Mr. T.""..,baum. . . . I sometimes wonder whe1lta" I mijhl have pamllIw 1e5l."

OSI used th" procedure sr-ringly. As DAAO Richard ...... it, the 8""""""'''''' "should 1>01 _ [its] jHOX<:UIorial discm ion 10 w>dcrcut the Cont;=siooa1 decision to deny [N.ui pns«:ul<Irs' waivers on deportability.""

Public ~""" to TannenhoWD's plco ""'" mixed. Many Goerlitz 8Ufvivors wen: disappointed. · Tannenbaum de$erves IlOf 1081 Than any IeliU1 Nazi dcBeTves." ·1 would ar

""Vi:

hanP him with my OWII bands.

I am only partially wisf....." "Is this 011 he is l/Cltins. for aU be

didr . W'oy did Iller n<>I call me for the 1riaI? •• • Had be IVOIlIOd to. he could have Awol the
en~ camp.· " 1M 8all!_~ J.lIIlsh Tlmu opined \bal ·lIte ",vcmmenl skirted Its 1000al and

moral dUliu " by i....ing a medical lkfermenl lO TannenhoLllll when it had noI done so for Karl

II'

Linnas.,. Some Jewish organizations illl' 'P''''led \he plea u a humane compromise based OQ the .

monl dimensions of the case, ,ath.. !han • JeSUll brouglu: about by health o::oncems. Tho WJC opinod that "the Ju.stice [)epanmonl handled a very sonsitive rnanet' in a mosl faiT and equimble
W'Y. ias.mni thII1justice was applied in • finn but propcI" tnanner"" while the Simon Wiesenthal

CenteJ (SWC) called the pi.. 'lIl lpprOp riate action from botb a lIHlral and legal poilU of
•

_.
••

~'s morJIOI)'

of Tannenbaum is nuanced:

We """"' righl to lnvestigoJe it; we ""'.. riglu: to bring it; and we "'"'" right to sen.le it. Of all1be defendants ond subjects thII1l came into contact with, be: was the only one to hive exhibited any monel of ren.ou c . He _ so co nflicted. He ""'" • tJagic fisure. He was also • mUJderor.

Tannenbaum died of a heaJl attack in June 1989. Although OSI jnv.miptcd scveral

other kapos, they felt the evidenee ""'" 'ufficient in only one other ....... 8eca.... the .ubject ""'" bedridd... and tmninaily ill, however, the govcmmenl mwenl proseeolion. Tannenbaum
tbeJeforc remains the only kapo prosecution broug!Jl by OSI.

ur

I. Belsky v. Imrel (Cri m. ApPeal No. 149/59, 1959) (Bei,ky W :lMteneed to three years). as

2. Trunk, Isaiah ./ude"'Q/. TM ,hwish CO~lfCiJs In &JI,,,, E..,.~ Umk, NazI (kCUf'<'si"" (SUO" arul Day, 1972, pp. 548-55<4,) Su aim , "G iving Hillet 1I.11,~ by Matthew B=:rillili, TM Washings"" P<nI Magazi"", July 24, 2005. The aniele profiles a fonno:r U.S. military olJic<,r who admi tted s..,ding lower level Nazi persectJlors 1 the DP camps for Sttee! justice. According 0 to lbe officer, who Jenio:d with the Army CIC, ~We bad ",on whallb. OP, did to the kapo<, and ~ realized they couid do us a f.vor .~
3, In r,ltfYI', !he immigralioo judge di'lltlissed the case. In Frledml»l, !he co un o,dered his deportation b ut it was re ~ on appeul. The Friedmllll cur: WlISmore n lllU1«d than Tencer',. Mo", survive.. testified on Friedman's behal fthIUI for the go~ While g0\lel1lmfr11 wiu...= =aJlo:d FrlcdrrnlD beating lews and .. ealins lheir f_ .., defense witnesses recounted his pro lecling !he sick and injw-eel, destroying • list ofinrnate, sc:heduled to be shol, and allowing prayers to be ..id despile SS orders foroidding Jewish worship.

. 4. Goerlitz was lSubcamp oflhe Gross Rosencon=rtraliOll camp in Poland. The camp held 8J'Prvximately 1,000 male priSOllen separa ted by a wi", fence Iiom a smaller w<>men'l sedioo. Imeme<!1 wen: foreed to work for a Gennan finn manufac1uriDg mobile fi. ld kitcheDlI, tanb and
rocl<=

5. "Haunting Issues Su:round Jewish Na:ri Camp Ov=eer,' by S/IIII",,1Flftdman, 'J1u, N_ Y",k 17",", May 26, 1981.
6, Not alilhese alleg alions weu sustainable On~ OS[ began its investigation.
7. May 12 ,

wn Tannenbaum inlerview, p. 4.

8. Rocordo:d Rockier inlerview, May 10, 2O(I(l.
9. SOO record.d interview, Apr. 30, 200 1. All ",ferer>ceo in lhi. chapter 10 Siler' s views com. from lhis inlerview unl.... o1herwi", .specified.
10. TlrU'Iellbaum intervi......, Od. I, 1984, pp. 26, 21, 31, 69. I L Rocord cd Einhorn jn~, Oct. 2 , 200 1. All referenc es in this .hapter to Einhom' . ,,;,w1 com. from tIIiJ interview unless otherwisespecifitd. 12. ''U.S. PllIJIS Move Againsl J. w Said to Aid Nazis Guard Camp,· by Alan Kohn, The N_ Y<l..-l Law Journal, Apt. 29, 1981, p. I. II i. uncI.... how the Law Journal learned of 1he pendinS filing. An unnamed source speculartdthal1he leak had been d",igned 10 SO"" dissension between OSI and the l.wisll community. "OSI Said Ready 10 Proseeu!e U.S. 1.w as Na:ri CoJlaooralOr,' by Wall., Ruby, Wwh ingtM kwi.h Wu k,. May 1, 1987. It il equally p llusible lhal1he source was oomeone oppooed 10 hlvi,,!! !he. "", filo:d.

'"

13. & e e.g., "Brooklyn Man Probed As Nilti Collaborator," by Kevin f1ynn,N....st1ay, Apr. 30, 1987: "Brooklyn Man in lnquil)' on Was: Crimcs," ThtI N.... Y",k Tlmu, May I, 1987: "OSI s.id Ready to PJo>e<:ule U.S. Jew a.s Nazi Collaborator," by Walter Ruby, W....hingtM J.... lsh W"".t, May7, l 987, 14. Moy 8, 1981 letIeT from Rockler 10 Sher (wilh fOO1Il<:>1e Qdlilted). IS. Tannenbaum deposition, Aug. 26, 1981, p. 10. Attacks on OSl lklendo.nu or tbtir properly were not WICOOUOOll in !he 1980s. Su 1'1'.349.350,527.521.

16. Umg Island Newsdny, "Nazi Haler or HolocaustHencltmlln7' by Kevin Flynn, May 22,
1987. Eli Rosenbaum was General Counxl fur !he WJC at !be lime. 1'.ld. II. Nov, 30. 1911 1enerfrom defense counsel Elihu MassellO OSI anomey Phil SlIllShiDe.

19. Jan. 19, 19&8 memorandum from DAAG Richard 10 AAG William Weld.
20. Tho admisaion of brulality was essential to Director Shcr. He insi sted !hal without it, he would nol have reoommended the settlement. In lhis resped, the sgrcernent _ different from othen enl....d into by OSI. w !be Iypieal sgrcernenl, defendants were requiRd 1(1 admit only dun !hey had ....-ved in some capacity which, had they advised U.S. authorities, would have precluded 1heir enlly into !he United SIa1C:S ,
21. Plea transcript, 1'1'. 14-15.

22. DAAG Richard interview, Oct. 26, 2000. As oflhis wriw.g, at least 20 cases have been resolved throU8h wrilten settleJ1lent agreemen" allowing the lkfendam 10 remain in the U.S.: Anisbenko, Baumann, Be=owskr.i, 8emota.I, B"" mys, Didrichsons. Ens.in, Gudausl<u, Habich, Kmnimkas, KiMens, KHmavicillS, Korell, Kungys, Lehmann, Quintus, Schul<, Tannenbaum, Virkutis, and \O)J\ IlGbch win8. Twelve ofthcse were based on medical condition (Baumann, Berez(lwskyj, Bemotas, Didrichoo.... Eosin, Habich, Kirstem, Koreh, Lehmann, QIlinta.s, Tannenbaum and YOII Bolschwing.) The 0Ihen were litigative concerns. Th.... were also ........ dismisse.d for medical concerns wi1hou1 written seld.......,. 10 that effect I .g., PaskevicillS (aI<a PM!<er). 23. The lIII'Yivors were contacted by OSI. Thei' responses are contained in a Feb. 9, 198& len.. to 0 81 anomoy Sunshine from RII1h Winter, an OSI staff..., 24. "Awaiting Joslice fOJ Nazi Crimes,· BaJl;mor. Jewi,h Time., Feb. 12, 1988, For a discussion oftbe U n_ case,.It pp. 271-21'5 .

li S

25. "U.S. Denaturalizes Jewish Kapo; Won ', Depon Him," Was!WlgtOll h uh Wed , f ob. I I, 1988.

26. /d.

'"

Edpn 1.Iipen'eks - When The", are No Good. Cho'"" EdgarsLoipenieks was a Ird and field
star

",no compded in We 1936 Olympics on

bebalf ofms nati~ Latvia, His ]lrO$eCutioo by OSJ is IIOlabk fur sevenlI msons: (I) i.led lo \he
CIA' I public acknowledgment that Laipenieks bad walked with \he lOgeO")'; (2) it is a case

involving political Jtl(Ire !han religious persecution; and (3) it highlights some of the nuanced and
difficull choius faced by perwns in the Bailie . laIes during WorM War II. Larvi.!q history is TOftUo.... long under R....ian domination, Larvil gained indepeudCDCe
lifter World Will" I. Its ir>depeodenc:e WIS slIort lived, however. Gmnany inl'llded in 1939 and

then, in aaxml"""" with provisions in the MoIOlOv_R.ibbenlrOp pacT, The Soviets annexed !he

COIlJI!zy in 1940, dec lAring it a Soviet S«ial iSl Republic. Thousaodl of latvians were depot1ed 10 Siberia; many were mu:dered. The followins year, GermllOY invoded and dro"" the R....ians
out. Gennaqy le/IllIined an llCClIpying force until the end ofWorkl Woz n, after which the Soviet

UoiOll again lIWl.,.ed the coun!zy.

Loipenicb worled as an invta!igolor and interrogator for the Latvian PoliT Police ieaI

(LPn I group ..nich coordillllW with, and reported to, The Germans. The lPP pursued a
Gcnnan agenda, bWltins Jews and Communisls as enemies oflhe Gaman .tale, The search fo'
Jews WIS III&eJy complele by aurumnof ]94 1. Al thaT point, th<>ge Jews nm yet kiUed were

confined In ghe tto3; mOSl wete murdered by .... Iy Decemw , After rounding up the Jews, \he LPP focused ill slIentiOll on laM""" suspecTed ofhsvin g deooWlCe<l fellow cilizens dllrinll: the Soviel occUpation.'

l sipenieks WlSa memb-eroftheLPP from July 1941 until SOme T in ]943. He im.
admilled oc<:ssionaJJy roughioa up prisoners as part ofllle inTerrogation pro<:ess. As he

.x"";be<! his wartime activity, be eaptwed aoout 200 Commlllli" spies woo wenlla1er.hoI by

per.iOn. other than himself.'
After !he W8l',
Laiperl;~b was oonvieted by I

tribunal of the Frencb Military Government

of All$tria on e hlrgos of possessing ....".. He emig>ate<l1O Chile in 1947 when: he beciw>c a
eitizen II1d cOlloCbed Chile... albletcs for the 19 52 In<! 1956 Oll""pic.. In 1960, the Ullivcrnty of

Denver sought his se1Vioca lIS beed 1rIcl< el"'cll. His U.S. vi... applieati<>l1wllde no WcnliOl1 of
his se:rvi<:e with the LPP o r his AustrilJl collvie1iOlL Laipenieks etlteRd the United States under

the INA; he neverapplied for U.S. citizenship.
Laipmieb moved 10 Me xien in 1964 10 train their Olympie hopofuls, hut returned to the
United Statcs five yean h,.er. In 1974, he was <tile of the 37 people who the Department of

JuS<ice ackno;"k.lged were bai"i investigated by <he INS for tbeir wartime ae1ivitics.' Simon
Wiescothal elaimed IMt La;penieb bad personally murdmd Jcwa, UId the Israelis idmIifiod

him as I "war criminal.... Although nothing in OSl'. inves<igauOI1 subswltilUCd su<:b. claim,
Laipenieb' loea! newspapf,- linkcd him to the dealhs of 60,000 latIIian Jews.'

Be<wccn 1958 and 1967, Laipcnicb bad oc....iooally acted u a "spotter" for the CIA,
helping the Agmcy 10 ....... and dcvelnp "targets of interest" io Conununisl bloc: countries. His
W<tI'k involved approaching touring athlete. and LatviOJ1 e migrk .bout defe<:ting or providing

iofonnatio<> tn the United Stotes.· Althnugh the Agency bad played on perl in his emigrauOl1 10
the United SIaIcS, Laipcnieb contacted the organization when be lcamcd he was beina: inv eSligoted. He then released their """;"en response 10 the

press. II Slated in relevant pan:

[W]e bave hem ccrrespnndina: with the Immiption and Nat\lI'aliZlllinn Service about ynur stalu • . We have now hem told !hal you an: "not an>ensbJe 10 ""J>Ortslion under ex isting IIws" . It is our utldcrstmdina: that INS hall advised

If such does llQl prove the case, please let usl<.rlow immediately. Thank you once again for your patience in this instMee. """ your past assistll1lce to the Al!"ncy.'

In add ition 10 this written confirmolio n of his assistance, then CIA Director George H. W.
Busll, in response to alqlOrter"s questioning, publicly ac knowledged Laipenieb' woric with the

"'8'"'\CY, although he chalacteriud Laipenieks' setVice as ~minor.'" William Colby, a former CIA
Direclor, made ref"""",e to Laipenieks' assistance during a television sItow ab<lut Nazis in Ameri....•

l aipmieks opined on !he reason for lhe INS in~esrlgation. As he saw i~ ~[al lJ the lO p

hi.... He tho ughl1ha1 Americans wet'<: prone 10 be lieve such stories be<:ause both 1he Secretary o f
Stale (Henry Ki ssinger) and the Attorney General (Edward Levi) ~ Je wi,h. AccoJding to Laipenicks, " [l]hey

= SJlIO(Ilh lOll"lher.'··

Despite all1he publicity, !he INS ne..... filed charges, apparently ftu stmed in pan by lhc: fllCl thll1 1bere was no slaMOf)' basi, for deponing those who entered u.oder the INA because of their Wo rld Wos D acts o fper.;ecution." By the lime OSI was eotablished, Itowever, !he newly_

enacted Holttman Amendmenl had clo,"" thi . loophole. In 198 1, ofter discu..ing the in... with

theClA, OSl filtd SUil.
The oomplainl alle8ed thal La;penieks' visa had heen obtai ned by fraud ..,d wilful misrepresentation o! materia/ facu. in tlull il omilled any refe""'"" to his wor1< with the LPP and

his laler convi ction in Austria. The government also con tended thaI service wi th the LPP
COJllililUkd perxculiOll of ci~iliWlS based nn roce, rd igion, national o rigin or polit ical opininn.

'"

The immigration coun gave shon shrift 10 Ihe nU,,",pyuentation coun". In part Ihe co wl
...... moved by rhe faclrhat rhe vi$3. appliearion ...... printed in Engli$h, a language w hicll _ Laipenieb neither spoke nor IUd at Ihe time. (Laipenieb had given his
U$j>OItSeS orally

in

Spani.h, and \hey had been tran.lated intn English hy coMlllar offieials.) Moreover. evidence at
trial showed that Laipmiek$ had to ld !lie CIA in 1962 about his ...... ice wirh Ihe LPP. The cowl

therefore thoughl i( un.likdy thai he had "wilfully" concealed the same information from Ihe
AmeriCIIII Colt$U\ when he applied fOf his visa; !lie coUJt $lUlDised lhat the conceolsnent wu d....
either to imprecision in Ihe questi oning or to Ihe lang""8" 1>arrier. The: coun did acknowledge

that Laipenieb m ight have acted wilfuUy in concealing W conviction. However. it deemed this .

immatcrial on the groUllll thai full disc losure would nol ha"" harnd wslldmi$siOll under Ihe...
Cltisting law.

Most of the opinion was de llllled 10 1he pelSCCUliOll charges. TcstilDOll)' on these counIS

had been presented largely through videotaped deposilions from witnesses in Latvia. then a
Soviet Socialist Repuhlic:. The deponents claimed 10 have been victims penonally beaten by Laipcnieks, to have seen others who were be aten or 10 ha ve be... lOld of ouch event!I hy people ..

the ocene. The imm igration coun largely rojecud Ihe depos;uon tWiOlOny, find ing lIlat the atmospbere in whicll it was given was ~; nli mi dalin g." in part hean1ac: the p=idinB SoviCl
offi cial referenced 1he "Nazi war crirninal l.aipenieb~ and restricted cmss-examinatiOll 'The COwl also doubted 1he mdihiliry ofrhe witnesses. Many could lIOl identify a photograph nf w defendanl; o!hen remembered de w ls whicll seemed impl.usible; and many relied o n """"",y 10 eslBhlish 1he defendBnt's role. A1rhouih he""",y is admi:lSihle in deponation hearing&, 1he COurl viewed it wirh partic ular .keplicism since il inlllll\d conversations and memories from 40 years

earlier.
The eour! was no more impres:led with lhc few cycwiwoses who. bavilli settled in the

United States and b,aer, testified in court. In eaeh e..... their oounroom testimony ......

co'l\J8dicled in some respects by staternenl' they bad made earlier. The court wo!Tied 100 IIw wilJlC!scs might be ennfusing !be defendanl with his brother; both wcrl<ed at the same l<>C:IIlion lIS inlerrogaton for the LPP.
M~

imponandy, 1\0_ _ • evetl ;fme witnesses weTe to be believed, \he ~on

judge """ not penuaded IIw Laipenieb' llCIions 'oIIefe bued on pmeculioD due 10 ..:e, rcli&i<m.
lIItional orilin Of polili<:al opinion. He lhou&bt il lllOre likely reprisal fOl bctrayina LolVia during

the period of Soviet QCCupoolion, sloce eac:h of lhe \ictims had beea a pro-Soviet Lan<ian aetivi!!.
There wu on!)' one Jewish victim and he ..... !he father of perx>nS who al1"lledly peneeuted the Latvian. during the RlWian era; the cOllfl theR:fore saw hi. religion as an incidental fact

unrelalcd to Laipenieb' IClionL In !lICIt eircum!lan~ lhc coun declined 10 order Laipenicb'
dcponatiCIII.

The aovemmeru appealed, and ee tulwg IOU ......""'d. The BlA notccIlhal many oftbe
....l\Iian vi";.... had been punid>cd for their involvcmem in killing! and dcpo<tltiom ofLolvians following Soviet OCC1Jpolion of me country. While punishment fOf such crimes did nneviolate
the Holl2InBn Amendmen l pmhibilion opimt per=;;ution based on political opi nion, Laipenieb

had odmincd in COWl. !hal he galhered infomwion agaiJUI M kinds of communi.rts.MThis all
included pmons who had done nolhi"i IlIrlrl' than silo", "J'Itlplllhy to lhc Communist cause. As
....h, the Board concluded !hat he had enaaaed ;n political perseeulion of!he lype co~ by the

HoI tm1811 t\mendmem. He IOU ordered deponed 10 Chile, the eount>y h. hod dcsignaled should

'"

the COWl rule /l&IIinst him.

The alA decision w.... a IOta) "indication for OSI. Howe......, Laipeniekll appealed 10 the Ni nth Cm:uit, and 0lICC . gain lhe decloion w.... ~ " Rather than f0CU5ing 011 whether the
LPP (of which Laipenieks was indisputably. member) pers=ned indivi dual. because of their

political belidi. the coun r",,1ISIld on Laipeniek. himself. Had Ir" petSf><Uled people because of
their po litical opinion or committed acts whieh led 10 the pencclllion o!individual. because of

their politi<:al beliefs?
bI COJIC1udins thal 1hc answer was no, the Cin:uil shan:d !he imnrlgrationj.'.
skepticism of 8"~emment witnesses who claimed Iblt Ibeir incarceration had bcc:o for politi<:al

C in:ui! was left wondering whal il meanl 10 be • Cbmmuni51 oympathizer. The CQUrllried !O

pi""" !he def""danI's ...tivilies in contex t. During LaiP=ieks' service with 1he LPP, r..-vi. was a war_Ion> rmtioo. Only _ monlhs before, the l:OIIlIay had suffmod terrible I lrO<:iti... at the hand. nfSoviet mle. Latvia WlIlI at war with RllSSia aocI had =son 10 fear spies, ..botetll'll aocI pt'O-Soviet <:onspiJUonl woIlcing 10 und mnille the ",,~munenI in power. Thus, Laipenieks and the LPP cenainly had reason 10 Con«I'II itselfwilll the beha~ior of Soviet "activimMaocI "sym~. M

...

When iRdividuais an: singled oUi and vieti.mi2:ed on the basi. of religjOll, nee or national origin there is 110 legitimate fU$O!I foc doins so. For i~, there was 00 rational basis for !he persecution petp<lrated against the Sew. during the Holocaust T1tere C8D be only on e e~pllllUltion for the perseeutorioJ aer.; the Sews were persecuted be<aux \hey were Jews. In coolraSl, the presenl case is much JI\ORO troublesome. Laipenieks and the LPP had a legitimale basis for investigating Communists. The C""""unim remaining in Utvi. "'"'" oympathetic 10 • boSli!e nation who w.... presently at war with the Latvians and who only • few months earlier had exlonnina!ed thousand. of Latvi"" d tizenll.

One judge vigorously di... ntW. He rd t thot the C irculi had not given sufficient

dcf=,.., to the d"" isioo by the BlA. MlnOvu. "" bd icvt>d that the court had virtually
dis",gonlcd the Icstimony of the gov=unc:nt', expert hislorian as to the: role played by the LPP
am had impropmy focused 01\ Laip<stieu' pnsonaJ motiv. tion ~. factor lhc disoentcr thought irre levant. OSl and the Crimina! Division urged the Solicitor GftlcnllO sedr "'beann S. The lhrusl:

of their lIrill""ent was IlC<:hnical one: thallhc Ninth Cirellil hid improperl) SiVUI due def~ 10 lbc findiniS of lhc immigrarionjodge I1ItMr lhm 10 the Board oflmmigraliOll Appeals. OSI •.100 fcared lhal the Cirellit W imposinS • Sl&ndard of personal involvemC'lll in J'I'I'3OClJlion thai II WII not WIttafIlcd by the JWule and thallbc w\lft bad bcalloo dismiosi"" ofw deposition testimony. The: Solieitor ~"""" agreed md a pdition for "'bel/lins by the fuU«>UrI _ HO'oVeVer. the Ninth Circuit declined 10 ru:onsidcr the cue.
Although some oftbc IInZl'"&" in the opinion was )lO!CJIli&1ly very trOIlbli"ll to OSI," in
IflrOspcd il appears thai the impact oftl>c casc w lS lilllilO:l. The mle ofAbolazrl in. politicll

tiled.

c1imlltu s chari;cd as Latvi.·s is diffirult 1 del..... i"". Very rew 0510_ 0

present the

qucstioo. To the cxlml That it suagesu thcte mIlS! be .~,s_1 role io pcnecutioo (u opposed
10

membership in • gtOIlp

thai """ be shown to have """""lMdj, other courts MlIC simply

,.qcclcd it ~ The Second Circuil llonc: used il ll ~ Thai ..... in Sprogis, a ease which, as noled ....Iier. i. conliDCld ,e,,,,,,,Uy 10 ito faclS."
Perhaps Laipenid. SWId. for nolhill& " much as recognition thal lhc world during

Work! Will tI was not II black and white as it i. oflen portnoyed. For those in coun1ri.. like

lmvia, whcrt lhe dilemma was lii/ning Communi.1II or rll$Cisln. il was Dot alway" 011)' to ..,..

wh<=~ oee should twn.

The: difficulty !he COIiJUI had i.o decidiog w ipenM (willi !he ultimate u

decil;oo io !he Court of Appnls decided by • 2 I<> I vole) may ,imply be testimOJIy I<> that &ct.
Laipenieks died io !he Uniled S _ i.o MardI 1998.

- - _._- - - - - - - - - - -

I.In I'f Edg",sLaipenieb, 18 1 & N Dec. 433 (BlA 198]), pp. 8.9, 1983 WI. 113255.

2. M Aret ManAc.:used try Top Naxi-Hunlet.~ by Martin Ciercllen, TIw SimDttgq ewnlng
T,;bunt,OcI. 15, 19 76 .
3. "31 Under Inquiry in Crimes by Na>:i. ," TIu! Nt!>; Yom!" Ti/Ms, June 6. 1974 .

4. " Aw1 Man A~~used by Top Nazi Hunler." ' 1lP"'l, n. 2.
S. "Fonner Tno<:k Coach in La Jolla Accused oflking WarCrimillal," by Bob Donl and Martin G=!Ien, T1u! San Diego Eve"lng1h~, C,kt. 14, 19'766 . Laipeniela Prosecution Memo 10 AAG Jmsen from OSJ DirtdOl Ryan, Apr. 24, 198 1, P. 8.

7. The July 20, 1976 letter was printed in various news organs, including TIw Nfli' YorA: 171M$, "Nazi War Crimell Suspec1 Asseru Cl.A. Used Him u AIlIi-8oviet Spy," by Ralph B1UlDeQ.1!ull., Oct. IS, 1976; 11re &n Diego Evening Tribune_ M Fonner Track Coach ill La Jolla Accused of
aeinS War Criminal," '''P''', n . 5; and !he Oct. \980 i$Sut of Ku p ing Pl)Sted, lbe Uni OD of American Hebrew Congn:galions magazine. 8. "CIA Denies Giving Aid 10 War Crimes Suspect,~ by Bob Dorn, Tr/lmw, Nov. 30, 1976 . 9. ABC Newll Closeup, "Escape

T1w San Diego Ewning

from Justice, Nazi War Crirninab in A1neril;ll,~ Jan . 13, 1980.

10. "Fonner Track Coach in La Jolla Aoeused ofBcing W. Criminal," '''F0, o. S. I I. · U.S. Unlikely 10 Oust War-Crime S""pocl," by Bob Dom, The Son Diogo Ewning Tribu.... ce. 16,1976.
12. La~ niou v.

INS. 750 F.2d 1427 (9"'C". 1985).

t3. At one poiJll, the lXlurl indiclIled thlll the government hlld to prove that aD individual was persecuted 10/O/y because ofbili political views. Elsewhm: in the opinion, indeed twi"" OD tbc: very same pog e, the eoun omined the woN "ooIe1y." 750 F.2d II 143 7.

14, HQmm' . v.lNS, 19 S F.3d 836. 843 W 'C... 1999); &Mtr""gv, INS, 80S P.2d6SS, /ilI1 (7'" Cir. 1986). loo-I, another panel ofthe Nimh Cireuil SWMd to rej""" the reasoniog in La ifMllilk8, when il refused to illUlt asyllll1lto an Egyptian p:llice officer who had fO\I:Ided up fundlmcntaliS! Moslems and twmd them over 10 oihcn who he: lmew wouldlortlII'e IIDd abuse them. Riad v INS, 16 1 FJd 14 (9'" e... 1998) (W1puh'd). The II$)'IIIIIl Slat\l1e i. olmoS! identical . 10,the langua ge in the HollUllllll amendment, yet the Riod panel he ld tlw one o:aa usist in pmecutiOll even if he "has not physically iakCII pan. in the offense." The Riod ~ision is \I:Ipublished, however, and thmlOrc ofno prccedential vaille within the Nimh Circuit. It e.tabli:;hc$ only that some me",ben of the court di 58~ wilh the LaifMlIl'l;s .ellSOlling; il d<>es

us

1>01 O\'CmIIe lDip'Ifi~IcI .

U . !H. p. 103.

'"

JUoza l Kuogyl- W1I... is Mi...ql..... .. talk>n A<1ioolbl<? On Ibe mauo level, Kungy~

was a . igniliCllllI win fur OSI; "" the miem Ievd, il was •

10"".
Juozu Kungys emigrnled 10 the United Slates in 1948. fl e entered under the INA and

became. citizen in 195• . In 1975, the Morning Fr.llleil, a New York daily Yiddish newspaper,
~

thal Kungys was implicated in the murder of appro~imale ly 2,000 Lithuanian Jews

during World WflJ: II. INS opened an investigation which ultilDlllely passed 0.. to OSl. Based on stBlemenl$ supplied by !he Soviets from wi_ses ill Lithuania, OSI eoncl\lded thar. KWIg)'S had

rounded up and lAnliported thousando of Jews to

all

.,.ecutian silO, diSllibmed f!rearm.I and

"",,".unition to an execution squad, fuR:ed !he victims into a m... gnovc, shol aome of them, and
e><honed 1he e><o:ution squad 10 do the
WIle.

10 1981, OSI filed..,it to revoke Kuogy. ' oitizemhip. Tho gmemment olwgcd thathi. odmiMion 10 the country .....uld ho.ve bm:I buffiI by !be Stall: Deparimenl regu1ation excluding anYOlle who had beaI guilty of, or who had advooall:d or acquies<:cd in, Ktiviti.. or conduct
M oontrary

10 civilization and hlllDan ~llCy~ 00 behalf of Al<.is cOWltri.. durillg World Woz II.'

In addition, the complainl asserted thar. &l.<e .uUem..,.. .... Kungys' vi... and ....tunl.1izatio.. forms (<:<>ncaning date and p~ of birth, as _ ll .. resi~ and <>CCIIJWion during the war) rendaed
hi. odmissiOll and subMquenl nalllntlization tutlawfuI. Fillll.!ly, the 8<Wcmm enl charged that

Kungys' oonduc1 during the war, as _II as hi. false SI.l........t.. showed thal he ladled the good mOflll clwacler required of penon. seeking 10 become natunl.1izcd citizens.
The crux of the cornpJaitl1

was Kungys' role during: World War II. To e"," bli!;/> thai at

trial, tho gO"Cmmem i..~ videotaped depo,it;oN taken in Li!h\llJ:lia in which the

'"

wilnUSes detailed Kungys' inv<>lvemenl in w~ofJews. ",public, and

LilllUani~

was wn. Soviet

w .silions Well! "",sided 0".... by • Soviet official wi!h 'll"'stioning by OSI

SllOmeys and defen~ collllSCl. Aft.. viewing the vide01llpe, the diSlrie! courT disrolUlled emird)'

the willlesses' S1a1<:meTlt!l.'
The e<JUrl's reasoning was multi-faceted. II coneluded thai: (I) because !he S<wiets

IJeated war crimes as "politiclll casu," there was often pressure 10 tailor evidence; (2) w S<wie1
Unioll had an in_ in !he UnltedStales fuxling Ihllt Kungys putioipated in the killings b«:lIII5C

this would diminish 1M influence of Li!huanUw emigrts (such as JUways), llJId !hen:by belp
.uppre.. Lilhuanian JlIIlionalism; (3) !he manner in which the depositiODll wen: conducled was
suspect ; (4) the conte<Jl of The deposiTions suggested Ihal inc:ulpalO1)' .1lUemenlll were fabricaled

as uesu/t of undue pres""" by TIle Soviel amhorities; and (5) the Soviets' fsilore 10 rdease
stal<ments

The same wilnes~. had gi\'CJl in the 1940s cast doubt on tilt a<:cUnIC)' of!be more

. - tftIimOtl)'.

The com' . critioi.... was leveled not OIIly at the Soviets bul at OSI itself, f01" showi"8
~extreme

def=oe" 10 Ibe overbearing and imimidaTillj Soviet procurator, posing K blatlllltly"

leadi"8 questions. llJId inTCPOSlni ... my" objections 10 The def~ cross-exlllllinations, The

awn

of aU !his led the <:<Iun 10 accuse OSI of KcollaboJating" wi!h • totalitarian state and to <:<Include
Ihat the use of!he dep<:>alion testimony api,,", Kungyll "would violate fundamemal

COIISidmWo"" of fsime.... "
Wilhou! evidence ofKllnDs' role in perl(Clllion, the only remaining issue _

whelher

hi. misrep=entslion. and coneealmen ts warranted revocation of CiTizenship. The COlin
concluded thal1hey did nol, because neith .... singly nor in the oggregaTe were they maTerial

'"

(releYal1l) t<l bi.lllvi"i
~itizen.

beer! allowed to enler Ihe United StIIcI 01' t<l beeome • nalUralized

The so.me reasoni"i moti~llled I/>e court's eon~lusiO>llllll the false infonnation did 001

e$labliilh I""k of 1l00d molal ebaraclCr. !he falsehoods weft IlOI deemed mOleri..L

evidence ofbod monlI Characler, JegordJcu of whether il WIll Ollierial; lIIIl!he defendant'. fobe

.t.llmenlS hod in fllel beeo mlllcri&l; and that Ihe eourt should have considcml the deposition

lcstimooy taken in !he SovietUnioo. The Janer issue was of particular impo_ to OSI. No! only ..... lhc lcstimooy aucialto • dctcnninotion aboUl KUIl!D"" wo:timo octivily, but the
CriminoI Division feared \hot the court '. rulill&: and inilommotory laniUa8e could tripple OSI'. cnfon:en>cnl elfon. Many of osr . JUbjeclS and defendants commiltcd !heir Wlf crimes in Eostc:m Blne
coW1trie.5 and the Soviet Union. S.."..,...fu1 pmccutiOll depends upon COUIU n=ivi"ll into cvidcnec the lestimony ofwitnc,.,.,. and docurnenll foemd bohind the Iron Curtain.'

Allhoui/l dlOl mayhove been the most importllli issue t<l OSI, tile oppulI COUll did nol issue. JUlinil 00 the pninr.. Instead, die cnurt r.......... on ...nether KIIllIY"
ntisrcprcscowiOIll

had been malerial. Concludinj thol they hod, the court found 'llflicielll basis 10 f'IV<lkc his ci lizcn ship OIl \hot ground alone; the court did Ilot need 10 dclmninc

"'''''lhcr he in faet had

pl.oycd • role io die rnunleT of2,ooo Jews.'

Kungys oppcoJcd to Ihe Supreme Court which ogrced 10 !lear !he ease. Thc Court was
inlmsted in t\1oO ;IS\IClI, ""i!ller ofwhich
in~oIvcd lIIe dCJIMilioo lCStimony

<:TUcioJ to •

detcnninOlion of KUIlllYs' role in World War n. R/ldlcr, lIIc COWl _

concemcd witIl how 10

dClmni"" whclhcr facts concealed in • citiunsltip application are malerial. and whether false

stal"",cnl' alone cslabJislllack of good m..... clwaetcr for eili>:cnsllip or wIIctbo:r !hose fal""

'"

Sta\<':JnenU 100 ha"" to be material.

On the fit$l issue, both lhe go~emment ...d Kungys agreed that the SlJlndotd for
materiality should be detenllined from I pri or Supreme Court ruling;' the two si des disagreed
OIIIy on whal that ruling established. As to good monI charooc1er, the govemmell1lOOk a middle

ground:
We're not saying thai any lie, regardlC$S of its signifiCllllCll, is eoouah to MO that you lack good moral character. What ~'re ..yin,l is that tim iD the W COrrtell.t of lies thai could /lave pro~en the basis for petjwy. . • where somebody has repeatedly committed peIjwy, thai he haol demonstnl1ed lock of good moral

_.

Aft.. the argument, iD ... lWusual move. \he Supreme Court notified \he paJties IhaI it
WIUIted the caso reargued. k also asked the parties to submil lDOlber set of briefs,

roc..siDa 00 a

series of qlleStions including wbe1her the malerialill' SUndard in the prior Supreme COWl ruling
ought simply to be abandoned, and if so, what should to.k. its ploce.
The opinion ultimately issued showed a ~ery divided Court.' A majorill' d id agree,

however, to abandon the earlier test of materialil)' and to establish a 1= strin&ell1 one than ~n

the 1l0vemmenl had originally ur¢. Under the new test, I misrepresenl8lion Of' concealment is material to a cilizeniihip applicJltion ifit would have a "naNraI tendency 10 produce the
condusion that Ihc applicant WI> qualified." The Coun also held tbal <JII}' 1aI.. statement made

undO\" oath in o!dot to obtain an immigration bellefit . ... OlIl1hli sh lack of good moral character;

there is no

~uimnent

that the Olalem...t be material.

This was a major victory for the government. HeneefoJth, it would be ml>Ch simpler to establish both malOriaiity ;n dena1tlnlJization proe«dings and lack of good moral d u.....,ier in cases in which the defcnda:lt w.. . hatged with misrepresen!alion, From that perspe<1ive -and

tlud is the big pil.1tue - the go""mment ""'" vindiclled..
The impact 0 0 KlIIlllYs himself, however, ..... Ie"" d ear. 1M Co un did not delmni ..,
wbelho=r M had made oatmal ",isstat""'''''15 ..". whelher hi: laded HOOd ",<mil eh:anl<ter. Nor
d;d the Co un d i0<:U5S whether the depo.Utiona, essential to e$lllblishing hi. role in ponecubon, should have h«n admined. It sem tM case bIlck to the 10-. «Jur\5 to resol... the material ity

and good 0I0I'lII character i.......
Ndther the
go~

nor def....., ",,.Insel '""" interated in prolonging the Ij(iplion.

From OSI'. penpedi"", tM cllanoe thal the lower couns would =sider the deposition issue

'""" minimal. Nothing;1I. the S~ Coun ntIi11.j: ~uired saclI reconsiderAtioo, and even if
the 10-.. . oun were willing to m>pen the issue, OSI ..... not .ord'ident th.at the origill.al decision ""'lIld be revaxd. Without thai, the gl>\'OlTllllCnt could ne~" establish K~ ' role ill.

persee1.l1iOll.. The best the l overnmeJIt WOIIld oblaita ..... a dilllllllralizatklll and deponatiOli based
<>0 his lIli.vq>:resentlllions.

While this would ostensibly sti ll be a vict<ll1, 1here was " bill

looplwle. Un l.... he was deponed lIndo:r the Holtzman amendment (for ......... in~ol~ina hi. mle in Jl"f'CCUlion), the law allowed him to apply for diS<:retio""!Y ..lieffrom the deportation order. Given hi. age lIJld the feet thai his wife","" " U.S. dtizen with serious health problans. OSI bel~ hi. ~IIOSI would likely be granted. Therefore, the most the ll0vernmm! would

achieve "",wd be 10 strip K\IIlllYS of his citizen ship without bei"i able to remove him from the United SllIte..
Defen.. counsel was the lim 10 pmposc sdllemmt: KlIDlIYS would «Jn5Cnl to dcnaturaliution _ con""dioll that be had mi... presented fac1.S which ~ ma terial to his dtizen ship application - if lbe Il"~crnment would agm> not to ....,k his deportation.' OSI awl

DUO RicMrd be lic~ dwt ""thing InOI'e cc:o.Id be K hieY«! tm:oI&h titiptioo. ,.

Ia No"Ul\bct 1911, lbc diJlrid c:oun en.......... Otdcr along the ....... pl<>po$Cd. Iu of
rhiI ~ KIlIl&)S IUnaiRs in lbc Uni-.,d sa-..

I . 11Ii. w... !he first case in whic h OSI base d 4 denaturalizat ion <:(loot on tho Sl4le Departrnont: a gulation. He could not be clwged with ....i3tlulcc in por3«ulilNl . ince ... had not entorod ooder!he DPA or !he RRA.

2. Uni/tdSlale. Y Kungy., 51 l F. SUPl'. 11M (D.N.J. 1983). .

J. Dee. 5, 1988 m....onmdum from AAG Tron to the SolicitorGe= al.
4. u.s. v. Kwtgy. , 193 F.2d 516(3"Cir. 1986). On a oeparnte i....., tho Circuit ogued with the lower COUIt !IuIt a mi$rOpTO$ontation Ill"'" be material to show a lack of good moral dwac!er,
5. Chaunl v. U. S, 365 U.S. 350 (1960').

6. Kwtgy. Supreme Court argument, e- 86-228, Apr. 1987, Tape 267.606, National Archives of the United Swes.
7. KwtgyS Y. Uni •• d Sta.u, 485 U.S. 759 (19 88). The... were five opiniON issued in the <:a.'le .

8. If the gevemmcnt prov e. that the misrepn:sentation had thi.tendency, • p...wnption of
ineligibility i. raised. The n. lIIr41i2Cd citizen can 1/leQ rebut the pruumption. The ~t bad originally contended, both io its brief and lim OR! argwneol, that material ity i. established when lbe i ovamment can prove that if tho tnrth had been revealed, there wolJdlulve been an invelltigation OW mighl h.... UJ>C()Yered disqualil)ring facts leadi n8 to los. of citiunship.
9. Aug. II , 1988 = 0 to OS! Oifeclor Neal Siler from
B~ Einhorn, Deputy D ir«tor

for

Litigation.
10. Sept. 6, 19 88 memO'8Ddwn from Sh<rto DAAG Richard, recommendiog thai the cue be senlcd; Sepl. 8, 1988 e<:>ver memo from DAAO Riclwd to AAG Ed Denni .. urging approval"on tho grolWd !IuIt ~ denatural iZlli on i' probably all we can 4Chiev c;~and approv al grantcd by AAO Dennis 00 Sept 9, 1988 .

133

LecJlIld PetlOrwy ~~ _ AD A~rnt loaal Loa
Leonid Petkiewyl$<:b

was bom in Poland when: hi. Mer served ... mayor oftbeir to wn

durin& the German o<;cupatioo. In 1944. the family fled to AIl$Iria 10avoid !be lld~lI'ICio&
Russila Army . '1M AlIStIians fOOled the family 10 0mnaDy whe... the 21 .year-old PelkicwyllCh

was assigned 10 oerve ... a civi li... guard in a IIIbor educIlioo camp. These ClI/1lpll. "'" by the
Gest.oPO. were crilli")ly inlend<d !<>

_""\oBI indolenl or unprodo<:ti\'C "'reign """"'.... !<>

"proper worl<M durinll .iaM weeks ofincat=llion and iDdo<:trinotion.' Tho camp 10 which

Pot);iewytsch ..... "n! 0.100 housed politiClll pi,.",.... and J.- wbo ~ ... sq;..p1ed Dom !be
rosI ofthc

populalion. Their incan::oration W1l!I1onaor ond they were subjected to cspociaIly b......

forced labor, l>eatinp mol 1_ . Some were exOCll1ed..

Allhoua:h J'etkitw)'lSCh _

a civilian employee, he wall isnod. Oennan m;li~

wtifonn lIlId ClU'I'iod . Ic.ded rifl•. Doring hi. 5eVeIllllOJlths II the camp, be ~ the iam8lU and esconed thorn to f.,1Oriesw fll>lllS when 1Iloy ..rwd ... fon:ed laboun. AI _ '. end,
Petkiowyudt ..... arrutod by the Brilish. He mnoiood io co01Od1 for throe yean, lhouah 110

charI"" wen: •....,. filod.

Sllor1Jy lfu:r hi, release, P.tkiewyt8CJl "l'Plied for. viii. under the DPA. Hi'lppliCllioa
WIll rejected beeIux oflli,guard service. In 19S5, aflcr botll ibo DPA lind RRAhId expired. PctkieVl')'UC.b was admillod W>dcr!he INA. He answered "noM to I qllC8lion on hi. ""'
oppIiCllioll ailing whether be hid c_ been arrcmd.

Pclkicwytsch did 1lO1 apply for U.S. cilizenship until 19112. In mpoose 10 qucstiollina 81
lhal ti~ he lIata! thll h. had served II I Iliai'd in . lobor camp and had boco IITCSIed by th. Briti.... INS conl.dod OSI which, una....,.. of Pctkicwytscll onlil then, opmcd ... invcstigalion.'

'"

INS meanwhile placed his citiz.enshil' IWlicBlioo on held While investiaBlina Pewewytscb's WlIrlime ac!iviljes, 051 leuned !hat !he British failure
10 file c~ did not ne=arily mean lhat they believed. person was not gIliIty, Often they

were UIWIble 10 locate key wimesses or R81~ thai the subjec\ had already Sj)elI\ more lime in
cuslody \han he would receive if tried and COJIvic1Cd.'

OSllileddeponation c~ in 19115. The 61ina oJle,ed tlwPetkiewytxh_ deportlll>le beo::ause he had lISSisted in PO_CutiOli and <X>nCeoled maIeriaI infonn.tioll (tbat he
had bern ar=ted by the British) ill his viu .Wlication.

'" an unusually brief opilllon (3 pages), !he imrnigralion judge ntjecled tbe governmcnl'.
clai"", outright. He concluded tbat PelkieW)'\Scll was .... victim of the limes he lived
ilI~

and that

his wronaM ""nduet _

"'I mosl. .. bis atteptalICe w><!er duresll of hi. dlllies aJ a civiHan labor

Cducation camp guard.... The <:oUr! determined !lull Petkiewytsc:b·. JerYice had been ilIvolunwy

and 1ba1 be bod never obused any inmates. Bued on these findjnp, il ndod \hal be had not

assisted in persecution.'
The ",ling _
reversed on appeal.' The BlA accepted the premiHJ upon whic:b lbe

imrnisrationjudge bod relied, I.'., that Petkiewyw:h had bun ... rather relUC\aDl guard who

perfmmed his dlllieo a.. ordered in anler 10 cocape impri""""lelll Of dealb., ~ and that he DOver
physically harmed the prisoners or fired ,shot. However, il fow><! these emolionsUy powerful arguments imlevant to Iellol dispoJition of the case. Relying on the Supreme Co"", ruling in
&dortll1co, the Boasd focused solely 00 the "objective drec'l~ ofPetkiewytdl's ""Muet. From

thai perspective, hi, work had assisted !he Nazis in lIleirpersecution of Jew•. The Board was unfazed by Britain'. failure10 file charges afler \he WlIt since the Brilish did not focus on

whether PelkieW)'Ucl> violaled u.s. stalules. The <b:isiOll wau romplele vi<lory for 0Sl.

The viClory wa& dIort·li~. Pttkiewyuch appealed to the Sixth CiKllil whidI revened
!he decisioq y<:l agaiQ.' The Cirellit ocbJowledged thal lhc: l.bor camp was ~a place of
perKCUIion ~

and thlll th e Holtnnan Amendment, the stalute undef whidl OSI had filed suit, was
ft

aimed at lho.te wile ~assi Sled in perseculion.

However, aft... examining the legislali.... history of

!he amendment, the oourt conc:luded thai it was iO lended to prevenllnle -"'-ar ttim.inab~ ffom
enlerin& !he <:<>Unlry. Petkiewyts<:h, wile had "never struek a prisoner and _ penonaIly

infli<:lCd Uly fotm of abuu upon pri!Ol'lefS beyond impedio&their _ape thro~ hi. ~ e as
a civil i"" IIl1Ord, did nOI ,,~ify.
ft

The rulina ...... Yay \roobling for OSI. Most of its case' invol.... camp pards, aod il i.
diffic:u1110 estab lisb thol ,uclI iAdividuais had''harlds OD ~ inl~lioo with ilUn8leo. Iflhere was . UIa1len:a1ion, tho victim is likely d..d aod it is ran: thaI ~ il a wrinen =d1O wlikl1 OSI '
ClIIIl\Im.' The bulk of OSI easel rely CD the proposilion thai pri..,.. JUartb per[onned a variety of
dutiea, jlm erally along the lines od<Jlowledacd by Petkiewyts<;h, i e., they
pres¢D<:e 10

were UI onned

preclude inmateo from ~lli and to _Ihem to and from W<>rlo; statiOlll. A

sericI of «lUlU had already ruled thallhis was .ll1Ticienllo csta blioh ass i,tm<:e in pro.oeeulion.'
Moreov.., tile Sopreme CollJ\, in F'JoreIl1w, had beld thai a priiOMl of war who in\'OlWllarily

oerved .. . amp soard <:ouId be stripped <>flUs eil~p. III an effort 10 distinguilb
PelkiewylS<:h's silUalion from Fedorenl<o'a, tho Sixth Circuit relied '-yily 01\ the fact thai Fodorenko hod admin"d , hooling hi, SWI at • ..,.pins iJ1JtU>teo; Pelkiewytscl>, by"",!:ad, hod

nevet tired . .Ilot. "
A memher of the Soli<ilOT General's offi ce,jo ininB OSI and the Criminal Civi.ion in

'"

urgina the Solicitot o.lIe11IItu seck I rd>earinj: of the cue, oawno meaningful dislinctiOl1

C camp guard] makes !he p r i _ Iwailable fur perseclllion _ he il like the A ll<:C<tmpliec pinning beck the w ic:lim'$ ImI5 while the principal administers the bk>wJ. Once we accepl!he noti<m that • comp guard wbc> I"'to down • poi""" upri.i"ll undo:r order of the camp commandanl ...ists in P""""""ti"" U I m.lter of 11'0' (!he Supmnc Court', holding in hdotenko), then iI il e&I}' 10 sec why I guard who i, .......... cal led 0<110 fiR hil """"PO" equally assists in p<n<>cUtioo. The function of armed guardI • • . ia no! only 10 aboo4 eocaping inmalcs, but by
lbei< wtsy prcscncc 10 dt:ur the ancmpt. T1w [Pctki~ J did noIllCcd to liR Ilia rifle 10 I<up !he • • • inmat"" available for perxcutiOll doc$ noI diminish Ilia ...iotanc:c in persecution. II migbt even mean Ihat [his] ...iotanoe _ m_

effective." The Solicitor OcncraIlutborizcd !tic S"'<O ' I,,,,nl to seck Rhcarini. The CircWt,

however, declined 10 reconsider the~. On the thoory 1haI bod fae:t. _ IIIlcu1 U !he Sixth Cirellit had ar1ic:u1ale<l the fae:ts - mol<c bad law, OSl and the Criminal Di¥ision did not ask: the

.....

Solicitor GcnaaIIO file • petitiOD for ocniorari." The Sbnb CircW.1 nilinll WIIS thm:f_ the final

In 1992 , with JitiS"iioa c<>mplctc,1NS uked 05110 rctwn Pc tkicwyt3ch' , immigrati<Jll

file. The *Fnt:y WIIS oct 10 ~ iu hold on his natw-alizalioD Ipplication and to grmI him citizenship. OSJ advioed INS that if il did SO, tho &OVCm"'CII1 would brins I denatutaliUltion
ae:tiOrt. The INS retained the hold and I'dkicwytSdl remained . resident alien in lhe Unik<i

Swes until hi. d<onb in JanWll)' 2000.
The holding in Pllktnvyt"d hacllangible .. well .. int""i'b le consequences for OSI.

lnW>&ibly, it mad. the office for Y \'ll'l _

m iocnl lo fil•• ~ whid> co uld uhintllcly he

appealed 10lb. Sixth Circuit. Tanaibly, another l:ISC WIlli 10. wh mthe C<llU'I followed the

Plrliawyllch weapon onaIysill. " OSI f..-cd thaI I ",boot the aun~ test ...... "",,"lopinS: ih

m

gua:d had no1 used a weapon offensively, the cuurt would conclude he had not """isted in
persecution.

In fact, ho_vet, 1>0 othe. appellate cuurt. ""'" willing 10 folluw suit; indeed, they wac:
openly di.missive of the JUling." One _nt .., far .. 10 describe: it as not merely wrong, but "doubly wrong." " Only eight y...... afler the Sixth Circuit dedded Pnh~ach, another panel Orthe ! 8Jlle CUWl interpmed i110 applyonly 10 lhose ~ui....:l to serve ;""oluntarily as d viliall
guards in labor education camps." The chance that these three factor! will coalesce in another
C&St

is remQ1e, .. the court ine\'ilably realized. By giving Pe/hewytach aucll a lIIImlW

im ell'retation, the Circuit esseotially neutered it as precedem."

'"

1. Decne ofHimmJ.., K Establisltmerlt of Labor Education Camps," May 28, 1941.
2. Aug. 16, 1982 memo to Charlie Oittens, OSI Deputy Dim:to r from Peter Black, HistoriUL It is unllSUIl1 for OSI to learn of a subject in !his 10"""". For one simil.,. """wrenee, I~' pp. 30 l ·
FiI~

".

l . Mar. I l , 1986 memonmdum from OSlanomey Alan Held to prosecutor Fl'llQCis W1. BameL

re inleme", with British

4. Mall.. of p..ldn,'yllch, A08 851812 (lmm. Ct . Cilicinnali, Ohio 1981).

5. The COWl bolsten>d thi , concl usioo by noting that Petkiewylscb bad t:-. releas<d by lhc British. As for nol acl<now1edaing his time io aostody, \be eowt concluded that lhis misrepre:senwion wu imrnatorilli ro \be i........,., of lbo vi...
6. In n u o nld P~llanryuch,A8 851 812 (BIA 1990).

7, FOIldnvyru:h Y I.N.s. , 945 F.2d 171 (6" .

ce. 1991).

8, ltan happen.~ & . p, 30, n. 5 re Nazi records ofkilH"Iils o:t Mauthausen, .

9. Su '_Il_ , KIYII,
660-61

y.

INS, 8 25 F.ld 188, 11 92 (" Cir. 1981);& .....1/""8" •. INS, 805 F .2d /iS 5,

(7'" Cir. 1986): MaiiJ>...tu y, INS, TIl F.2d 05, 4015·46 (2" Cir. 1985).

10. The Sixth Cirouit did oot deeide whether inV1lluntariness ...... a factor to be considered in dopo"'atimr p...........linp. (In Ftdar,nlco, lbo Supreme Coun s.oid Ihat someone wbo erltored II>e Ullittd Stal e:s under \be DPA could be dlnalv1'lJiud lfhc .oerved U I amp 8...-.:1, ........ ifthal .....ice _ in'fOluDtary.) The Hollzmon W1endJned, under...mcb II>e P.lldtwy/.rch deportation ""tioo ...... filed, his wordinl Yet)' simillJ' to !he DPA _

I I. 051 "'u concerned n01 only "';Ib II>e ohoateT anoIysi.. 1xlt 1Ii1lO by lbe Ci",uit'a conclllSi"'l tho! Petk:iewylsch' s m iSl qn esallalioo about his onqt ...... DOl mate>illi. hi SO ruJinlolbe Cirowt ipored !he ddillition of moleriolity .stabHMed by lb. Supmn. Cowt m y. KI/Itg}Y>,485 us. 759 (19 88), disctu8ed lilt pp. 127-133.

u.s.

12. Oct. 2 7, 2002 di5Cu",ion ,..;th SlISaJI Siegal, Prindpal Deputy Director of OSI ond lead COlIIl5CI in tho Petkit>oytsch pnJOlClCution. I l.

u.s. ..,Lindln, 907 F. Supp. 1114 (N.D . O llio 1995), disl:usml. pp. 64-70 , a....rat.supI'o' n. 14,432 F.3d al 26O, IL 8,

14. TillJlIItJl y, Rmo, 199 F.3d JS3. 398 (7" Cir. 1999): KoIry1 Y. /NS, 981 F.2d 917 (,. Cir. 1992); Suhlnsl,yj Y, "'IIOI1'¥y G~ ...,.... 412 F3 d 253 (1" Cir. 2(1()5),

IS. Szthimtyj ... Allomty

'"

tho SU pKme Cowt. IfI fao:t, Hammor '. narrow reading of 1'00kinvJf. cb i. que:stiolwblc si""" it 'I>/fOIlgly !IUggosta lim involwl1.an..css was key to tho I'tl~C" 1\I1inll.

16. Ht>mm.n./NS, 19S F.3 d 836 {~Cir. 1999). Thelfo:m"m- panel could lIQ\ov=ulc l'''Id'''''K~ Ii""" tho! ~"" only be done by • full ~omplemeal of lhe Si:w;tll Circllitjudses or by

11. S«. N~• •. Ash~oft, 36a F.2d 981, 984 (8"'Cir.), UJ1. d.nIM. IZ' 5.0. 81' {2OO4).1n whi<h the COwl OOles 1M! "the mitigating factorlI in l'.,ki~K" on: nol Jlft"IefI' in chi. aut."

'"

A1"l'ZAI Ba illy' a nd Vy ta ut.. Gfl:... - Self-Incrimina llon '" OSI Cu.. The decision in U"HuSliilu~. Ba~ ...... aguably the m~ fa.reaching of the three OS I c.... to reach the Supremc Cowt. It will like ly impact terrori sm and internalional drug prosccutiuns CVCI\ mo re !han il docs OSI ""'ltCfS.

The ",Iina ~ the llCope of!he f ifth Amcr>dmonI

pri~il eB"

opinst . elf-

incri minstioo. Thal privi lege guatSlllCCS lhal K n}o pc"",n. .. ohsll be compclled in UI)' criminal l case to be . wi1ncss aa ainst himKlf.~ The Supreme: COUll hod lona hdd 1hII the privilege J'l'"'CludCll the govemm<nl froIlI teIluirina apenon to answef q\lClltions if the.. Ill ncrs eould be

usccl aa.m.t him in a stale or federal criminal proIICCutiOli. 'l'bio _

!O eVCl\ iflbc answer would

provide only .... Iink in the chain of e vidence" n«ded 10 proaec ute him in the Uni !ed SWot. The
Coun had IlOl resolved, bowewt. wltetbcr 8O<lIeooe could be requiftld 10IWSIOa" if be fcaJed

J'l'-Cutioo ob-.l rather tban in tbe United States.
In the
COIII'SC

of p ursu ing iu dcntllUnlli...tioo mel deporr.tiotl cues, OS I ..eb 10 'IUClI1iOll

and dC]XIU dcfClldBl1lll and will'.......' They eanno1 invoke tho Fifth AJnclldmcnt on the ground
that they fear thei r stal<n>cnlS will be used a gai nst tbom ill OS I proccedinp because OS I cascs
arc civil matters. However. SOme blvc declined
m~t . oI>je<:t

to IlIIllWCI" 011 the ground

lhat thei r answcn

th<rlllo <:rirnimJ prosecution 0 - - . Cowu Uvc bandied this io a variety of

WlI)'S. Some

ruled thsl thc f ifth An>codmcnl caD never be invoked bBscd 00 fear ofjlI"O$C':utioo

abroad;' 0Ihcn SUB8•• ted il .ppl;'" in lim ited ci rcumstances;' and oomc skined th. iss"" hued

on !he tael. in thc parlicular case.'
The issue ...... resolved in U.s.

•. BoI'fl.'

Aloyzas Bal.".. a Lithuanian "''''' emigraled to

1hc United SIIllCll in 196 1. ,.,_ applied for U.S. c itizenship. OS I opened a dcporwion

'"

investigalinn based on wartime documents fnund in Lithuania. 11lnse documents showed that

""",en"" with !he name Aloyzas Ba1sys' had served. in • Lithuaniarl _

police OfJ8Dizarion that

had lillwdated • Jewish ghelIO. However, OSI Wll$ no! cena.in that the .ul!je<:l of their
investigation WIl5 the samo person who had served in !he police unit.

In September 1!W3, an OSI.ltOIDey and an OSI invcstiQ8lW" went to Balsys' borne to
question him. Balsys denied that he had served in any military or police OJl!aniutions during the

German occllPlltion ofLlthuaniL \\/h .... pressed further, he te:rrninated. the interview. Ten days
later, OSI served him with • aubpoena, or<lering him 10 answer questions and brint! various docwnents con<:eming hi. wartime IlCtivitin and hi. emigration to the United. SlateS. He
appeared al the appoinled. ti= and pl&ec:, acaImpanied. by • 11"")'0'. He refused to answer any

questions, 0Iher than hi. name and address, on the ground that the answers might incriminate him
abroad (in Lithuania, Gmnany or Israel). He also declined to lUnI OW< any documents covered

-. .

-.

by the subpoena other than hi. alien regimation card.

OSI filed suit in district court 10 enforce the subpoena. After reviewina the eriminal
statu1e. in all the countries whe:ra Balsys feared criminal liability, the court eoneluded that he did

indeed f&ec: I "real and .ub,lantial" danger of prosecution. Howevct, the court ruled that the
f iflb Am=dmrnl did 1>01 oxtend to fear of prosecution OVa$dS_ h ~ that the amendmenl
Wi\! designed 10 protect

individuals from "governmental O\'CJ'I'eaChing," a consequence not

I'0..iblo if the feared prosecution Wi\! by a foreign power."
The ruling wns =ersed on aJlJl"a1.' The sewnd Cin:uil court concluded lha1 "individual

dignity and privacy values"- which il saw as some of the COI"¢ I'urpo!"ll ofl/l. Amendment -

'"

or WlItcntpl.

ft

The Ci "'uit ""knowledged that M ll""........cntal O\<em""N"3 "'""' 01"". ~

M

"al~ inherent in the

AJnendmenl Unlike the district court, however, it posited that rucl>

o\<em3l:hini was possible wilban overseas prosecution because _ now Ii\'<: in on en of
~eoopetati~e

internationalism." To illlllltn.\e its point, tho court DOled tbaltbe lusti<:e

Oeplll1ll>tP1 "'""' intm:sted in J:.vin& OSI defendants prosecuted abroad aod "'""' wiDing 10 share

its evidme<: willi f~lD ~
The ruling W8S of IUbswttial impon 10 the United. S1ItteS for reasotIJ weD beyond OS!

cases. When the goveroment seeb teStimony from an individual vrtlo has • M substaPtlaI "'d
legitim ate " feu of proscclltioo by fedeta1 OIlo1:a1l1U1horlties, the government em gram the
witneu immunity from all domes1ic proseeution. He ean theo be compelled 10 testify bcc:a....

nothing he PyS em be uoed againot him in any crim inal proeeeding; the Fif\b Amct>dmel:d . intetell . gob>sl sel f.incrimiootion ill !hu.I ",...,.......,.t. However, the United State> has no ability to
if&'It immunity frofllfonlgn ~ion. l1Ierefon:. any rtltemetlts II'Iad< ill the UIIit'"' S1Ites

might be Illled ill. crimill&1 proc<>eding abroad if the United S_
I~allable.

makes the l1ItommlS

Many wllPeSlIeI ill eI!<'!I u",olving intmuniOllal orglllliud <:rime, drug IrlIfficking,

tem>rism, otttilJUSl eonspiracits and ~urities frauds mighi leillimald y have such. feu. Iflhey ...... invoke \he Fif\b AJ1\eodmenc, investigation of \be.. crimes would be
5e\I....ly

Iwnpered.

Beuuse of thne COIICCmS, IS weD IS the fact !hot the Circuit'. dec i""n conflicted willi
rulings in other Ci",uits, the BOvenunent ..ked !he Supreme Cow'I Io
~

the ..... 10 its brief

10 the Court, the gnvemment m..-l the imPact 011 domestic prosecu,ions nf erimes willi

international reach, but IIOICd 100 1he din!ct impoo:l. of the lower tnutI ru1in& on OSI'. invm;gotion.s. The government ""knowledged ' hot thete wen: "tn&ny" . .... wheJeOSI did not

'"

have suffici.nt .vidom:e without lhe roq....1Cd t..IUnony. We", lho Circuit ruling Ul staDd, the Uniled SIal.. migh! have "to IOlerate .. • wilhin itli bord... . . . particiJl8llt/i in persecution or

genocid. ....
Afkr reviewin g the hisrory and purpose oflho Fifth Alnmdmonl, the Supreme: Coon
""""luded thai the privilege WlI.5 inlended 10 apply only to <.\om05li<: prosecutiom. Tho Co,," acknowlc:dged that lito Uni1ed Stales had an intorest in bovina foreign govmunmlll pro _ ute OSI mattors.' HoweVOf, 1ltoto WlI.5 no ovid....,., llm """b foreigD prosecutiOIlll ~

boin3

brougbl on bttha!fof!he Uniled State&. Utbey wen, lbo Fifth Amoudment WOIl1d apply. But the
"mo'" support of ont: nation for tho prosec:ulorial efforts of aoolher does nOllt8ll$lonu Iho

prosecution of lb. one intu the proseculion oftbe olher.~
Tho Coon '. lUling moanllha! BaL<ys w<>u1d

now h.... to 0Jl$WU <ine$lioola posed by OSJ

or f""" incarceJation for contempt of court. Sho rtly afler 1hc lUling, BalS)'" anorney Idvised OSI
th aI hi. elim! """"-1Id ratter abandon hi. j)OIII1IlIIOIIl ...i<knt status and I...ve the oountry than
answet" q,...ti o,," aboW

hi, wartime ""tiYitiOli. His volunlluy departure al lowed OSI 10 achieve

ita potem.ial u11imate goal - <emoving Balsys - without further investigation or litigation. Ball1J"1 loft the I:OWltry in May 1999.

Tho Supro_ Court ",l ing bad "'P"""ussions on olb... OSl .... bjoeta 1II well. Most
immediately, il aftee1Cd Vytaut.. Gecas, an OSI su bjeet who bad, almost simullaneollsly with Baloy!, litigated his righlto assort 1he Fifth Alnondmenl based on f.... o£foreign l'f"'OCIJIion.
OS] hiSlorians had fOWld ..... raJ dOCUlllOnta morencing . Vytaulaa Oocoa who ....... ed in

Lithuania's Second Battalion, a ""il "" notorious for penuulion 1hll1 courts have " dod """;co in
lho Baltalion i. sufficient in and "f itselflo oonuil\llo assi.tance in f'O,.,..,ution ." Hown er,

'"

aOne of the 1l0v=uneul ' S Oecas """wtIeJ11S bad identifyinll information, su ch as date or place of birth. JIISI as with Balsys, the ll""emmenl could not be certain thal it had the rishl penolL

Ia 1991, Oeeas answom:l """'" questions from 0 51investiplon. He cloiu>cd to have

spc:1lI the WEyears in • vocatlollll1 school in Kaunu, Lilb uania. "The goV'mll1lalt later isaued •
subpoe.... to «>JlIpel Geeas to answer more quoSliollS lIlld bring pcrtinenl document•. 0-.
n_ly represe nled by counaeJ, refusal CO comply. 051 filed suit CO enforce !be . ubpoena and,

ail.... much litigation, WQII • ndinll lhst lbe Fifth AmmdmenI could not be iJrvoJr.ed bued on fear of proaecution ovu>eas." OIl the <1I.y aft.... the Supmne Coun isaued ill ruling in BoJS)7, it

declined 10 rev>ow Oeeas' o;ase.
~~

ll>e. .<lefulitiVli.courl rulinga agaimt hi. POSilion, Gecu maialained hi, . ilence. At

the government'. request, the dillrict court held hilIl in contempt for rdilsilli 10 comply wilb .
eour! ruling. 'The.our! ord.."d him imprisoned fur eishtem

momba - the muimUDl period

allowed by law - or unlil he .,.eed lo answer quesliona. He f'Cmained consillelll in hi. refusal
to respond and lbercfore .~t !be M1 e isbleen montbs behind bars. He

was released in NO\'erober 2000, hovina spenl _

time in U.S. custody than any

otller OS I defendant up lo thaI poim." St ill, lbe govemrnen! was 1lO closer 10 being able to file
lIS cue. In
iIII cfron

10 obtain 0 - . information, an OSI .tIomq and an inVCSlill"lor inlcn'i_td

irunales snd emp loyees ~ the two inslitutions where Gecu had served hi. sentenCe. OSl 1honghl he mighl have discussed hi. silUll ion wilb one oflhent, and, perf\apI inadvcrtenlly, made

""'loments lhal would be he lpNllO the llOvemmcnt' $ inveS!igatiOlL He had not
lnrnalel io rede:ral custody ""' adviocd lhal lhcir phoneCO:tlversalionll (other than !hose
wi!h defense counsel) may be m:orded. OSI f'C lrieved al>diota pel o r 78 tclephcme conVCTSItions

'"

G«as had had with family members. Nothing in any of tbo~ COllffi'Slltions ... useful 10 the

eovemmenl.

In Now:mber 2002. UI OSI hi SloriUl scarcbed .Il voc.tional scllool reeood!J ill Kaunas,
Lithuani. 1 deteTmine if Geeas' alibi was Cftldible. There had been seven voeetiOlllll high 0
sclIools in Kaunes during the Vitlt. The records of only lhrt>e survMd, and those onlypaniaUy.

Miraculously for OSI, the historian found pertinent malm lll. In additiO;O 1 Geeu' paduation 0
o;eniflC8le (luno 19-41 ) there _
• letter from his fad>eI' in • folder c:ontaiflin& _erial about

Geeu' bmthcr. The fatheJ had mitIC:IIlo requcsla stipend for hill youneer son because cia . brother V)1au1aS _
not P"l"iding ""y f..mly ruppon. He '"whmtarily joined the Second

Battaliotl an<:I has ,one .""'y. ,,"
Thi, _the lUI piece of cviden<:c the
~ needed.

OSI 5led • deporwioD

",tion agaiM Gu... ohortly after flndinl !he new material. Rather than f_lrial,

ae.:.. alUft'l

10 admit WI he had Ilel'Ved in \he S«ond Battalion, 10 TClinquim his lP'=' card, and 10 l..ve the

Uniled StaleS pennanently. He flew 10 lithuania ill AUgurl2001.
There is no Wly to estimate the number of don=tic criminal ~tiona impacted by
Bahy$, That would in""",", answering. c:ounterfacl\llll qucstiOD: how many people wouJd haw:

ossened a Fifth Ammdmem privilell" bued on .... of foreign Jlf""""wion had the Supreme
C OUI'l not nIled lIS it did.
H~er,

il is safe 10 II5SWtle that \he impacl of the cue is subllllntial.

The privileee bad been assened with IIOme l'Rql>ft1Cy ill OSI invt'Sliaalions" and thm are many more wide-rachi"ll criminal invt'Sliptiom than OSI manen. Indeed. at the lime !he Suprmu: COWl brier. wen filed in Bo/SYS. IJIoC>n than twen!)' ~ juries ;., \he Uniled StileS """"' investigating in1em*lional ClII1CI activities WI iavolved buoines..,. and iadividuals lOI:81Cd in

I"

twenty countries on four COlIlinCllts." The number of illVC!l;galions IIIlS IlIIdoubledly increaud in the posl 911 I era, given !he pmlifcnlion of international temlri.'ll activity.
The~

is • ne"" twiSl to &/SYJ on !he horizon. At this wriTing, The Just~ Ikpartmtnt is

entering IJ1 era of inTel'N!ional task forces.. The line bctweeI1 U.S. and foNoillll proSllClltions will

intvitably be blurred. Whether the fifth Amendmem will apply to prosecuTions abroad
tITIlJ18.tilll &mn s""h wi< f'orcel is lUI open question. The only eenainTy is thaT resolution oflhe
matTcr mU!t

begin with an -')"is of & U)u.

•

•

'"

I. Befor..... case is film, • oitizen is lII'Ider 110 obl i~ ion to respond 1 queslionlnS. Non-citlum, 0 110_ - W mlllty OSI dofmdulls never became cilizens - mUSl do so if~ j<l~t issllCS lID .dmini,lllIti~ sllbpoena pllmlAllt to BU.S.C. 1225 (d)(4). Over the )'"rS.Lhe fomwtlll'ld purpo5C of the imeMew h., evnlved. It was originally inlended .. an opportunity for Lhe defendllltl lo pmuade the JOVmllI'CnI it ....." mimken befone • case ....." filed (reco rded imeMew with DAAG Ri<:hard. Apr. 25, 2001), The eIIrly interviews we", :l<:heduled in ..:1_, the subject had the option of Ippemnil with lID Il!tome)". be....." pllOCed under OIlb and. coun rcpon<:r was .,.,,_. In the nDd- 198<b, the om"" begsn dou., """'" dmp.in IIDII'IfIOIIrIO inlerviews in !he hupe of eatohing the subject ""'"wares. The tubjects are lold that 1hey need DOl aaswer aD)' qllWioJll, that the}' ean consull with an attome)'. and IhaI if they do choose 10 anBIftI', th~ ean Slop alllll)' time. Although"""", mu.c 10 taIk, many submil to ~ q_~oninil' As OIl'! osr hisIorian posited, "They' are of I pI_ and lime when: )'0\1 n:spond 10 Iwhori1iCll.~ The imcMew hal thulllOlIC bum llasl ~ f<ll' exoneration to an imcJrogation desillflCd 10 dewlap ~ DAAO Riebard voi..,d CQ!ItClll aWlIIlhi, .....Iu~oa. He feared 1bal, rii/ltl)' or "'TOtIgIY. I JII'O""SI desiancd 10 be "fairness dri~ ·1lIId come to be see1l111 • "pICSS\IR Illttic,•• "tnock on the door" - ironically one of !be very thillllS r-ed t:,- those pcne=ed in Nazi Gerntany. InlaVi.... Apr. 21, 200 1.

2. y. c;.coi,I20F.3d 1419(1l"·Cir.l997) (e" bane); U.s. y, Ragawkar,No. 94 C 2325, 1995 WI. S664(I (ND. UL 199'); U.s. Y. KInWtu. No. 11-cY·964 (N.D.N.Y. 1981) (Wlpub·d). See also, u.s. Y (Undn SOill), 194 F.2d 920 (4" Cir. 1916)(u on..()S1case). ,

us.

3. U.s. Y. INk, No. 3·88·'0 (D. Minn., Aua. 22, 1989 ...mended Dec. 6, 1989); U.s. v. True.., 89 FA .D. 611 (ED. Pa. 191l); IIId Us. ... PalctalJ.rI:tJ$, 5'9 F. SIIJIP. 1294 (MD.F1. 1983) (1hc defmdanl could decline 10 IDlwa some qllCStiona but IlOI 0Iber:\I); ./Iltldb v. MibIIillfu. iloo F.2d 1'9 (1'" Cir. 1916) and U.S, ... Btl UUIr. 643 F. Supp. 421 (N.D. m. 1986) (an order .feIlina 1 1estimony ...... SUffitlml p«>lection again$( !he liIr.elibood of prosecvtioo 0 _ _; 1be:refore all questiOM must be &IIS\OUed); U.s. Y li/ei!U, 899 F. Supp. 802 (0. M-. 1995) (if thenl is • . "'JU\ and mldtaoli.... likelihood of pn>aocutioa abroad, tho United S _ must establish that . ~govumnmI4l i/mre$t~ is inYOivod in socwi"ll the tosIimony """ that thenI is. "esitimaIC nttd~ for the lmimony in Ofd... 10 ~lIltthot{] that interesl.; 4. U s. v. U"""". Nil. ' 9 C 2966 (ED.N .Y. 1980) (",hero tho dofeadlDllllld b=:I convicted I" <Jb#1lIitl by tho U.S.S.R.• the arlier cooviClion meant that \hen: wu no looser reason 10 far p«>seculiDrl); u.s. v. Sltlm<>bu. Nil. 92oCV. J440. 1995 WI. 464264 (E.D. PI. 1995), qff'J on (l/hu 8"'""', 100 f .3d 302 (3" Cit. 1996) Irld u.s. v. K1imtMciru, 611 F. Supp. 814 (D. Me. 1985) (afler analyzi nl faeu, it appeared 1hcte no "rtal and l uhstanlisr lilr.clihood ilf pro.occution abroad).

\lI"

5. ' :14 u.s. 66(i (1998). 1 1_ a si&ni/iclDI enough manor 10 ha~ come ~fon: the Court twice priOlIo Bdsy.r. Ho _. in neither tax did tho Court reach the merit!. ZIcQN1l1v. N~ J..ny COM". ... ofh,,,*u ;go:uil'Nl'. 406 U.S. 412 tIm ) (no "real and substMtiaI ~ risk offbm lD pmst:Culion); P",urv u.s. 391 u.s. 96 (1 910) (pcltwi....)(mnanded fur dismissal bcca...... of .

".

IDOOlnCSS ).

6. U S Y Balsyt, 91S f . Supp. 588 (E.n.N.Y. 1996). .
7. US Y lJabys, 119 f .3d 122 (2d Cit. 1991). .

S. Reply Brieffor the United State!I ill &hy" p. 13, n. 4.
9. The Court cited both OSI' , 1MJldalC: - whi~h includes mainlainina lillillOA with fomill pro_ution, invuliptiOJl """ intdligence offICeS _ ..... truly ogreeJIIeQllI such as """ wbicll ~uires !he United SlatelIlO cooperate willi Lithuanito in developing evidenc>ll fur \he p-osccution oewar eriminals. 524 U.S.... 699.
10. U S Y ClurlflSw , 148 f .3d 729, rn . 642, 647 (7"' Cit. 2001).

f1"' Cit. 1998). Su Ilho.Ntnljl/lz y. INS.2-40f.3d

11 . U.$ Y Gfcas. 831) f . SUJlIl. 1403 (N.n. Fl. 1993). offd ,,, porr, nY 'd 1Il , - t, $0 f .ld 1549 . ( I I- Cir. 199$), _ d dis. ct. opIllio" aJTd. 120 f .ld 14 19 (fIf &<t7lc 1997). «H. _..nd, $24 U.S. 9$1 (1998).

a ""

12. Seveta! defendants we:re proKCuted '"""""" and ~ ... a result of II..~ w ithin the United State3, John DemjlZljuk, Andrija Anukovie and Bnmo BlaclI wa-e impri!lOJ>ed pmdina their exuadition. (DemjanjuJc also 3penl IO day! ill. eustody after failinf; to appear It I deponation hearini.) KoradJ KaJej, _ ill. CII3tOdy briefly afta' be _ cauem t1eei"i lhejo.oisdietion ill \he midst of hi. depoe'uJtiOJl proceedi"i- Karl Linnu openta )Ul" ill euotody while he fuuiiht hi. depcm.tion order. SevenoI olber de (mcIIntI """'" detained for sbon pmods prior 10 their deportatioa hea:ir>go. 10bawl Upricll_ anmed ill July 2003 when he ..... found in the U.S. after bmn& IOId the coUll he wnuld ~ the eounay one<! hi, citizmship _ revoked. He mnaioed ill cUSIody IUlliI On. 2006. The court orderuI his release when it became clear that 00 COWItJY _ wiDinS 10 s.cccpt him. L<-pricll _ holds the ""'ord ror the lonsnt incuuntion ill \he United Stat« of an OSI defendont. Unbeknownst 10 OSI, in Sept. 2004 DRS (" .. e ...· or 10 fNS), sm:st<:d 0 5.1 defendsnt Mylcoll W"Y1yk. DRS citeo:l 8 U.S.c. 1231(1), wIUeh allows for the detenrion oran a1im who """ been ool.mJ deported if"" fail, 10 pun"" itI Hood faith all ......., nocOSSlll)' 10 I5SIlJe his departure. H...... released in Aug. 2005 I:coa"", !he I_ does not j U$ti fy Wl\imited dotootioa.

13. S•• _ 2-4.supra_
14. SuJ'f'f'Ol' Court Brieffol the United StiteS in Bahys, p. 34.

'"

Job. DnnJuj uk - A. Appropri.te P ....... ul;o.I.lll.11y B....upt, bI P. rt, Umk, lb. W..... , Futu.1 Pnd l.-..,
I . Utigat'GlI

guard who opemcd the Wm tinli
inrna~

T~bl inb

gu chamber Mol tooJr. puticuh lr de light in mutilMing Mol

u thoy JnIlI'dIed from • r.tilroad siding to the gu chambers. Althoup

DeITIi...juk WUIlO1!V'" the Tttribie, he in fael hid seI"ICd U 'l'wd at various campa, includm,
the death camp at Sobibor. Demjanj uk eJllered the Unitod Silt.. from Germ8l1)' ""del" !he DPA in 19S2. He be!;ame

• l18!\l1'l1ized citinn in 1958 Mol chMiCd his aivm rllme from IVlllto lohn. 1rl 11l75. the New

Yorlr. edilOl of. Soviet wedJy notified !he INS !hit Oerqj &lljuk bad tnined for guard seMce in
Trawnilci, Poland and then - - ' ... guard II the Sobibor dealh camp, abo;" Poland.' A 11177
utid c io the So viet """,kly . howed . Trswnilci idenli fical;on card with Derqjoojulr's picture and
• llOtlIioo ofbi. Sobibor

pomns.

Thi. uticle quoted ignIt Dlnilchenko, • fellow iUlfd, wbo

d u me<! to have .......ed with Demj U\iuk 11 Sobibor IS well as III Fl<>....,blIrg. • c=cenlratiGll
camp in GcJTTl&llY.' Whi le invl$1ipling Demjanjuk, INS

was also loolcina into Feodor Fedorenko. INS...,t

photographs ofDemjanjuk, Fedomlko and I S other Ukrainians suspected of_ crimes 10 1....1. The Istu U. prepared III al bum nf piclUnlS; by 1\appenslaI1c.. Fedo m>ko and Demjllljok ~ 00

the oame P"lI"' . (Demjltljuk '. pictun: was from hi. vi.. applicatiOll) Several T~blinka

'Ul'\',vors, inlCrViewed u

pan of the Fedorenko inveslisalion. picked 001the picture of

'50

Den\i""j uk ancI ide ntified him... Iv"" !he Terrible. So too did cycwilDeUCS ill Ocnnanyancl !he United Stale$.
Based on theae e~lness iden tifieatiORl, the USAO ill Cleveland, O hio filed •

dmaIur.olization .etion in I

m . The <:omplWd cllarged Demjanjul with Mvi ng un l.wfully

pined oodmittance ."d cilizenship by conce-'ins hi. Treblinb service. It did not refem1ce the

of 1ewish prisone:no ancI ldlorers G Treblink.o. And while !ben! _
M

110 -'Ies-tion thM h< t.4

..........t • Trawnilti. Sobibor or FIDSJeJIbarg. !he complaint charged him wi th f.oIsely lining
Sobibor 011 hi, vi.. application .... place of r<.idmce duriJla: the war . CoiDcidml.llly, lit olmos! the >ame time thai !he c:a.oe wu filed, th< Justice Depatmm cstabI;:l!le,1 the SLU·. The SLU UId Ibe USAO ~ to prosecute the c:a.oe JoiIIlly. There was,
bo~.

incvilable Imliion bftweeII!he offices. Martin Menddso1ullobbied fur co ntrol. He

The Specill Litig.tion Umt, r<gardless of the de~ of iu involvement. has been. i.. UId will be blamed for UI)" obort<:ominlll in lhe prescnutioa of!he evidalce ancI the result in this CIJIC.' The 1ustioo ~I dcsignal«l the SLU lc:nd. counsel.
DIlring the course of the Fedorrdo litigfiion, which eao>e to trill bef_
lO~lleamed

lJ#liIjanj"t. the

thin the SoviCla had interviewed st\UIJ Trcbiinb witnesset.. The SLU
the Soviets.' The reports, clll«l "protocol..M anived
ft

. oughl to

ad JqlM' of lllC inlcrncws from

after lhe Frdor. ".., trial \VIS completed. They came to be I:noWll as '"the Fedom\ko protocol..
By !he lime lUtyone IUd them, !he SLU had been rep!",*, by OSI. Since the proloeob involved Tr<bliok.. lhcy were reviewed by the anorneys assigned to handle the Demjanjlllr.

lSI

inveSligatiOll. The plIltOCols l""lU<kd a fl31emcnt made by Fed<lmlko while visiting \he Soviet Unio n. He recalled two gas chamber operators, Nl kolai andIvan. Ano!ber auazd remembered

!be two as Nikolai and MarclIenko; a chin! =ai led only <>DO name, Nikolai Mlrthenko. No one
mentioned the name Demjanjuk. OSl asked the Soviet Union for additional materi.ol, i""h>ding new stalements from Danikhenl<o, the

auazd q uoted in the Soviet magazine, as well as from the two Treb~nka guards
(F~n

Slill in 1he Sov iet Union.

was by then in !be United States.)

The Sovicts re interv:iewftl Danilcbenko ond nne of the guards, the o!her having been
exec U1ed for war crime:!. Oanilchenko reiter.ted that he I<new Demjanjuk from guard. service at Sob ibor. He ide!ltified throe pIIotographs ofOemjanjuk and claimed lhat he and Oemjanjuk were 1JlIrnIferred from Sobibor 10 Flo...nborg. The Tre blinka guard could not identify Demjanjuk's

pi<:tun:. Howc_, be said an Ivan Oemedyuk or Oemjanjuk had wori<ed as a coo k al Treblinka.
After leaving T.ebiinka, the

auard. was Wid that Demedyuk. (or Demjanjuk) had become !he gas

chamber Operalor.' From hi. nwn lime !here, howev"" the guanI reme mbered the gas cham ber
opaa1or as Nikolai Marchenko. These new Soviet interviews came W be known as the

"Danilchenko Protocols. ~ OSI a1su sought infonnation from Pnland. The Pnles had nolhing nn Oemjanjuk, but .... t an article which included a partial list of guar<b who had served at Treblink.. Among them was an Ivan Mar<:henko; Ihm was no liSling for anyone named Demjanjuk . OSl personnel conducted many interviews. A T.eblinka medical aide rwned Otto Hom and eig/ll«n r",blinka survivors identified Oemjanjuk as Ivan !he Tenible. Based on the fact thai Demjanjuk had given his mnt her'. maiden name as MlIIChenko on

his vi.. application, one oflh. two origiJlal OSlmomeys assi(llltld 10 the esse hypothC$iud Ihal Marcl>cnko and Dcmjanjuk
we",

one and 1hc same. The other aI\OI1ICy (Gcol'lle Parker) had a

different though!: Dcmjlllliuk =mod ubiquitous. The evide:nc:c hacl him aI Sobibol' and rn:blinka during o..mapping periods, even aa various witn= said rvan rarery left r n:bli""-. Parkerplaced little faith in1hc cycwitneso idcntiflCll1ions bc<:a.... of1hc JI&SSII8C oCtiJnc sinocl1bc
~

in question. In Febn.laly 1980, Parker WI01C a memwandwn 10 the OSIdirel:lor ..... his dcpll1Y.' 1h

memo m icwcd Ihe evid........, $uggnting lhat il WB$ so conlJadi(:lOl)' and inWlldusivc lhat
proceeding willi 1hc caoc r:aifed ethical concerns.

The g"vemmrnt did II<>l drop the eese, but did strive for "Ion: prcci.illJl in the charge..
The complaint _

amended 10 add S"bibor and r",wniki 10 the r ",blinka alJcS8liooo.'

The CIIIlC went I(l trial in 1981. Neither the Fcd<>n!llko pmIl1C1lls, ~poraneouo
repnm "fthe Ott<> Hnm inlerview, the li!ll "C nam.. from Polotml, nor the DaJlilchWo pnlIllCO lI
~ ~VftlIO

1hc dcfcn!;c. 1M OSllrial.n<>meyO explained thai they did II<>l believe there W&!i

any .i~fi""' l or cxcuJpatoly material in the Fedo1erlt." and Danilcbenb pro1OCOJ. nor in the material from Po land. They claimed never10 have """" contcnIporaneous reports oflhe Hom
inteJ'View.

The government oblaincd Dcmjaqjuk '. rrawniki card from !he S""icIs and inlroduccd il
into evidence. This WB$ tile first T"'wniki card e>er seen by scholars and il differed from many

0111... kno_ Gennan identity<locum.nla in that il did nnt havea date and place of ;"U4Jl(lC.
Moreover, Del1\ianjuk'. picture, glued to the canl, was nol properly oJignod.
The government'. case ",Sled on the testi,"""y from Hom and !he survivorwi1lleSSCS,

'"

which placed ~mjanjuk at Treblinka, as well as on t he: Tra"Uiki ~ard,

whi~ b estab~ .he:d

that

DmIjanj uk was a guard at Sobibor; the card did not mention T ",blink>.. Hom teslified that he

had been showp two . laCk. of picture$, each conLaining """ pholOgraph of Demjsnjuk; he had reeogniud DmIjanjuir' . piC in each oet. A handwriting expe" lestified th.t\he Gerntsn IUre
signa1Un:!l on \he Trawnilri card matched signatures on other documents . igned by the same

pe""""",,t' The alig:nmont of nuuking.
originally heaJ !lItaChed properly.

00

\he ~ard and photograph .ho_d that the pi~1Ure had

Demjsnj uk" defense was thaI he had been . prisoner ofwar when he was compelled 10 join a o-nan-sponsored anti-8oviet army;' the Trawnilri card was. forgety; and the wilneS'
~imoJl)' waa~~l! mi~~ic!!n!itr, J:l!_~tted

Irina on hi . immigration documCll!ll

about where "" had .pellt the war )'Can; he said "" feared thai if he acluIOwlodgod the uuth, he would be <epo.uiated to !he U.S.S.R. and execu led for having fcogbl again" tho Russian army. The cowl ruled for \he government and ",voked Demjanjuk ' . citizenship, concluding that he had train<:><:l . t Trawnilri an d lhen, .. Ivan !he Terrible, operaled !he gas chamber at Tteblinks. " Thc court made 0 0 determination as 10 whether b. had also lIet\'ed at Sobibor. At some point after the donauualization trial was completed, DAA G Richard watt 10 Israel to d i",uss porenli ai exlrlldilioio of OSI defendant!l . As he _a1I.d ii, thore was moch internal de bate over \he lss~. Some ISlaeli. f. ered that &nY extnlditiop would d ilute the impact of w Adolf Eichmann m al, which, two d... d.. earli..., had galvanized W<lrld anention. Others be lieved another . ignifu:ant war erimes trial was ~ed 10 educate the current g.""ral;oo about the hono... of the Holocaust. The loner view prevai led, and the [sm,dis cho... 10 make ~ Ivan the Terriblef l their filSl war crim.. eXlradilee m m 1he United Sta le$,

'"

The Depanrnenl of IUSlice filed illl deportati on case ~fon: !he Israelis formally requested
""modilion. The t hrust o f the deport.auOJ\ Suil

was !hal Oer<ti"'liuk's wanime activity, as Pnl"""

in 1be dOJlllnuaJiution erial, showed 1ha.t be hod penecuted civilians on behalf oftbe Nazis. As
9\l<;lt, M

was deponable WIder the HoJ_ Amendment.

After !he deportation hearing was compleced, but before !he: court ruled, the exlraditiOD

proee.. was begun. ThelwO cases thercafler wen: "" partIIlellr'lKb. The exIJ1Idilion Jlllpen

alleg«l lhal Demjaqjuk, as Ivan the Terrible, murdered tbousonds of lows and __Iews lObile
opemling the gas chamben at Treblinka. The extraditiOll was before the same district court
j udge who bod issued the d....1tltaIiUllion ruling.

The deportalion decision came down first. Oemj"'liul: was fnw>J deportable and the

U.S.SA: was designated as \be COWllly of dcpoJtalion. " While !hal J"IlIing was on """"ai, the
dis!ri.:t court ord~ him e><tradited 10 Israel to face murder charg.... " Den\iaJUuk spent nine
months in custody while he appealed the ex1nldilion oM... His appeal "'as W1SUCCe8Sful and be

was flown to 1......1in February 1986.

Then he was charg<d wiIb crimes ogainsI theJewish

people, crimesa8ainst humanity, war crimes and crimes "8ain lt persecuted people. The thrust o f
the ct\aqles concemed Demjaqjul:'. role as Ivan the Tesrlble, 0per3l0l" of Ole gas c bamben in the Treblinka death c omp o The", was mention III well of his having lllIiocd at Trawniki and having

served briefly at the Sobibor death camp.

The Israe li uial losled 14 monlhs. Testi/)'i n8, Oemjanjuk denied that hc had ever been at
Treblinka or Sobibor, d..pite the fllC1that he bad listed Sobibor on hil visa application as • place ofresideooe during the war. He now maintained that aft... being upll=d by the Nazi. in I ~2, he spenll8 ftKIll!hJI in • prisoner of war camp io Poland. Following that, he had been x nl to

Austria to serve in Shandnlk'a Army, a unil ofJ.1kre.inilllUl "'llonized by the Nazi.1O llaln the Soviets; the Nazis the1l _ him to Gennany to joi n Vlasov'. Army, Bunil comp<>scd primarily

<lf RUllSi.... orpnized for the same pllfJ'QSO. The lsnM:lia coontered this with .... idm<:c !hal

_....

SbaDdrult's Army had IlQI y<:l been <llgOItizcd Blthe time DmljlJl.iuk claimed be wu llrst a

Much of the 1 5llleH ~ of criminality _

the lIIOIe as thai prese,ued by \he

Depanmlllll of Jwtice 11 m. lIBIIIraJizatiQll, deportaliOll and u ltldilioo bwings." The lstaeIi. ab o had newly preparccI affidaviu &om two former OSI employees, one an hillorian and one: an inv.:s!igawr-, whn bad interviewed Ono HOnl. Each affiantclaimed I!Iat Hom poinll:ld ditudy to !he pi_ ofDernjBlljuk and conlideolly said "That is him. " Unbeknc>_ t<l OSI or the I. rad i pmsecUlOrs. the defense a!.so bad new malerial -

docwnenllllPken from OSI uashbins. The material had been gathered by ernigm, opposed to OSI and dililriblf\ed by them to the Dernjanjuk defense team." II included ~eIIIIlI noleS taken by the hi,torian """ the inveJtigator. Notbina in th_ DOles sutl8eJlCd that Hom said
' 'That is him." On the conllmy, "" had uouble identifyingthe defcndllOt. lie did $0 ooIy after he

was shoWtI a second $lack of phol.,. which abo had a picture of Dmljanjul: (though there ..... no
repeat of any<:>ne else from the: lint ••1.) AcaKding10one ofth. """(lIm'" Dmljanjuk'. picture,

and hi. alone from the lim

!ICt, was

kepi face \II' in Hom' a light wlli le lot viewed the second K1.

Only aft.. oomparina; bodI p;etu:u did Hom choose Dernjanjuk'•." Based on this new material, the defense lICCused OSI of both concealing and f....ifying evidence in th. U.s. litigation." In 1988, thelsraeJi COwl found Demjanjuk, as Ivan th.

rerribl., lJIlilty of war crimes, crimes against Inun.onit)' and "rimes against Ibe Jewish people."

'50

He _

oenteneed 10 death and spent !he next fi..e )'elll"S in i..,lotion on death row while his

eonvietion WlIS on appell." By Ihe lime the appeal wu heard, however, !he Soviel Union bad collapsed . Thi& opened a treuure trove of new archival mlllerial. None of it supponed Ihe charge Ibm Demjanjuk _
Ivan the Te rrib le. On lbe COl'b_y, tbue

was muclI to indiCllle th.tt he w6S DOl.

Most siiJIifi=rt

was a SIlIIemmt (rom one Nikolai ShaIaev, who said that he and IVIJI Marcbeflko were !be two
p i chamber operIItors It

TreblinkL Other Treblinbo guardlIlqlOlted the same, and lhq, lI""i

with _mil

female inrnaleS, pi.ked MudIenlr.o', pieture &om • photospn:ad."

A1ihouab noDe oCthe DeW evidenee linked Demjaaliuk to TrellI iuka, it did ~ hinllO

T..wniki, Sobi1lor, and FlooKrJbara. os well as to MlIjd'nek, mother Poliab <:amp. The Isrwli'

, ' --UneOVen:d in thO former Soviet sielUv... Geiman orders posting Demjaaliult 10 botlI Sobibor and
F1ouenb!1rg; they also foW1d Ih,...pertinent FloPenbOrtl.-.rdo m Wm O=nany. Aft OSI
historian found in lithuania a diJeiplinary repon for Demjanjuk from Majdandt. OS! ga>'e the

doc:ument 10 the Israelis. Demjanjuk wal ked. fine line with the new evidenc:e - relying on il lO

_bli"" thaI be had "'" be... .11 ~blinl<.o, hut questionins ita reliability 10 the extonl tlyt it
showed S<:rVke eloewben: in the Nszi camp II)'SICDI.

EvCII before the Isr""li S"Pl=e Coun rWed, the clefense moved to Overt\llU lbe U.s.
denanualiwion and n traditiOlL 'Tho def...... cited lhe new evidenol: .. well ... alleged
improprieties in OS]', handlina of the earli .. "' ....«dioP< Publicity about the new eviden<:e ..,d

OSI', al leged misconduct "'as extensive," and the JUSliee Department ~ that il _
n:viewi"llthe case." Th e Sixth Circuit (whieh had ....li.. affinned botlI DemjaJ\i uk',

denalUnlliZlltion and exlr3dilwn orden) twiee wrole 10 !be AsliSla/ll AlIOrnoy QeneIaI fnr the

'"

Criminal Division, oeeJting the results of the inquiry. Re«iving no res~ to eitbcr letter, the Cire"';t =pened the case, appointing a district counjudie 10 !iClVe IS a Special Mil51er." The Ci«:uit wanted hi. view on whether the ~ouns had iJ'lUlled the extnldition request only because tbe Ilovemmc:llt bad misled them in ways that wnnunted 10 pw=utorial misconduct
01" fiaud 00

the C(lwt Althongh the JUSli« ~el\1 sought to limit the iuquily 10 its bandling ofllle
extradition procccding, the Special Muter ruled lhat the llovemmc:llt's handling uf III lawsDiU
emanating from this ~_ should be COIUIideted."
Over a six-munth perlud, the Specill Master cunsideted mure than 300 exltibi... heard

testimony 110m six allOmeys who had WOJI;ed on the case, and re>iewcd depo$itiom 110m nine
olher panici ponI1l. He issued a 21()..pall" unpublished

nopon with hi. tindin&8 and C(lnclll8iom.

Althuugh he found I!Iat the government bad failed 10 l\Inl over some material thai W<lII1d have

been helpful 10 the defense, be n~uaed tbil OIl clreuntS1llllCe..

~Iud.ing the attomeyll'

plausible

UJ>derstandiog that the law did IlOl require them 10 l\Inl uvcr the material and such a lack of
continuity in the pro"""ution tum that • given allOmey was often not aware ofmaterial his

collee.gue.o or predecea5ll1'8 bad handled. All this was compounded by guvemmcnt attorneYI who,
despite havina: ~ommitted befOt'e the coun 10 be cooperative, instead "played hardbal l" by twTOwly iJlt~t inll defe_ requests for ducwnems, and a defendant whose alibi was "" prep<lS1Crous as 10 raise the Ilovmunent's suspicion "1hat lit lied about evel)'lh ing."
As the Special Masler saw the c..... it

was:

[U)llimatcly . . . about questions !hal were never asked, and questions asked that wenl WWlSwercd.. . . Guvernment allurncys failed to challenge the evidence they possease<!, and this led them 10 obandun leedl wbicb contradicted their inlerprelaliun ufthe

'"

evidcnc:e.

faith.
They did not intend to viol"'" the Rules or their ethical obligations. They were not ... kIcSS; they did not miostlte facts or Iho la'" as they omderstood Ihom. • . • Although they were blincled to what _ may now pm:oivc 10 be tho bUIh, tboy were not "';lfully blind.

Moreo_, _b of Iho a1lOn1Oyl involved. .. fhas)eoopontod full)' in this investigation. I bdiew thal lbcy _ ified trulhfull)'. and1hal thcy an: DO"'. and were then, prindpl.... albeit falliblo.
He found no prosccutorial mi5COnduct

Demjan,i~ of~

Ivan the Tmb,", Ibm: was nothina: 10 rdulo Iho U.s.court'. oriJinal

findinj thai Demj"'\iuk bad served II Trallmilti. S~ 1bo Tno\llltiki alIolO"liODl fonned an

iJIdopon;lmt basis for Domia:!ju.k' sdODBlllralizaool111>d dq)onaioa, Ibe SJI"<ial Maslcr
""""luded that those rulings sboul d sund.

The rcpo n ...... i.. ucd in Jw>c 1993. Onemonth Iolcr. 1ho l.....li Supreme Court acquilled Demjanjuk ofthc

. barse thll he was [von 1lIe Terrible!"

The [srulis had IlO doubt III'"

DemjMjull hod been .1 Tno\YJlikl. FloMcnbllrJ and Sobibor. He had been cxrradiled principall)' to stand mal for lIIl11'dcr as lvlll1 1l1e Tcrribk, hov.-er. aJId of lhis lIIe. oon .... not convinced. [DJoulK bc~ ... to gnawaYl'8)' at 0"- judicial eeeeeieeee. • • • By virtue orlllis ana"';"ll - """0,. natIue ,... kne\lI, but OOI W meani"ll - ,... rmr.:iJ>cd OInelves from COJlv ictin ~ the appcIll11ll oftbc horron ofTn:blinka.
.. , . Thili ""'-S thc ptopCl" wunc for j udges \lIho cannot examine the hcsn and the mind, but have only I>hai Ibeir ~ .. !1ft aDd n:ad. The mallet ilI.Josed. ·· bill not complete. The complete truth ill not l!le J!Rr'llO"liw of tbc humanj udSC'

'"

The law of exlradition is cirtumsaibed. One can only be tried for the dwges whic:h fOl'med the basis fo, the extradition. In Demjanjuk's case, TrawnilU , Flo""""bllrg and Sobibor

""'''' Jl"fl of the extrsdition case - but only in pusing_ The thrust of the cue had d early been the
charge thai he was T",blin!ta's Ivan the Terrible. Whilc he could be convicted fot hi s activity al
other ellmp", the l!f'lICli court d.clined to pursue this option. To change the thrust of the

exl1adilion at such • lata dale wouldnecessitate giving Demjanjuk another opportwlity 10 defend himself. Since he had a1fMdy SpaIIl sevan yean in Israeli C\ISIOdy, the oourt felt tbM prolonging
lhe procecdi"", any funhet would he unreasonable.

The lsnocli. were pn!pared 10 release Demjanjuk, but il was WlCUtAiJI...nere he W<luld 110. Hllving lost his U.s . citizemhip, Demjanjuk was s!lltel... and did not have autborizlltion to
return 10 lhe Uniled Slalei , Indeed, the Depanment of JU5Iice maintained !hat he was ba=d
from reentry by the Holtvnan An>r:1ll!men1, . ince lie had -at Trawnilci, Sobibor, F\oe$enbOrg
and Mtljdonek - ... i5tcd in pe....,cu!ioo of civilian. 00 behalf oflhe Nazis.

Ul<nine was willing 10 ltav. bim ",tum 10 hi. couoTry of birlh, but he wanted to be in the U.s. with hi. family." He osJred !be Sixth Circuit to order the Alton",y General not to bar JW
reentry. The oourt obliged, givina w.<eraI =ns, illdudiflll (1) Demjanj uk'. f1eed 10 am'" his
DCW cowuel with the pendi"ll prosecutorial mi5<:onduet litigation; and (2) ~hasie humanitarian

consid""'tions embodied in our Constitution~ which required lhe court responsible fOf .ending
him 101", ..110 . n,ure thai he "is not injUfed or rendered pctrnlIDCnlIy homel. ...• u H. murned .

tn the UniTad StalU ""'ids! much l'anfarc, accompanied by Conll"'"'rnaD Traficanl." Shnrtly aft.. he mived, a thm:·jodge pllJ>eI from the Sixlh Circuil ruled on the proseculorial misconduct i..,ue. It skeptically accepted the Spt('ial Masu:.-', finding that no OSI

''0

allOmey ddibetalely withheld from Demjanjuk or ~ court infonnation he be lieved he Iud a

duty 10 disciooe, but nevenhel.... found

~

govemrnall'l conduct ~labJe.

The .nilUde of!he OSI B!toJneyI toward disclosing informotioo 10 Demjanjuk'.

COIIJISd wa:l1lO1 0:0111;_ with !be aovemment'l ob!ip!iOll IO work for jllSlice mber rhao for a resulilh. fovDnI iII.nomeys' p:reoon<:c:iv«! ideoll of'Aoilal \he O Icorne oflepl J'f'OCeodinp should be." U The Coun hdd thal1he I O\lUlllllW. lhouJd hove sivm lhe ddellH the Fedomlko

Protocol.. Ibe lis! ofTniblinka Ii\I&fIIs liom the Polilb gD\'cmmcnl and the Wonnation abouI the

court coocIlIded WI OS I bad pe!pOII"ated a fraud on the cowt, without ...ruch Demja:;juk would

Given the g<>\IeII1lIIeIIC' . conduct, !he Circuil rc:scinded the ex tradilion order. The 00Ul1

",ode DO dderminatioD a""'" lID)' of the oIber charlles . pins! Demjllnjul<, incll>dinj wbether be

had IeI"o'Cd 01Trawnilci. Sobibol' or any 0Iber camp.
The Circuil 0110 vMlly

broadened !be I OvemmOllt'S obliplion to JlIare e~CIlIpa1Ol)'

infonnatiott with the def""",,. A1tboup the aovemn>ent had lona: been ltlquiml to provide the
de fense wilh all poImrially ex<"lllJ*lOlY mlleri", in ",Iml"'" cases, that rule had """or been ex tended 10 civil ," """';... In Dt"ljanjuit., lIle
Si~lh

Cin:Ilit applied the rule 10 denaturalization

in <rimina! adivil)'. Vc mjanjuk, baving been d>arged u a "'"" murd....., ," within thai
carca"",." Th e Su~ Court denied lhe lIOVemmml 'l req_ t1uII ;1 revi... the _ .'"

Followina !he CiIWiI '1 ",l ina. Ibe JUllice Dcpartmeol wed !be diatriel courI to f'COpetl
the dC'MlUnlization cUI'- Giwn!he ~ exlraOrdinary p ublic 1CnItiny" allaCh!:d 10 the case, lbe

'"

I

e

r 1! lr l isrl i~~l l;'i';li8~ii ~li:~~ iI~q •.•.1i~'I! I· '\; ~! o. a ~ [ ~!'!"' ! . " " [ l o , •. c. I .. ,. ;: . '· l ! ill r tt tr r s r r r t I • "s I" I f ~ I I I ~ ; ! ~ ttl I " I . I " I , • ,td il~,.II~J~!, . ! ~ I l. · , i. uuI uu .ii""3~' l.~h~ 1 ! ! a t r rr e r .t ' I . • . , - • ' ." · U I . H..'i l l J .~ • -i. ! '. i J'- [ . '., .H l q ,. ,; . " .... " ~ ~
[.

[ .r.~ ] , " l I l l~ i I .a !l!. • • f l t ~ • i' J • !~. I . i I 'f [ t t i i a ! i ~ r .. r hi! [,<.i.' r r v r s
~
e,

.

:l

-<

~

~

~.

~

~

p'

a.

[

o

••

<T

"

S'

a 'a:

a

~.
S

11..

'9..

~t

I

,_.; .,.,~.'1 ![~., ""a. ~f "'ll ll .. ... e:~ It I; i -l di: (;. Ii. ~ .:1 S' e "
0

~.

~ . ~ e. i i· ri:~ii=
•

!. if

:f Ji"

O<

~.

'.9.

~~!rfrl
§,

~

•• •

~

.

,

'

• . !.i.

•

•

p

II

8

[

"

!

. §

!'
O"

Ii'

a

;<.

go

..

n

"'S"

!il~

~

~

I

;

•

-1

~ &. i
~

6

.

g

~.

! •

5° <:.

"!.
~

•

~

,! . • • ~ ~
e.

~ ~

i.
8

'i ~. 5.
!
!I

:lit • l;

S

if

-" a. II ...

if

j ~ ~. i c' i.!lq [15

. i. "

<.

'l5:

".

i " '

'" nlf!i'

~ "

J J. 8"

~ ~!1':~ . i"i1: S.
[

!l

90 "

I

;' ~

a. •

I.
i

! , I i
a
~

• •

or pl ace ofissuance. The ir similari ty to IkmjUliuk's card WI!! used to tstablish the authenticity o f lbe Demllnjuk do<:umen~ Rather m.n daiminll dlBl the dOC\lJ>leJlts ~Jll1in8 to him were forleries., INrnj~ uk ariUfd 1M1 they either referenced a cousin ofbis, wllo, ooincidendy, had the .."e Mme, or else
lI:w they mUlf

""\Ie been used by Sllmoonc in a c.."., nf idenlily theft . The ""un

~jected these

de femes md, once apin, stripped Demj"'1iuk nf his U.5. oiti=lshi p." The rulinll ..... Ufumcd

nn..,pellJ UId the SU praIlC Cowt denied review." OSI filed. deponrion actinn in December
2004. Sil< Illooths Iala", the court fDWId him depnnable undor the Hnlmnan Ammdn>cnl bc<;auae

his wartime servi<:e - at Tll-w. Majdanek, Fl<nscnl>!lra and Snbibor - involved uai _
pase<:U1ion

in

bucd on race, religion or lIlIIiD<lll1 nrism.

The 1I0vemmen! requcmd !hal Demj lllljuk be sent 10 llkrainc or, iflhal ""W1lry refused
to IICcqt bim, to Po land or Qcnna"y. [)"rnjanjuk SOUgbtlo """,,"pl a decision to ImIOYC him to

Ukn.inc by filing an applicariOll with til e imml grUion judgo for !diet" uJ>.ICf lbc ConYOtllion
Against TOJ1IIre (CAn He conlC1ldc<! Ihat if!ICJI11O lJkrainc, be would be litdy be prosecuted

1lI1Yl1l the Terrible and tomIred. To ""'WOn his claim, he llUbtninc4 ft'JlOftS issued by the State department UId Anulesly InternatiouaJ .....nill,(llhat torture .. I:O/MKIII in lJkrainian poisons.
The imIll;graUon """" ~jc<:led Ikrnjanjulr.'. argumenl and ordered him deponed 10 lJkraine in

December 200$," Thal ruli ng i. 00 appeal .. o f this 'Mitin&.

,."""
JI is hard 10 o _ l e the impl<1 lhc DemjarVuIr. Jitigation bas had on OSI. The case is
"ill ill liligalion .. of lhi. 'Milingnen though i, ..... filed
bc~

the o ffi<:e w.. founded II has

bad CI'IOnllOUS C<lnscqUCJ>Ces for many of~ pc rsnns ioyo l\ted, it resulted in a series of ethi<::I

'OJ

in_tigations, and il c!langed OSI's

~ing p rnudures

ia .. vuiely ofways.

fa) i'looolural
( I) Allhc t;~ Dentianj uk was tried, there w.. no one h i51orian ...igned "v..... 1,espolllibilily fur .. gi""" case; vari<>UlI histori.... WIlrked oa pic<:cs "fthe Iitigatioa. The dcb. de reinforced for OSl Ihe val... of the hol istic: "PJI"O'I':b to cues thai had bogun in tItc 80s." (2) A1th<>ugh pro!OCOl e\tal bofe", the garbqc raids call ed for Weddilli
Or

burning ....sili\le mal. rilI. II\OCh monl care w&5 placed en this ~.
(3) Before Darj<mjuk, OS I 8enmdJy I\Imed <WCf 10 the dcfCJl.OC only those

doeumcnll whi. h Iwl been reqU.... ed .. pan of the diSCO\'tOy proo.eo.. n The Il W in ci";! ......

lllld extrldilion ma~ (ailed fot' no m=. O SI \leian to provide potentially exClllpatory
"'l ima!, whether or DOIIh= had bceD l request, ia August 1992." ~ if oomethioa is
po!cnt;lIIly e l<Clllpotory i. !IOfIlet,mes diffi""h 10 detcnnioe, however. Therefore. thi. poli")' """"

nolwd inle one in whicll all materiallrgUllhly n lnanl ;S P"''';de<!.

The amount of material I.

5la£&erina.

In the

typical case in""l";"'; . T..........ruki--trained

def(nd.on\, OS I pro<Iu«s 11 CD rom5 witb

aenen( hiJlorical material, p illS hard «>pie! of

OOc:WJICJI1:S ",levan t UI the paniClll.. """". Thi3 ,ives lhe defense ~ 100,000 and I ~O.OOO
paJ05 of docum(nts.

The new policy b.. had wiotcoded Ct>lIJequenccs. The eoormous ",soun:c dnIin
I"""I\/Cd in asocmblina tbi. malm,l (by rl "Y"l$, histmlOllllnd plI'aI epll) CUll into the office's abilily to in\'C5liSI\O new """'"- It also prol""B" lit;gat;OfI. Tbc defenoe, understandably,
n~

l

.isnir",.,,1 amount of Ii"'" to 110 through the "'.terill. (In the s""and Danjanjuk trial. the court
at til'll sranled l )Uf, Due 10 i5SUCI tha t arose over the IDlteliIll, this

was extended IIOme months

".

beyond,) Given the age o f OS I defendanlJ, thi s is l mllle:f o f m",,1t moment.
(4) TIle rul ing ended reliance on viclim eyewitnesses for idenlificlItioo .

The Waf... prosecution had first laught W l le:s5Oll." Perhaps beca..... that case had 1I01 been

pmse<:ul'ed bJI O SI , the lesson wBS !IOI fully absorbed. Other cases presented willie " problena,
but until Demjan.Juk, none had caused O s] to lose in coun." Swvivors are
COltOborate documenrary

now used 10

evidence, to m!lke vivid the conditions in the camp:!!, and to serve as .

OOUIIler-igbt to the grnodfiltherty figure in the defendant's seat. They are asked U) emablisb identity only in the rare case where the identifier knoW! the defendant limn I=-WlII" days (• .g; ,

the lO\VIl policeman who Ilter lOUIlded lip Jews).
(5) There has never been another extradition of no OSl defendnot from the

United S1aIeS." 'Whether there would have been, ~ without De",jal'ljJJ<, is WlClear. lmIel had
. ugested to DAA,O Richard that Demjanj uk would be the fUSl and others migbt follow. """"vel , there has nol been ano!her Os] defendllOl since with the degree of culpability thallVlIll
the Terrible possessed TIle typical OSI defendant is a comp guard or member o f 110 mIlliIiary

police unit. Israel has never been iI1lerested in exUBdilion of per.lOlls !II IIuIt leveJ of respoll$ibility.

(b) Ethical lny1:sdg.lions
TIle local Bar .eviewed the conduetofbolb Allan Ryan and NormanMoscowiu. Ryno

had been D ire<1OJ o f OS I; Moskowitz was lUl'OOOmcy assigned to \be case. Each WBS cleued of
any wrongdoing. TIlere Demjanjuk lit igation. (I ) In 1987, a t OSl's req uest, the Office of Profeuiooal Responsibility

were also five imernal DOl investigations of millters emanltting from \be

'"

(OPR) opened an in\'eStigation into how the def"""" mel media came iOl0 possession orOSI

malerial. OSI'. IUspicio llll ......., lint arollXd when a Chi<:a&o m.prine ran. stol)' on the """"
c""woins sorne clauified mel ~ti ve doc:umeors. 10 ~tion, FOIA mjl>e$lll by 1bc defeme

",fc:mIcod intemal OSI doc:umen1lI whic:b had lIOI been provided 10 defense «IUIISe1.
OPRdetermined thal betwcm JIIM 19 85 and May 1987, two members of tho lMvim emilft community an-an&ed for OSl'. b'ash on the street to be delivered to them each ........ day.
They tben sorted through il lnd di=tcd ilto

penons oppo&ed 10 051, u.:ludil\l people beinll

invaIigllCd and prosecuted and their anolM)'l. The Dcpanment concluded !hal this

was.

' 'wholly kllal '1laSh <:o\'er'M and !hal OSl pe1'SOI\MJ had '"Mgligently di3c:arded'" sensitive aDd

classified docummu. Mmrial mrievul from the lIarbage impacted llOt only the (HmjtmJltk

Apart from information reIrievo:I frora the InWI, there ....... apparCIIlly an entirely sepan.le source or infonnalion W>e:o""rcd by OPR. A fontl... 051 emplO)'ft admitted Ibat he bad identified 10 personII outside OSI the names o ffive subject! under investigation: he a1ao adm iniog releasing ..,m. dooumenlf from OSIIil... OPR WlIIl1nIIblo 10 corrobonue lbil

f"""'" 051 employee, working for another 8O\ICrMleJl11geDC)' by the lime of tho OPR

investiprion, 1eflgovemmellt """"ice rath ... lhan have the government adminiotndively pun""
Ihe mall....
(2 ) An inv..tiplion into alleged mioconduct by OS I was tmdertaken.ll

the request of individual. auoci. ted with the defense ...un. "They c laimed thai OSl lnorncyo and

'"

u .s . ."d 1 "",li proc=lings. In odditiWl, they alleged that. OSI Mel concealed the .

IW1IelI

of

guads UId .urvivors """" might hl.ve eJleulJllllOry evidence UId COI"IOOmd noles and reports of iorerviews. In July 1991 . OPR eoncluded lhal the I llegalions were unsubs1anti lled.
(3) Re.cli ng 10 media rcpor15 sUgges!ing miscor>duc1 by !he govemment,

AAG Robert Mueller ouked OPR 10 invellligale whether OSI improperly failed to produce the

fcdorenko protoeols to lbedefense. Based largely 011 !he Spe<:ia1 Master'l report, as weD as

some additional inquiry oJ ilS own, OPR <;<I11C1uded in \be summer of 1993 (befon: \be 5ix1l>
Cireuit issued its Nling), tMt !here had been no poosecutoriaI mise<mdlll:t. (4) Chief Judge Merrill of the Sixth Circull .... ed the government 10 invarigate tbrmer OSI Dim:t.... Ryan. Thi. request

was baed WI infonnation wItich elImIl to

light after iiiC Sixth Circuit Nling. While the Supreme Coun. was considerine !he government'. request that. it review the

Sixth Circuit's oo:Ier, a member of1he Solicitor GeaenJ '1 office recalled haviDg a coavenlltioD with Ry." lhartly after Ry." joiDed OSI. According to em. oolleaaue, Ryan had menlioned a
case in which the government knew lb. a defendanl had been a Nazi guard bul might ho""

conflicting evidenoe II> to ......... be had been .tationed. The colleap =ailed RyaD saying tMt
"" did _ believe "" had an obligatiolllO bri"i lhi. «>nfIict to !he attentioI1 of tbe der-

beeau>e the S~e Com N.ling requiring diJClosure ofpotemially eJlculpalOly infom>ation in
criminal proceedings would not "llPly to this civil proceeding. This recollection differed martedly from Ryan's lestirnony before lhe Spe<:ial Master (!hal be applied a full diJClosure doctrine in OSI easa) The govemmenr adviocd defCNC COUllseJ of the diJCrepancy. lellin, him

abo thai Ryan denied ever Slying or implying thal he would withhold suclI mnleria! information..

'"

At !he l'C<luelit ofdefense coun'el, the government olso noti fied the Supreme Court of the ne w

information." i t W8lI the govcmment ' s position that whalCver, if anything, hod ilBnspired in
conw:rsution bc1wecn th_ two colleagues, had

no bearing on the ~\ln'ClIt llla1lls of the C8SC -

which ~oncemcd only the standard to be applied in detemtining frall<! on !he ~Ourl . JIld&e Merrill, who had been a member of the panel which i.uued !be Circlli t rulillll ,
dtoogh not the a~1hor ofiM opinion, wrote to Ihc A lI<>mejI General about this 1&_ dev elopment. He , uggested lhit the ollegatio ns, if true, indicated that Ryan "u
~OI' of the

Office of Sped al lnw:st illalions" inlentinnally committed outrageous prnsecUloria! misamdud.

M =, he 1Jlge<l 1hc Department to con.i<!tt whether Ryan bad commi11ed peljury in his
lestimony before the Special Maoter. Judge Merrin went on to say that il appeared that outSide
pIClSUfC on

the DepartmClll from "Jewi sh special intcresl gro up." had "o hviOlll!y influon<:ed

RylU1 and the OSI.'''' The judge'. allegetion. were referred to OPR (thougb R)'lIII was no looger

with the Dcpllrlmcllt ofJu.o;lice.) OPR found no merUlO the charges.
(') OPR considered \he <Iinrin COW1'. finding of ftaud on the court baocd on OSI' s noI lwning over the inlen-je w "'pori from a T",wniki derl:;. Aftct pn:limLnarily detennininll tMt the coun's conelos"", '''''''' not .upported by the facts, OPR declined to do any further investigation. OPR noted that the attorneys who had handled the ca..- ~ J!O Iongt:r with the Dcpartrnellt. (Whi le lhi. was also tnle of Ryan, lhe allegations "ilinsl him ~ ill a well p ublicized publish ed ordct, prompt;nlllhe Department In r=pond. Thi s al legation ""'" unpubli.bed end had m:eivcd no publiciI)'; the Department therefore kit no need 10 pursue the macer.)

( c) [nt8llll jble

'"

11 was the .econd I""" for OSI in !he Sixth Cln:wl" This increased the DepartJnI!JI1's hesi\llllCJllO s=k review from 1ho1 Circuit in cases where 1he district cowl ruled apinsl OS!."
Much m<.>re importantly, however, il ca:;l a pall on 1he office. 11 w.. a loss with in1ernalional repercussions. Based panly on evidence w;available to OSl, the bra.lis bad concluded he was
not Ivan \he Terrible. ThaI ruling

received WOlldwide publicity. Thallhe Israelis also concluded

he hBd served III Trawniki, Sobioorand FlossenbGrg did not get as mIlCh attentloll. The impressiou theRfore remained 1hat OSI bad erred badly. The subsequent Sixth Circuit ruling,

flJ'lding \hat \he "ffice had commilled. fmJd on 1he <:curt, reinf~ \hal menage. And
although Drmjanjuk was again denaturalized and ordered deponed, this did no1 receiw IlIc same

media attention as bad the earlier rulings. A!J . ",sull, many members of the public stin know of OSI only as the mi:sud<m pmsccutor of Ivan the Terrible."

",

I . &ural m"tIlbs ]u t!', t he "';ilOl' published the a11egalions. "At Diffmllt Poles." by Miehael HJnusiok, lkw, from Ukroilltl, Mar. 26, 1976.

2.

~ Puni.Uunent

Will C<>me," by O. MdViyehuk, N...., from /Jb-ailltl, Scpl 1977.

3. Oe. 25, 1978 mernOlllndwD from Mondelsuhn 10 INS Genenl Counsel Crosland.
4, lk",janjd v. PelMv, ky. Report <>fthc Speeial Master, JW>e: 29, 1993. Unless lllhrlrw:i"" indiell<ld, the ehronol<>gy <>f event& in this clIapter oomes from the Spee ial Master's WlpUblished """,.

5. The SuvielS provided . translation of the mtement whim saidthal Dttnjanjuk had beeumc: the driver of I JI'I chamber Viti. H" wever, whe:Q OSI """;ewcd the Grigin&l docwnenl, !hey reali zed thal the translatioll...,., i-.ntc.
6. The memo i' ~nted in ~Wlj<llljdv. Perrov,ky, 10 F.3d 338,369-71 (6·Cir. 1m ).

7. Wbetber the amendment WlIlI \lie m wt <>f1he melllOT'llldunl it WIele.. Nei1ll« thc Direetor nor hil Deputy reeaIIed seei na the' memGtandllDl and DO WIlY WII fOWld ill OSI' I f~es. Shanly ofter !be ~~ WlI:I wrilleD, "".............' then: had becD I meelin$ 10 d iXllll the _ .

8. 1M npest w uid not mabli'" with eertainl)' thall/u: ,~ on \he eard WI! tbsI of the defendant, allho\lih be testified tim tb= . . - . tt""i indiwiOll!l thallhi, WIllI tho: ease. He nuted thal lbe 5p111:iDlio beight ratiUI and bueline habit! IIIatI:bed wilb • eumDl exemplar &om tbe defmdant. Ho_ _ , sin« approximately 35 yean had passed sin« . po<>rly eduo:aled potSUIl had sianed his Il&IIIO usina • di fferen l alphabet thaD be was DOW t<:eu5tOtDed 10 UMa, • pG5ili..., identifiealion wu diflkult 10es\abl;5h.
. Ho_ _ , thc 8"'.="'10111" evi<lmce CltU>liIbed tballlllUlY Soviet POW. ~ 00 the Eastomliom were .omit" Trlwnilti to be- lnIined for JUanl serviee itt Nazi ClIterminalioo and euncen\nlion """'pl.
10. rH""onjllk, 511 F. Supp. 1362 (N.D. Ohio (98 1). Qff'd".,. ......karol, 680 F.2d 32 (6" Cir.), eel'/. deniu, 459 U.S. 1036 (1982).

9. The govenuneDl l<kDuwledged lhtl Dcmjllljuk had beaI . Gennta pri_

u.s. •.

I I. MOlle,. o DlWljolfj" t. ,0,08 237 417 (Imm. n , Cle.... lar>d. Ohio 1984), '!D'd, l~ ,.., f o-}onjllk, (alA 1985), o!rdpu ...... 767 F.2d 922 (6· Cir.) {unpub'd), u TI. dented, 474 U.S. 1034 (I9a5).

I<J"'.

12. In,he Mmre' Qjtlte ExIrQ dilion
I).

ifJohn Dcmjanj~l, 612 F. Supp. 5401 (N.D. Ohio 198$).

The issue " f o btain;nll evidenee from the Sov;" Union]lJesented problems fur Israel sina: the two c:ountri... did n<>1 have d;plumatio relUiulll. O SI had alseady n:nrrned Trlwnilti eard, ... e=ntiallQ the ~, to tbe U.s,S.R, The fact thaI evidence had already been c:ml.ited by United Slates <:ourt. "'... nul sufficiml lU establish its authentioity and emlibility IllIder Israe li

ee

n,

crimiM11aw. Nov. 18, 1986 memo 10 DAAO Richard from Sher re ~LiJlllaS - Summoryand Evidence ofWarti"", Activities." The problem was oolved by using Annand Hammer, a Jewish bus inessman and philanlhropisl in ihc U.S., II aD intennediary. Hamm.r blod worked with the SoviO!ll si nce the Russian revolulion and he &mlfIged for th.m to loan the Tl1Iwniki eard 10 Israel.
14. S•• disc..... ion lit pp. 165-166 011 O PR's ifl.... stlga tiOfl oflbe matter.

15. Demjonjuk v. Siote of ImNl (Crim. App. 347/88, 1993), pp. 298-302. The investigator and histori an affidavits were 1101 the ODIy "".. pn:paml for the Isndi. trial about whiclllhe lief"".. raioed doubts based on contllldiclO.y infonnalioa round. in lbe garl>ese. Another OSI invest igator prepaml an affidavit sayina he had pmemed a pbotOspread sev"" y. .... earlier to a Trcblinka survivor. Discarded draftlI of the affidavit suggested 1hat lbe imratigator may lIOI have been the penon displaying lhe photos. Testimony 1IIlIl the witness co uld not speak English cast further doubt on whether ihc OSI in....nigator could have conducted
the inlerview. Id. at 284, 292. 1"heR wen: probl""'" with the dol'ense c.... as well. The oourt "'8guled that someone (apparently, though not provably, with the de fense lcam) had trick"", OlIo Hom inlO signin g a new affidavit conll1ldicting SOIM of his ....Iier OIalements. Id. at 298, 30S..(l6. The <:oIlIl also questioned whether the defense had tried 10 infl uence the testimony of a Treblinb survivor. [d.

0 306;43:0.- --

- - -- ·- ·· . - -- .--'-':c--- - --- . - , - - -

16. ~LawyerClaims New Evidencc Found in Demj ."juk C....," by AIl)'d Fisber, AP, Sept. S, 1989.

17. Slot. of IST.,.I v. Dtmjonjllk, Crim. Case 313/86 (D. Ct. Jerusalem 1988).
18, Demj."juk had a1"" spent the two years ~ingtri al in l.... li custody. His appeal was pos!pOnod sever:allimes. The I1rsl po$lpOnem.nt dnmalize<l bow emotiorl/llly charged !he case was forall concerned. A wee\; before the appellate argwnent, oneofDcmj anjuk's co unsel eommined suicide. At his funmJ, a 1(1..year old Holocaust survivor threw acid in thet'acc of another DcmjWlj uk anomey. The lI<i<! thrower was sentenced 10 thtcc years' custody. 19. Th. defense had other evidence lIS well. Thi. included SIlIIcmenlS from a Polish Canner and hi. wife who claimed !hat the Treblinka gas chamber operatorcaroused in their town; they knew him 15 Ivan MarcbenkD. Their SIlK)' was featured on the CBS Newsmagazine 60 Mi"" ifs, Feb. 2S, 199O.
20 . S• • •. g., ~How Tetrible i. lvan?" by F. Dannen, Vanity Fair, Ju ne 1992; "U.S,·lsraeI Plot Char ged in 'Ivan' Holocaust Case," by Daniel Williams, TM LM Angol.., 1imcs, Dec. 24, 1991; nDemj anjuk'. LaW)V Ci1C.O U.S., 15I'llet,~ by Jackson Diehl, ~ Wos/ringlOn POSI, Dec. 24, 1991; ~lsracl lO Review Demj anjuk Verdict,~ by Ethan Bmnner, The Boslon Glo,,", Dec, 20. WarCrlmes Trial Awaib New ~"by Clyde Haberman, Th. N.w yor.t 11""$, Dec. 18, 1991 ; M 1991; ~lvan the Tetribl.: ... Case of MiJtaken ldemity," A&E televi ' ion, Apr. 1, 1991.

21. " WIJ: Crime> Trial Awaits New Data,

fi

s~pra, It.

20.

22. The knetS were doted ]an. 7, 1m and May 4, 1992 and were released to the press by !he cowt . "JuslK:e Dept. Probing U.S. Nazi Hunl......" by Ronald Ostrow, The Los Angelu T/".u, Jww 12, 1992. AAQ Mueller received .:ontlictina advice on how to respond 10 the letters from his two dcpu1;es, Robert Bucblam and Mark Richard. DAAG Bucknam urged Ihat \be go~nunent confe.. error becaUlie so many mistakes had been mode. DAAG Richanl ...gued that the government should pe.. evere since thes-e w""' no doubt thot Demjanjuk had served at other

aooz.

o:amP3, iocluding Sobibor, "" en if not . 1Treblinka. Discussion with DAAG Rkhard, Sept. 30,

23. In addition to the denalurlll izatiOll, dep<lfWion and extradition litigation, there had be... tw<I posl-den.o.lurlllization ""tions all. " fraud on the court besed nn ee wi lhholdina ofevldence. TM distriCl .:oWl had found neither of!he claims COJIvin<:ing. ' 18 F. Sui'll. at 1384 et $,q, There was also • series ofF.-Jom oflnfOl1JUJtiOll Act (FOIA) requests from Demjal\iuk's family and defense team., and at least two FOIA reqk>Csts from Rep. Jam.. Traticant (D. Ohio). The fam~y ,otteeded in getUng the Oanilcllenko proto<;o!s; Rep. Trallcanl's request yielded, among other things, the Fedorenko protoeoIs. 24. De flljrmjuh ._Su JR of/.,,0£1. Crim.App. 347/88 (Sup.-CL 1993)..

2'. U1<nrln. iuued avisa and l'CJl"Mdly indicated M would be granted I15)'lum. 'V .8 . or
tJkrain.? DelTlianjolr Family Knoc ks on 2 Doors, by Miebel. Lesi.. The Cln>i!/ond Plo lN [Hofer, Joly 31, 1993.
fi

27. Traficant was not Demjanjuk's elCC1Cd represcntati~. NevcnJu:less, he tool< a sJIClCiai interest In LIte case. For additional discussion of Congressman Traficant and 081, 3"" pp. 336, 340,n. 19,543.

-

26. Thdustice Departmertt sought, unsuccessfully, In have the Circuit reconsider this WlpUblished ruling. Not only did the Criminal DIvision believe that r=ttry violated the Holtzman Amendment, but the Depanmcm'a om"" for Inlemationa1 Atrain WIllI concerned thaI \he ruling might lead to other exttadi1ed defendants re!llming if lhey were acquined after IriaI

28. lHmjonj~1; v. l'etrovsk)i, 10 F.3d 338 (6· Cit. 1993). The Ci",uil particularly cllastiscd fonner OSI Deputy 0Ite<:1<>r, and lhen Director, Allan Ryan, at one point taking some oHis teslimony "with • grain of salt," at another point referrin8 10 llis ....rofessed·· polity of tum;ng over nculplltOl)' infonnalion, Indeed, the court went '0 far .. to suggest that Ryon had be... coopred by Jewish interestS because the ADL had sponsomJ a l""lUre trip by him to Israel. (In fact, Ryan had left llovemment service three yean before the trip, Although Ryan and the ADL later requested that 1MCOWl remove this scurrilous o<:cusation, it declined to do so.) The court was equally "" el"icaI !bat trial anomey Nonnan Moscowitz had DOl read the contemJlOtane008 o<:e.,,>ots orthe Hom photo identification, which would have alerted him to LIte f""t that Hom' s

In

triaitesHmony eonfIieted with those .... pom.

29, In making that ",ling, the Circuit DOted that former OSI Di=tor Ryan testified bef_ the Spceial Mascer that OSI policy was lQ tum over exclllpatOlY infonnation C"ClI jf it was not req\lCSled in discovery. II) FJd at 349. Ryan aclwowledged lQ the Special MIISIer, boweveJ, that he was not cmain if, when or how be communicated that policy to the office. All other oflioc members ..no appeared bero", tile Special MlI5Ier denied knowi"1l of any . uch policy. Special Maslcr Report, p. 180. m 1980, just four months 4fle.- RyIUl joined the office, Ba OSJ anomey J«ODlmeuded turningove.- an ..-guab1y exculpatory docwnem in Ihe Tl-ifo case. The anomcy norcd thai the ollke had a1rady concluded that it did not have lQ tum the document over pursll8lU to I reqllC$l for exculpatooy material; he WIllI urg.ing re<:(lrlSideTation of that de<:ision. TlWi l uggcllll that excolpatory material _ not routinely I\lmCd over at that time or at least Ihat the defmilion of exculpatory _ not expansive. Apr. 2S, 1980 memo from Eugene Thirof to Director Ryan and Deputy Din:cton Neal Shcr and Art!Iur Sinai R: "Oct. 9, 1979 report entitled ' Vi.,..,1Trit's, aIkIl Bishop Trifa, Valerian, Foreign COWlter.lnteJligcno:e _ R.omani.I.'~ OSI Director Rosenbaum lends credcnc:ot to that view. He dc..nbcs the corlyOSl Cr.lII3 one in which the office "knded to construe reqllCSU yay ruumwly.~ "Nui Hunter Battin Time to Ferret Out Hiller'. Foot
Soldier$,~ by Stephen Ko ff, N~house N_., No v. I l , 2002. 30. One of the R:1SOnI the Solicitor GmeraI de<:ided w seck Supreme Court review was to

vindicate the OSllttorney. who M felt had been ''unfairly harmlNl.~ M-r 20,1\l\l4 Memorandum w the Attorney General from the Solicitor GcnctaJ R: ~p.,mjanjul; v. PeuovsJ<y. 10 F.ld 338 (6"' en, 1 99J).~
l l . Government's Brief in Support of MotiotlW Reopen Judgment.

32. Dl:mjanjuk filed . $S milliotl countcrl:laim, alleging that he had been a victim ofw""", for which the U.S. WlIII responsible. '" suppon of thi. claim he ClIntended. .....ong nther things, that the government had falsely claimed he was • mass mllldcn:r, n>OI:ked IU. tcfltsll to confess, snd caused him to be aied abroad in . ~cilW.O atmoopbcre~ where he IwJ been pllKlCd in soUtar)'
confmemcnt and sentenced to death. The! district court dismi.scd the CO\lllterclaim 011 juriodictional grolllld•.
33. us v. Dtm onjuk, 2002 WL S44622 (N.D. Ohio 2002) and us. v. Dtmj""iuk. 2002 WL i 544623 (ND. Ohio 20(2)(supplemCJllll oplnjon). 34. U.S v. Dtmjollju!<, l 67 FJ d 62l (6"Cir.),cm, denied, 12S S.C!. 429 (2004) .
3S. Matter ofDtmjaniu*. A08 237 417 (Imm. Ct., Cle\IClsnd, Ohio 200S).

36. S•• pp. 22·23.

37. See n, 29 ''!P''0 re Rylln" te.timony to \he conlraly.

173

l B. AUK. ], 1992 m<morandum fro m OSI DirecIorNeaI Sherto OS I 81u >mcys,

39. Su PI'- 89--9 1.

40. In M<>ikovsk!s, the: 1stU'li witnes_ had the defendant ill variO\lS places at the same time. The district court so hostile 10 thi. pon ion oflhe """" lhal the government dropped !lCvenl! count.und foc:lI!ICd ollly on l/>o!JC fon vllicll il tr.ad document.aly proof- In Trija, victi msheld the defeneknlacrourll.able fer numerous bealin£'l and killin£'lin Romani• . OS I ulri'Rluely punued it .. . propaganda cue which was no! bMed 011 tItis lCStimony. 41. Larvie. 1>acI just hegun the pro<:e!" of """"in8 Cll!noditiOll of Konrad Kalej' iD 2001 when Kalej. died. Aithouill Kalej. had beea ... OS I defendant, the uuaditioa would ha"" been from AIISIfl1ia, the ooun!JY 10 which OS I had tr.im deponed. Su pp. 466-475.

w .

Dt M anju!, No . 93. 1175, Suppl emental Brie/fur the Pe\ilio:lm, Oct. Tmn, 1994. j ~~ als<>, "Dcmjanjuk Cue hau New Twist, ~ by Joan B~ic, TNt W",hl>1glan POJI, Sept. 27,
42.

Rl"", ~,

''''.

43. Oct. 20, 1994 lmer to All<>rne)' GeneraJ Reno '" "Conduct ef All"" A. RylUl in coWJeetion with the variOU! cases brought by hillllO delllllUndize, deport and ox1ndi~ JoIIIl Demjlllljul:. ~

44. The other was
45. Su

u.s. ~. Pfl/ri~ c/r, 945 F.2d 871 (~ Cir. 1981), diSCll!SCd " pp. 134-140. di!lCUMiOfl of u.s. ". Llndert, 907 F. Supp. 11]4 (N.D. Ohio 1995) II pp. 64_70.
n..

.f6. A.! n<>tccI on pp_543.544, Patrick Buchanan - . arguably the mollt inllucntial of OS1'. criliCll , H. wrote more pice.. aboUl the Dcmjaljuk p.-.:-r:urion than any otbc>" OSI _ , ~~ ~,8. , "Nazi hunlirlf: - with guidance from the KGB,~ Washingmn Ti"IU, Dec. I, 19 83 ; "Rcspon!lC to an OSI Nazi Hunter,~ TIre Washing/on Ti",u, Feb. 22, 19&-4; "Nazi But<:her or MisW;.cn Identity?" Washing/on Past. Sept. 28, 1986; · Acquir Dcmjanjuk: The CUe: i. Weak," TIro Nrw y."./r Ti", es, Mar. J I, 198 7; · Dcadly, Dubiousl.D. Cud,W Washingron TiMe. , Mar. 19, 1990.

n..

,,.

Jobn D B nyer _ AD ADlerien Peneeulor Several f""lon disHnguisb the prosecution of Johann Breyer from other OSI eases: (I) il raised unu.u.o.I eqUlli prol«lion and g"""er diocrimination issues; (2) il iovolved expatrial;on (ren uncialion of cil iunship) as well .. de",.turalizalion; and (3) Ihe defendant .oed the media over iu coverage of the case. The conv<rgenc:<: of !hose facton ..... do fOf wguably the mo$l

arcane and convolUlCd litigation in OSI'. biSlOty.
Breyer'. mother

was born in the United StaleS, emigrated 10 Czechoslovakia as a

teenager, and married a Czech national . Sbe never retumed to the U.$ . Both beT cbildJal were bom in Czechoslovakia.

Under the la w at the time of B~er'. birth, foreign-bom offspring olU.S. citizen fathers
were U.S. citizens at birth; fo~gn·bcrn offspring of U.S. citizen mothers were not.' The Jaw

was am ended in 1934 10 be gender neutral: any child born .broad to • U.S. cit izen father OT
nwther obtained US. citizeJUlhip .. t,;rth.' The amendment was not retr<>acHve, however. It
tlu""fon: d id not confer citizens!lip on Breyer, who had hoeo born in 1925.

In 1939, the ...... in which Breyer lived became the separale _e of Slovakia. The
country allied wilh N azi Gennanydwing the war. AI age 17, Breyet joined the 55 and_
as.igned to the Totenkopf (Death's Head) banalion, an OrganizatiOIi wbo.., membel$ serve<! as guards at Nazi concenlrlltion ."d death camps. Breyer $Cn'ed at BucheDwald and then Auschwitt.' Although he knew that prisoners al. th..e camps were killed, lortlJJ'<ld and used fo r wuesome exper;menl!, he denied any personal role in lhe brutality. He acknowledged only that he had served os an armed guard and escorted prisone", 10 and from their work sil...• Breyer emigraled 10 the United State, in 1952, ClItering under Ihe DPA. His application

fum> $tated that Ite h&d been with the German",il iury, but made nn ",""lioll orhi. membcrsblp
in the SS or hi$ sorvice ... a cwnp guard. In 1957, Breyer became a lIIIl\Iraliz.ed U.S. citizen. OSlieamed of Brey... through routine CIISe resoarclI and devclopmOlll; Ite was listed on a
doewnelll ... ilII Auscbwitz guard and a CJOS!H:1teck witb INS ~ tbat1u: bad emignned to

the UnitedState'S. In 1992, the governmoul filed a denstur'alization aetlon. Tho cODIplailll alleged that Breyerbad boon ineligible 10 enl... ""der the DPA bocause "" had "".isted ill
penocuticn and, .. a member olllle Doath'. Head ba!1alion, boon part of a rnovemmt hostile 10
tho U.S.'

Breyer did not contost the.. points. Instead, Ite chll110nged tho government'. right 1<> denaturalize him, assorting thai in , otro spoc1 he should"" deemed 10 have on1C1'Od the COW1tty lawfully as a U.S. citizen since his roothor had bun born in tho United Stales. He arauod thai the
statute granting dotivative cilizenship only patrilinoaJ.ly was IIDC<Im1iMional boI:ause it denied to

women a right granted 10 mon (I.t., the right 10 pass U.S. citiunship 10 one'. child).

If

!he statule

had bHn applied in a gend...·""utraI manner, Breyer would have been a U.S, citizen at birth and
fuoe 10 entot tho country at all)' time:. His eligibility 10 enlel undertho DPA was thcn:fon::

imlevlUl1. So too was tho validity oflus 1951 naturalization since: be was already • U.S. citiun.
"There i. an admini'lrative pr<:o<edure lOr ..labli. hing derivative citizenship. One must

fi lt an appliealion with INS for a certificate of citizenship and, i(;\ i. dcnitd, file suit in district
court. Before the COul'1 ruled in hi. denaturalization casc, Breyer begllll this administm\ivc qucst

for citizensbip. All. result, the ..... for )'Cars preceded on parallel UllCks: OSI' .la.wsuilll (denaluralization and deportation) OJ) one \r3Ck, and Breyer's effort 10 g<:l a dc<:1'llUiOll of d li_ ship on the other.

".

In the d enatutaJization lawsuit, the d jsmet court folUld merit in IxIth osrs argum(1l1S and
Brqer' s defense. The court agreed that BlC'yeJ" had been ineligible to en ter under the DPA and therefolC' that the dlizenship he obtained in 1957 was inval id. However, it sis<> ru led tha t the sta tute denying BlC'yer citizensllip at hinh was unc<JnstilutK",a1. The oourt concluded that if bis mother had indeed been born ;" the United States - I conten tion whicb OSI dispu ted - then Breyer's oitiunship , lIQuld have been CCIJ1(erred at binh. The co urt ordereel I hearing to molve th e issue of Klllrina Breyer' s birthplace.' There was
nQ

contem)lOlllneQus

~o<d

of the birth. After ",viewing wnflicting

Sl.'Wndaly evidence, the ooun CotIcluded thai Breyer'. mother had been. born in Pennsylvania. Tha t did not resolve the questioo of &eyer' s citi2enship, 1>0_ _ • Hi. mother'. citiW>$lUp could ollly Jl4SS to Brqer if his mother was a u.s.citizen w hen Breyer was born. Had She,

perlIaps, done In)'Ihing to RIlounce her citizenship? And even ifno t, had Breyer dll1le anything
to e~patrillto himselfbefore he ~o to tho United States? (U.S. law Iislll. series of ac\ll wltich, if done volwnarily with tho spec ific iJlleul of relinqui.hing citizenship, wiU have the de siM

offcCl.)
R. ther than resolving the, e queslions, the court opted to defer to the INS, which still had

hef"", it Brqer' . n:que:<t for a certificate of citize""hip. The district court therefore abstained

from deciding \he ultill1llte issue - whether Breyer was a U.S. citizen by binh - until the
adminl'trative ~ss was compl ete.' Breyer appeaJed tho district conn rulings. The Third Cireuit affi rmed the de naturalization but a100 held that the dime! conn ' hould nUl have con.iderod the deri vative d lizenship claim at al l. A. the Circuit Slw it, deriva tive d tizen,h;p had nothing to do with the denatutaJization

'"

liliil'lion. Tho denaMa!i....tion conoemed only tbe val idity of tlte dtizen,hip granted 10 B~ in 19' 7. The sole way for Breyer 10 es1IIblish derivative citizenship, lIC<:ording 10 the appell31e

COUl\, was lhrough the INS (where hioappliClll ion for a emilkale of citizenship was still
pending) . If tlte INS granled hi, application, hill 1951 certificale of naturolizatioa would be e x _... and !he co urt' , revcceticn cf'It wowd have 1>0 effect 00 Jili; , landing I'll a U.S. citizen.

If!he INS denied his requeil for a ccnifiale, Breyer could ask the d istrict court 10 consider the
malter of derivative citizenship.'

Three weeks before litis ruling (but not referred 10 in it), Congress again amended the
dcriv ati"" citizenship law by maki ng il. e.di.,. gender-ne"lJa/ prov ision retroIIctive! Under tIte amendment, anyone born 'w....".. 10a U.S. citizen mother acquired U.S. citizenship at birth, even if the child was bom before 1934. Al ue b<hc$I ofthc Departmenl ofJus1ice, however, Congress placed a ,maul.. exception into the "'lute,'" The eXceplion denied retI'Oac1ive application of the law 10anyone who wo"l d nol have been eligible 10enter the: United States llDder Iho DPA or tIte RRA."
Tho """'ndmeor was designed, in pan, 10 avoid jeopardizing

pending Nezi ""patriat;"n ease,."

Since !he districl court had already delcrrnincd thal Breyer

""ould not hove been admi lled under lhe DPA (be..... e he had assisted in pcr>JCCution and been a mem\>cr of. "movement bostile; be came sq",,",ly widtin lhe ""emption. As such, be still did not qll8Jity for derivative ciliUl1Ship_ The INS cited lhc! new SIIIMe in final ly denying Breyer' . request for • certificate of citi,..,,,,,hip. " Shortly lhereafter, OSI f~ed its dcponation case. Be(ore the deportatw n wu resolved, Breyer appealed Ihe INS rulinS. A' procedwally rcq~ he d id SO by filing alawsuil in disrncl co llrl. «<king a determ inalion that he wM entitled 10 cilizmship.

Thill new case was handled by the Juslice Department'. Oftke uflmmill""ion Lilijalillfl
(OIL) rather than by OSI since it was nul dim :tly p.arl ufOSl's denalUJaHuliM ur depunatiUII cases . However, OIL col\Sulted OSI lhroughout.

Breyer', , uil challen,ed lhe fe_ livity anTcndntc1l1en several iJ'O'U'lds. Hi, key
eonlenlion WlII thal it pn:~ """,e gender dio<:rimi",uiolI and lbercfon: violi led the equal protection clouse of the ConstiMion." Gender discriminaliun remained bccllux • ifOUP of people (lhose inadnlissible W>dcr!he DPA or RJlA) were denied derivative cilizellship only if lhc citizenship came from lheir molhe...; !he lilIJne WIll DOt tnIC iftbc citizenship passed through tMir

r. then. Bfe)W oIso 0l'QUed lIlu lhe new law was • bill of ~ - 1 C/l:illlllioll wrillen 10
puni sll hi m aIone _ and 1h&1 it ...... """",,",i M iono! on 1h&1 sround as _II, Moreover, be

maintoined "'"' it Jlo,d beea improper for OOJ 10 lobby for passage of lbe legisJIlioll. And
finally, B~ . ccused !he Allomey Ga>erol, the DepanmtJIl of Justice, and various unnomcd official, within the Department of conspirin$ to have INS del.,. ICIing on hi, odrniniscmi,..
tcqUe$l

for . ccrtifico«o of eitiZC1lShip WIIil the new IWUle _ with ill C1WIIption wgflina: him -

had passed."
The COW1
rcj ~

. 1 hi, usum"""'. While il ocmawlcdged 1h&1 !he stoMe re1I.intd 1
il concll>lkd !hat retnedial lcgi, llllion need "'" "strike U all evils 811he

IOJIIC di'Jl8l'lle 1JC8uncn~

same time Or in the l3IIIe woy,~" And , iDee the prohibilion nn bill, of .ttainder applies o;nIy 10 10...., thal target ind ivid...... .
fnr ~p unishmmt,~

lIle . nun fnw>d no ennslitlltinnol impedimc...

C... law has lroditinnolly hcld thai neilbcr the los. of naturollud citizenship nor dep:lrtotion constilllleS pWlishmenl." The caun also fOlllld nothing improper
lobbying for

",m the Ocpal'tmel1l'S I'OIe in

the Ieli,lotion ,

'10

I find no provision of la'" thai Pn:veJIts DOl or its employees from advancing the aaenda oflhe ex~oulive l»anc:h by seelti"i achange in proposed lelislation, eveo if they inlend suc:h . clange 10 advet!Cly affect peopl~ aIread)' ~ngag«l in litigalion or the admini$traliv<: precess, Even if suc:h conduet would be eSU'lliously abusive if il were directed 10ward a citizen - and I do not SO <XltIoOlude - r.ever1heI_, governmental <:ood,",t that may he considered "sbocldng" when it serves to deprive !he life, liberty or property of a citiun may not be nnoonstitutional w/len directed at an alien."
withont determining whether INS had delay«! acting on Breyer's claim, the eoun It(lIed

that the only remedy • • ailable for nndue delay would be 10 vacate INS' urlier de<:ision and 10

have Ihe. goner ICeXlnsider the maner. Giv en Ihat tho la'" had ehanged 10 Breyer'. detriment in
the ioletim, he would be .....ble 10 advanee his eause in any ev<:nt. A<:cordiJl&ly, Ihe o:oun. denied
Breyer'. claim of deri.ati"" citizenship."

In addilioo 10 losing his d erivati.e citizenship claim, Breyer also lost the deportation case.
An immigJarion courr folUld Breyer deportable ar>d ordered him sent 10 Slo\lllkia or, if that
countty were unwilling 10 aceope him, 10 Germany,'''

He appealed bolh 10....... The Third elro uil adopted alleast part of Breyer's argwnent
ilizenship. [t agreed that !he retroaotivil)' amendment d id oat fully concerning derivalive C

eradicate lhe di$l;riJninator)' effect! of the prior itmnigration law Odd that the disparity was
"arbitrary and ilTlltional."

foreign·bom children of Amerio:an fathers will acq~ citiunsl\ip fl1 birth and lose it only by imemionally committed expalli.ti!l8 acts. The foreign-bom chil dre n of American citizen mothe,.. will be In,,,,med from obtaining American citizenship iflhey, with or witltolll intent, have commined similar ClCpatrlllling acts. The sul:!jectlon of American women 10 th;" additional burden for !he transmission of clti2.tJ\ship 10 their fol't'I(lIl-bom offspring is in fundamental tension with the principle of equal proteclion."
~

To remedy the ",obi em, lhe COw1 held !hat Breyer was entitled 10 American ciliunship

180

rtlalins bad to the lime of hi. birth. Onc. -pin, h o _, outstandins issu,," rtmained. The
Circuil llOled that Breyer' . wartime ""t. might have amounted to a 1I01J",lory rmunciation of that
c ~ izen.ship. Tbi.I ........

ndlwithstanding the fact thOl Bn:yer_ no! a citizmduring World War

n and could nol have belined be .... ...,h becaldl' tha 1.0", tben denied him that riaJrt. The Circuit rttISOI'Ied thai a 1I01IIIIwy oath of allca.iance to 0 naOOo at ...... with the U.S., and to the
Orlllh'. Head butaliOJl,

was fiJndarnenlally incompatible with the principles of American

den>OCJaCy; indeed, it would amount to an "unequivocal renunciation of Amtriean d tiz.ens/lip whether or nol the pIltative cilizen is then 0........ that be hu I

ri&hl to American citi:r.emllip. ~

The court KIIt1he cue baclr. to the district court, yet qoin, fOJ' a determination of the

circumstances swrounding &eyer' . membership in the Dm!I'. Head blnalJWl." The Justice ~t COlIIidered _ king further review. Technically, 1he aOllernment
hod lost. The Third Circuit ""ina mcont dial Breyer .... nol stlllulorilybom>d from rtmoini"ll in the Uniled States. Hi.! fate would depo1ld on whether IU . deoth cemp duti". had been involuntary, 0 faetual determinotion eo to whicb Iht out<:ome was as yet uncertain. Morco_, the aovelll" "'nl beJie"Cd that the Circuit had """,Jed the wrona 51J1Ddard of n!lIiew whtll

COIISiderina the cons1iNtionaJity of lbe stoMe.
Botb OSl and the Slale Oeputmeot (which

was inleJ'O$led becaldl' oxpatrieliOJl "'"
to

impli<:al;oIU beyond 051 cueo) ,ecommcndcd askinS the full Third CiJcui,

review the mener.

The Civil Division end INS disagreed. In the end, \be Solidtor Genenl did noI authorize
addi,ional review. Many facton .....".., coo.idemi Amana them, that: ( I) the an:ant natutc. in th is cS$C did not prollide the be.. oppommity to Slguc the legal principl'" inllOi \tCd; (2) the rctJOaCtivity naMc1lad been poorly lVWded in ..,y eveN end therefore would be Iwd to

'"

defend." and (3) 1ht CO<UI'S holding had no foresttablt imp.. t OJ> any""" othtr!han Breyer, and

os 10 him, til<: govtmmt1l1 mi ght st ill , ucettd <met \he district cowt heard all tht evidtnce."

OSI handled tho txpalrialiOJ> matltr in distri ct court. 111= wt'" lop! as w ell " fattual
issu<s 1 ttSOlve in making . dtttrmination as to whtthtt Breyer's servia with \he Otath' t Head 0

battalion bad bten \'(lIllOtal)'. Undtr U.S. law at til<: timt Breyer enltrtd \he SS,loyalty o.ths and milital)' servi.. 10 a fore ign power wert DOl txpatriating if lht individual was. minor,
However, by !be time Brty... tmigrattd, tht law bad cbanged such that \'(lIllOtal)' actions by • minor rouldbl! expatriating. !"hi! q uesti on of which statute applied

was therefore cnx:ial. AfIt:r

hearing tht clrcumstancts o{ Breyer'a j oininJl the 55, tht court dtttnnined that " • maner of
~I,

Brc:ytr bad llCled 00 hi. own volition. However, it aerttd. with BrcytT that tilt law IlItht

time iijOi.itd tht 5S Should control Un<i,;r that l.w, ~og he did before hia \g" binhday

was, as a matte< of law, nOi expatriating.
What happened afltr he tumtd 18 was anolhtr m.n.... Breyer', mi1ital)' service ended at the age of nintltCn. Had he dont anything <JjIa, hi. eigbttenth birthday whicb would amount 10. \'(IIIIOWY a<:l o f cxpatrialion1 The burdeo lay with Brc:yer 10 pro"e thai hi. .. tinns after age 18
wert

involunwy."

Bef<m a hearing was he ld On thai i,sue, lht govtmmtnl notified Breyer thai it intended to
argue that hi. mo1htr had txpalrialed h.....lf before Breyer was born." If w govanment prevailed in lhis araut"CfIt , Emycr's citiumbip argwnCfllll would bI! prt<:luded. As. non-citizen, Breyer' s motber would no! have been able 10 convoy citizenship 10 btr child. H~"..., !be coW1 refused 10 allow the go vernment to rai se !be i. suc: at thi, late date in Ibe Jiligation."

'Tho Slago was finally it! fOl' • delennin",ion of whal was now the ullinlate issuo; had

'"

Breyer done Mylh ing after his eighleenth birthday 10 renounce \he U.s. c ilizenshi p \hill had been
~lrOacl ively

grankd to him? The COUlt had a1,.;,ady concluded that as a faet\lal maner Breyer's

joining lbe SS had been voluntary. WIlile the law precluded a finding that his ac tions as a minor were expatriating, OSI ugued that hi. motivations shou ld be J'f"""med c Ol1SWlTa bsenTovidc""., 1 \he cootrary. Unless B~r could establish thaT .'lCI"V1ce pas! his 18" birthday was performed 0

onder JuTes. , OSI conl.rode<! \hal h. had remllined in the SS volun larily and !hereby .xpstriaTed
himself.
B~ Testified

\heI be had done cvel}'1bing possible to be excused from service and to

oonve)' his opposiT 10 the policies of the Death', Head bana!i<m. Amolli oTher things, be bad ion
as ked the IOwn mayor 10 help him avoid sarvice; he had refused 10 rerIOIlI>ce his religion even lhougb \h"", were economic iDCCJlli_ in s manner that would for SS men who did so ; he had also ",fused 10 be tatTOOed

marIr him as a mcmber o f lhe SS. Although he corried a weapon, hc did

not always lood iT and lol d hi" uperio," That he would not !!hoot on i1lllllllC; and he had ultimately
dese rted in A ugust 1944, muming monlhll ial er only beca_ he feared tbathe might be killed if

he failed 10 do 50."

The,.;, \VCR only lItrec doc:umenrs available uoncerning the cimnnstaocts (lf Bn:yer's
' emce ailer hi, 18'" birthday. All involved requests _ by him or on hil behalf-to be excused
fr<>m continued service. As ' uch they supported hi, assertion thaI he was n()l serving
vo llbllarily." Gi....n the pau ciTy of docum enwy evidence, B reyer'. t eSlimony was largely irrefutable.

OSI', expert hisTorian did testify, however, that some of Breyer' s claim. e.g., that he was giva!
Ie.. onef()U!l mponsibiJilie, because h. was oppooed to , hOO1ing irunatts. were not hiSlorieaJly

'"'

plausible. The governmenl also poinled O\lll/lat BIeY'T'• .service at A= hwiu began aft.... hi ' Ill- birthday and that he had raken an oath of loyally 10 Hid... al that time. Moreov..... there was no evidence that BIeY'T had ever lried to Iran' f.... from the Death Head's battalion to a fighting unit. OSI ",lied on the Third Ci~ujl'S ~ haraclerizatj on of membership in the 55 '" tantamount to a monJ commitment to Nazi ideology. With thaI as I srani"ll point, 051 contended that !rlOIlsfoer to a traditional lighting unit would have . hown that Breyer was "'os at oddI with Am<ricau principl"". No! _Icing a trarI$fet ...... the govrnunenlllIguaI, evidence thai Breyer'. scnrice

aft.rage 18 _

"" eX Jllltriating ad.

Tho: district court found that such . Ironsf.... would lulve been '~ecltnically possible" but

Mexcecdingly diffioultM obtain. Morcovct. il found that Brcyco- had ''no concei\rlble cltance" of 10 leaving the 55 entil't'lylIlld that the loyalty oath VIII! an involuntary action ","","sitatcd by his
~ircumSlanceS."

Bosed on these finding.. the court concluded that Breyer' . suvice att", bis Ill-

binhday "'II! ;ov<>lunwy and t1md"we not upatria!in&. AceOldiP&/y. Breyer "'rained the U. 5.
citizenship that .houId have t-n hi. from birth.

The decision "'u affirmed 00 app:aI. 1l>co Third Cimlit concllXlcd that Mdeoerting hi,
unit w><kr what he belined to be penally of exuution sugg..u !hal Breyer' s """'icc "'lIS not

voluntary.MII Tho: Court rejected the notioo that Breyer ha.d 1O establi!h durui. Rather, the Jllll"'1 pIKed the burden 00 the government to show voiuntaTine.. and then coocluded that that bllrdCII
had nOI been met.

The government did not seek limher review. The court'. Nling was largely driven by its

f""ruaI findi nSS. Allhough OSI believed OOIlle of those faCl\lal derenninalions were WIOog, thc
g<lvemrnent .ecognired that II! • legal matteri' is almost impossible to overturn faclU8l

,

.

determinalions.

The precedenlial value of the "'ling for OSI is millimal.
' imilar factual pan,,", will
~eur

[t

is highly unli kely that a

- an indi vidual bom abroad 10 aU,S. citizen morher lIlld non-

U.S. cili""n father and who """i'ted !he Nazis in ac ts ofpersecution.

The ruling could, however, have ramifiesli""" in IlOJI--QSI cases. The C ircuit 's
dClenn;lIIllion rllld membenhip in rhe SS was so amilhelical to AmeriCll1l value. thai il wamorned
exp8tl'iotiOll even iflhat was net the defendanl" intent m ighl be cited in suppon of IIl1 exp&lliation ~nl inV<llving someone who joined lIl101ber group whose cote va h...

=

inim ical to U.S , iolerests, 11co uld also apply 10 solDeone who com.mitled intentional1y deltruetive acts 10 the U.S . 1>od)' politic." Breyer, however, need nol wony; lie may remain in rhe United Slates for the duration of

hi, life. While h. CII1I take SQlidaction io hi. vtel ory, he did make OlIe serious misealculation ill a
~la1e<l

proeoeding. In 1994, Breyer sued twO nelWOm over rheir covenge o f his denaturalization CWle," He

was particularly distressed OVOT tbeir equatirlJ; him with Ivan the Terrible," Two """" before
trial, CBS offeled to .cIlle lbe CWle for $20,000. When Breyer did nol '"POnd in a timely
m anner, ellS withdrew 1he offer. Breyer fai led 10 show up for trial, but on the morni"8 il was due 10 :lt8rt, he notified CBS Iha! he wanted 1 ae~ 1lieir off.... .By thai lime , the network was 0 nO longer will ing 10 senle and the j udge d ismissed the lawsuil beca use Breye r was nol presenl. He ther eto", lost both lhe payment and the opporllUlily to litiS_Ie hi. claim."

The B,eyu litigalion is $0 convol uied lhaI it i' diffi.ult ln Cllteill'ize. In rl'lroSpeet, it
appears lhal lhe original anomaly in lhe law _ granling citizenship 101he children of U.s . citizen

'"

fathers but not U.s. mOlhen ~

was fatal to the governmenl'S ClIS"'." There Wllll simply 110 way to

level the p layin g fie ld despile heroic effuns by both Congress and the C<lun!l to do so .

The ~.1IC\III1Il amendmcm in 1934 left um:<>VCTCd the children born III U.S. eitizen

IIIOIhcI1 before 1934. Hed the 1994 amendment ,imply estab lished retroactivity, it would have
oven:ompensated for this incquily by living more protection to 1he childml of U,S, ~i lizen

m<>thcrs than 10 the childml of U.s. citi zen falbers. Since anything suclI cttildrcn c1id before
blowing they were cilizens could n01 have been <10M with the in1eJlt 10 reli Dquish !hat
~iti=hip, military ~ on behalfo f 1hc Axi. would lI<K be expalrialina,

Yct 1he very same

service could be Cl<palriatini if pmmned by .someone whose citizenship was derived palrilineally.

One possible solul;on was 10 include a S1atu\lIJ}' exemption for penons inodmiuible

W>der the DPA or RRA. But thi, c resled yet anolher inequity. Some children bani abroad to
U.S. citi zen mothers (I.e., lbose iMligible for enuy under 1hc DPA or RRA) were DOW categorically denied Ihe Jl"S'ibility of dcrivalive ciliunshlp. They had no opportunity 10 show thal their service

was _ inl<!oded 10 be Cl<patriating. Children o fU ,S, Cilizen fathers might be

expalrial<!d, bul1hcy would at least bave an opportunity 10 liti galC \he iss.... Chibh.a of U.S.

citizen molhcrs who served the Axi' cou ld ""~
In an effort 10 resolve 'his problem, the "Third C ircuit fashioned a remedy a1lowiJlll fo' the

po.. ibilily that :some ODC could vOlun larily expatriate hi"''''lf abs<m b>owled ge thai he: was a
U S . citizen. Thi' tortured lI'lIditiona1 notion' of expatriation and c reat ed an iOlelled u al impossibility. How could someone commil a ",nliem acl of e xpalri alion ifhe had no idea thaf he WllS . citizen? By ruling W I Breyer'. COn1inued scrvicc in lIB: 55

was ;"""I"rn<>ry, the distri ct

".

1;0\11'1

avoided the problem....
In ...... tt. lq:itl_ 1Old COUfU fI«d
all

10

_we .n

i

lubk dilemmL ThEre ...a l impy DO _y

iDequitieo in the n

. Imya- baldi

li-.. NNlOIy anomaIy_

'"

I . Rev. Sw. of 1874, § 199 3. The low WU 0 bit IlIOre complicole<! ;Tllhol ciliunship could plISS

only if the f81her had 81 some poinl resid ed in lh. U.S. However, rhis faclor is irrelevaJlt to rh. handling and oulcome ofrh. Breyer liligation.

2. 48 Sial. 791 ( 1934) .
3. Wherher he had served at lhe Auschwitz death camp (Auschwitz ll) or the Auschwitz labor camp (AuschwiU: 1) was itself an issue during part oftlte case. The coutt uJlim81dy conch>dod lhat be had served at AusclIwilZ I. However, resohnion of thaI i.""" io not essenlial to !he I. ial or oulcom. ofthio case.

i.....,.

4. Breyer mode rhe•• admissionsin depru;i ti",," given during th. OSllitigarion es "",II ill a depo.silionio the ..... or Bnyv Y. Caplla/Cltles/ABC, Inc., tmdC/JS. 1111:., Civ. No. ~172 (1O.D. J>a.), discussed On p. l i S. See oko, BreY"r~. Meissner, 2002 WI. 31086985, Finding of Fact 101 (2002).

5. Th. governmenl also ch..-ged mi'represe nllltion and coJ>Cealmenl of matOl1a1 facts, bullhese cou:Ilt. were _ uIlimaleJy relevan1 to di.pos~ion of lb. case.
6.

u.s. v. lb-t)/'tr, 829 F. Supp 773 (ED. P.. 1993).

7. U S.•. Bl"«)'Or, So4 1 F. Supp. 679 (ED. Pa. 1994).

8. U.S.•. Bf'e)Tr, 41 F.3d 184 (]" Cir.1994) .

9. The imperus for this amendment W85 a Ninth Circuif ruling, ill a non-OSI cue, which beld \hat rhe slalule WlIS WlC'Jlllllitulionai to !he extent Ihat if did not retmaetiveJy confer citizenship on offspriog ofO.S. citizen mothen. Wau<:ltope v. Dep'l o/S/cu, 985 F.2d 1407 (9"' Cir. 1993).
10. CornmeIltS by $l!o. K.l\lIedy, COI\8. Record, S16863, Nov . 20, 1993.

II. The lmmignl1ion and Nali""lIiity T""lm Co"""tio,," At:f of 1994 (lNcrA), Pub. L. No. kal /03-416, § 101 (a) and (c)(2) .
12. lJ2 Cong. Rec. H9280 (daily ed. ~pl 20, 1994)(stat emenl of Rep. Scl!umer). ill fact, the

only pending case affected by the bill was Breyer'•.

13 . In n lfreyfr, A08-305-096 (Offi ~of AdminiSfralive Appeal! 1996).
14. Th. government q ~,tioned whe1~er Breyercould . ven rai.. the issue. Theoretically, the discrimination w against hi. mOlher ralh. , than ogainst him (in fhal ,be could nOC pas. on her oitizenship wile a U.S. oiliun father could h"",,). Ho""'...., . inc. Breyer'. mother had 101\8 sino. died, there was no way 10 ","olve the polential ineqnity unl.ss Breyercould himself raise the issue. The court ruled that he could. IS. INS was al the lime plU\ of the Justice Depanmenl.

".

16. BnY"r v. MelwlI!r, 23 F. Supp.2d 52 1, S35 (ED. Fa. 1998).
17. Thi. I'rln<:iple ball been importanl: in mony 051 CB!e5. g , LlIIJIM v. INS, 790 F.2d 1024,10)0 (2'" ce. 1986); Arfl<Mvic v, INS. (9) f ,2d 894, 897 (9* Or. 1982).

s.••.

18. BnY"r v. U eim1.r, 23 F. Supp. at 545 (int-rnal citallons om;ltedj.

19. B.-.Y'" v. Meis.""r, 23 F. Supp.2d 52l (B.D.Pa. Sopp ,2d 54(1 (B.D. Fa. 1998).

l ~S)

and Bn!yer v, M.is....r, 23 F.

20. In Iht Malle' ofJohann Breyer, A 08 30S 906 (lmm. Ct., PhiIL, Fa. 1991). 2 1. B" Y"r v. M.iss...., 214 F.3d 416. 427 (3" C ir. 20(0).
22. 1'his ruling i5 at od<h with 1hc traditional expauiBlinn law . Se. e.g.• Roger. v. Pawkowki, 271 F.2d S58, 861 (9'" Cir. 196 1). Rogerl was ciled in dicta in another OS I """" whicb WIlS revi ewed (in an unpublished and therefOle nol prewIent biDding ~iOD) by the !IaQl' appellaie ScNffer, 83 1 F. Supp. 1166.1 UI9 (B.D. Fa. 1993). r4!'d. court whichhandled Brtyor. In )1 fJ d 1175 (3" Cir. 1!194) (Tabl.), the: d istrict court rtaUd 1bal ~[al United Slate. cmUD could not funn the intent to .., Iinqulsh his cilizenshil' if. at \he l ime he committed the expatriating oct, he did not know he was a citizen. M (Sc hiffer hod been born in the U.S. but later moved to Romania and served .. a camp guard during World War n. Unlike the Bny... caM! howe-v.... the courl fCldl\d that Schiff... knew during the re.I....1I1l period that be w as a U.S. citizen IIId his """'I' guard service thm:fono constituted en inte11\ IO e.~Ie.j

u.s. . .

23. M noted by the Solici\Clr Gent....'. office, in denying retroacti".. spp!icatinn to !bose woo were ineligib le 10 enter WId... the OPA and RRA, the Olalule arguably include<l a very wide group - DOl . imply those wbo were NIIZi penecutors. M=ver, the govemmmt'. clef....... of lbe sta1U\e in district court wao p rob lemat ic. The govemmenl had arsued that expatrialion o f N flZi petseCUlOfS pr.:>teeIed national "curll)' and preserved !he int-gril)' o f the eitiU1lly by ..,nlOYing a group of Ulldesirables. However, since serial murderers, laTorisu, child moleslen and other! ;n\lO"'ed in heil>O\l4 actiYiI)' do 1101 face expmiation, litis <loren,. of the S1lIIUIe is dubious. Su, Aug. 20, 2000 memorandum 10 lbe Solicitor Qeneral from Malcolm Slewart, AssislanllO the Soli citor GellCnl1. 24. August, 2000 momo to the So licilor Oenetal from David Ogdetl, AC1in Et MO, C ivil Division. re 8n~' ~, MtisSMr. 25.
Bre~r

•. Meumer, 2 001 WL 14S062 S (E .D. Pa. 2001 ).

16 . Brt:yer'. mOlhe, Was living io Czecl>o:slovwa wbrn i1 becllrl\o a stall! in 19 U . Under !he law of the new republie, she aUlomatically became a Czech citizen, unless .he ind icated that she waotecl 10 retain her U .S. citizenm;p. OSl wanted to arSIIe that her fail= to lake aflinnaIive "lion to retain the cilizenship amounted to a renWICiation of it.

,

.

21. BnJ"'" Y. Mei!SMT, 2002 WI.. 922 160 (£.D. Pa. 2002). The: ;swe had b=l lurking for ye.m. As DOled aI p. In, the 1994 disuiel court ruling mentioned 1Iti. possibility. The court a1 thai time DOled thai ''!he parties did no! presenl evidence or argumcnt~ on the point US •. B~r , 1141 F. Supp. al 68 5. Two yean llller the INS, denying H•..,....'. elaim to deri vative cilizenship, made thc same poinl, Slillng thai it ""'" "aWllrl: of DO ""idence thai she expatrialCd bef"", the appliCIfl!" birth in 1925.n m ' " &-eye., AOtl· lOS..Q96 (Omce of Administmivc Appeal., Ocl. IS, 1996), p.l .
23. WItett deposed b)' OSI, H~ claimed be had desflted (by failing to re1\UII from leave) ill January 1945. The court, however, believed hi$ court lffiim<>ny that he had lell in August 1944. The: variance i. significant 8)' January 1945, it wall clear thatlhe Germans were fighting I losing ca..... Moreover, the advancing Russians W<luld like!)' have cut offHI'lI)'CI"" meana of to hi. unit. Faihu'C to relUl'n 10 hi. unil in JIlIUlII'Y 1945 was ~fore less likely duo 10 ~deserti on~ than if he failed \0 mum in August 1944.

"«<S'

29. The ~~ fOWld some useful infonnatiWl even in these doc1ln1ents. Ac:COTding 10 Ode, "the inducleen appeared before the OonnUl Part)' in JlDuazy 1945 to p1eod hia case. OSl argued that the ill,luctee was an obvio\lll reference 10 Hreyer himsc:lf and thlll if be had been. deserte:r since lbe prior August, he would hardly appear before the authoriti" to seek Iheir assistance. HoW<:vcr, beca.usc of.scvera1 facrual inacclll'lOies in lhe document referring to the JlIIluary ""enl, the cO<Irt concluded that il _ !I01 autbenlie and diSCO""led it entirely. B~ye, Y. M"is'_, 2002 WI.. 31O g6985, n. II (2002). This significantly weakened !be government'. cas«. (OSI believed tha1 mo<l of the inaccumci-s had pJausibl« cxpJanatlorls. Thi . could not have beca. I case of"Sovi<1 fabrieatiOtl" - an argument which ""etl Breyer did !lOt make - since the do<umel1ls wei'll belpfulto him.)
30. Bnyer •. Maimrlr, 2002 WL 3I086985 (ED. PI. 20(2), Findings ofFacl lO3 and l I B, Conclusion of LAw 3. 31. Bnyer •. &hcrnj/, 3S0 F.3d 327, 33S (3"' Cir. 2003). The Cin:uil agreed ,.;th thc lower court thai Breyer'. J'CtIIm 10 his unit was bome of necessity, rather thao choi"". "Then: i. no evidence of Illy other place 8rtyer safely could ""-",, gQllC... . (Therefore] hi. return was DOl voluntar)" in the XIlSC that it might repte.... t &n intenlional relinquishment of United Stllte. citiunship.~ /d. al 338.

32. Imked, Bl'C)'Cr' . allomoy argued that the Circuil's languoge was 50 brood that;t WOII!d
encompass terrorist ""'" such as the 1995 bombing of the fedcraI building in Oklahoma City. Yel ~,,"lc the borrifie nature of tbll oel, inlended by iu JlCIP"tnIlors .. an act of defilllcc as"in,tthe federal ~vemmenl, no one argued thaI !be defendant> . hould be expatrialed. The pcrpelnllor> weJe tried and convicted. One was cxecuted; the other was aemcnced 10 life in prisoo.

33. Breyer Y. Capital Cit/lyABC, 1M" and CBS. Inc" CN . No. 94-5872 (E.D. PiO-).

''''

34. S•• p. 150. On Sept. 7, 1993, • televi.iOJ\ 1lMOW1C<:men1 of upcoming new. asked: ''Could Philadelphia ""~e it> ollmlvan the Terrible?"
35.
Br.yer~.

CoprlDl CliffS/ABC, Inc.• Md CBS.lnc., 1995 WI. 733384 (E.D. Pa.I995).

36. If the io~ernment had been .bl. 10 establisb - in • timely manner - Ihat Breyer' s rnorber had in faet expalliotcd henelfbefore Breyer was born, the outcome of the ellS'! would /w;e been

different .

37. Whether the court would hive nile<! in the same way in the aboenee ..fthis intelleetua1 impossibility j . unclear, although the opinion does suggest that the district eourt j udge felt C(>r\$lr!<ted in I<Ime measure by the Cin:oil' s ",ling. & . ilroyer ~. M.is,,,,,r, 2002 WI.
310i 6985, no 26 (2002).

'"

Propaludls l.

The lmempjonl.l MililU)' Tribllnal lll Nommburg st'uenced Ju lius Stn:ieh...., pub]i....... lIIld edilOr or. German mti-Stmilic weekly DtWSpaper, to dta1h .
In hi. """",,hesand lllIiclea, week after _k. month after momh, "" We<led the' GennlUl mind with "'" viJUJ of anti-Semitism and irK:ilcd Ibe GermOl!I people to

actiYepmeo;utiOll..

Streicher'. inl;ilemenl to murder and extmttinalion al the: lime wben Jews in the Easr were bein& kllltd lIlIder the most horribl.. eondilions clearly COnm lU1tl1 persegltion on poIitieal and racial e:rounds in connectioll with w. Crimes... and conatitutela Crime apinst HlDIIllIl.ity.'

...

to thc: UDited Sralt. u wen as abelton in peneeution.'

V"d",lr Sokolov _ A PenearlcN" WIIo Found. Ho.... I. A........ l. Vlldmir Sol<olov _ . 1JknliniIll-bom ....,;l... and edjlor of Rull,. Russian-Illlguage

newspaper published by the: Gtrmans after they in~aded the U.S.S.R Ekron being hUed at
Rull, Sokolov undcrwenl . bacllpound cheek by Grnnan rnililarJl inl..llillerlCe 10 ........, '""""'i

eivilian ))OpIdaticn. The positiOll pn>vidcd him with a salll)' and privileges, i"" h>dilli betItr food
and liYiag quanCB thm would olbtrwi... bave been . vai..b....• Sokolov, who wrote under the
pcnnamt Samarin, """,i~ed two medab from

the Otnmull for hi. wod. Hi. wriling often

harped on the them.. thai Jewry and Conununism """" .ynonymo....
The .same mug with the """ked nose peen from behind the hW>dtedl of million. of hodies thlt were to11Ured, "","'uled and shot in the baek or the necl< <w., I"" Kalyn waves, in distarrt Siberia and in the far North..'

Tho current _ was pyeplJCd n JlfOV'lked by )e...,.. which a1Jc&dy had bfouiht so much suffering to manI<ind through the centuries. •••
, the pcnpl.. of Europe lind Aoil ll'C figbtilli against 1rJJ<e. plutocracy IlId Kike-bolsbevism, apillSt two olltWl1dly different but iJlwlOfdly
In this _

common .yS/em• • , "
Sokolo... claimed thal "l<ikes~ ran the 1O'lenI/MIII, and listed Jewo iD hi. homclOWll who

from compkte,Mhe ex horted his rcadnl to '"Tb!'Ish !hem!'"
So~lov

lCIDigntcd 10 the United States in July )9S1. He IdviIed the lIUthorides I1taI be

hid bcett WOJking III Rech U I "'cont>etor.... His vi .. appIiclllion included lUI 0IIIb Illatin& tlIIIl he

J.d not been paI1 of any ' m o _ bostileM to the Unlted Stat.. nor hid he edvocaled or

.1Ied m."'! ~ution of liliy ~ ~ of.-. ",Iipon Of lI8liontJ origin.
1D 195-4. the FBI received information that Sokolov bid been lW<l<:i.Iled with Recla, lind
!bit be had collaborated with !be Gestapo. INS Iwned ofthele ~ whlll proceIIinghlI
app1icltioll- for ci~p in 19S6 ond called him ill for an mtuview. He IOId them thai he had

served u the Jitenry cdiior lind later Deputy Ed itor of Rech bUl denied having any invol_

fucill nor lilli-Semitic. He CO:Itendcd tholl, 10 the extent IhaI sucb YicwI appeared in the
oewopap!I, it wu d the

bchc:sl oftbc GmnlllllICcupalion forell".

[Wle ...,no fon:ed 10 assume cenaln political tillCll. We ~iam fOllghl lhis tbc belt WI)' we could, but under thc ever-present dan&C'" ofbein& .hoI 10 dcaIh 0lI 1bc spot, we had to puI in ",marI<s f _ ist ond onti-Scmilic 10 please thc Oennans, but

fought8llainsl the fllSCislline_• _. Personally, 11XInfmcd m)'5Clf to AntiCommunist uticl... I ba"" 1101 wriacn one . inille f_ ill or Pro-fascisl line, and as to Anti-Scmitic mnaJks, the", may have been some: to which I WU foroed.·
M:

He wen! OtIto deny col1aboralina with the Gestapo. Tho INS found M C"idcncc on which 10 [nJo

19'

bax Service prncccdinp. ~ ApprOllimalely one month I fter his INS in1On'icw, Sokolo v bocoa>c:

In 19 S9, So kolov was hired lIS I longu.
liSled hi. WOJi: lIS an """iSWII editor of R.c~.

insuuclor al Yale Universi ty , Hi. "I'l'lication
However, Univmity o fficials did 001 do a

thol'O\Jgb bolcl<groUrld verification for lhi. non-tenUJed pooition." A.they I~ .xplained: ~lf

he'd iOI\M into IlIe United States, the usumpli on was that he had been closely o"",,ked by the
~ ." Al Yal.. Sokol"" be"""'" Eli"" in pm-ZionUl affair! and wmtc .. w:nd artiol.. for. Ziom.. RIISSian·llIIIi\LlIiC MW1pOper." One ofhi. ""lleagues doscribod bim II the "best

JlD8\IAlle t-=her" in the dopanmcnI."

In Mardl l974, Volu qf /1.. HOlM/and, • Russion.languall" ""wsplIpu publisbod

am<>nB tbom. Two y.... 1.1tt, Ko:>msomo/"slQyo Pravda, the o ffioial journal ofSovict
Communis! youth, cam",,- . brief article asoeTtini that a ClllTClll Yale U ni""nity tcaclltt had

worked for the Nazis duri"i oeoupetiOil of ibe U.S.S,R. Neither article a!trIlCted mueh attention. Then in April 1976, Sow"'~ Hllmland, .
Yiddish lanll""8e mo nthly in Moscow, quoted from ..vee.! ank les wriueD. by 501<o10v. A Yale
libruian who d id "-"slations for M<NlOin& Frli~. lr di.«:overed ibe pltce." On May 23, 1916,

Mortl ing FreiMit carried • story uod". the headline "Moscow Yidd ish Magazine ChargQ.:

Ru...ian Fuoist Hu Teaohi"i Positi on al Yal.

Uni"""ity,~

Vale fO'St Iearncd about lhe writings. couple of weeks carl ier when then Siavio EkparlJnent Chair Ruben Jack son received the text of one o f the Sovi et anio1es."

He arranged a

".

meeti~g with $ok"lov. Accordmg10 lWll anendees, S<>l<o"'v ackrll>wledgcd wrilins

tho hch

anieles. He l>l>nterldcd, oowever, lhalS1}'~stic ~hanga had been"..,., including subolitulion of
the Wl>rd
"ki ke~

fur "Jew.~

SDkolov's JI""IlClivity WBS lll>I "",und rill lICIldemie dismissal lll"Jd the University
.--maldcd his reappointmerlt f<IT anmher tw<>-yar term." Suppl>rt rl>1' Sokoklv within bill
own <!eporlml:m, ~,

was thin. four "rthe .; ~ profCSllllS _

him 00 J\IlIe 29, 1976.

S"me =1 publicaliOTll whi"h <:In)' phl>10c0pies of)'l>W' II'Iicles in &!;b. as \\1:U .. extensi ve reprodw;ti"", "f the same newspaper which have l.'OlDe illll> 0IIf polIseuil>n _ Oy, reve:sl 10 lit beyond any reas<>nable dooIbI tbllt you. were enP&Cd lll>I only inlJlli-CllfMIunilt but a1~ i" pro.N.... and IJIIi-SemiiK: ocIivities undeI' the aenn... 1XC'III""ti<>n. As individual memball of the depuunen1. and II people mgaged in • bwnlnlstic endeevor, we feel obliged 10 10 you. <11II profound f..,ling of di' gust lJld lIIJIrage III these doc'mw:mc<l revclatiDns "f your past Klivilie$. We sb<>uId lib 1O!D8ke it d_ ihat under 110 eimmu tanees can you o:wnt on the undmillll<'d lOr lUIy supp<>rl ~.

C>l"""

The r>ext day

Cbai"".., J""bDn advised S"l<olov thai while be bad the rigllt 10 mnain on tho

the campaip in lhis] own <!q>IIrtment and elaimed he "did 110I WIll>Ito "rule diftkullies r.... the
M

University admini$Irali"n. He also eited mcdiW problema." UI>der the _
M

of 1lls

resiption, be l>l>ntinued 10 receiw his saluy f", a full year ODd remained eligible to ""Ilea a
peDSion from. nati"lIaIteaobers orpniulil>n.

The S1OJ)' did lll>I resooaIe notionally ,,"IiI sllldenl$leMned 10 the Yale eampus lIl>rI the

role Daily Nf!W' published illlirs! piece0" the affair.'" Professor Schenl<er, Sokolrw's SIJOnaesi
ally in the Department (and himselfa refugee from Nazi Germany), tried trI put S"tol"v'a activities in ",.. <>rical C""l"'l. " The Oonnan DCnIpalilm, paradwtical as ;t may ..em, was the

' 95

only mol chance 10 escape. A guy .itting ill hi, apartment ill New Yorl< can'l UJldcrsIand whaI il

wu like JII'Owing up iu

Q ulOj

As1:hipelalJO world.""

The Yale Daily Now' abo defencIod Sokolov. The hasl)" action of the four membersofthe Silvie l.angU"3~ and literature Department had the predictable effect of ooer<:illg Mr. Samarin into resignation. Aeting upon insllfTtcient information, \hey dl'l'laye<l l contempt not ooIy{or Nazism, buI for due procell II w<:ll. Tho"" { ow insIrudon did, however, ' pare the Yal. Corpo ration from I hard dec ision: 5houId Mr. Samarin bave mnained 01 Yale? We "'" sun: the ""ower to that queotioo oughl to ha\'C: been yes.

Mr. Samarin w", and ill dedlclled foe of the Soviel lJOvcmmottl. We find hi. unapeakable anaclr. QII the Jewish people ..,jUllifiable, whaIever its ultimate pUlJlO$l'. Not all oppooetlts of Ilobhevi .... fOUJId it ~ to 1_ their .....,.. with anti-Semitism. Ifthere il any argument against Mr. S4marin', dimlila! from Yale, it doe. IlOl: lie iD hil chilling ration.alization of Nazl colllbonn;OII. Since his arrival tim 17 yean 1,0. Mr. Samarin !lllS become In dfectiV'C and oympa!hetic teacher. Had bi! story ncl/il1eJed oul ofSovid RII!Si. this S1>Il\lllef, he would have been remembered .. a gemle biend to many Yale underandU81es, lJl fae!, his opposition to the Soviet rqime haa led him to t!pO""" Zionist im=m. Althoujh we "'" somewhat alarmed by the YaSI ideoloakal distance one IDlUI can u.vel in 30 years, we mUSl believe Mr, Samarin when be says thlol be is no 101IK''" Illti-Semitie and that he '1ov,," his atudonlO. ~

• ••
His condoo tim is in part llesIamenI to the wisdom o{running a univenity free from the political forces and ideological lyTlnlly that be was too weak 10 lnIn5<:end in the 194O'L The Ie...... is . imple: al l men grow when the (y] 1eave the house of intollecTIIIl l>ondage.l:I

' lOIy.1> The followi"ll
~fuJI

month INS ordered . review of the file in Ordcr lO lktonni... whether I

Kale and CIlwprehensi..., in vesligation~ should lake place. They eonclOOcd thai, given the

The newly fonned OS1, tc vitwlna all INS Nazi files. look the ml tler up in 1979.

1%

However, they I>Jd 00 a.ocess to Ihc offendi ns articles. Althougll Yale hod copies in Sokolov'. pcr$OMel

me, tho university would 001release tIE malorial . bsent • su~ or Sokolov'.
with OSI .nomoys, So~olov agreed to authoril:1! relo_ of lht

~JIL Owing III inl erview

anicles. ,.

OSI filed suit in 1912, alleaing lllll\ Sokolov'. citizenship was illegally procllfe<l N set

fanh ill \lie o:>tnplaiol, Solr.olov had been ineligible fur citiullsbip boca\Ise be bod assisted in
poTSOCoIioo, been . member o f . lI'I(Mrnent hostile to tIE Ulliled SW" . vollnnarily ...iSlod
"""III)'

fon:cs.1lId "'"~ mi.~tiOllS in his visa and citizenship opplkatiOllS (by denying

membership in • lEIO\IemonI hostile 10 Iht Uni led S\olel). The c<:mpllint Iloo cIted his !lei< o f

good "",rale~ {IS ....idenced by his misropr£SOJlw ions). The clUe lenetalOd mllCh publicity and vlrious people, to no .vli ~ \lfSCdtho
to

lO~t

reconsider llS position. Amonglbom were . utbor ...dcommen_ Wi11ian1 f . Buckley, Jr.

IIId Ms li.lav RMtropovK:h, RUSlIi... omign! and renowned collist IlId conduc tor of tho
WlShington National Sym phony. BI>Cldcy wn>IO . nole 10 President Reagan, lhInIr.inl him fur

the limo they had reocontly spent togothor and ",loyinl hi. "outraaoD II the fll ilJa... MleStro
M

R<ntnipovicb eomo 10 OS110 . peak with ou..clor Shet dUectly. M Sher ...:aIled it, Rosuopovich described Sokolov IS .... shit (whosel life

[_I worth WI."

N oDCthcle", he

bogged Sl>er not to "Iltrow him 10 the RU$Sians. ••
Trial opened in November 1915 bcfure Senior Judie Ton> Muephy, him..lf III historic
fi~ Mtuphy

wu • former New Vorl< C il)' police commissio.... IlId the load prooccu1ot io the

A lger Hiu trials. 'The l ovemm. nl's ."pm histori... explained how tho Nazis U!Od propaganda to cur>dition the Ruui~ 10 ll«OpI, and ...iII the Nazi. in executi ng, lh. policy of 1.......uh

'"

e~lennination. He also e,plained lhe h idden role played by the Getmans

in eott1rollinlllho

content of Reck. OSI :>ul>min..d

11 Reck ankle;

publi~hed lUIdel' Samarin '~ byl i"" .., well .., an

oath oH eally signed by Sokolo v 10 obtain membenhip in aD anti _Bolshevik ll"'up. Injoininll the Tanks of associates oflho Union for Struggle Agaill5l Bobhevism, I give my solemn pledge of loyally to Adolph HlTLER, the Liberator oflbe Peoples of R....ia, ""d the Unifier of New Europe. I de<:1a«: myselfan imoeoncilable .and undaunled enemy of JudeoBolshevism in all ill manifestations. l o hlige myse lflO placethe ,nlernts of die people ."d of the common struggle egainst Jew_Bolshevism .and its alii.. above my OWl!• • • •

The thrullt ofSokolov'. defense w... !hal he had vi.... ed the Oenn""" oil libenllor:s from
Communi sm .and that hi. articl es had beelI heav ily ediled - SO mucll SO that he hardly rerogrtized his own WOTk. He claimed he had remained at the lleWSJII.peT because he feared. thII1 if be left he would have beeo senllO a earnp Of l:illed. In FebruaJy 1986, while tile eee was unde:r submission, il was fea1wed on CBS Sunday
Morning. DiTector Siler explained 10 the viewiog1elevi.ion audience !be rationale for punuins

It was nol j\1$l a few crazed men in Berlin who /ted the nolion of destroying Jews and otlten. 111001< hundreds Of lhousands of people, if nol more. Pcoplelo operale '!every aspect ofGennan society - in Germany propel ."d in tile occupied lenilories to implemenl the:nl. Propagandists, they wen: one COil in that wbm as wen the people who pulled the trillll'=

Later that year, lhe district ""un issued its JUlinll withdrawing Sakolov' . citizenship."
He appealed 10 lhe Second Ci1cuil Although the'"

w= ""I)' few appellate decision. in OSl

c..... lit thalli",e, lhe gOY<:mmenl had recently 1051 a case in !hat circuil whi ch il believed il

should be , e woo." Th i. nalUr.l.lly caused OSI C one.... abo'" dI. CUlT.,,1 case.
Th. concern was uru>ecessary. The Circuil accepted alilhe governrr>elll'. arguments and

...

affirmed the ru ling b¢low." It condu<iod that Sokokw'. articles ",,"ilted the e""myt thai they advocated or assi$\<:d in penecution, and """,DIlled 10 panicipalion in a '"movement hostile" to
the United SUIles - all of which made him ineligib le fa... visa und'" the DPA. Significlll\lIy, in
finding thai Sokolov had advocated Of I$$i$\ed in persecution, the Coun held thai no C\'idence of
ac/UDI persecution ",suIting &om the

artiel"" need be sllowI1. lbe mere fact that Sokol"""

article. IlI<lrked to "conditionO the Russi"" pcople into accepting and curying out the Notional Soc:iali... Policy ill ",gards to the Jews~ was suffic iCll1.

Once the Suprune Court denied review, OSIcommenced deportation I"""'""i ings.
Beforf; the

first scheduled beBting, OSlleaned from media IICOOUIl\S that Sokol<w ha:llcft the

CO\Ultry. After subpoellBing the fsmily telephone records, OSI """"ised thai Sokol"" was in

Monwil; l:aliid8.- DAAG Richard worried obout \he CMadi8n ..,lICIlOU 10 this Nm or owenlll. Yean " d iet,
whrn ",fusing to ~pt "" OSI deportee, they had nllldc clear their distaste for these defendants:

"{I)I i. extremely unlikely that Cuwl. llI<luld be willing to eco:qYl any individwl.l, IS • deportee,

who.. remowl from \he United StB\C. is being dfeclcd for R:aSOIIlI . imilar to those pertaining 10
[the d efend&nt].' ''''
A llhough Sokol<w had not been deponed 10 Canada, DAA O Richard opined that the

Canadian> """e "very sensitive about US wilfully 'dumping' our Nuis into their COWIUY.~ He

feared they would believe (mi stakenly) wt the United Stme> had a .o le in Sokolov' l cboo.mg
lheircowWy." Sckolcv hod found ..,fuge in. Russian Onhodox chlllCh in M on treal. This information,.
con\'Cj'od to OSI by tho
lW~al

Canadian Moun ted Police W... Crim.. ~t;gations SoctiOll, _

confirmed by an OSl historian. Convenanl in Ukrainian, be ea.l1ed lbe mon...ltlY and idenlified himself as an anti-OSI crosader. Sokolov spoke with him and a<ked for I number ~ he I;<)\Ild relum ll\eealL The historian happened to have open on hil desk a UJuainian newspaper; he passtd along the phone number of . rotnNtone eompany advertised therein. Althnugh Sokolnv had already le ft lho eolDltty and wu on ~ lIOVernmerI!'S Watchl isl u,
pre<:lude hi. reentry, 051 prneeeded with lho deponalinn bevinl lit aNelflia . Direetor Slier,

asked about it years Ialer, Slllmioed !hat he had been conem>ed thaI ~ U.SJC8Mdian border

was roo PO":"" for !he' WlII<:hli!1 10 be fully effceli~ Deputy Dim:lOr EinhDm I'e<:lIlled fcelinj
lhat Iivin, iD Canada was no punishment. lfSokolov =mered \lie Unired StaleS, the
aO~1

wamed to be able to put him on a pl""" to the U.S.S,R. wi1hout an addirional

hean,,&- »

Soknlov did nol appear li the dtpnrwion hearina nor was be I'eJ"'""nttd by eo""""l. The , owmmenl plUemed the record from lho denatunolization bearing and. !he el>\lTl ordered Sokolov deponed to the U.S.S,R. The on:ler w.. never camed out hoc....,. (10 the heM 010 5[' . koow1edse) Snkolov never retutned to !he Unired Stales. He died ;n Canada in 1992."

2""

I. The N",. mberg Trial, 6 F.R D. 69, 162.163 (I.M.T. 1946). 2. There is nOF irsl Amendmem issue in these case. as the protedions from lhal Amendment do nOl apply 10 actions by fore ign nalionals O~. 3. J.... 24, 1984 depooilion of Artur Bay. pp. 11 · 12. Corporal B-r WlllI willi ponzer Pn:>paa"""" Co. 693 ... d issued assig.nrnenls 10 lhe Russ i",," worki ng for Ruh The """ignmenl' were based on d~ ion. lMm the Germ... PJ'opagallda Ministry.

4. Sokolc>v deposilion, July 10, 1984, pp. 24, 165.
5. Reell,July I I , 1943. No. 79 (262),p. 1 "Cri minals ."

6. Reclt, May 14, 1943, No. 54 (237).p. I "Libenllion Struggle."

7. R. c/I, May 30, 1943, No. 61 (244),p. 2, "1be Former Masters ofOrd."
8, A oorrectof tock care that type sett ing COlrapOlIded 10 the copy. 9. April 19. 1957 .worn .stetemenl taken by INS Investigator Herbert Fichlander, p. 4. 10. "Samarin Ci1ed 'R~h' Ties in Oriiinall959 R..ume,"hy JoM Hanis ar>d Jonathan Kaufman, Yale lJd/1y N....I, Sep!. 22, 1976. II. SIalCJnCnI hy Yale'. n;",clO! of Publ ic Infonnation , speaking OCI behalfofUnivmity P~ident Kingman B" , _, Jr. Id. 12. At SoJrolov explaine d II, he adopled a new opproach ail... the war when the U.S.S.R. begaa it< anti·Jewish campaign. "f rom now on lite Jews have become my al ii.,. in the 5!nljjgle againot 0Ilr contIlI(>Il enemy _ Communism. The enemy of my enemy i. my friend.· Letter to the Edilor, Y"le Daily Ne..", Oct . S, 1976. 13. Statemenl by Prof. Alox8JIder M. Schenker, Chair of Yale'. Department ofS!avi<:: Unguag" and LilerBlur'e al the lime oflhe Sokoloy denaluralizalion \rial, quoted in "Ex_Yale Teacher Tried Au Nazi Collaborator,· 1M Ne,., Y",* TiJrIu, Nov. 8, 1985.
14. JfA. [Jewish Telegraphic Agency} D<>/Iy N..... & lle,l", Jan. 20. 1989.

I 5. "S amarin Cited 'Rec:h' Ties in Origi nal 1959 Resum e." 1IJpNJ. n. 10.

16. Id.
17. /d. 18. According 10 lhe Yalelkzl/y Newl, lhe SOViefS dIed the ",signalion as an example of "progressive public op inion" which is powerful even at lradilionally "imperialist and reactiona:y"

'"'

uruversiti.,. like Yale. "S oviet, Condemn ' Fascist' Samarin" by John Harris, y"le lJ<,ily New., Fob. 21, 19n, quoli ng " Kicked Oul", • Jso. 30, 1911 Mlid. in Komsomobl:4y<l P~4WUz . 19. Letter to the EdilOl, Y le D<llly New., WJ1"', n, 12. " 20. ' 'Nul Tic. Rc vulcd ; Samario Qui'" f acu lty," by John Ham. , Yale /Mity New. , Sept. 20,

1916.

21. Jd.
22. Y DrJill ale

New., " SMWin," Sept. 29,

1916.

23. "Yale Teacher Qui'" Over £'ro.Nazi Role," The New Y",J: Time., Scpl 21, 1916-

24. Tbc:rsaftcr OSI, aided by the SIatC Dspanmcnt, o blaintd certified oopics o f the &'tides fJom the U.S.sJt for . ubmission to court.

25. uner from Will iam F. BU<k1ey to Ronald RellgllII, Apri l 19, 1982. By happcnstall<)e, the ieee became . m.tttr of public oo\i"" in 2005 "'heo the National Arcl>i_ rdcassd documents relating 10 !ben Sup:<ClM Court nomiDee John Roberts' ICDIIni Jl the Jll5ti"" Department. The BIICklcy Icner had apparently c,ossed Rol>cn:s' desk. The llOtatioo. in Roberta' handwriting said " keep RR [president Rcsgan], AO [A norney Gene:raI WUliarn Fnmcll Smilb] ou t " "'The Case o f
lhe N ul P,qJl.gsndist," by Josh Oen tein, TM New r <>rJ: $1m, A"Il. 4, 2005 .

26. Sbcr recorded i' llcrvicw, Apr. 27, 200 1. (All ref = s to Sber' s actions hereafter in this chapter , tern from this intervie'" wtlcs5 otherwiscllOtCd.) Shef viewed the Buckley letler as "the old Yale boy corwection tallying around' (Bucldcy Was • Yale a1l1/1ll1us.)
21. Unil.dSt"'e. Y SoWlo_, No. N-82·56-TFM (D. COIID. 1986). .

28. V"i/HiSt"'•• Y. Sprogis, 763 F.2d I I S (2"" Cit. 1985l. Sprogl. is di~ Jl pp. lOl- IOS.
29. U" llod S/",.. Y Sokolav, 814 F.2d lI64 (2" Cir. 1981). .
30. Feb. 28, 1985 Ictter to Di",ctor Shcr fro m W illiam Lundy, eoun.ellor and Consul, Canadilm Embassy re K&Jl Linnas. The U_ ~ is di ocussed at pp . 2 71·29S. 31. ROUliJl' so d lr8/lSJTliltai . lip o f July 7, 1988 from DAAO Riclwd to AAO Detutis. 32. On"" ,tripped o f hi• • itiunship, Soko lov revened to \he .1alUs of a le8a1 permancnlJ iden t es A.o . u<b, be would ha ve been sble to relum to the Uniled Stat... at sny lime wilhin 180 days o f hi. clcp&rtun. 33. The Canadians , whn had opened th<:ir 0"'" investigation, never filed charges nor d id tltcy acl on the requcst for asylWII Sokolov filed sbonly after Ctlle:rina !heir co untJy.

202

Valerian Trifa - A Ponoou lor W bo Fou n d Rd ug e la His ClI u..., b

The prosooution of Valerian Trim was panieularly convoluted since he OOIIld say _ in lTUth _ Ilia! he had spenI much oflhe war in Nazi conoentralion camps and had fOll£/lt apimt a
~mment

allied with Nul Germany. The challenge for OSI was 10 show \hat those .....re only

halflTUth•.
In 1940, the Romanillll govomment was sympathetie to Nazi Germ.aDy.1 The Iron Guard,

• liIs<ist organization within Ro~ was part of a li"vmunenlal eoalition whose most

dominam group _1he Army. The IronGuard w.. the: most extreme member oftbe eoa!ition,
both in ilS anti_Semitism and ilS fascism.
In the fall of] 940, theology nuden1 Viorel Trifa' became l..de:r of the b<m Oualtl'•

.rtudent movemont and edilo, of Libenol(u, an anti-Semitic weel<Jy new.paper linked to the Iron
Guard cause. A! . studem loader, he addressed vario,,", r.sIli... A mid-December speech

discussed anti_SemitiMn. The Romanian .tudenl lw bceo anti-Semilic not because he read in some book lluot he must opPOSe the: Yids, but because he fell thai he could DO lODger mab a living in hia Own countlY. If our sludonlli have bceo anti-semitie from 1922 on, this i. due In Ibis Romanian l18iedy, that after leaving the villll&"" where !hey were being phUlderul by the Yids, they found themseJ..... in <ilie. once again plllllde:rcd by the Yid.. And then thO)' had 10 rise up and say ' This eon no longer
Ii"

""II'

Trif.'s newspaper writings in Libutattn ."pressed similar senliments.' Thronghow the fall and inlo JanlUlJ)', Iron Guaxli. ls lerTOrized the local citizenr" exton ing money, expropriating properly, loolinl and killinl wantonly.' Most vietim!l were Jewish, though some were non-Jewish politi.a1 adve:rsari... In mid-January, General Anloneseu, head of lhe coalition governmenl, reacted. He di.missed hundreds oflronGuard iSls from

'"

gow.mrnenl posts, fwba<l lhe "'earina of~ Iron Guard unifonn olber tIwI at eemnonial ewnts,
lllId fired !he pro-GlWd Minislei' of the Interior.'

On January 20, a widely_pubUcized Iron GIWd manifesto, issued iII Trifa'. name, called
f", the "replacemeol of all Masonic and Judaized penons in the ~ M' The-rrifa

SIUdent demoo:i1ralion. He e;<tolled !he virt\lel of:
a housepainlcr wi th his healthy S<>Ul [",hoj rose 10confront ~ inte=! of Judaism and of London F lU MllSOltJ)'.... The S11'IIggIe th... ini tiated led to !he lID_ masking and the """",val of the Jewi.b_MawniedomiDlllion in C..,lrlII Europe, an achievement thIIt i. to the: credit of Chancellor Hiller.'

On January 2 1, the Trifa Manifesw "'''' distributed in the provinces. Local Iron GlWdim
were urged
to

demonstrate on the: bas i. of its text for the: reinstatement of the tired W erior

Minister and emblisltment of an Iron Guard government. For three daY", January 2 1- 23, banda of Iron Guanlim drove through Jewish neighborhoods, plundering, burning and 1l1UI'I!erinll. The riot! ""tended into the cOUDtryside, buI were most inteo.. in Buclwesl, "'bm: do~ were
killed, many al an animal slaughterhouse. "The Americ.an legation chief reported tbal thm: "'""'

"tioO Jewish corpsei' 011 the hooJcs U$Cd fOl' care_ •• . all s1Unned. The quantity of blood about
[seemed 10 ind icat e/.. . lhal they had been s1Unned a1 ive.'~ Dozens, and perhapl many more, were killed befo", the rioting was queUed.II GcrmBI1y was wnbivalrnlabout !he uprising. While sympathc:lie to the ideological purity of the: Iron Guardists, Hitl... "'as eoncem«l thallbe rioting W(luld destabilize the country and mdanger vital $Upply Ii"",,. Although Gennany did not assist the iu.wrrection, it granted nine of

the lop Iron Guard leaders, Trifa among thorn, sanctuary ;n the German embassy once the

".

r~b<lIion

was ClUShed. from there, lhree mooths latu, !he

l~od<:rs (along

with

~

hundred

Iron Guard loyali5l.) ~","ped to Oennany. The Romanian presidenl was 'uffic;""tIy outraged by thi. !hal Otto von BoI..,hwing, the Gtmlan re.ponsible fur providing 'hellor within the ....""""Y, was recalled." Romania med Trifa in o/)unllo and .. nl"""cd him to life al bard Iabor_" With the boo Guard lead.., in Oomnany, tho Nuil faced. dilemma. Hitlor had given

-'UOCnwy to AntollOscu·, adversaries, hut still needcd the Antonescu regime 10 tomain. ,talwan
ally. Hiller', SOlulion was lG'ppear 10 punioh the Iron Guardi't! without actually doing so . They
~ kept in

minim'" detention, 'imilar 10 house """st, "'though Trifa _

,pared even thilI. Duo

to medical problem.. he was .1I""""1l1G tnIvt:1ihrnughoutthe """"tty, visiting

'pM.

In December 1942, shonIy after one of the Iron Guard l-J... lried !O!Iee Germany, new
restrictions
~

intPQ$cd on !he detainees. All, Trifa illl'l\lded, _

sent ro eoru:enlnl1ion

e"",J'S. HoWCVt:r, they were segregated from the other pri$oners and given special privilegeo ~ living

quartC<3, decent food, and "" work usipunents. At Dar:hau,

ro. example, !he men

had individual cel l' and a common room with a rad;".

Trifa remained in Gennany ihrnug1loulthe war. Hi! four yean !here i""ludcd lhree month! al Buchenwald and 17 months al Dachau. After !he waf, he emiarated 10 Italy and from
there, in 1950, to the Unilod Slate!l. Altha! tim e, tho .. who had been mernhen of the Iron Guam

were ineligible to receive a visa." Trif.', vi.. applicalion mad. no menlion of hi. Iroo Guard memher.nip; it staled thal he had he<:n a foreed laborer al Bueheowald and nar:hau from 194 1 to
1945.

n. $ClIlod ;0 Miclll~ and >hortly !hereaftet was ordained as a bishop in the Romanian
Atlhat time. the chwch', lm<!it;oua! headquarte.. in Romania w.. pan of the Soviet biD<:.

Orthodox churcll.

'"'

Some Romanian Onhodox in America, IIIcrcfOre, ¥dIcmc nd, opposed control from abroad.
Tri f. w,," in thit grou p. In 19$2, when hi. fact;';'n ",leclcd him Co tcI'VC U An:hbishop, the proSo"iet faction obtained a court order b1odcill(l the ordilllllwQ. The ""mIIOn, took pt.::e

DO""lIIclctt and T rira ..... !hen cited fur C ""lCmpl o f oourt ro r YioIIding the order." The <>tdef .... Jar.. ....,.ted and Trifa retained hit new po:Iition.
E\'CtI before Trif. had emigraled, the e lC knew 1hII be bad heal a member of the lrun

Guard ." for reuont not d ..... from the files, he _

IlOMtheIest if'IJIIed • \'itl. Sbon!y after

hit arri\IIIJ, bo_, the Slate Dcpanmcnr realized 1IUII be ......, Mve mim:pesaIled the far:tt of hit career in o~g hit ¥itl. "0' Around 1hl: _

timc:. the FBI, alcnal about Trifll '.

b.:kjrowld by a c:ontidrnlial inform.K, notified INS." In a May 19S1 INS intemew, TriflI
dtniec! ha¥inS been • member of the !rOll Gowd.. Wbcu asked if IM: bad &iwra lin)' anti·Semitic

apr:eches, be replied "I doo' l beli""" SO.M"
In September 19SI , Wahcr Windlcl l,!hen""" mille mosI inll uential
~

in

America, d"""unud Trifa in a radio broado:l$l II a Nazi "murderer." Tri fa .... reinl~

by \!Ie INS shotlly lIIereafIer. Thi. lime, he Idmined 0I1ani%in& and leading a dcmonslrIli"" on

JIUIlIII)' 20 , 19-4 1 asl!le prcsid Cll or. Romanian IlIIdera croup. He intittcd,~, lhaI after
bis .peeo:;b be: bad told lIIe demoll$lnlOlt to dispcrte. He denied participating in l1li)' of tile politdeononatr::oti"" atro<:ili... or kiUinllt." INS closed ill inwsligatio n in 1953, COJ>l;ludinj

(iJ....,,,"'lly) thot membtrMip ill the """ Ouml would DOt MVC bured Tri fa m.m mwiDg 1hl:

COIIIIll)' und.. 1be DPA.'"
At head of 1Ioc Romanian Episcopat e in the United SWC. , Tri fa .... a poweri'ul and

inllOlCfltial religiOllS liglUll. In May 1955, be presented the o pening in"oca1i"" in the United.

""

States Senate, This lparl;ed

~newed C<Illlroveny lIS

Drew Peanon, another ",uionally syndieated

journalist, qlleSliooed 1he proJllWtr of a "Nazi lerr<ll'iot" leading 1he Senate i.D prayer."
In l)e<,ember 1955, the FBI.pent Ibm: days inlerViewing Trifa. He agoio acknowledged
<peaking 10 ,....mbled <lUdenls in January 1941, lho ugh he claimed nOl to wnember die content of hi. sIalemenls.

To die extenl that dim: was allY anti -Semitiw, he ~led lhallhe speech, lIS

the mlUlifes:to, Will wOllen by othen; he had >imply read the prepoorod seript. He denied lUI)'
involvemenl in, 0 ' ....p"noibility for, die rioling that follo wed hi. speecli.
Both die INS and FB I were skeptical of dle clwge. ogoimt Trifa, !he IN S becauoe they

believed !be so""", of!be allegaliotlll to be a rival ~hureh meriOn,lO and !be FBI because they

suopee\ed llIe source to be die Communist governmenl in Romania.:"
!D 1'156, Trifa applied to become a U .S. ~itizen. The natundizallon ex""'i.... had a ""fY

clear recollection of the matter as "i l WIIS an WlUliual and differt:nt type of cue,"
I aned h im speci fical ly if be had ...... been • member o f !be Romaniarllron Guard, the Nazi Party, die Fucist Party or !be CommWlist party. He ca tegorically denied member<hip in lUI)' oflhe.. organizati........ I asked him if the lludem Ol'i"JIization he had belonged 10 ;n Romania WlU a branch of the lron Guard and he stated tlla1 it was nol o
Trira c laimed that he had bern ar«sted by the Germans because of hi.l opposition 10 the Romanian go vernment. He said he had been taken IO Germany again" hi. will.

I as ked Mr. Trif"a ir be had ever been an anti-Semite and be SWed thaI be had not. I anod him if he had ever lakea lUI)' part iD tlte killing of Jews, or whether he had ...... d irected any peneculions of Je_ and he staled that he had noL .• , He lold me !hal he had nol.igned the rnani feoto, b ut dial hi. name had been placed thereoJI •.. and that be had been ordered to 8IId did appear at [the January 20194 1] demonsltalion . He d."ied having laken part in !he laler killing or Je_ and other atrocities UUI1 a llegedl y OC(:WTtd.:'·
He became aU ,S. cili:zen in 1957.

""

Since I ~S2, one printe cilizen had been ~ing the govemrnonl to de port TrifR. Dr.

Ch",I OI KJemer, a J_, bad lost

do~ <lfRomUlilD

I'(lal;vlllI in the HolOC:RllOt. During a letter

wriliog campaign that spanned mol'( than 20 yean, he repeatedly contacted INS and urged the White Hou.., the Se<:relllJy of Slate. the Allomoy General, COIIgressmon, news media lUId

"'embers of11le ""blie to do the same." He was oonsim:lIIIy l'd>ufIed. In ,ebospc;d, lhis may be
due II> the flOC1 thaI Trifa, unlike most 081 subjeclS or defendanls:
had been <If noI. in his homeland. . . . H. had a constituency in this oountry. H. wau cburcl>mm. He was lUI ""lspoken ami-Crunmllllisl. H. had a ready-made story about how these accusations were <lUI II> seandaI;u him u pmt of the Commulli.sI disinfunnlltion mach.ine. WherI you plRy thai tune to INS wi Congress, wItich is willing '" b.... it, if doesn't Iak. all that much 10 succeed. No one was looking fur Ibese guys

....

'

As the years pllSS<ld wi1l><HII lIny legal aetiOll agai nst him, Tri&. figun, bolb as • • Iwrch d isnilaJy and u
all

8JI

increasingly public

lDti.--Commu.oiS! ""tiviSl _ seemed emboldened. In

1 , he admilfod I<> a rep<JItn that he hlld been the lop leader of a Fa.";S! Yooth movemonl m
sympathetic I<> Hiller' . Germany. He went on to acknowledge tIw !hen! had been ""ti.semitisrn
at the lime, bUf he 4lfribuled illO The

pereeprion ThaI Jews "monopolized the eoonomy,~ "'!her

thllll 10 My Nm ideolollY. He opined thaI '1PJeople should nOi be <lveNensitive Over SOme incidenlll.""

Following Tri&.'s admission of leadmhip.Dr. Kremer mel with lUI INS ;nvoWp!or and p<esmlod dozens of exhibits, illCluding lettcB, books lUId lWwspaper articles. He bad ......"bled
the malerial with the he lp ofvarious Jewish groups, including the Anli·Defamation League

(ADL), the Simon Wiesenthe.J Center (SWC), and TN Un;",d Isnnl Bull./i" While mue h o f
the informalion had e.Jready been .. m to INS by Congress;one.J members at Kre:me:/'s behest,"

20.

Ihere

was so me new material , includi ng stetemenU fium eyewitnesxs who bad been present

whenTn f. delivered his January 1941 speech. INS farwsnled the mIltcriai to !he lacal U.S.

An"""'Y, wbo C(>tICluded thllt Trifa's eoby and natura1iwion should now "be investigated
ful ly.""

In 1973, Th.
repIlller spoke with

N~

York Timer reponed the renewed inveotigation on the !TonI pa ge. The

Trim, woo adncwledged that be had worn on Iron Goard unif<lm1 Md JlIade

anti·Semitic ,peecbes. Trif. also admitted that hi. d oom ofhaving been anesIe<! by the

Germllll3 was not ~te, Rather, he hod """';ved protection from the Germans. Trifa was "not uhamcd" ofhis past "at all."
For th<>se circumstances in !hat time I think tball didn't ha"" any other a1ternati"" but 10 dn what I thought 10 be right for the interests of the Rumanian people,A few months latel", the INS Comm...io""," t..rified at a routine a""night hoaring befwe

the House Imm i2Ullian Subeamminec. Represcrnative Holtzman pn: ssed him about the Tn f.
investigation;" she also followed lip thereafter,"

Reactin& to dm pres"""', INS met with Dr.

Kmner &nd ;Dlerviewed wi1neSses whose names he had ....Ii.. fOl'Wlll'ded." Based on this new
eyewitne.. testimony - some of which bad Tnfa exhorting and/or j oining marauding mobs INS n,eamn",n<Ied that a dtnanual.iz.ation petition be filed."

The Ddrail U.S. Attorney's Office filed a C<lmplaint in May 1975. It allel!"d that Tnfa

hod misrepresented and eancealed material facts balb in hi. vi.. aw!ieation &nd in his quest for citizenship. Among tilt facts allegedly ro"cealed Wf:Tt: his membership in the Iron Guard, and
his advocacy af, and participation in, the slaughter of Jews.

A. ""ted earlier, the SLU was estab lished in July 1977, shortly after " Wanled, the S....h

'"

for Nazi s in Amcrica became sNew York Times bestseller. K=nc:r providcdmuchoftbc
M

book's material OIl Trifa. As =<lllllted in tho book, Trifa had lod 811 executioo sqlllld into • ""II

filled with l ews. The cas<: WIll thus nOlorious by tbc time lhc SW took over prilMlY
reo;ponsibiHIy for its JIlO"""ution. SLU Chid Martin Mendolsohn assigned ee prosecution 10

attorney Gene Thirolf. I called Genc: In and told him this is \he bi gg<:SI: dos e\'Ct" - an absolute 1o.... 1IIIll tolally II<:RWed up. The only tbin3 I can promise you is WI I will sip cvetY pleading and go down with you. {Gene] tumed it around"
Although Dr. Kremer had servod • vital funcliOlt In keeping the: i.."" a1ive, lhc material
he pr<>Yidod WIlIIIOt particularly helpful. Much oill was i.m!1evalll to

the legal in_ It hand,"

Thiro lf """"luded that only 0""' witness JIf'OII<'S"d by Dr. Krm>er and the INS was villb1c:;" he

realized that the govemmenl needed docwnentary evidence. Thirolf began by """",hIng through ROmanilllllCW"p8pen lit the Libl3l)' of C<>ng:r=. A ,.ference 10 Trifa', won. on • """"'P"P"'"
led to !he discovery that he had edi1ed IJbutllllle, • fact that bad not been known when the cas<:

was first liIod in

1 97~.

DOJ requested eopies oftbc newspepcr from Romania.

Oetting material from Rolllalli. proved exceedingly difficult, however. In four fmf',

Romani. had providedonly One peninenl docwncm," The Romanians IOld ThiroIfwl he rouId
neither in1eMew witnesses DOl" get on:hjval ",aterial becall5li the country had DO judicial

...istance treaty with !he United States." AI Mendelsohn', su ggestion, Thitolf spoke about the problem. 10 a N_ York Times reponer who then "'TOle an article about Romam.'. inlnmsigence." Under the law It the time. taStent hloc C OUlltries enjoyed ptefcrenliallrade status with the United SlaMs only if their governments allowed m.e emigralion. 1m" most fa\I{Jred nlllion

'"

Congress. Polilicillll$ sympalhetic 10 OS]' . mi..ion real ized that the renewal J>TOC"S" might give themltV<:Jage with the Romanian.. Two dayilliler 'l1wJ Timu art icle appean:d, the Chair of the House .ubcornminee in charge of MFN hearings .. ked the Romanian Ambassador to meet with
Representati~ e

Holtzman. Days after lhllt mee lin g, the Rom anians

del i~ered

• poclrer. of material

to the American Emhllssy in Buchare$t. A week Iller, ~MIItive Hol lZmlll testified befo re

the subcommittee in the hope of pressuring Roma:n;. into allowing OSJ personnel 10 inlervi~
witnesses and ex"",ine tlJehival material. She did not urge Congres.I to deny MFN status, but

suggeoted !IIII the subcommin... postpone illl de<>i.ion "until the Rnmanilm government Iw fully eooperuted in the JIfO'le<>ution of the Trifa caoe...., A senator interested in the mailer sent •
•imilar rneMage through an aide, advising that
~ll1l)'1hina

Romani. does 10 please Congress

it:

After Ileslified . . . the Ambassador <:lUIIe slithering across the floor in my offioe and I blew the minwe that he picked UJl my hond 1 lOu it thlt I WIU gening good 0 news. He didn'l ha'<e 10 say • word.u Shortly thereafter, ThifOlf and an historillD were granled access 10 mOlenai and perlIOtIlId. In acknowledgmenl ofthio, Represenlative Holtzman $UPJXlr1<ld eX~llS iOll of MFN $\allIS."

OSI, all il routine, also checked with U.S.

in~lIigen""

agenci.. for informalion.bout

Trifa- The FBI had informalion from • confidenlial so""", that the Romanian government was
onl t o get Trifa be<au<e of his unwillingness to coll.bo,lte with the Romanian home church and govemmenl. According 10 this """"e, the Romanian
SO~<t'J'Ilner1t pro vided

infonnation to

'"

American Je wish gro ups in the hope: dw lhqr WOIIld ..... it lO . nack TrifL" While lhe SOIlI'<:e

cl8imed tIul1ll>O$ of lhe Infomllllwn pnlYidcd W8S k aitinullc . (~)hc 8dviscd chat some documents

were alte red 10 make Triftl', aClionl! "PI""" WOl'3C; a eertaiJl number were fabri Cl1ed altogether.
The altelatiOll3 and fa brialliOM were designfJd 10 show tIul1 Triftl was pcnollllll~ n:!IpOlIIIible far

tile decUion 10 murder civili..... lDdIor for !be lIC1tIIlI murdcn Ihemsclva. Acandi"i 10 the FBI: tile Romanian plan aa:oiMt Triftl wu . . . 10 put Trif. in a rufficientl~ difficult POlitintl with U.S. Govanmcnt allthorilin thIl he would be dil&"'Ccd in hil clturcll position Ind lnse it. The use of Amcricm-Jcwisb OtpDinlinN wu a mearv to this end as was ~ taeticallllle of euueration Ind IioIli/'yinj dlJClllllellu 10 fiU boles III !be TriflS!Oly."
No OSI hillOriaD also expressed COt>CmI. He noted tbc possibiHty ofWllpcrins 1WI wdy

by the CommUDisD, but also by prcecding Romanioa anv=1& Official ",ports p.....oo;I by
the ROGi'nhii gOvmWml ~y atter ibc ll)lrisina nia~ have b«Il designed 10 ponn~ tbc bon

G\lard. and its lcadon in the _

light possible!' OS! aIn:a<Iy bad in its posocsliOll .. I.... one

document IbI! • •llhcnticity o f wbkb it doubted. A pboIognph o f Trifl looked as if hil face bad
been superimposed. The aovemmool d id llOl plan to intro<lucc II inlO cvi<lmcc."

To allay concerns, tbe aO\'emmml souaJu multiple Ie\tda of corrobo ralion. In aMitioo. to

tbe govemmcm wanted cvi<lmcc o f IIOn-Romanian oriailL They ..ard>ed foRill;D ministry d OCumenlS from Gcrman ~. England and tbe United Stites whi e b detai led tbc situalioD in Romanilat tbe time Trif.

was active.

~

5S rcwrds yielded. a conlemporaneous report of

the January 1904 1 rall~ from • German ""cbange otudcnt IlUdying in Romanla. Enclosed with hi,
,",coWl! was • copy of tbc Tri f. manifest o . OSI also tneed Trif. ' s life in Gcnnan~ 10 CSllblisb

that be bad been Hi,,,,, special 5!IlUS bccaUIIC of hi. Iron Guard activities,

Flnall~,

they turned 10

Trif.'1 own !iUlfments in the u.s. presI. OSI pllU1Dl:ld to presenl lCSlimony from 1M N"'" y",t
Ti_ueponer who had interv iewed Tri& in 1973,"

While W """" was pending, bul bef=.lriaI date had bwI scl, Trifl was invited k>
participate in • broadc&sl Jll'Cpamllly Radio Fn:c Eurol'C' (RFE) fur 1nInsmiuion 10 Romania."
The ocetI$iOD for the broa<kast was the 6fticdl anni versary of lhe mablishn>enl (If 1M R<>monilll

Orthodox Epsi<>opate in N<ntb America. The ~ (If Illlllc&«l Nazi WIll" crimi"'" in •
g(lvemme:nt..ponsored broodcast created . furor."

Martin MendolJ<llu>, fin! OS SLUchid and

lherufler os Deputy Din:culr of OSI, proteol«1 10 RFE." Represenwive Holuman laO tooIr. up
the ca_!' Shortly after the uproar died down, Trifl recei\'cd anod>cr lormll of n<go/iYe

publiciI)'. He: was featured on. nationally broodcast l<lcvision show enlitled ~Escape from

JUSlicc - Nazi W", CrirninIls in America.....
Trif.' s lria.Iwu set f« Oetober 1980. Government IttDmoyll1l"lvelccl \() R<>maniu nd

Israel during the: IWJIIDClI" imcrviclOing wilftCSSCS,. SllddmIy, acven wceb before m ol, and
"'lboul Illy forewamins. Trifa'o anomey told the u.s , Anomcy in Michigan !hal he had.
Mbombshetl.M Trifl would 1Um in hil certificate of naturalization; Ihocre wos no n<cd for 1 triol,

Accordinl

\Q

hiuttorney, Trifl "'wun' l up 10" I IriBi because ofl\it health."
is$Ued •

1li fl

public: stllnnent in which he ceded DO I"<>und lO ee &<>\'CJMlent.

The rclinqui.hmenl of my cilizcns/lip i' in no way 10 be ""nsldcrcd ... admission of the llovcrnmcnt Illei/lhons" ,
The lililllion Igainsl me has lICtUal ly bwI mlar&cd imo something far more compre""""ivc - IIriBi of the id l!(llogical """ political milieu of Romonian history iD the pre_war years,llC&fiy.so yem ago. To !hat obvious purpose and di,...;tioo, 1 have beoen made 1 h<>s!a&e of my own..lIlnIIiza!ioll, for<:ed 1 ""I as 1 0 vehicle in tbc coodcmnaIion of my COUlllry (If (Irisin; """ partiCldarly Dflhe u sionary Movement {Jnm Guard] of those)'<:8l'$, a d (Ifthe man)' flOC men Illd

213

wwnen who BJI.... so much in their dedication to whal_ then felt u lbe but solutioa to Romania' , m&II)' andl'Ol1lPJu difficultin. This I ~ mel I will not
permit to contin.....
" " - much 1 bel;e"e in \he AmerkJll judicial p:tOCeSI _ - ' I do _ it i, with an eq.... ly finn ~OfIvM:liOQ I fed I ","ve been denied due process in this prvtracted Iiliption. Even if! weJuccOIded a fa, trial N ouch in a procedural ......e. il would lIppQf 10 be ~levanl when su<h would , till render impossible aoy anempt to brinll at..... the: INth of the matten takina place in RonwIia during the: c:riticaI )'CIII"I betweeD the Jft'8I wars.

The tn=endo.... collt, the mom>ouI _ of time, the '-"Y bwd<:ns of IIWI)' ye>n of~tiplion .. d har.!lsmenl "-w muIerod me UNlble 10 effe<1ive1y <kfmcl mytelf mel &:ive full measure 10 !he paitl\ione1s of my fat-fluna
Epi~,

...

Thus, in order to preserve the intepity of my OWll convietloos, and ill the best illlel'eStS of my CburclI aI'Id il5 flilhful, 1hl: strugle lIIIISt end!
The suugale did not end, hOwe"\'er. Two months Wet'. the: aovemznenI filed a deporwioo

llClion. The denannlizatioo complaint,.....tUcb had been filed by \be USAO, alleged thai Trifir. hadpersonally puti ~ ipaled i11111:ta of murder. By "",,!JVt, 1bc: OSI-fiJed deporwioa dOD
foc used 00 Trifa u a proJlll&llldi!l. OSl's exhauoti..... researcll into Trifil' s bad<gmuod Jdl il

writings and speeches bad helped create an atm osphere in which such wanl on momier and
~ wu

deemed accepW>le...

The government aUeged lhal Trifa had concealed all informstion about his Iron Ouard

II:livilies, and that he hadadvocated violence and tbc pmecution of Jews. Aceordina: to the JOVemrnetll. "hUlldmls of illl'lOCUll eivilianll ,",re kilied
As alway"
M ..

a rawt of the Trifa Manifesto,"

Dr. Kn=mer followed the litiaalion doody. He"",,", 10 !he immiptiolljudac

,.

uraina lbat 1hc: !rial be expediled.
We ask fur an imlnediau: &nd speedy !rial oflhi. pogromi.st. The pop<Jm lhal was Ofdered by Mr. Trif. il consi~ by OOI1temponry historians lbe moot aJ-dy ever, e\lfllll"loOR cruel tbaa Hill...•• psin& [.ic) &nd ineinm tin& meIl, womm and children- '" this JIO&IWD Mr. Tri&. and. hio ooborts pe:pelraled !he Il\OSI \'k:ious.cts ever devised by di.<tosted blllIliUl mind.: 1~ and CJuUliaDs tu.llheir oars, lOOgu.... oexual or..... cut off before beina; polIO d<alb by dahing !heir lhroaIs "ill the: riluai manner"', lbeir beadI cUI off and !he can:uses bune 011 boob and mull.... "KOSHER" - on their bellies (KARNE KOSHER ill Il.urnao.i",,)...
The Jener did noc hove the desired effect. The j udge, assumirlg !bat Dr. Kremer was "'m

....lIbaugh ordinarily ( would dilJCOUrlt "" parle remarks ODd ..,.,osa' iOO$, I """ of the beJid'that due to !be _.itive nalIIre oflhia cax ir would be impo$!lible 10 ntainlaill the ~ ofjudicial faimess ill that the 00_ oflhi. len... OOZl.'Iinlle an outriiJIl inlClllional anempt to infIum<:e lhe decision of lhi. 00\Dl. Of

Director Ryaq utgetl !be 001111 to reconsider. R)'lIII usW'Cd the judge lhallbe i O - 1
batI bad nothini to do wi!b !be lmer, had DO ad ~ 1I0tice of il, and "di"'SW("we(d illdt)

knCl'wrilinc of lhi. private citiuo..... The OOlll'! declined to recon!!ider ill decision and I new

The IOvemmeol anlicipaled !hat il wooJd take lWIl months to IJy 1hc: case. They ""peel....
to introduce hlUldreds of nhibi l:S . The case was CIlmpl"". bodl because Romanian politi" ~'"

oomplka led (Romani. began as

OD Axis

panoer but joioed !be Allies ill 1944), and bee....... the

anlicipa1ed defense wu sophiSlicated. Tnf. oouJd Ilrgue thot be hod been I victim hiweJf, . ince
he bad . peP! time ill GCmwl corocenlral;on campo; the government needed to csl3l:>Jisb that he

'I'

had bun JIl<>R a guest thlltl a poliliclll pri""""". And if)" argued that the ~I which
cmshed the Iron Guard al"" pm$<!CllIOi Jews, the g"¥emmenl ~ 10 shnw that this did 1IQ1 me8ll lhat the Iron Guard waon' l itself ..,1i-5em;!ic. OSI WllS I'f"pllJ"e(lIO present I I""g and dellliled exp lanation o f Romanian poli lics. Pre paring for the <:aX, 811 OSl hi.lorian _
pIlS. report oullinin g the "'len ni political and cultural issuet."

•• 500

Among the mosI dnmalic ev idence \he golfeJTUllent p lanned 10 present wu . series of

postClllds and 1.1Ie'" fotmd in the West Germ an archi ~ They wo:re sent in 1942 by Trifa from
¥arious GctnWl ",snrts and !pos tn iii. 1mn G uard leader ."mrad.... TbI! connpn"den...

soppnrted the B"""rnmenl' S theory "tthe case - that Trit., because "fllis lligh-le~.l position
with the Iron Guard, had been m"", • polilical refugee than • politielll prisnncr.

Allhnogh Tri (a' s handwritina: WUOD I"" com:spondcnc:c - and the govcmmcnl had a handwri ling n pen In II> ICSliIY ~ Trif. claimed they were I CommuniS! for;tr)'. Usina; then

bland-new laser technology, th. FBI identified Trifa's latent fiugetprinl "II ODe of the documel1lS.
TbI! ideotifiC.!llion of a 40-year-old prim wu CJ<iJ'BDrdiIUJ)'; it was. and =nains 10 this day, the

oldest latent prinl e¥CI" malchcd by the B ureau . Indeed, a blowup of the p rint is 00 display al FBI

beadquanen for 1QWim 10 ~;.w_t>

l.llSl minute pre-trial ' elllemen t DCgolilltinns came 10 naught" and lrial began in Od"ber
1982. TbI! govmunem opened irs casc with lWl:I days of testimony by an historian wllo discussed Trif.'s rol. in the Iron G uard . Through him, !h<! governmenl inlrod""ed numCJOWl miel.. wrineo and ed iled by Trifa. On the m"miDi "fth. third day, defe nse cllllll5Cl off~ 10 senle. Trif. conceded thai b. had bee n I member of !he Iron G uard and that h. had concealed lhat bac kground when he entered !he United Swes. H. agreed lO depal1 the Unit ed Stal.. within 60

daY" ot n:oeivina permission to e nler another "",WlItY. He des ignated Swi=land ... !he COUII1IJ'
to which he wou ld like 10 be deporled. He WWlted, III al l costs, to . \/(Iid ~ng 10Romani.

which had convicted him I"

<d>f."'i" and senleD<ed him to lite imprisownent in 1941.
"" two ye. , 10 600 anotbor co WltJy_ If. at !he end otlhat two
uld accept him, !he U.S. .... uld seek to depor1 him to Romania.

A s pari ottlle seTtlement, th e United Slilies agreed thai itSwiludand rduoed 10 I-<:«pI him, Trit. and !be U.S_would

year period no other country

From the 8<',enll1l101lt', perspe<1ive. this "er:I!Ilnd[d] Ihat in no way would the Depar.ment ever
6nd ibelt in • pos ition wh~ we ~ shelleri ng him from po..ible return 10 Romania, in !he
even!

thaI no other country would accept hinI..... The polential tw<>-yeat hiaNa ..... a.cceptable to

!be lO"emrne' ll !in"" it was . honer than lIle likely <l\Iralion ot an appeal had !he trial proceeded

to 'erdict."

Trita's lIltOrOC)'S claimed lhal his lbnJpt Ilbandollllltllt ot lbe case be was "old and ill.-

w" due to the tllCt thai

Tri.. himselt daimed that he wanl ed "an end to this. I feel 'ictimized by

!be fact !hat things an: picl<ed up and C11Iarged in such a way as 10 m..... compldely d ifferent

thinp.'" The court entered In order of depotUllion in 0ct0I>er 1932. 11 was 1"" fus! judicial

order of dtpoltation litigated by OS]'
h
WlIS

nol easy fondi"i ' COllll!rY to which Trif. ""wd be: sent. Switzerland refused 10

accept him. The Uniled Sw.. made inq ulriea ofltaly and (We st) Gennany. They toO ~

oppo5O<l. Romania, the back-up.;ounuy accordina In !he settlemenl agreement, expressed
eJttreme reluctance."

Worried that Trifa might mnain in !be: Unite<:! S.alas by de fallll, !be Justice Depa.rtmefll

so ught 10 penuade l8<3C1 10 ex!radile and pro_UI. him unde r. 1950 law puni . hing "crimes

'"

againsl\he Jewish Jl"ople~ committed during World Wilt

n.

0 51 Acting Director SIw:r wenllO

1......110 d iscu,," the rna1teI:," The followirli week, DAAG Riclwd plWlll«l IO mCCl with 1bc
bme~

Anomey 0eJ>WI11O co,l1;n,", the discussions. Howeve:r, at \he direction oftbc Suu

DeP/ll1lllC'lll, DMG Richard cancelled \he meeting when he leamed thaI it WlIS to be held in East Jerusalem; U.S. policy did 1101 =ognizc Israel's 8I1J>exatiOl1 of thai sector oftbe cil)', The

sending Trim to ISIUi. Some, inclllding Teleford Taylor, fo"",", chicfU,S. prosecutor al lbc

Nuremberg war cri mes trial., felt that it violaled legal notions offaimc... to dcpon somec....
COUIltry

to

a

when: he had DOver been, to be tried for

cri""'. committed befure thai country had been

establisbed."

In the end, the qucstion ...... mOO!. After a reschMuled mUllng held in MOther sector of
Jmasll1em, Imci declined to lICC¢pI Trifa.1'l OSJ COII5id=ld llIlOther oltemative which 1I>cy dubbed "The Berlin Option. ~ Thi. involved dcportillll Trif. to the Ammcan-occupied sector of Berlin." As 051saw it:
We would not only fulfill 0'" C<lmmitmenl to deport him; bul we would a11lO _ notice to our tire cast of defendllllt AId subjects that dCJlOYl&tion i, not an idle threat Mono , there is great appeal in sending this Nui war criminal to the former $tat Oflile Third Reich; the symboli.... should not be overlooked.

. . . [Sly establi. hing this precedent, we can inc= . ignificanlly the chsncc. of ncgntialing mn", dcpoJtlllions...

The Jus tice Departmt:nl WlU skeplical. DAAG Richard ...... COllCCmcd that il would
diSIOll 051'.
mmdalC.

Having SIUIOunced th llt the United Slates was unable to bring criminal

prosecUI; OllS against OSI defendants, it ~hOlJld nol suddenly chang<: C<lurse wilhout compelling
legal juslifU:lI!ion." M G Troa Ihough! ~durnping the body in GermlllY~ was a

i'm hostile

'"

momenlUm.

1Whi1e he awai ted ruolUlion of lile maner . Trifa became ev.... more expansive with \be
pre... He expressed . kepticism as 10

..melber any Jews had been km~ d ~na \be war !Ii""" he

"didn 'l ..., an y bodies..... RdIeeli ng on hi. activities, h. oonclud~: " With what I even know
today. 1 wouldn 't do d iff.,.."Uy than what I did~ and warned thaI "all this talk by the Sews &boll!

the Holocaust is going to backfi.... . . [b)e it legislative or v.hat ever, against the Jews. " He was
:l&JIgUine about deportation.

You know.I 'm not looldna ror any place too hot. Or 100 «lid , I will not stay io a arass hut in the middle of Africa, either. I will be 70 in June. I' m IooJting fur a place with • high otandsnl of livioll. with eu l!llre."

He found ;L In A upst I984, Ponugal issued him a vi... Though PonuiW lal... claim~ that il had been unaw..... ofTrif.'s ba<:kground wbe.o ;1 issued the papers," he was allowed 10
remaio there until hi. duth io 1931. Trif. ' . folio....... broUBhI hi. body ba<k to the United Slat... He was buried on the
grounds ofthe Romanian Episcopate in Mich igan, where h. had lived for so """'l years_ The... ..... no lon~ ... CIIY buis upon wltich the U.S. COIIld ""cluclc him."

U ligallon «lncmtina hi. wartime activities did not en d ~ with hi. death. PunuaJllIO
SIatIIle,lhe United SlllCS lerm;rIIlIed Trif.' . sod al security poymentll as soon as Ile was

deponed." Trifachallenged thelerminllion on sc...w arounds, o ne of wbieh ....... hisclaim th..

he had an ~informaJ~ aJ"'Cmenl wilh OSllhal wo~ld allow him to ... taitI hi. batefits after he left
lhe COUlItry. He also argued thai ' here was ne w ....idence e5llbli.hinll that he sIlOllld not ha\'C
ba:n dtp<n1ed,

'"

lie died whilc !he.., issues wen! a ill ;Q Iitillllio n, lind hiI ao:vtor ~ "" bcILlIf
Qf d>c _ . A _ ,,1I.d Ihal: lhc claims ....... mady an Qf dcpoTuboD." As ....... 1M c!aimt
~_pllO

110

behind'" lInlcr

dmio:l"

I. Unless o1herwise DOled, the Romanian hi'tory is taklltl fro m a 500 p"i~, fully ~ report

on KVio~l Tnfl and the !ron GuMl," p",pared by OSl His!ori.., Peler BllICk, Feb. 1982 (hereafter The S h",\:; Ropon).
2. Tnfl ohange<! hi. nam~ from Viorello Valerian ailu
h ~ came

to the U nited Stites.

3. A. reporte<! in the Dec . 12, 1940 ed ition of the Romanian news paper 0 .."" Vwire ;n an anicl~ ~n l i l1e<! KDecembcr 10 Und.. the S ign of JlL<tice."
4. Eg. , I NO\IatIber 24, 1940 pioo~ complained thatthe " kiklll" had no interest in . pro-Alo.is polio)' booause 1hey wanted Romania '~o be at the o rders o f Paris iIId London where lbe k.ikes
we",

.ll'Im8."

5. A front-page SlOIY in a Swi", new-'P"pe!" referred 10 "extremim of the Iron Guard, whose uninhibi ted rute of terror !he Romanian peopl~ i. no longer willing to bear." KDie ilweft Lage Rumllniem," (The Inlernal SilUation in Romania), NOl;<ma/-Zeinmg (Basel), JaD. 3, 1941. FmnkJin Moll Ounther, the. U.S. Minister to Romania, described !he: Iron Guard'. K tin: history ... [as] shol throllllh widt assassinations and terrorism." Feb. 5, 1941 rq>Ol'I 10 !he: Sccre1ary of S1lIIe '" ""The lrOII Guard Revolution of January 21 10 23, A Summary oflts Ca\I.ges, Coune and Results," P. 3 (hereafter Gunther Re-pon). 6. Gunth .. Repon.mpra, n. 5 atpp. 3-5.

7. Trifa maintaine<! that be did no! write tbe manifesto ahboogh he conc:eded thai he did nol """""" its issuance. Tn f. Depc>;oition, Jan. 25, 19n , p_4 2; Trifa fBI interview, ~ 1955. OSI never developed any independent evide""" as 10 whether be was !he aoIIla1 author.
8. ''TIIe Rolli.. of III. Legionary [Iron Guard] Movement on Sunday: The Movemenl's Leaders Delivered Addresses on the Suhj ect of 'The Sttuggle of Germany and Italy for the establis/unenl oia New European 0nI..:" UolWrsul (Romani lll newspaper), Jan. 21, 1941.
9 . Franklin Gunther 10 Slate Departmenl, No. 89, Jan. 30, 1941.

10. The Gunther Report, .I1ipI"a, n. 5, gave offioial fill"!" of 236 k.illed, of whom 118 were I~ ws. Gunth.. lhoughtlhi. fig",e 100 low, hut fou nd '"no good 'upJIOIl for fig= running beyond 300 10 400." lewi,h gro up. gave much higher number>_ The TfA reponed on Jan. 30, 1941 tItat 1,000 1ews ~~ killed in Buch""," atone and anoth.. 1,000 in !he: countryside. "2,000 Jews Slain in Rumanian Terro r; El""wilnes. Tells Brutaliti " TM ConaJitJ.. .h",iJIr W.dJy claimed thaI ... many as 6,000 lew. we~ killed. K Nazi Munl , of 6,OOO lews Bishop in C!eve1""d Churoh," July 23. 1953. I I. Von Boloch wing was prosecuted byOSt in 1981. See pp. 259·27 0. 0 12. !II 1946. he was again tried 1 01>.."'10 (by . ne w Romanilll govanmml) and senlenced 10 death for crim.. amou nting to genooide under Ih~ RomanilUl penal code. U.S. Emb. BuclIElI'CSl to

Sec'yofState, No . 2280,Apr. 12, 1979. lJ. The IRO Manual for EligibiHty Officers stated that Iro n Guard memben were "pri_Iocie ouUi de the mandate"<lf the IRQ_ As such, they were inel igible to emigrate undcJ the DPA. 14. "Coun H<llds 5 in C<lntempt in Bishop Row," TM Phllad.lphl4 Enquirer, Apr. JI), 1952.

15. CIC Repon, Jan. 16 , 1950, Ref. No. 8-50-17.
16. Aug. 6 , 19 51 "'port to DOS Divisi on ofSecuriiy. 17. Redact ed Mar . J , 1953 INS memorudlUQ Ie "Trifa, V iore!." 18, f eb . 7, 1975 mem oran dum to Regional Commi5Sioner, Northwest from District Director, Detroit, R ~Valerian D. Trifa aka Vi",el Trifa. H 19. Nov, 16, 19 73 _ mo to Trifa lilc from D.L Milholl an (INS); feb. 7, 1975 memo from INS Distriet DireetOl (Detroit) to INS Reiiona\ Commissioner (N<lnhwest). 20. Mar. J, 1953 INS mettl<>n:Jdwn re ·'Trifa. " 21. B~ast, May 29.195S; -IlPeolurnn, June 4, 1955 . --Pearson attacked Trifaagaio in 1963. "J War Criminals Remain in U.S"" T1u WasllJ"glon Ptnl, May 22. 1963. (The other lWO erimiJlals were Ar>drija Artuk<lvic, discussed a\ pp. 239-258 aDCl Nicolae Mala.u, who died. in 19 n , be fore OSI's founding.) 22. The INS bad so advi.... Michiallll S.....lOl' HOIllCt fergll$Oll and MichiallllCo ngressman George D<lnclero in letta'S dated J_ 28, 195 1.

23. Nov. 29, 1978 memO to Marti n Mendelsohn, Chief SLU, from trial snnmey Euaen<' 1'hin>lf. Men delsohn wondered. whethe:r the fBI was protecting TrilL The Buruu denied tlUlI he had
ever been an asset or informant. Oeelassified f BI memorandum of Apr, 6, 1979 re ~United Sta tes vs. Valeri an TriCa;" Declassified and redacted FBI me morandum of Mar-. 5, 19 BO re ~Valerian Tnf.." 24. J\InC 22, 1962 memorandum from Detroit Na turalization Examiner Sidney f reed to the A..istant Co mmissioner o fNaturnHu,tion, Washi ngtOtt, D.C. 25. Apr. 9, 1974 letter from INS Oeneral eo""""l Charles Gmdon I<> J,.."es f . Greene, Deputy C<lmmi..ioner. 26. Recorded intervie w with AU.,. Ry.,., June 10, 2003 . 27. "Bishop AdmilsPasl Pro-fascist Ties," by Hi ley H. Wan! , 1M Detroit Fr~t Press, AUB. 27, 19n .

28. Dec. 14, 1972 memorandum from So l MarI<:I. INS District Din:ctor. N_ Vorl< to the A.sociale C ommissioner ofOpen1ion•• Central Olfie<!. 29. Oct I, 19731elterlo Dep ury Attorney G~ WiliiamR.uc.kdsha"" from Robert Morse. U.S. Attorney. E.D.N. Y. 3(l. uBi.hop Under Inquily on Atmeity li nk." by Ralph Blumenthal. ~ N.w Y""k Times, Dec. 26, 1973. Trifa made similar admissions to TM Detro;, N~. ~12 Witnesses Ma y Tie Bishop 10 War Cri mes,W by Midl",,1 Wendland, JIIM 2, 1974.

31. "Bishop is Facing Expended Inquiry. w by Ralph Blumenthal, 1M New York T/Im!S, Apr. 5,
1974.

32. "Rep. Holurnan Calls U.S.l.iJ< on Nazi Inquiri..,wby Ralph B lumenthal. The N_ York TlIm!I. May 21, 1974; le1terofsame d.te fmm Holtzman 10 INS CnmmissionerOlapman . Ia February. 1975, she went 10 INS' offic .. 10..view various case files, includins Trif.·... Feb. 14, 1975 memo from INS District Director (Ne w Yor!<) 10 INS Regional Commissioner (Nol'llleU).
33 . Sept. 30, 1974 le tter from INS Acting Deputy Commi.,ioner Carl Wad<, Jr. to Kremer (refera>cing an Apr. 1974 meeting between Ktaner and the INS Genero1 Counsel); "12 Witn.....' Moy Tie Bishop 10 War cnme.t .~pra, o. 30. 34. Feb . 7, 1975 memo; f eb. 20. 1975 memo toA..iliWliAIIomeyGeneral for the C rimi nal

Divi.ion from LF. Chapman, Jr. .INS Commissioner.
35. Rec<>rded inlelView with Mend elsohn, May 23, 200 1. 36. Krerller provided the SLU with 186 dOCUlllenlS he believed relevant to the prosceutiOll. Dec. 20. 197& memo from Thorn.. FUlIj, SLU Criminallnvesligator, 10 File, re wlnlerview with Dr. Chart.. KrernerOllI 2fI Y78 in the eee o fVinrel Trifa." Overall, Dr. Kremer'. evidence "tended 10 he more misleading than helpful" in that il suggested that Trifa was di=tly inv olved in the murder of Jews; iD facl the 8O"Cmmem fOlllld no rel iable evidence 10 substantiate that charge. ~ed interv iew with fanner OS I ChiefHistarian Peter Black, June 24, 2003. 31. Rewrdad interview with Gene Thirolf, JIIM J 3, 2003. 38. Apr. 3. 1980 memo from ThirolflO OS I Director Albm Ryan; June 22, 1919 lesti""",y of Rep. Holtzman befo'" the House W.ys and M u ... SUbcommittee 011 Trade. Comnnm;" bloc eountri es were Usually ",;llina to M lp tbe United States pursue on alleged Nazi war crimilllll. \hough they we", often slow 10 respond. Some Ipeal IICed thal lhe u nusual recalcitrance in \his ease wa.s duelo reor th. , Trifa ond his supponen m ighf retal;ale by rev.oIlng that some Iron Guord members we", currenlly serving in the poSlWor Communist S""'mment. "U.S. Aide Says RlUOonia Fail' 10 He lp in Fascist ', Triol,· by David Binder, The New York Timel. June I I, 1979.

39. May 8, 1980 memorandUlll from Thirolf 10 OS I DirectOl Allan Ryan re "Our HiSlory of Contacts with the Government of Romania" (hereafter Thirolfmcmo).
40. " U.S, Aide SaYll Rumania Fai ls 10 Help in Fasci st ' s Trialt by Dav id Binder, The Nrw York Ti....., JWIC II , 1979.

4 1. Sta1<m before Ihe House Su bc<>mm in"" OIl Trode, House WaYland Means Committ.... eJ\1 JUlIe 22, 1979. Rep. Holtzman I cknowledged thaI ooopenuion wilh OSI did ''not fal l explicitly within the ambit of the ~edom o f .migration requiremenl.l." Nonetheless il wns. ",flection on Ro mania's willingne.;s 10 wo,-\( wit h the Un ited States 0<1 • matter "of mutual concern." 42. "Romania Will A id U .S. in Trifa Trial,"by SUllIIIMorx,

,,,,.

TM Detroit Fne p,.. ..., July 6,

43. Hol1Zlll.Oll interview, June 12, 2002.
44. T1tiroIf memo, S14"", n. 39. A Y"ar later, when Romani.'. MfN !Ia/llll wns sgain up for renewsI, Holtzmlll aske<l the subcommittee 10 "SIJO!I8Q" remind the Romanillliovemment that its COlllinued oooperatiOOl is ex pected." Submi tted statement befo", the subcommittee, June 10, 19 80 (emphasis in original).

45. Kremer was head oflhe Romanilll J.wish Fed. ratio n of America, and late:t the C ommin ee 10 Brinll Nazi WM Criminal. 10 Justi"" in U.S.A ~ Inc. 46. Oct. 9, 1979 redac ted memorandum from FBI Wasltington Field Offll:e. 47. BI&ck Report, supra, u. I , at c b. IX, P. 55, n. 13 3. 48. lI.OCOfded interview with Thirolf, Feb. 22, 2002 . A ccording 10 Thirolf, the photograph had come b orn lIOIllCOJlC ill the opposing faction of th. Romllllian church. The Sill had submitted the photograph to the FBI for lJUl1ysis. They were unable 10 delemtill! whether it had bee<! alterN. Mar. 13, 1979 repon from FBI 10 Thomas Fusi , h",estigatot SLU. Long after I/le Trifa litigat ion WIlli complete, an oflkiai in the RomBUian intt:lIig.""" ..rvice, who had si nce defected, claimed Wtthe Romanian premier had otde-Ied evidence be manufactured against Trifl . Red HorlzollS, Chronlel•• oj 0 COl'fntunl.t Spy eMe by lou ...... pa J, {Regnel)' PubIi5lli"Bl. 49. The govemrn.ent imt.d asubpoena 10 reporter Ralph Bhunenthal . Ailltough The n nrtS original ly eontemplated litigating the vali dity of the subpoena, the Department of Justice an d th. newspaper agreed without litigation on tho paratne1efS ofBhunentha!' s teSlimo ny. The govemmem would calI on Blumeothal lO testify about Trifu's S1at.men ts onl y if Trifa did n01 himself adm it he had mad e the statemenlllO B1W1>Cntha! and the government wa.l not able to prove the admilSionl by independent means. Aug. I S, 1990 memo to AAO Heymann from Director Ryao Je "New Yo,-\( Time. SobJlOetll in United Swes y, Trifa:~ l uly 2, 1990 memo to AAG HeymanI1 fro m Ann Fleisher Hoffman, Executive Assistant to the Attorney General '"

".

~Subpoc llllto

the New York Times.~

50. Radio Free ElUope was founded in !he 1950s and broadcast into Eastern Europe. It W8.'! originally run by the CIA as a propaganda organ for Ibe United Srates. 10 1911, control was rumed over to The Boanl for International Broadcasting, an indepeJldcnt fedeRI agalCY funded
and "".....,0 by Congress.

51. S•• • .g., "A Oo~rnmeol Blund<r," TIl< St. P. t.,.burg Tim<t , Dec. 16, 1979; '"Trifa C""" , Fire White House Aide," 'Th. Miam; lhraJd,Dec. 14, 1979; Commentary on WEAM Radio, Dec. 19, 1979; Commcnwy by lac tAndcrsonoo Good Moming A",.,/ca, ABG-lV, Dec. 6, 1919; ~RFE 's Bi.hOp i. Prob<d,~ Jad Andenon, Feb. 20, 1930; "Outngeous Progtlllll i. Al Issue, ~ Jad. Andenon, F. b. 20, 1980; ~Broadcast by Clerg)1IWI A<:<:uud of Killing Jews Is Dnrwing Critici"""" 1M W hingroJt Slar, Ike. 12, 1979. w

52. June II , 1979 lena to Mendelsohn from WjlJiBl1l Buell, Senior Vice Prniden~ RFE respondios 10 . phone call from Mendelsohn; N,w. 14, 1919 leila 10 Buell from Mendelsohn. 53. ~Leg.islalor Assail. Radio Free Europe," by DlIvid Binder, 'I'M New York Timet, May 17, flIed, R<p. Holumao 1979. After lWO RfE workers woo complained about the broadcast _ di..-..:ted lb. Subcommillft on Immigration to open an io-rogalion into the man«. She also urged lhe pKSidcOI to r"" • While House aide woo defended !he broadcast. (The aide SUlVived !he furor.) ~Solon: Two RFE Workers Fired for 'Whistleblowing,'" 'Th. BirmirwJwm News, Dec. 21, 1979; Ike. 20, 1979 leIltt from HoIUrnan to Congressman Dante f llScell, Chair oflh. Subcommittee on Internalional Operations (which h8d """",igllt o~ r lU'E), ~NOlC by Rfp. Holtzmana [sic] Bid. CarterOuSl an Aide," The New Yorl Tj"'.... Ike. 7, 1979. Rep. Holwnan also raised the II..,., on !he House floor. CongoRoc. Jan. 30, 1980, H. 425. At her "'lling, the Anorney GenCTlli <J<pressed suppon for an invC$ligatiOtl into Trifa'. brnadcaat. Jan. 17, 1980 lentt from. Anorney General Civi l.1Ii 10 Cong. Hol~an; Ike. 3 1, 1979 letter from the Anomey General 10 John Gronouski, Chairman, Board for Intemational Bmadcasting. 54. Th. sbowwas broadCUI Oft ABC'. Now. CI"",~"P, Jan. 13, 1980. AI the time, ABC was one of only three nationallYbroadCUl sration•. 55. Sept. 8, 1980 memo from ThitolflO files re " U.S, v. T rifa;" and JUJte 13, 2003 lel<phoM conversation with District Judge ~e Woods, who was Trifa'. anorney during the dcnatllnl.lization plwe. 56. Recorded inlecview. with Peler Black (June 24, 2(03) and Eugene ThiroIf (Jun . 13, 2(03). II i. unci...... why the dcnarural inrtion complain! hod no! been revised 10 u:fIeet thi.lhinking, as Th irolf U:CllII , viewing T rifa ClU"ly on aa a propagandist rather than • murderer (recorded inlef\l~w Feb. 22, 2002). Blad'. lrealise, supro, n. I, which provided the deflnitive analysi. fo' the govemmcnl, W8.'! wrinen after th~ denaturaiizaliOtl case had settled. 57. OSI did not at firsl u:ly on tb~ recenllY'eJlacted Ho ltzman Amendment which provided for dopo"alion of persons whoa.. i, led Nazi G.rmany or its alii... by o'dering, incilinllo ..... i.<ting or

otherwise parlicipating in 1M l"'l"""I"ion ofpersoltS because of lbeir race, reJi&ion Of political opiniOll. As Romania had nOI entered the war on behalf of the Axis lIntil June 22, 194 1. there was COntenl that Trifil', activity six months earlier might not corne witbiD the scope of amendment. However. OSI establislled thai Romania had requested a military mission from the Germans in Sep1ember 194(1 and !wi }oined the Axi' Tripartite Pa<:! lWO monlhs earlier. l1Ic government therea!ler amended irs papers to add a ~Holtzman ""lint." Th e advaJl!age of adding this ""unt was tItat, if PJOven, it eliminated the possibility ofTrifa's getting. waiver to ~lude deportatiOll. 58. Dec. 24, 1981 letteno Imm. Jud8C AmboII)' Petrone.

59. Jan. 4. 1982 order Inl~ MalltrojVaJf7ian Trift>.
60. Jan. 12, 1982 letter 10 lnun. JlIdgd'etmDe from Ryan.
61. Black Report, .........., n. 1.

62. Court TV's series Forensic Files .ao lUl epioodc: abolll ihe print. SH wwwcourtlywmlprnsltmbolY ygws blm! (last visited Nov. 20(5).
63. Sept. 27. 1982 memo to DAAG Richard 1iom Di=ror Ryan re ~Viorel Trif..~
64 . Nov. 9. 1982 memo to The File from DAAG Richard re "Trifa Prosecution - Deportlllion to
RomaniL ~

65. Aug. 14, 1984 news confereJ>Ce with AAG Trott and Direcror Sher.

66. ~U.S. 10 Deport A<chbisbop Accused asa Nan AUy," 17>< New y....k TI""" . Oct. 7, 1982. Trifa - . 68 yean! old llllhc t ime.
67. "U.S. S«k.s 10 Depon 10 Other Nazis.~ by Fll\JlCi. X. Clines, T1u New York TI""" OcL 9, 1982.
61. Mar. 14. 1913 lener 10 the AssislIIlt u ga! Advi$Ol, Consul... Affairs, State Departmem from Neal Sh.., Deputy Director. OSL

69.

by Edward Walsh, 11It Washi"gtoll Post. "'pr. 29. 1983. Dr. Krem.., idemil)ing bi mself as the presidem of the Committee to Bring NII2i War Criminals to J\ISlice in U,S...... Inc., had already imp lored the Israelis to accc:pl Trifir,. He received a no"",,ommitllli bandv.rinen response on , latiOnery from the " Residence of the

~U.S. Ask, lmoel 10 Try Ex -Naris £king Dep(uted."

President oflSl&el." Jan. II , 1913 letter from Kremer ro Israeli Pres id ent Yitzehak [sic} Navon and J.... 2a, 1983 response therem.

70. E.g., ·U.s. Aide. in Israel on Nazi C...s. Rejecta Modin8 inEaat JelUSalem," by David Shipler, The N. .. York TI_•• JlIne 3, 1983; " Office Site Snag5 U.S. ·lsrael i Talk! on Nan

'"

Cast$,M by Ed ward Walsh. Thf, Washing/on Pl>St. JI1M 3, 1983 . 71. "S teps to Deport Nati Backm caWle Legal Concem,." by Sruan Taylor, Jr., Th. Nn'I York Ti"",s, May 9, 193 3.

n . One of the problems in the Trim case was rhar the Israr:li law applied to those in countries
hos tile to the Allie. _tthe lime tho crimo. were committed, Since Romania had not officially doduod war on the Alii .. whon Trim was invo lved in h is incmdillf)' acti vit;es, some felt the: ClISC would not he pro =UUlble. Ultimately. ,he Israeli. deci ded thot \he first OSI defeDdant they would take would be John Demjanjul<, then (mis)idenl;fled as I.,.,.,. the Terrible. Set JlP. I SO174. Acc:ordiPa to DAAG Ri. hllld, o.nti ~juk was a lest case for \he Israelis. Theyanticipated seelcing extradition "f other OSI de fendants if thal p rosec ution went well. It did not and nn nther 0 51defcndaDl has since been extnIdited to lor...!.

73. Following Wor ld War II, Berlin was divided into I'ourseclO.. by lhe victoriOUll po....... The U.S., \he U.S.S.R., England and France each "",c",,ied 0110 sector.
74. ApI . 6, 1983 memo 10 DAAG Richard lion> Acting OSI Directcr Sbcr Ie "Trifa Deportatioo to Unirrd States Occupation Sector or am;'" ~ .. ., ... - -- ...., -- -7S. Oct. 26, 2000 discllSSiOll with DAAG Richard.

-

1~ . A ug, 23, 1983 huck . lip from

AAG Trott to A ssoc iate Attome.y General D. l.ewell Jensen Ie

'"Trira Dcpo nation.

M

77. "Trif. SpcaIcs Out: ' 1 Was Nnl • War Cri minal,'M by Stephen FfllIIklin, 11re Cklroit Fne Pr. ss. July 17, 1983 . M"" of the Romanian Jews who died during the Holocaust did in fact die outside ofRomonia; they died in ghettos and conc:cntralion campa to which they bad been dcport=d., Howev.... there wen: still mOllYJew. who died within the countt)'. In 1Iddi1i0l1 to those murdorcd during the JOIIwuy 194 1 uprioing, approxim ately 10,000 othe.. wen: killed in the swwuerof l 94 1 during. pogrom inlassy, Romania. 78. "S w eless Rumanian Ar<:hbishop Looks fo, a TImES, Feb, 2, 1984,
Ccunuy,~by Howard

Blum, Thti! Now York

19. "O<ported Bi,hop Flies to P onugal ,~ by Snwt Taylo,. Jr., Tho NtlI/ Y",* Ti""!s, A ug. IS, 19M _
80_ Befer. the body wllHem med '0 the United Sl""'" Direclor She, cont acted 1M Sial<: Oepartm ""t 10 learn if there was Ill y way to prewenl ill relllm. He w as told that !he only bases of excl usion were ( 1) if lhe body wen net properly . mba/med; 0' (2) the person d ied of a e<>mmwUcahle di.....,.

81. 42 U.S.C. § 402(n).

m

12. Slhis"" w, a-~, 1989 'Nt 21192 1 (N.D. Ohio) (unpub'd).

F~ r e ne

Konb _ A U f~lI me of Pmpac"nda

There is a measure of irony in lho prosoculion of fm:nc Koreh for hi. propagendist
activities on behalf orlhe Nazis in lbll once he omigrared, Koreb dev<>ted himself to propaganda on behalf of lbe Uni led States. In lhe United States, Koreb inveigbed agaillSl Communism; as I Nazi propaganc,lisl, he indled the popul~ 10 revi l~ innocenl civilians and nhoned the
g~rnmcnllO promOle

policies of Wscrimir1lllion am subjugalinll.

Korell was bom in Tnnsylvania, a rcgio.o which was pert ofH""8A1J' a:t \he time ofbis
birth, but which was incOfPOll'led into Romallil aft", World War II. Dllri"i llI e WaI' Hungary (as wc:Ilas Romanil) was Allied with theAxi. JlO"'CrS- Betw«n 1'M1 am 1944, Koreh st:n1'Jd alI1he M Responsible Editor" ora privotd y om>cd Hungori6lldaily.' His duties included writing.
readill&: and editing articles, meeting with govemmeJll offICial. to discuss the paper'. comem,

publishing IICWS stories l'eCCived from tbe government, and assuring thlnhe lOvemmeor s political policy was reflected in the paper,' During hi11eJlUre, the newspaper publisheddozens

of piece. advocating the pe=culion of Jews as well as deteal ofw AlIies_ Articles alleged thol
Jews had promo!ed and funded the war,' raped

mnc.:enl Hwtgarian girls,' tarnished the

professions,' and wantonly slaugh1m:d miliw,. "fficen,' Sclll'rilous pice.. which appeared under Koreh's byline covm:d !he threat to c<>mmcrce from Jewish immigranlll because of1heir "unfair" pl'lC1ices;' J~wi,h sabotago Md prayer ~for the f.i l~ of the aspiration of every Hungarian;'" and 1he ft.i lure of the Hungarian pres! 10 COver adeqUlltely the lheories ofrace pltiloSQphcn.' from 1944 10 the end of the war, KOleh was Press lnfonnalion om.... and Deputy Chief of1he Informalion Section al lhe Hunsarian Ministry O fPropallOrJdlL His .espo"';bilities

229

included p10JIIIIing radio broadcasts, ",viewing spo:.. hes , and moniloring Hungari"" pross <:<:I\'Orage oharious issues, including "the Jewish quosliOll~ For. porrion ofms lime at the
Ministry of Propaganda, he al.., ~ as Responsible Editol' of. govemment-owned weekly_

ThaI newspaper, like !he privately owned one witll whicb be was associated, was pro-Axis in its
c~

In 1946, the People'. Court of Budapest found KoJeh guilty of war crimes. The
~I

conviction was based o n Korell'. worIc for the

publication. He was sentenced 10•

l'=" in pillOll, 10 he 1011 0-.1 by five j'UD' suspellJion ofhi. poIilical riglllS,'"
Korell earne 10 lIIe United Ststa iJII9~G. Hi. visa application swed that he had written
~cultunll

and lilerBrY" lllIImal for • prj".", newspaper. Nothina indiealed. !hat be bad been the

paper'. Responsible Edilor POl thJt be had "",rked at !he Mioisuy ofPropagaoda or bceu editor-

ilKlii.dof ~ loveinment publication_ AllhoughhO acl<nowledged. hewg _em:ed 10 • \'<'II' in
primn, he described thi... politiaJ ;ncan:era!iOll based on hi. anti-eommunill _ . He

denied having bceu • member of, 0' havin g partidpated in, any movement hostile to the Uniled

States.
In 1956, Koreb be<:1II11C • United Stales dtizen. He WBS an oulSpOken critic of the

Communist regime. in Homgary and Romania. From

19~1

unti1 1974, he was. broadcast

jO\lJtlllliSl with Radio Free Europe. He remained willi RFE on I fteelaoce basis until 1989.
Beginnlng in 1%5 , he also hosted. . Iw<>-hour weekly radio program, a portion ofwltiob was
deVCIled 10 the i.. ue of Hungarians within Romania. He also helped mganize demonstrations agaiJl41 the Romanian government and serv<d for I poriod of time as p", sident of III antiCommunill emigrt organization .

In early 1977, DrOp/afro, I Romanian

'''''guage newspaper published in New Yorl<, ran

'"

an artiole identifYing Koreh as ''Chieforthe Nazi (Iron ero..] party and of Bl ithe politieal publications appearini in Northern TlV\S)'Ivarua from 1940 to 1944." In addition, the pie« hold Korell re"P",..ihle for mass m\lfdtn and
.~ported

that It< bad hunted hi. victims from horseback

and had been condemne<! U> .... th i n o~~ntio by a Hungarian court, A rew 1l\OIlW; later, a similar arlide W published in as

v.. United Israel BulJ~'in, another New York p.per,

Korell sued

bothpuhlications and their editors fat libel. The e.... MIlled in 1m when \he newspapen ' e!racted a11.ruuem~nts other than the on.. hoJdini Ko,eh responsible for mass mwdu. I I

The SLU flrstleam ed about Korell from lID article in TM Unired I.rael Bullerin." OS! inherited the investigation and f'~ed a denaturalization complaint in 1989, charging that Koreh'.
visa should not have been i.uued because he had (I) .....isk<l in the pene<:uliou of Jewo through
hi. position as Re.pon.ible Editor of the privately owned newspaper; (2) been a member of, or

part;"Ipated in, a movement ho.nile to the Unite<! States through his employmenl as a p=s officer in the Hungarian Miniatty ofl'roJ>a3anda; (3) liven "'vohmtary lS$istarn:e" U> enemy forces by hi!; emplO}'lllCllt in the Ministry; and (4) f.,l e<! U> list hi. conviction as a war criminal."

The case received publicity, in pall beooa.... (unbeknoWllBl ro OSI hef"", the filing), one of
Koreh'. dough,", was an FBI agent. Three d. y. after the filing, an unidentified permn threw an
objed through a window in Korell" bnmewith a note staling "Dog _ You Will Oie.""

The fact that Koreh'. daughter was an FBI I ll"nt both complicated and slowed the
prosecution. Colleagues in her New York office [NYO) elected, without anydiscus,ion with 051, to analyu the case. Relying in part on m.terial which had he"" P<"P""'d hy Korell for his ea:rller Ilhel suit, they concluded thal the government'. case was based on documents r. bri""wj by the COIlUDwUst Romanian government." In Aug.U 1999. they advised DOJ th.t ilOppeared 5t

OSI had been duped by a hoM;le intelligence service." The New York agents SUlpeeted that Korell had been tarlJeled because he was an out<poken opponell1 of the Romanian president and an OII_airemployee of Radio F= Europe. They alerted FBI headquarten that they were preparing a report "recomrneDding an investigati"" COU1S! of acti<ln~ becall$li they foresaw
pcw;ble criminal violatiOllS stenuniog from the OSI filing. These included !he maI<ing offalse

. taleJllent< (to OSI) and obstructiClll ofjUSlice." FBI headquarters was skeptical that there was any pndicah! fOf either a eowuenntelligence or criminal in_ igllian. They were eorocemed too aboul a potcnIial eonfliet

of inleTeot because tho report WlIS being prepared by an ogent who was romantically involved

with Ko.eh'. dauiiJIter."
The boyfriend (laterspo=) prepared a 46 single ~ed page reporI. Ita essence was that

\he Romanian imell1gence services sought to dismdit RFE employees and Romanian emigra
who had been acti"" in ami-Communisl activities. More than. third of the doxument discuSSlld

OSl'o prosecution of Arcbbishop Trife, who, like Koreh, bad opposed the Communist regime.
The report depi.ted Trifa II! the victim of . Rumani "" di.iofonnation campaill" and saw the

Korell and Trifa . .... u llaving ~striking simii arit.... "OJ The significance oflhe Trifa ....., according to the report, was that it demonstrated the p10pensity of the Romanian intelligence commWIdy 10 ."gage in I di.infOl'm lllion campaign.

The document u sened f1a11y thai ~[mlethods wed in Mr. Koreh'. Case and in other
instances include forged documentS. " In fae!, however, none of OSl'o evidence eame from Romania. The case was based entirely 011 admissions made by Kordl (some of them io his d"l"'"'itiClll during the libel ""il), oewspapers In>m Hungarian archi"".. and Koreh'• • onviclion

for w'"' crimes by & Hungarian co urt. Eve n though nothing in the report discredited the evidence upon which 0$1 based ilS case, ils very ... islenee crealed problems for OS!.

n.e FBI', questioning whether the case was

besed on false documenlation raised polential discovery and legal issues.

111 p~paral ion fot trial, lite def.".. Wanled all govemrnent document• ..tUcb would aMiSl in their claim thll Korell had l>een set up by the Romanion J""""'UIl"nl; lhi' included !he unndlcled fBI rq><>n. Ho........... the government WIS concerned that malerial in the report

was

privileged. The court agreed, "J'PI"O,,;nll I stipuillion which gove 1hedefense the essence nfthe classified mlleria! without ~""oIinll S1a1e seems.1O The stipulotion mted !hat lIrInIIIIICd sourccs represellled W t the Romanion Inrellig...... Service (IUS) lIlgCled many prominem Hungonon organ ization. and Hungarians, including Korell, in the mid to ll le 1980.. '!be JUS wanted informllion aboUl their printe lives which could he used agoinlllhern. Howevet, the stipulltion

.<toted thot ~ was no evideuce thol .uch infonnatlon hod In fact been collecled l bout Korm
Sparring over the repon - it. prfpUalion and defense

=

10 it - took three yean."

The coUrt filllllly ~oched the merit. ofthe denarurallzalioo case in June 1994. It ocl<nowledged
being 10m by the de fendam'• • IlUation. [T]he coUrt has had to resolve certAin difficullies in il. own mind and Ill"" has dragged its judicial fee. in hopes that the case would he dispose<:! o f in ways olhcr lhan lhis. On the 0,," hand, thc court i. faced willl. defendont who will be llS yn rs of age in September, 1994 and who has been in this COWltty for 44 of 1ll""" years working unlil his relireme nt and app&mltly wi1ll SOme d istinction for Radio F.... Europe; p<Oducing and bl'O'ldc. ..ing I Hungarian lon8U88" r&di" prosram; and wrilina fur and/.". editing I Hungari8ll newspaper, a Hungarian magozinc, on<! a Hungarian neWS quarterly. Importanlly, ~ i, "" suU esri"" tho1 defendant personally conunil1ed .". supervised the cummis:si"" nf lIlY "f the a!rOCilift thol one typicaily SeU in cases in "'hich the United Stales ~ks denaturalization; ,ndeed, bad t he co nduct In which he ennc<ded ly engaged !IIId thc 8JIti·!krnitic ond

anti·AJlied anicles he is alleged to h..... written and admilledly publ ished oa:urred in thi, counlJ)r, that CCOOllC! and tho se articles would mOlt like ly be protecled by the First Amendment. On the oth... h&od, defe nd",,", admilled and undilputed activ ilies during the di"""te periods o f time: 10 which the United Statel points . warrant denatural izalion lIll a ",alief o fl aw_ "

The cowl relied onl y 00 roctl which wen: stip ulaled Or oth erwise not in di. pute. Thus,

any articles wri llen at a t ime: when the defendant claimed be was away JTom the newspaper wet'<
excluded So too were al l articles printed under his nam e because the de fendant ("most belatedly" according to the court) claimed these

were Romanian forgeries. Even with al l1hese

exc lus ion.. [heR were 55 articl.. kl be comidered. The CCIIIt described them thus'

The ..a1ien-character" of the Jews was emphasized and Jews were deseribed as col1Slituting. separate and distinct l'llU; kwI were pa rtnycxlu "tnIitorous, unscrupulous. cbeati n g~ . .. ar>d • COJIIistently dangerous demenc in Hunll"rian .odel)' responsible for Ibe socioeconomic pro blems aftl icting Hllllg8J)' and the world; a paninn of III anicle tiom the National Soc ialist Oennan Woden Party publi,,"-lion WlIll reprinted .. . concluding that • • • ~eve.yone in Hungary ill aware of lbe fact thaI a final ooJulinn may be achieved only by deporting Je wish elemonts".. . . fIlo the impovmshed and poorly educated regioo which Suuly Nep reached, ...."., t!wI forty articles p ublished while defendant was ""'_ blamed the Jews for the =>nomie and socinl problems and the misery of the people in thal ~ • . . and call ed fo r harsher "Itri etions and gunishmeJlts, incl uding the suggestinn thai the h om es of Je ws be taken away.

The eourt concluded that lIll Respnn.lible Edilnr of a privotel y owned newspaper, Knreh
gave "lWiSlWlCe in the persecutinn~ o fHlIIIgary's Jews: hi. work amOUJlted to "advocacy~ of ....h pmeculion, foswina a climate of anti-Semitism which conditioned the Hungarian p ublic 10 acquiesce, encou;age and cany out anti .Semitic policies. MOfeO_,/Us work on the paper consriMed me:mbcahip and participation in a movement ho:o;tile 10 the United Slates. For .lllh~" "'15Onl, he should have been denied a vi.. to e nler the United Slate1l. His citizenshi p was there:fore revoked; the Th ird Circuil offirmed."

,3<

The governmem filed. dcporlllt;on action but >cttled the cue bofore trial bees..... of Koreh' J failing health. Korch admitted re , po""ibility for publishing anti-Semitic anicleJ, conceded hi. deponobiliry and d.signotcd Hungouy os the COlUllry to which he Jho uld be .. m. In January 1997, the coun entered an order of deportation. The govcmmcnt agreed not to effect the Ofdcr lUll.... KoTch'J health improved. If d id not. He d ied three months later, 0108'" 87."

I, Th..~

were ",m~ shOlt gaps in lhi, period cf =vice, but they an: inelevant to the issues

presetlted.

2.

us: y. Konk, 856 F. Supp. 891 , 8% (D.NJ . 1994).

3. "Blood and Gold; Th e Rol~ of Jewish Capital in the PR:sem World W..,;" Jan. 3 1, 1942 ; "How the World'!Jews Force d the American P.ople to Go to WtJ:t;~ f .b. IS, 1942 .
4. " I. II Possibl. for Szeko ly Maids to Continue 10 Sorve in Jewish Ho mes?" (ro:portinS 1ha1 " it frequOIIlly OCCurs thal some ugly Jewish IJIIUI pursll.. and propositions the d.fonsc:l... girls who firld themselves in a situation of dq>ondency"), Mar. 2 1, 1942.

S. "The: N=llo de-Jewil}< the [.egal Profession, ~ July 18, 1942.

6. "Jews W.re!be Murdorers of!he Polish Officers Killed in !he So\liet UniOd," Api". 16 . 1943 .

7. " W. An: Demanding lIZIln_ig.lion, ~ AUS. S, 194 1.
8.
~Hllcks1ent

Sopt. 20, 1941 .

9. "Subvmives," Oet. II. 1942.

10. He served seven monlhs inj ail.
I !. Sept. 2 1, 1919 transcript of proeeedinss before !he Hon. Thom.. Griesa, Cue No. n Civ. 26 13 (S.o.N.Y .). 12. CltronoIogy of evOllts in Kordl lnvUligalion/L.itisation prepared by Os.l. The c:hronology ref...neu an Apr. 24. 1975 memo by the St U ebout an enid . in 17Ie Uniud Israel Bulletin concerning Koreh and Trif.. Simon Wiesenthal llOliflCd the SLU a bout Kore h in a July 21, 1978 letteT to SLU cltiefMartin MendelooM. 13 . Although OS llwt i""""ipled • ran ge of allegal ions, incl uding those leveled by !be newspapen, in lhe end the govmunOllleoncluded thai charges of murdering JeWl and leading the Iron Cross were DOl .... tainabl• . The document> connecting ICoteh to !he Iroo ClO>\S wen: pholocopies. Although an FBJ forensi Cll e"aminer opined WI Korell "oannot be eliminaled as the possible writer," be was unabl~ to make a definiliv~ dc1erminatioo ab sem the original documents, O SI WIll _ .ble to &elthe original. from Romani. and thai pM o ft"" invest igatio n WIll accordingly al"",doned. 14. "Threali, Vandal ism al KOtCh Horne," by David Voreacos, NowJeney Record, June 27, 19 89; "N Il2i Apolngist in Engelwood? D.auahter Denies U.S. Claim," by Ron Holland.., New Jer.q Re~ord, June 22, 1989. (The newspaper irt<X>n'e<:tIy reported !he ~Ok iii saying ~Yo u dog, you will die." A June 30. I ??O FBl t. letype from Newad 10 FBI headqlWlers, re "VlIOdalism " KJ GfQVf! Slreet. Eng lewood, NI" make. dear what the DOte actually said.)

'3'

IS. May 2, IW I memorandum 10 File fro m SU<aII Siegal, then OSI Senior Trial Attorney ~ "Interview with JO S<:himan~ Sdtiman was M NYO AssiS\1l11l Spec;ial Agent in Chug<: of

ue

TetTorism.
16. Apr.26, 1991 memol1ll1dum to File from Siegal ~ ~ discussi on with Mary Law1<m.~ Lawton was chief of tile Justice Department'. Office of Intelligence hliey and Review (OD'R) . 17. Sept. 12, 1989 1elerype from NYO 10 HQ. 18 . Sept. 29, 1989 klelype from HQ to NYO. Regulations precluded - absent. wri11en waiver by a supervisor _ participation in • eriminal in ~estigatioa by anyone with. pmonal ~Iationship with a penon he Iuto~ has a "specifie 0.- substanlial inle1a1lbal _ uld be directly affected by tbe 01IIe0me oC1lle investigation or proseo:utiOD." 28 C.F.R. 4S.73S. The boyfriend did repon. the potentia! c:onnict to hi. supervisor hut ~ived only on oral waiver. 19. Although Trifa wl1ll'1tarily SUJTet>deted hi. cit izetl5hip .hortly before his denatunlizatian trill!, and lI8Il'ed 1<1 be deported in the midst ofw deportation proceedinp, the report did not see thi, as giving credenee 10 the Justic. Doeputrn<l1l'. case. Instead, it altributcd this 1<1 Trifa'. do,ire "to a~aid further cmbanassment for hi. church and family and to .liminalc protrae:ted and

<:<>stly litigation."

20. Bilih the magiStrate and district oourt rulings are pablished al Un/tea Slatu ~. KoTch, 144
F. R ,D . 218 (D.NJ. 1992). 21. The FBI had fl<Sl pt'CSOnted ilS .a~ 1<1 001 io Aug. 1989. The final eourt ruling On stale
secn1S

was in S.pt. 1992.

22.

U.s. •. K",e~, 8S6 F. Supp. at 893.

23. Id. at 898.
24. UniJed Stalen, KOTeh, 8S6 F. F.3d 43 1 (3d Cit. 1995).
S~pp.

89 1 (D.N.J. 199 4), aff'd, United Slatu y. Karch, S9

25. The ca.e had , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,ions for others beyond the defendant. As early .. 199'2, OSI nIPOrte<I ilS concems aboul Koreh ' . daughter and her hus band to tho FBIJOPR (O ffice ofProfe..ianai
Responsibility). OSI was <:oncemed a bout the propriety of the tJlen.boyfiiend working "". report aboul the d.fendant, and noted thai at the ...... time as the report Was being prepased, botb the: da~ghter and boyfriend were as"sting tho defendant ill ","paring hi. case. (Indeed, wilen dOJlO3l'd about the maner, the daughter describe<! heneJf .. par1 of the: defense M uppotI le4nl" . and as sert ed attarney..,I;"", pri~;lege in respon• • to sam. quest;"ns.) OSI qu.eotinnod whether this presented a conflict o f ;ntere", whether Ib.... had been utuluthorized disocl......e o f ml information 10 defense counsel, andIo.- an anempt 10 sabotage a DOJ prosecution. A moath afu"r OS I raised these issues, the hu5band wrok to DO JIOPR complaining aboul l ha (:<Induc t of Direc lOr Shar and OSI a nomey SuWl Siegal. They had inle1'\'iewcd him in

Julyl 99 1 ...hen lryi ng " , sort <lUI the merils in Iht allegal;",," o f lht rcpon. It ...... lIlI odmined ly lome ..szioo and !he busband deocribed Iheir eDnduet as "'rqnhe",libte, professional ly lInClhieal lIIId not. in any .....y. keeping with .... high s1alldards of ooJ aIIomcys." As he IIw ;l, !be OSI re""," OII.lives were no! ..eking informalion I>uI ..ther p<eseflling Irim with .... ilriolie rbetorie and $Olf-"""';"8 narrative that couldonly be deseribcd as l'_ iOll8'. zealotry." June 19, 1m letter 10 M ichael E. Shah=>, h ., DOJIOI' R. In June 19%. DOJIOPR isslltd its findiogs. It found 110 mi><:onduet by as!. Acl<no... ledg;ng that "some of Mr. Sher's comments 1M)' have inelllded words and I'hrases !hat eoold be colo<ful, his o veroll ' mesage' . . . was clearl y one ...... needed conveying." The FBI ""vcr ....lhoriud lhe criminal im<estiptioo ailed fot in the New York report. f BVOPR uiumalely .. ~ Agent Koreh and .... pended her busband for sevm days . (Many of the fB I su pervi sors in\'il"'ed in J'f'CJ"ll'8lion oflht report were 110 longer with the B......... and were tberefote ilnlllllnl: from aPR revi.......)

m

SnI lor OfJ\<I.b
Andrlj. A rtu k.... lc: _ Ju' ll"" lnlnminob lr Drblyod No eax spawned as mue h lil;gation or e><lended nver as IO • period of time as 1Iw of llll Andrija Artuko>i<:, \he highest ronki"l! Nozi coll oborotor ever found in \he United Stole .. E>cttodition fll""'«dings wert: beaUll in 19 S I - long bd"", the emltion "f OSI; Artuk"vic e><troditcd in 1986. C"lIaterol moner:s ..,Iated to !he case UC $till pending.

was

He was born ill 1899 in Ctt>atio, then . region within \he AIIS1rO-Hunprian ctnpm.
YugosJ.vi.. aated after World WlIt I. was an amalpm of natiom, including perennial enemies

Serb ia and Croo1ia. hl April 1941, Germany invaded ¥ugosJ.vi. an d dismembered the ymmg ..,public. One of !be oewly-<:n:ated JIateS was \he M hldependenl Swe ofCroati.. M
•

Nazi puppet

rqime nm by the fascist Ustasha party. The ~ 8Owmment de<:lon:d war oa the United SlOICI

Artulwvic served the Uswho sovcmmenl in vorious caP""ilie.. i""'luding Mini>ler " f!be

lmmor and Minister ofJu.-icc and Religion. In the.. positions, he promoted policies lIw

issued • series of decrees mandating intemmcrn of1besc: undesirable.. empowering SumlllS)'
cowu to imp:>se death seJlle:l><eS, calling for

"""uti"" "f Communi.1hootagea, confiJC&ling

J.wioh husineues, and limiting . We and ocademic employmenl lo Nyano. In I speecb to \he

Croati an Slate A_mbly, he deocribed Jews as boving:
prepared !he "",rid ",,,,,lmion, so thallhrough it the Jew! could b.-e complete mutery o oer I II the goods oflh. _ rid ond all !he po....... in tho world, the kws whom \he 0Iher people' had to IICl'YC as . means o f their filthy profits and of its greedy, moteriali Jtie IIId ",p.dOlll control of !he worJeL'

Approximately 25,000 Jews, 250,000 Serba, and numCJOll5 Gypsies, QrIhodox Christi_

and Communi"'" peri.hed inthe Independml Stm ofC.....ti. between Apri l \ 94\ and May \945.
All... the war, Communists who bad fought the U!IWhI reiime assumod power. 1"hey mmiled

Croati. with the ..... of YUiOSlavil and placed Artul:ovic's Mme on the United Nlliolll W.
Crimes Commission li!ll of WIll" crimiDllIl. He was referenced io the Co mmwmt J!"'II U "11le

BUlcl>er oflhe BalIr.ans.~
Anulovic mtued Ihe United StaleS in 1945 on. 9O-doy vi. il<>Jl viII issued 10 him under
M usumed N<ne.

He settled in Californil w>d beSIII WIlItina for I construeIion company

owned by hi. wealthy lxoiI>er. His visa was lIOice extended, the second utensiou ,""pirill(l in ApiI1949. In ... cffo n 10cosu.e his continued prncnce in the United Swes. his CooiJUl'll&ll

introduced I private bill 10 rcuv.ctively bestow t.wful admission on Anukovic and his family.'
Allhou&h no lIC1ion _ Wen on \be measure - whkh identified him by hi. proper """'" - il

lrigacrcd the .,..emmcnI'. itwestiaatiorl.
~'s

problems begM when the bill

was routinely oem to INS forn=view. INS'

inquiries led 10 the realizalion thai Artul:ovic had been wot.wfully admincd UDder. toIse uaone and Ihat he was """,.ed in YUiOSlov;" fur war crimes. There....- two optio"," . vailable forfemovins him fro m the United States _ deportation and cXuadition, Both _

pIIfSIJOd.

The lw<> proeccdinll" were lilad in 1951. The deportation ease bas an tim. ArtuIr.ovic did
nol ehollenge hi. deponabilily; he had, inconln>verlibly, enleml the United Stain Ufldet . false name and hi. visil<>Jl viII hod Ions si"",, expired. Ho wever, he "",ght refuse WIder I stafUlory provisi ool/tlt SU$pended deponllion proceedings ill cases wbere Ihc defendant eould show be "'"' of ~aood morol charac ter'" and that deportati o n would impose ~scriou, economic

""

detriment.'~ Amlkovic waul thallimc the falher of

four, Ihe ,oungest of whom had been born

in !he UoilCd SlItes. The child was the",f"", . U.S. citizen. Artul«n- ic .. gued 1hol deportotion
wou ld impox a _ _ eco>lomk hllJd.hip on hi. infant dau ghler. Rathe r 1han liligalina the economic i..ue.INS conIended \hat Artukovic __ ineligible for lhe exemplion

bee.""" he lacked good moral character. The aovemmenl pl"eSetlled evidence

to shew thsI, IS a eob;net mininer, Amtkovic had be en • majo r N&Zi collaborator. reoponsible for

the dealhs ofinnount Serbs and Jewl. The inuni&r*tiOll judge agrud and \he ruling WIllI upbeld

on appeal.

There appean to be linle doubl ( I ) thai the new CroaaiaIt owe, at lean 011 ~. pursuod • lIGIOCida! polie)' ill Croati. wilh reaanllO Je..... and Saba; (2) Ihat Artukoyic beJpod e:>;e,,,.Uc this pol icy ill ilia\, IS MiniOla" of lntaior, be had ...1horiIy and COJIlroI oyer the: entire S)'StCm of Public Security and lnto:mal Admininntion; and (3) that durill& this lilllC there were mossecre. ofSerbo and,
perhaps to • koser exteDl, o f other minority i""'P" within CroaiL [I)t i. difficult for US 10 thi nk of lIJl)' one IIIlIJI, other \han Ithe Cn>oo.tian prflideotj who could have been more responsiblc fu r the eYetllS occwrina in C rollia durilli this period tIwI _ IAnukovicl.' Havin s f.iled to gel the procecdinp ' lISJI"nded, Arntkovic noxl sousht a dq)onatiOll by cln

ilia, o f

llll thai he himselfwouJd be the: victim of perxcuUon if be YITR" re lllrned to

tbe communm COWitry of Yugo,layiL In mal<in& thi. argumrnI, he ac kno wledged that .. a Cab i=t minister M had aurhotizcd thc persecution o f communists. Th e j udge pntponed rUliog on tM

Ita,

aw lieotion pending resolution of the: ""tradilion mJuest.

The exlJ8di lion w... prcdi""tcd on. Yua",lay indiclme nt charsins ArtukoYic with havin a
murde~ 01 eo""cd to

be murdered,

n

pcnom, inc luding !he An: hbishop o f sarajcyo. As is

cUIlIomary in ""tradi t ion pro<:«dinp. Artukovic

was l\nC5tcd P"ft'lina the outcome o f tile

hearing. Although def... dan", """ """Iy released on bail in.ru<:h eireumstanea, \he coun """'"
an excepli on for AJtukovie. The co un fell he preseoteII lIG ni ght risk and the judge was skeptical

Bboul the merits "f!he CMe.

I am impressed by the date o( the al leged offenses, 1941; and the facl thal Yugoslavia was invaded by G ermany O!l Apri l 6, 1941, and thereafteT occupied by Germany UDtil 1945 and thal the whole world and especially thal portion oI lbe world, was in a ten;!)le Nnnoil. . . . I cannot help but think !hal it might be possible, if ex1rBdition lmrties with various COIllltries were carried 0UI1o the ldter in connection with ch&rges1ha1 might be made ,they might d emaJld the extrad ition of evuy peBOII who was a meml,er o f any armed f""'"'l against them and charge them with IIavwg co mmined mUJder, because SURly people woo ue member! of armed forees do kill Olher people, and they kill them just as dead "" they W<luId if they pri vatel y did it and oertainJy wilh.lIS m""h intenli(IrJ.'
Artukovic argued thal lhe U.S . coUlU should not address the extraditioll request because
(I ) the treaty of extrndition - entered m in 1902 between the Kmadom of Serbia and lhe u.S. lo
was no longer valid;

and (2) lhe charges againsl him w= political and lherefore coul d nOl form

The dimt co un agreed with the tim arlumen~ . The court did not rea.ch \he issue of wbelher the crimes W<lu/d be extraditable ifther e were a

treaty"
was again st the U.S . interest 10 have a

Up until this point, Yugoslavia had oulSide <:oURsol representing iu inte:reSlS m coun.

The U.S~ however. was co"""""",, ahow the Nlmg lIS it

judicial Nl ing that a change in gov<:mmenl a brogsles _ies. Accordi nlllY lhe U. S. joined , Yugo.o;lavia in suoce..fully appealing the order. The Ninth Circuil reversed and sent the case boek (or a determinalio n as 10 whelhe, Yugoslavia 's charges against Artukovic were polilical.'

The distri ct co un concluded thal they were. It pointed 10 the ~animus which has existed
between the Croatians and tile Serbs (or many hundreds o f yean, as ~I .. the d eep religious

cleavage known 10 e,ioe among lhe peoples in the Balkans. M This ruling, alTumed by the Ninlh C in;uit,

was vacll1ed by the Supreme C ourt.'

The matter th en renuned, yel again, mille d istrict

""uri, lhis lime for

a de1errninal ion as 10 whether ~ was JIlobable cause 10 bel;e"" Artuk.ovic

had conunin ed eWadilable offen ses under1lle 1902 treaty.

The many appeal., reve:rsals and remands had dra gged 011 for eight years by Ihe t ime !he
d istri cI ""un fo und no probable couse 1 believe thai Anukovic bad committed an extrad itable 0 offense.' It """ed this rul ing On the fact that lltero was : no evidence . . . ~sentcd tho! the defendant himself commined murd .... {Yugoslavia] re li"" entirely upo n lb. if evidence that JIlCD\hers of the 'ustuha' ""mmined murders upon orders from the defendant. Although 111_

was evidence lhal Artukovio hod on:lcred intemmen!, deportation, and in some

cases killing, of civilians, the court analogiud \hi. 10 U .S. policy.

It was common pra<:tioe during World W~ n 10 inlenlIWYOtle who was e\tCll SUSpecled 10 be an enemy or possible enemy o f the government in po~. Our own govenun.enl sa w fillo intern all Japanese on the weSt coast, men, women and childJen o fall "8"", immediately tb])owiog Pearl Harbor.
In the end , 1IIe court rejecled lhe Nw-emberg oonoepllhal leaden arc llCC(Iuntable for decrees sign ed by them but carried olll by others. To SO hold would proba bly result in fai lure to find any candidate who would accept !he respoosibilities of suoh. posit ion if be was goilllllO be beld 10 answer for crimes oommillCd by his und erlings wilhoul mOre definite prooflhattbey were acting under hi. Olde/'$. The request for extradi tion was denied. By law, !he orde r oould not be a ppe aled. Anukovio ,eceived mo re weioome news four momh.later. H i.long--pending applioation for a slay of dcponalion was granted. INS agreed wilh him that deportation to Yugoslavia would subjcd hi m 10 pcneculion beca""" he had opposed me Comm uni!," whmhe

was a

'"

Cabilltt minislei'. However, INS warned him W t the slay w ... "subjecllo rev<lC&tiOIi at 1liiy time
upon wrinen notioe to YOIL" A5 it <ie""loped, il was 18 years bc:fo", the government souRht to lift the stay. Duriog thal intetVaI, Attukovic was not completely OUI of the public eye. In 1961 , hi.

name surfaced during Israel' s prosecution of Adolf Eichmann. Witne!KS in I1W case testified
about the deportation and . laushler of Yugoslavian Se"" at Artukovic' . bc:hest; one described futile pleas to Artukovic 10 spare the lives of ch ildml about to he deponed 10 death campa." IN S reviewed the matter periodically. As Illle os 1974, it solicited !he State Department's views as 10 whether it

wss still likely \hat Anukovic would sulfa pcnecution if he ......... oent

back to Yugoslavia. The Stille Ilq>anmc:nt concluded that the IIm:at of ~ution remained. "

The ease ",surfaced in 1977 when a delegation from the House Judiciary Committee went
on an East European fact fi ndina Ilip. They rqlOIted that Yugoslavia was "disappojnted IIIld """,Iud" by !be fact that Anukovic had ne ither bc:CfI dep:Jrted nor extrsditcel. The Yugoslavs

wanted 10 tty Artukovic for war crimes; they assured !be la»omakersthat the Ilial would be: open
10 the ""bHc and would eompoll willi

U.S. lilandards oldne procns."

Sh ortly thero afler, an INS Regional C<IlI11IIissioner noti fied Attukovic tho! his stay would

not be further extended unIe1i:s he e ould provide new j usti fication for l1li extension within 30 days,
Rather \han doing so, Anukovic sued the so""mmenllo ...join il from llCting. He won III loessl a tem porary reprieve when the cow1 ruled tha t the govcmm.nl could not summarily lift tho .cay;

the matter W<luld have to he de<:ided by the immigra tio n courts."
Before the matter re1Umed 10 coun, a change in the law suhs tarltially enhanced the SOveTT1lMm' . position. The 1979 Holtzman Amendment e liminared the po.sihility ora stay of

".

deportation for aliens who had "assisted or otherwi"" participated ;n the persecution of persons because ofraee, rel igion, national origin, o r political opinion on be half of the Nazis and their al lies ."

After its founding in 1979, OSl'. first coun filing ",.." a motion 10 lilt ArTukovic' s st.ay on
the ground thot it was precluded by the Holwnon
Amendmen~

10 June 1981, the BLA granted

OS!'. request, concluding Withe Holl2mon AmencImtnt appl ied to Anukovie because he had
assisted in pmeculion. 10 ",oching this resul~ !be Board referenced ilS 1953 findings that Anukovic bad been inSlrWllelltai in persecution and therefore lacked good moral c haracter. The

BIA ordered Artukovic depontd to Yugo,laviL "
AI1ukovic appealed and got yetaIlo!het reprieve. The Ninlb C ircui t held thot it was improper 1 ",ly OJ! the 1953 finding to justify depcrlotian in 198 1. The C ircuil reasoned thai the 0 underlying issue collSidered in the 1950s _ whether Artukovic could ..lAblish !hal there would be eeonomil: hardship to his daughter if he were deported -

was d iffe rent from whether the

ll"venunelll could show that be fll withiD the pllrllJlSelelS of the newl y-enacted Holtzman Amendm<nt. Although in focI the evidence F"oented in the 19SOS co"""",,,d Arlukovic:'. involvemenl in pelSClCulion, il would n<lI . u/Hee. The government would have I<> ask an irnmigra!ionjudge to hold a new heari ng On the que.stion o f Artukovie's involvement in per= ution ." The ll"vmunem did SO in February 1984 and the new hearing was >eI for January 1985 , Meanwhile, the Yugooiav government had been signai ing in interest in filing . new extra ditioo request. (There is no bar 10 filing an extrad ition request after an earl ier one has been de nied.)

'"

ID 1911, shortly oflor th e BIA m-okcd the .I&y of deportation, .,.j .pin in 1982 when the

NiMll Cin:uil ordeml. new ~ng, Y\liosl.v offici",s met with their counterpats from the

Sl&te Departmenl and the tkpartmenl of Justice lo di~ the JJ>IOChani03 of e><tradilion." The
following year, Martin Mendelsohn, fonntr O. pu!J' Director ofOSI,.,.j now a private pnoeti<:e
lll\orne)' repres£ntilll

Yup.via, "'ilenlted ltis c1ieol' . interest. All OS! und<nlood it hom

Mendelsohn, Yup.via ''Mruld welcome an incLit4lion from the US lhal [anextlKition] req_

would be 'F'P"'Pri ate .~" In July 1913, OAAG Rid ....d, aIonl wilb Acting OSI Oi"""or She, and
M UlTI)" Slrin, ADociole Diteetor oflhe DepartmmI of JUSlice'. Office of lnlCrDWonol Affairs

(OIA - whkb handles extraditions), _

lo YUi09lavia lo

di3cUSII "'" pt'OUdure. in_ohoed..

At lbe same lime tIla! the Deparlmenl of Justice was working with YugorJaoia on. ponsibk extradition "'<lues!, OSI was preparin. for llle new depoltalion hearil>.. ID No"ftllbe:r 1983, an OSI historian wen! 10 Yuplaola lo do """""'h. He found doclllDO!ltll pcniDem 10 lbe depon.otiOll cuc: in lbe Yug<WIV arclUvea and asked 1bal1he)' be oem 10 OS!. Yugosla_ia "'bmil\cd a fonnal req...... forexuadi tion in August 19"', lhislimc: asserting
lhal Attukooic
IIoaS

",sp<'lrISible for tIloUWloD of murders. Anukooic was arrested i" No_embet

19... and hi' request for hail

was denied. The deponation case was taken " If caJendar pe ndin8

me out<:ome oflhe extradilion bearin,. Unlike the 1950. ex1JllditiDII hearing, this time llle u.s.

"'presented

Yu~sl.vi. in coun.

Lead cowueJ for the ~.emmenl \VII frolll lhe Los Angela

u.s. AlIomey'soffICC,

H. _

auisted !ly01A and OS!.

Attuko_i. II forst anemptcd to block Ihe hearing by astina lZIolhllJ judge to hnld lhc:
80_emm...1 in COfIll:mpI. Mul""ic claimed !hat eWadilion was an end run arolllld d eportation.

dniil1"" to depri~ hiJn "flhe greale, pro<:cdwal safquard. and d efenses available in •

2<,

deportluion proeeeding. His claim was ,wnmarily d ismissed .

1be first i..... flCing the e.lnHlition eoun _

whelher Artulovie wu mentally

eo mpel ...1 to undenlan<! the pr<>e«<linp and to assiot his counod. He was by !hi, time 84 yean old and ouffering rmm. v.oriety ofai lments. Faced with conflicting Ieslirnony On the sub;ocl,

the COUI1 appointed ils own doctor 10 make an e\1lluation. Although !hi, neulral expe rt 10"""
AJtukovic inco mpcttnt and suggested de laying the pr<>e«<lings while Artulovie underwent drui therapy, the COWl ,efused 10 do so. Based on his obser\<aticlll of Anukovicla court, the JudlOe

concluded thai the dcfcndam had good days and had days. AocoJdingly , be fashioned.
pro«<!," 10 deal with !he pro blem : • doelor
WIllI (0

pnpaR: • daily reporl On AJtukovi.'.

conditiOl>. Court wu convened on oIlemate half-daya, Anukovi.', bcalth pcnnittinll.'·

Aller IOJinlllhc competency issue, the defense nelCl conlcJlded thm fedcnII oll-"ials had
impcrmi..ibly ....oW"a8"d Yugoslavia 10 ""Iucst utraditio... Allhough such cnc:o~ is
no! ibclfimpropcr, Artukovk .,gucd thai the exlraonlir.ary time 1&& - il had been 2S years ,;noe

the firs! C><tJadition ""Iueat had been denied - WOJkcd 10 his disadvmJqC and then:by dcpri~

him ofdue proocss. The magimate ordered. Director Sbcr 10co W1, WBming thai "If it develops thaI some polilki... was llYina 10lUll for higher office by Jailr0adin8 MI, AJtukovi. back 10 Yugosl avia, thal would be impcrmissible.ftlO After hearing from Shcr, lIle magislJale concluded that there had been no wrongful co nduo::t by the JUSlioc o.:~cnl, and that the extrad itio n had been III the bchC$\ oft'" YUllO'lavs.'" Finally, on the merit' of the extl"lldition it<l:l f _ Yugosl.vil ', d aim that AJtukovi. wu
~oponsible for

thousands of murden _ the govcmrnent submitted ' tat<menls from S2 .m......

The co lU1 ~l;"d on the onl y two th.t presented cycwi,..... accounts of Artukovi. 's invol""ment

'"

in the murder of civili...._

The flfSl WU from FTlIIljo Tnijar•• police official in the Ust&shlo "'Ilime_ When
inte rviewed in 19114, he signed lin affid.vir ..yinll tlIlI1 he bad been inteMewed once previnIWY_ in July 1952 - md tlIlI1 his memOJ)' now w.. m..uffkient Hi. 1984 affidavil relied OIl hi. cali.. Sl.lc menl for pertinent dClailI. 11w document IIIIled tIw l'ruj... """ wimcued Artuk<>vK o rderi ll& the death of ... outspoken fOl'lllCf member otihe Yugosl.v parliamcm.

The sccond alleged ""cwiUles!lllffidlvit WlIS from Bljro Avdic. who bad beau member
of lID elite UstasbJ ItlOton:ycJe """,on llSSigDcd 10 AnukoYic. Advic's 1984 affid8vitlJid t/w; he

opproxima tely 4 5(/ ....11, W(KneD Jnd children for whom then! WlIS no room ill • <:oooelllfalion
- - -camp; (2) ihe ti lJill& of all the i"""b;lInls of . toWD and ill ourrounding vil j~ (3) the m urder

of ' Jl!lfOximately 5,000 perllOns neat . monutory; snd (4) the machillc Il'JII execution of scveraI

hllndrcd prilOJlm who""'"' then crushed by movinJ I.......

The: m~ ordered Anukovic cx!r8dj1Cd for Ihc crimes set forth in the Truja and
Avdic affidavits." That 0T\l.. w.udopted in full by Ihe district "",,"," Fi~ dIyI lBter. the C""" of APl""'!s dcr>i<:d AmIkovic' . ""Iuest for :on ometQe""" 1liiy.'" AI 1:00 AM. Febtlwy 12, 1986, jllSt minutes after Ihen Assoc:iBte J"'l1icc Wmiom Rdlnquill Rfuoed B""Il>tSl 1O delay the ""tradition 0....., A1tukovie

was

nOWll IO Y"&",,llviL" H. had been in CIIIlody since November

14, 1984."

had always seen the CASe as B Co ld Wit i...... They fcar<:d !hll the Communi lllS would 001

provide B fair forum fOf trial ." In C anllda, a C"""i... nationBl set himself on f"" in fmnI of the

,.s

U.8 . COI\$\llate as

mcee than 2 ,000 people dernonSlrllted 10 pro test 1hc deportation."

Yugos lav ia tried Artukovic two monlhs after his arri val. The timing was dnunatic

because !he ~iSlOly ofw artime Yugoslavia was just th en recei ving W<lrldwide atteJltion from
revelatiOl1ll that former U. N. Secretary General KIU't
Wald ~eim

had served as an inte lligence

officer in !he Balkans. His unit had been involved in reprisa.l lcill ings of

pan,,,,,,,,, and Wald~e im

had bml aWll1"ded a medal by the Ustasl1a regime,"
Artukovic's lIiai waa b roadcast 011 Yugos lav state televisiOD, Due 10 the tension between

1hc Serb and Croat eommunilies, Anuknvic was kepi behind bullet proof11_ in the couruoom.
Slm:lS around the culUthouse were blunked 10 traffic and polioemen )lfllrOlled with P1lOChine suns

ond muu,!ed ~o.~s:~__
Truja< ond Avdic buth test ified. Trujar had difficulty rt:eaIHog any pertinent e vents ~ Avdic provided new dc1aiLo not mcmioncd in his earl ier affidavit" After four _

I<s or m al ,

Artukuvic was convicted on all counts. Under international cxlradiliun pnctice. his convicti on

was lim iled 10 those crimes fur which be hod been extradited. N unethel..... the Yuguslav court
made clear that it believed him responsible for numing two d = conceotration camps whefc,

befween 700,000 and 900,000 Serht, Jews, gypsie. and oiher prisonen wen: tortured and ki lled."
He was sentenoed to death by firing

""u.l. Due 10 his failing ~eaIth. the death

penalty was loter

commuted;" he died in a p rison IKlspilal in Janua:y 1988.
AJ;

cum plica ted and drawn out as the above proceedings were over ] S yean- they wen:

out tbe only litigation invulvillJ Anukovic. His case spawned severallarJgentiallawsuila. In 19 84, a class actio n was tiled again,t him by Yugoslav Jews wIIo themselves had served time in Croatian concentnuion camps or had cluse relsti VCll muzdered duri ng the USlashi regime. The

'"

plaintiffS SQUilhl compen... toJY and pwtilive damage.. elaiming Anukovi. had violated !he
HagIlC and Geneva collventions, intemational law and !he Yugoslavian crimilllll code. The mit

was dismissed, !he coutt ruling thai it laeked jurisdictioll .. to SOme m.a1lelS, while 01hm were b"""d by the staI\110 of limitations," In addilion, Artukovic himself filed $";11(1 enjoiJI his extIadition and 10 =over $10 mUJion in dlllllage. on the ground that1beJusti"" Departmenl had con.spired wilh the govemmeJlt of Yugo$lavia to <kprive him of lU. civillDd <XllI$litulionaJ
rights. That case too was dismissed, both because there was 1IO legal bul. to .mppon!he

monetary claim, and because the ""trad ition made the req_

for III injunction mool" And

finally, u !rial bc&lll in Yugo.slavi.. the farmly .,fth. parliamentarian who". murda Trujar had disou'sed, """g!>t, un ~fu1 Iy, 10 freeze AnukOYic'. U.S , assets."
The i,."". surrounding AJlukovic did oot end with his death. In 1988, AJlukOYic'..on

Sen! • 135-plga treIliSllIO OSI, a11e ~g tbat. his father'$extradition had been bI.sed on fraudulent
doaunenu." He al... filed a eomplaint with !be: Justi<:e DepllrUllenl. His most serio..
a1legaOOn in volved !he Trujar and Awlic amdavits." The son claimed thaI DOl had improperly wi1hheJd docwnenlS 1haI WIIuJd have disproven the allegations conlilined in 1Iw>sc documents. He 1as pointed 10 ••1Ii..., somewhal contrad;ctOl)' affidavilS by Trujor and. Avdk as ....1 affida.vilS by olhers familiar willi the incidenlSdescribed by the Iwn men. He also dted offid al Yugoslav reporU from the 1950s questioning the reliability of\he TNj ar and Avdic IlOC(IllfI\S. None of lhese malerial. had been provided I., the defense ." the court, yet !hey arguably cas! douh! on \he
at:CUla<:)'

of lhe affidavits filed in the 1985 extradition proceeding. Some of the doubt was due 10

minor discrepancies in recolle<:lion; some was mo", sub$laotial, including a 1952 Yugoslav government report which said thai Avdie "could nOl be lISed as a wi1neSS.~

''0

The so n leamed of this add itiona l malerial from a variety of sources. Sorne docum ents
CIIIl'IC

to light whetl a hislorian hired by the Artukovio family ~isitul the Croatian ""'hives. He

found the allegedly inoonsistent documents, and di""overed thai so me of them had been ~ewcd

(or at leu idonlilied) by an OSI hi.wian during hi~ October 1983 ~isil to !he archives.
Moreover, at!lle OSI hist orian ' . "'quest , e ese documents had b«n copied and sent 10 OSI. The son co ntended, l/Ien!forc, !IIal OSI should ha..... been " wart! of!he inoonsistencies and known thai
tile docum enu submitted in COWl were "fraudulent," especially .ince tile same OS! pcnonnel

were wod.ing OJ! 1MdeportaliOll and extraditicm matton.
The son po imed also lo • 1988 book published by • fomer legal adviser in the Yugoslav
Foreign Minill!Jy. Theaulhor claimed that lhe events recoun ted by Avdic "never took pI......... Altbouih llIe book was ""blis!led after lbe extradilion w.. completed _ and "'''" DOJ could 0<>1. he hel d ac<:<lI1IltlIble for not knowing its cootents _ the SOn araucd tha1 OSI should itselfha..... det ermined !lie veracity of Avdic' . a1 leKlllioos, He poinled lo OSI'. oft repeated claim tha1 it gave d ose S<:l\lUoy to Commuo;st·SOIII'CCd material," and qucstiooed why no such scrutiny !lad

been given in this cue. An outside historian who had worked with OS! 011 the case ga..... some
credence to lhe son '. claims, publi cly q....tioni ng Ihe ve racity of the 1984 Avdio affidavit ." The son '. allegau",," were refcnUlto OPR f.. investigation. The clwg.. _ and tile facl lhat OPR was investigating lhem - was given muoh play in !he press." Unfo rtunate ly for OSl,

media cov....ge of the story tied it 10 charge. of malfeasance ~urrounding llIe ""pl~ive

&mjoni uJ< cOY,."
Reviewing ilS me .
l(J

",spond 10 llIe soo'. claims. OSI diocoveud thai some (though 0<>1.
ne~..,

all ) of!he dooumenu referenced we re indeed io il.m.. allhough Ihey had

been reviewed

or ""a1y=!. That was due: to the fa<:t thai !hoy had betn ordered fiom the Croatian archive IS pan

of the deportation =. 'Thoy arrived shonly Wore tho deportatior:t caso was placed on hold
pending tho oxlrldltion outcome:. OSltherefore did not review the: new documollts but simply left them in a file ~ abind. While there were some iDconsi.. enci~ between the materi al submitted to court and the additional malerial c ited by the AItukovie family, OSI mointainod that """" of it

was signifioonl

o:nough in art)'

tv"'" I<l allet the outcome nf the case.

M~,

0"" e fthe: ke y documents which

the son argued should hove be... pI"O'lided had aotually been intmduce<l into evi denr:e in the 1951 oxlrlditinn proceeding. lllherefore was. or should hove b«tt,1cnowll to the def_ li the time o{ the 19&4 oxlnldition Iluring. More imi'or1antly, OS I argued lh8t i, was under no obligati on to seorcb its fil<:s for relevant motorial . Under estab lished law, the U.s. govemmC!ll is net req uired 10 BS1lCS& the validity of

evmBCe ~'ed by the requeSliIli govennneni in 311 extradition =

Nnr is the", •

legal obligation 10 produce potential ly exeulpot<Nyevidence 'n the defendant in an extradition proceeding." The credibility rothe requesting government's evideoC<! is determined II trial abroad after the defendant is extradited. The q ue:stinn befote the U.S. coun ~ simply whethu the requesting government's evidence is sufficient 10 es tablish probable C8UIC that I erime has been eomrnined and that this person oommitted it. OS I followed these standard proc:edurel as it was

di=ted to do by OlA.
Finally, OSI aJ'llued lhatlhe close scrutiny it gl"" 10 Convmmist-sDurctl<l evidence in Cold W... erll denatural iXllioJl and deponation eases was not appropriate in an e xtradition proceeding. In denaturalization WId d eportation, !he evidence (ftsented is on behalf of the U.S.

go"enut"ml. Therefore, 1"" g<lw.mrnent is bowJd 1 satisfy itself abom Lhe reliability of evidern:c 0 il is .ubmilling. In e xtradition case.. Lhe evidence is lTom, and on behalf of, \he req_ling government If the Uni ted States were bound to de lennine the reliability of the e vidence, the eJllladition would b«oome a trial 10 ",solve the guilt or iM ocence of the defendant. Extradition I"ocuding s
~ de,igned ~

to avoid tha1 happenstance. Funhe. details a bout the OPR

inves!;gation

Wlavailsbl. allhi. wriling.

The Artukovic ease .tand. out in many respects. k Was OSI' s lim filing. Anukovie was
1he o nly Cabinet o fficial and the onl y Cro ll ever prosoeeuted by \he offiu" And he was the fi, st
OSI defendant'" be exlradilcd," though he wu followed just Two week" thereafter by John Demj anjuk. Anukovic maners have spoonncd decades. Ifon. kgins witb the original INS d.pona!ion filing in 1951 , Ill. ease and irs progeny have be<.n around for Over half. century. By
aD)' mo"" """

that is • le:ltMnent to the arcane and labyri nlhi an pnxedute. that appl y in those

proceeding..

I. ""The Sin.! of the Flllhef,M by C..,-l~ Hall, Tho

W""hing(o~

Post, Aug. 24, 1992.

2. II was the fint ohight such bills introduced between 1949 and 1961. H.R. 3504 (81" Cong.), H.R. 8186 (82" Cong.), H.R. 6700 (V" Coni.), H.R. 2789 and HR. 2790 (84" Cong.), H.R. 2844 and H.R. 4760 (86° Cong.), ""d H.R. 218 S(87'" Cong.). 3. The 1978 IInlttman Amendmenl er>cled such exemptions for OSI defendantll. Su p. 40.
4. Marrer o[ArlUkovie.(BlA 1953).

5. Transc>ipl of the Stp~ 19S1 bond hearing, as set forth in ArllloWylc v. Boyle, 107 F. Supp. II , 34, n. 4 (S.D.CA. 1952).
6. AnJ<kowc v. /JQyI•• Slip7tJ, n, S, 107 F, Supp. 11.

7. JWinct\lic ~. ArlUkwfc. 211 F.2d 565 (9" Cir. 1954). Se. P. 575, D. 4 of the court deeision for a discussion oh!le U.S. in!CJCSl. Rcviewing whll had happened in the A1tUkovlo man.,. DAAG Riclwd became: convizK:cd thai in futun!. U.S. inttte'\! would be besl _ d by having the U.S. repmICIlllhc foreign s overnment in .,.tradi tion proceedinp. PlII'\ly as n result of his wting. this beenlne a standa:rd fearure nogorlated in extradition treaties. (Specific criteria must be met before the U.S. ugatloo proc~) will begin the U
8. AHukoYic v. Boyle. 140 F. Supp. 245 (S.D.CA. 1956), offd. Korodzole v. Ar1likowc. 247 F.ld 19S (9"' Cit. 1957), v<uottd. Koradro!. y, Arffl.tovic. 355 U.S. 393 (19S8). DccadeII 1ll1er. the Ninth Circuit lIOled thai its application ofllle "political Off""""M doctrine to Af. ul",,';o became M of die IOl>SI roumly critioizedcases in the hiS\Qly of American exuaditionjurisprudmcc." onc With hindsight, the Circuit conceded that the doctritte should nOl have applied 10 Anukoylo. (bJ;mr v. Rob;",,,,,, 783 F.2d 776, 798, 799·800 (9'" Cir. 1986).

9. US. v. Arrukovi<:, 170 F. Supp. 383 (S.D. Ca. 1959). 10. "Eiohmann Trial Witness Sho""" How He E5CIped Nazi.' Wrath," by Homer Bigart, TIN Ne", Yor~ Times, May 20, 1961. 11. July 23, 1974 1tller to Millon KarclIin, P",sidtnl, National T""payers Ass'n from INS Deputy Commi..ioner Jam"" F. GrttIlC. 12. "Human Rights and U.S. COIi$ular ActiyitiQ in East"", Europe," Repon uf the House Cte. oflhe Judiciary, 95th Cong, I" Seq., Based on a Factlindi"t! Mission to Four Eastern E""'J"'&" Natio"". pp. 41-4S. 13. Although Artukovic had been told in 1959 that the stay could be lifted Mat any lim. upon written noIicc,M INS ""gulationl had since modified the procedures for liftins a SIllY.

14. lit r~ Anu*,,>*, A7 09S 961 (BlA 1981). IS. Arjukovic Y. INS, 693 F.2d 894, 899 (9" Cir. 1982).
16. Sher testimony at exlradition hearing, Feb. ll, 1985.

17. Mar. 10, 1983 buck slip to Director RYall &om Dqmry Dirc<:IoJ She<.

18. ''Naz,i Suspect's Case ~laycd.~ UPI, The New York 1lrntS, Feb. 26, I9IS; "CoW1 Orders Artukolli. SeDt to Yugosla'o'ia, ~ by William Overcnd, 1M LM Angeks 1lmu, Mar. S, 1985. Operating Q1l this schedule, a 1ive.<fay bearing extended over se'/erlII weeks.
19. "U.S. Is Ordered to Respond in Yugoslav Extradition Case ,~ 71tt W<lSh inglM POSI, Feb. 12, 1985. 20. Afler the initial ntIing, Arlukovic asked tbc magi.lnI1C to reconsider the i!ISUe. Relying on. rece ntly pu blished book by a YugosJaY parHomcnwy official, he accUM:d Sher ofpcrjury. The booIt, Us/tI!I!lt · MiniM.rof~dth, by Gojko Prodanic, stated tbal Justice ~ent official. had prodded the YugosJaV$ to file a new el<trlldition reque3l. "Official May Have Lied,~ by SUI Farr, 1M l.lJ& Angfl" Tim." May 29, 1985. The motion to rec:ollSidcr WI.'! denied

21: The ~~eaI- t1nt OfdcmliM extn.:Htlo o nly rOt ii..;,;ne'ij,UniCr dcsaibed in the Trujar n affidavil Although he found probable cause to believe thaI the massacres described by A\'dic had 0CCIm'ed aI AI'lUlcovic'. bchest.lhcy did not matclI any charges in the pending Yugos1avian
indk lmeOt. 1bey COIIl<Ilhcrcfore nol form the basi, of an exrraditiOfl order. 'The magistrate gave Yugoslavia 60 daY" to amend il$ indictment to conform to infonnatiOlS in the Avdic affidavit. II did so, .and Altukom was Ibeo ordmd extradited for lrial involvinglhollSllnds of desths.
21. Anukovlc Y Ris<Jn, 628 F. Supp, 1370, Il7S (C.D. Ca. 1986). The distri.. 00IlJI opinion . contain!l the full text of !be magiS/l'ate"s ord....

23. Artuktrric Y RisOlt, 784 F.2d 13S4 (9'" Cir. 1986). .
24. ''Naz,i War Cri mes SU.pecl Extradited, ~ by Mary Thornton, The WaslUnglOlt Posl, Feb. 13, 1986; ~Artukovic FIoWlt 10 YUiQ5lavia,~ by J"""'5 Carroll and Lmy Keller, Thc Prell-Ttlegram (Long Beach, CA), F~b. n , 1986; "Croatian War Criminal Sentenced to Firing Squad," by Michael Kaufman, New Yori Time., May IS, 1986.

n..

25. Alone point, it looked as if he might be released 011 blli l, Several momlls at'ler his Nov. 1984 amst, a diffi,rent magi.lnI1C WllS ... isncd to consider whether Altukovic .hould be released on boil pcndin8 the outcome of the extradition hearing. The magistrare was favorably inclined, opining tlJat il was "cnJeJ and unu,ua1 puni.bmcnt~ to incan:ct'llte liOmcone with Altukovic'. medioal probl em•. " Man ACCII5ed of War Crime. 4 SclIeduled 10 Have S ail Sc~~ AP, The N~'" York 17IMS, June 29, 1985. Sbortly afler tlJat SlItcmcnt was made, the ease was sent back to the original magiSltllle and bail was denied. " Magistrate Sympathetic to Anukovic'. Bail

R.emoved,~

by William Overend, Th,

Los A'lgflet Timet , July 10. 1985.

26. Sf, ' .g., "ExtradiliOll Request by 8elgrade Scored,~ 110e New York Times, Sepl. 4, 1951; M Move "Mad, Fon:e' of U.S. Justice, Baokers Claim,ft by Susan pook, 11" /'I',!>S_Telegt'llm (Long Beadl, CA), Feb. 13, 1986. The Cold WOJ: 1Ilipec:1S of rhe case look some une~pecl ed!llma. In the 19808, YU80slavia graoled pusqe 10 a terrorist watllcd fOJ p11Jl11inS Ihe hijacking of . U.S. ship (rhe Achille Lauro) and the mu, der of on. of il. U.S. citizen puserlg.... In pan, Yugoslavia justified ilS aclion by poUl1ing to rhe U.S. delay in exlnldilmg Artukcvic, whom rheydeemed I lerrorist. ftYug<IS\avs of Two Millds on &lnling Termrilm,ft by David Binder, 110e N,.. York Timet, Dec. 19, 1985. Anukov ic's attorneyS rnaintaioed thai the U.S. should maliat. by le1easilll! ArtuI:ovlc. 0<:1:. 16, 1985 lelegram from ArtuIwvic attorney Gary Fleischman 1 Seen:UIry o{ State George Shultz. 0

27. "M... Sets Himself on Ym: II Protest of Artukovic Deportlltion,ft n
28. S« PI'. 31()'329.

, Feb. 24, 1986.

29. ~Yug<>s~v Coun Refuses Delay of Anu1<ovic Triai,ft by Carroll Lacbnit, 171. Oranp County Regisro-, Apr. IS. 1996. ftAl Coll.bora""'s Trial, ¥ u&OS1avs Face Thei, Past," by Michael ork Kaufi-n..., 1M N,.. Y Times, Apr 16, 1986; ''Croat Become! Confused at WOJ: Crimes Trialt TM New roti Ti",'s, Apr. 19, 1986There had been palJl"ble lension in the U.S. pn>Ceedin8' as well. In 1959, the CQIIfI mad. note of this in its ",ling, v. Artukilvic, 170F. Supp. at 384. And in 1984, a Justi« Dqlanment attorney from OlA was sufficiently concerned for her personal safety tllat she withd,ew her name frmn a court {dina:. Nov. 7, 1984 memo 10 tiles .. ~Artukovic," from Mwny Slein, A3SO<:iate Direoto, OlA.

u.s.

30. "Artul:ovic Wirn.... Confused," by Carroll Lach.nit, The 0""",8" Coun'Y R.g/SM., Apr. 23, 1986. ~Fo, tho Fim Time, a Wilness Says Artukovic Killed &veml Prisonet$,~ by Carroll Laolmit, ThtI 0Nng. CoumyRegistCl', Apr. 30, 1986.
31 . "Croali.... Wo.: Criminal Sentenced In Firing Squ"" ,~ by Michael Kaufin..... The NnfI Y.,,-k Times, May IS, 1986. ~Artukovic, B>lttadited As Nazi War CriminaJ,wby Ted Rohrlich, The NnfI Y",t n""" . Jan. lao 1988. 32. Form..- Nazi Artulrovic May Not Be E.eouted Aft.. All,ft by Cam>JI Laclu>~ , Th. Oro~g. County Register, Apr. 2~, 1981.
~Ai1ing

33, Hondel v Anu!ovlc, 601 F. Supp. 1421 (C.D. Co. 1985).
34. Attukovic had tried 10 fashion . righl m be free /Tom .xtradition in order 1o avail himself of !he procedural safe8uards which apply 10 deportlllion proceedIngs. Anuko.ic v. Dep ~ of JU!/icc, eI aI., No. 8 ~-2 1 3 ~ (D.D,C. 1986). Om:e ArtuI:ovio Will ex1ra:1iled, lbe parti.. agreed to dismiss the pending appeal.

u.s.

".

35 , "Yugoslavs Try 10 Freeze Collabo rator's Assets," Tlte New Yo rk Times , Apr. 17. 1986. 36. " i\11uko vic's Son Challenge. U.S. Officials to Adm it Error," AP, Tlte ~ Angel... Timu, Feb. lJ,1988. 37. The o ther allegation" raised eve r a period of yu r., induded oharges that DOl had improperly ins tigated the exlradi tion "'quest; that She" h ad perjured himself in dcscribirli the gcvemmcm'. <;(mtacts with Yugoslavia; thal the government had misrepresentc<l facts ",laling to Ihe oase in ,"sponse to Congressional inquiries; thal DOl had . b used the Freedom of lnli>nnalio n Act b y not turning ever certain <!ocurneJm req=ted by the KIn; an d thaI DOJ had not acted appropria tely on his mi:sconduet complaint. 38 , "U.s. Nazi Hunten; Targe! of Inquiry," by Jay Ma the""" Tlte Washln8ro n Post, May 8. t 990. 39 , S"" pp. 53g-539. 40 . ''U.S. Nazi Hunlers Ra ilroaded ' W ar Cri minal: Expert. Say, b y Micbael Hc<lge s, TIr.. Washington Tim..., Sept. 24, 1990.

41. See e.", "U.S , Nui Hunters Target o f Inquiry," by Jay MathCW'!, 'fI,e W<l$h1np n Pos', May
8, 1!l9O; ·'U.S , Nazi Hunters Railroaded ' War Criminal' bpcrts Say,""'P'"O, II. 40; " J....ice Departmenl is Re viewing a 1986 War Crimes C...." by Jacq= Steinberg,. T1te Now York Ti"",s, June n , 1992.

42. Set! e.g., ''The Sins of the FatMr," by Carl a Hall, The Wash ington Pest, Aug. 24, 1992; '"Ray of Hope in Son's Crusade," by Davan Maharaj , The 1.<JS Angela Tim..s, June 14, 1992; "U.S. Nazi HtIIlte,. Railroadc<l · War Criminal,' Expert. Say, swpro, n, 40 ,
43. As discussed oo.p. 16l, the Sixth Cin:ult did hold thaI there i••""h aD obligation. DemjonjuJ: v. Petroysky, 10 F.l d 338 (6"' Cir. 1993). However, thal ruling i. not controlling in other Circuits. Th e An wkovic pro c«dings were in lhe Ninth Circuit. Mo reover, rnmjanjuJ: w .. decidc<l yean an er Artukovic had been extraditc<l; OSl could not be e,peeled to h ive foreseen iu holdin g. 44. Others ide nti fic<l as Cro ati.... and pro,ecuted by the office were in facl etlmic G"""""" (bom in C rnalia to German parents and ,,,If.idenlil)ing .. German) e.g., Am"" Tinjnng, Ferdinand Hammer, Michael Gruber and John Hans!. Mo reover, changing bard.... made nationality ambigllOus. In the case of Hammer, for example, the area in which he was born was part ofCroa-til only from 1941 to 1944, whell il was """ued by lbe IndqJmdent Stat. o f Croatia. Croalia ",ful'd to recognize him as . Croal ian or to a<:<:ept him at a deportee. He ultimately was deported to Ausuia. OS! did a..ist C roal ia in bringing its own w. crime. prosecutio n, In 1998, Cro. tia e. lJadited from Arg<mtina DinJ<o Sakic, the command"", o f Jasenovao, Croatia'. mosl noloriou. World War 11 COOCtllllJation camp. OSl located. document in the N alional Ar<:hive. that Wat used by the Croatian govemment at trial to esta blish lhe number nf dea th. al t he camp. OSl also

the Croatian pro=utors with backgro und material fmm the Artuh>vic fil. and the n ames of survi~or witnesses who could t CSlify abou l oorditiom atJasetIOVlloC. In add ition, a delegation from the C roati"" judic illf)" met with the State Department' , Spec:ial Amba...dor on War Crimes and then with members ofOSI' , legal and historical staff to dlSClm th. prexntotion o f war crimcs = . Croa tia charged Sakic with cri..... agaiM humanity in the deaths of more than 2,000 Jews. Ro mani (msies), Serbs and Croarians. H. was oonvicted of tortute, abusc: aod murder, lIl\d x nlenced to ~nty yurs in .ustody. "Croat Con~ieted of Crimes at World Wllf U Camp,~ 1M Nnv y."..t Tlme~, Oct. S, 1999; fiSuprcme Court Uphold.o 20-Year sentence for Wllf Cri minal." BBC, Oct. 10, 2000.
pro ~ ided

45. The only pre~iou ••xuaditiO" of a Nazi wu crimes suspect WlIf Hermia. s",unsteiner Ryan in 1973, before O$]'S founding. As noted on P. 2, that cue WlIf bandled by INS. ae..usc: of Cold War ten, loo. and due process concerns .boul Soviet j udicial proc edun:s, m.. U.S. had no extradition treaty with !he U.S.s.R. The U.S. thcrefilre rou tinel y rcjecled Soviet oxrradition JeqlJeSIS. According to m.. State Dcpanmem, there were 8 mc:h ""lue:tts betweeo I!>4S sod 1977. Sept. 19, 19 77 lmer to Rep. Joshua Eilherg, Choitman, House Subcree on Imn\., Cit. a:nd lntcmat'll.aw, from Douglas Bennot, Jr., Ass" Sec'y for Congress;oDal Relations, State Dep't, reprinted in Vol. I. "Allelled Nazi War Criminals, " Hearinl! before the Subel.., Aug. 3, 1977. p. 55. .u ofthis writin g, there is ,till 110 treaty of extradition with Russia Ho wever. a Murusl lAgal AuilW>Ce TreBly (MIA n. providing for closer law enforcemom coordination be~ the twO co unni••, was approved by the Senat. in Dec. 200 1.

Olio Y Bob ob.. iDI _ Ao Eiobmaao A_date Wbo HUlm• • CIA So uue OO
Otto von Bolsohwiog worked with AdolfEiohmlllD &lid h elpe d devise programs 10 perse.:Ule &lid lelTOrize Genna:IlJ" l J. wi.<b population. A'lbe clUe! SS ;ole11ig= offioer, Ii..1 in Romanil and then in Greece, he was lhe higheSl ranking GontWl jlTOsecuted by OSI. Von Doischwing was an arisloa1l1 who .poke .. \<ff.IIl languages and had studied al the l ond on Schoo! ofEoononUo". He jo ined the NlI2i party in 1932 and was I member of the

Allgemei,.., SS, the nidal e lile of the Nalional Sociali.l M ovement. The Allgemeine SS fonne<!

the ,.. cmi lio, pool for the Gestapo !\Jld the SO, the
Bolschwing's

inlelJj~e-gathering

ann for lbe N azis. Von

=

path was wiTh lbe SD . From 1935 IlI\li11937 be worXed as ;11 liaison ;0

Palestine; from 193 7 to 1939 h. WOIIeed ia ill Jewish Affain Office. ThaI o m"" colletled SI/ltislical, OCOJIomic and oulNral iofonnalion on Jews for lISe hy the Nazi govemmetll. "The Jewi sh Pmbl"",," a ",pon submilTed by von Bolsobwin, io lanuary 1937, proposed Germany of Je""" by forcing lhern. 10 emigrale .' Th. Je""" in !he emire world rtpresenl a nalion whi ch is nol bound by a coun U)' or by a peoplebUl by money• ... Th. leading rhoughl . . . is to purge Germany of the Jewo. nus can only be carried oul when !he hw;is oflivelibood, i.e., lhe possi bility of economie aotiviTy, is T&k"" away from the l eW!! in Germ""y.

riddina

The report recommended eXlensive use o f propaganda 10 make du: populsce ~ze the
pemido,," impact of lhe Je ws. Once po""le

we,.. informed, tbeir M.ccsld be harnessed 10 ; ,e

toke away lbe so...., of...,wiry from lhe Jews . Eveo lbo"lh Oti. is 10 illegal

method, il Jw had a long-Jasting eff..,. . . .. (TlbeJew has learned a 1 lhrough 0l
lhe pogroms ofw pasT centuries and fe"", noOting as mU<b as a hoslile almoophere which can go spontaneously sgains! him 11any lime. Von BoJsohwing recommen.ded making pas, pons in s""h . manner lhal lh e aUlhorities

could "de termine imm ediattly whether the plWpol1 holder is • Se w." He rc<:<>gnized thai this

proc=dun: _

risky. howevct.

II is expressly emphasized that such an ident ification can on.Iybe effe<:tcd iJllCmlIlly in order 10 avoid that foreign consulates refuse the issuance of a vi.. to the holder o f such . p&SSpoIt. He also urged denying pllSSpoIts to Sews for""y p.upose other than crnigration and limi ting the amount of morleY that emigrating Jews eould taJ<e out of tile COlllltry. Hi. later memos elabo'ated on these p!llIli!. His ""ggestions included having Jewi sh

organizatiOlls assisting with emignttion deal only willl tile SO and having foreign e wrency
temitw>oea from l ewish organizations abroad go directly to lIIe SO rather than to lewish organw.tions. ID a letter 10 Eichmann (saJulalion " Dear Adolf").
VOJI

Bolschwing reported on

snippets of an overheord COllversat;on t>etween two Jews and discussed ways to block their

""""",, to O ennMIS who might lISllist them. The 1 _ closed willl " Heil Hitler....
In 1939, the work oftheJewisb Affai "OfflCe _
transferred 10 the ne wly formed Reich

~urity Main OffICe (RSHA). Von Ba lschwing began working for this

new organization whieb

unified under one juri sdi Olio n 1IIe SO, 1IIe Oestap:> and the Criminal Police. For a little over a y.... beginni ng ill llU1l1l11)' 1940, he served .. chief of the SO agenla ill RomaniL Von Botschwin& provided SBIlI'tIIaly to seven! Romanian Iron Guard I.aders (including Trifaj after their 1anuary 1941 rebolJion and he lped arrange their escape to Germany.' Near the war' s end, h. moved to Austria and all ied himsel f willi the underground and the AIli... He
W<lJJ aa:olades

from tile U .S. military. One U .S. officer credited him with:

material ly ..si sl[ingJ the anned fol'ttS o f the U niled State. during our advance Ihrough Fern Pas, and Western A ustria prior to the Swretlder ofthe Oerman

Am,

'"

Owing our oc<:upotion., he penonally captured O lWe1Ity high ranking ver Nazi officials and SS officers and led paIro'" thai ""ulled ;n Ibe caplW'e ofmany

_

.'

in 1946, von Boischwing was hired by !he Gehlen oraanization, a group offorme' Nazi

;ntelligellOe opentivcs who eame under the: ... gis of!he U.S. Anny .f1... 1hc war. The group had provided Gennany with data and sources useful ;o!he war On !he Eastern frOIl1; !he U.S. wanted
to d....'e!op and expand this material for use durilli !he Cold War. Gehlen needed voo

BolsclJwing 1 provide c<>ntaets among <"IImic GermlJ:l' and f<>nne< Iron Ouardomeo in RomlIlIia..· 0 10 1949, 1MCIA hired oome memben of the: Gehlen. organization; von BoI$Chwing was lUIlOllg!hose oIwsen.' The CIA knew about hi. Nazi part)' and SD o:onnections. They also knew
!hat he hod suppor1ed Ibe Iron Guard uprising and hod helped leodCl' of !hol """'Ilion escape
from Romania.. He portt'lIyed himself, however, as . NlI2i gadfly' and ,he ag«ICy apparently

occepted thi. characterization.' The agency was unaware thai he had worked in the Jtwish

Affairs OffICe and thai be had been assoc;ated wilb Ekhmann.'
Although he never developed lui<> a "flnl...,I... agent,"!he CIA was sufficiently gntcful
lo help hi", emigrate lo

the: United Slaleli in 1954." The CIA advised INS abon! hi, past os they

underslood it. INS ai1eed 10 admit him nonetheless." He etltered under the INA os pan of the Gennon quoIa. Once here, he W<ld:ced os a high-ranking executive for various multi-notional COTJXIral;o"'l: be did no fiu'ther work for U.S. intelligenc<l agencies." Even before von Bolschwing emigra.ed, however, the CIA was c<>neemed that he ntigbl have difficulty obtaining .itizetlship. Gmoobahn [voo Boischwing' s code name] has w ed a question which has \1$ fairly well Slumped. What fhollld his enswer be in the: .... ent !he queotion of N$DAP [Nazi party) membership ari... !l&J: his cntry ;010 the U.S., for e""",ple,

'"

on the citiunohip appliCailion fonns? We h a~ told him he iOlo deny any party, SS, SD, Ab"""hr [Gemton military intell;geoceJ, etc. offiHa1ions. Our reason for doing 10 runs as follow., hi. entry into 1he U.S. i. based on our covat e!earanoe. In other words, io spite of the fact he has an obje<:tio""ble background, I J i. willing ttl wai~e their noJmO! objectiol).'l based cn our 0S$Ur1IJ\CC tluoI Ormsbahn'. SClVice• . . . h.~ been ofsuc:h a caliber /11I 10 wamml extraordinary _ nt Should Gro..bahn laler, owrtly ond publie!y, admilloan NSDAP record, it strike. ... tha1 lbi. mighl p"'" ,ibly lea~ [ 1 with linle recourse !han to expel him from the U.S. as haYing entered under false pretense:!• • .. At tile same time, we feel . ucl! instructions might gi"" Grossbahn a degree of control againoI. uo, s""old he decide he """'I! our help '&ain al some future dale - &n oJ1caetber undesirable silualion. What has Headquarters' experience been on this point? Ha..e we i"'lttucte<l Grossbahn incomc:tJy? !dIlIfd ~ would be apptet'ia!ed, as time to tile planned departure da\Je i. running Iltott."
The respoose urged thal WIn Boischwing tell the ttuth.

Assuming that he has not denied Nazi IIffilialion. on hi. visa applicatiOtl [omt, he .bould definitely IIl!I deny hi. r"""rd if the IOIItrer come. up in dealing with US autboritieund be i. fO"'ed to si~e a point.blank al\3wet. Thus, if asked, he should admi l ntembersbip, but attempl to eJlplain it away 00 the basi! of eJltenuatina cir<:wnstano::e:l. If he w= to make a false stIIlemenl on a citizenship application 01" othet official P'\P"", he would gn into troublo. Actually Orossbahn "' not entering lhe US undor false pretonse! IS { J will have inf<>llOlllioa """"erning his put =cn1 in a scael file." II is unclear precisely what lhe Slate Doparlm<nl knew at the timo of von Bolschwillll'O entry. He himseJflold thorn that lie had been a momber of the Nazi peJty and Ibo Waffen SS (the military wing of the SS). In facl he had 001 been with tho Waffen SS, but with the Allgemeine SS. A handwri\IeJI (but UASia;nod) nolOin the CtA files llUiiOSl& thai the CIA may have told the SlalO Depanmenl thai ~on Bolscllwing was a member of the SD. Although lhe INS genorally keeps oJl immignolion ICCOrds ;0 one ~A-file," von BolscllwiR&had a _reI so",,!XI file. A memo in his A·mo refmm<cs rhat f~e conlllining a

Jan.....,. n , 1954 lell.. which bas 00 hearillll on immigration status." By !he lime OSI was
00

inlero,led in von Bob chw;ng, INS could ""I locale !he ,.",-n mo. Ho",""",, lhe CIA had a

'"

January 13, 19 S4 lener addres' ed to the Commissi oner of INS; thi s WllS preswnably • copy oCthc lener in the m i..ing file. The len er ,taled thlll von Bolsehwing had been e mploye d by l!le ClA, •
fu ll

invesligation had been conducled , and there WllS 110 reason t" believe he WllS iJll>dmi..ible "r

a securi!), risk , 1be l.tter mad. "" momi"n "f wo B<>lsehwing'. Na;ci background lJId urged thal his entry be cxpc<lited. Von Bolschwing a ppl ied for ciliunship in 1959 without revealing h i. membership in the A llgeme ine SS, tile Nazi party, the sD Of the RSHA, even thO\lih such infurmation would have

been ro;;poosive 10 'lucstio," on his nalUnllization applicMion. However, he d id send a lener to

the lNS which sugge",.d thai h. had inte ntionally withhold certain info rmatiOll which mighl be
relevaotto bis appliclllion for citizenship. W ith regard lO incomplete information on my application form . .. I spoke over the 1.lephone l<> the inforrnat iOll offi e... at your office . . . and WllS advised by him thai my record, 111 your office, would """lain such infonnation which ( am Ilnable to give, and thai I should submit my applicetiOll as is pending subsequenl explanation I<> be given by me verb8lly to your examiner.

I am ready I<> give any addit;o"'" information which you may ""loire."

lbe SLU flM became awanofvon Bolsehwing while invcsrigating the wanime acti viti..
of Valerian Tri fa. 1be office rerognized almost immediately that von Bolsl: hwina: mtrohl "be guilty ofacts more heinous lhan anyone e lse currently under invest igation."" In June 1979, jusr as OSI wa$ gelting es tabli ' hed, anomey E"g. ne Thimlf interviewed von B<>lscltwing . L' He denied membership in the SS. Although he acknowledged hel ping arrange for the .scape o f Iron Gu ard l. ad...... he de'cribed thi s simp ly as an dfurt 10
lWO
~m:.t. I

peaceful settlement between the

warring patlies," OS I Deputy Director Marl in Mend.lsohn wrote I<> the CIA asking a se ries of poi nled

'"

quesli"",(1) WIll lben: any objecoou to the inililtioo of procecdings and would VOIl Bolschwing be

able 10 "blacbnail" the agency;
(2) _uId the CIA lnll fy lOr him;

(3) hlod the aaen<Y known the full truth, would il would have assi<ted hia ""D>' into the

ua.
(4) hlod the "F"'Y told ..00 Bol$chwing to .....-l ilia Nui b..,kground on bis

natundization app)jcation;
(5) what iIlfontIatioD had the CIA glwro INS; W
(6) bad """ BoI!ICbwing worked for the agency ofIc:r cominJ to the United

Statca. "
Tho .... waa wen: wried. Tho CIA didlIOI oppose!heease

lilini oor kelvulnetttble to

blrim·il, While YOIl BoI8ctlwina bad
make en

'*".. ." ble. ODd

they _uld a<> tadfy,lbey would ala<>

what infurmali"" bo had giveu (and

be bad 1lOl) CODtCn>iJ,g bia World War n

...,riYitie:l, They would not teatify tbal he had. mi=prescnted his put a1thougb the)' wm unclear

lIS to """"!her !hey would ha"" li<kd ltia ItIItty into !he UniTed
~_ A1thougb headqoanen
rJlIlaTIU1I ~Zll!ion

~

if they had known

had d i=tcd that \'011 Bolschwilli be told to anawer tnlIltfully

queatiOllS, iTwu \IIIknoIrm whether tha1 measaee (neplilli previo.. ~l)

had been passed ou 10 ..00 BolocbwiJli. The agency hacillO role in von Bolscltwlna'i obtainin&
ciT izenship and be had DOt W<IIked for Them since he came10 the United StileS." It was clear 10 !he osr io..estigslill\l lealll that von B<1bchwilli had witllheld ~levaot ODd

peninent informatioll both wbell he app ~ed fur I .. i... and aaoin when seeking ciTizertsltip. Yet

,

...

the I~pl c"""

W&!I

murky for. v"; o:ty nf ..,_)O First ""88 the probl~rn of the eecret file.

Since: il ""88 missinR, von Bolscllwing mi&ht chum 1hal all the omillfll infornudi<>n must be in dill! folder. 081 could nol rulc OUl tM polSibUity 1haIihi. had occurTCd, althouah it seemed unlikely. While !be CtA had ooly the January 19S4 lcl1Cl" in its lil"- !hey could DOl be «rUiD 1IIIll othet wrincn and oral ClIIINIIunlcwlIIII had IlOt been lIIalIc li the tiJnc of the visa appliution.
A separa~ problem nimd with rcaard to nalllrl.liz.o.tiOll. Von Bolschwinll'. 1959 Iener 10 INS oIluded I<> additiOfl.ll infurmatioo which miibt be in • file ancI which von Bolschwing w<>uld lUlIplify in 111 iot..... iew. There ....... DO lnfofTlllli<m in .... file. (oIlhough ogaln lbe
missing file could be key) but OSI needed I<> IClll1l iflhefe had been any vnbaleop1anlllion
off~rt<I.

They spo1<c with the e:JWniner wbo ;nl<:fVic~ VOl> Bolochwinll as put oflW

naTura1ilatinn process. Aft.r rovicwi"i his llQIations in von Bol!lChwi"i', m., the ClWIlinor W&!I

confident l1li1 von Bobchwiollilad. not provided any nflbe ",""'ant and mi!sin& infnmlatiOll.
Thirdly, vOn Bo1s<:bwlnll rniglrt claim (IUXI ultimatdy did) tIII1IW lack of ~
behest of tho AIF""Y. Von Bobcbwina'. CIA conla<:t had .ince died so the'"

IIlWC no _y to

«lenni". ....belhor he had ultimat. ly b:cn told to be .andid .boul his bacl<grollnd
DospilO 11>0.. problem., Ryan believed the C&!O ....... winnable and should be filed boer.use

vnn BoI..bwina "played • tia:nifklll\t role ;n the SO', pt'O&l'8IO ofponcw1ioo of Jews in the late
19l O't....' lk originally propoocd dwginll misn:prncnlltion both in 1bo visa applicallon and doring the llIlura/iZlll.ion process. HowcVCl'. DAAO Richard fem<lthal th_...- "100 many
pot~nti.ol

dc:f<'nSCS , vl!ilabl. w • charge l!lIl (VOl! Bol..hwing] maltriolly misr.p......led hi.

bai.:4tound OIl .ntry 10 this CO\lntry In "'..... anl BOing lQrwant on thu buls."" He: lhorct'o.., dirocled OSl in prepare • compiaim focll$Od solely on the naturaliZllion ptDCC5ll." Since the CtA

,6>

was 001 illV<llved in the citizen.hip application, von Boischwing alone could be aCCOWltable fur
any mi$!ltlltement8 and concealments at: thaI stqe. AAGTrott agreed with this strat:eaY,"
051 filed • tbrce-eounl complaint in May 1981 alleging (I) that: von BoIsc:hwillll had

procured his nat:w1ll iution by <:on<:elIlmmt or miorepn:sentation since he foiled to reveal hi.
wartime actiyilies lIIId associations as put of his natu:alization application; (2) that the3e membershiJlll and actiyiti.. w.... evidence of lad of good """'" character requisite fOf citizenship; and (3) that: his ~g to the truth of his natunlizatioa application, ..nen in fact

the spplication was not truIbfu.l. was further evidence of l",,1< of good mom! characta. The filing
received much publicity. Von Boischwing deuied the charges, teU;"g the working fO! the
p<es$ that he had been

ass (Jmdec=or agency to the CIA) during the W\II"."
~

By·tbi time the

was filed, von Bolscllwing was in a QUIlling home suffering lrom. a

ptOgt'essive neurological di!O!dcr whicb impaired his memo!)' and intellectual functionini.

Thcro were q""rtions as to his capacily to undemand and mist in the JII'OI't<Id;"gl. Even before
the fiHlIll his 1ll<IrDe~ had .'lOUghl to settle the case io light ot'thi. problem.:tO Ryan wu

amenable :Ii".. he lItought '"serious due pt<>UM qucstiOllS~ WQuld be raised if the goycmmcnt tried to dcpcn someone unable to WKlcrstllDd or _ist io hi. dcfCJ\SC." DAAG Richard

.uppot!Cd the dispo.ilion. Giwo the circumstances, he viewed !WTeIIdct ofvon BoIoc:hwi08'.
natu<aliuliOIl eenificale ... ~a signiflCalll viC!Ol)'.""
The district coun appmved the 5Cltlcmcnl. Von BoIsc:hwing made no odmi!lSions . bout
his work ;n the Jewish Affairs Office, bul did acl<nowledge concealing hi. membership in the

Nazi Party, the 55 and lhe SO "' the time he applied for citiunship. He agt'e>ed rIOt to contest

the dcoalllJalization and the United Sial'" agrted not to proceed with d<:pottat:ion ~ings

".

unl ess h i. medical rondilion impro"ed He was to be reexamined lIMually. A c ons<:fl\

judgment WIll entered on D<:cembcr 22, 1981." Von Bolschwingdied 10 weeks IIllO\". He was 72 )"earl old.

'"

I. The "'pon in OSl's fil.s i. 1101 signed by YOOBoIscllwmg, though a cover lctlcr contain. . signature space with hi. name. Moreover. two SO memoranda ref.rencing the ..cpon attribute it 10 him. Jan. 12, 1937 "Opinion on the write- up ' The j ewi sh Problem,'" by SS Senior Platoo n Lead... K:r6der; un.igned Apr. 26,1937 memo,.. "Party Leader yon Bol :schwing ( infonn ee U 1 12)."

2. Noy.:ro, 19 31 1.tter from yon Bolscllwing 10 Eichmann-

3. Se.pp. 204-205.
4. JIIJIC 7, 194 5 memo "To Whom It May Conc. rD" from Lt. Col. Ray F. Goggin, U ,S. AJmy, 71- Inf. Se. Aug. 18, 1945 memo "To "Whom It May Concem~ &om Capt. Edward Dengeo, U.S. AmI y, Inf., 5-2, a1.., relca.<ed bythe ClA in 2001 undcr the Nazi WuCrimes Disclosure

"Iso.

A~

5. "The C lA and Eichmann's Associate.." by TimothyNaftaI~ ch. 13 io U.s. I_lligt,," and 1M Naris, by Richard B"'itman, NonnaIl Goda, Timothy N atIaIi and Roben Wolfe (published by the NaliO<llll AtchiYeJ Trust Fund, May 20(4), p . 346 (hcreaftor Naftali). 6.
NaftaI~

' ''P''', n. 5 at p. 349.

1, Von BoJsc.bwiDa 's Sept 14, 1949 SlllIem.ent ofLife History submitted 10 the ClA..

8. S.. e_~, undated memo for Direc lor of Security &om Chief, E£ re "'Request for Aid in Fac ilitalina; US Entry for Agent."
9. Sept. 17, 19 80 prosecution memoftom Ryan to DAAG Richard, pp. 7-8. The yon BolscbwillJ-Eichmann ncx.... did not.orne 10 lighl until 1960. Fo llowing Ei. hmann', ~ thai y.... by the IsnlClis, Gtnnany "'imritulcd on active invarigation o f tum. Revi.willJ capnued war re<Xlfdo in the U.S., the Germans found rerm:noe to ron Bolschwmg. Thi, information was ~ with the U.S. oulhorilio' and th. bnleli.. F. b . 2, 1961 memo to ChiefJ'O{ [ ],.. "OlIO Albrecht Alfred voo Bolsc.bwing.~ (The blsnk bradeu indicate information nol ",I.ased when the dOCumenl was declassi fied and approved for rei...... by the CIA io 2001 putSllaIll to the Nazi WlJ! Cri.meo Disclosure Act) 10 . Nsftal~ '1Ip/'Q, D. 5 al p. 352. Se. Nov. 25, 1953 memorandwn from American C onsulale Ga>cral, Munich, O. nmmy 10 Deputmelll ofStote; undated memo 10 Director of ~ &om Chief, EE, '" " R"'I ucst fo r Aid in Facilitatin& US Entry for Aaoot" I I. AI set fonh in a ClA mem orandum decl....if<ed in 2001 Ullder the Nazi WuCrimos
Discl~Acl:

til.",

The ttuo SlOl)', .. C IA !hen knew iI, was made known to them and !hey agreed after COnsullalion with our A lien Alfai", Slaff, to make t he sdmini.....liv. deeision 1 admil [von Bolsc hwing] as an immigrant. CIA did n01 provide a 0

".

sponsorbut wean: on ~rd with I mid NS (sicl .. v<>UChing f<J< [_ BoI5Chwinll oM providing all ~ tha t he _ DOl • security hQMd. Hil enay wu in effect llCcOltlplished by the CIA _oment tho t his XO'ices 011 "'" behalf wttt of "",b " rIlIlure .. to override his olherwi... undelIinlbl. b.ckllJl>Ulld u defined by the McC..,.." Act.

UlIda1ed and untitled memorandum found ill vol. 2 of C IA M Name File 011 Otto v",," Bo1scllwinll.M 12. CIA file' released UlldeT1he Nazi Wu Crimes Di5C10S1n Act indicm Ihat \'OIl BoI5Chwing was "inmuctcd to ",liUI from ""plying f<J< _ ;ve [. ic) jobs with the Unital SlateS 1I0vemmem whic.b willenlaiJ .1horoup. mvtftiplion.
M

lJ. Oct. 29, 1953 memo 10 Chief. EE from Chief, Sohbutg, re "Orossbelul - TermiD.atiOl1. "

14. Nov. 24, 1953 memo 10 Chid; SaIzbura; from Chief. EE rc "Orossblolul Tenninatioa." The blank tnckot! iD.dicate infonDalioa DOl reI"""",, when tbc document wu dccWsified and approved for release by the CIA in 2001 p.....uan1to tbc N.ozi W. Crime. Dioclosurc Act. A rosponsivc memo odviocd thou Grossbahn would be ill!lr'l>Cl<'l4 M~ly" to ........... "any and all . ""h qucstio", InIthfully.MDec. 10, 19S3 memo to ChicfEE from Chief Salzburg rc "GroIsbahn - TmlIi...IiOll."
15. J.... 24, 1959 lener from
Yon

BolllChwing to INS, New York.

16. Feb. 21, 1979 memo from SLU Chid Mmdelsoha to AAO Egan.
17. Thirolf.... cribo<! von Bol.chwinl as • dasIIin& ''Gooy Cooper sort of cNno:tcr." Interview with Thirolf, Feb. 22. 2002.

II. Nov. 30, 1979 loner from Mcndolsoha 10 the etA. 19. Jan. I ' , 1910 mcm<lto Director Rockler lOlld Deputy Director Ryan fu>mOSI ~ Jeffrey Ma........ re " Additioo to SlalII! Report no DoI5Chwing." The _ 0 do<:wne:nb . Jon. 9, 19110 meeting at the CIA between officials of OSl 1Jld e e CIA. Sec olso, \lllda1cd Ictlcr to Ryan from JO!t:]lb Kimble. • rncmber of the etA '. Office of Gcnerai C"",,",,1. The Kimble letler was IllUoChed 10 Ryan '. prosct;ulion mcm<l.

20. Prosecution memo, pp. 11· 19.
21. M., p. 23.
22. Apr. 28, 1981 bud; slip from DAAG Richard to AAG Lowell J.....n.

23. Apr. 22. 1981 m.....o to DAAG Richard from Ryan re MOlto A. von Boischwing."

'"

24. May 14, 198 1 buck . lip from AAG Troll to DAAG Ridw d "PP'"ovu,g the M modified
c"",plaint. ~

25. !k~ ~.g., ·'Califumi. M311 Accused o f Nazi Crimest by Robert L. J~boll, Los ,jilgfl~$ Ti",..., May 28, 19 81; MProbcrs Reject N azi Suspect' . SlOly.~ by W.ync: WilSOll, 1M Sacra_No
BU, Junel, 1981. 26. Mar. 9, 1981 memo to file fror"lI
Di ~o rRyan.

27. Apr. 6 , 19111 memo from Rya:n to D. Lowe ll JenKo, A..istlllt AllomeyGmeral D..ignale for the Criminal Division. 28. Apt. 10 , 1981 cover memo from DAAO Riclwd to AAG Jen.oeo, forwardiol tbeRya:n memo of Apr. 6 . It is UD<:1ear whether DAAO Richard'. COJ>CemJ w= dim:tcd 81 pro bleml io tho cue iw:lf (which Md made him reluctant . bom the filinll. ue Dec, 3, 19110 memo from DAAG ltichard to AAG Heymann) or tho health issues, or both. 29, Vlhile the UWled StaleS felt the .. ttlement was justified hccaux of tho defendant' s del";Or8ILng MoIth, the Soviet government called the settlement ''a b1sWll 0\ltlBi0 to the memoryof millions of victim. of the Fucistl,M "11Ie)I C _a! Criminab,~ TlW N,..". Ap"Q', Dec. 26, 19 81.

K arl Llnllal - Cold W ar PoUlin and OSI Lltl&atioa

Karl Linnas, chief ofa Nazi cone.ntration camp in Estonia, WlllI one of!he highCll
ranking Nazi eollabol1llon eYer found in the United SllIteo. A!; the h.ad E.toni an in the camp, he

OIXlend guards to fite on priSOller$ kn ~l ing along the .dge of an anti-lanl: ditcll; the dead fell
di~t1y

into their gravel. His perseeutiOll of ci vilians was the entII o fboth the

dOIllturali~'l1ion

and d.portation c..... me<! against him.

The legal ~ings, begun in November 1979, were on.ofthe fllSlOSI filings.
Linnas never seriously contesled the faets. He re filse<1 10 participale in the deposition of Soviet
witn~ on the ground that thei,

testimony - taken in the presence of Soviet lutlloriti"ll - WOIl ld

be inherently unn:liabl• .' He al.o defied the eo urt's ord.r lO M1SWeJ eenain qucsrions at hi. own
deposition and presented no ev idence coun tervailing any off~ by the io\'07l>ltlm~'

Unnas was denalul'aliled in 1982 and 0<deTed d.ported two yean Illtel'.' Hi. case
illustrat.., arguably better than any other OSI matler, lh . irnpael of the Cold War on OSI

pro_utio no. Linnas was born in Estonia, a nation forcibly
anne~ed

by the Soviet Union in 194(1. The

United States did oot recognize the l~timaey of the Soviet anne>cation and yet. ail a practical

maner, !ilIlil 1m Estoto;1 nO 10113" eJli"ed as an inde pendem counuy. Therefure, in the 1980s,
whether and how someone could be d.poned to Estonia Pl"sen1ed a political <:onundnml. The

issue was oompli""ted by tlte facl thai lhe Soviets had charged Li"""" with having laken an activ. pari in the killing of 12,000 pc:rsoos during the war.' H. had be.n OOlIvicted an d ....I.nced to d. ath in obse,,';o by the Soviet Union io 1962. o.portatiOllto Estonia (on Soviet

so il IS a ,..,,11 o f the ann." ",tion) th.refo,e could have life or d.ath consequence. IS well as

' i 1 !til . i ' ~!. I i l '~~f! [ • gllr! . ••'.- if a ~g~ , "a .

I.

" ~

~

'S '" &.~g,

.,J.' Hn .i
~
" , is.

! •• '

;; '~

$ !i'

H!:~i'
0

t
~.

i.

,'r.
iii
_

~~.f!. •. ~! ~ ~ ~ H if ~ Ig . j ."ili q· n '& 4 g , ii_. ET"'~if e ~ ; "'''- ' "1- ' · " . " e - , ~~ [-a.c: r
~}ci~~i'
It
~ C
....

5i~ <;. ~. n e.

rrt

;;;. 8 if Z_,;; ,.

~.

e

!j. .
0 .

«.

"

"

• ,. . ~ f '" " i
..

§ .~

g. ,
5"

a

"

0_

~Jf~ .. if ~
lf~~ E:
tl

.;[

a !=
~

lI

o

e

~ a c

,'''.<; ;;;' 'c ' 0 ...
_ .

"' :

',[WI,. 0 i. ~ 81'!!.S1 [ 5~!'li I ~ • i !."i'~ [ ~ If e. i" ::;; If
,-n~· §
2,0, ....

t

n n
q
"

..I : . " f.- _ q . 1r r r r : u. u. n-. .u u u - , '0
1
~3g§ 'g

<;''' ..

"I ,.f !" " n
,!l~
e.
g

I

;l

H~

~~ !
g'~J!

1
If

s &
~

HI : In ''
ll lf ll.

ze. s

;~~Q~' !1" ~~a I! l~ ,

!!. g,~.

phi,•. 01 ·· !... Ei=·... •
t'

r !

~ 1 0-

1-" !! ~ • ,.,.
;I

'

2 '· [

S' ~ ~' 8 g
"3

0_
....

~
•

lto&.g,il

~
t"'

g- ~
•

!r

~.a~~~ ~ !: ~ ~. .g
• 0 ,

,.

;" • i
5"

,~ 'i-g
Il
~
o

r

"

8

i

i

"

Ii' •• f
~

i i " ::;'sl>
S §
~

~! N

I

1 • =

~. ~

!
0

j ~ i?;;'
,

"_

a.

,-

_

kH , a If ." " c ~ ii' iii l ,,,," ,,-

u u: I
2,
:.l.

~ 2_ ~ -'~li

Il

e. e .

Q.

11

if

That was lhal designalion of the U.S.S.R. was umeuonable in liilll of \he Uniled Stato.' refusal
to recognize the legilimacy oflhe Soviel annexalion of Estonia. lbe BIA ordered a
I>CW

deportati on hearing. The immigration judge was told 10 "consider lhe impl ications of the United SlateS' refusal to recognize lhe Soviel annexation ofEsto ni.. [10] designale a country of deponation pu:rsuant to the appn:lpc;are [$ta1Utory) provisions . . . and [(0) anieullllelhe statutOI}'

basis for ~Iection, whic~ country i. designatcd,~
OSI oomactcd West Germany (FRG) to de lermine whc1hcr it would ~ LinJl&,J. lbe

bas.. for the request was that Linnas had resided in the FRO from 1945 to 1951 and had
embadcd far the United S"".. from Munich. However, the FRG mnained s\cadfast in lhc pos ition it hod adopted in the Trif case: it would admit only Gmnan citizens .' Li_ did not a

qualifY.
In preparatiOn for a nn¥ hearing before tbc: immigration judge, the Justice DepanmClJl
$Ought input from !he Stale Department. State was oolllnXious for a deportation 10lb e Soviet Union. In light of the "special sell$itivity" of 1he question, the State Departmmt felt il would be
~in

the inlere31 of lhe United

S la1cS~ 10 ~mor<:

fully

explore lbe feasibility . . . of deponing ked U.S. embassies to make overturel! 10

Li...... to another country,..1t lbe Stale Department

11 nali"",,: Brazil, Co lombia, C>echo$lovaki.. Gennany, Greece, ' .....1, Italy, !he PhilippillCS, Soulh Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Swilzerland , Thailand, TW'key, Venezuel.. the Uniled Kingdom and the U.S ,S.R." OSI reached out to lhe Cancdians, Germans, Israelis and R",sians.

Of all the na lions conlaC!cd, only the U.S.S.R, responded affinna(ively. After di......singthe mane, wil/l the White House (NSC statl), the Stal e Dcpanmcm
p~ a d«:lanttio n fo' submission to lhe deportation judst'." II stilled that since no COIDltry,

m

other th.an the U.S.S.R., wu willina 10 ac crp1 l inn14, • deportation to tba1 COUJllty "would not as
• mane, of law allUrave"" the lonlPl ltJlding and fIrmly held Uniled Sloteo policy cr IlOJlIeCOgnilion o f 1M forcib le inc:orponolion of Estoni.a into the U.S.S.R. M

linnas ~d the court 10consider lhe eortSe<jueoe.. o f oeru:!iDj him 10 1M Soviet Uoion.
He poinled ou! - <:on'OClly - lh.. iii. d....lII scn!enee had been ~ in 1M SoYie'l pnJS e"""

bt}Ort iii. J962 bialtn al>mll/a had laken p1ace. lJ He argued thai this demonstlaled the
impossibility o f lIeninll •

fair IriaI ill llle Sov iet UnJon.

He also contended thai iii. deportation

"'would lead the SoviOls, as _ II as othen, !(I believe 1M! the United Swes ean be ind iffetenllO

lIIe ptOCtII by ..tUe1l lhe QuI"i aequira illl inhabilan u , lllal our eoneem for the religious,
political and ~ diuidents ill Soviet camps, jails. insane asylums and internal ellile i. bill .
passinll faroey 10 be iaooruL M l.innu aecused OSI ofhaviDj ID "ur&e 10 kill" him and Guationed

wbether the Stal. Departmml (wltich h. saw as • "lubber swnp" for OSl) had made si neere
efforts 10 lind an a1lemo1ive deporution destination. ~
AI!hou&h !he U ,Soaa-l lb... depate.' s _

i"lhe rea:ivillll mte is "legally

irrelevanl"lo detennininil lhe appropri. le eountry of deporlalion," the g<>vemmenl was fairly

cmfidenl thal Llnnu' e. 'ti....:onmlio'und dealll sentence would not be hindina- As earl y as
Auavst 1934, official. from \he Soviet embassy had assured DAAG Richard ..... Direelor Siler
lb• • new uiIII W M as mosl ]ikely.M "
Before the new deportalion proceeding bepn, Unnas gal vani zed politiea! .uppal!. United StaleS Se nstor "Ifome D'Am.t1O (R-N¥) and CongrelSllllUl DOlI Riner (R-PL) both argued lbal deponaioJl to the Soviet Union would via/ lite U.S. policy apinst rewpllzina Soviet i"".....,...tion ofEsioniL They ""88t$1ed he be ..,,1to

Israel for plQJ<cuti....." Thil, howe_,

was no! a viable option. Y<an earlier lbe Isndi, had told DAAO Richard and D;"",lor Shcr Iha1 lb<'y """'Id DOl """<pi: Linnu b«ause lbe <rilical i"criJnina~og evidCJJ<e "llaiolt him came from lhe Soviet Uoioo. Sin<:e 1 ......1did not have diplomatic ",Iali",," with the U.S.sA., it lacked

access 10 the cvidmee."
At Lil\llllll' oew deportation hearill& several people fi-nm the BaIlie <mi¢ commwlily lWifio:l 00 the importance of the non-recoani1ion doctrine. The immilJ"lioo OOIlfl ..., IKlI

pmuaded. Tho court held that deportation to "the free Republic of~nia~ would Ix fJuilla..
' illCl! thal enlil)', housed ill the Uoiled Sta.... lock... the alJlhority 10 acccpI him. The court

",jeeled !be "'8umem lIIat the U.s.s.R. was IlOl a proper desianalion because LiMas' oonviction
there did _

oompon wilb U.S. notion. of due proeess. The court concludo:llhal the U.S.S.R.

was the proper dc.tinali"" both becaux it was !he oounuy wilhin which hi, place ofbirth - .
oow situaled and bc<aux il was tbc only OOlDltry willing 10 ac«pl him. AlihoU&h !his _
a y ictory for OS!, il _
no! in a<:<:ord"""" widl the very ~no:I

m8J\date!l of die Stale Oepollf1\lefll. u set forth in their carcfWly worded de<:.... ion . The

de<:laratiolt hadssnclioned deportati on 10 the Soviet Union only beI:ause it _!he: sole coUlllJy
williog I<> ac<:epl Linnas. By <ilina an a11Cn1alive basi. for deporwi01\, the court had lIllluably given crcden<:c 10 the Soviet "",ili"" lhat Estonia wu now pan of the U.S.S.R. Thi. wau e.1aC of cooc..... lo the Slale Oepanmenl. Since linnu wu Ippealiogthe ruling, OSI had III
opponunil)' for judicial t1:COfI,idcTlli"" o f the \>asi, for <lepol'tlllioo. Al the Stale Depar!m<Il1',

request, OSI argued IhIt deportation lo the U.s, S.R. _ wu the .ole counuy willing to aocepl Lil\llllll."

appropriate only on the ground thai II

The BlA """ep1ed lhe argumell1. Allhough lhe panel acknowledg<d lhal Linnu hod been

m

sentenced 10 deallt "in whal appellfS to have bm1 asham lTial." il was 1IOl ~ by his argumenll/lal depoltation 10 1/1. Soviet Union would depri".. him of lif. witholl1 due pr<X:eSS of law.

Inbc Constitution docs nOi extend beyond our borden 10 gwtrWll« lite
rcspondcnl fairness injudicial JIl'Ol'cedings in the Soviet Union. MoI'CO\'C'T. undO!" Our immigraUOlI laws lhcn: is no ""IWremem Wal a foreign C<lllvitliog mUll conform to our oo""tirulional guaralItoe&

Linnao appealed to lhc: Scoond Circuit. Rudolph Giuliani, 1hon !he U.S. Anornq for 1ho Southcm Di,1rid orNew Yorl<. aJ&""d the case.'" Shonly after the argwncrJl, OSl leamcd Iha1
[jon... had begun ha,,;ng his Snciai Sceurity payments deposited dirc<:tly inlO his account rather

!han .. m to hi. horne. Fearing thai Linnas w... planning to nee. INS began 'UJ\/eil~ of his
home, hi, woJkplaee. lh< home of one of his daughtcn, and !he homo: ofan acquaintance. He
_ not seen at any of!he sites. She. worried thai LiMas, ... lh< · po,ter boy" for anti_Soviet

sentiment, might have 811 underground support network whi.h would help him flee to Canada.

& f= the Sooond Circuil issued its ruling, lhe U.S. Attorney's OffIce liked LiI\llU'
a1tolllcy to bring his .Iimto a meeting to discuss clISu,dy. LinD... and his attomC)' appeared al
the rcquOS!ed rime, whereupon Linn.. _

arrested. His anomey was (lulragcd and acc~d OSl

of baving mllS1emlinded this perceived perfidy." While LiMaS _ in custody. the Second Circuit "mrmcd Ihc deportation order. 1lIe

court scoffed at Linnas' designation of "an offi"" building in New YOlk" as a deportatiOtl . destination, ",ying it amounted to "Waslina the opportunity to choose a proper place of dcportlliion." The to urt acknowledged tbat there might be circuntstllnCes whCR !be fale awaiting I deporl ee was SO inimical to !lie court'....... of decency as to WlUTant j udicial

'"

intervention. 11Ii.. IIo_, was nee such a ease.
Tho: foundation ofLi",....,' due process uaum. nt is an appe8I to tI>o court's sense of d ecency and compassion. Nobl. wordJ suclIlJ Hdecency~ and ~co mp&JSi on" riDe hollow 'MIen spolen b y I roan who o rdered the extonninalion of illJlO<:Oht mm, \WImen and . hitdren kneelinll ~ tI>o edge of a ma!lS crave. Karl Linnas' appeal to humanity, • bumanity which be bllll gro.os!y. callouslyand mollSUOusly offmded. lruly offends this court' s ...,so of decency.
The planned dopott.Ition - . an.eked from . ""';"'Y of quarterS. Amnesty InternationAl

was oJl)lOSed because: Linnu faced the: d..th penalty in the U,S.s.R.'"

Whit! House: advisor

Patri.k B""hanan. omplwizinll that b. ...IS speakJna personally rothor than institutionally, statecl W I il "'IS "OIw dli"" and KaIkaosqIlO to doport an Amoricao citizen to tho Soviet Union to stand aial fO! collaboration with Adolf Hitler wh<n the prin<:ipal coJJabomor with Hitler in IJ\altinJl Wo..ld

w'" II was that self-....... Soviet ll"vemment....
Lmnas' t1au&l"eJ'S -.lJO

QIhen urged tho .... sag. oJ l.gislalion

IlJowina: alleged WOfld W'" II war eriminaI. to be cbBrged criminally in Ihe United States."

I.'....e<! lheit pleas for /lI<lp in a Iettet ad<IreJoed to "ConC<med

Amoricans.,.,. Civil aiab do 001 permit j uri... ......-fl:llllUn.tion o!lb. witnesses. nor equal _ 10 tho record.. This particular kind of civil manu ....U illllSlrIt.. bow our father has been deniN tho ....ic ConJti tutionAl ri&hl to due pn>OOSlI: CfOSIo.xaminalion, imy Ilial, and aceeu to COlII'1 lppOinled """""",I. 11Iis kind of JIIocecdinJl hu brought fo<tb I eriminal death SCIIlm«: 10 our fathe r who has been

denied a <:riminallrial!
It il diffkultlOpol itically critieiu lb. OSt withoul tho riok of being branded anti_Semitie or nazi l)'fhplthiur. However, in I fru llOCiety, we are able 10 question lin d ehaJ1enll. any 1l""emmmlln!1titution. h I.J ~'Jl"nt IIttd w. ".,.. put 4Jidc 010' ftau ontl inhibitions 0 "11 bo"'b<7d fire Co"gTtU. ,Ire &""'e. omi 1M w Clili.". ;"onch ofl'>Wn",.tI" with lelephone cmu ond leue, . expnuing 0.... ~ ofOSl ....lhodJ.

(i1l.l i... in original)
In addition 10 the .. appeall lO the COIU'I of public opifliol\, lillnas ""ked the SUJll"""le

m

COW11O review his <:IIX. He also replaced his counseJ with Ramsey Clark, wh<> had bun Anorney General of the Un;led States during !he Lyndon Johnson administrlllion." Tho key

argument presenled in the SUJ'I"me COlUl petition was tIIal the pending death senl"""" in the
Soviet Union ........ il au imJlfOPl':' de.linlllion for deportation.

Tho govemmenl did nOl see Ibi. as "" impedimmt. Oiflcialul the Soviol Embassy had
again assured the offine of the: "'lrnng ~ likelihond that l.innao would be retried. Moreover, ~
indicated IhaItheptOOlJCdina would be open 1 the public." 0

The Sovitt! ~lIlIlde it vet)' clear

!hat out of all ofOSr. defendanl$, Linnas _the: penon who !hey J1IOS1 thoughl was deserving
of criminal punishment and who they were most ime=ted in having back on their terri1OQ'." They fell hi, deponation would be the "erowni"ll llCltievemml* in their Illialionsltip with OSI.""

The: U:S; was -OOnfideut its own eYidence

-~so lid

land] imlfutable" _ would be ....rJ by the

Soviel$, Iil=by precluding a.ham eonviclion""

In anticipation ofo denial of oertiorari, OSI beg"" 10 pI"" the <kIai1. of dcp>rtation. Al
the lime the1'e w eill no dire<:t flights 10 the Soviet Union. Tbete would have 10 be . stopover, and

OSI did "'" want this to be in a Western country ~ a l'O<Juesl fo:t' asylum might lead 10 M.W
prOOffiling:s. Siler believed lhal Eastern Eul'ope&ll CO\IIIIries, knowing the Soviet' Smtention 10
get Linnas within their lerrllOtY as quiddy "" possible, would DOt be reccpti..... 10 an asylum

""~.
OSl contacted various W......w Pact nations. In the end, Czechoslovakia was the passlhrough nalion. But in an unllSUaleircwnstanee, Poland Ion bad granted pennission fur a
SlOpov....

1lmee Einhorn, tlleo Deputy DiJectot for Litigation, wenllO the Polish Embassy in 278

Washington, D.C. He assum.d lhat the Sovi.t! wou ld have laid the necessary groundwork, and 1halthe req u.st W<luld be a more fomtolity. It """ not. Einhorn "",ailed !he Poles being "very reUconL" They advioed 1ll.t Linnas wou ld need a visa, and the vi... applicalion n•• ded to be signed by him. Einhorn requested the form, as ked to use the restroom, and when he came out, turned nver a completed fonn willll signature reading "Karl LillJ>aS' 01 the bottom . Einhorn asked if anything else w.... o. eded. "There WlIS a long he,ilRlion aile. which the offic ial in chaIg.

said 'No.'"" Wilh deportation looming, Patrick Buchanan seN I memo10 Anomer ~ Meese on
Wbite Ho ose lettnrhead. h did nol address the LiMaS cue di=tly bIIT rather tho general isnue of

"d. portations ofdenaTllJalized citizens w Commllllist ecuntriea." ..

-_.

Buchanan told the Attorney General that he bad received nearly 15,000 cards, letTeTli and

phone call, concerning the denalw1llization, deportotion and prosecution of suspected war
criminals. wttilelllose writing . upported finding. prosecuting and punishing war eriminals,1hey

had "serious concems~ with the current procedure. A.l summarized by Buchanan:

I. The United Stales should IlOt grant the Soviet Union or other communist governments Ihe maralluthority 10 lJy pe ople fo r atrociTies committed during World W.. II. The Saviet Governmenl is i1SClf guilty afmassive war aimes, and it WlIS !he SaviellNazi Pact thai a1 lawed HiTler to pursue his awn atrodties.
2 . Suspecl.d war criminals shoold be tried in the United Sta t.,., Westem Elln>pe or Israel. U.S. _ .,.sion to the Genocide Treaty ,lIQuld grant: it tho authority to try these persons even though the crimes were not committed on U.S.

scil.
3. C urrently, persons """ d of war cri~ Me tried in U.S. courts llJlder civi l proced..... which denies to m the right oftriol by jwy and eourt appointed call11SOL

4. Deponalion of Baltlc natiOllll.l11O lIIe Soviec Union violatea U.S. policy of non-rec:ogniliotl of Sovietauthority 0_ the Ballie: States. Thoup the Departmenl ofSlIite has dclmnincd Ilw .""b deportations are oonsi5lent willi !he ClIl'I1inl Slal\lte, lojic and common _ Ui\>C Ih.oIl the "'Me does not comply with U.S. policy."
S",,1wI.on urged the Anomey GenmJ 10 ' meet in the very near future witb

and a meeting was held 0lIl Marcl> 5, 1917. The Allomey 0enen0I, bis Chid o f S!aff, !he
An od ale Ann ....,. General, and the Assi_ A llorney GePerai for the Criminal Division IIlI!!

with Ii~ BaIlie: leaden. No OSI ... presentati"" lOU pn:sent.

Re<:onslntctina the rneeti"lj fronI

haDdwrinm DOle! taken by one of the DOJ )lIUticip8ntl, .. wellu from • newspap:r ac.:ount

written by one of the BaIlie panidJllllll3,'" it appearlI that tile diJCUMion _

frce.-f8IIjJinj;: aDd

The emign! pertici~b Ilgue<l thac the U.S.S.R. bad DO legal or mond rigbt 10 try anyone

for crimes . gaill5t b"",..uly. In !b.ir view, sendLnglinnat 10 the Soviet U ni.,., would .... his
fat• • inc< he would be facill&. poli tical trill. They olso di""usxd ha vill& criminoJ , rather than

civil, p~lI5 in the Unital Slal<S for alleged ... criminal.. even if this ..-nt......-ting new

legislation. The "",ians """'led the 5If.guords of the criminal process, indudina Diol by jwy,

for ~ fae;"&: cMrges stemming fro'" 1/1... wartime ao:t,vitiQ; they believed the Anomer
GcnmJ WIll m:eplive to the idea."

The meeting .....ived favOl.ble eov<I'Ille in tile Bal tie press. Ono: of the porticiJllllla
comJl""ed it! positi"" lone to • meetina b. hod anended . 1the 1ustice Departtncflt a yeu and a
half ..,-lier.

280

hi comrast 10 the boorish beha"';", ef OS I efflCial. at .... 19 85 mee ling. tho dimale on Morcl> 5 woo positive lIlId constructive. Mr. Mec~ W8lI .ltenQve. tk lool< noleS. He oppeared inleresled in ...110I we had 10 ... y.

The emi¢ . took . ...or from !he meeling. commitment by Ibe Anomer aener&1 10 look into
all<gOl ioru ofirnp ropriety in osr proceedings ard • prornise lo appoint a """.oSI person the o.par1monl o f Jnslicc 10 rnoel wilb tho e rni¢. lind repon 1boir conc.rns to him!' Meanwhil., the <'QC oontinued to re<:eive med ia allClllion. Noted columnist Williom. f .

wilhin

Bucl<1ey, Jr. lOOk up the cause.

[1]( it is a crilllO warrantin, exccution to have colJabo rakd with the Nazi&,
then just about OVCJ)' Soviet official o ver the aao of 62 !lIouId be ex<=ted..

•••
The entire episode i.j udil:ially revolting. How i. il pouible to by scm""" on the bws o f Soviet lestimony _ which W8lI written befOll! the trial wu ~Jy conducted? EV<'D if someone had films showin, l.lnna.l as a auard at I concmtntion cam p in !be early ' 40s, \Ohal; is lbe awrcpriate penalty in 1986?
0Ile can be open 10 ""8I!estion <>II the .ubject, bul "'" to I ougestion !hat he be ;en! baclr. to be shnr in the counby Iblll ligned a pact with AdO/f Hitl. ....nd. in il3 bloody hi"""", hao sl""alu=d some SO million people."
An Op..£d piece in 1M Nrw York Tim.. called fot' a Cong:res!linnal inve$ipti<>ll into
wllelb.. Buchanan!wl intervened irnproperly on Linnas ' belWf." Buchanan I01ilcomed the

B ill w hal

is difficult to understood is how I haodl\d of AmeriClll Jewo CIlI rou1 inely . lander .. "N.u sympat1ljzera ~ their feUow Americans si mp ly becl _

I01i do nol wi sh 10 c nrr. borate with • bnnalitarian and ."ti.SeJnjti. ~gime that is H ill...' ...... i.. ng partner from World W,. D. and whose K.G.B. alloots"", today bea ting up J.wi. h women in the :Ureet5 o f Mo»cDw. n

On December I, 19116lbe Supmne Co on declined 10 rev ic w Ib.c.... W ilh d .pomtion
imrninent, poli ticiano again wci&hed iII- "Three senal"" "'7Olclo the A lIomcy G.... r&I ."d

exp reosed c.oncem abo ut deponing SOmeone 10 the U.S.S ,R. based on "Soviet evidCJ>CC,·"

Fourteen olhen,joined by 54 Representative.. utged the AlI<>mey <knera! to allow the
depol't8tion 10 proceed."

AAG Troll m ed the Sta te DepartmC1lt 10 weigh in. The Sl8te Department replied that it
had "mated the elL'lC as a purely legal "",na, and have lICither expressly oppo!l:d nor . upported

Linnu' deportation to the U.S.S.R." State re<:ounled ito effon. to find • country to """"JII

LiIlDllll,.. and concluded that no mme could be done.
We woul d nalW'a/ly prefer to avoid deporting linnas to the U.S.S,R. becall$C ifbe gelS • new trial it will be Illll f!:rmlI aI best, HoWC\'er, our expcri_ wilb hi. and similar cases leads lIS to concll>de that further effons to persuade oou:ntries other than the U.S.S.R. to accep t him aI this time would be /\IUle." Then, suddenly, in April 1987, ...... ama offeml LiIllW uylum. A<:conlinglo the Mini...,.

of the Panamanian Embusy, the ded,ion WI' based "on bwnanitarian ground... ,~. Sher learned
or it from tlte INS office in New Yor\<. It wao neWS "out of the blue " """ he was "devastated,· "

Whether or not P3namIl would have been . viable oprion at the start o f the mse, Siler fell
it WIIS nOl appropriate alibis late date. "We fougbt like hell I<> get an order I<> the Sovle! Union.
Thll issue WIIS lili pted al l lbe way I<> the Supreme Court," Bolb Sher and AAG Troll feared

thai the Sovirts might limil the ir cooperation willi OSI if the original deporution order were not
carried OUI." Thal coope ration _ invo lving acce.. I<> essential wi....._
and doeumeo wion _

WSlI crucial to lbe inveotigation and prooecotion of OSI ......
The",
~

olber COncerns .. well. Even befo re the Panamanian offer emerged, DAAG

Richard feo.red that'

Ibly re fusing I<> depon Linnas I<> the Soviel Uni"", the only count>y that wililske

him, we w"u1d be carving (IIl1 an unprecedented e""eptioo \(I deP<lftal;<>n rOJ ... Nazi war criminal in CIlnlravefl!ion "r the intent "rCmgress which provided thal No.zi war criminoJs should n<ll be eligible for discretionary relief from dep"rlalicm.
He nOled 100 \hat refusal t<> 50"" liMBS t" the S<>viet Uni<:m would afft",j the Russians ~an
unprecedented propaganda viet,,!)'."
The fact thai ""'- <>wJl courts have UDt.<luiv<lC8lly f<>WId Linnas I<> be ... war criminal while be ends up walking the _ "r the United Statu because "f 0...refusal to deport him will be cited by the Soviets lIS confirmali<>n of their p<)Siti<m that our govemmenl knowingly harbors .uch No.zi criminal! in "'" midst.

And fiD/llly, he warned thai refusal \(I deport Nazis to the Soviet Union C(IIIld "destroy the OS!
project."

II}! i.the fear of ultimate deporl8li<>nto the Soviet Uni"" that has ill pan led I<> the volwtlaly deJllU1l1rt from the United Slates " f several OSI targets ond defe<l<1anl•. Iflhese subjects know that in \be flnal snalysls we willl101 deport them, tbere will be DO incentive fur them l<> leaw and OW" entire liliaative pnrgram inthis lield will become lUI ex...::i.. in futility," AAG Weld {Trott' • • ucce...".j shared these concerns."

OSlleaked the Panemaniall offer I<> the JlIeSS in an effort \(I emblll'ross the PanamaniM
g<YUrnll1eJ1t, which had ... working relationship with Israel." The Panamanian Jewish eommunity was also galvanized to brina press\lrt 10 bear. The presidenl ofPlIJUUNI, ... ligurehead in .
CIlUJItry

actually <WI by military stronglnllD Manuel Nwiege, was him50lf lewish.

A me'sage was gotlen I<> him thaI he mUS! act." It i, likely \hat. message was ,.,,1 also \(I
Norieg.. T" the beot "f {;inhom' . "'COlletlioo, Noriega 's children atlended • lewioh Day

School io Panama City and he was advised thal they would not be welcome if the linnas plan look hold. On April 15, 1987, She, learned lhat the man.. was on the agenda fOJ the Attorney

Oen=1and some o f hi. COUJIs<l,,"_ Sh.. was DOt invited to the meeting. Ho_yer, from \hi! Anomey GenerKl'a ant•• hsmber, and within earshot of Anomer Oononl ', .e.""tal)", Shor called Liz Hollmlan" to inform hec about tho ";I",n ;oo. "I wantod people [in the Attorney Oo-.l 's ofJice j to know I had called. I wanted 10 be in th";" faces." The Jewish community mohiliU<l. Rosonbllum told tho PJeU thai .. nding LiIlllSS 10 Panama would be ~a JUllvmion of justice in monumolltal proponiOIlJ.~ He rued thaI LiIlllaJ would have II"comfonabl. tffi...menl under the Panamanian palm trus_"'" Elizebeth Holwnan opined tIutt the Justice Department had aCled intentionally d uring the
I'assoVCl" holidays

.........

Jewish leaden would not be available to mobilize," ~spit. the holiday she, Rosmhawn and Menachem Rosenshaft o f the International Network of Childrm of Jewi sh Holocaust S~l3,

. ---

wertt from New York to Washington fWd IMt with the Panamanian Ambassador to 1MUnited

-- -. -

- ---

- --- -

Stal e>. Later- in the day, Panama withdrew its off.. of asylum.
Although the pn:.. reported !hat the United Slates had wanled Panama 10 accept Unnas,"

the evi dence suggests Olhenvi ... The Slale Departmeot cables liotillll countri.. 10 be'conlacted
did not mention Panama." Neithel" did a OOJ memonu>dwn on the issue." The Panamanian "atomen! withdnlwing asylwn ",ferred 10 the uqlleJt it had recei'led on behalf oftlle Linnas fami ly, In court POpel'S, Unnas referenced elT . to bave Austria, Sweden, Nor.vay, Panama, on

aNI PlII'llguay accept hirn .. a d eportee." Mo""","" an undated and unsigned handwrine.o lI01e
in the Depllflmmt of Justice l j1llf/2S file h.. Ramsey Clark", lUUIle with fi"" eounlrie.limd belleath i" Portugal, COSIa Rica, Panama, Bolivia and Uruguay. All this ,uggests that it was the defense whioh . pp roacbed the Panamanian government. "
The PlIIIamanian turnarou nd was . major national '101)'. While OS! was pleased that

IJnnas would not lind saf~ haven in Panama, !hey wen di,turbed n""r one aspect of the
coverage. TIl. W",hingto~ pOS/ .cpmted !hat Anomoy General Mees e "had been inclined 10

agree 10 lbe Panamanian refug e ~usc o f doubts aboUl the Soviet supp lied evidence used to
convict Unnas of oblaining his U. S. ci tizenshi p fraudulendy."" Director She< was irate and '"'P'Csscd his anger in & "",roo to DAAG Richard As you know, this O<par1ment has repeate dly and vigorowly contended in court papers and OPpea<llDCC5 that lbe So viel-5upplicd cvidcncc in this cO$C was fully admissible and reliab le. Moreover, each and e \lCl)' Unite<l Stales tribtm.al. whieh reviewed lite: Soviet evidenee ~ in th e Ilcpartmcnt' s position. Th e stateroent in lite: ~ i. pulicularly troublcsolllC since the peti tion presently pending before !be Supreme Court is based on Linnas' ~ cl ilim that Soviet evidence i. unreliable." OIhcn were " roilafly di!lua ughl. The WJC accused the Atto rney OcllCnl! of showiDg
~greater ..ns itivity fOt the rights ofNazls

thaD fOt their victims.~" A cermon 10 5imilar effect

awcored In The Mlnml Nnos and was reprinled in 'I'M Ne'" York Times.''' The day afte r Ihc: Panamanian turnaroW1d, a spok e. man for lbe Attorney Gcncra1 said the

J.... I.. Department wo uld conlin"" 10 consider offers from any country that would accept

L,rota&" Wh.., no other COllOtriCS oamc forward, the A ttorney General "" ceded to the S<Jvlcr
dellignatIDo." Unnas was taken to the airport from th. Metropolitan Correclional Centel in Ne w YOlk City, where he had spent the year since hi. al"l't'st In lbe U.S. AltonlCy'. Offi.... O S! had three phone lines open. One: was to the airpo:rl in order to be notified a bDllt flight p lans; • second was

to the Supreme Court In c.... the Chief Just ice issued & stay; lbe third wuto the 50victJ inonler
to kee p lbcm app rised of the sltualion,'" Minutes aller Chieflum.. Rehnquist denied . flJlll1 fC<Ium t<> prev ent Linn....· dcp<>rtoti<>n, the plane wu aisbome.

'"

The maii. mel Jewish groups, a1cncd byOSJ, wen: \here 1 _lDrn 1", The Now y",t 0
Post ran a benner poge one headli"'" "Nui BUlcllcr Kic ked Out S<namil\3.~ At. stopover in
Prague, Cz"" h official. found ."d C<lnfi""alcd • razOl blade in LiM»' tohllCOO pouc:h. Whc1l>er

lID, .... . polenli al ""i<:ide weapon is unkno"", ; LiMas claimed he nccdcd the blade 10 cl ean !he
howl of hi' piJl'l'." From Prague, Linnas .... flo,"" non_otop to Tallio, Estonia. Opinlon .... divided OVcl \Vhcthct be sbouId have been ocnI e ither to Panama or 10 the Soviet Unioft. The BosIOll G/ob. labeled the AtIomc)' General's actions to find a ""baven~ for

Linnas

"'bameful.- Fcnncr Co"ll"'1ISW<;m.n Holtzman had •

simi lar view. Sbe a.a:u.ed tbe

1'- W",hinglrm P<J.JI thought the grealCrprohlem boy in acoding Unnas 10 the U.S.S.R.
JllSlioe must be done to Nazi \OIl aiminals. but • tnIt aDd disturbing questioa -...uns wbethcr juslicc by lICCCpIed Amcricad standard,...... daDo in thio case, where II human life - never mind whla kind of. hUJlWl he may have been - i, 0 0

the line."
The Nnv Yort Timu saw il dilferc1llly. ft .upponed lhe depoi lIIIiOll aDd hailed !he

Attorney Gmeral for briJ>&ini il about.

Mr. Meeseovf:n'Ode SIrOtlI right-wi. . . .ntimcm in the case of Karl Linnas, deponing lhe fonnCl cono:cftlJalion camp commander to the Soviet Union
""""'" he is under • delllh ocnlC1'a fOl killing innocenl lews-

•••
WIllI made Mr. Mee.. ', strIlight limvard ""lionO JUnarbblc was [its l politic.ol scttinz. This i, the Admini'lJaIiott lhat C<luolenanc:cd Pmidcnl RC8&on'. lriblrlc at 1M Bitbura ccn>t!el1 l1onoring SS IroOpCn who raJI German dClllh camps. Mr. RCIlgan's fonner cornnl11nicllKms diRC!Ol. Palricl< Buchonao, ",...ted the LinJlal deportation IonSllld loud, with inlm'pcrate clwsn of C/lVin g in to Soviet injusric:e."
It ..... not only the media that

was divided over how 10 IWCSI the deportation .

Within

'"

OSI ilSel!the",

wcK

divergent yiewt. An hi'l<Jrian o f Lith~an herilage, who had bo:ea with

OS I for fiYe yean, resigned o ver the case. Allhough be ....pponed Linnas ' denotun>lintion and

had 110 doubt that be met lhe crit~ri. for deponatioo, be thought il """"8 to deport hillll<J the Soviet lIWon."
The Attornq General w... dearly lrouble<! by the <:&$e. H. requested that the JllSli.,.

IkparIment' . Offu:c o f Legal Policy "",icw a1",matiVQ l<J <leportatiOJl in the <:Ide ofpenons
..",.,iicd. ot tried in abs~nlia fot N.o:rl """ <:rim.. ill juri<dictiOPll when there was roncem about

tho f'undamenlal foim... ofthe legal s~..... The .... ulli ng memorandum, 18 ,jngl~

pages. .... completed two months aflet Linnas'

<:\o~.

It ouUined • "oridy of option s, all

d.sip<! to <:\olay dqwt\lre from the U. S. SO dnunetically thai tho agod dofend&rlt wollid likely

dii: ,,"fore h~ IW to 1 "",,. the counuy.'" 'Nhcn Anomey Oenaal Meese resigned a y.... later,
none of thc 'UUestions IW been implemented. M....wbi l., Unnas mnaiDod in<:aKeJalcd ill Tall in until Juno 1987 whorl ho...
lramfa=llo Lellingnul. (St.

Pet.rsburg) """""' ho unde.-m two emergency open.tiOPll. H.

d ied 00 July 2." Wi lh him at the time o f death w= his eldost daughter and hi. anomey,

Ramsey Cl..k. H. was buried in Long Island, New York ."
Looking b81:k on the ~, Shot $&Wil as pi"""" fOf OS L "If il had cone lbe other way , l

don', think tho o ffice couk! hay. swvived. . . . I WO\I ld have resip>od, IJIlKIe a 101 ofnoisc and
who knows wben: thaI would

ha". iI"J'IO."

It _

"far and . way lbe most len.. momont in OSI

as faras I was cOl'lCm"ltd. "

\. Tho: district coun, OClUit ive 1 lhe po$!ibility orwitnes. imimidati on, used Ihe dc pooitioo 0 lestimony only 10 corTt::lbo.-ale other U1vcfllled government eYid~ incllldiJIi doowncnts . igned by U"""" u chicr o f w camp. U.S v, Linnas, 521 F. Supp. 426, 434 0.16 (E.D.N.Y. 19& 1).

2./ti. al429, 4J4.
3. {,'niled St~te. v. LINItU , 521 F. Supp. 426 (ED.N.Y., 1981), <Jjf'd, 6U F.2d 421 (2" Cit.) MoIrer qfLiMaJ, A08 085 626 (lmm. Ct. N.Y.. N.Y. 1983), <Jjf'd I" parr and r e".",.dcd (BIA

19&4), deci.itm ~"TCntQltd, (1mm. c , N.Y., N.Y. 19U>, <Jjf'd, 19 t &; N 0«:. 302 (BIA 1985>. ~Jrd, 190 F.2d 1024 (2" Cir,). ' f,," d. nl. d, 419 U S. 995 (1986).

4. "Soviet Condemns Three," Tht N~ Y~,i Tim,•. Jan. 21, 1962. ....ked aI!be time aboIathe SoYiel biaI , a State OepN\mem IIJlOkesman sai d w United Stales knows of"llo evidence that U IIIW was eve... WBI" <:riminII." "Rc<b 10 Try t ier (Long b landcl-) Today '111 AbscmI.. '~ N.w Yori N....$day.1aIL 16, 1962
S. Boleslas Maikovslcis

was the only otI>cr 0 $1 defendant scnlcnccd 10 death In Q/noJVIII by the

U.S.S.R. However he fled to Germany before the court ruled on 0 51'. request thai he be: orderN deported 10 the: Soviet UniOfl. Sec p. 43(1. Feodor Fcdorenko was tried and senlmced 10 death in tbe Soviet UnioIllljlor he had been deponed.
6 . Ironically, 1M Office oflnt«nat:ional Affairs (OIA) wilhJn !he Dcpsnment of 1US1kc bad made • very similar ugumcm as early .. 1974 when d i""lI3Silli !he po.. ibility of m extredition (rather !han deportation) of an 051 !Ubj. ", 10 Latvia, another oftbe Baltic countries IIIIIIC:>lcd by !be Soviet Union.

[T]h. United SIBle! &ovemmml still n:cognius io exile 1M fomter &o~15 ofLafVia, Uthuanit IlD4 EoIonia with .mom !hi. ao""",...e"t has viable e~ll'1Klition trcalies. Thus, te<hnically, iftbe Dcpmmcnt of Slal. _ to reoei"" an extradition request from the LolViaD Soviet Soclali51 Rq>ublX: in Riga, LotviA, State would be oblill"d by proCocoIlO fannally prescm same to the ~va ofllle fomter 80......",.01 of Larvi.. to wit the C..... ul General of Latvia lost known 10 be: located in PhiladclplU.. PL
Apr. 26, 1974 memorandum 10 INS Regi<lnal Commi..ioncr, NorthCd Region froP1 Deputy Commissioner, rc "LiJlJ of reported Nazi WfJI: C riminals Residing in lbe United SIBlts; Your WF

5011 0.1 memorandum daltd Jan1lllY23, 197~, wi allacl",,,'lIt1 rc Bol tsl"" Maikovsti.. ,0,1 194 SNi tuld Karl Linrw. A&03' 626. lII1d prior Corre!pOndelleC."
7. The U .S.S.R. had wanltd to edradil. Linnas, but WIlli precluded from ooiog SO by !he lack of lUI CJC lra dition treaty between !he and lhe Soviel Union. Oct 26, 1984 memo from Dir<ctor

u.s.

Shct 10 File JC "Karl tintw (OSI I32)."
8. June 14, 198) leller from Anll, Tiina llIId Epp UM'" 10 "EiIOnian , tuld frirnd' of E.lORians."

'S.

9. Jan. 28, 1983 memomndwn from Neal Sber 10 DAAO Richard ,,,,,owllmg meeting "" and then Director Ryan had wilh a leiaJ ollia r 1Il1h~ FRO Embassy re whether they would accept VaJerill1l Trifa as a depon"". fot a fu ll"" d iscu..i oD of Germany'. positiWl on aclminins 051 dcfendanl.. se~ pp. 426-442. 10. Ott. 16, 19 84 lener from Daniel McGov=t, 5 _ DAAG Richoud , Dq>anment A ering Lepl Advi .... 10

II . Su Slale Dcpartmenl a ble. No. 3374 37 of Nov. 14, 1984 and 3678lS of Dec, 14, 1984.

12. Mar. 12, 1986 memo to !he Attorney General from AAO Tron re "'Deportatioo ofa Nazi War Crimina110 \be U.S,S. R.: Karl LiJlnu."
Il. The trial was ori,;naJly scheduled for Ian. 2, 1962 but was continued until l lllL 16. In mid · 1""lW)'. Won: 1M trial bcpn, !he SoviCl mllsazine SDtsitlllstlcN s/roy<> Z4JrtHvw.st pIIblished an interview with !he proser:utor, who p"" detai ls ot !he I..timony and SCl11Cl>Ce. The Sovicu IllIer

- ,....

withdrew !he rnasazine from the MW5SIaIlds and. i..\Ied. a

new edition al'ler the 1ria1_

14. Respondenl'! Memorandum of Law Opposilli DeportAtion 10 the U.S.s.R., tiled feb- 28, 1985. IS. Goven>rl>l'l>t' ! Reply to R..p:m<lent'. Mernonondum of Law Opposing DeporllIliOOl to the U.S.S.R., p. 2, tiled MardI 8. 1985. 16. Dec. 4, 19 84 memo lO Attorney Genenol Willilm Fn::nc:b Smi th from AAO Trott Ie "U p;:ornina Dcpwtabon of Karl Linnu and Feodor Fedoreniro 10 !he U .S.S.R." N01 all groups were concemcd about Linnu' fate in the So vietUni01l. Eli RMcnbaum, then wodins for the World lewish Co~"lOld a rcpol1er: "Ifwc had !he authooity, [Linnu] would ha"" been h.eClllcd. Hence 1 don ' , mllcll care wha1 happcn!110 him followillll dr;p:ntatioo." "Nazi Hunt Method. Prolesled; Ethnic Coa1ition ObjCCl1lIO So vief Evidence, Lack of by Jay MatII~ TN W4f/liIlgIOll Post. Mat. 2 3, 1915.

Sun....

17. Dec. 14, 19J4 Icner from Senator D 'AmIIO to o;r-ector Shu. Rit\ef Op-Ed piece wrinen fot the Allentown, PennsyI"lJli.S.....d'''' Call Chronicle, f eb. J. 1985. D 'AmalO lacer _ cd hi, Sllllemen ls, ~ng he had known only thai Unnas was from &tonia but no! thai he ..... I "pot eolial war cri minaJ.· He dwBcd thai the Soinl Baltic AmeriCaII NatiODa1 Committee had d«:rive d his sWf on this ,""ner. "O'AmaIO' , _ O Uped (sic) for Al lesed Nazi,' by Judith Bender and Alan Eyesen, L<ml Islantl N.....da}I. Jon. 15, 1985.

1J. N ov. 18, 1986 memo 10 DAAG Richard from Shcr rc "UlUIas _ Sumnwy and Evidence o f Wll1ime AC!ivi!in. SuaJso, Ott. 20 . 1986 memo to Deputy AG Bums from AAO Weld rc " Karl Linnas • Deportation Propoo.al .M The 1....li. "';terllled thei r posilion when Linnas' deportation ...... more inuninenl. Dec. 24. 19 86 memo to DAO Burns from OAAG Richard re
M

"Li- ."

'"

The [""",lis found a way aroWId ee lIiplomalic relations problem when they ~tr&dite<,l and prosecuted Dmljanjuk. Su p. 170-171, 11. 13.

19. June 7, 1985 letter 10 Diroctor Sber &om M..,. Deth W.st, Assi'1InI Legal Adviser for Europtall and CanIldilll Affairs. However, in atleast one "'her Colli W. e.. ...., OSI designated I!le U.S.S.R pursuant tn 1he theory !hat it was now 1he country in which 1M dcfcn<lant' , place of birtb (Lithl>Ulia, WassilUlrtM. Mo.tu, of f'alcfQKIw, 939 F.2d 963, 967 (11- 0 , . 199 1).

20. Giuliani later ......ed as ma)'<ll" ofN.w Yorl< City fn>m [99 4 to 2002. H.o.\<inl a U.S. Altomcy argue • <:l'5e i, unu,ual. 11 generally inclklt.. III. srgnifiCllllO% (1U>d or politicol impurtoncc:) of a case. Dircetot SOO note<IlIl additionol factor. "To hi"" _ Rcpublieul arJUilli fo1 tending him 10 the Soviet 1.1ni",,· _ a powerful _ge. Rc<:orded in1uview with NcoJ Shcr, May 25, 200 1. All ref...."".. hercofter to Shcr', l diollS .,. recollection! come fiotn this
intervi.... unle. otlleJwi.. inmeated.

21. May I,

........

1 986 1~ n."

10 Dl vid Milhollon, Chair, Boud of lmmign tion Appcals &om Ivan

22. Loter,lIf\cr n:v;,,\Vini material supplic<l by Eli Rosenbaum, they cbongcd their pooition, oppooilli only I!le IIClIlh penalty b\I! 001 !be IIqlOrtItion. Oct. 31, 19S6 lener from J~sska
Neuwirth lit Amnesty International to Eli Roscnhoum lit the WJC,

23. Both the AmMsty lnlemationolllncl Buchonan positionJ ""n: n:po;rrte<l in "lJ.S. Nazi Hlllltm Brace for Criticism; Do\Ib!s abollt Soviet Evill~llI'C Sll(l"ouncl Move to Depon. Linnu,ft by Jay Mathews, 77Ie W hiltgl"" P,m, July 13, 1986. M

24. E.,., "An American Trial for Korl Linnao; Let I Jury Decide hi. Cue before Hc'. Shippe<l otrk> the Soviet Union,ft by Jay Mathcwa, TIw Was/dill''''' PQS1, Aug. 29, 1986.
25, A\I&. I, [986100.. from Anu, Tiino and Epp Li nnu. 26. Y.... later, Rarnoey elork aloo rcprcscnte<,l OSI defendant J""k Reimer. 21, July 17, 1986 memo from SOO to Fil. Ie "Meeting with Vadim KllZIICIsov;ft July 25, 19JJ6 unlille<,l memo to f ile from OSI Deputy Din:ctor Michael Wolf. 28. July 25, 1986 memo from Wolf, "'Pro., n. 27. 29. Sop!, 16. 19JJ6 melTKlran<lum flom Slier 10 DAAG Richar<l Ie "Karl Linn...
M

30. As Einhorn saw it, there WI3 no dccq>Iion hecause lhe official. IuKw wlw. hacI transpired. He sow them .. "bureaucrats first,lasl ar><l always, and . uthoritarian, m""h lower down on I!le IOIcm pol. of priority," Recorded Einhorn ;ntc",icw, Oct. 2, 200 1. All rcfon:nces 10 Einhorn', lhoughts or IOlions come from Ilti' int. rvi. w unlc.. otherwise indicated.

""

31, l'atri<:k Ib:hanm urged Iri&Is as "",11in a d<bote abo'" liMOS with Eli Rosenbaum (thrn with the WJC). Th<y app<ar<d on the telovi.ioo proaram Crcmfve, Apr. 15. 19'7.

u.s.

32.

~f'aces

and Plao " by Myron Kuropas, TI>t

Ub'ai~i<m

W. tlly. March 22. 19.7.

31. ' Bolts, Ukraini Meet with Moos< to Discuss Concerns abouI OSI: by Man-nna Liss, /J1rcJi~itm Wrelly. Mar. IS. 19B1.
)4.

' 1'""... and Placn," by M)'lOfI KurtJPI"S, TIff /J1rcJ;~j"" Wukly. Mar. 21, 1981.

3S. "In U.S.S.R.• !b< V<Tdict CoTnc! lief"", Trial." by William F. Buckley. Jr.• T1w Ntw YOJ"A Dally News. Dec:. 12. 19 B6.
16. "D<pool Karl liruWI to the So vicl Union,· Op-Ed, March 31, 19 87 by M""""b<m RosmsI>aft of Ihe Int<mational Netwod ofChiIdn:n o f Jewish Holocaust SW'Vivon.

17. Letter In \he EdilOr. Th< N.... Y.,..'- TlIM" April 7. 19117 by Patrick Buchanan.
l B. JlIJl. 28. 1987 le10gram 10 the AllOm<y Gen<raI from Senaton Dixon and Simon; Feb. 5

lener In tho Atlomey 0enmI from Sen. a;eii!e.
19. MM.--z6;,9S7'\emr ftM( Sdlillllr! -"~ Botat,llOSobwitt. Chafee. ChI.... Conrad, D' Amsto. Danforth, Gore. Graham. Hatob, Kerry. Spt<:ter and WiI'lOll. aIonl wilh R<prcs<nwivea Ackermon, Aikins, 8ennaJI. Billjii. Bustamame, c.din, Conte, Coyne,
DeFazio, DioGuardi, 0urbiJl, Ed-ros, Evans, Faoc<Il. Fazio, Frank, Fn»l, Gal legly. Ocjd~

Gilman, Glickman, Green.lI.aIl. Hayo.. Hoyer. Hu ~ JdJord.. K ~. tamos. LehmaD, Lo:I-..d, Levi"". Lcwit. M.atliJm, 0wmt, Pepper. Pewter, Roe. RoYbal. Scheuer. Sclulrider, SdIumc:r. Solarz, Skiorski, Schloed<r, Smilb. Torri~lli, Wilson, Vm1O. Weber, Wyden, and y al.... ConllJCS...... Rodino, <:hair of tbe Hou"e Ju<!i<iary CommitltlC, wrote a sepuate 1en0l' 10
the same .ff«:t oo Feb- 26, 1917.

""".pt pet$OllS deported under Ill.

40. In 8ddition 10 the spe<:if'" requests made about LiruWI in 1984. sH p. 27S. the [)epartmml had poIle<1 aU ill diplwnatil: poolS in Sept. 1987 to uocrlain gmerally if any would be willing 10
Holtzmal1 AmencImenl.

4 1. Mar. ll, 1987 1en etl0 /\AG Tmn from Mary V. Moelwy, Deputy Lep! AdYiKK. Deparunent ofState. 42. "U.S. Ask> r .......... 10Taite Nui April 16, 1911 .

but" Rejected," by KennWI Nobel. Th< Nfill Yo,'- Tim...

43. Einhorn ~led it differently. A<cordin81O him, they lesmed about it in a phone call fro m

liz Holmnan.

m

44. A~I- 10, 1984 from She:r to DAAG Richard rr HLifll\llS _ BlA Decision." Sa also Jan. 13, 1986memormdum to U. S. AnomcyGiuliani from Sber rr "Linnas." AAO Tron's views,""re $1:11"0$. in a draft memo 10 tbe Anomey General whi~h _Iel>l<od to \be press. "U.S. Nazi HUnlcn Br. od or Critid.rll," by Jay M&lhews, 1M Washing/on PO July 13, 1986. Sl, 45. Sepl. 11, 1986 memo 10 the Do:puty A M 1M)' G_al from DAAG Richard Ie "Deportation of K arl Unn.. 10 the Soviet Union." She:r.tlso worried thot failure to send Linna to the U.S,S.R. would haY<: a delereriousd fcct on OSI' . progr..... lr vvould send a -ae 10 OSI'. "opponenls" !hat "there i3 no real .igniru:snce In our litip tion." SepI_16. 19&6 memll<Wldlllll from Slier to OAAG RiclIard Ie " Karl liMas." 46. Hand..nncn nnwion by AAG Weld "" DAAG Richard'. memo. AAG Weld added !hal he would ennditiondc JlOrl*tion "" =ivina sdcquate us""",,,"" from the Sovitll tIw !he Iri.tl _~Id be OJlC1l l0 inlemslionsl obxrvotion. He Iller followtld thi. up with a ~on thai the U.S. uIr. fut • "Ilcstun:" from the Soviets "along !he liDe or.ollowina: the exit of 811 approprialC numberofSovict dissidmll." Oct, 20, 19M memo 10 Dcpuly AG Arthur Bums from AAG Weld ~ "Katl LiM&1. DcpolUlion Prnposal." 47. Einhorn interview, ..,pro, o. 30. 41. The president _ Em Arturo Deval.... As best Einhoro oould "",.til, the DXI$I8C 10 him was ICIII !hrou&h IIu: Amcricso J~ oommWlity. 49. Holtzman wulheD lbe DislriCi Anomcy in Brooklyn, N.Y. The _OW\! orShct '.calling her <:ome. both from hi, inlerview and her book, Who Said It W ""fd IH EiJsy? Orw W e"''''' " ut. /n /M Poltl/cd A...."" (Arcade Publishing), p. 94.

SO, "Meese Dec:idee to Dcpotl Lillnu 10 Panama; PllJWIW\iaIl Go..-ernmetlt Suspends Plan, " by Pete Yost, AP, Apr. IS, 1931.
5 l. Jd AcCO'd, recorded iolCMcw witb Ms. Ho ltzman, June 12, 2002.

52. Su '.g_"U.S. Asb Panama 10 Take Nazi bYt ll Rcjcctc:d," TIw Np' Y , ",t Apr. 16. I m . 1M Tima ~ed tbal\be Anomey General' . decision to allow LiMaS to &0 tn Panama
objections of..-..era! JllIIicc Dcpartmcnl officials, including AAG Trott, AAG Weld and Direclor Shcr.
Was made ""... the

Ti_"

Sl. DepartmeN or State, Cable Nos. 337437 (No.... 14, 19&4) and 367135 (Dec:. 14, 1914).

5-4. Feb. 9, 1917 mtrnOf8l1dum to Shcr from OSI altOmcyl Philip Sunshine sod Alon Golberg re "Countries AJlIlIVl'Chcd to Ac<:cpI Linrw III Deportee." & . also, Mar. 13, 19a1 memo tn DAAG Rkhard from Directnr Shcr re ~Linnas: Elfons tn Locate a Counll)' Other !/wi the U.S.S.R."

SS. Motion 8IId Applkalinn for I Tempora:y ~sulining Order, p_ 8, Iiled Apt_20. 1981 in tbc
U.S. Di5trict Coun for lhe Di.lrict of Columbia.

S6. 'The Juslice Ikpartment gaye con.tlicling m......geo o n lbo i...,... o...l1IUI8lIIOd Justice Dopartmonl official wu quoted u .. ying that Ihc At:tomo:y General hod trial to arnngc uyhnn for LiMU in Panama. " Tho World," TIoc- NnI YOI"* TiRtu. Wcc:k in Review. Apr. Ill, 1987. Yet
another (or porblps 1Msame) unnarnod spokesmon said .... doal di.inte:gralal hofo'" Justice Do:portment officials could investigate, at the A nOfDO)' O ......J ·. ""lum, illl oxistence and I~ basi• . "All"'omml to Send l innu to Panama Is C""""Ied," by Jay Mathews, TIM W...Ir;ngton 1'0$1, Apr. 16. 1987. An on_the_recoo:I 'latemenl. by a Depemncnt .pokesman insisted that the AnOfDO)' GmenJ did ""thin l to scc:k out Panama u an all" mati"" dc.uination. "Reagan'. Won Hi. Eleclion . . . B ut He Wanla 10 Exil Campaigni ng, " by Dick Kincht.... May 2, 11117. Nil/ronal .lolU"naI, at p. 1079. N_ York n mu columniSi Anthony Lcwil, who had cllaSIiscd the AllOmCy Gcneral for tl)'ins 10 send l i"""'" 10 Panama, apololiU<l. He came 10 holieve tbI!I1 the A1ton>cjr GcncnIl did IlOI initiale the idea, bill only e~ploml ~ after Panama made ... o ff... "btcause he bad doubts about the SoviCl lcgal system." Lcwia wmI on 10 CfCdil the A1IOmC)' Ocncral with revicwin& 1bc record and scndinS LinnalI IO the Soviet Union only after be determined that !be findil'Ip a~ Linnas wm comlCt SU "A Sll'a1IV Soliei1llCle." by Anlhony Lewis, TIM N_ yor* Time•• Apr. 21, 11117 and " Poisonina Ourxlvcs," by Anthony Lcwi", TIM fkw Y01'* TIntu, A pr. 24. 1917.

r.-

sa. Apr. 17, IIl87 111ClD01111>dum from Shcr to DAAG Richard re: "Linnaa: Wuhington Post: Article of April 16, 1\l87 ."

SII. "AJ1C011le1l1lO Send l.lmuas 10 PIUIlIIIIII is C....d ...." by lay Mathews. 1JIfRD.. e, S6.

60, Dnlwinl by Don Wriaht 1M Mi.aml N_., reprinlal ill TIM Nnt Apr. 26. 1987. II depiclal the two hcmi.p"""," of M....•• brain. ''Thinp That MII1tCl'" were ill tile riCht half. 'The only i.... found tbm! W8I "1ICaISod Nazi war crimiMl."
61 . "'U.s. Lootina for Takm for Nazi Case Suspect,"

rOl'*n-.,

n . TIM Chicago Trlbwu.

Apr . 16 . 1987.

62. Martin Mendel""hn W8I DO longer at the Dcpanmcm of Justice durinl the lItIntU dcponalion pmccc:di"l5. Nonetheless, he followed the ..... Ac1:ordinl to him, he and M.... had a muNal friend. Mendel""hn IOld the friend thai l iruw IhouJd be _ t b.ck to the U.S.S.R. He 9<'111!he friend a copy oftbe Circuit opinion and asked him 10 talk 10 Meete. Tho friend called bock a few dayalatcr. " I ao through lile droppina pebbles into ",,"oml... ""'llil. I juu heard. a splash. You ha ve nothinalo wony aboUl." Rr:cordcd inlet"liew with Mendelsobn, May
23,200 1.

63. Einhorn inlcrvie* •• "P"', n. 30.
64. A pr. 23, 1987 memorandum from OS I inVCSllptor Thomas f\t$i to Sher re "D eportation of

Karl Linnu."
6S. "Cnddlinl a War Criminal." 1M Bosum GloJ>t. edilOrial, Apri12 1. 19 87.

'OJ

66. 171~ Nft!! y",~

TIm~., "U.S.

Deports Man Condemned 10 Die in SoViel Uniont by Ke""eth

Noble, Apri l 2 1, 1987. 67. "The linnas Casc,ft 11w W<l</ti'l8/"" POSf, editorial, Apr. 23, 1987. 6 8. "Mr. Mees e \flI.lhc Nms,"11w Nvw
y~

Tlmel, edilorial,Apr. 29, 19 87.

69. Telephone int~w willl Sa ulius SuziedeliJ. MM. S. 200il . 70. June 2S, 1981 rnanorandum 10 A1Iomcy ~ncn>I MeeK from Stq>hen Marl<man, AAG for l.egaI Po licy. The delaying laCtics included,

(I) <Ic1ennininS \hat it was "inadvi..ble" 10 execute lhc older of deportatioo and 1hcn tryins 10 fmel an altetnlrive dcsIinlrion by COfIlactins n!bcr COWlIrics s~riati",. Iflhis delay alone did not resolve the iMue, it nollelhe'less
m-r hau the added ""'"llJI14l' of allowi ns a political ly charged situation 10 d iffuse aotMWhat, which in i1SC1f may Icad 10ahemale SOIUlionL For eJulmple, if lhen: could ba"" been additional del-r of deportation in the Linnu cue. il mi ght not have been DeC. ....,. 10 uk third ""Wltrie. 10 acc"l" [,innu durinjj: a time when lbecue ..... SO promine:ltly portrayed by the media. With less po,Ib1ieily it might have bft, n possi ble fot a CO<IIItry 10 1Cct'pl him quietly.
(2) prosecuting the ali... fot failing 10 "volunwily departft afte , !he order of <kporwinn bas been emcred. The memo ICknowlcdscd thaI the Anomcy General bas tradit ionally c:aJried oul OrM.. of dcpona.tion but oonc ludcd that he ........ not obligated to do..,. [f the Attorney General did not act, the wrltet opinedthat alien would be oblipted 10 dcpan on his OWD. Failure 10 do so would ICII'Ye him \'UInerab l~ 10 prnoecu1ioo for "wiUMly I'l!fiWni 10 preICIIl him!clffor deporrnti on~ _ a erime punishable for up 10 len yean.

Wi!b l'l!aaN 10 Nazi opmliU!, moat of whom an: in lheir late sixti" or older. a len_y"'" sentence would effectively ......... that they would lIC\I.. ha"" 10 1'l!l\InI1O 1hc counU)' "P""'ified 00 !he depol'lalioo old... yet would mnain iocuceralcd. For add ed Ulsl>lallCe, !he memo ... .."..ed illClU$ ~ the S1alulory ma>;imo.un period o r inr;,q,;mtion foI failins 10 willfully depart. (3) prn5CC1lcing !he .Ii... criminally for mi.,cp,..enlaCions bued on cuncnt "reliance . .. or u.oc or fnIudu lenily.acquired citi zenship o r naltlral i:ralion documcnl!.M C"-gina multiple mi$rcprc$eJltatio,," woulcllead 10 . Ionajailttrm. The merno II.., ....age<tcd incrc..ins the penally ror ....ch crimes and ex tend ing the . tatute of limitat ions. (4 ) aJnI1ging ror ...tndilion 10 a COIlMIy which has j urisdiclion 10 try I!lC alien for hi. alle ged WlII" cri......, (S) repcal ing or modifying the HolWMn Amendment, . Ilhough lhe memorandwn .ckno wlcdaed th. t1hi. was nol politically rt:a.>ible;

'"

(6) unending the Immignll;lIII and Nationali.,. Act to (a) prohibit 1M depmatillll ofaliens to OOlllllries with "sham leial $)'SIemS" or (b) provide !be Attorney Genual with discretion to withhold depotlation to such OOWl1ries. The memo reeogniud tbol it """,,1<1 he diflkl1lt to estahli.sh cril ma to identilY 5IICh legal systems, and if any " friendly ~ountries" mel such erilttil,

this ~ o uld cause "t:onsiderab!e polilkal damalle." ( 7) omendinll the law to provide for ~riminal prosecuti'''1 in !he Uniled Stales \>ef_ &II individloal collJd he depotled to a oountIY wilh a "sham ltaal system." (This, the memo acknowlNp;l, pR$l"llcd lhe """'" difficullies u the pretedinll suggmion.) (8) en1mnll infO "" agreement with UlO1lIoor courrtry to accepl "" O S) de fen dant iD

excbBDge for some ~1leSIcd favor.
7L The Soviets reported thal he ", freted frnm heart Bnd liver d isease. "N azi W. Criminal Karl Linnao Diea." rlU"lui)' 2, 1987.
72. See p. 227, D. BO, '" !he ein:umstar>ces und« ....hicb • deported penon ellll mum to \he Unitod SWell for burial.

Cbop tn Four: PNltK DO Ou r Dord . ... g
[ntroductiun

OSl's [iligotj()n g. n. ... IJy largets porsoculon who have settled in 1M Un ilM SlAtes.

fur touri ..." business. family vi. ilS, or 3impJy 10 troru;f... airplanes e.. roule e[sewhere. It is much simpl... and quiderto keep lI<lI1U:OlIe from entering lban it is 10 denaturalize andIor cleport him

after he 11M gained admission. NOI only is the process mo", streamlined at this early stoge, but !he butden of PfOOfis difTemtt. It rests with the alien 10 eslOb[ish his eligibility 10 enter, ,ather
than WIthe govemrnelll lo prove hts ineliiibiHty 10 ",moW. Moreover, one who is exclu<!e<l
--

cannot avail himself of---- --- - ~1s of legslappeal open 10 defen<lants in denaturali2J>tion and lite lIISIIY - --- - - -- deporwion proctediJlll$. OSI 11M been . b[e 10 prevenl many more perxcUIO,.. from enlering the country lbon it has ej ected through HUiOlion.'

, Between 1989, when OSI bei3" keeping delailed records Oflhe maner, and this
wriling, the government has kept mon: than J70 people of concern 10 OSI ftom entering the Uniled SlAles. By contr.... silK<: OSI', founding in 1979, 60 people left the country os • result of litigalion or lhn:.t.....:l [iligation. (This flgore is not a full m ure of OS['. effort.. however, .ince mlltly died bef".., • """" was filed Of [itig. tion wos co mpl )

Tile W.,.,II 11,1 osrs . bility to preclude mil')' dependslwgely on "the Watehlist.~ All1Iough \he lenn is singular, the Departmenl of Homeland &<:uril}' (DHS) and the SllIte Depanmenl each hu ilS own list of excludable pmons.' The DHS list is in part. composite oflim orillinally Pl'epal'ed
by CUSlOllUl and INS, which bolh nnw are part ofDHS. DHS ..... its list to SC=tl enlnlnlS at

ports of arrival; the Stale Department list is intended to keep cOllSolor officials abroad from

issuing. visa to persOlIS ineligible to enter. The lim conWu millloM of nantes, among lbem
Il!1rorists , <uspeded drug de.alen and crirninals. Up 10 80,000 names were pl""ed on eacb list at

0$1'. bd><8t. They include SS offic=, COOCetllralion camp guards, mrnlbers of mobile killing
~.~ .(E.~~.~!,~),_P!.':SO~!.d~ed_~1JY I? the Uni~ed Stale. under the DPA, irldividuals

"""ted or ronvi~ by other nations of war crim es, and pasons Sll«eosfully prosecuted by OSI.

The only criterion for plllCCllleOt on Ibe W.t<:hlisr i, that Ibere be . "reasonable b&si, 10
S\lSPCCI~ that

the individual is exd udabl e. OSI reconunend! pllll:eO\tnl on the Wst<:lIlist if\here

is reason to believe. petSOII ossisted the Axi. powers in persecution based on ra«, religion, national origin or poJili<:a1 persuasion because slOCh • pr:rson W<>II.ld be exdlldAble under the Holt>mon Amendment When someone on the Wsu:h!ist applies for • visa, the State Department notirtell OS!. If OSI determines lhat lbe person is per u excludable (he served in • wnl or organiwion which had perse<;ution as its principe.) JllUJIOSe)' no visa will be Issued. However, if the applicant is arguably admissible (e·8., he served with the SS but il i. unkno"'ll wheth"," his unil was involved in pers=nion), OSI will do resean:lI, send peninem infonnat iOll IO the State Department, and

req...... that IheY 'Iues, ion Ihe applicant on specific Issues. Based O his II1ISwm and the n

infolJlllllion gaiMred by OS!, a detennination of eligibility i. made by the State Dcpartm<:n1
COIl!iular OfflC.... If the applicant is admissible, his name i. "'moved from the Watchliot and the
visa i. issued.

Not all ali.". go through the visa process however. III July 19119, the United Sl3\. s instilUled a program 10 pennit RIO" nationals of selected countries 10 .lIler iM Ullit"" Sillies for
up 10 90 days without a visa.' OSI rc"",d that III Ullintendcd consequence oflhi. tourist·

enhancing progJ8111 would be 10 faciliweiM entry of PC""'" involved in pcncculion during World Wu n. Tho: offieetherefore pmpooed limiting the
wai ~

for lkrmanIlOthOse horn

after 1925. The SllIIe Oepoutmcnt refused, concerned that !lUCb a restriction: would DOl be oon!lOllant with our S UIted policy of requiring that the program be the same!n..!hc_ U.I\:., J apaII, '!lid ...,y .other COWI1r)' ~~ 10 parlicipale• .s:uch a step wuuld be pcreeived in Germany as the de facto pcnalization of a wbole generation of Gennans. and would stimulate ulrong and negatin rm;:tioo.' INS, bo"",ver, did make III accommodottion II OSI'. requcstllftcr the lIi" wai ver
ptOgJ8111 was instituted. 1<1 1995, they modified the q..... tionnaire whieh must be ""mplcted by
pcn<nU entering the

United Slate. from visa waiver COWIlries before 1Itey call discmbsrk trom aro

o"_as f1igbt. INS fonn 1-94 now illCludes thc'lucstion' M[B]crwem 1933 and 1945 ........, you in\'Olved, in ooy way, in persecution I5sooiated with Nazi Gcnnany or its allies?" If thc: p<rooD
onswall yes (no one ever Iw), he will 001 be admitted. Whm a visa waiver traveler whose name i. on thc: Watchl in arrive. in the United Slall:S, Immigrations and Customs ElIforccmmt (lCE) S\lc~sor 10

INS - nolifie. OSI;' OSI tbcn fax..

'1IJeSiions to be asked o rlbe traveler. Unless it i. '1wckly cleu that the person should not be on
the Watcblist, or doe. not malch the name listed, he i. sent back10 hi. originating POf!.' H. Can

then apply lOr a visa; if "" does so. OSI will have suffid enllime to dett:rmine whether he it excludable under tllo HoI12rn&n Amendment If he is, OSI paMes mal infonnalion on 10 the S(aIe Ocpllltment

In so"'" instance!!, a pefSOll enleting wilh a vi", is Slopped althe poll of entry bees_IUs
nome is on !be Watehli. t (Most Ukely be was issued a visa because he was not examined fully al

the time he applied OT Wf>S not 1rUlhfu1 in the answers he Rave d..-inR the application prooeso.)
Again, OSI is notified lIIId faxes questiOllfi to be posed 10 the appliCllll1 under oath.

rot those on

SS Ii"" OSI oIso may ask that the Il"avelet remeve his shilt to detelmine whethlll he baa a lalloo

undet his left armpit. (Many, though not all, SS momhers W Riven a lattoo denolinglheix tle
- blood type.) The inspe<1Ot is instn>c1ed 10 call OSI as soon as !he intetview i.
compl~

tf lhe

answers indicate that the visitor'. Nazi-era. past was fully examined by the Stille Ocparunent
befo", file visa wa:I gnmtcd (and the Slale Dep.mment confinns thi. was so), \he applicant is admitted and hia name .emoved from the Watehli... Howe_, if the vi••
wall

&rlIIllcd before he

was placed on \he W.IChli" , itthe travel.,. wos nol questioned aboul his wartime activity when he applied fOT file visa, or if it appears in "'''''' respect lhallhe vi.. WIS improperly granled, \ben OSllSks lhat the vi.. be cancelled. If lhe penon is clearly inadmissible (•.g., a camp guard), he
i. given the options o fre mai ning in CIl&ody pending a hearing before an imrnigralion j l>dge or

depan ing on the <lCJrt .""ilabte flight (Moot persons tal<e the

,""oed oplion.)

If the lnIveler i. in

the grey area of edmissibiHty (~g. , an SS officer who claim. his unit had no involvement in

persecution), he may he oIlowed in fOT the dUJation of hia visil OT scheduled for another interview ("a deferred inspection' ') several day. hence. The lraveler' s passport, itinerary and retum ticket

'"

an: tal<e~ by the ;~spe<tor 10 insure that be will reTIInI for the TInt intetview, By thenOSI will
"",sumably have p I"""";! m~ information. If it turN out that thm ;" lIlI huis for udusiom,

the deferred inspecti<>ll m .y he ear>celled. All<1TUl.ti~ly, if there IS added reaIiOD 10 doubt his eligibility t<I e"ler, there will he additional questiOl1ing and he "",y he 101d to ler.~ •
Of\he len l of thousands of names OSIIw pl&<:ed on lhe W. IChl i., most come tivIIl
"",""IV'< lim of pol... lially ududahle people (e.g. , 5S o ffi<en). OS I fU1l bepn pla<ing naroell

On the list ill 1980and has added 10 il as """" World War II ent documents eeeeee avai1able.
(Ill Au1JllSl2000, an OSI .norney determined that if all penons over 90 weTe

elimin"""" f!'OIIl

OSI', entries _ based 0:Il the presumplionlhallhey ..... either dead or IlIili1<e1y 10 lrave! - !hefe

wot&ld he 24,000 names m il on the list.)

'. --tile presumptive validity o f the listing far . parriCUli'r iridiviclual alit he teste<I """" the
penon llppliCl for . visa or tlla1<es lUl effon 10 enter the eountry.' ill . few iMtlUlI:e:I, ho~ver,
OSI ha undenakm • C<lmprchensivc invalill&li"" 10 detemUne wbelher • pcticular pm1O<I

sbolOlcl he Jnen1P'i""ly listed or runo>d from \he Jist. The _

f""",ua of thele indivi<lual

_\dIIi... ""di.. i, that ofKurI Waldh<im, former AUOlrian Pre sident and United NMiom
Sccmary Om....1. HI.liJtina i. di......-.l elxwb= in thi. rq><>rl.• OSI jIlqJSfOf two o ther uhatmi"" and independent W""h1ist rtporU. One .,.,..........d

HerTy Mannil, lU'I Estonian who OSI I - . l had he<n. wan ime member of\WO Ofg&llintio1\5
wItidI perxoUleo:! JO WIL' When dmioll entry in l ~, MInni/ hired Mutin Mendel50"" 10
penuack the g<lYCrtmIet1llO de~ h.is lIlUfIe from the W. lCh/is!. At the rime, Mendelsohn also

teJlf1'senltd the 5 we in the Un ited States. Ironically, !be Wiooenthal Center', brll/lli off... ftnt brouglll Mlnftillo OSI'• • nmlion.
)00

. .---J

M~ntlcl""hn fO"'i~ftl"d atlid. " iIS in ' upport of Mlnnillo OSl," One was f",m forme",

Pn.:,id"nl Ge,ald Fo rJ IIho had
~I:",n i l "'o

~nnlln ~ lanni l

,i ""e 1974. Pre, iJ ,;nl FU SwO'" lha! h< four<! fd

be an upmanding[J fair, honnrable, hum""" citilen" who had:

new, ",hihi'cd lendcllCi." or charae '« 'hat would leaJ melo h<lieve that h< engagod in ami·Somilk ae!i.ity or that he I..... ,omenne " ho <'ngaged in lhe killing or a~l of inJi"idu.l, while in lho """ice of F., looian Self Govnnm"nl under 1110 occupation of NOl.i Germany. OSI ,eviewed a,di.-a! mat"rial , Iran"fiplS from , d "" anl "ar crime' lria l.. as " dl .. "'Ie"",nts made by ),li!nnil and people who kl>OW him during the war, It concludc<llnal t....,.. . "'''"' eredible eviM nce oot onl)' lhal ),lilnnil had se1'\Ied in per=uI<><y organizalion.. bul that he pe,,,,,,"lIy ..,.,..,t.d and in!"m>galCd rema ined on the Walchlis!. Things '''''''I differenlly for Andti Ikn.,."COUfI, • r rerx-h Sen. lor. fann... CaN""1offldal, and indu'triali" whose name
w",

J CV'$

and , uspcnl<:d Communisb. His name ,he..,fore

referred 10 OSI b}' Ser ge KJ"",feld, a promine nt French Nazi

hunler. KI"",fcM reported a ",rin of allegalions slemming from Ilettencoun 'a having wrine" .",i_Scmitie .nide, in the French 1''''' during WOfld War II. Beeau", France had no m<chani'm for deali ng with Na.z.i propagandi .... Klarsfeld urged lhe Uniled Sla te. to place B<tloncourr on ,he Walchlis1. Now York' s Go" entO' George Palaki and Senalor Alfon.., D' Amato j oiOl.'d in the ""lues!." Ikl1cnCOun co nceded lhal h< had llTino" , ,,me Mti-Somilio .nide, aM e, p,.." scd regrel for l\;l l'ing do... 50. OSI , ,,, - i~w<d hi, \\Tiling (an i)' two arti <1<. referencM Jew, ) and found i.
,j ~ nilicanl l}- di/f" rent ffom lhe \\Tiljn~, o f pw pagondiSlS OSI had pro,,,,,u ted ." Whorn, Ih<y

h:od dc"",ihod )o\\ s " as p<l>i" ~ , uch an i"' m"d i"le and serious d""B<"' 10 , (><"icry OS to mab Ihe

.101

drastic mea,u"" ad<>pte'<l again' t ' hcm app"'" '" be ju,tified," [kltcncourt had fuc""cd more on hisloric mi,dee'<l . by Jew." Ilis "ume w3$ the rdo'" oot ",[emod t" the Watchli'l. ome to the United State", because he k...,w he was Iii. h;rnI to prove that a pe"on did /WI C listed 0" the WalChli ,t. N" ven hd ",,, io at leasl one io""""c it seem' possible that a highly prominent Nazi who would otherwi.. ha,'e come rd mined from do ing ' 0. Geo rg Lieblmmdl was Ibe third ranking official in ttle Rcich Min;.1Jy for lbe Occupi ed Eastem TcrrilorlU. Ile was one of ooly 1S p,,,'s ons a'krnling ,he Wann... Confc",""" in January 1942 where plans fo, implementing the "Final Solutioo" were disc ussed . Among his many contribu tions to the Third Reich, Licbbrandl had hdp<d d raft a decrel' which dcfioed lhe tenn Jcw more broadly lhan it had been defined under Ihe notorious Nuremberg l. ws. This .. panded definition subjected 1Jl(Ir<: P<'<'ple to ann ihilation. In 1979, the newly fonned aS! leamed lhat Liebbrandt h.d tie"" i""ued a Vi. ;l= visa five years e",lier. ( INS record s ,how Ihat he spent five weeks in the Un;led St.tes in 1974.) AI OSI' , roque.., Uebbrandl was placed on lhe Walchli.l and his vi, a was reV<lkcd in December 1979. Although p<ople are "01 generally to ld that they are listed, they do gel notified if their vi"" is revoked. Liebb,andt nevcr applied for ""olher visa: he died in 19&2."

L-:" promineot than U ebbrandt, but still .ignificant in the Nazi power ' lmclure, W8>
Hennann Joscf Ab•. ho no rary pre, ideol and formcr direc' or of West Gc nn aoy' , Oeut,d ", Bank . His warlim. re,pon, ihiliti.s at the hank included "tf'Cn'ising and financing lhe Nazi ArJ an iWliun pn>gr"m "h ioh co mpelled the ",Ie or lcwi,h c"m p.oi .. [(J {norman entcrpri"'s at "a<tiy "I\J~n ·al"ed pri«s, Ah, also hod ..ned "0 the Board of Direotors "r ,n cral companies Ihat .,plo it.d . 1 0". lobor to reap l . r ~ c profits during the war, includ ing 1.0. Farben, Siemen. , 3U2

llYlW, D" imlcr-nenz m,d 1..l "nne,.nmUl lron Work<. A ller the wat, he "'"S coo"ieted, in '

"h"'."ri", of war crime' by a

Yugos l"" coun ,

,.... a pron'i""n! intern ation,l b.,,~er, Abs had 1rIl\'cled 10 lhe United Slale. many time,," In 1982, he wa,,,pl'uioted

1»' Inc V.'ie" n lO serw on "n advi,ory board to Ih. V.Ii.an bank ,

whic h wos then under inw"igation, OSI bdi-.ed thi' a ppointmenl would lead 10 addi lional U.S , lrayel. 1" Jan ""'Y 1983, O SI "'ked thaI he be place d o n 'he Walc hli. l," Allhough INS agrood 10 do so," OSlloorned ye;m l.,or ' ha' tho age ncy did not folio ", lhrough. " Thi. error was a ppa",nlly without eonsequence, hoW<'Vt1", .ince the '" i. no "'eord of Ab.' ha"ing r<tumod lO Ih. United Slales after 1981. Al'hoogh ,he Walchli.' i. generally a m..hani,m for kee ping p<upl. from . n",ring the eoumry in the firsl in'1aIlee, i\ h., on aI leosl tv..., occasions serve d 10 alen OSI that soJneQru' may have erroneou,1y been allowed to enter tnc U ,S. years earlier, A lexander S.'weidler, an ethnic Gennan from SIo'ald a, emigrated to Ihe U.S. from England in l%5 . He had served as a g"arrl al the Ma"thause n concentral ion camp in Aust ria, Hi' ""me was one of many which OS I, as pan of il$ rooti"" "'seareh, ""k«lINS 10 check in lhe 1980.. It came back nega tive, causing OSIIo cnnclurle that he w. s not in lhe Uniled Slale" By chance, Sehweidler trave led oUls;de lhe United Stale, for the fitSl lime in 1992. \\-l,en he lried 10 reenlor, there "'as a Walchl;st hit A. a

do<un'ented alien (he had neWr . ou.:hl eilizenship), he was "Uuwed 10 Teent.... bot OS I be!}'n 3Il 0 in\'o,t igalion and ultimately lil<d. dcponation . <tion , Schwe id lor w.s del'"ned 1 England in
1'>94 ."

T' e O Wn" o f9111 ind irectly led to lhe second in",n"" of aftcr_the-f.ot Walchli.1 i\knlificat;" n. A. a 1 0SUIl "f ;n,r,'a,,,d S<"' ltrily foil",..ing tho attach "f 9/ 11, DllS began to Nil

Walchli. l ,-heds on all ""idonl aliens ,,,,,king to rc""W lheir gn:"n cards. One sueh "heek in M.y
~OO5

f'W\'ided. hil for . fonner SS om".... ,., no had been in lhe United St.te. si nce 1%0.
in_e";~ali on

A. o f thi. wri ling _il<: is under
~"l

by OS!.

all Wat" hli" hils h,,,'< gOn<: ,m","hly_ 0,,< . ignifi c""l mishap in_"h..d G unther

Ta bben , who e nlered front Genn.ny in September 1993. (A deferred ins"""lion was sel up
~c. ule

Tabberl had a .isa i""ed years earlier.) By the t imo of too ddorred ;n' poc1ion, OSI

knew th. l T. bben had beon c hief of. branch om"" o f German Se"urity Police in LaNI.. In a 1970 German lrial for war c rimes, the court fO\lnd lhat Ta bbert had ..l....' ed t il<: si le for a mass murde r 01 gocno Je"".. and had
o,do~d

h i.

fo~., to

dig a trench which later SONed as \he death

pit l>.'onelhele". he was aequlnod, the eoun surmising ,h.t be acted oul of foar of retribulion. Whether 0' nol he was crimi""lIy li. ble in GermWly, his "'llon, in.ol.......t I"'tseCul ion of Jews on
be~alf of the

Nazi, . Afte, OSI inteN iewed Tabbc:n . INS told him he wouW have 10

leave lhe next day.'" O vem ighl, and wi,houl any ,,<>t ifi.alion 10 OSI, INS ebanged i" posj,ion. Th ey olTc....d a pleth ora of ,.. asons, incl udin g lhe fact IMt Tabb<n had only a few day, temaining on ~ i. scheduled tou r; the,e was no likcl ihood IMI he would ove",tay; sendinll him back would

be " ind icti" e; ho posod no presenl dangor; he was old; his wife was

wl l~

him; he had notaeluatly

been eonv icred of war crime,; he had a visa, and he had been in lhe United Sla les t wice pr._ioa,Iy. He relumed to Germ any «,vernl days I. ,er when hi. tn", was
eompl.~.

II is. o f eour le, impuS5ible 10 know lhe n wn oor o f time s lhe ,ystem bas fa llc eomplelely -d

. rId • I',,,,,,,n nn lhe WOlchli't h.s "".' n a<lm illed 1 Iho U,S. ff th. I"'rson Is " .,.<ling under an 0
...woed nome ,h" re would be no Walchli" hil. HUla! 1<"-,, ,wi.. I"'rsons traveling ,"Iller lheir proper nome, .nd binh,J alc. M" e bee n . dml ll,' d de,pite Ihe I"'Cllh" lheir n.meo were listed.

In 1995, Ildmut O be'la"dc'r. " ho .t age 17 alle~<dl)' serve d as an inte rprele r for an S5 m" bile killing unit, < --nterod tbe U.S. from C Ollada, (The day p,«.dlng. the
d" "atur~l i Mi"n C~n od i""s

had ti led a

ease agoin" him.) OSI R'{;C;yed a lip "oout ,he en ' ry from a Canodi an who aI,,,
lh~t

"Ien<:<l ,he ofii ce '0 Ih< I""t

Ol>erl.nd.. o"n.d" cond"minium in florida, Oirec'Of

Rosen baum and I n OS I in' e"ig,to, new to Flurida. They fo und Obnland. r and his wife in an apartmenl which the wife ocknow le<lgtd th.y had own.d for six )'e"", ," Tho OSI leam advised Oherl"nd .. thaI If he did nol l.ayo , 'olum,.,-i ly, he would be l1ltn<d OWr to INS and d<1airt.d un, il he had " h""';ng on h is admissibility, He cho," to I.a"., OS I h.ll"' d make the \JlIv.l 4tI"""g. men's; R",enbaum and ' he ;nw"iga1Of drov. him to the airport. and he lofl lha' day." Tho se<ond kno wn failure o f th. Sysl. m coneemed C hest. r Wojciechowski, lIll";n'l whom O SI had filod a dena'u ..l;, ,,io n eomplainl in 1985, Two Y'arlI later, before litigation Wall rompl'l', Wojciechow,ki mo"od 10 Germany, An o,der of donatuJaliZlltion was i..""d and Wojciechowski was placed on d,e W.!ohli,!. Sinoe he had nol be.n deportod, he was ollov.'ed by law to '''''oiv. hi, Soc ial Socurity paym. nts in Gom,ony, In u'ponse 10. routino inquiry from 'ho Social Secu,ity Admlnim ation in 200 1, WojdOOM"', ki .,01ed ,hnl h. w., a bout to "" urn 10 lhe Unitod S""., fo' a visil with hi' fam ily, Soc i31Securi'J notifie d OS!. A chuck of INS ," " " d, ,howed 'hal Wojeicrhow'kl had made ilt lea." th' ee e" ended , 'i. its to 'he Uni'od St.,c", . iueo hi, n ,l untary J oparlur. , At 0 51'$ boh.", a Store I)e p>rtmenl eo" " ,I", o lliei,, 1 in Gen na n}' p", ,,,ntcd W"jci"" ho",k; ,,,ith a leller f,om 0 1"'''0' Ro, enbaum ""t i(,';ng him thaI h. could Mt "" urn to tho U,S," \\'hil" the typioal u'c of ' he Wat"hlbt in OSI· ,ob,.d mattcr> is to prewnl r-:""i p""e,"tor< f",m c n'c, ing ' he ",,, 'n,,')-'. ,her.

,,,,< a few " " usu. 1uo<:s " rtltc \Viltohll<l , On. hocn
] 1)5

in,.ol,'~d

Japanese I"'"ooulo" whu wanlt..! 10 on"" Ihe (Joiled slale, in order 10 apo logi,.<: and

oxplain 'bei r rol e in World War II. Thoir , tnry is sci fortb elsewhere in Ihis report." Anolher invol ,,~d a a'lI1i",,1 prosecution of Gonn ans pl.ced o n lhe Watchli" by OSI. The maucr w,,",llandled by Ibe Uni,.d Slales Allo mey' , O llice io flawaii. Two Gcnnan nalion.ls Slopped at the Honolulu airpon in 1990 were charged wi,h m.king a false slalement
(d~oyini:

tbeir warrime aetivily when appl)'iog for a vi,a) and using a vi" procured by means of

fraud. One of Ihe men pled guilly, was fined SSS,O Oand t'e1urned to Gmnany; the other was O eonviel c<! all er lrial and deported." Finally. OSTonCO WU in lbe anomalous position of filing . I. wsuil , imply 10 ensure thaI i, cou ld ultimately pia"" someone on Ihe W.,chT In 1990. OSTlearned Ih., n nalurnTized (J,S . is'ci'izen, wllo had served as a camp guard, was living abroad, He had moved overseaS in 1975 and there was no indk ation 'Nil he imended 10 re11JlT1 to Ihe Uniled Sla'e.. However. Ihcre was nO w.y to preclude hi, doing so - for either a visit or pennanenl ",Ioe.,;on - , ince U.S. ci lizens c""n'>1 be prevented from rcturning '0 ,he country. Ra,her ,11ao the u,ual ,i'uation of flIing n Case in the bope of ultimalely eviCling • l\a:ci po" eculor (, om Ihe U.S., OS t filed a den. luralizalio n action to p",dud ~ his .".,r rewrni~g_ The cOS" sel1led. cili7.en.hip was revoked. and hi~ nllItle was Ihen placed on 'he WalChli" ."

,"0

Wbile ' hne i, an cno rmo", o"crlop, ,he li, t, are nm idcntiool. 2. Thos<: c,,,niog in unde, the program wai,'c 'he right: (I ) to "" 'i<'W or opp<al the dekrmi nation of u..!'ni.,ibil;ty a' the ~n of eolly; or (2) to «llltest, uthenh"" on the bosi, of applicatioo fo' o, ylum. any netioo for de~nati<r" ,

3, r eb. 2, 1989 lencr 10 Director Sher f,om )""n ('!o,k, St"te Department A" ist"''' Secretory for Consu lar AIT.irs. Two }'e o" late" wh<n th. Stot. Departmen' propose d add ing Austria to the list of woai" er oountrie" OSI roised the >alOe objectio ll$, og.io '0 no O\'ai l.
4 , Unf"rtunmdy, in. f.i, number of ens.., the cnll mist.kenly

r.lher 'han as!. If nO one . 1S""e i, reoche..! 0 ' Ira,,,I., is admin. d. If and wheo OSI 1e>Ull$ of,he < "man"", i, i. ",meti""" too hue to track dO ll 'he traveler. OSI' , elTon, '0 havellle office number po,ted al all port, of cnlly hove had " limit<d .ocee... NS was d;"olved in 2003. Most of its former respon.ibilitie. relating to OSI matte" were transferred to leE, Ihe l.rge51 in'..,"igal i"e anti ofDJIS.

goe, to the Slate [)(,partmen, the)' do nol pas' the informa ,ion ove, 10 OSI, the

S. In two ."""', inveSligat;on, Were begun and do"",u,"li..tion O"'c' fi led in Canada after OSI informed lhe Canadians of the travelers' bac kground..'itt. p, 487.
6. Airl;nc. with landing rights in Ihe United Stale, na"e enlered agreem en" providing lhal lhey

ore rc, ponsible for return airfare if a vi.. waiver «aveler is 'urned back al ,he pon of enlry. If a
«a, 'd ec is .llowed to emer lhe Uniled StaleS while ilIe go'emmem gathers inform.tion, it i. not clear who is re, pon, ible for paying the oost of retum pas,agc. In .ome inslances, l he United Slatcs pureba",.ilIe ticker.

7. Because ' he names WCl"e inCOrporaled en m<lsse , there ore many errors possible in ,he listing,. Among them i, the fae' that some of tho,e on Ihe list became U.S, cili,..,. . before Iheir names were h". d; oi,i= cannot be kcpt from en lering the OQunlry. OSJ'. only recourselhe" i, to file • denaturali",,, ion case.

8.

S pp, 3 10-329. ".

9. The EStonian Political Polioe in Tolli"" olld the Estoni." Home Guard Om.kaitse. ~fannil is di.cossed fUrlher "' pp. 5 J S·S 18. 10. F<lT a li'ling of ,he affian l"
,e~

p. S~ I, n. 34

II. ··U.S, l)rged 10 Rat frcndtmM tut War 0«"<1. ," by Doreen C"fV"ja, The S ew Ii".! Time.', reb. 22, 1995, 12. ~Jay 7. 1996 memo randum 1 Rnscnhaum from OSI hi,lO,ian l' IVnbe,h Whi,• . ,hen Chief of 0 In' 'estigar; ,," Ro""~ ,,, h. All rde,cnce' '0 OS!". 'e'corch on llel1cn<"<:I\l" oome from this memo.

3117

13. In O of the ar1ides howe"er, Beltrncour1 "Tites of the ~Jews' cry of ' May his blood fall ne _s ain on u. and our children:' You koow, moreover, in what way it [Chri,f . blood) has fallcn .nd still f.II •. It is n...." '.s"''' lh.t th. prescriptions of the elemal book be corried out." While OSI adnow led~ed lhal this ,ounded '"~rilou sly close to • justification for the ~rs<cut;o n being suffered by the Je ws in France," it conduded that this was not its intent ,ince it was unlikely Bonon, our1 was .ware of ootions being t.ken . gainsl Jcw' at thai time. 14. JelT",y Moosner, the OS! allo"",y ....+.o handled the: matter, could nol recall how he had fin t learned about l.iehhrandt' . "isa. But once be did, Mau,ner prepared a report outlining Liebb..ndl', acti" ities on behalf of the Third Reich. Although hi. memo was fOlWard.d to Gennany, lhe G.rmans neV eharged l iebbollldt with a crime. .r 15. INS record, est.bli,h that he visited the Unitcd Sta!CS 14 tim.. I>ctween ]972 and 1981, 16, Jan. 27, 1983 letter to Andrew Carmichael, INS Associate Comm issioner for Examinations f,om OS[ Deputy Director Chari., Gitten,. 17. ),lor. I I, 1983 memo from TNS Ot-neral Coun.el Maurice Inman, Jr. to MllrYin Gibso n, A<t ing Anocime Commissioner, Examin.,ions. 18. May 15, 1990 letter to Richard Nonon, A,sociate Commiss ioner for Examinations from Director Sher, 19. For. discussion of hi, fat. in England, jce p. 492. 20. S.pt. 1S, 1993 memo to Director Sher from Edward Stutman, OS] senior trial anorney. All stat. ments h.reafter . bout the Tabben arrair eome from thi, memo unl... otherwise noled. 21. Thi, suggests that they probably entered the country multiple tim," , but it is unknown whe,her .hal is ",deed the ca..,.. 22, May 10, 1995 memo to Oberlander file from Thomas Fu,i, OS] Crimin.l Investigatot, , e Enforced Departure of Helmut Oberlander." See also, '"t:S Srnds War Crimes Suspect Back to Canada, ~ by Stephen Bindman, TM Tow n/uSlar , May 10, 1995. In Feb. 2000, • Canadian court condudc<l that Oberlander' , citizenship had been obtainc<l by fraud. Hi. citizenship was rt'vokc<l in July 200 1, The Nl ing was "",...ed in May 2004 on the ground lhat the Canadi"" Cahinet - whieh ultimateiy detenn ines whethe r eiti,.,n,hip should be reYoked - did nol consid.r Oberlander' s personal circum"""ces, including "50 years of in<'proaeh.ble life ;n Canada,'" not did it "., plain how his case complied with go'·emment policy on denat uralization. As of this ....Ti ting. the Canadian govemment i. seeking to reinstitute N....... Sa;" Gowmment to Mo'·.'o Strip Citi,.nship of denaturalization proc<ed ings. f1'·e Su.pected ~a7.is,~ The C" nurl/,m Press, June 10, 2005; "Canada Stn,ggles for Six Dt:cades to Bring War Crim ln.!s to Ju'tice," by John Ward, The Co nadjan Pre.. ., Oct. 15, 2005.

-crv

".

23. The leiter expbi ""d. in purl, thaI he wo uld have to complele an P i<! I'onn (.e" p, .1(0) and lh.l ifhe falsely denied .ssi sling in perseculion he " 'ould hc suhjeel to criminal pro,"",u,;on, Su discu..ion of US. " P"" I'1p, 305, where one such case "'.. proS<.,<uled,

24. see pp. 503-505.
25. B" lh defenda"" h.1d & ncn ,';sa, , hon ly t>cfo, e 1he ,·i,. wai,'cr pro~nlrn wenl into efTect " ," though 1hc men cou ld simply ha"e hccn scm ho"'e - as OSI wou ld h. , ·c handlc<l the ca.. _ Ihe'" may have boen olher faelms 01 play. 'l1Ie USAO hod shon ly befo'" criminally charged seve ral Japane se cTime figures wilh vi.. fraud. leading ",me 10 ace".. the U.S. Allon,ey of racial bias. INS ,uggesled '0 Di= lo r Rosenh."m thaI tbe crim i",,1pro'ecution ofGc nnans "'as in part imended to show thal lhe'" was no ' ''''i al motivalion in the earlier prosecution., A hiSlorian recommended by OSlleSlified a1 1he trial, and OSl helped lhe USAO assemble an d ana lyze hislorieal mattriaL The Hawaii convic1ion wa" upheld on appea l. Us.". Paal, (unpub'd). 937 F.2d 614. 1991 WL 126642 (9'" en. 1991). 26. In., rcfe"''''''' is 1 Martin Zulmer, who come to 1M Unile<i Slates in 1950, became" U.S. 0 cili2en in 1959, and moved to AuS1ri . in 1975,

,1< 19

Kurt Wald hcim _ A Pmminontlnt o rn~ti"n~l FiK" ro Austrian P",..ldont Kun Waldheim i, 111<': only ho~d of ,,"te ~\'~r placed on
I~O

Walchli.l.

The deci,ioo 1U plae. him Iho", "os modo b}' lhe Attomoy Goneral of ,h. li nilt d Sm", aFler

"OnSUllalio" wilh the

Sl"'~

D<p,,,t",eol and ""iew of a ",port prepared by OSI. The listing put
wj l~

OSI al odd., in \'arj';ng degree" Wie.." ,hal.
Wald~eim',

Waldhtim, lh< AUSlrian govemment and SimOIl

wartim.. "elivity was firs1 brought to the gowmrnenr s a"ontioo by the WK .

in hnuary 1986 Eli Rosenbaum - who had t..'On an OSl attorney and would later return to OSI w"," ""'ing as General COWl..l to th.. WJC. The WJC had rccei"'Od a tip that Waldheim had """,..d as a ""oior intelligence offie.,- with the German mny in 'ho Balkan..s from 1942 10 1945. Ro,enbaum began to iove,tigate. At th.. tim.., Waldh.im was • candidate in the upcomiog A"s trian pn..,idential ..Ieetion. He had alr~ady .e",td two terms (1972 _ 1982) .. Se<rotary General of the U.N. His «coolly published autobiography, like all official statement.• aooU[ him. Slated ,bat he had I><en wounded 00 the Russian front in 1941 and h.d 'pen' [he """,io;ng w'" ye",s as a law student in Vienna.' Rosenbaum I><gon '0 I. "", o[n"rwi"". He found d""um"ots showing thai Waldneim had , e,,'0<1 in a " nit that had taken civili"" hO".ge•. b" rned homes, and shot m.le prisoners, The WJC gaye it' prd imin"'Y li"ding, to Th~ S~"" y",k Times, ' After do ing . om" of;" OWn
io\'e" i~ot i"o.

'he '\O\\~I'<'pcr rcfl\,nc tr.ot Waldheim had sc" od with a Gcrm~n '\ ""l' commaod '<l "od eogagc in m",,, Mp",u tions of '<l

,Iu>, f<.l u~ hl··brul al "~m pai ~ns "ga inst Y"go' la<' pmi,",,'

Greek Jews:' 11is comm"ndiog om""r had been e, ee," ed fur \\'ar <rime,.' h ....ed wi[n dc.... UnlOntoli<ln o't.hlishing hi. \",,,,imo fI\,,, inl'W~I Jhcim

c" nced"'] Ihat he

had served in ,h. Balkans ""he, than au. ndcd school f,o m 1942 '" 194$. However, he den ied knowing aoout, ur being involved in, any alr<:>< i,ies O p"rgeculion. He insisted r
~la l

he had been a

mere func,i" ,,"')' and ",,"u,cd his opponenls of ,eleasing derogalory informalion in order 10 damage him in lh. upcoming pre,idemial . Ieelion,' Shonly "ncr ,Ilc " lIeWi' ion. became publ ic, both ,Il<: WJC and former Congresswoman Elizabeth HollZm"n a,ked lhe Auomey General 10 place WaJdhe im on ,he Wau:hli sl.' At !he Attorney General' s n;que$l. Director Sher ,. vk wed the dO<\In1tI1ts released by rh. WJC. As car l}' as April 7. 1986, Sh", m:ommended ll>c Watehli", placemenl. As a coun,eri n,elligence office, in a lInil which - according to orders of it< command", - was enga@edinaclivi,ieswhichincluded reprisalsagainst civiliano, ,he takin8 of hO Slages. the burning of home:. and de' lruc,i on of , mages, and lhe shOOljng of male prison. .... WaJdltcim m us, be considered implica,ed in ac,i,hies which fil squarely wilh[in ,he Hol1Zll1an Amendmenl ). This concln,io" is slrengthen. d I>y lhe fael 'M l am""g his re' l"'n, ibilities wer' prisoner inl. ""galions (and we know f,om lhe military order lhal prison.... were " ""ted very harshly) and "special lasb.
M

Sher conc luded lhal: if ,uch a p...on was " {;ni ted Slal•• d li""n (who had cone.aled his wastim• .." ice in the Balkans, as Waldheim ltasdone for decades) he would bean OSI subjec, and a prime cand id... for denaruraliz.alion proceedings.' DN\.G Rich",d joined in ,he Wa,ch li'l recommenda,ion, allhough he noted il might be best to defe' action un,il renewing lun~standing rcqu.... '0 lhe U.N, 10

,wn over irs war cri",es files.'

W.ldhe im ' $ ,on ,oughl a mee1ing wi'h offiei.ls ., lhe Justice lkpanm enl 10 presenl hi, r.,her's re'ponse to the . II,-g>l ;on" Aner meeti ng Wi lh him and reviewing some of the materi.l, AAG Tron urged c.u,ion. I am nol persuaded lhat we " ugh' 10 ,ake any aclion a, this j uncrurc o,her ,han 10 cnnlin"" pri,-,' ely '0 'e,-iew with greal care the evidence on the . ubjec!. [fem. in

'"

very , keplicat ""-'od on the timillS of 'he"" ehargo. , ' ho fae1 lha' Kurt Waldheim ha. !>een a world· renO\\l1 1'<" on for year, wi,hout any of lhi' c,'ming 10 ' he fore, IVntdhcim' , "",sertion, thaI h. can refute or n plain e,-erylhing, and Woldheim', , upport by no I.., or "" authority ' h"" Simon Wio",nthal. So. te" , gel 1h. L'ni'ed ~at; "'" (U.N.) file and conlinue 1(> . tudy Ihe e"i dence, and lei" do it "ithou' any public C ommenl wha'S<Je" er. . . . lVe have . , peeiaJ obligalion under lhe", unu' WlI circum"."...", n01 on ly to enforeo our 0"" law, bul a),o 1(> n01 allow ou"elve. ' 0 be u,c d .. a \\cdge in the Auslrian d oct",a! proc.... h also ~oe, wilhoul •• yin~ that we do no' want 10 ,lander any person !>efore \\e ~el aJl the f.clS :tnd d.t.rmine whal lhoy mean' (.mph"i. in ori~in.l~
The U. N. f,tes, obtained 'hortty theroaflcr, w'<'aled Ihat W.ldheim' s name was on a U.N. War

Crimes Commission Ii" of perso' J> who ",hould he dehered up for triaL" Sher ¥in ....'Comm.nded a Walchli.. posling.' &fo'" . ilh.. "f hi. memoranda reached lhe Altom.,.' Genera l, and only nine day. ;"'fore Ih. Au,trian dcetion, "n. of Sher' . memos was "' leased to Ihe media " by a former JnSli"" Departmen' official ""· AAG T,on songlu 10 delermine the 'ource "fthe leal<;" he "'.. unnble '0 do so" The Aus'ri""
~ovemment al. o

reacled '0 the I. al<. In a lener ' 0 the Anorney 0<:ncral, the

Au, triao AmbassadoT warned 'hat placement on the Walchli" at this ' ime "'could be considered in Aumi3 fi, S! and fo"'m",t .. an interferen"" in the culTOn' pre.idential campa ign_ ,," Th. Altom.,.· Gen.., al a"ured ' he Arnb....dor lhal the
J~"i<e

Departme nt would ""t ''with due

,e[<:1rd for ' he sensitivi' i... or the Pre, iJemi31 c3mpaign to 3"oid as mueh as po,sible any ' pre.nrn,.. of inlCrftrcnce.n" On
~Iay

4, \986. W. ldheim fC<ei , «! 49,64% " f the '·ole. - j u", . hort of th. majority
1"lIowin~

n..d,'d, He "' ''n a runon' <leclion Ihe

monlh. )..! ""y, including W. Idh.im. his ehief

oPP"""" t. the J".,idcll' of Vier,"n ' , Jew;sh eommunily and Simon Wi.,enlhal. credited the N""i

) t~

alle~ati<m.

with .tre"gtheni"" W.Jdheim '• • uppon , In ,bIOi, view, the Au"riMJ we,e ,e"", ing, in

pan, lO pcreeived <lUI.ide interference in their inlemal aITairs," na}'. alle r thc election, Shcf wrote )'et annt her memorandu m u,\!ing that Waldbeim be ploced on the Watchli,!. " Mcanwhilc, OSll><:ilan looking into the alkga'ions. 1 relied largely 1

on the materi,1 from the WJC bol also on,;uvercd new informalion frnm Ihe Yugo,lavian archive., Thi. ;nrorma, ioa eonceme<l 'he role Waldhe im'. unit had played in processi"8 pri, oners for deponations on<! execution. ," OSI (and Rosenbaum, then ' till at !he WJC) al'o reviewed hundred. of pages of material presented by W. ldheim' . '00 and anom ey.," The material came in wa""s, as W. ldheim responded to • series of new revel" ions, OSI fO\lOd his ,e'pon"", riddled with inconsisleneies, dist",' ion" and misleading statements," AAG Trott lhoughl Waldheim' , . ubmission' '"'''' ' lar1ing "to sound like lhe 'I-ju.<l_ wn,ked_there-and followed-orders ' ""plan.tion,"'" W. ldheim's ""'pon, e. also contained proph«:ie. of dire consequences 10 the world polilical ord", if tm- U,S. wcre 1 place him on lhe Walchli. !. According In Waldheim' s 0 anomeys; The a"l ion of lhe Depanmcnl in the maUer of Kun Waldheim will h..-e significance far grea'er than that con lemp laled by tm- naJrowly focused issues addressed by 'he Immigralion and Nalionalilie' ACl, and greater even than any injury 10 personal , epulalion Or status lhat mighl resul1 from Dr, Waldheim's a"",e I>cing placed on the "walch lisl". A<lvc~ a<l ion "l!ainst Dr. Waldheim by ,he U.S. Go"e mment would seriously undennine larger U,S, inle,eSl. in which Au"ria is a factor. Soch an a<1ion could hamper the eIT«:liv'eness of Dr. W,ldheim's lcaJcrship, and thereby Auslria' , pivotal oole ;n Eumpe, where il enjO}" a unique ",to' as . bridge bet",..,n the eastern and ",eS'crn hi""•."

ted"".

In April 1987, OSI com pleted a 204_page ' epon containing a comprehensive aCCount of

3D

Waldhcim' , wartimc scrvl<:c f'o m 1942 and 1945 and a dctailcd rd " I' llon o r Waldhcim', dcfoMe. The rcport oond'tded lhilt Wald~im _ ",ho was awarded , pre. ,igioo. me<!.1 by lhe N""i puppel regime ;n Croat;a - h.d been Invo lv<:<l in lhe tron.fer "f el" ilion prl'"n<:n 10 lhe SS

ror e,pIO; IaI;On a, , Ioyc lahor. Ihe mas' deportalion or civilian. 10 conec nt,.lion .nd dealh
camps, Ihe use uf ami-Scmitle propaganda, ,he luming OV" of Allied pri.oners to ,he SS. and reprisal execul lon, of hostage••nd olh" d,·lllon., Moreover, as the off,c" r~,poJl>i ble for a,sc$,lng pri, onO! of war interrog'lion fePl,n, 0' the hcadq"""ers of hi' Anny Group , Waldhc;m pi. yed . key role In determining Ihe rate ofi ndlvld ual pri.one" . Il ls wartime reeor<! thus establi.hed that he had .....I.te<! or othe"" I"" potl icipated In per=tlO1l bec.o"" of raoo, religion, nation.1 origin or polilical opinion.~ OSlagain r<:<:ommended th.. he be plae<>i On tho Wotchli"." By hap~nS1ano e, before the Attorney Oe~ral fC" lewe<l tho report,. reporter w", preparing an orticl, on the po.. ibl. deportation of Korl Linn"" 10 the SoViel Union. The reporte r went to OS!' s office. to meet with its depoty direclOl. The ",.ult ing artidc waS as much .bout Waldheim as Lin",,". Indeed. the opening line ,e.d: M pholo of An>lrian Pr«idenl Kurt A Wo ldhe;m . . . hangs oa the wall of the unmarked omce•. .. reference to Waldheim. There have been c.lls r", the o!Tice to take up Ihe W.ldheim case r"lIo",iag "lIcg"tlo~. thot lhe fonne, U,N. s<'< "'ta'l'.g,ne,al ",as ,ware of Genn:m atrocities in the Balkan' [OS I', depot} di recl0r) denied thot any fonn. l in" e'li~alioa i' uade r W'}, A' ked why W.ldhelm·, pic'arc was hanging "a hi, l\'all, he replied with . smile: "No comrae nt ,," The article (the ,"ceuracy or which 'he runner de put)' director disputes)" triggered a
M

The art icle ended with ""other

p""~'t

Iro", the Au," ion a"'ba' ''''dor. He eomplaine<! that the pielu" display, e" . n ,ugge.1 thO! lh. part of lho: arm of the Department assigned to galhe r, oon' ider and ."al"a l. ",'idcnce for deci'ion ma' ing b)' you as AllO.....)' General lach the appropriale obj"'tivity. To oonvey lhe Impression of such an . ltitude ,eems .ll ille more d'",urbioS . Ince il concern•• m"ter "i'h broad intern.' iona! implioalion•." On April 27. 1987. ' he J)'-l,",'menl of Ju' tice and Ihe Depm ment of State anno unoed thaI
mig~l

Kun WalJ hcim as an individual" wa, Ming placed on the WalChlis!. While he remained
U

presiden' . he cnuld enl.,,-,he U,S. for maUe", of state. Admission wnuld be denied <>nly if the S'ale Departmenl ooncluded lhal the vi.lt ""'aid be uprejudicialto lho public interest."'" Ho".." er. he ""'uld not be allowe d '0 emer for non,o ffioial reasons during his pro5ldeno)' nor for

The Justice Depanmell!" press release explained lhat [ll he slandards applied in placing person, on the Watehlist do not require _ finding of having engaged in war crime, ·' 0' "crimes . gainsl humanity." The ".tutory standard is mel if. perwn 1IS,ist<-d or panioipaled in any material ma"""r in ""l form of pro,cribed persecution. Such 0..... are frequenlly b.sed . upon • person' s membership in an organi,. .lion listed as ··inimioal" because of it' panicularly heino•• ""'i "i' ies, or upon a person·, playing a role in an olllanization or oper.tion lhal plO"ide'S a reliahle ba.;is for inferring lhe proscribed ..,.istance or partioipalion. Efrons hy a person to hide or o,he",' .. di'lOn potentially implOper ncti,·itie.s have roulinely been regarded as significanl in delermining whether a IlIimlI facie ease ••is" .
U

The rele.,e al' o .ought to . taneh any dlplomalie r. lI out. Rel.,ion. between lh. people and Go"emmenl of the Uni'ed St.,e5 and lhe f"'"p lc and Govem,"cnt of Austria have Irnd il;onally t>oen do.. and friendly. We ' hore a funJamenlal cnmmitmen! 1 democrao)'. human right. and I ~O ",Ie oflaw. <> We hig~l)' ...,I"e our relalion,hip ,,·ilh Austria and we will " "rk to "rengl ~e n our lriend,hip. Shon ll .Oer the WalChli" decision was atu1"unced. DAAG Riehard and Dircetor Sher -

at ' he ....'<juest of the S"le [leP""'''enl -- wenl'o Vienna lO e~pl .in 'he findings "hich led the IIUome)' General to his d""i, iun, Dc'pi le U,S. cflom 1 preserve lhe diplomatic .Il,lu, quo, 0 0 Ihere we", " 'pcre"ssion, frum the W"lchli" deci';on. " "" ria brietly recalkd; 1S am bassador 1 ,he Uniled SI"k ' " and op"""d a gl"MI pllhlic ", Ialion' campoign to regain inlemati"""l aeceplanee of Preside nl Waldheim," Cuncnmilanlly. lhe Sla,e Departmenl "rclerecllhe U.S. Amba,sad" r 10 limit hi••ont""," with the new Au"ri . n pre,ident." Ye" ,. late<, Aus" ;an >en.i,ivitie, were 5Iil[ raw. In
19~,

Sllenold. WK meeting in

IJ.erlln ' hat he ",as proud to "'pon that Waldheim would remain "persono non groro'" ;n the United Stat"'. lIu'lria summon<:<! Washington" charSe d'affoire, ' 0 express cO ncern ow r the remaIk and '0 make clcar th,,1 Sher "'0..' un",.kome in Austria. Sher had planncd 10 travel to Vicn"" with then OS[ Principal Deputy O;reclor Rosenbaum to participate in an OSI depos;' ion. The Au"ri"n, advised lhal il wuuld nm comport "" th con, ulaI conH nlions for " . fUt'lC1ionary of a foreign adm ini stm, ion~ to conduct official business in Austri• . Sher could C<.>me ooly as a "privale "tizen." Rosenbaum wenl to VieJUt. alone,'" Although ,Il<; Ju'tice D",,,,"meo, released the broad o"llil\Cll of its Waldlt<;im ...:port, JI the documenl ilself wa, 001made public. When an internal;onal commi.. io ~ of hi"orians appointed by ,he A"'trian governmem to e ~ am i oe Waldheim' , past . , ked fo,the report, their ,c quest was denied. flo we, .,r, Di",clOr Sher ..nt a I' ller assuring lhe commission tnal the )""i,,<: [leran",cnl' S finding, "erc ,,,nieien' '10 implicate Mr, Waldheim pc""nally."" The cnnlc n,s of She,s lelle r "ere repone ;n the mc'\!ia." Once <\8ain, 'he mailer '\! e"aluted JiplumalicJ lly. The Au"'ian Emha5SYsent a diplomOlie note 10 the SM,e Deportmcnl saying tha' it was "o" " ni, n[",l)" h)· (lSI', I~ck nr conp,'raliUI1 and "disma)'cd" by the '~"'" lhot

She"'" kller h.d !>cen quct1Cd in lhe ne" ..p"I""" '· The ;nt. m ati" n,,1co mmission was not the only outside group seeking a copy of osr. "p"rl, Two law'u;1< Wer<: filed under ,he Frcodom "flnfo rmat ion ACI (FO lA) to ohlain ,he "'port and supporting docu ment.tion. In One cas e. ,he plainlitTwas • curio us prisoner; ;n lhe o lher. lhe plain,ilT, were a re1ired inlellige nce officer and a journ al;" . The go ve mmcnl opposed release of the male rial on lwo grounds , et forth in an . tlid. v;1 from D ireclor Sh er: ( I ) the report was an "inle mal,
prc_dcei,ional ~ documenl

desi gned for lhe Allumey G<'lIeral ; and (2) it. release

would enable Waldhe im "10 tailor 1e" imony and ,hope evidence in a manner favorable 10 him" should the Ausman government cha llenge t he li"ing ," govemmenl' , righllo withho ld the rnalerial ." Sh< n1ly afier the deci,ion involving Ihe joumali,. and ilileltige",, " o fficer was isoued, Eli R....nbaum·s book Oelraya l. the Untald Siary oj tho Kurt Waldhoim Inwst;gat;on and Co w r Up, WllS puhl ished . Ro,enboum hogan wriling 'he boo k wh ile ..rvingasGcnerai
C OUII. . I 10

In both l.wse its, Ihe coun upheld \he

,he

WJC; !>c com p lCled lhe boo k on hi, O wn lime afie. h. relurned 10 051. The boo k reco unled 1h<

WJC ', efforts lodocument Waldheim's Wor ld War It past."
In
!III

elfort 1 boh 'er his FO IA ca."", coun,el ror Ihe journali'" and intelligence officer 0

referenced Ihe book in a kller to Ihe Deputy Assi. lan l Allomey General. The lener complained that Rosenbaum. OS a non·govcmmenlal employee wo, king fo, the WJC, had """n g iven ,,"cess 10 d""Umen lS den ied Ihe FOIA plaintiffs. (l]ndet<J, R",.nbaum 1><,...,,, in his book that he was t,.. ice gi"en ,pedal access 10 ,""'Oret JU'lice I)epa" mcnt doc umen" o n Waldoeim. and Ihal he fTequently had convorsalion, relating 10 Ihe Waldheim inv est igat ion ",ilh O SI Oirector Neal Shcr.

The o!lom.,.. uJdcd thol he had J i""u"ed 'he book Wilh lhe Austr;an amhass. dor who w.s: e, " "mely "ouhled thot a high_mnking Ju"ice department offic ial C poblish a lIO de".' tal;ng attack on W;,ldhe;m (which, for all I know. i' enlirely accurale) while 0 ,he Au'trian' are being deni,..:! any .".os< 1 the malerials on which Ihe Juslice DCfl'!nm"nt's deci,iun was hased," The AMme)' G" ner.l had .lrcOOy M,ur<d Ine Au.lrian. Ihal the Departmenl would roy;ew its I"'sition on 1M \Valdlleim moterials ." In M:rrell 1994. Ihe Departmenl released Ihe ,eport under reeen,ly. loosened f OtA guideli"",," In addilion 10 lhe fOJ A c.,es, the Waldheim m.lter spawned liliga1 ion . broad, In 1988. lhe A." rion go>'emmenl filed. crimin.l defammion . ction .g.in>l Edgor B' onfman, pre, idenl of the WJc. The lilig. tion was 'ri ~ger<d by Amnfman·. statement th. t W.ldheim ~was pon and poreel of the I'ozi killing machine." The Austrians n:que"e<I assistanee from lhe Justice Depanme nt bee.use Bronfman was an American citi:<en," 1be Department turne<l down ,he request. eoncluding thai il would cre.te uan untenable conlliCl" to pl.y • role"no mailer how minor. in f. eilit. ling . erimin.1 defamation pro""",u, i",, by Austri. where we ho... . lready eontirmed the IMhfulne,s of Ihe . Ialemenls which form Ihe basis of this proseculion:'" The AnSirians ullimalely dropped Ihe case, ciling lhe Justice Deportment's "'fusal to cooperate as one ,e" on for doing '0." In fe bruary 1988, the An" rian-appointed intem.,;onal eommi..ion of hi, turian. issued i" repon _ Althou~ h ' hc)' fo und no ""ide""e Iha' Waldhe;m was petwnall)' involved;n war ,rime._ they "", n~l y criticized him I,,, """I)'ing to nail ",,,,,iIi.. of \\hicb he was aware and for eu""eali ng his \\anime ""u rd."' Waldhcim lou,.d tho ,opon as proof of his "petsOll. l "",,,.,, ",,C .~, .-\ . he

"'w ii, c" nd, mn"' ;" n ofhin' would neee,,;to'e Nnclcm n:l1ion of olher
.1 18

soldiers who ,e,ved in a,"a, of fierce fighting , inclodi ng 'hMe in VicI Na"', Ixocao'e thcy knc w
'h"I '~errihle

th ing, happencJ .·... OSI did nOi , hare Ihi, p'rspecli" e. In a eommenl which

rcponcdly angered many /Io<lrian" She, opined thallhe hi<lo'i"n" reporl "would proba bly ba"e 5ulfic<.'d to c,,,,demn (Waldhcim ] at Nnrcmb<rg:~' A year 1 <1', the Brilish issued Ibel' own Waldheim repo ll. narrowly focusc<i on "'helher 0' Waldheim bad in'eJT08:"ed B'i li'h prisone", of war in (be Balkans o r was responsible for the har.h I,Mlmenl or execution of Briti'h commandos. They found no ev idc""" of bi. p'l'Sonai invol""mem . allhoogb Ihey concluded tha' h< mu,l ha•• been aware of Ih. acl i.iti... Sh.,. was publicly critical of ' be Il'ili'b "'poll. "To say thaI he bad no involvemen, i' prepo"eroo s. clearly

ab$urd.Th. Waldb"im malte.- also broughl OS I inlo co nflict with Simon Wi.,..",tha.I. th. 1980 recipien, of a special Consressio nal gold mcdal (or ba. ing belped 1r1Ick down o.er 1, 100 Nltti l worldwid. ," Wiescmhal. who li\'Cd in I\ o,'ri", repeatedly ""iC<'d doub! 'hal Wa ldbeim bad be<on personally involved in any aclO of persec ulion. He saw Waldb. im as an "opporlonis'" ralher than a war crimi,,"!. bOI djd challenge Waldlleim's claim of ignorance concerning the persecu'ory . clivilie, commilled by n' hers in hi' . ni'.'" Sher accused Wie,en,h. 1of w.ming him nol 10 pIlsh 1 hard On Ihe mailer." 00 Wie.emh.l vchemenlly denied ,rying 10 inte" "' ne in OS1" s Ton';o"", escala" -d eve n further afte'

in""Slig'lion and the Iwo men eX"hanged le,ly 1 011"""

lhe publi,,,,iQn of B~tra)"al. ~$ Ih. """k diso. " cd. in very harsh term" Wie,enlba l's e fforts 10 ··pro« c'" W.idhdm , In 1996. Ro>cnhaum "'as in" ilcd 1 di>c " ," his book on a Gem'an lele"i ,ion program. 0 Ire "g reod. " lier " a" tjuning thc produ,"ers tha' be "':.>uld nol be .'rooki ng as a ~ovemm<n' "me ial

but r~th«r in his pri"ute copuciljl ~s on aulhor. He askcd ,hut" sl:l",mcn' to that c11cd be made to the viewers." Unfnrtunotcly, it was nol. On tbe contrary, be was idclltifi.d dur ing the ,how as "Ch ief, Nazi I'''':<ecutions, U,S. [)cp""mcnt of Justi"" ,"
D\trin~ ,he broadca. '. Ro",nbaum was as~.d ahout Wiesent""l. While acknow ledging <

:bat Wi.""nthal had ach ieved ,,,me "po, ili", things;' be was very critical of!he Nazi hunter. l ie claims to bav. r"nnd 1,100 or nIlW 1,200 Nazis. [think he's mosdy aN.whun,er :>nd nol a Nazi finder. The numher is surelyv~ry, very low; i! might be under ten. I do n' t beli",'e lhal wilhout Wi.se01hal ' s support Waldb'; m could have ""en eleoted presidenl.

...

•••

The words [ would use for Mr, Wiescmhal? lnoompe!ent, egomaniac, sp",ader of fal,e infonnation, ".gie figure.. He betrayed the hopes, even th~ dream. of sW'\livors who th" ught tnal !hcre would be some seriou.>, crwible elTon led by this man 10 bring 10j ustioe the killers of their families, and he be!r.yed ,h. hopes of on of us who are nol surviv" rs who shared thAt dreAm ,"
Th~ comments drew eoonnOUI media .l1cnlinn iu Gennany and galvan;7ed Wiesemhal

t. ,uppol1ers in lhe United SlOtCS. Wj~", n,bal himself ,huR ned to go hefore Congr.... and rcOOunCe ,be gold medal he bad re«ived "i. teen y~ars earlier." U.S. $cnAtOr Christopher Dodd, 'he , on of a Nuremberg pro, <oulOr, "rote tu the Attorney Gcneral to e'pm; s his "ouuRge" at Rosenhaum's "O mlnCn" ," The [)cpartment or JII"iec ."urcJ Senator Dodd lhat i! was "working diligently with '." rep" ",nt" t;> orlhe WiestOnl b,, 1C'enler in Lo< Angole, "nd Mr. Wie"'n' hal'lattomey" to
r~",I"e the C(]I\' ret,·rnps. As pan of lh. ell"n, A"om ey (;~ neral Reao agreed 10 speak al the
Wi~,on1hal Cen1<r."

IIe, "ntarks. Jdi\'C1Cd on June 13, 1996, de« rib.", WiestOnthal as " an

ittJi, idllal " ho ho, "c \,oted hi, life to i nsuri ,, ~ that Holocaust "ielim, receive 0 justice in death

J~ O

lhal Ihory wore denied in life: ' The Dopanmonl al"" ",ranged for Wioscn,hal '0 reoeive KleUer of p.. i'iC [,,,m Pre,ident Clln 'on. lJ.ing the ".:e""i"n "f Ihe $0'" anniversary of lhe ~"rcmberg War Crimes Trih" nal, the pre,idont prai""d Wic<cn,hal f", ··foreing an oficn rdoctlll11 wurld 10 eonli-" nl [.1 pninful so bjc"'l.~ lie added Ihal '"[o]ur @ovcmmenl"ppropr;alely,<X:ognlledyo", vi, ionary leadership In lhe oren. of inlernalional homan rights wben ConlVC" aOlhori?..d lhe Pre,idenl'O oonrer a gold mNal on you in 1980: '''' Over Ihe ye3l"S, Ihere have been "",ious elTorts made 10 pe"oadelhe Uni'ed Slat"" 10 remove Waldheim from lhe W'lchlis'. 10 1989, the AlI'lrian govemmenl senl a diplom ..ic nole to ,hal offectlO the Siale Deparlmenl and Waldheim him« lf scnt a handwrinen leuer to Pre.ideol Geo,ge II.W, Bu,h, " In 1994, ' he Au.lrian foreign Minister urged U,N. Secretary Genetal

BOUlroS Bouttos Ghali 10 ime.....ene in order 1 enable Waldhelm (whose presi<!cntiallenn had 0 ended) '" altend celebrations marking the 50" anniversary of the United Nad"", '· Tbat """. year, ,honly after public «lease of lhe OSl reporl, Ihe Auslrian Ambassador appealed Departmenl of Jo"io. 10 rescind lhe Walchllsl decision,"
to

lhe

In 1998, lhc Ao,trian ambas>adur to

,he United Sta,es a, ked the Sia le Dcpanmen, to issoe aviso allo,",i ng Waldheim to an.nd a U.N. •el. h",tion or it, CJfii.,h wmiv,:nary of peacek""ping opera,ions." And in 2001, ,he AlI"rian go'emmem again " ,ged ,eoon,ide,alion oflhe Wa'chli" decision based "" lhe fact thai recendy dedassifj,d CIA "",terial eonlain. d no ,.foren" '0 Waldhcim·s Wl\r1;mC a<,;v;,ie," requests were denied.
t lSI ·, ,,,.,,kinB ,duli"nship ",i'h ' he ..'""ri"n, had been sl..ined e"o n before the

AlIlhcse

W"IJ h.im ",,,Ue, arosc" "nJ the ,,,untri.s had hocn ' T)·ing '0 nel1nliate a mnl",,1 oooper. t;on agrccm.nl " n OSlfNa.'; m"I1~ ... Tha' i,,;li",i,·. W"S Jc·m ikd in ligh, of ,he WalChl;,1 deci, ;on." J21

In addLlion, ,h. Aomian" ,,,dJcnl~' refu, ed '0 h"no , . 1954 ~ommilmcn l'o re.d m;l I""'$<>n$ who cmigmkd from A,,"ltia 1 lhe lI nilC..l ~'",., under ,he RRA if lhe United Siaies co"ld show lh., 0 the cmig..nl had ob'a;n.d • U,S, \,i"" "by f,aud"lent muns 0' on lh. bJ.s;s orf.lse slalemen1S," Th. i.."" cam. to a h.ad Ln \988 .fter OS I defendam lo,cfEden, wno had eO le...d lh. l)n; le..l S'ale, unde, lhe RRA. wos o'd ....d depon.d '0 Aus.ria. A",,,ia ;ndi",.d Ihal it w"" not w;lling 10 aocepl him, Offloial, from lh. o"l"'rtm.nl. of S!a!. and lus,;oe (;nd"d;ng OSI Assi"ant Depu!)' D;,eclO' Mioh••l Do mskin l mel with Ihe Au,lrians to discuss lhe maner, firsl in W8>hi ngton "nd lhen "!lain in Vienna. Al .h. <:ond"si"n of lhose negolialion' . !he lwO go, 'ommen,., agreed I" a proc.du... Ihal would assure readmission in rnO", RRA case,." While ,he Decembe, 1988 . greomonl ...solvod lhe que,,;on of readmission (Aus.ria a«.plOd F.okhart in 1989). 'he issue ofinvesligative cooperation remainod unse11Jod. D"ring an informal
m~li n g

wilh an anomcy·a<!'·;sor al lhe Slat. Depatlment in 1994, the Auslrillll

Amb.ssado, indica!.d lhal a legal assi' tance agreement wo" ld not be signed unless lhe Oep.nmem agreed !o "",.amin< lhe Waldheim de",i. ion. None'1hcIc'i" !he U.S, did nol alter its position. It was another four ~'c"" lxfore a Memorand um of Unde,s'anding was finally adopte<l pm. iding ro, judi"ial .., iSlanc. from Austria in OSI "ases." The impac' of!h. Waldheim ".pose and his piacemenl on llle Walchli" wa.enormous. In 1991. Ine Au'tri.n go\'ernment ollicinlly n"knowledged the eounlry'$ ",I. in the 1101""'051. Ihu.• ending ilS long_held po,it;on lhat the counlry was Nazi Ger many's firsl viclim, An Austrian hi;!",i,n in\'llke'\! in h,inging a"oul this ""~n,,\\k<!g,,,enl "n...lit"" Ihe Waldhe;m atf.;, wilh "',ali ng a d ima" in ,,'hich ,uoh a n.·d oning \\"-, (,n" I1)' ",,,,ibl"" Although the WJC had I>ocn Ihe (,,,I '" puhli"i", IVal,th.;im's dire" in"" lwmcnt in .,." of persecution. OSI' . additionai

,e""ar<:h made 'he cas< "moger. The U.S. llQ,'ernmcnt" d",,;,;on to place a lining "",sident on the Walchli" _ despite Ihe inevitable diploma,ie awkwardness of, uch a move - gave enormous credibility ""d legitimacy to the maller. The W<lrld was fo"'ed 10 confront the fact that a ",no"ned diplo,n.. had w"rked with the N" is to pc,,",cme civi lians and then had ron«alcd the ma"er for d""ade', Although Waldheim won lhe Austrian el..,tion, he was largely isolated during hi' "",sidency. Very few foreign counlries or dignitaries would dcal " i th him di"""ly. While he stands out as the only head of ,laiC cve' placed on the Walchl i". his listing was unusual in another regard as well. Pri01lo the Waldhelm ",velations, lhe U.S. had not pm any members of the ",gular Gorman Anny (Wehtmacht) on Ihe Watchlisi. SS men we", p....urned to have been involved in persecution; military men w",e no!. Aftel W.ldheim ~ and others who served "'itll him _ were listed, 'he historical record ",as made ' hat pcrs<:<:utury activity ",as not as "confined" as previously thought. In 1992, Waldheim chose not to seek 'eeleclion , As of this "'Tiliog, he receives. U.N, pcosion and ' esides in Austria," I re is still on the Watchlist.

m

I, Kurt W.ldheim, In Ihe Eye oflhe Siorm: A Memoir (Adler and Adler).

2. June 2, 1986 memorandum tU WJC presidont Edgar Bronfman from Rosenb.um.
3, ' ·Fil. s Show Kurt W,ld heim S. ..... d Un&r W'" Criminal." by John Tagli.h...., The New rar! Time< , M.... 4. 1986, A J.~ .arli.r Profil. an ,\ u" rian 'lOW' mag""ine, had puhl ished ,orne of the same all'1:"';""" 4. ··WaIJ h. im S'l" his Past " as ),lisrcprcsented," by John McQu iston , Til. N.-w York Tim.., Mar. 6, 1986
5. Mar. 25, 1986 leite, frum R<J>Cnba. m to Anome)' Geners l lOdwin Mce,e; Apr. 2, 1986 lett.r I;-om Brookl)'11 D.A. Iloltzma n 10 the Anomer Ge"",.1. 6. Apr, 7, 1986 m.mo to DAAG Richard frnm Shet '" " Kun W. ldh. im: Allog.tions Co ncerning Wartime Aetivili.. and Excludabilil)l from the United States," p, 6,

7. Apr. 7, 1986 m.mo from DAAG Richard 10 AAG Stephen Tron '" " Kun W.ldheim." The United Nation, War Crime, Commission (UNWCCj was .stablished in 1943 10 colloet, record and invesTigate e,idence of WaJ crime, and to adv isc governments on Ihe leg.l procedure, 10 be ado pted in bringing suspects 1o lriaL It circul.ted lisTS ofwaJ crimes suspects and brief detail , of lheir allcged crime, alleged 10 Allied go ' ·.mments. The org.nizalion ' em. ined .ctive unlil 1948. A, early.' April 1980, Ihe newly-formed OSl had reques,ed ""CC>' 10 the m... S•• Apr. 28, 1980 letter 1o Secmary General Waldhe;m from Anomey Gener. 1C; vil<tTi refe!Cnc;ng an April 3, 1980 reque" by OSI personnel. Acce.. 10 ,he file, for re,earch purposc. was denied. On June 8. 1984, Dire<:tOfSherrenewed the reque't in . l. tT•• 10 John Scon of the U.N. Socretariat. Once a8ain, a,,,,,,,. for 8C1lernl " scaJch purposc, was denied. Howevcr, the U ,N. offered a<:<:e S< for part;cular eMrg' fil•• po, ¥;ded th., the nsme and identifYi ng oflhe subject we'" provided the U.N. See Sepl. 23, 1986 letTer 10 AlfErlanu.sun, Chief Archivist, U.N , Archive, from AAG Weld.

do,.

'0

8. Apr. 10. 1986 memO from AAG TrotT 1o DAAG Rich.rd and Sher re "Waldbeim Inw " ig. lio n." 9, Apr, 2 1, 1986 memo from Sher 10 DAAG Richord '" "Kurt W.id ~e im." 1O. "'Jus lice [kpanmcnt Ome;,l Urge, \\'"IJh. im "" Ibrred from U.S.,"' by P~ i l ip Shenon, Tile s ...,' J'm-k Tim"., Apr, 25, 1986, See 01,,,, "Aidc urge, U,S, to Intr W.ldheim,"· by A.ro. E!"'I. in, Til. Pili""li'Iphlil I,,~ui"'r, ,\pr. 25, 1986; "Ju"i"c o.:pl. Onie ial Recu"JI" <,,ds Barring W.ld~eim from U.S,," by John Go,hko, 111. Wa.,hi"~,,,a P,,,,, Apr. :"5, 1986 I I, .'\pr, 25, 1986 memo from ,\ AO Tron 10 She, re ' "L eak of W"IJ heim Ilcport: ' 12. DAAG Richard c,lkd • meeting of OSI !"' r.,, nnd 10 e, press his "rong di,plea'"re aooll' 'h. leak. 1Ie \\', '",cd Ih. t " nk " "0;111.", >hm llJ !lOt"" <I;" " " ,'d with fom,er f)epollme", "nida is or

324

members of OS I and advi""d thal onyone unable la abide by 'uob rul.s sbould leav. lbe Deparlmenl of Ju.t ice. Apr. 30, 1986 memo from DAAG Richard 10 AAG Troll u "Waldheim Visil wilb () S L ~ Di...clo r Sber denied thaI OS I ployed any m i. in leaking tb. docum. nt, Apr 30, 1986 memo fnl l1\ Sher lo AAG Trott '" "Leak of W.ldbeim Report.~
13, Apr. 28. 1~ 86 leller 10 Anomey General 1.1""". from Au. trian Am b. Thomas KleSliJ

14, 'l.lay 6, 1986 lene, to Amb. Klestil lro m Altom.y GeneTa I M ...., :-J ol .lI publie figures shared the Altom.y G.n. rar. sen,i livily. Shottly before the .l«,ion , N.Y. Sen. Daniel 'l.10)'nihan wam.d Ih.t ·'lh. peopl. of Auslria ",ally oughl 10 know Ih.1 to e1«t Waldb.im would give. kind ohymbolie amnesly 10 lhe .venlS ar Salonika.~ " Morni han : W. ldhei m Is • Liar; ' by David Holmberg,.Yew Yori:S ew.Jay, Apr. 22, 1986. (WalJheim served with a German unit sta,ioned in S.lon;ko, Greece wben Jew, from thaI la wn we.. rounded up and deported to concentration camps.)
15. S•• ' ,g" " Waldh. im is Given Pluralily in Vote bU Faces Run off,~ by James Markham , 1M I New York Tim•• , Mar 5, 1986; "Waldheim Tops VOl. for Au<trian P re si denl, ~ by Tyler Marshall, The La. Angel.. Tim.., May 5, 1986; "Austria's Dubious New President," The Chicago Tribune (edi'orial). June 11 , 1986; " N:m Hunt", As,ail, Jewish Group on Waldheim Campajgn,~ Tite Chicago Tribune. M.y 18, I 9S6; uWaldheim Survives S II1l'$ to See Popularity Rise; by Misha Glenoy, 1M Guordi~n (London), Mar. 17, 1986; ''N:m Hunter A, sails k " i sh Group on W.ldheim Campaign, New York T imes News Service, The Chi cog<> Tribune, M.y 18, 1986.

16. M. y 9, 1986 memo from She, 10 DAAG Richard te " Waldheim." 17. In accordance with DOl wishes, lhe office did not oonlaet any eountri.s olb., than Yugosl.vi. for pertin",,' informaliun, no, did it eonlac! 1"'' '000 W. ldh.im suggest.d. He him••lf w", nnl que. tioned. Mar. 12, 1987 memo to DAAG Riebard fnlm Sher ... ~ Waldhe i m;" Apr. 7, 1986 memo 10 AAG Troll from DAAG Richard ... U Kutt Waldheim:" " Inquiry Sludied Data Waldh.im G.", in Rebun. I," by l.eslie M. itland Werner, 1M Ne w York Ti_ . , Apr. 29, 1987. 18. In his 1993 boo k Belr~y"l. 1M r.;",o!d Siory oj ,he KU'I Woldheim !me"tigation and COl'e r· r.;p (S1. Man in' s Pre..), p. 314, Ro.. nbaum describes having the materi. 1delivered to him by an in' erm.d iary from " a muwa l friend at Just ice: ' (The book was eo-autho...d by William HolTer.) 19, Waldheim Repott (fully cited in/ro, n, 22), at pp, 3, 74, 105, 108, 11 7, n, 318, 180, 184; .ee "/$,,, 0<1. 3 1. 1986 memo 1 lb. ",,,,' me} General from AAG Weld ", " W. ldheim;·' " Inquiry 0 Sludied Dota l'.'alJheim GO" e in RebaB"I:' ""pro, n. 17. 20. 1>la)' 28,
1 9~6

memo 10 Allomey ( jeneral Meese from AAG Troll re " Waldheim."

21. Aug, I I, 1986leuer to AIIOme} Genera l Meese from Dunold E. Sanlarelli, Esq.

325

22. The repon can be r,,,, nd at ht",..IIw"""'.Li.uoi-w ,,I,'rimi na ll R1lbl icdoP;lJ 1· 1priorl l 1· I .hlm (la" \ ';S;I,'<I Scpt. 20(5). 23. "C rucial Tes ts Co nf"'nt Nazi-ll LiOl iog lluTeau; ' by MIcha el Do bbs, TM W," /oinglot' Mar 24, 1987.
POSI,

24 . lis fo rmcr deputy d ;rec lor Mid",,1 Wolf 1"<",11, Ihc interview, he e., plain,'<I to Ihe repo!tcr Ihat Ihe ph"l"gTaph ~ remi nded me why J " ... <Ioing l hi. 'orl of wo rk. 1"pioed that if Wa ldheim "as nOllou old 10 be Presidenl of Ao, tri• . then our defe ndant. coo ld not be tOO old 10 be pro 'CC OI<. . ~ A ug. 20, 2003 e·ma il from Wo lf to Judy Feigin . >d
25. Mar. 24, 19 87 Ic"ttc"T 10 Altomey Gen cral Mee,e from A ustrian Amba;sador Klest iJ 26.8U.S C. §II02. 27. A new arn\lassador relurned in :-love mbe' 19 87 , 2 8. "Ex_OlTIdai Pleads Ca", io U ,S.," by Don Shannon TM Los Angel.,.. Tirmls. JuQC 13, 1987 , 29 "New Envoy: Native Son for VicMa:' by Henry K.mm, The New York Time. , JOJ', 21. 1988. 30. "Au" riM Cnmp la inl l'mmpt> U,S. Inve" igator to C ancel Vi,it.~ by Michael Wise , The W,,-,hingfon Post, May 12. 1990; " Re mark Irks Aus tria, " "'ewsday (N < York). May 10, 1990. "W

31. See e.g., "W. ldhe im Barred fT En1ering U .S O ve r Role in War," by Leslie Mailland orn Werner, The New York Times, A pt. 28, 1987.
32. Dec. 2, 1987 Ie" "'- 1<> Brig . Gen , Ja me ' Co llins, Jr. from Sher, 33. See t,g., "U ,S, Link ' Waldheim to Persecut ion," by Ralpb Bl umenthal, The New York Times, Dec. S, 1987; "Wald heim's Com mi.., ;,," E, pc'e l<:d 10 D.m,g. H im," The Walhing/on Pos/, Dec . 6 , 1987. 34 , Dec , 7, 1987 d iplomatic note from Ihe Emh ,ssy of Aust ria 10 the State Deparlmenl. 35. Sup p lemental [)e<:!.ral iOll of Neal Shet, li led in "'ems . , Dep 'f (D ,D.C ,),

ofJ" sri<.."

No , 89-00042

}6 , .1'1. lIiI" i" v. £XI' 'f "j.l',-"Ii,e, I ~2 \\iL 73545 ID.D ,C. 1992); .11<'f""he1. " na Net·". ", J),.p 'f "/.I,,,-Ik., 3 f .3d 1533 (C.AD ,C. I ~3). (In the I, " er case the e"'''1 rem,nded to I h~ luwer eu un the quest ion "f \\'hc~h"r Ihe Dcp;lnn' ent , hould ho\ c < clea'iCd ju.1 thai pon ion " r tho repe rt tha t ,,,nl;li ned an invcn lury " f \\ialdheim's miiilary posl ings.)

J 7. One " I' Ihe m ndiri"n, of R,>scnb.l um 's ..,t um
< ..used t' ''m ail tn "llers relaling lu W" IJloe;m .

to Ih" Ju stice Depart",ont was th. t he

be

38, Uoc. 1. 1993 lene r 10 ~l orrick Garl. nd. UAAG, Crim ;nal Divi ,;on from Public Citi,.,n Lililf.llion (;"'01' '" M< If"Jlh<r ", Deparln" 'm ofJ",tk.; Neois o. D..ponmml u!J us';co. 39, The ."ur.n« "'a, .pparenUy ~i'", n ,,,..lIy at a fo rum ,pon",red by the American I.eaguo: for hpon, and Securily Assi".nce , /d. l b c guidelines. issued in 1993, prooided l nal documen ts " ere 10 be wilhheld only if "di,do,ure would be narmful" 10 lne go"ornmen'- (In Oet. 2()O 1, tnese ~u;deli nes were ,upe ....ded by ol her. cani ng for the "i lhhold iog of document> OS long as lhere wos • "sound legal b.,i,- fo r doing so,) Tne AlI>trian' "'ked lhe U.S. 10 e.' ecule leners rogatory, w nich involve a formal roque, l from a eoun in one count ry 10 "lhe appropriate judici.1. ulhoril ics" in anolhercoUntry for co mpul ' ;on of l<"imony, documentary or olher <,'i<!encc, Or service of process , 42, July 8, 1988 lener 1 Mary Moc hary. DOS Principal Depuly Legal Advise r from DAAO 0 Ric hard. 43. Two olher rea",ns given we", lheir " ;ew thaI an inlemational corron;..ion had "de lermined Wa ldhe im's person al ;Mocence." and "an endeavor to contribute 10 cal ming down and re co nci lialion. ~ " W. ldheim Cance ls Suil Against Bronfman, · AI'. The New Yo,k Tim... July 3, 1988. The internat ional commission report is discussed on p. 318. 44 , "Panel Critici2e. Woldheim bUI Sers No War Crime. Ro le." by Roben MeC ortn<y. The Washinglao P"-'I. Feb. 9. 19& 8. 45. " \\-,. ld he im Cancels Suit Against
B ron fm wt , ~

~O ,

~ 1.

AI', Tire N~ ... York Times, July J, 1988.

D. 46. Waldhei m interview o n Briti.' h lelev;,ion 'bow, M v;d Fro,t o n Sunday," M.... 12, 19&9. 41. "Wal dhoim '. Cloak of Ralionali' .alion," by Adriwt Per.." hio, N~ .. sday, Fob, 12, 1988. 48. " London Discounts Role by \\-,.ldhe;m." The N. ...! York Times, Oct. 18. 1989, 49. " B;>dge
ofCou rall".~

by Megan Ro,"n feld, The Wo"hinglOo Post. Aug. 5. 1980,

50, See "g . "Former IN 11••d KUr1 W.ldheim ' in the "Ye of the storm...· by EliUlbelh Pond,
The CIl, i,'I;a o S.:ime• .\f'm;l" r. AI'" 9, 1986, "Will to fo rget. Anli·Scmili,m May Eloct Waldhe im:' by Ray' Mo""ley. The Ch iC<lgo T,ihwtli. M. y 4. 1986; "Naz i Hunter A,,,,,il, Jewi ,h Gro up on Waldhe;m Campa ign." The Chieogo Triho' ..,. M.y 18, 1986,

51. June 19. 1990 memo from Sher 1 Waldheim file re " Wiesen lh. l'. l.et1e' of June 12. 1990:' 0 Sh.. made a 'im ilar st.lement on lhe Gennan new,m.guinc plogram "P. noram.." Feb. 8. 1996, 52, June 12. 1990 ;eller from Wi.""nlnal 10 Shcr; June 14,
1 ~90

IClter from Sher 10

Wic,.nt ~.I ,

321

~3,

Jan. 18, 19% e·mail from Ru,enbaum tu rCI">ner Juh~

G""t~

rc '"i nlerview req ue' t,"

54, "I'anunlma," Feb, 8, 1996. Ro,enb,om i$ nnt ,h. onl)' pub lic figure 10 haw: q""'tion<:<! Wioscn ,hal'. rul. in finJi~g Nazi per>o,·u'OTS. See g.g.. And 'M SeQ i, Nne, Full, by Elie Wie,e1 (Allred Kn"pf), pp. 127-131. 55.
~Iarch

1, 2000 ,eeull..,liuo ufDAAG J<-lark Richard

56. Feb . I S. 1996 letter 10 Atlomey Geocr ol Reno from Sen.lor Dodd ,
~7. S~ ,

J<-lay 22. 1996 lollc, l<> Sen,lor Dodd from Andrew Foi., AAG f"r l eg islative AlToirs.

Sept. 24, 1996 lener to Wiesenlh. 1from Prt'!iMn, C!inlOTl . Four yem I.ter, in August 2000, Pre,idenl Clinlon presenled Wi=nlh.1 wi,h lb.. Presidential M.dal of Freedom, lite Mlion's high..., ei,ili"" honor. Slri. n Roquo., '0 lilt WalJheim Dan,~ Reulers, June 16. 1989; CBS 59. " U.S. Roques" AU hening Ne,,~ with Dan Ra'her. July 21, 1989 and Suppleme~laJ Declanuion o f Neal Sh... i~ Nem . v. D<partmtnl ofJu,lk~, No. ~9·004 2 (0.0. C.). 60. Cablo 08653 from AmE mbas.y, Vi""no 10 lhe Secretary ofSlale, Sept. 29, 1994 61 , June 1S, 19'J.l lener 10 Ausni"" Ambassador Helmu' Tucrk from AAG Jn Ann Harris. 62 , Oct. 2, 199~ memo 10 AUurney Ge~oral l""e' Reno ond Dep"'Y Attomey General Eric HolM' (n'm James Robin,on, AAG of th. Criminal Division,.., M l'ot..nli,,1 elTort by Kurt Waldheim In enler llle United Slales o n Tuesday, Ocl. 6, 1998," 63 . "Official Wanl< Waldhe im O fT'Waleb liSl,'" by Dovid Sands, Th. Wa,hing,on Tim"" May 22, 2001.

64 , See •.g., J<-f~y 2, 1986 10"Of from Dir""lor .'ihe, '0 James Hcrgen, A..' ILegaI Ad"i"", a' DOS , ad'·i.ios ,hat the Au,,,i,,,, go,,,,mlTl<On' wa, gronli ng only ",,'ride<! aceo" '0 ,heir lITebi"e, nnJ I>()uld nol all o", OSI "ny ,'on,"c, wi,n Au,l Tion ""iden" who migh1 po""'ss inC<>tma,ion o,. ful in OSI in"e sligalions. Ahhou~h th.len.r was unequivocal. in fact there haJ bo. n some level of coope"uion. One soen .. ample ",a, Au",i. ·, willin~n'$' to have OSI contact Rot>en Jan Verbelen and ""y" n. el se in eO,nl!)' as pan of o s r . in'·...' ig.tion of lhe U.S. go, 'emment ', po.'''_WOl" rt'la';on,h;p wi,h V.rt>elen. Verbe len is discussed at W ' 385-389,
65.
Jon. ~ .

1991 memo '0 DA,\G Richard frum She r re "Au,"''''' ,"""islance."'

M . Austria would t>e gi"en lhe e\'idence i~ all RRA Ca.>e, and would ha,-e 30 da~'s 10 cu ,"uha, i"n I> ilh tbe Uni'M Sla'e$. Ah,ent a reqLICst fot consultalion, lhe Au,triau' would grIDl read mission. If a e,'n,ullalion were so ughl and the panie, cou ld nO! lherealter ogre• • lhe Li ,So<ould "ill ...",k readmi" io n and all e(fort , " oulJ t>e moJe 10 ""ohe the issue "lhrn"gn

""ok

diplom.tiC nesoli .'i oo ,. ~ The as"",menl wa, . igned on Deoember 2 1, 1'188. Thai day Hernstein new from Vienna to London. lie made a I. " minU <bange of plans and boarded Pan Am n ight 103 fTOm London le to New York. A bombcxplodcd mid_ killing all 259 people on board (plus l I on Ihe air. ground). In Aus u,' 2003. Lih)'a ""ccpted n;.pon,ihiliry fo' this terTOn'l.cl. 67. Unde,!he ag"",mcn!, a",i".nce is to indude inform . tion from. and acre", to. c<.>urt and adm;niStr.,i"e mes, indud;ng mililary fi les and ...chi.al documents. Auslti"" authorities will takc lC"imony in the presence of U.S. representali"" who can sugg«1que.'ti"",, lndependenl ;n"e" ;galory acti"ilies Ille prohihiu:d. 68, ~ Austria Admits Rolc in HOI"".ust:' by Michocl Wise. The W(JJ;hjng'on I'osl. July 9. 1991. 69. The OmnibUS Diplom.tic Securily and AnlilCrrorism Ael of 1986 conlained a ~..nse oflhe Congrc.... pm" ision calling on the presiden' to ~inwucl the Permanent Repre""ntati"c of Ihe Uni!ed SI. te, 10 the United Na'ions 10 ac' to amend lhe 1986-1987 Regular Program BudSe! to dim;na'e funding of Kun Waldhejm' s retiremen' .ll" wance and ' 0 act to deny Kun W. ldheim a reli,e men! allowance in all futu!< budgels. Pub. L. 99-399, Title XlJJ § 1303 (Aug. 27, 1986).

Ch upter FiH: Alte~.d ll.S ..~8PP8rt fo r Enl.,· of F"rm.. :\·", i. inl" the Counlry Introdueti"" Whelher the Uniled St~les hclf".-.;l perse.utors enter tilt counlry has implk ations for our nation in lenns ofl~' "alues it "'al' 'O l1eet, Did w. knowingly permit mojo'
, )f ""'-"

minor t,azi

..."",,oto," !o emer, ~nd iho. what j u.<tiftcation was given? At w~.t I. vol within t~e l:",'.rnment was thor. legal and morol aot~o,ity to advanoe suo~ a policy? And " .... etT"ns made !o cOllCtal such . "t;"ili.. from l~e public in <mIe' to odvao<" some perceived higher na!iona! £ood? OSI did 001orig;oally oonceive it. mission as ;ncluding the need to an.w= the.. 40<>l ion•. But il W inexorably drawn to t~e issues when , ubj""", argued th.t they were in the as oounfr)' al the beh.. ~ or with I~' k"" wledg., of the Vniled States _ allegedly in return for 0 information or ..,,'iee. supplied 1 th. government during or aft.. th. war, OS] leamed that SOme pc"""U!o," were iodeed knowi ngly granted entry. America, which prided it..lf 00 bein£ a sof. haven fo' tho persecuted, beeame _ in som.. small measure: _ a safe h"'en for peT>ocuto," as wolL Some may view !he government's colluboralion with pcr.;<cu,ors a, a F,usti.n barg.nn. Ol~= will """ it ... reasonable moral compromise bome of """"" ily.

J.1il

Arthur Rudolp h - An

lI "n o ~

Roeke, Seknli.!

fl. early os Joly 1945. the U.S, War Dep.1l1menl brought selected German and AUSlrian

seien'i"s III the Uniled Slotes under mililary cuslady for ",hort'term ""ploitotion:' lbe i",n,eJ iatc 8"al wa, to have Ihclll pUTSue militar)" "'..areh in an effnrt to , h,m en 'he wor with Japan, fhe longer ten n goal wa, 10 keep the Soviet Union and othercoWltrie, from gaining ,""ce,. to the infomlalion and skill, of manl elite members of lhe scientific cnmmun ity. Wilh the direct approval of the p, esident of Ine United States, lhe program was ..lended afler Ihe close of hosti];ti"" in order to permit lhe Armed Service, ofthe Uniled Stat., to tok• •dvantage of German sci. ntific and lechni~.1 progreso in sueh fi elds as guided mi,.ile, and ae ,odl"'"",i~s, pending formulation of go""rnmcntal pol icy 10 pennil legal enny of th..e ond othor specialists... 10 pur,ue te,earch and development projects for both military and civi lian agencie•. Ultimately codenamed "Opera tion
Paperelip,~

the program was de,igned 10 exclude anyone who

was more than a ''nominal potlicipanl" in l'azi party acli,itie, or had been an ''acti"" ,upporter of NOli,," 0'
m ili t ari , m .~

lbu,e , cienlis" who wished to settle pcnnllJl~nll y in the United Stares

could, "ot a laler date . . . be granted regular statu' under the immigralion law,.'" Evenlually, hundred, of ..ienlists came to lhe Uniled Stale, under the program. Tho,e , eeking permanenl re, idence had to apply for a , 'i... 0 "". il was i.. ued, they had to leave the coontry "od theo '"foorn3l1i' reeo"" They generally did SO through a Mexican borde.- oity.
Dur i n ~

the war, An hur Rudo lph had ..,,'cd as Operation, Director at lhe mas,i", V· 2 weket manuf""tur;ng facility_ Tbe raetor)' was part orthe Do,a--

~l ittel wcrk unJcr~round

I'",Jhau, en coaccmralinn c, mp compie, ooJ used prisone.. or war and ,la" e I.bo,e... Th. btler group included lhou.<Jnds of C/eeh, Poli,h, Russian, ""d Fr.nch political prisoncrs, as \\'ell

HI

"-I

J"'"i'h and Jehovah', Witness inm,re..' The labo,e, ., wearing , rriped conce ntrarion camp

unifornls, came from :'-l",j camp, including Auschwirz and Buchenwald. They wore guarded by = d SS men as well os kapo., and wo'ked 12-OOu, sllift' in cold, damp, and du,ty tunnels. noousands re'i,hed. gcntra Uy fronl malnurrilion, e ~h.u,'ion and o"erwOll<; some were murdered. Unlil Dono gOI il. own cremawrium, rhe dead were burned al Buchenwald Rudolph was one oflhe firsl Germans 10 come 10 rhe United Srare, unde' Operar;on r apen;lip; he "';ve<l in [kcemhcr 1945. Alrhough INS kne-w thaI he had been a memhc' of rhe
~azi

pany and ,hat he h.d I>t>rked at Minclwcrl<, there i. nO indication Ihal 1h<'y had any

in form. ,ion about hi. use ohl.,"" J. bo,-' On ,h. con' '"')', lh. re """" much '0 ' ecummend Rudolph. no. numoc, lwo official . l lh. Departm. nr of Juslice urged INS (an agency Ihen unde' the j uri.diclion of lhe Ju, ti« [)cpon menl) 10 admit him. B.... d QrI infonnalion from lhe Joinl Chielii of Slaff and the Department of lhe Almy, rhe offiCial opi""<!lhal failure 10do so ''would

be 10 the d.-uimenl oflhe national jmore,l. '~
In 1949, Ru<lolph wenr to Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, where he =eived a vi.. and lhen fo"".lIy reentered lhe Unired Slare, unde' the INA. Although the "assi'tance in per=,"i Qrl~ provisions of rhe DPA and RRA were inapplicable, Srate Department visa regularions prohibired the enrry of an alien "who has """" @uiltyof, or has advocated 0' acquiesced in, ac,iv;rie, or cond.... cont,ary 10 ';vili 7 rioo and human decency On behal f of the Axi' cnunrrie•.~ 1 .. Rudolph became " natu,alized U,S. cirizen in 1954 and wo'ked in Ihe U.S, rocker pl<lf ram until his ,eti"""ent f' om ~,\SA in J %9 , Hc w", con'idered the f3lh<:t of the Satum V r<>cker which ,-nabled the United SIOIC' 10 make ilS firsr manoed mOOn landing. Al hi' retiremeol, NASA awru-dcd him the Distingui, bc:d Service A ward, ilS highest honor.

OSI Ie~mcd ~bout Rudo lph b)' chance. Two receo lly published books anmeted Eli Ro,;"nb,wln's alleotioo ;n 1979. •hurt ly after he completed a .ummer in'ern, hip al O S!. One was ;lboul the Dora camp ;l, el f; ,he o,her dis<:ussed Genn an so ienl;sts in the United State, rocket I'wgram.' The latter had a ",mi"i..:cnc" from Rudolph aboul hi, dismtly ot be ing called from a
~<w

Yeal's Eve parry in 19431]944 10 ha\'e rocket parts moved. An accom panying piclure Ro,enbaum knew ,hat dl" Gcneva convenlion

sho wed prisoners of war moving the parrs'

forhid. havin g priso ners of war ",,,,k on muni lions,' and he was p.... ieularly offended by Rudolph' s tllking umbrage at miss ing a gala party while slave laoo'e... to iled. Wbcn he began work al OS] _ year lalct, he persuaded !he omce 10 open an iOV l:Sligation of Rudolph. N;neteen people from Ihe Dora·Nordhauscn oomplex hAd been tried in 1947 before. U,S, mililary eourt in DacMu, Gc rmany' The tf1U1SCripl of !hat lrial. as wd l a. much oflhe pfCo-lria l ;n"c, hg _live ma'crial. was on microfilm al lhe Nalional A",hi"es. The in\'esligat;ve malerial included a 1947 ;nlerv iew of Arth ur Rudolph, who was a potential witness ;n !he case , He discussed .nend ing a hangi ng of 6 1 12 Dora inmale, accused o f sabolage, and ordering the 0 Ioborers under his supcn'is;Uf\ to l>ear wiUle...' The file also conla;ned a diag ram, prepared by the 1947 pruseculion team. o f the undcri"0und rockel fac'<>ry. A doned line labeled ··Palh of Oyc,head Crane Trolly [sic l On Wbich Men Were Hung" came very close to Rudolph'. om"". TeSI;m<>ny al the Gem lan I,ial indicated lh;l' Rudo lph received daily pri,oner ",ong!h reports which showed ' he number of pri,oners a\J;Iable for wo,k, Ihe number of " new amv. ls," and ,he " um""r of people los ilbrough sickness Or death. "'mcd wjlh th is inlllnnJ lion, OS]lwice inten'icwed Rudo lph. lIe acknowledged """wing ,hal pri,one... wc re dying of di,cJ,e. 0 \ erwork, mimealmen l and malnutrition, F",ed

3 33

with a uim;ni ,hin ~ work fnree. he had 'eque,ted l. bor repleni' hmento from the SS. and knew that lhese replaoemen" came " probably from Buehenwald or som e w~e ", the labo", "
wi~, in
el ,e , ~

He also alloealed

Min<l wc'k.

Give n Rudo lph', ' I.temenl<. both in 1947 . nd 10 OS[, lhe orne.. r<comrnen<k d filing . dena'urali.,.,ion ac tion allt ging 'hilt Rudolph , hould not h.vt l>u n allowed 10 fonnally tnttt and obtain eili7"nship. OSI argued lhat .. a ,upervi""T Rudolph w.. direclly ",. ponsib le for , e:<ploi' ing , lave I. bor. .. and ,hat lhi. was po"""u,ion which viola",<1 the S,.t. Dopartmern 0 regula tion barring e ntry 1 person' who partieipa'cd, advocated, or .equie=d in activ ities OJ' eoM utt eontmry 10 ci vilization aM human decenty. Fott ing , Jave labo"''' to watch hanging, was, acc ording to the p rosecution memo, • fonn
of '~ error"

which furthe r added to the

persecution, '· OS! al'o recommended lh.t lhis persecutory aClivity be lbe b..i. for a charge that RudOlph laded the good mo,al eharae'er .....,nt ial fo.r citi zenship. " Although the U ,S. knew whe n he eottted th. "" tlntry lbnl Rudo lph had bun at Minelwerk , OS! contended ' hat it' own "'searc h - includ ing it. two interview. of Rudolph ga"" a much c1ear.r pietu", of h i' trut ac<oumobiliry than had been previou,ly known. The o ffice " knowledg ed tnal ",me migh' argue agai nsl pro..., ming Rudolph because ofhi. con tribution. to ' he spaoe program , OSI counte red, in pan, thatf.ilure to bring e harge. would pre. ,nl more ""Tiou, eo nee""'. Among nther "
lb i n ~.,

it would give c redence to the criticism that

'he oflice discriminOled againS! nna·Germans 0, i " Lithu. nian, Ukra in ian and Latv;an camp guards) who occup;cd I"w-)e\,o] c" llobor.t;on i,t po, it;on, during the war, n",·er belong ed to Ihe Nazi parry, and lived quiell;ve. ;n the U.S ,11 The D"p."mem of Ju"ice authorized
fil io~

the ease and OSI ""' ilied Rudolph. Faced

with ' he prospe<:l of on imlni ncnt pro,ec ution , he entcred ;nle a wrincn agreemem with the g,,,,emm""t : he wou ld Ie"'e the Vn;tcd States and ,enoullce his citize",hip, The United Sta!¢S "g.......'<i 10 with ho ld ""y o"""unccmcn t o f tne maUer unlil R udolph had d"J"'I1ed. Rudolph in lurn "glced nollo conk,t " leg,tions ln.. , whil.,t Mitldwerk. he p.orticil"'!ed in Ih. pc""",ulio, of unarm ed civil i.n.

NcOU"" of their rac., ,eJig;on, naliona l origin or poli' ical opinion.

OSJ hoped the .greement "'''\lid h.ve an imp""l far beyond the individual cas e. II-'hon <>ther OSI . ubjen, .nd defend""l. see Ih'l,he department i, prep....."j 10 go after some<>ne of Rudolph', Sl.1UIe and imponance (""d presumed official ~co " l\CC l i on s" ), the deplh o f lhe Governme"!', commitment 1 Ihe Nazi 0 pro,,,,,ulion program will become eve, more apparenl to Ihem. lhe fnc 1hat . 1 man of Rudolph's obvious ,opbi,lieal;On and inldlig"nce w... w illing to surrender withoUl a fight cannot fai lt<> make a pow«ful impressi on npon them and 10 incre:>se signif Lcantly the like libood of our Stturi "g similar ",ttlemen!> in othe r cases,

•••
The government' , willin!!",... (wilhoUl any "outside" prodding, moreovet) to publicly . oknowledge - and pu"ish - lhe eompJicil)' in Nazi perse CUl;on ohuch an individual wi ll, I am conv inced. • ig" ificant ly bolsler the p ublic', confidence in lb. imeg ril)' of Ih. JUS1 ice nop""m""!,, Naz i prosecution program," Rudolph wen, to Germany in OC1ol>er I9U and forfeited his U.S. citize nship. When qU'<linncd by the pre", how."." he denied ""y wrongdo ing. He maintained that be "tri.d !o hd p 'he poor forced labo",... 10 ba". ,h.i, condition, i",pro ved" 3lld lhal he reno uncod hi, , iliLenship <>nly to ,,,oid Ih. ""n,al io""li,,,, and co,t oflilig,,,ion in lil:hl of hi, health and age. " Forn,er Cong""""",,,an l tn lrzm a n, eon,,'inc. d of Ihe accu.racy of osr, condusions, a,k.d 'lAS,>, 10 ...." eind the medal ea,lier awarde d Rudol ph. Th. n~"rlCY refused !o do so. " ,' , ,"oOll",.d dsc,,'bere ;n !hi, repan," the We., Ge"".n, did not ;nitially welco me

335

they b<San on in"cSliS'lion of Iheir own (aidcd by maleri al provided by OSJ) to delermine
whc~hcr

Rodotph wu, ,uhjeetlo crim inal pm,eculion for murder, th. only rel",'ant crime nol

barred by their "alUte oflimitat ion,. In the en d. no charse' were filed. and Germany re'lOrN the eilizen, h ip Rudolph had renounc ed when he became a naluralized Unlled SlaleS cilizen." In 1989,
Rud"lp~

wenl 10 lhe U.s. Consulale in Jlamburg, Gennany and applied fot a

vis. to reenter the Vnil<d S,.t... Hi, TOqoe.. was denied . The followin g year, !he Depanmen' of Jost ice kamN thai Rudolph wllS plann ing '0 fly 10 Canad • ." OS! .Icrled lhe Canadian.. who briefl y det.ined Rudolph when he arrived, then ", Ie...,d him on bond pending deport'lion proceeJings. The Case re<:«ived .,kn,i"" publici". in the Un;tN St."" , lIS Rudolph' , c.u.. was Championed by Ohio Congressman Jam.. Tr.lkant, " Rudolph lestifiN al lhe Canadian hearing. claimi ng he had been 'hocked to learn that c,,"cenlralion c.mp inm. tes would be used as • source ofL.bru- at Miudwerk. One day aft... this testimony, a h istorian ., the Smithsonian Inslilulion'. Nalional Air and Space M"sewn nolified OSI Oflwo docoments he had found in (l<,nnany. TIley showed thal Rodolph
\VlIS

nol simply

aware of the use o f slave lal>o=' al Dora; hc had in fael workN to insrilUte that program. TIle first documenl was an April 1943 report , signe d by Rudolph , .Ialing thal he had reecnl ly vis;led . faclory which ulili,..d concenlration c:onp inmates as foreN laborers unde r 55 s u, rd; Rodo lph rec<,mmendN lh3t the same . }"tem be used in lhe rock.. program.
Th~

sc«>nd

" " s rninules ofa June 194 3 meeling O"~nded by RuJolph in which he: w'"' told 10 wnr k \lith the oamp cnmmonJ.nl '0 implonlont ,uch a p",yrarn. " O~l "bI. inod copi•• of bo,h document> and fo",-ard< thcm 10 Ih. Canadian ,ulhori, ie• . Th e CanaJian court conclud ed th.l Rudo lph "calied 'd for, ""de o, e of ' od dil\."te<i " . 101'. labore r> who sulT erOO " indescribably b""al"conJili"ns."

336

Rudolph WaS "nl bac k l<> Gcnnally in 1'192. Shorlly Ih, ,.on, r, he IikJ ' ''il
a~.in"

,he Depart"",nl uf Ju"i"". ' he Allum")' Genera l. fIe <nughllo

'he S""r,'ary of Slat, and four OS I a"orney' who haJ beon invnlved in hi, case,"

hOI'. hi, ,ouleonenl all, ecmon' ",-,einded .nd 10 be gra nled ",.dmission inlo lhe Uniled Stat's. He d'imcd lhallh. g,,,..mmcnl had on isled him in,o believing IIv"l l h.d suffic ient e,jdence to Iile a dena ' uralizal ion , uil whe u iu f.Cl. key witness had acl"ally « c"lpaled h im in a dedaration under oath , His ,ui l wos dismisse d On Ihe Eround Ihal il was barred by lbe doc trin<: of soverei gn immunily-" He filed anothc r 'Uil. 'hi , lime d.imlng tha' he wos "'rongly deoied . vi.. '0 e n,", 'he Uni ted St.te, in 1989 .nd the rig ht 1o enlerC...ad. in 1990, He .sserled also Ihal hi, civil rights had been vlol.led durin g hi. a s / in"rv iew. because ",me of the ~u ..t;on, had been "i ncrim lu" 'ury, imponnissibly sUEge'tive ""d argumenMive~ and he h"" ""1 been advl'ed of his right to . or need fo' , an attorney p rinr to the _ ond interv iew. These cl.ims 100 were rejecled by lhe court, ,orne bee.use lhe.. w..< no ba.<;s for l hem under lhe law and olhers becau ,e ' h<:)' werc b.....d b)' sovereigo immwrily,'" Rudolph died ia Germany in 1996. He was lhe OJlly Paperclip ..ienti'l pro"""u,,,,, by OSI ," His

c'''' raise' the Gu"ti,," of "hether persons involved in pers«ut;on on behalf ofl he
.~m,d

Nat'!s can c"er "-<pl.'e lheir pasl. Po"ick BU'hanon. oft.n "" OS! «;1;<," believed thai ,he con tribution' Rudplph mode 10 t he l 'n iled SIOIes 'rae' pmgrom him lhe right 1 "'main in o

' he ",untty." Ray C line. a f"nner De!"'!)· Di",ctor of the CIA. e,p",sse<l a simi lar ,' iew. I am i" d inod '0 thin k he <hould ha"e bee. ",co~nl 'od as hal' lng paid "halne. de bl lo .", iety his World War If aclivi ' ie' J ...rved because o f his " ery delibe,ate dl""rt ,,, ,ontribu'c his sciene"" and technology, which was of greal ~eniu, '0 the Un iled Sial•.' and '0 ,he <Irnlegic defon"" . ofthi. countl')-' in the ttouh l.d I"'riod .f'er W' >rld War JI. " 337

OSI ...., it dilTnenlly.

[D)ecidinllO rern;" fr<:>n> ...,ki1l& Rudolpll' , do:not\nli.alx. simply bee.- of the ....... ~pcrfOlTllC'd lOrOllr llO',n• •• "' ..-Jd, il nn ~ ..1('CIl. _ 1O . <lnccraiat of "'" onemMn of Albcfl EJmtrin, Enrico Fcnni . Niools Bohr. 0lId otler kadiilg scien,i... ,,+.0 R'I:Ide ~ k ... «jwd ly . ubsunlial rontributiofls 10our ...,ion _ bul " 'ho d id so . i'!><f aft'" ~i "l for«<! hy the N""i' 10 k ave Go:nnany Of Iller ""Iuntarily ri,k;n~ their Ii"'" '" ' he inlrodllCtion of Hiller' s racial polkies in Europe,"

fl.,

~ ictimiud by. bnotaI systcmof .... idl ~ ...... .

P-ft- lit 1990, Ilw Aif and SI*. M.......... ofthe

Smim-ialI lmlilubon opened I perrnanc1I o.hibit on \/-2 _ kets.

c..e of Ihc exhibit ponds

CO"",,lfaIion camp pn-.<n buih \/-2. unda unbearably honh W<)flcinl co ndition s. Thou.<ands peri.....d in the pooc. ...

'"

1. Aug. 30, 1946 Memo rand um for the Pre' idem Irom AC1ing Se«.tary of Slote Denn AeheSOll, re "Interim [xploitutinn "fOem,"" and American Spedulist' in the Unite<! Slates,n along with Enclo, ure. App. A, Anne, to ApI'. A 8JId ApI'. B. Operut;on P,perdip wa, approved by Pre,ident Truman On Scpt. 3, 1946 2. The percenl"l!e o f Jew, al Mindwe,k wa, ", I. tively low, 3. IIi. "Stotement of Personallli't"ry" (date unk,no,,"n) e",laiot<! why he had joined the NOl.i pany. II, he saw it, the vast unen,plu}ment in Germany caused. p,olif,mion of ,oc;on' t and cummuni'" partie, ", hich could toke cootTul o f the governmem. He joine<! the Nni pany "to help, I believed, in lhe preservalion of Ihe ",e,tem eulture." 4. Feb. 28, 1949 memorandum from Peylu n Ford, The Assi'tantto the Anomey General to Commis, ione" Immigration and Naturalization'" "G erman Scienti'" Program lmmigration of IIrthur Loui, Hugo Rudol ph." (The po,;tion ofDepul)l Anomey General, the current numbe r 1WO po,ition, was not o fficiutly establi'he<! until 1 9 ~O. Prior 10 then, lhe Assi'tantlO the Al1omeyGen.ral wa' ,""ond in command.)

S, Jean Michel , Doro: The Nazi Concentration Camp WII. ... ModemSpo<;. Technology War Born and JO.OOO Prisoners Di. d (1Io lt, Rinehan & WinSlon); Frederick I. Ordway, The Roeu r r cam from rhe V·l lo the Sorum Moon Rocket _ Th. Insld. Story ofHow "Smoll Group of Engin.." Chang.d World History (Tho mas Y. Crowell).
6. The pi~lure "'-11$ listed os coming fmm the perwnal co lleclion of W<:mer von BnlUII who came to ' he United Stul" "" part of Operation r . pen:lip in 1945. Von Braun went on to become Ihe firs! DiredOT of lbe ",....hull Space Flight Center, servillJl f,om 1960 10 1910. lie died in 1977, hefo", OSI", foundi ng. 7, Geneva Convention, ch. 3, An. 31. 8. One of tll<; dd cn d.nls. George Riekbey, had come 1" tho U ,$_under Ope""ion Paperclip. He wa., urrc"ed in Ohi" and ",nt had : to Gennany 1 fu« ,rial. Fifteen of the dcf. ndWlls ",e", 0 convi"loci ur , ·uri"lJS crime.; Rickhc-y w'" une of the four .cquiuoo. 9. June 2, 1947 inte...·iew of Rudolph b)' Moj. Eogene Smi lh o f the U.S. Anny Air Fo rce, p. 22, 10. Apr. 21, 1983 Pro secution Memor~"dum 10 DAAG Richard from D irector Sher. I I , OSI ,lid not ' ecnmmend chnr~ i"g RU<lol ph with either mi"epr"cnlntin n o r cIltll...almcnl, Jlthough mu,t OSI en'" at Ih", time had one or bOlh as pan of the filing, The office did not wanl to givc RUdolph" '"Irlahle i" ue" as 10 "'"Clher the government ""as ",,"ore, prior 10 hi' ent,,·, of his "artimc ocli"ili"" P""""'ution n", mu,nnclum, PI', 1-8.

12. Set p, 533.

J3\1

13. Dec. 2, 1983 memo to DAAG Richard from D ir<:<.·tor Sh er '" "Agre<:mcnl in Rudolph Ca"e ," 14 , "Ex_!':",,-i Denie. Role in lkaths of Sla ve Lubor...," by Jam,," Mark ham, The Ne", York Tim.s, 0<1. 21, 1984. See ulso, " 'Co<:,ced' to Leavo U.S" Moon Roc kel De. ign..- Says," by Uli Schmet,e" The Ch i<-ugo Tribm'I!, 0<1. 22. 1984. I)i = tor Sh"" ""ponded 10 the Chirngo Tribune anide ;n a letter to lhe ed itor, pri nled on Nov. IS, 1984, IS. "" ASA Refuse, to Rescin d Award," The W""hinglO" P,m, Feb. 12, 1985.

16. S.. pp. 432·433.
17. In order 10 prove murder, Gennany wo uld h..'e 10 e'labli,h "hase mOl i,'e" • a menlal , late (.uch as racia l halled) al lhe lime of lhe oIT en... Gonnany lacked proofl hat Rudolph had know ledge o flhe ex"'u ,ions beforehand. July 30, 1990 memorandum to Rosenbaum from Peler Blac k, Chief Hislori ..... O SI te "West German Inve" iga,inn of Anbur L.H. Rudolph." 18 . The Departmen(', om~ of Poblic Affairs rece ived an i"'luiry from a reponer a l>ool a p lan by R udolph to travel 10 Cana da 10 mee ' with Congre,smen Jam", Tralk anl. JlUle 29, 1990 memo from Director She r 1 DAAG Ric hard re " Po,sible Allempt by Anbur Rud olph to Enler 0 USA." OSI believed the motlv. ,ion fo, Rudolph's hip Was to gain entry into !he Unit e<! St O les. June 1990 l<'I1er from Deputy Di",cto' ROknboum to SUpI. Donald Maas. and Ins pecl or Robert G<>guen, RCM? War C rime. lnv e"lgotioo Seelioo. O1htrs $OW it as Rudolph , ... king . plolfonn to make hi, c.... befo", the ClIlIad;ans, with lhe hope o f affectlog Am orican pol itlelllllS IIlId public opinion. "War-erime Charge. Haunt Scienti": by John F. Bums, The Ne", York Times, Aug. 6, 1990.

19. Se. e.g., "War-Crime Charges Honnl Sci"ntist," SUpTa, n. I a; " Congre ' :IJJlan Take. Up C.... of Sciem; st Arcu..d of Nazi B"'lolity." Th. Jls, o cio rtd Pr. ss, May 2, 1990; ~Re p"' ..nlative
Jame. Tralieanl, ~ a profile on lbe CBS news mag""-in. 60 Mi""res, N ov. 11, 1990; "Ohio Conl!f""man Say, U.S. P~..ured German Scien tist to Leave Country," JlP, May 1, 1990; "Congre':IJJlan Defends Bid by Scienti" for C il i2enship,~ by Paul Moloney. ThI! Toro,,/o Sla,. July 5, 1990; "Scient;'l Accused of War C rimes Pese",es l1earing.~ by John Bon fatti, AP, Ju ly 5, 1990; ·'T, ofi<anll mplo re. Rodolph to Rerum." Tho Huntsville News, May 14, 1990. At . dinner honori ng Rudolph, Trafiea"t opined that ", powerful Jewish lobby " had pre>sured ,he J",tl<e I).,panmeul to deport Rudo lph. '~ Polye"er Cowboy' Defend, O ld N07';." A", ,,'l" '" Pol'/ical !',.",..,/c. /n<:.. May 16, 1990, Trafieanl beheve d lhal Rudolph le ll lhe U.S. only bee.use OSI plol·ed on hi, III he. lth ood hi. fear o f lo"ing hi, NASA reti",ment benefi lS. "Tral,'an' Support, Rudolph,"' by Mike Paludan, Tit< /lummll. Ti", es, May 13, 1990. Trafie",,", oppos;lion 10 OS I is dlscu"ed funhe ron pp, 160,543,553, oole, 56-58.

20. Aug. 3, 199(1 memorandum from Rosenbaum 10 the Rudolph file re "Documems on Rodolph Found .t Frciburg by Dr. M ichael "eufeld," The d""umeolS, as cata logued in Freibw-g, are
RH8/v 12 10, pp. 105· 06, 136· 37.

3~O

21. R,,,lolph ". ,Wnister "jE mpl","'em "",J Im",ilt'oli" n, Fe<leral Cout! o f Appeal, On."'a. Can.d•• No. A-403 _91 (May 1, (992), p.l. Th e nn<lm ey's we.. li lian Ryan, Neal Sher, Eli Ro,"nb.um and Bru~ Einhorn, Th e firs' Ihree ~ '{)ndu<'led Ihe i" ili.1 OSI i " [~'f"\·i.w of Rudolph: Sher and Rosenbaum did ,he .,;wnd
~2.

23. Rlld"lp"" US. lJ,.'p 'l "/ J","ice, ,., 'II., No. C 92·20 116 J W G'l.D, C A. Feb. 10, (993 ) 24, N".lo/ph v. US Dep', Qj Ju"ice." " I. , No. C 94-204 11 JW (N.D,CA., Apr, 12. (995 ).
pm<ecute d, ei'he r becaust,h. go..mm.m lacked 'uffieien' 25 , Others w.'" in....'tig3'.d bu, .vidence . 'he m.n were '00 ill. 0' th.y died before OS[ ', in...."igalion was complete. AAcr Ihe Rudo lph c.se. and likely a, a con'<'<luone< of i', none of Ih. roc ket .d.n,i". wou ld . "bmil '0 an inle"'iew with OSJ. [n 1993, the WJC b rought public p re"ure ' 0 b<., on Obio Sta l. IJni vcrsily and Brooks Air Force Base in San Anlo nio. each of which had honored Hubelfll$ S'rughold, a Paperdip ",ie"'i" who hod been a Icad..- in ,he field of aero,pac<: mcJicioc. (S lrughn\d died in 1987.) As a ,e, ull of the W JC prc"u",. Ohio Sla'e r.moved reference 1 Slrughold from a stair;ed gl... 0 mur.1eommemonl!; ng lead"" in lhe history o f medicine. "Alleged N""j '. Name on l ibrary S' ir< PrOIC$' ." by M.,k Smi'h. The Houston Chronid e, 0<;1. 29, 1993. In 1995, after Ai' Force prt'ooncl re.ie",ed material al O S!. ,he Slrughold Aeromedical l ibmry " Brooks Air Force Base was renamed , " Name of Scienli" :-lixed from Library Due to Nazi Past," by Ali... Kaplan, JrA, Oct 6, 1995 , Ele"cn ytll1' la,er, pressure from the AOl led the New Me 'ieo M useum of Space l[istoly to , . mo•• SlrughOld' Snam e from il$ llali of Fame. "Fo nner Nazi Remowd from Space Hall of Fame," Th. SonJo> Mereury New., May 18, 2006. ' In 200 3. lh. Space Medi cin. B"",eh of the A.""paee M.dical Ass""i.,io n conrac,ed OS I about Slrughold. The """", ia[ion aW lllJed . pri"" in hi' uamc and h. d , ccently been asked ren.me the a ward. In o,de r 10 "" .Iuole the request, th~'Y wanled accura,e informa' io n abolJl Stroghold '. past OS[ advi ...'<Ilhal Srrughold had been the ,ubject of "a prom is ing in••" igal;nn in Ihe ••rly 1980, had to be len ninuted after ;, leam ed 1IIal he was no longer rnenrally and physically ""mpelenl '" The ba' is of the io"esriga'ion was Slrog""ld 's ,pparenl support of ' he infamous Di>ch. u .,perimenlS, in""I' ing immer<ion of Ii". subj eclS imo f,«zin g wat., for 0 prolonged periods, Many of the subjects d ied. Mar. 23. 2004 leiter 1 Dr. Denise Baisden from OSI ChiefHi"ori.n EH,.beth While. A, of Ihis " Tiling, Ine prize is "i ll awarded in Srrughold's name,

no,

'0

,h.,

"'lIS

26.
2 7.

Se. e,g,. pp. 95. n ,I.
"or )o;""i,

I 74. n. 46,

~n

279·2 81. 378, 552, nole, 47 . nd 53.

and NASA : The Co," of IInhur Rudolph:' C"" sFi,,, July 11 , 19?O.

28, ABC Ne"'. Nigl" li'"" (kl. 18, 1984. 29. Prosce ulion
~fenIOrond"m.

p. 4 5.

341

T « hori m Snoh.oko v - The Viot;m of Vigil.n le. rhc SloryofT,d,crim S<><>bmkov w.... ,u lIlISed with intrigue from lbc stan , 11>ore were "lIo£.tio", thai he w.s. N""j murderer" CIA " per. l;ve and a white coilar criminal Allhough

lIOne of Ihe charges w.s ever tesled in conn, SOtlbzokov w.... killed. apparently by somenne who bd ieved lhe Na.i alleg alion. 10 Ix lrue. Soobzokov was lhe on ly 051 defendanl from Cireassia, then an lsl.mie region Offhe SO" iet Union I:>e".'een the £!lad and Caspian SCM.' He worked with lhe CIA duri ng lhe 1950.. In 1955 he was adm;ned to the U.S. under Ille NA from Amman, Jordan . Acconling 10 the Agency, il had no involvemenl in hi. obtaining a vi.... ' Six ye New JetsI!'Y wh fter he.migrated, Soobzokov b<came " U.S. ei,ittn. He settled in p.terson, , he became . eti"" in Dem""r.t;c party politic! and was • cootrovetsiallcader

in the 1"".1 e ire ,i"" community, In lhe 1960.. !le"eral members of thaI commun ity urged rNS
to re.iew his activilies both before and .Rer he enlere<! the oountty. INS fOUJ1d no basis for

action.' In 1912, one ofSoobzokov', political riv.ls reponed him to lbe Soci. 1Security ....dmjnistr.tion. lJe d . imed th.l Soobwkov was prescnling fraudu lent blnh cenifkal.. 10 Ille S""ial S""nrity Admlniw.tion and bribing someone in the bureaucracy to ae«pllhe documents in onler to obtain gO"e mmenl subsidie, for membets oflhe Cire....sian comm onity. Whil. looking imo lhe charg"" . lhe Sodal S<:curity in"""lgalo r heard rumors lh.l Soobrokov had been In the SS and WM in,oh cd in the kilting "f lhr~e So,·iet "ffiei.l. during W"rld War lJ. The i""eslig"'or requested infoml. lion from lhe Berlin D"'-'umcnl Cenler (BDe),. repo,ilory of personnel "nd mcml>.o"hip record, of Ihe l'azl party and its offiliuled o,gon;za l;onS. lie ' eceive<!

a ro, t.. 'howing 'hal firs, li.utenont Soob:wkov h.d ',",,"ferred frum. fur<ign army into ,h. WalT.n 5 S in Ja nuary 194 5,' A cov.,. r.".,. frum ,n. Di,,,,tor of 1M DOC said thal whil . the... wer< no olher r"'ord' aboul Soobz okov, she "as,umed/' "based on similar eases," th.t Soobl okov ltansfe rred from . group 'hal had work.d .iln.r w ith SS parli'an-hua,ing uailS or 5S mobile killing unilS.' The investigalor pas , ed lhi' info rm"'io n .Iong '0 INS. In 1974. when the Justi"" J)epartmen, rele..'Ied its list o f 3 7 individual, unde r inve stig.lion for .n.ged war crim.... Soobrokov' . name was among Ihem.' Reacting to p re.,ure fTOm Cong",.,,,,,,man lJollztn an and ·....arious individua ls and groups in New York including B'na; B'rith," INS ordered a full-,cale and comprehensive
M

invest iga,ion."' Soobzo kov g.ve • sworn st.lemem. ou,lining hi. wart ime activili.s. lie c1.imed 'Ilal . Il. r Ihe German. had ovctnln his home town. he performed cierie.1dUlie. for the local c hief of police (who was under German su pe",i,ion) and th.n joined a German mili,ary ""i' in order '0 ligh, the Rus, ian,. He denied knowledge of any Nitti e xecu tion squ.ds and claimed he h3d dt1lened aller a few momhs. IIi. assened goal was ' 0 a""lst a group of Ci"'''''ian refugees uyi ng'o . ... pc from both ,h. Geman. and the Rus,i .... . H. explained ,hat I Cire""i"" g.n.ral fighlinl! in an 55 uni' oga'ns' the Soviet.. prov ided him with an SS unifonn and listed him as a member Oflh. unil. Soobzokov ,.id ,h. llhi. enabl.d him to ,,"vel more readily in NIttio"'np ied t.mtnT)'. He denied 'aking pan in any d u,ies nr "",ignmcnt5 for ,he SS . Whi le a<knowledgiug Ihat he had nol revea led hi. full baekJITlund On hi, "i", appl ie.tion (he had no, mentioned any 55 affili.lion), he said th" "[ ,]he oor=:1 iufom' . ' io n

w gi"en 10 another ""

gov<mm<nt age ncy and I do not unders1and why they have ""1""me forward." INS in,cr"iewed members of the New Je" . y Cire....i"" eommlUliry. ' The results w~re

'"

,mbiguuWi_ i' bec<"ning mOre and mOre inVQI.ed in lhe ;n,emal feud o ftbe Cim,ssi"" Co mmunity of " bieb [bla nked o ut nam~l and Soob,oko . are Iheleaden. Each childish .elion lake n by one ' ide i' ",pealed by lhe olhe, a nd tlten so me son of inform a'ion i' fon '-arded 10 lhis Service so lhal " . heeome invoI.ed. hi' becomIng more , nd mo.. diffi cuil lu m,,;ntaln any type of d ignity '0 'his ;n'·eslig'lion because ' hose members <)f ,he community "Ito TOfu"" to beoome in" ol. ed look upon Wi as pawns oflhe Ie, de", and . h Ull OUl inqui, ie, ' In M""'h 1976, INS 'nnounced 'ha' i' was dropping the in• • sligalion,,. n was officia lly do'ed in Jan uary 1917." Ironically, tha' ,ame mOnlh , the bestseller WO~led! The Seorch for
S u: iS i~ Amer;co was published. While allegillll Ihal lite.. we.. dozen' of""" criminals in the
[ TJ b~ S~n' ic e

oountry, Ihe book f""used on foUl, one of whom wll$ SoobzokO\'. According '0 author Howard Blum, Soobzoko . se n'ed as a firsl lieu lenant in . mobi le killing un;l ' hal had participated in ,he murd er o f 1,400,000 Jews on ihe Eas'crn front , llu! book also ,ccWied Soob zoku. of cri minal aCli"ity in lhe United Slnles, specifica lly the Social So< tlri ty seam oU11ined above. Blum , uggcsted ' hal Soobzok".' . polilica l .,,"n ce,ion, were proteOling him from pro,eculion, A ller the boo k wa, pUbli ,hed, the Jewish Defense l eague (lDl), . mili,a nt o rga ni"'lion who,. molto was «N..,,, A ~,in>~
l w i ~ pick. l ~

Soobzokov'.

h o m ~.

chanting ~ I:kat h 10 Soob""kov" .nd "No

lrial fur Nazi murderers."" They also pick",~ lhe home o f his altorney," Soolttokov ' gg""" ively fou~ h1 lite al lcg01;ons in the medi. _ fle ol~o r,1~ .., 'eral " low, ,,i,, . goin" person, "',th in' ide Ih.
~o\'cmm.nt

and out The.. included libel .. well as

in" osion of pri"""y doims. Th. pri ," "y , u il "'". di'mi".d; • libel .."i"" against Blum and the

Tho book ,ntd Ih. ott"oda" 1publici,y Jed ' 0 " 'ncwed law cnfor<."mcn , i"le"," in

Snob"l<lkov. 10 May 1977, lhe U.S. Anomey'. Office for lhe Soutllern District of New York opened a criminal investigmion 10 determine whether Soobl.okov had lied 10 INS in his sworn imerview. whether be was in fact involved in a bril>try ..,beme wilb Social Soturity, and whether INS or the S"eial S~"urily Admioistratioo bad improperly thwarted an inye'tigation ," The Slate Department. al the requeSl of ,he USAO. prevai led upon lbe Soviet, (0 get .t.temems from Soviet cili:<en. who
mi~hl

ha", ~rved with Soob:<okov Or known of hi, wart;me activitiC$. The

Soviets forwarded I gJoup of.lll1ements (laken between 1944 and 1978). Some or lhose G"".liooed claimed to have "",n Snoh<okov marder Soviet official, 00 hehalf of !he SS, oth.... 10 have only heard about such crimes; one .aid Soobzo kov had admil1ed the murders 10 him ," To eoumer tllese claims, Soohzokov ,ubmined hi, own SCI of affidavits from persons wbo had known him duriog the war, including <orne oflhe refuge.. he allegedly had helped. "

The SLU

wa3

establisbed a momh after the U.S. Al1omey'S office o!'<'ned ilS criminal

invesligation. In 1979, the U.S, Attorney', Office closed its investigalion and lNS' civil
inv~ ..tigation

passed from tbe SlU to the newly. funned as). Alju'l about this time, I pipe

bomb was left in a cigar box oUlside Soob>:okov "s home. A note allached 10 the dev ice read "n <tddy. You didn't kill enough of them. Have a smo ke on me. Fedor.oko.,," A call.,.10 tbe Associated Pre.. warned that thi, W3S the fim of many 10 be sent "to Nati war criminal. aero", lhe United State."'" OSI ",,-iewed lhe malerial
~athered

by the Social Securily Administratinn, the U.S.

,\nomey' Office and tbe SlU." Th<oe ioeluded the SS reSler. a criminal !teord from tlle U,S.S.R., arid tile So,'io:1 Slalemem" OSI .1<0 ohlained a 1978 deposition 50obzokov had given in tbe libel m ion ,gainsl mum. According (0 thaI deposition. SOOb40kov had told the U,S. Vice
3~5

Cn", ul in A", mon

~bou'

his 5S "'''mbership ""d ; ubmilWl ~ ",n ne" sL e",em uboullhe mane r. "

SOOblOkov claimed lhe m.lIer had been fully ill """ igaled befo,e his vi.. was granted. Since Soobmkov 's INS recoN made"n men'ion ofo sl<1"''''en'lo lhe U ,S, Vice Consul. OSI ask<:d 'he St. te [lepan",e nl to search it' m". for ,h. docome nt. S'a'. fo und no TOr",ence 10 it." 051 aloo co"'.c'ed ,he C IA and learned ' ha' Soobrokov had told the agency aboUl his $ S se rv ice .1 som e poin' after he em igraled and before h. became " cilizen." Allllough ,he ".lemcnts by So viel wil"""" tied Soolr.wkov ,,, po"ible PO:IS<:CU'ory "ctio", _OS l pcIOOnnel had no, "'''I the dcd"""'t' . MOIl-'Il"er, ""'oS! of the bette , circum.,,,,,t;.1 wiu>e.,e. " were dead. Wilhoulte' ling 'he 1Csti mony of the remaining ", imc""s """"",ding to U.S. ,tandaTd, o f due proce.. and . dmi",ib ilily," OS[ "'OR unwilling n' base it' cas< on lMi' claim• ." However, lhe newly-eSlablished office wan ted 10 fi le so me cases quickly ,"
The Soobzol<ov ca,e WOR particularly pressi ng .in" he was ,he o nly ,ubjec t in Blum's

besHelling boo k against ""hom charge, had not }'el been med. " R. ,h.. lIIan ch arging him willi inv oh '<me nt in pcn;C<;urion, 'he go" emmen' focused on hi. f"il ",.

'0di,dose hi' foil mili,ary

and c, ;minal history to the St.tc Depart menl at ,h. time o f hi••i.. application, and to thc [NS when he sought citizen,h ip, OSI fi led c harge, in o..""'moo, 1979, a llcgio~ illegal procureme nt of d tizcnship (in th.t he h.d newr be"n " I. wfully .dmined"' because he had concealed pnti nenl iofo ""a'ion which would likely h.,'e barred hi' entry) a nd mi,rcp"'s<n,a, i"n' in his citizensh ip . pplka rinn. The "" ,"plain, .lso charged tha' Soo bz"k" . lackC<l rhe good mor. 1cha,.,,, 'cr n,'Ce' >aI)' fo' citi, ,,nship; the lack of good moral charac'''' "as ba,cd "n his rni." c pre,entatio n,. The media, In repon ing on lhe case . Sl<1red that Snobokov had "'" ork"d as a U,S. illtelligcnce ,wenl in Jordan in ' he 1950s. WId ma\, ha, e !><'Cn granted a,~'l urn sc",c' ly,'-"

Th"'" monlhs ane r lhe complaim was filed , Soobzo kov submilled 10 051 a copy of . 1952 doc u,nenl (Sl.te f)epanmenl Personal Dala Form V-30) o n whic h he had li" ed . 1I1he jnfo mlat ion lhal,he eo mplainl alleged had been conco.led. Soowokov said he had given the form 10 ' he Consul in Ammon . ,'~ lime he ap plied for a visa. Although O St had not , cen lhis docu menl in S'.le Departmem 0' CtA files befo re lbe case was filed , il asked both . gene;e, lo , cal ch ' bcir f.le. aneW for any .. fcren« o r ,opr ofth. font!. The Slale Dcpartmenl fOlUld nolhing, lhough il nOled lh.l so me Ofi lS records from 1ha1era h. d bee n rouline ly dest royed ."

l1le C tA, however, proouced copies of 'he Fosm V.)O .. well as two o lher relevan l documcnlS.
A ll were S" le Depart ment reco,ds, though none were in lhe Sen. Depart menl', o wn fi le•. OSt had e'amined lhe CtA 'ecords before filing , uil, yet fOund no c<>py ofth i. m.lerial The CIA told D irector R}'an l n.l lhe pro blem st emmed from application of the " h i, d agency rule." Under Ihal doclrine, one agency may nol reveal documents cl. ss ified by another. Th e CIA ",,,,,ned lha' when il made i,. fit. avaitabte to OSl for , eview, il had ranovcd the form V· 30 and , ub, tituled a. m,njla envelope captin ned "Slate
Oepartmenl~

and marked with the date of me

d<>cumen1. Th i. w.. done so ,hal the revi.,.; ng OSlanorney woul d know 10 co n,""l DOS and 'eek diselosure from lhat ageney of lhe missing informat ion, The OSI anoroey wh o had reviewe d lhe CtA m es denied seeing any such e"vetope." Whale ver happened during me fite review, ' he docwnenl' were now part of lhe case, and 0 OSI had 1 dt"lcrmi11C lheir m" henlic;ly .nd im pact l1le o ffice con18e1ed pc.--.on. who had been in Amman atlhe tim e lhe ncwty disco'·ered dncumenl' wore . pparenl ty prepared, Though none coutd rem. mber 'he ,pecifi~ case , lhey did altoS! ,n'1 1he documents were Oflhe lype in usc al the time .." OSI also m;kc '1:llhe I'Bl'o exam ine lhe l)'pe focc on the d""nments; lhey tearned lhat il

'"

was frurn a IYl"'writer manufnc'Ur<d in 'hc mid· 19JOs and cuu ld well have be<on used in Amman Si nce Ihc new informalion indiealed th.t S""\>7-!.>kov had told lhe Slale Dcpanmenl abou l hi.!""'1whcn hc app lied fur a visa. lhe lfi:panmem of JUSlice delermined Ihat il could nol. in g",>d f. ith, pu"ue lhe SS misTepre",nlalion charges. which W't'rc lhe crux of Ihe cu mplain,- Ami Wi lhoul misrcprosentation. the"'" was 110 longer a basi. for lhe lack of mora l character charge. The only charlie, Iell were those involving Ihe unreportcd criminal record. Allhough the Suviet. claimed Soob2'okov had spenl fi vc )'ClIf' in custody,lhe Statule. violated involved hoo ligani,m and arbitrarine" . both crime. u, ed by lhe SO" iets 10 pursue tho' e who oppo""d ,he Co mmunist 'laIC," The Soviel Union wa; unwilling to give dctails aboUl the alleged criminal aclivity . Withoul addilio nal information, Ihe Departmenl Wa' nol willing 10 pur,uc Ihi, charge either, Acco rdingly, in July 1980, the governme nt muved 10 di'miss the complainl, The mulion dtlrliled Ihe e!Tort$ OS) had made 10 "erify its facts bolh before and after lhe ease Wa' flied.'" OSl DireclOr R}'an also issued an extensive " a"ment of explanal;on to Ihe pross, In addilion 10 rev;cw;nl! the sequence of even", he ,ought 10 an'W'" quest ions Ihal he knew would be raise<! by Ih. ca"". Some may find; t ironic lhal wc must 'crm;nate Ihi' litigalion because lhe defendant adm ined hi' affilialion with OTllani'a1; ol1S loyal to the Third Reich. But lhal, ;n my op inion, is 'b" taw, ironic 0' nol, as ;t applie,lo thi, cas<!. . . . The que'l ion mighl well or;, e whelhe' Soub, okov had any independent conneel;on to lhe Central Inlclligco,"" Agency apart fmm Ihe fael thallhe Slate Deranmcnlapporeo,ly fon~a nl«l 10 thaI .gency the inform.lion I h a~ " de.eribed. . . . I am a"arc ,h,t a d,im of,ueh a C OM""lion has been made in lhe public medi• . 1>1)' an,we, 'u ,uch a question i' , imply ' hal I am not at liberty to 'c\"cal any such conne" ;on. ifi l e,;Sls, in this Ca'" 0' in any o,he, case. I will statc whal ;s mo,e to the po;nl' .\-ly decision '0 se<:k di,m;,sal of lhe t omplaint in Ihis casc, or in noy o'her cas" _ and indeed my deci,ion "helhero' nollO insl;tule a p"" ,,,.ding in any ease - ;, enl;,ely independ<:nl 01" wh"lhc' or not an individual

h"" .ny c",neclion wi'h lhe CenlI.] In'elligence Age ."cy 0' any O'her g<>vemmen' . goney. I will . 1'0 51;le Ih.1lhe CIA has not dire,tlyor indi""'tly 50Ught to inn"o, "e lhe deci'ion '0 in' lilu' e this case or 10 '" i,hd",w it. On 'he contrary, ,he CIA h"" be"'n rC 'P'm, i"" '0 lhe rcque, ' , ",e h. ... mode in UUI inve"iga'ion.. I wke ,hi. <><c., ion to ",sla,e wha' has been my delerminatiOll ,ince I came to the Office of Srcci.1 In"cstig" ions in January; a decision 10 file legal proeeed illgs, and necessari ly any d<eision '0 withd' aw p"""",dillgs once lilc'd, will be mad<: un the evidence lUId the law." Ryan wenl 01110 ",y ' hatlhe investig"ion remained open; iflhe llovemment developed ,ufficie nt e,idenee 10 prove Snobrokov hod lak"" part in perset ulion, ' new .otion would bc li led. Soortly ,hcfOaflor, lUI OSJ . rtomcy ' raveled 10 lhe U.S.S.R. to que.tion tho... wi,,,,,,,... who had previously given ,l.lemonts to the So.'ie'.u' horilie'. limi'ed, if any, inform.' ion, and m<:>' l of it
WOli

Th~

he o" oId imerview had

hcan<ay. 111<: mo>l damning inform.tion -

alleged .dmissions of murder made by Snobzo kov - came from an ally of Soobzo kov's rival fo' le. dership of the P',erson Ci",as, ian community. 11I<:rc w... therefore, the possibility of bias. Accordingly, OSI recnmmend,'<!, and the Crimina l Division agreed, 'hat 'he investiga,ion be

closed.'"
The... were v.rying re..c,ion, '0 ,he . bon ed "-'$<', Some we... openly ' kep' ie.1. bout

whelher 'he late, discovered documcots W<;rc genui"", espcd ally since ,he S" le Deportment, appurcntly ' he originOl ing . geDey of ' he documents. had no record of them." Others fO\llld ,he CIA ",pl""' lion plausible." Di, mi". 1of ,he c.se " 'as. tragically, " pyrrhic "ictory for Snohzokov. The Jewish l)efe" "" O,g:rniz'lion (JDOj, a ,plime, of ,he JDL, repealedly c. lled for .-iolene. agai,st him."
0" Augu. '
I~,

1985," week . fler thci, las' ,uch e, honalioo, Sooh•.okov reponed 10the police

' ho' two people in a COl hod tricd '0 run him down. " Hours later, a fife broke out in thc

s""trLokoY car, parked in fronl "fhi. homo , A noighbor "'ont lo al.rt tho family and a bomb oxpl<>Jod a, Soobzokov opened lho door." Sooh,okov "'as fatally injured and died three ",.eks lalOr, Hi, ",ife, da ught., and
t(,ur_~'a r old

grandchild ,uffered injuries in Ihe blast

The J[)() and JL>L b"th denied responsibility. Nonethele,s, the JL>L "appl. od[ed]the ""tion'''' and tho JDO described it as "a righleou:; ac1. ,~ , The FBI ' o.preted lhe PO'l"'I",IOr, " ere also respon,ible for t",o "t~er bombing•." One injured OSI de fendant Flman Sprogis;" th. =nd r. sulled in lhe d"ath of Alexander Odoh. a won coast regional di'''''tor of tli. American-Arab Anti·Discrimination Committe., As of this writing, non. of the.., case. h", been sol"ed,"

""

I . II is today

pan o f {he KarJeh. y-Cherkessi. Repub lic of the « ussi"" Federalion.

2. l uly l~, 1975 Icllcr 10 NS Director from CIA (na me deleted as p'" ofdeclassi fLc. tion proceosj r. ~Y" ur Reque,t for In forma,i" n Dated 3-21-1$ Regarding T" herim Soobzokov."· C IA ", ,,hor;, a,;o n for hi, cOlll i" ued work " 'jlh the Agency was cancelled in Apr. 1%0 based On h i, poor performance during. series o f polygraph exa mina lions. See n. 34. infra.

3. Jone 30, 19 72 mem<>rand"m from Dominick Rinaldi, INS Distric{ Direc{or, Newark. New Jer<cy to INS A" islanl Commission, Im -r" igotions, Central Ollice, re ~Your CO 103 ,\066 of April 19. 1972; k ue r { Senalor Bue kle y ;~ Aug , 26, 1974. Report of Inveslig. lion re o " Soobzokov" ITum INS Inve"iga'Ql James W. Pomeroy.
4 Undaled dral\ p ro,ecotion Memorandum prcpa.-.d by OS! a uo mey Jo,epb Lyncb .

5 . Apr. 11, 1973 lener lo Reuben Pi.., SSA from Mati ld E . Holom any, Direclor, BDC.

6, Membership in a WafTen SS unit ,..... not a disqualif)-i ng fa,,1Or al {he time lIlat SoowA>kov was ..ek ing a visa (lhough i{ had been unde r (he DpA). panici",,{;on in a mob;le killing unit wou ld, bowever, have made h im Inel igible to emigrate { (he Un i,e<! Sla les. o

7. May 31, 19 74 memorandum from A",jng Di.lri", OirC(:{OT. Ne w York, N.-w York to Dislrict
Di,e<tOT. Newark, New Jersey.

8. Aug. 16, 1974 Repon ofln"csligation by INS Invest igalor James Pomeroy.
9 , May 28. 1975 m emO " Undeveloped Leads," by pOm.,oy. 10. "lmmigralion Servi ce lJl'OJ'S Probe of Count)' In,peclor," by De"" Bender, The Mwt/j"g Ne"", (Paterson, NJj, Mar. 26, 1976. I I. Jan. 21, 1917 mcmol1mdorn from INS Regional Dire<tor, EllSIem Divi"; on to Distriot Dir""IOr, New Yori< 12. '"Ex-SS OtTIc,"r Cleared ofW", Activity C horg..: ' The (Ne w )o=y) Sw r _ Lerigor, May 28, 1979. 13. Jone 12. 1978 me",o,.ndum to Soobzokov file from )l.lan'n )l. lende lsoM , SLU Chief.
14. Sff • .g., TIt• .\ lne~e ilfL .h..., Rep''''. "" azi. in Arncr iea,~ Feb. 2. 1971; "'The Trooble " ilh Howard Blum', Wan ted'-' by Ri, h",d Sltinge r, The So"'> WedlyNew,. May 26. 1971.

15. There w" e ><:w rallibel $uia . DofenJan.. in 1"0 libel " lions indude<l Blum, his pu blisher "nd distribul"rs, "- well as ",,'erol SOUrce, 1lamcd in Ihe boo k. A member of {he Cireass;an ' c,, ",mUoily. d<p icted in the book 3S 3 n ""eomplico of Soob>o kov', in {he allege d Sodal S<curily "'am, "Iso ,u,'d. "'S<cond $ui l'o Ber; lcd Over Book:'oy Mark G,briel , The £'.. n;"_~ News : (P" ,"TS" " , ,,1), Feb. 7. 1977
] 51

In a ..parat. libel ~""", Swb7.o kov . ued CBS. a reponer ""d th. producer. writer ""d e,ecutive p",duccr of "Shadows Behind the Golden Door - Eye on NlI:<i. ," a show which ail ed on television in Jan. 1975, long before rho: book WllS publis1l<>d. "Soobzokov File. $5 Million Libel SU;l:' The r"'erson (New Jersey) New. , ~. 13, 1975; "COUllty Aide Sues TV for ' Nari' Li bc l , ~ The !/m>/d-h"e""s (Korth New Jersey), Dec. 19, 1975. lhe pri'·...,y suit was .gainst!!lum, the INS and Social Security in,'e,rigato<s who looked into the allesotion. again.t Soo bwkov, and lIEW, rhen Ihe parenr ogency of the Sucial Security Administra tion , The thru't of rhe privacy low.uit w.. thar the governm ent'. in"". tigarors had vi"lared 1M law by gi ving infonnari"n ."IIe<1ed duri ng their invest igat io ns to the ao rhor. SOdb.okovv. Blum. el. 01, No. 77 Civ. 1750-CLB (S,D.N.Y. 1978). 16. Affidavit of AUSA Jeny Siege l, liled inSoohzokDvv. Blum, el aI., No. 1927177 (Sop. a . C"onry of N....u). S• • also, "U.S. Jury P,obing Auoc;ty Chargt$," by Nad ine Joseph, TI" Bagen (NJ) Record, Mar. 6, 1978; "Jer~an DoWllplay. Nazi Probe ,~ by Herb Jaffe. The Sunday Sror·/.edger (Newark. NJ), Mar. 12, 1978; "Time Running Our for Jury in Probe of Nazi Suspc<: r , ~ by Herb Jaffe, Th. Sld,_udger, Sept. I I , 1978.
17. Se. Mar. 29. 1978 lell er from Soolr~okov ', anurney to AUSA Siegel as well as Nov . 21, 1980 memo from OSI anomey Richard Sullivan ro Ryan rc "Soobzokov lnvesrigs ri" n" (1\eTeofier Sullivan memu). These rwo dncument ' OUlii "" much of lhe ev idence aga ins! Soobzokov and lell how an d whe n il was collected.
I ~.

Mar , 29, 1978 Iener from Soobwkov attnmey Michael Dennis In AUSA Siegel.

19. In another example of the p"tJ"'lnl1or'. siok humnr, the return add""... on rho: env<1ope WJIj; Karl Linna .. againS! whom OSI filed eharge. seve ral month. larer. Linnas WJIj; never a ' o.pecl in t~e pipe bomb Ing. June 14, 1979 FBl reletype from Washington Field Office to FBI Direcror. 20. "E x-Nazi GelS Parcel Bumb in Patcrso n,MThe Sunday S{or_Ledger, Jun. 3, 1979; "Bumb Likely Planted by Prof....ional, .. TM Record (Non hem New Jersey), Aug. 16, 1985. Sonb-zokov oalled the po lice when h. saw rhe M" . l1Iey , emoved rhe dev i.., an d detonated it at a firing ran ge. 21. Be:c au'. of stalUlory re.trieri"n.. ,he J.:SAO could 1101 sbare any llrand j ury marerial. 22. July 27. 1979 loner ro DOS Vi.. omee from OSI aHomey Jo, eph L}'och, 2]. L'nd" led dm fi pro;ceu, inn memurandum prepared by OSI al10mey Joseph l yncb (hereafle' Lyn"h memo), O nly a Jraft uf lhe pro:;ccut iun menLor""Jun, remains in rh. file. and Joe L}·noh has ' inee died , It is lherd o re nul dear "hOI informat ion wa, in Ihe final "e",inn which 'he AAG ",",'iew"" before aat hori.ing the filing.

352

25, Apr. 24, 2003 recorded i,,'erview wi'll Ricllanl Sullivan, (In OSI a"omey frcm J979- 1983, who be<:ame im' ulved in 'he Soob, oko\' ea"" afler 1,IIad bo.'Cn filed; 0<:1. 6, 2000 recorded imerview wi,h AT Ryan. who joined 051 a monll1 after ll1e ease W<lS filed. J,on 26. Tile other three fcatur<.-d ,uhjeclS w"re John Demjanjuk (against whom charges were filed;n 1977); Vak rian Tr ifa ( 1975) and ..\ ndrija Arlokovie ( 1YS I).

a,,!li"l:fo" Post, Dec. 6, J979; Set <1150, ~Od yssey of a Nui 27. " Alleged Nui Charged." The W Co llabonnor," by Charles R. Allen, Jr., ) .,ds" C U'N"I.f, Dee. 1977, puhlished a year befo re 'he ea"" was filed.
28. June 26, 1980 lener ' 0 L}'I1Ch frum Fraok Madak, DOS Infonn a, ion & Pri''&CY Coordinator, Foreign Affairs Infonnalion Managemenl Cenler. 29. Apr. 9. 1980 memo from Ryan 10 DAAG Richard re "Rev iew o f ClA Files." 30, 051 also found the seererary who had wwk<d a"he Emoo. sy io Amman. However, she was no looger menlally ""mpclenl. 31. The &lvi et Crimin.il Code den""d hooliganism.., mischievous acls ""companied by m...ife.. d isrespec, for "",ie1)'; arb;,rariness was wilful exereising ou"ide of <slabll,hed au,hori'y by any perwn of his . elu.1or assumed righl e.lled In,o question by anolher person. 32. In one respec'the motion mi"lal,d ,he f.el>. The movi ng papers as,mOO lho, pn_filing cheeks v.i,h 'he F BI and CIA revealed no ;ofonnolion .bou' Soohtoknv hoviog:l<:rved with the Walfen 55, lhe local pollee ," Ihe NOrlhern Caucas ian L<:gion, In f.c1,as forth in ,he drall p,o""cutl"" memoTlUldum, OSIl<Jlew Ibat Soob~oko ~ had a,hlsed the CIA ofhis SS oOlUleetlon after he arrived io ,he Uoiled 5t.t.s. The com plaint, however, was based on hi, failure to nolify the Slat. Dopanment '" INS

se,

33. R)'''' statemen" issued July 9, 1980. 34 Solliv" " memo, supra, n. 17; Dec. 3, 1980 memo 10 Sullivan from Director Ryan re Soobzoko v Jo\'e$' i~", io n; aod Dec. ;0, 1980 memo from RJ'an 10 DAAG Richard re Tsche rim Soohtoknv. In 2004. pursuant to til. ~ui War Crimes Disd o$\lre Act. ,he CL" declassified vari ou. d""u",.'n" co ncerning 5""b",kov. One discussed a se, ies of polygraph "amination, given to him b)· ,he ,iI<;eney in 1953, J956. 1957 and 1959 , Um i, led (due '0 redaction for J ed.s'; fic.t ioo) mem" han<! JU'eJ ,\pr, 1960 (though in fact Inat d. te must be elToneous since the J ocument reference. ;ocide.ts of a later d.te.) In all, Soolrl o kov was polygraphed b) ' the .'\goney , e\'Co times. each of Ihem Incond llsl,·e ' ooord ing '0 • July 19. J974 CIA document (untilled Jue to redatl lon prior to drd as, iflCalion) re Soob7 .okov. In ,h. 1957 polj'<;",-ph, he odminc'd g ivi"g r.lse informalio" 10 the American Co n,ulate in JurJ an "I"," seeking emigrat•. The rep'''' did nol ' p',ei fy ",hat info rmalio n was false, In 1958, Iw ae~nowkJ~cJ heing i. oharge " f an .'~ee ",io n "Iuad which killed . 50.'1<1 p.n isan.

'0

J~3

(The pol)'t\...pher conch,de<! thal Soohzoko" .....as an ~i ncorrigi bl. fabricalor.~) 1':otoo in OSI'. file. from one of Ihe anomey. " " ,k ing on the case indicale lhal OS I ....... a.....are ofaillhe po lygraph•. Howe,..,., rno<l anli,p.ni.an aclivity. eve n if it tose to lhe level of. war crime , wou ld not rome onder lhe 1l01IZman amendment. There...., ox<Cplioo$ ho....."".', e.g. , if a parti"", had b<en killed simpl y bee.u"" he w... Je",;,h A' Of lhi. "'Tiling, OSl i, una"'...., of evidence lh.n Jews were .til1 in lhe area when Soolnoc ov claim, 10 have been acl ive. OS! believe, ,hal the evidence to date wou ld not establish that Soobwcov pan ic;pated ;n crime. again'l Je....... Feb. 10, 2006 di,cussion with Director Rosen baum. 35. Congr.ss.....oman Hollnnan vni<od 'kepticism. "CIA 1952 File. Save Ex-Nazi in Deportation Case; B1o,hing Pro><.uln~ Withdraw Suilt by Tho mas O'Toole, The Wo.<hinglOn Post, July 10, 1980, So did Bruce Einhorn, form er Deputy Directo' ofOSI. Recorded interview, Oct. 2, 2001 . However, it ,hould be nnled lhal OS] has neve, come acros •• V-3IJ form in any s",.. Depanment case file lhrooghoul lhe Y""'"". Thi$ soUest, the po<$ibility lhat lhese forms .....e'" 001 typically made pan of the p<rmanonl r<:cord, 36. Mar k Richard wu in ,he lane r camp. [ don'l wanl 10 sound like an apologisl fo, the inlelligence commonity. but especially in the early 80., their file S}'51em .....as so rudimentary in lerm. of lheir ability to telrieve dOCumenl$, lhal il was problematic at any given point \hat you had .Ccess to all documents on HIly gi"en subject, notwith,tunding thai il was lhei, in'ention. I have seen in the criminal area, the Agency jusl throwing up thei, hands at lhei, inability '0 know whallhey even had. The", were so many differenl syslem. of records. If you didn'l think 10 quety a differenl componen\, ao One .....ould lhink of il. Recorded interview, Apr. 18, 2001. Richard Sulli van, who worked al lhe CIA aller leaving OSI, was in full """",mOnl with lhi. view. He notc"<l,h., ,he: rn.lkJ' arose in p'e",mpulC' da}'s and ,h.t when the agency was . " . hlishcd in 1947, il pulled logether lii.s frum variou. organizalions around 1he world. H. reca lkd ,.o;ng "pile. and '1acb~ of docum enlli which no one had e~amined, Recorded in.....·i....... Apr. 24, 2003. Allan R}'an lao wa, nol skepl;cal about the tum nf e"eol5: "The fact that SOme consular me from Amman . Jordan;n Ihe ear ly SO• . .. w.. nolable to be .. ~,sembled fiom Stale o.:pan mcnl filt$ in 1980 dO<'Srl" Slrike m. as particular ly O"usual .~ Re<XIrded inlervie...... ~lay 7, 2003. ;7 , "'JDL Assassin. ofTsehcrim Soo bwkov " re Still June 16, 1986.
~t

Large in NJ, ~ "'ew J,,,,;ey Proseoutor,

38. "'b · t<;azj LO$<'s Foo t as lk>mb Rip, Home."' .vew l'ork POSI, Aug, 16. 1985.

3.\~

39. "MIIl1 Acc" sod "" Na.zi r " ' loju,,,d b)' 1Iomb;n Jcmy," by Ralph Blumeothal, YorA Tjrne•• Aug. 16, 1985. 40. "f o rmer ;>lu i Critically' Injured by nomb at Pal""on I lomo," S"" L'dger, AU8' 16. 1985.

n.. /I'ew

1»' Edna na ilt)', The Ne work

4 1. "MIIl1 Acc" sed On Na>.i I'a't, Inju..d by Bomb in Jersey," s"Pro , n 39. 42. "Offic ial Sal'S F.B-I. lias S",p«:1s in mam I.aid t" Ew emist J",,~," by Slephen Engelberg. 1M New YOFA Tim••, July 17, 1986.

43. See p. 527.
44. A macab.. f"ommelO Ihe Soobwkov "Of}' surfaced two years after his dealn when tne New YorA Past ran a nine _page di.play of wan;me phol08raphs alle8edly found in a Pa..,son garbagc heap 1!tree blocks f,o m Ihe Soob,.okov horne. The new'paper admined paying $5,000 for!he pict".... which , howed hanged parl;'''''' and row" as well as image. or llitier, M ussolin; and Goering on tlte EllS",m front. The pio,ur.. ""'''' found in th" back ofo stamp album and one of Soohw kov'. neighbor. IOld th" newspap<r that Soobzokov had been an avid stamp ooll""lOr. Based on 'hi' , as well as tho fact ,hal .o m. orth. piC1u....ppearod 10 haye 1>0<0 rakon in SOOb20kov', nat;'.. Ca""..us ..gion, lh" newspaper concludod lhal ... mass of c;"'um"am iaJ evid.nco" iodicat.d th. phOl0' belongod 10 Soob.okov. They drew this conclu,ion d• .<]>i,.,h. fO<t <h., ,h. Soob,.okov fam ily had m"".d from the are••bonly oIler tho bombing, M lbwn of A Evil," New YorAPost. Aug. 24. 1987, AlthoUgh .Xp<rlS beH.ved th. phol0' w. .. ~uine. 11>= wa. no eviden•• about who placed lhem in the garbag. OJ" how thot po""'n obtainod them Non"".te... tbe teade r Oflhe JDO , aid "It looks lik" hislOly'. proven us right,M " War Photo. fo und io Tr..h," by L.sJie Berg"" n.. Berge" Record, AUi- 25. 19S7.

J5S

T h. Bda ru . CGn' pir ' Q _ S.o sa tiGo. li. m ,.•. R. ali ly

~owmm~nt

co nspinocy lu inl~nl i"nally. b,u ," "'.rtl}'. admit 1 1Iinn. "f l'llli m u criminal, inlo lhe .

l 'nit. d SI"." l." flu. · cbim•• ",j"lod by hiS1nnan, as ..... 011.. by Ihc:: GAO. ha~e ro"used on
cmi ~rC'

from flc lorus.

R.laNS (funn ''l'ly Blelo",.,; . u. I,Vhile Russi. ) has a turtured hi'lory oflw.nli<1b c.ntury , ,,bjulla' ion. Th••0000try ....... par1ilionod by P"lalld and the U.S.s.R.•ller lhe Ru>s<>·I'o Ii.h War (19 19-1921), 'The portion laken by the So~ielS became the Bl . lo",..;"" Soviet S""ialiSi Ropublic (B ,S.S,R.),

'The Muloto v. Ribbcntml' Pact of Augu$! 1939 I'fovide<l for the division of Pol and
b.lween G.rmany and the U.S.S.R. in the evem of war, 'The following mo n,h both Germany and th. Sovi.l Unio n invaded Poland. The So,'io.. formally annex.d portioll5 of the former Poli,h lcrritury into the B,S.S ,R. and Ukraine. Two ycars 10ler, Germany invaded tho U.S.S .R. and ,"",,,pied By.lorussia, installing Nazi ,ym pathize.. in govemmenl poSl. . In 1944, ,he Sovi. .. " liberated" lhe "",a and rein'Ullied i, ... Soviet republic. Wi,h the collapse or th. Sovier Union. the indcJl"'n<lcnt S"'1C of Ilelaru> ....... e...bli.hod in 1991. Th. ra'" nf By.lornssian Nazi ,"QII.bo.. lo rs becam• • ma" er of abidinll iol.....t l<l loft us "hen hejuin.d OSI ;hurlly a fter it. ru uudin~.' In F.bruary 1980, he "'lole a memo stating thaI appfu,im""I,' ~o of lh. top 100 1\01i c"lI.bural"" in ll)'clurussi.......re inth. linitN S'.'e,. fle

cahin<11. ...1rook and .Me, Pre, idents, Vice ...... id. ,,". S.natu.... Governors (hn1h oivilio" ond military). Amoo"ado,". Edi 'o r< in Chi.r. Arm)' and Puli.e Commander<. Cnbin<:1 ~',fCWJ}' [,ie] and lh. ir Div\,ion l lcad, . and ol he,

luminaries of ,h. Nazi "'gimc:.' Lo n u. lo ld then OSI Oqru ty D i,..,.lor Ryan Ih" the: U.S. inlel lig. nce eomm unity h:>d koowi ngly d.fied im"';IlI.l ion I..... to make Ihi. "hu l...I. emi~ralion po..ibl•. ""c ord; ng 10 Loftu•. was 1 h,," lhe 0
B~'eloru ..ians ~

mOlive.

"",i",he inlellig."". co mm unity in an li·

,-ommuni'l ac';vi,;... w n u. e'on '"~ ~O'led ,hal Rona ld R.agan (who h:>d be." an lie"" d urinl lh. ",Ievanl ~ars) had be." involved in the con.piracy.' In Oc1ober 1980, Ryan senl a memorandum (drafled by Loflu.) 10 the AlIomcy General .bou'lh. ·'Bd "",. Proje<:l." Al,hough OSI did nOl rou,ine ly ap prise lh. AlIOmcy General o f nun..... under in" ' S1iplion, Ryan did
50

in this ..... partly because R.agan was th. n a

pr• • idenlialcand idate, " I dido', waIIl any accu'al;oo!hal "" were Uying to co" . r thiogs up or save Reag an a mooth before ,he el« lion. . . . I al", "'llIll. d . xpand.d re",urc.s for thi, iovestig..ioo."
l1Ie memorandum detail.d wftus' lhc>is, 10 ..'jl. 'hal lhe Offiec of Pol;cy Coordina';"o

(OPe), • co mponen' of lhe CIA which worked with the Departm.,," of S'.,e and Defense, had ....i.l.d By.lo""",ian Nali, io eoleriog th. Uoiled Slalcs "nd..

,h. guise o f displ...,ed persons.

Rased 0 0 "u pd..ed" infum>a' ;nn, lhe mc:mo 'laled lha, vinually ol11he Nazi I.aders had been hroughl over, 00 ' jU>' the 41)0/, I.o nus had ooginally ' S1imaled, AI' hough many of1hc . migre. had ,illCe died, rhe memomn dum fo<used on f,," indi vidua l, con,idered mos' wonhy offu nhcr in"e,,; gation , Ryan adviscJ th.. "Ihe Belan.. im'e"ig";<>n i,the ,i ngle most imponanl mailer lhal OSI i, now eng.~cd in, . 00 Ih:ll'horough ..plurali"" o f il.< """ifi. ..i"n. i, «",n,i. 1ifOS I i.,o rultill,he fkpanm. nr. mand.,e ,o ' ake appropriate leg.1acl;oo against Nazi war crim inal,. "

m

Shonly ,fie< ,hi, m•.",,,,,,ndum " .. c,mpk ted, additional informati"" fuded I.ofl"" em"",,,,",. ,\ . n",ed
d>c,,'he~"

in 1978 Con!:",,, had ...ked lhe GAG 10 det.nn ine: "..beI1l<1 tbe . neged 1'.'3Zi I'",""" ulo rs Ii>' ing in Ihe Uniled St.le,.

go,,,mment had dili~.ntly

invc5l i~aled

The G AO ",nduJcd 'hal no "wid. , pread c o n, p i ", cy~ •• i,red 10 obsln>c1 Ihe in"eSligalion of
" fI;ari wa< criminab" al'hocl'h lhe", mighl ha.'e ~n cndel""led. ;sol.red inS1an«5 of delibemte

o!lstm<ti" n'

A' part of its in'-e>lill"'ion. GAO had reque" . d 111 r.i.. from the O<partment of

Defen« (000).' In "'"0 instance.. bolh ;n,olving Byelorussian•. OOD had d<nied having informa tion. Y<I DOD' , ""pc.... to. 1979 "'que" from OS! f", hundrtd., of r.i.. had indcdod informa tion on bolll men,
R~'..,

reponed lhi, discrepancy to DAAG Richard. DAAG Richard

referred ,he mattel" 10 lIIe Public Iclten<y St<:tion ,,(tbe Criminal Division f", in...,"igation into whethe, there had boen &1\ "b"'fUC1;on of Congre... The refernll<tte, _ relying on Lol'tu>· " >enion, - eredired OSI (i-~- . lol\us) willi li nding Ihe mi,si"3 fil.... It olso cha<ged DOD "'lh ..... itizing infonna,ion in one of the r.let. l oll... le8. tbe govemm.'" in AugLL" 1981 before &l\Y llyelo",...i&l\

<0<, ,It,,,, r.led.'

". otbers in OSlto<>k 0'" l oll...' in"e" igatklO" they began to questi"", lU.tbe,i.. " ltho. i11 'Ome indi>'id ual ;n,'estigati<>lls ..emed pl,... ihle. l\O one could r.nd ev idence of a conspi..cy 10 t,ansplant ,~ "",...f~ Byelo",..i"" Naris 10 the Vnited S"to:<.·

F.... ly in 1982. ' he medio " ·",,nod that l oftu. had pro'ided ConS"'"m"" !lame)' Franl<
{D· M,m ,) "'th ma"rial ("'me of it then d , ,,m. dj thai 'UI!-8<sled Ih,t the CIA. ,,;, Foree. .-\""~'. Stute ])ef'lT1 ment. I'UI . IKS :utd , ' peclal grocp " f, h.
,'.IS(; " . " "

all pan of a con'pl"",y.
:IS

A" ",d;nll 10 Luft u.. 'hose ,,-&oneio. oml'lO}'e<l ;':".l " . , crimin.,I.
"il1o~al~ cn'I)'

informants. lcnew of tn.ir
Con ~,,", . d" ring

into the lIni,,'<! ~ 'a t"" "nd withheld Ihat infom,at;nn from

Ihe

1917 hearing> Ihal hod helpOO lend 10 the <,ention o f OS I.' \.oftus also 'old the Conll'e..rnan .boOI the tw<> Uyelonlssi.n men "hose files he had
"lle~edly

"l\cr"'ered. One ",a, an 55 ge neral

<mp loyed by the C IMlPC•• nd the othe, I" as " ".bind_level ollk i"1 ",ho w<>,ked "" an info nnan, fo, a numbet o f U.S.•gene i.... Ilolh hod emigraled 10 the Vnited State, b.u had , i""" d ied ,
Cun~~,,,,,an

f rank. concomed about a cove"",. pa.<S<d this infonna,ion

0<1

to the

choinnan o f the Ho,,"" JudiciOf)'. Cummitl«.'· In .ddil ion to pntmoling hi. id... to
Con~

\.o ft ... wrole to DAAG Ri<hard ", ith "

SI, atelD' for pIll'Soing DyeluN"ian <ase .. H••u~gested p<o"';ng thai the " ByelonlSSian Collabo,a tion iSl Movcmenl" ",as linkcd to sy,t<:mal;c peTSCClllion of Je",. and therefore that mere membe<Ship in the "",,'em enl " "",,Id wan ant dena lllfalization. O SI foun d hi...gwnent'
too raeile. Aeeording to the n OSl lUstorian David Marw ell:

n.. allegation. lodged agai nst ByelonlSSian. li"ing in the Uniled State. ....
olmos< witholllexC<'p tion. limiled 1 mere membership in one Of more o f the 0 following o 'ionizati ons.. .. My initial investigation, altho ogb no< complete , revea led no evid. ...e 10 'Ull8es1 tha t mere membershi p in any oflbese 0'iani .ation's wo uld be sufftck nt g' Qunds .'en to suspecI per=U1ion, I.. al<me to inilia", legal aeli on." :-;o<hin8 M""""II found in subsequent roseare" allered h is opi nion. Meanwhile, Lo ftu. began a p ublle campaign to promote hi, ide... On May 16. 1982 he appeared on 6IJ Min"tes. then tbe mos< pop ol.. tele vi,ion show in the country. lJe reiterated and e xpande d upon the . neg. tioM be had made 10 C ong,e..n,"" frank: be now ....n ed thal lil e,

hadl>o. . n withheld not " nly frmn Congre" . but . 1", f,om the COUll>, f,. m tl>c CIA. and from .
1""01 .gen" of,he Army', I'.ult..
l[J'IJ\\i~.tio n

Service. \.ot'tu, desc,ibed fi ndiOi tbe mi"ing files in the

~1<".o,..r, he

e" im. ted thot wil h Ibc knowle<lge of the rD!. C IC. the Army and

the St,te Dopan nten t, '"more thon 300· DyelOnl..ian Nat;, were in the Unil«l SUlle., so me working for "qOa3i'go,-el'tlflleot,j" agencies Ijke Radio Free ElilOpe and RaJio Liberty. l.o flu. expm nuk J also nn hi, the,i ,
t~at

the Army h.d withhelJ ,devant information

f' um C""lIre,,; he heliewd it coil ed into q....tion lhe GAO', 1978 finding o f no con,pimey 1 o Ohslruel in"",t iga lions, For Lollus. the conspiracy was o ngoing. He daime<!lo have acc ess 1 o c1assil'ied info"" alion whk h . ho we<l that the U.S. hod ...,enlly adm ine d someo ne who had eoopernted with the OPC "way ha.k lhen." ACC<.lrding to l<:>f!ua, the",
ev;d.~n
Wa$

"sulmantial

that the recent .dmiU.., had persecuted h undreds o ft hou. a",l! of civil ians,

Lo ftus' lelevi.i on appearance reee ived front page eoverage in major newspapers. " [)(m,n. of Congre.,men WTOteto the Anomey Ge ""ral, ...king him to investigate whether there had been any violalio n o f federal law." 80th the .ha!nnan and the ra.okilIg m inority member of lhe Judiciary Com mittee . sked lhe GAO to r«>pe n il. in......liS'n iO<\-" (GAO ultimatdy limite<! the f"""" o f lhe new investigation \0 whc!h(,r lhe u.s. government had assist ed Nazi war . riminal. in entrnng the coun' ry.) ooJ i..ued a pre.. rei...... " aling lhat ,he Public
In~grily

Section of the Cri minal Di,i. ion w.. In,.." tigaling whelher DOD bad with held d"" urn.n... " In unlcr to funher , tanch the impa.t of Loll ",' allegalions, Ryan , w'ith the ap pro,' al o f AAG 1<nsen, mole 1o 60 ,t rim" es , An excerpl o f tne leu.. was aired lwo weeks 100er (in a poni on o f the ,how then ,e""fwd for viewer com ments). The Icllcr as'erted th. l ,he 8)"lo=,;an in"estlga tions '\<:re eo ntin ulng and 'hat 'as.. would he hr<,ughl if the e,-idence ,,,manted_ A,\ (j Jen,en d""mcJ the 60 .lim"'.. broa dcast of , um . I,." , import to warrnnt .lening tbe Anom,,} " e n" ",! of it'
M"",,,,~,",nce.

, .. and ,be ",·,1"" no w being tahn by , he Ikpanrnrnl.....

- - - - - - - - - --

l ie reported !hal OS] ""'as in,,"srili"ling s,,,.., ,,al llyeJorussians, but >0 far h:>d n01 found sufficient . ,-[donee linking the slaugh,", of Jew. in Byelorussia 10 persons in ll1e United St. tes. lie also told the Anomey G"""",llhat the . ' t;m,'. of 300 Byelu""" ;"'"
finally, be
"'US

likely a vast "x.~ger'l ion.

.'p.....d concern tMt Loftus had imprope rly lom«l over classified matm .1 to

Congu"man Frank and had divulged >Orne of ,hal infonn.,ion (i""ludiog Ibe nam.. of Curre nt

OS! subj ects) on television. He assured the Attorney GCIlCTa! thatlhe Criminal Division wa.<
looking inl0 the m.n....

60 Minute. ",b"'adeasl the Loftoa :segment in September 1982. Ryan wrote. lell.. to be

used in the rebroadcast, in which he challenged Loftus' .....nion that over 300 Byelorussian Nul.
WU<

in !he United Stiltes.

This irresponsible statement has understandably been take n by many people to mea n thaI 'he re ""' 300 HY"I~nJ,"ian WllTc riminal. living in ,h. Unil.d Stal"" "p«lpl. who kill babi. .... in Mr. Lol'iU$ ' words.
ThaI i, nollN•. Mr. Loftus pe"i"<nlly mod< such claim. while h. was

employ.d by ,hi. Offie<. bu' h. ",,," unab l. to d""umonllh<m ..Iisfa'lorily and ev.nlUaJly h. l.ft the omco. Th. in" , sliga' ion h.. continuod quile thoroughly without h im"

Th... run included a .tatem.nl by Ryan 'hat "( t lhe pe rson (Loftus ) desc rihcd as po...... uting
hunJred, of t1>ouxll>o:b of civilian, "'''", no1 a
!Odo with World Wac ll."
~37j

but. Middl. E'. .,e m oational who had nolhing

Two mon,h, after Ih. r.broad'''' . public.' ion of. book by Loftu. b"" ughl lhe i" u< agaiu befn,. ' h. puhli•. " Th. boo k expanded his .h..-ge, beyo nd By.to",ssi., all.ging Ihat between 19-18 and 1950 -the Sla l. Deponmcnt 'YSlcmatkally imported lhe Ic.de.. of nearly aU ' he puppc1 ..gim...",abli. ned by Ih. Third Rei.h from lh. Bailie 10 lhe Black S....." I' ope ned wilh.

36 1

dromntk a""" " nt of Lo nu,

'''IT~p1il iousl)'

making • midnighl vi.il 10 a ""mdory in New Jersey

11\, 1held lb. r~m.in. of ,Io,e'l> "f B).lorus,ian "war criminal•." Describing flrel",,,,,i.. Lon", 1 "TOlo: " In no other n" ion "nJer ,"'''',,''' occup'lion did ,be inl,ahilan" .<o willinglr and cntbu, i. " ic. lly " isi t , ucb • dog",. of ill",,",nni!)' upon their nei ghbo.. ."" OSI bod n<>1 h«'n conlOCl<d fo, an)' f'cl eh"" king by lho p"bli,bcr he f"", the book "" nl
to pr~".

RO'·i.winll 'h. book for Ihe office, Marwd l found il to he:

,he "",... 1kind of ' m3'=

history. It i. bad hiotory bee.".., il i. poorly "Till.n, poorly researched, and poorly docnm<nt<d . II i. fraudulonl hi,tory beeause il mangl.s f. et. , di"""" .,'enlS, and mi' ""present. m. jOt lhem..."

Checking van,,"' ciUl, ion. in tbc book. Ma"",,11 di""overed tha1they often did not . upport Loftus' daims; in many instances Ihey flally contradioted lbem. This i""llld.d mallet> orm.jor import to Lollus' thesi., Th"" hi, daim thal lh. By. loru"ian Nati, "ran cverything for th. Germans" " tef.,.. ""od (with an improper nomber) a microfilm which in foc t e....bli'h.d thal lhe Germa", bemoaned Byelorossian in.., ia. Pogrom, ag.inSllh< Jew. have been liIl now ne,1 to impos, ible to >tag. bec.ose oflh. passivity and poli'ical ;udiff.tence of lhe \"'JUlo Russi"" ..

•••
A pm""",,,,<Od An ti"~emi,ism is missillg.. . , The population haslleneral r""linll' of hale and rag. ogain,t the JeW$ and ' pp"" 'e. of tho ,~'""'" me..,,,"" (cotablishlnenl or ghettos, creation of "", rk columns, ,"",orilY pol;ce m"""'!l. men', " to,) How....r. it i$ not in ,h. po,;tion 10 rei"" the ;ni,;"i,.., in handJinglhe Jew>, II can he >old "ery ge"".. lly lb.. the popol.' iou laoks aClivi, m; th. ,~",on for this is to be r,,"nJ probably 10 a co<t.,in . " " nt in its n'calm. nl by the ",,>klS,"

The book al,o m.de so mo 17and;osc g<'"e",li,.a' ious. Lhus. it ',,~ gc.,,<Od that all memix.. of the Walfen SS "'cro
" 'I' "

«im;n,I,""nd hene", i""llgible \0 .nter 'h. United Slat.., lu faet,

mcre memix rship in the W, n"n SS - "' hieh ,,,,."11 Ihat "', uld I><: . " "blished for mon)' in lhe
,162

ccmelcry \,;,ited by loftu, - was not dioquali/)'ing for those who ontered all.. Ap ril 19SI." Despite thes e fnctu.1enncem.. the book had wide appeal. Indced, CBS used it ... the plo' lin. fOJ an allemptcd ,". i.'al of'"Kojak," an immensely popular lelevision series." In Mar<:h 1983, the Public In'cgn ty S""tion completed its ;nwstiga' ;on of Ihe allcged obs lruction of Congre<s. They found "[n Jo e.i dence . .. which demonstra,e, an intentional error! by an)'One to n!:>struct lhe GAO in,'e.liga,ion, n It w.... indeed the case thai lile. of two Byelorussian. had been requested but had not been lume d 0_ to the GAO. Ho",",vor, nno of Iht Byelorussian namo.

was on' d""umontthal was only pan ly legibl e, In an effort to supply the

rcquosted materi al, DOD had , earched ondcr seve ral . ariations of the pwponed namolUld binh dat• . Un fon unately - but innocently ~ it had nnt eOme up with ilIc proJ"'f combination. (This was in the
\'Ory

early comput. r era, and programs automatically p",w id ing . ori. tion. _

unll".ilablc.) Once er..n ' he proper spellin g by OSI, the Anny had located the file. The e>pIM' tion fo, the missing files on Ihe seco nd name was no more damn ing. They had b«n found _ by the Anny _ in a cro..·,cfe..nce from another OSl 'equeskd me ." ThU'S , in

both c....... DOD _ rather than Lo !'!u' _ had lOCated the miss ing files, Sin<:e DOD turned 0"'" the ,elevant me, to OSI in 1979, Public Inlegrity foond nO reason to imp ute a nefarious moti "" to the 1978 incidents. P\lblic Integrity co.ndud ed Ihat human error was a more likely e, plana'ion than malfea.'ance. This wa., espec ially ' 0 since DOD had hand l<d hundreds of ,equests (most from OSI, hut

J"".e", also from GAO). yet:

toc", has been nO " Jii8c" i"n lha, the respon,es were less than candid and complete e.. ~pt with ,.gard to these two individu.aJ,. There is no apparent re....on "hy lhese two individ uals ,""ul d be , ingled out fo' coocealm",,' of file. whtn 11>0 files on .\'0I)'One el~ ind nJ ing olhe, "or crim inals _ were being produced ."

A' for Lofiu.' daim that one file ul,imately tllmed O,-er had

~

"""ni,iled,» Public In,egrity

eo"tpared an c.rly mier" li ln" ..! "",,;on "ftoc fik with on< thaI had been turned o"e,. They wore identical , In 1985. Ihe GAO i" oed. neW r. port. It found no e"iden,eofa eoncerled elTon by Ihe inlellige nce agencies 10 bring Byelo""";",, Nazi, and Axi. eoll"oomron 10 Ihe Uniled Slate<MoSl of ,he collaoor"lors who h.d .. ",i"ed the U.S. rem.ined in Europe. The governmen t had ohosen whom to help on • c. ....by·e..e b..i,; they

,,= nol pan of "" overall aid pro&"""
we",

The

TCJlOTl referenced five indi,'id".l. who had em igraled with U.S.•"i.uUlce. " All inv"ligated by OSL

In the end. OS/ pro=uted two BYelo"'-"ians, Buil Ancshenko and Jan Avdzcj. (Some who mighl ha'" been pm'e<n'ed had died in the Interim.) Avd"j had In f.e' been identified by Jolm Loftus as • potenll.1 dcfend""!. /nd«d, he ",.s on< of the fi'" men listed as priorities In lhe memorandum senl to the Attorney
~neral

In October 1980. Tbe c=

ultimately /lied, however,

hore lln le rel"tionshlp to lhe ono se, fonh In Lofiu.' writings. Loftu' h.d p.rtl)· confused Jan A"d.<ei " i th hi. brolber, who In foe' was denied . vi.. bco.use of hi. wartime acti"ll''' ,'' Moreover, the memO ' 0 the Anomey General had ml,repre,en'ed '0"'" "gnl/kanl a,peel' of World Waz II hl>lory and Ian Avd2.<j', person.l "ory." For ex.mple, Loftu, reported that A "d<ej ".... "wanled for hi, war crime' by ,"vela! n." ion." ""en in f.cI no n.tion h.d eVer .ought his apprehension. Tbe memo cl.imed Ihat he. along "i t" othor 1l,-"loru"I,"" had e>lcm,I",ted "\"lrt""lly the "ntlre Je wl>h population"' of their "re. ""'ilh lillie, if .ny. Gonnan a"ISlance."' Ho".,'". as dlsc"ssed carll.r." tile Genn"", direc'ed the mas..".. , and " ... in fac' di,,,ppo;nt,'<I at Ih. 1<I'el of ""iSlance they recci,'C<! from

til. B;cI"ru"ian,. The memo "Iso claimcJ [h"l A,·d,.j w"' ' , he , ubj"", of m."I,'c puhliclty in

364

oolh Ihe Poli, h aod S" ,lei p"". , ' 0 Ihal we can antieipale historical corroOO,"l;OO ofh;s quisl;ng SW ' ," In fact OSI cou ld nnd no , och puhlicity. The So, 'ie\.l and Pole, informed the om oe lila' IU they had no corrooorating o"idenct , In Jone 1991, OS! c10ilCd ;ts invc>ligalion of . "Oyeloru" iao Collaoo""io"i., Movemern," thO ltgh individual cases remained open for review. l oftu.' wide-ranging accusation. have had bolb. short and long_lerm impacl. Linlo more than a year after l oft o" hook and ,olo"ision re""Ia 'ions. OSI historian Elizabeth Vlhite began work on ,he Verhelen Report ." She n..ded Army and CIA cooperation to acce,. dncomonl$ in ,hei, nles, Both organizations were di'lnIs,ful, citing Loft...' poblic dissemin. lion nf material he had earl ier gathered at ,he behest of OS!. According 10 Vlhite, iltook 'remendoos elTort 10 "wnrk through" these ..aclion•." Although scholars have dismissed Loftus' claim. as hyperbolic, hi. alleg'lions - dramat;e al,d eonspi'olorial - have clear ly resonated with a segmenl of the public. Even today _ more ,han 2S ye... arkr Loft... nrst made his claim. _ OSI , peak"", are nften are asked about the a.llIl1.I. allegation"

The Bela",", Surd laLlOchcd Loft..." eoreer as • "whi. ,le blower." He describ« himself
as someone who """,y know more intelligenee sccre1. 111"" ""yone alive" " and he has gone on to " ther e~pos<''' Snme of ,hem involve Jewi. h and/nr World WOJ II i"llC', " .g., lb..
~aush_ Nazi

wmJaI" and ''\he truth aboUl Jonathan Pollatd.~" lie also eo-aulhored two books, The S, ..' I

Wd' Again.<llhe Jews: Haw It"s,un £.<piunuge Bel'ay<d 'M J~wjsh People" and Unholy 1'riuily: 1m. IUli." n. The Xu:is, <lnd Sa .iel lntelligena " ""d 'erved for several yo.... as
prc.< ident of the Florid. Holnc, usl Museum , l oftu, continues 10 be a featured speaker before many Jew ish or~""izalion" A, of Ihi. "Titing, a five-minute ' egmenTtided "'The Loftus

Rcport~ "irs each "cd :n igh' on AaC Nationa l RaJ io (The John a.lchelor Show)."

",

I. Loftus t"co. his im u ]",mcnt in l ewisii ca u"", bock to 1913 when h. c1,ims to ha,'e ' "helped lI.lin ISTae lis <>II a covon of"'," ion thai lurned the thle ofbOitle in the 1913 Yom KippW" War." ~ Jqhn_I,"f\'" wm (I,,, visited, Nov. 200 S). Lollus e,pao<Jed on thi' in a news p.pe? inter" iew. Acco,d ing to Loftu,. lhe U,S, know o f Amb plan, to anac k I"ael in 1913 bul Seeroill/)' of Slot," Ki" inger c ho,. 10 withl10ld , upplie, from I"ael fo' polili. ,] "'' 'oOS. Loftu, '"I" he "",ked behi nd lhe "enc. with then C hief "fSlaff AIc.<01lde, lIaig to help the 1"""li,. On Haig ' , o'ders. Loftu, ll"ve 40 I, raeli officers a era, h Co""" in how 10 use a newly introduced mi" i., ,)"Stem. Day, late" the I,rael i, used Ihal ' ery sy"cm to pr","'ent an Egyptian lank adv"""e. '"E,.p,o.""uto, Cn"ad., ' 0 Unveil ' Evil.' " by Graham Brink . Tho SI, p.tersbllrg Times IFI. ), Mar. 22, 2002. 2. Feb. 8, 1980 me mo from Loftu' to Dit""lO' Rockl« , Dep'T)' Oir , Ryan, An Sinai and Neal Sher re "OS[ #43 74: Bel""" Ne!v.",k: Cabine! [.e'-el War C riminals. ~ 3. Re<orded in'e",ie,. wilh Allan R)'an, ] "". 4, 200S. All ",fe,enoes lO " atemenlS 0' oOl ions by R)'an in 'hi, chapler oome fmm thi' iOI""'iew unless otherwi se aCled.

S. Widespread Co"-'p iracy to OOO""c' Probe. qf Alleged Nati W", Cri",j",,1s NOl Supperle41>y
.~ ''(j ilah ie

£_idence - Cenlrooersy May CcnUnue (GAOIGGD-18· 13. May 15, 1918).

6. For ,-ario,,' ,..,ons, mostly due 10 lime eonstra ints, lite GAO ultima tely loo ked into only 94 e[lh.

"'-'I'''.

1. 11. had p"'I'",ed on. promi,ing pro,eClllion memorandum, but ' he '"bjecl died wilbjn days o f Ihe me mo' , oomplelion, 8, S". e,g.. June 11. 1982 memo [t om OSI1 ri.1anom")' Iktry Shavelo R~-.n", ~ StA1US of Tum"b." SbO"e fell Ih. inve'li~alion ..... "ill W(lrth putSuing (;, ultimately closed) bul tha' m.ny Ofll>o; eilat;"n' given by Lof'U$d id ~n01 ,tand for the proposition" fer wbic b Iher we", O;lcd. Accord. Ryan in'e rview. s"P'a, n. 3 , 9. Lonus ju stified turn ing ove< elo"ified documon" on the l!t<lund Ibal he ,i mp ly "pro" ided Co ng....' record> tbey We" , uppo«:d to ~'et," "'Po'sible Cevc r. Up On N"".i' i, Focus "f Ne,. U,S, )n ~ui ry : ' b~' Ralph Blumenlhal, Th. N.", YrlT'; Tim<', Moy 23, 1982. 10. Feb. 23, 1982 l<1ter 10 (ha;m',," Peter Rod ino. I I . l"n. 8. 1982 memo from MumelilO Ryan re "nel, ,,, , ,12. .'i<·e t ,g" ",\rocnean Offie i.ls Acc"sed of A iding :-;",i C<lnubo ,atoD.~ by Dale Ru" . I" , IT , The W",lrjnxton P,w, M,l' 17. 1982: '":-;azis B"'ughllO U.S. to Wor k Against Sovicl, in CQld IV",: ' by Thorn.. O·Toole. Tho Wo., hi"lIton Post, M.y 20, 1982; "Inc Secre' Under ,he Linl. Cemelery: hy rhom .. OT00;• . 1ht WO.,!>i11XIlm Pool, May 23, 1 9 82 ~ "Po"ible CO"et-Up on

N(l7.is is Foc us of New U.S. In~ u i l)', ~ by Ralph Blumonlhal, Th . New Yo , k Times. 13. M.y 28, 1982 Icttc' 10 AG William F'ench Smilh from Congressmen Addabbo, AuCoin, Barnes, n.ard, Bed.ll, BlJnchard, flrOOhe.d, flrown, BUI,,,n, Courter, Coyne, EdgIlr, Edwards, Fa""d l, F. "nlroy, Fuio, Fenw id , Foyli.lla, Florio. Ford, Forsyth. , Frank, Frost, G<:j d.nson, Gilman, Gf~",n, 11.11, Heckl.., I iollc"beck, IIo" on, 1..Falce, Lantos, LeBouli11icr, L. hman, Lent, IAmg, McG rath, McHugh, Min.t., \1itehell , MolTell. Molinari , Obersta.-, Ottinger, Porter. Richmond , Roc, Ro,cnthal . Sch.u.... Schroeder, Schumer. Shaman'ky. Simon. Wei.., Wilson. Wydc n, and y . les. 14. May 17, 1982 Icuer from Chairman Rodino to GAO Comptroller Gen.,al Charko Bow,he,; !\-lay 18, 1982 lett., from Co ngressman Hamilton Fi'h 1 Comptrol ler Gener.1Bowshe,. 0 IS. DOJ P<css Rele...,. May 17. 1982. 16. May 25, 1982 memo from AAG Jensen to lhe A" ome y G.nend re "' 60 Minut.,' Segment on Bj",I"",,,ian Nazi War C,iminal, , ~ 17, Sepc. I , 1982 I. tte, from Ryan to Mike W.llace, CBS News. 18. S"" e.g., ~Cold War Cited in Lette, to INS; Nazi Collaborators were Recruited as 'ASSC1';~ byThomas O'Toole, Th. WoshjnglOn Post, Nov. 8, 1982; "Books orThe Times," by Ralph ""s. Dec. 28, 1982; "Nui Was: C'iminal. in the US: by Spence, Blomenlhal. The New York T," I'\lnnClt, 1M Ch,i"/i,," Scie""e Mlmjfor, Feb. 2, 1983.
19. The Belo,us Secret, by Jolm Loftus (Alfred A. Knopf), p, 84 .

20. The BelQFU3 Secret, supra, n. 19, p. 29.
2 1. The poninn of the memorandum available i. onda'ed and inoomplet. and there fore cannol be mo'" folly ,i led. Anolher ...Ihing critioi'," of the historical conl,nl of the book can be found in "11 ,\'(1/ to Po"o. WBJ Criminal. in USA, What' s Wrong with The Sela,u.t S.erer," by 01" Cha,l., Allen. Jewish Cu,.."'s, Apr. 1984.

22. TIr. Belorus Seeul, supra, II. 19, p. 24 .
23. E...i ~"",melJ ungc'" No, 4~ , Notional Archive. Microfilm Seclion T 17S, Roll 233, fra,""s 2721786 and 27217 S0. 24, Instruc'ion , "I<mo No. 206, Ap'- I S, 1951 from John Gih",n, DPC Ch. irtl1an to European Coord ina'o" DPC. Although """'ice in the W.lfen SS was orig inally per se disqo.li fying, by ~ o vembe, 1951, Ihe Uniled State, was making me",ured Jistinction.. Tho,", below the rank of m.jor in " military"' "nilS m :re :ldmi..ible, barring ' d evan t infortl1ali"n warran ting a contrary Jelerminalio n. Se•• g" Instrue,;on Memo No. 242, Nov . 12, 1951 to All Senio' Omccn from Rohe" J. Corkery, DPC Coordin.lor fOI Europe. (Cam p guard duty, for exantple . was ..Ie, 'anl

'"

maleri.1warranlin g exd u, ion.) 25. In ,he ,how, b roade"" 0" Feb. 16. I?8 5, the poli<o "y 10 solve lhe mu,d.rs af th,." dderly Ros<i:m' \\ nO may have b.:en N"'i wor urirninaJo, The ",,",wer 10 lhe my,tel)' lies In "lhe lId arus fi le," • ' op.« e",' docom.nl in ,he p'>" e"ian of Ih. S,,,e Deportment, The ,ha lv cred it< "ukoowl ed ~ed lhal the p lul Wa' b",'"d on Ihe Belam' ~·.c"l. 26, In lhe second DOD hod .C1U"Uy lurned a ne me, bOl fa iled loco'. lwo o' hen on lhe subject Public In'egrilY ackna\\'ledgedlhal a ne Oflhe lwo lal.... I""a"d file' mlgbl have been iden' ifiable in 1978, !l awever, 'bere wos no way to dClcnnine ,his wilh ec rt.inl)' in part be<:au'e lbere wa, no way a=nai~ 'hc com pUler indexing whluh wo uld have appeared in 1<}78.

C"'.,

0""'

'0

'0

27 , ).1ar. 28, l<J83 memora ndum re "A llega' io~, lh.l ,h. 1977-78 GAO W., Crimi nal> wOO Dbstrueled," p. 15.

l~vo,llg,'iOn ofNlI1.i

28. S o: i.. and Ax j, C,;llabm'ot()f"s Were U..d to FW"ther U.s. Anti ·Comm uni$t Objecavt!s in Europ' _ Some Immigrated to the Un;t<d S ,ates (GAOIGGO.85_66, June 28, 1985)

1. 29. OC 24. 1983 memo 'O AAG Tmtl from DAAG Richard re '"Proposed OSI Dcnal urali",tlon Prnsecurion _ SOM Avdzej : Di$1riO! of !'iew Jersey."
30. Jan. 12, 1?84 memO fw,n RoscllbuwlI la Ne.l Sher, ),fic h.d Wo lf.lld Bd.ru.< leam re "Annolaled Version af So hn l oftus' Accounl of Ja hn Avd""j'. W.n im" ACli";lie. & POSl"''''' lmm igrs'; oo"

3 1. Se. p. 362.

32. S., pp. 385_3 89.
33. In the e nd, CIA ,..,,,,i,,,inn, on publien,io~ of the Vc rbelou ,"pori were ' 0 exl."'''ve lha' 'he Snslice D.p"rlmenl was unable to pub lish an append ix af ,upporting document' , Whelher ,he Loftus mall.r c"n"iIMed 'he , . , . " ric,ioo. is unkM\\ll.

'0

34.

,,~,wJ o h n·!

afloH"m

35. !lolh piee•• C'n be ac.... ed fto m a liok on loftu.' ",b,i' e, In 'he [l usb pi=, Loftu. ar8"'" lhOllhe Bu,h family mode iI, f"rl ooe fro m 'h.
Il"loca",t. lie ""erlS lh" f.m il)· memb<" >erved on ""'POrat. boards ofN""i from group. e,en :lfler ;1Pe,aJnc appatenl th,,' doi~g >0 be lp<.'<! lhe Third Reich. The Pollard picco ""IS or ;~ina lly puhli,hed in ,If" "",nt mag"",lne, June 2003. Lallu' :logue, th.t Pollard "'as "fran,ed"' ' nd lh.t,he U,S , "'os ··con,..,.,J" into ron"k ling him of e",n proml,jng U.S , me' hod' and «,u=,. Accordi ng 10 Loftus. 'he i ~fo rma' i o n Pollard '''IS convicted " f pass ing on ~c'". lly t"m e fTOm IIldrich lime. and Roberl lIan,ou. bolh late, ,klt'nuiocd he spies wi'hiu 'h" U$ i n'dli~euce ""mmlloi'1 . Th e oul)' "rime eomm illed !>y

'0

368

Pollard. acc'Ordjn~ to Lo ftus, was gi"ing Israd rhe names of S"odi and Arab in order ro "help pro1<."r[ 11,,"cU, ""d American, frorn lerrori sa."

inrdl i~ence

'oLli:ces

36. SI. ~l"rl in 's Pre" ( 1994). The boo k, Millcn wilh Mark Aarons. acc""" wesrem diplomat. and go, 'cm me nls of e' lroa rdi"ar} pcrlid i.. "gai""r ,he Jewi,h peop le and Jewish ,r ate, Among 'he allegarions in Ih. book ' rhal an an'i·Scmilic . " d "",i ·Zioni" A llen Dul les ( later head of rhe CIA ) helped scr up dumrnl cOrp<>,.rio"" to a bso' b Jewish asset . confiscated by Ihe l"a:zi' and rhat. while osten'ibly supponing brad in IIIe Si x Day War, bolh the U.S . and U.K. shared [sraeli <ieren.. plans with Arab oil producers. 37. SI. Manin's Pre,. (199 i). The book, al'o written "i lh Mark Aarons, claims IMl tlle Pope en rered inlo. po't.war espionage .Hiance with BriTish and Ame rican intel ligence .gents. 0 According 1 lhe authors, rhe thru powers ferreted Nazi criminal. Oul of Europe tn use in 'he fighl again" Communism. The book al"" arg u,," tlllll U.S. and Britain bugged Swiss bank. during rhe war and lh. n buried sec",t, o f Naz i gold rran,fers in o rder ro protect impro prieties by Allen Dull... 38 , The p rogram i' d i' se minated on the [nlemer a' well. www WABCRadi o com (last vi,ited Dec. 2005).

Cbapltr Si"

f:. pand inK .Iu r i.di«ion lnunduc,ion

W~on alk~alion, ",esc

or u. s . • "i"ance 10 ",n", noluriuu'

po,,<C.to~ ,,""

had never

<,'Co eo,e red the Uoited SlO le, . Ihe public domo" ded l nal the claims be io'· e' tlgated. Sl>C«',<.i,'e adm ini." ration, t urned reports 0 " ,hese
10

OS! '0 <!<tern,inc what role, if ""y. ' he go""",me,,, had p layed, OS!',
10

maUe~

"'" seen by S1""e .. II.< gre",c, 1con lribullon

,oci.1 i n, lice. O1he",

c oncerned that Ihe odditiooal ass ignme nts were 001accompanied by e.panded ",source., view

,h. repon , ., • d iversion from OSI'. m.in miss ion, i" " ,ht removal of Na>1 pcrsecutors from the
l'o;' cd State•. Whatever ooe '. pc",,,,,,,,'i' e, il c. ooot be gainsaid 'hal ,t>c r<pon . address moUe'" o r n.lional ""d intem. tiona] concern. They .Iso provide a comp rehen,ive review of som e of lt>c mo ral i" u<o ,hat ari.. in the world of r<alpoli'i k. Although \\'rin e" so lely to all,we, pre"ing 'Iueslion, aboul ,pecific manen, lhe upons had Ihe nnanticipated effect of i""",..ing OSI', vi, ib i]i!)' on the wo rld SlaKe. The reporr. ullimately nncovered 'I "estl onable cond.CI by voriou, cowttrie, and 'ri ggered rel1C<"1ion OIl ,he

n,le of governm e nts . round ,he wo,ld , The sll!J'ific. nce of Ihe issue. raised io lhe reporr., and
the quality of the s<:hol'TS~ ip eviden' in ,hei, prepa,alion, drew ,he atl<:n,ion of ,he Inlema' ional ,ne<l i•. ,. ., n "" ul', OS!'. profile OS I I>cS""
e. ertin~

W"" .oonnouoly eley.ted.
and , 0m,'1imc<pressuring, " ,her eountrie. to

0 p"senoe over","" in o ,her "',,'s as \\'ell. I1S rot. grad ua lly
cneoura~ ing,

e_ pandcd '0 inc lude helping.

. ckllo"k'<i¥e m"", o""nly Ihetr role in II'urld War II and 10 pro5«ute l'il1.i I"', ""ou,o" in ,hei, midst

3 70

R.pum
Klau. Dorh ic - Th e Ba tch.. a r l ya" .

Tha' O S[ I"'"on ncl w" ulJ help p",pare a "ron on Klau, Barbi. - 0' anyooo cl.. _ was
no' ,eadily f" ",=ab[e ,,'hen OS[ w"' fonnde<! , OSI' . missioo was f,amed in term, of i" li' iga' i,.., porpose :
\I

'0 '"cu'" ,h. de n'lU,a li""tion and deportalion o f person, in ' . c Unite<! S" l<'S
"~i'i,,g

ho ass i"cd the Na:z i. in I"'rsecul ing ei" iii"", b<:tweco [ ~J3 and 1945.' SlICh a m..,da", d id repon s a"".t U.S. pos t.war activity. Moreover. • ince Barbi. " "'

not " ""e_,sarily Indud.

no' in 'h e Uoi,ed Slate , . ,he", was no obvio us ",.. ""n fo, OSI to foc... on him. Kl..., B.. bie, a GCTTOan b)' bim. joined ,he SS and .. rved ,he NlI7j cau"" in Vichy France , Bet"..en i942 Ol1d 1944, he served in ,.e in1Cllige.oce b,anch of ,he Gcrman seeuril}' apparatu' ond headed ' he Gc S1apo i" LyOo" Hi. rank a, ....... end was captain. Outing W. ,,-ou re in Lyons, ,hou,and, of Jews and ,o , i, tance figh1ers
we",

",,,,,,,,d by 'he Ge"apo and sen.'

1 eoocen"," ion ca"",. Most died , Br>:a"",, o f hi, allcogcd ,o le in m..,y of the", "'"",il ie.. 0

Barbi. """am. known os "the butche, of Lyons,"

/I t ,ne "'.... end , hon<:"C subminw a " "<menl of charge< as ";"" Barbie '0 the Uni,ed " ation, War Cnm Com miss ion,' Amon~ Ih. allege<! en ..... were "m "rd e' o.nd mas,,,,,,,,,• u •)'stoma' ie 'mo, i. m••nd e,ocu,ion of h",IOS"'" H. "'lIS scn'cnced ' 0 deal h in aiM,"'ia by • f rcneh postwo' n,ili'",,' " ibun, I,' In 196,1, ,he French gm""nmenl Ie;"",,.d ,hat Barbie " ... liv1n8 in &11\·i. Kia". ,\ I' mann' I' did "'" ,c.,k hi, remo,'.l unt il oi. ,
)'CO'"
~ ndcr

' hc name

lot..-. ",hen Beato KJ"",f, ld• • Nszi

h.n'o, ii,'ing in f,," c-e. "he," .'e" ,he inform .,ion ~d made I' p"blic, In 1972, ""d again in IQ75, nul ;",•• mll i"";' go"e,nu,,,," _ with wh ieh B ",~ i e hod 010'0 lie, - ,dosod france ',

'"

"'40e'l r<>, extradili<>n on the grou nd lhat lhere w", no ""trndilio n tre aty b<tween llle two counI,ie,' Afte' c iviliun s ",pined eo nlrol o f tho Bolivian g<wemment in 1982, Frnnce filed a

new indictme nt "p;nSI Bar bie, ch... ~ ing him wi th "c rimes ogainst humanity, ~ and "II"in ' '''Iocsted his wurn. Alt hough there wa< still no extradilion lreal)', lhe ne w administrali" n devise d an altemative m<th<>d to oust him. He was charged with making a mudulenl Joan 10 lhe Holi. il&l\ g<>vemment and expell ed to French G uyana. When hi, p lane landed, the French, who had been forewarned, arrested him and flcw him t<> france. He arrived in l y<>ns "" February 6,

1983.
News of hi. e,pul.i"" onleashed a fI<><>d of in fo,rrullion. A forme:r American intelligence offi ce, usert<;<! thal the U.S. had prote<;led Barbie and paid him $1,700 a month for inlelligence information a fter lhe war.' New,pope," reported lila! whilelhe American, were harh<>ring Barbie in Germ any, llley turned d<>"", French requesta 10 l<><ate him. ' A Can adian, claiming to kn<>w Bar bie from Bolivia, reeolled Barbie' s teilin8 him that he had come 10 the United States several times during the 1960, and 1970..' Many in the me<iia called f<>r a gn vemmem.al inv e"igati<>n

to det ermine what rcl arionship, if any, llle U.S . hod w illlllarbie. lbe Justice Deponm""l, the Stale Deponment, the CIA, and Defense Department were all suggest<:d as aPI"'Opriale .gencie . 1<> pw su e 'he a llegations.' In a well.publie i~ lencr, 111< Chairman of 1be !lo use Judiciary Commi" .., 'v~ole 10 Allomey Ge""r. l William French Smi1b, 'u~esti n g lhal OSI: « mi d play a uni4"" and ,."Iuable ml e in any investiga tion conducted by llle Ex""olivc Bronoh. Given lhe ""perl i", of O Sl"s '1.1T, and the fa<:1 th.. allOmeya and inwstigalo", lher< hav e the ru:ee,""'Y securily clearance., il wo uid seem \hat lhe office wo uld be ideall y suiled 10 coordinale such all inqu iJ}'. More importillllly, OS!. wilh no direcl ties 10 t he intelligence conununil)' and "" ve'led inte "!",1 in any predelermin<d ouloome, i, , u ffieiently detached 1 ass ure lh.. its <> fi ndingS would he viewed as <omplCle and ""ne>l.

.' 72

" . While lhe primat}" funclion ofOSI n,u, 1"'main Ibe proseculion of denaturali/.alio n w,d dC l">rtalion aelion, in",IY ,uspec led l'azi war criminals ing in tbis eounlry. tbe case of K I~us Barbie i' polenl ially too ;,npun""l a par1 of the historica l reco rd ' 0 I>e left "n"lIcnded." Son,e wilhin lhe f)e p.,nnlCm feur<d Ihal laking on Illetas k mi;;ht lea<l'o an inundalion o f . imilar a..,iHomen", The Oepan",enl illighl be asked 10 conduet i"'luiries on ~ II sons of priOf
~",'.mm.nl

<onduel." The AtlOmey Gene",1 decided against in"es' igaling the Barbie m.lI.. on

Ihe grolLnds Ibat 00 pro"""lion WlI. likely to res"I, ([he ha Y long since passed), ~ n d thai bi,lorieal inquiry ing in any e"em."

,ta,,,.. o( limila,ion. On 31Iy erimes

,,ali 001 Ih. woli o( lhc Jusli.,. Departmenl

William Ciark, Ibe nalional security ad visor, urged Ibe Allomey General 10

roconsider." O""ide groups also pre"'ed '0 h.ye ' he matter in"..lig.,ed," and nine member> o( Congre" appealed to Pres;den' Reagan 10 aUlhorize an investigalion." A' lh is pressure W3S mourtting, OSI Di"'ctor All"" R,)'aJ1 rc<eiveJ. . call from an ABC I\ews repotter who h.d gone 10 Boiiv;. 10 p ursue the Slory. " He told Ryan he had doeumems ohowing thai Barbie had worlwd (or U,S, inlelligenoc .nd that the Uniled Sl3t01 had helped him e,,'op' to Bolivia. The >lory "'ould oir on tha' evening', newo. Ryan relayed this informa' ion to ' he Anomey Gener.r, office; within hou", lhe Anomey Gene",J autho rized lhe Depanmenllo condU l Oll inquiry, C R),.n hod indicaled hi$ int,nl;on to leO"e
~ o,""m",eolservke

before lhe Barbie i..""

Orose. He "" s, hOlve"e" inlenseiy in'e"''',><1 in Ihe Barbie controvelSY. Therefore, he WllS very "",en, ble "hen AMi len..n ",ked hi'" '0 l"ad the Barbie i"","igalion lIe """ named Ao'.G len",n ', Special A",i>1anl rot Ihc da'''' ion ofl be projl'CI. Ryan ",,1«led 1"'0 inveslig'to"" one hi, torian, and on" :"'omcy. all r,onl OSI, to work " ilh him full li,"e," The ",pon "'as

m

comp leled fivc momh.l a"'. H r....al.d ""t o nly Iha' the Army o<ed Rarbie .... an inform anlalla lhe war; ' h ut lhal i' hoJ ignored .,,,,,,al rcqu.s" by Ihc French for ex,rad i,ion, had misl.d Ih. Sla,e Dcparlmellt ("hieh th.n pa"cd o n Ihis misinfnrmalion to 'h. Fr. nch) as to Barbi.', wh.reabouts, and had u.cd 'he se"'ices of a slla<!y inlen nediary 1 help Barbie escape to Boliv ia in 1951 "nd.r lhc 0 name Klaus Altmann." Once he was Ihere, llle U.S. no longer prot<Cl<d 0' used him , H. obtained Bolivian cilizenship and twi. e mad. bu,in••s trip, 10 the United Slat es under his new
name;'" the vi,it. were not connected to any agency o r . ctivily of the U.S. go..ernmenl.

lbe 2 18 pal!" reporl (wi th over 600 page. of . llachmen ls) was detailed and po inled." U
""'ounle<! the enonnou. pre,"we on the Army to de velop ", o=s" duri ng Ill. early Cold War
!,,:rind, and concluded tha' from 1947 - when Bu bi. firs! began working willl llle United States -

un,i l 1949, tne U.S. did nOl kno w ,h.t he was accused o f involve ment in wanime atro<:ilie,. (The n:porl ,o88ests that thi. infonna'ion was availab le, but nol ",adily so.) By 1949, however, the all,,!!a,ion , were inescapab le, as Nazi vietim' and fo rmer Resistance fighlers were publicly <lniming Ihat ll arbie had used torture .. an interrogalion 'echnique. Ryan concluded Ihat the Army officials "ho co nlinued to usc 8rld protect Barbie, ev en . fter ,hey had reason to suspe ct he was a "'or crim ina l, did so for two " "On'" (I) sorrender o f Barbie woold "crnnarrass" ' he U.S. by re"e.ling it had worked with . former {ie'lapo official,

>nd (2) it woold risk co mpromisi ng pn><;ed ure, . ,norce, and informa'ion. T1le lane' concem w.. h3... d on Ihe fael ' h" Barbie had recru itcd informan ls from wilhin lhi: Gonnan Co mm oni$! party
as "'en .. righI_wing grou p•. A' 'he lime, ,he U. S. believed thai French ime)!igcnce had been penelra,ed by C""unWl ists. There fore. if [larbie wore tumed o\"er 1 th. F"'nch, th. Communists 0

might I....n uhout U.S. ,ou",e•. Thi, nol on ly could compromi, . U.s. ope,ations, bUl 0100 might jeopardi,. . [he lives oflhe ioformanlS.u Th. ,epon
wa$

ooo-judgmem.1 ahout the initial dcci,ion to work with Barbi• .

. . r cannnt conclud e t~"t Ihose who made the deci.ion w employ and fely on Kia,,", Barbie o ught now [0 be "i lified for Ihed«i,ion. Anyone of us, had w. OCcn there, might ha,e made the opposi le &ei,ioo, But one mu,t reeogni,.. 11101 ,ho" who did in fOCi h.ve 1 make • d""i.ion mad. a de fen, ible one, even if it 0 was not lhe onl)' def.n,ibl e one. No one 10 whQJII r .poke in this in" eSl igation was in..nsiti,-e 10 the honors perpetrated by Nazi Germany, no, .nti",ly com fo nable Wilh !he irnny ofu,ing" Gestapo omcer in the ,ervi~ of the United State' . 11Iey were, o n the whole, conscienl;ous and patriotic men f&cOO willi a dlm cuil assignment. Under the ci",um'to.n=, [ believe lbal their choice 1<> enli.I\ ' Barbie', ...istance was neither cynical nor conupl. Once III<: United $101.' hod 'ea""n to heli.,,,, lhat Barbie was in"oh·ed in war enm.., howeve" Ryan opined
I ~allh.",

"'as no longe, any "",rill or legal underpinning to the Army' ,

"",iOn,. By lying 10 Ihe State Depanmcnt about Barbie, and tll<:n helping ,pirit him Ollt of lhe country, Anny ",,,:onne l prec luded t ~e U.S. from making a fully Informed ded,ion about whether tn
~onor

france' s request for extradilion. Ac<:o,ding to Ryan, 'he Army' , a<lions

.moumed to a crim inal obm"clion ofJU Slice. The question th.n became how to deal with _ and p"'"ent fUlure ""currence, of -such co nduer, Prosce:ulion Wa' nol 311 oplion, ,ince the fi ..

,'aT , tatute of Ilmil.,io05 on obstruction of

justi ce had run. The "bstrlJetiun h. d ,,,,earrcd in 1950 when Army omeers - kno wing th.t Ihe SI.[ c Deportment "as considering "" <., t,ad ilion ""4""'1 rrum France _ f. lsely told the 51.," Dcpanm <nt that Flarbie's II"e"",bouts wcre lUok"",," Ryao held oul no h,'Pc Ih., lelli,lali"e '"
",~ub'ory

,dorm, would be dToctive,

lG Jiwn I~e oImost iofi lli1e "ariety of drcum, l, nce, Ibm an intelligence ogency CllC" U .. in Ihe cou,," of; 1S ol"' rotio"s, it wo uld be ",c,,,,dingly di fficult to m. 175

define a c1o.. of el igible infonn ants hosed on Iheir background Or, Iolus. And any such linc-d",wlng wou ld require Ihe ""mparlson o f . _, two fundam.nlaJly diss imi lar .onsiderallons . . . : lhe need for Information of 'l"'legic impoll anc:e ,-."us Ihe repugnance of dcal ing wilh criminals, Of fonne r • ...,mies, or brutal thugs. or officials of c>'il inslitutions, Eve n if Ihcre were 0 eOn"'nSll$ On whom we O"ghl nOl tn deal with, any ,,,,,kohle deonilinn would be ,n b ma<! as 10 be u,de", to tho,e "ho mu'lopply ii, or '" na/TOW Ihol it would he nrlilile prac,ieal ,ignifiClUlce. He WII$ opt imi' tic,
ho,,~ .....,

lhat during the thirty yean , ince the Unit«! Stotes bad en<k<l ils

relationsh ip with Borbie, Ih.re bad develnped • g",ot.. ,en", of uerounlUbility on Ihe purl of the
~ariO"S inlelligcnce agcncies," "The repon ended o n an upbeat oole, hope rulthal pe"ons fac-.d

with ,imllar i"ues in the IUlure wou ld n01a ..llme Ihal anyth ing was permi ss ible, includ ing Obmuclion ofj ustice, . imply bee..... it falls under the cloak ofi nleiligence. 'rhe"" findings and conelusion'; _ ,hal the t:nited SlUt"" had worked wiill • Nazi C"" topo leader and th.t Anny office" h.d oh" n Jeted josti"" nn his !>ehalf - would . 10ne have been sufficiently .hock ing to make beadli ne. , as had the . 1IeQUlion, lead ing 10 Ihe report. Howtv.r, Ryan went fw1her. In a letter a<:<:omp.nying the report, and odd",.. ed 10 the Allomey Ge....raI , Ryan urged Iha! the Uniled Sl01espub liciy apologi'.el0 f rance , It i. true Ih. llhe ObSl,"ct;on o( eITon. tn a pprehend and e Xlradile Barilie were not condoned in any offici. l sen"" by the Uni led Sla'es Gowmmenl. But neilher can Ibis q,;<o<Ie be con.,idercd 11$ merel y the unfortunate action o f ",negad. offieon 11>cy ,,"'" aC ling ",il~ in ilIc , cope o f the ir offic ial d uti",. Their . clion. were taken not (or person. l g. in, or to sh ield t~e'" p"= nal[y from [iabili!)' Of d iscipline. but to protec t "'~.t Ihey belie,-ed 10 be the in ler.,I. of the Unilcd Sial<> Annyand the Uniled Sial'" Cklvernmenl. Under Ihe"" ci"'um"ances. w~.le ...r m.y be l~eir personal culpability, lhe Uniled Sla ICs Govem"",nl carmol discloim ,",ponsibili!)' for Iheir actions. Whether Barb ie is guilty Or in""",,nl of I~e crimes wilh " hich ~e is c~argcd "ill be M"id,'d b)' a French ""urt , 1M wh.le"cr lhe v.. dic ~ his 'ppoinlmcnt " l lh j ustice is long ",,·.rdue. h is a princip le o( dcm ve....y and 1~' rule of law Ihat justice delayed i. justice de nied , lfwe are 10 be fall ~ fullO thai principle -and we should be faithfu l to it- we "annol prelend Ihol il .ppli•• only wit~in oW" bard." and nowhere cr..,. We ho,'e J era)d j u,t ice in

Lyon•. Ith«dore bdie"" it "pp,op,i.t., and I '0 moommend, thai the United Stat•• G"v"mm~-nl ~xpr~'$ to the Go\'~rnm" n1 ofFmnc. ito .~ gTct for ilS ,.,ponsibil'ty in del.ying the due procoss of Jaw in the case ofK I.us B.rb;e. w~ should .Iso pledge to <x>oper" to in any apprOprialOmOnn.r in lh. funher in""st;gation of tbe "rime, for which Barbie will be tri~ d in r """,e. Thi. i. a m.lter of decency and ofhonor.ble cond'lCl. It .ho~ ld be, 1 beli",.." lh. rena! dapler by the United St.tos in tni, case. This moommendation had origina lly bern in the repon its-If. However, aft.r reeei,'ing an advonce copy of the document, the Slate Ikparlm.nl e'p","ed ,orne ,." crvat;on,." In order 10 . ccommodate theirconcems - and yet not back da"", on the """d for an apology _ Ryan propo,ed e.d,;ng the re<ommendation from the repon and instead making il a . epara.. mcmorandwn 10 the Allorney Gone" L The Stale Dcpartment could then pres-nl the (,,,"1repon to lhe
I'r<:n~h,

alon8 W a fonna! note ofapology "hioh the Slate Dep." monl prepared. The ilh

Just ice D<:par1m ~nt would withhold public rei""", of the rcport and the memorandum until after the apology h.d been made." DAAG Richard helped Jl<:gotiOle lhese ae<:ommodations with Ihe Stale Dep!lr\rnen~ " On August 12, 1983, Ihe State Deparlmenl
p,~se il led

lhe full report to lhe French ehargt

d' olf.ires in W..hiogton, .1008 ,,·ilh a nole expres,ing the United Stoles' "deep regrcto "v~r the .ction,
tak~n

in Germooy ... to conceal Borbie." f ive da~'s later, the cover len~r, ' eporl and

.pology "'ere made public. The '101)' receivN enormOU' ,ttcillion. II "'os page ooe ;n The New
York Times, ,,·hich printcd R.,·an', c~"w ktt er in its co[irely. I"'ll" exccrpts from the: report. and a

, lalemem by R~.n as its "qUClwlion of the d.y." The Ju'tice l)opOI\menl held 0 """'. confer coce mc<X! dd i,·c"f)' of Ihe Mte to the french." Ry.n "-a' a ,md lhe presid<ntinl p"''' , ecretory annOL

guest nl\ tWO of Ihe th"", m.jor network morning new, .how, as " "II

<IS

on p ub l;c tekvi,;oD's

MacNeil/Lehrer Ne... limIT,
i\ llhongh th<':.. "'a' much pra ise for hi, ,,'holarsllip, the"" was wme debllt. O'e' hi' condns;nns. Consc",,,,i"e """"paper colnmnist Patrick Buchanan, who had no 'ympa,hy fo< Borbie, thonghl an apology ""warranled. Ironic, is it nol ? The U,S " which p "" lhon'ands o f ilS son, freein g France from the grip of Adol f Hitler, finds itself apologi2i ng to the French nal ion, many of "'hose: cil;",m a ctively collaborated with Hitler." Li2 Ho ll"",an q ue,tioned Ryan " beJieflh al 'he Americans wo rking with Barbie priOJ 10 1949 did not know of h i. true WlII1 ime aetivi'ies: h[F]OJ me to ""..pt that eoncl "'ion, I would ha"" to believe . ithe r lhaltheso peo ple were very un;nle lligen t OJ lhol they W<IK the narrowest of bHnde",,"" Some Jewi sh leadel'S ' haled her sk.pticism." Qth.. public fig ures

did as well , Flora Lewi s, forei gn arrai'" column ist for 71>e Ne.. York Tim.., found the report "unconvi ncing" in its conclU$;oD that the obstruc1ion ofjwtice wulimilcd to only abo ut a do",n om....; ,he 'U,peeled mh... higher up in 'he adm iniSlr81ion were in'o l'"ed," lIer susp icion, got 'orne SUppoM from Euge.... Kolb, an Army colon. 1who hod su\,<,,,,joed the Barbie ma ner iu th. early)'eal'S, fie op;no<! lhal Ryan', inability to establi' h cul pability higher up tho chain mighl be due 10 the fact lhal d""i, ion. at tlle bigher I",'el. ""ere ofkn made during phoneealls, leav;ng no poper ,,,, iL" For the mo,t part. hD"ever, reae, i"D ", the report and tho apolo~y
\\':1S

posi ti"•. The

W" ,h;nglon P,m found ,,", ""and", and b;llanc¢" of 'he report "3 .redit '0 'he Justice lkpanmc nt and parl icularly 10 its princi!",1anthOJ, Allan A. Ryan, Jr,,," Time magazine call ed lhe report hremarkahJ. ..... The Se", Yur,; Time" noted "[hJow .....e it i< fOJ a ptoud and powcrfiJ l no' ion to

admi l shabby beha vior ," II de" 'ribed the report as o ne which """"'e. hislOIy and invite. us 10 leam f'ello il." " ~ew,papcn in both France and Germ any praised 'he wnrk, wi'h " nc German pap<, e"olling the Uniled S'a..,' "powertul and impre"ive capacity for democ ratic "'If_ PUllling ,,,'" And tho GAO , whic h Iale, iOI'e' ligaled 'he Barbie m."er fOI Coolll"S$, fully e ndorsed Ryan ' , report,"

The dee i' ion '0 prepare ,he report had ... , igni lican' impacl on OSI , StriC1 ly sp<ak; ng, ,hc
repon was no' an OS! project ; R)'an wa, no longer OS! Di,ec tor when be prepared the doc wnenl, lhough he relied on OSI . tnlT e., e1usively 10..

,i" h im. Nonetheless, R}'an had heen ,·ho.sen

bec",, '" of h is aS! conncclion and Ihe cred ibility hc had hdptd eslablish for the office. He further enhanced that cledi bility by producing. doc umen l of unassailable scholarship and by d ireclly 'a' ing on lhc issue of the gove rnme nt' . moral and lega l p"" nre .is ~ .is Noti' in 1M
post war p<rio<l.

When the nex' :oI'o ti-era invcSlipt;nn need ed to be conducted, there was IlO issu< a bout wh..he, the Dep.rtmenl o f Justice .hould be involved or which o ffice shou ld prepare the document. O SI wa, the na'ural and nonco nlroversial choice ' 0 do Ihe in' "Csligat;on. and to write report. on Roben Verbelen . Kun Waldhei m, and Jose f Mel\llcle, ea ch di.cussed elsewhere in this report," The quality of the llalbie and subse~""nt "'ports hd p<J " Iabli,h aS! as '"' es,enti al ""<,,,ree for pe"on. dealing " 'i'h W"rld War n iss"e" ,\ . nne re., ,,1< t>f Ihat ,Ie,'c l"r lllcnt, 'he "'"nmey Gc""",1 ,I.,ignaled Ihe OSl Direclor '0 ,epr",enl th. Justice Dep"rlmcnl " n the
Imcragene~' Wo r~ i o8

Group (IWG1, crea ted to
Go~nunenl

i",p l. ",. nl ,ne N"'.i ",-'or ("ri"'"$ lJ i"h"nre AC1 of I 998 and 'he Japanese Imperial Di.do,ure ACI of20oo

The IW(i i, c harged wi lh Joe.li"g. ident;fyi"8, ;n, e n'ory;"lt>

,c< -ummcnd ing rO Jeol."ifica' ion ond makiog available all cla.<sir.ed f';azi war crim inal rec<>rd•• f , ubjec l fOcortaio , peoif1cJ
'~$fricliuos, lb~

' esfrictioo" ioclude records relafed to or supporti ng

" oY, eli"" ,>r io,cli," inve, ' ig' lioo, ioquiry. or pm=ulion by OSI aod ony record, .ule1y in lhe possession, euSlody or conlrol oflbe offic~." The Barbie , . pon has lhus had lbe "nFo' eseeable cffect of .ubtly expanding OS!'s l'CCogni7.cd
manda l~ _

After

,h~ '~porl

was issued, it became a gi"en Ihat ' he mandate wenl

beyond prosecu lions and covc red mallel'$ beyond U.S . bo,dcl'$, As for Barbie , in 1987, aftcr an cighl-...eek uial in France, hc wa.o; con"icted of crimes againsl humanity and ""nlcnced 10 lif. in prison." Hc died four y""" latc, .

.180

l. Oop:>rtmen, of Jus ' iee Order No , 851·79, Sept 4. 1979.

2. Set p , 324, n, 7 '" the mi. of

,h. lI:'IWCC,
G h o.t . ,~

3, Unde' French I. w lhe oon,'io';'" bpse<l afte, l\\On,y years , "E.on;isi ng O ld Feb, 21, 1 9 8~,

Time>

4. " F ron"" Had Da ta o n Ralb;e in ' 63. O""umenl Show,, ~ by Pa ul Web,'er. The lYashil1gwn

PaS/,Feb_16, 1983.
5. L~li" Am" ie"" New,I",Ms, Lid, ~lar, 9, 1973; Lali" A"",riea" Newslme" , Lid" Jan. 3, 1975. In 1976 , ,he Boli vian Ambassador France was murdered . 11i, alleged roJe in attem plin8 ,n . 'op ,he Prench gnvemmen1 from ,""kinS Borb;"'. e.,rad i,ion was given by the ,ennri." "" one rca , nn for the assassina,ion. "Envoy of Bolivia i. Slain in Paris, .. by AJldreas fr. und, The N.w York Tim.., May 12, 19 76. Aport from ,he French request, Peru ,c"'!lh, to ex'r.di'e Barbie o n c harges of currency f,aud and sm uggling. He wa, in Bolivian oustody for a;m0S18 months before ,be Pel\Ivi"" reques! was denj<d. " War Crim~ Su,pect Relea <ed by Bolivia,.. The New Yark Time., Oct. 30. 1973.

'0

6 . ..Ex.G.... p<> Official in Lyon. i, Link. d ' 0 U.S. In,elligence," by Ralp h Blumenthal , The New rock Tim. s. Feb. 8. 1 98~ . ""C"" . d ian Say. llarbie Boasted of V;si' ;ng U ,S .... by Ralph Blumen,haI,1M New Y",k Times, Feb. 28. 1983. The Depanmen' of Justice rep<l rl ul' im'lely issued on lIarb ie cas ts ""ri ous doub, on $ 1700 figure, II oond ude, it much mo re likdy lh. , Borbie _ s paid . bout $100 pe r mon,h in food. ci~elle,. ration cards ond Germ... currenoy.

,h.

7. " Kl.u, Barbie's American Conneclion" (ed itorial ), TIle Washington Pa" . Mar . I, 19S3. 8. "Can. di•• Say.
R.r h ~

Rna.."" of V;,;,;ng U ,S.... sup'a, n. 6.

9 , "Oblig.. ion 10 History," TIle New r",t Tim.. (ed i'ori . l1. Mar. ~. 1983, 10. Feb. 24. 1983 letter '0 An"mey Gencral Smi,h ftom Peter Rod;.o, Chairman of the 1I0u,,", Commi"ee on Ihe Judiciary. For reports of the le" et , SH e,g,. ·' U,S. is Reponed to Have hidence That Ilarbie Vi,i'ed in '69 and ' 70," by Ralph Illumenlhal, The 've'" York Times, "-1",. 8. 1983, "" RodinoA,ks Probe of U.S. Aid '0 SeiU<! Nazi," by Robe n Co ~en, The :V.wark Sin,.. L..Wr, ~ l ar. 9, 1983, 11. Jan.

u, 2002 recollect ion of OAAG

Richard .

12. . fat. J. 1983 lene r '0 Chairman Rodino from Allum.y ( ;<neraJ Smi,h. Su al. <>. "U.S. i, \ Barbi. Vi,i'ed in '69 a nd '70;' SlIwa. n. l O. Repoll<tl'o Ilave E,-iden« .\ f;,nin ~lenJcI,,\hn ,h ared ,hi , ,-ie'W. fle belie,'ed • co n~rcs,iun . 1 cunun i" .. Ur ,pc'ei;,lly

,ha,

'"'

desiynated oommi"inn ,hou ld in"~stiga te Ihe "sord id mess,~ I••ving OSI to foc u. on finding and .. pell ing Nazi war orimin3lS. «N.w Hunting for Nu'hing," by Manin Mendtl.ohn, Tht: Son Jose Me,,'~ry News , June 12, 1983. At the ,ime he ....TOle 'he :lrticle, Mendel,ohn seNed as legal eoun",1 k, tho Simon Wiesonthal CO"ler in Los A ngeles; it is uru;leor wh<:lh<:r h. was spcHki"ll for the o rga nizal ion. I ). ·'U.S, Plans .n Inqu iry on Barbie:' by Ralpn Blwnenthal, The New York Times, !\-far. 15, 1983. The file conro ining C lark' s request (_ 182- 1359) w3, de.noy~d by th~ Nalio nal Archi""s in du~ course (Jan. (999) bo:fo.e 'hi. n:p<>rl was written , 14. "Justice to Probe Mar. 15, 1983.
Wh~lher

U ,S. Prote<ted Nazi," by Mary Thornlon, T1u Washing/on Post,

IS, "U.S. i. R<:p<>"ed to tlave Evide noe that Barbie Visiled in '69 8Tld <70,M '''pra, n. 10. 16. Recorded inte.view with Ry8Tl, Deo, 13, 2002 . All .1at<:TT\enlS in this chapler conc<:rning Ryan ' . po. ition. COme from Ihi. interview, 11. Ne.1 Sh.,. was nomc<l A<:1ing Director of OSI ....hile RyllJt worked on lhe project 18. During the period covera! by lhe Barb ie episode. intelligence work in ElIlQpc was handl.d by the C IC. Although ,h. N.lion.l Security Act of 1941 created the CIA , it was sev.ral y.ars belore the agency ....... fully opeIlninn.]. 19. The Army used art undergrOTlnd railroad of s<.>ns, which had be<:n establi.hed by olhers 10 evacuate defectors or informants who h.d come to Austri. ftom the Soviet zo,," or Soviet b loc countries. The escape route, known as the M l i ne , ~ ron from Austri. to Italy. There, for an ..t exorbilant fee, • Croatian prie'l helped :-<azis obtain pas.pons from the Intern . tional Red Cross and visas from various Soulh American cou ntri".. One Anny docwn<:Ttt described the pri e. t as .... Fascist, Wll1 criminol, etc." Ryan came across no other i",.-tance in ....fIieh the tin it. d Sta ,., used lho rat line. 20. B;ttbie traveled to the U .S. in 1969 and 1970, before OS I was formed . h wao of""lm< .Iso before OSI entered len, o f Ihousand, of name. '0 Ihe Walchlis' . Se. p. 297. In any ..·.,,1. a Wa'ehlist posl ing of the name "Borbie" would have been u.. le.. ~i n ce h....""Ied under the name Altmann. 21. The re pon and sllpp<lrt ing exhibits can b. found at hllp :!!.... ww.u.d"j Wl'/orimjnaVpubliodocsi l !. ! priorl l ! ·I prio r.h'm ( Ia, t visi led Sept. 20(5). Th. ~rca' m3jority of do<;umcni. re'·ie...."d for the repon had been c1 as. ified when ..eouted and remaine<! classifIed durinll the ime r-'en ing years. The 3genoie. in volved, '<! panicolarly the U.S , Army, de<las , ific e" e nsi" e amounts of m"terial so ,ha l it enuld be included in lhe rcpon· ••ppendix. The ded ...ifica ,ion. were done in full COn.UllaliOll ....·ilh Ryan. In ,be 'cpon ·. introduction Rya n e, pressed confidence lhat lhe m3tcri al still classified did n<~ in My ,my detrael from the completene.. of ,h. "'pon.
)&2

n . Slalcm"" t of EU8cne Kulb, wbo . upe", i..d and d irecled Ihe Americ an. work ing with Bar bie,
o n The ,VacNeil/Uihrer N.,..s flou r, Au g. 16, 1993.

23. The 1976 Fina l Report of'hc Sc IC<1 Committee 10 St udy Go v.rn m""ta] Op eta tiOIl$ with
R«pttt to Intellige nc e Activities of the United State. Se ruM, 94tb Con~ss, 2nd Se..ion (g,·oc"T.lly ,ere,.,,;d to 3$ '"Ibe Ch urch Report"), h.d d..ailed a bu... in counterintcll igc'Oce by the Fil l ""d C IA. Thi' inc reased puhlic 'w'",ne,.' o r'he ;"ue. ""d led to new guidel;ne, fo' dome";e in' elligence agene ie', 24. Th<; Dep artmen, of Ju" ice recoJd' do not eonlain the leller , en! by the SeerttOlyof S'ate . Howe"er, "x trapola ting from an C."oot draft le ller fur the Seerewy of State', sign. tW"<, which was g in n to Ryan and .n..hed by him to a me mo to AAG Jensen, State was not opposed to the coneepl o r an apo]ogy, but believed that it should n01 be included in the published report. They .Iso wan,ed "'uran"" 'hat Ihe Frorn:;h wo wld ""'e iv" • copy of the report before it was made Dtafl State OeplU1ment letterre public. A ug, 3, 1983 mem o 10 AAG Jensen fro m Ryan re M Kla llS Barbie." 25. A ug. 7, ) 983 memo to AAG Jen,en from Ryan '" '"Kiau, Barb ie -State Depanmem Options .M 26. Dec. 13, 2002 recorde d teiephone inte"'ie w with Ryan. 27. '"U.S, S.~ , Anny Sh ielded Barbie; Otters it> 'Regret" tbe french," by Stu.... TayJor, Jr., Aug. J 7 , 1983. I're.. Se cretary larry Speake. sa id M th"'" W3$ no interagen cy conspirncy to conceal Barbie from the French.· 28. "Su<:<:<:,,,,,,,," of Klau, Barbi e," by Patrick Buch anan, The N.,.. York Po", Al18. 18, 1983. 29 , '"\Vhal Jo b Specification. C. II for a War Cri minal?", by Sruan Toylor, Jr., fu New York Timu, Aug. 2 1, 1983. Ho ltmuUI was no looger in Congres-s whe n the repon was issued. She was ,,,,,,ing as the District Anorney in Broo klyn, New York.

'0

30. See "atements of Ju liu, Be""",,, Chairman of the Conference of Pre.idents of M.jor Am erican Jewi'h Organi,at io"" The ,lfacN.j/ILeilnr Ne,..s I/our, Aug. 16. 1983.

3I, ~Barbi e 's American Co no« t;on,'" by Flo,," l.",i.. TIn! New rork Timu, Aug. 2S, 1983.
32. The .lfacNejl'L.hr"
33,

"'.W. Hour,

Aug . 16, 1983.

-ne Barbie Case" (ed itori.I), The WO.I!li" il lOn I'ost, Aug. 18, 1983,

34. '" Dela}·ing lnst;"" ror 33 Yea"" I!o"," ' the Butcher of l.)·on,' Got Se<ret V.S H"lp and Pr"'e<tion,~ by Maureen nowd, Time mo~u; n., !lug. 29, 1983 , 35. '"Sha me, Pridc rtnd Klou, Barbie'" (editon"l), The /I'"," York Times, !l ug, 18, 1983 .

.183

36. The S" 'lfg"rfer Z,i"'''It, as quoted in "Uneasy Europ<:<U\S Praise U.S. ·MeRCu lpa' in Klaus Harbie Cose: ' by William Drozdi"", Tite Wa.hinglon POSl, Aug. 19, 1983.

37. .11,,:;, ami Ax;. Cd /" bor,,'''''. WeF< U••d 10 Funlter U.S. Am j·Comm"" iS! Objeelj~. in £u",~ _ Some £mi",r'lf,d 10 ,Ite Cnited 510«•• (GAOlGGO - 85 - 66, June 28. 198 5), pp. 2 1-22 .
38. Sa pp. 310·329, 385·405
39. OSI has ioterpreted the re"riction "arrow!y and has wai\'ed il entirely in many cases. 40. France had abolished the death p"nalry in 1981.

'"

Rob. " Vet b. len - Anol he. Rarbi.! The Verbden "",'ig"menl e"me on Ihe heel' "f Ihe Barb ie ,epo" .00 in mJJlYway. wa< a n'lIt,,,,1nU'g ro\\1h "f 'he ,-,,,Iier d" "u lllenl, The B.rhie re[Xl" , hocked 'he public wilh nO lhat WS U.S. intcHigen,,, , e" iee, l,.d w,,,ked wi,n. knn"l1 N3:f.i coil. bor. lur .Iler lhe war. Verbelen ,.i, ed the q ue.lio n o f " he'he' the Barbie eose ".."" unique. During World War II, Rnbert Jan Vc,belen eummanded an SS ""wily eurps whieh l<rtorized ' he Belgian popula.. in tetaliation for act;vil ie, eondue t<d by 'ho Belgi on underground. A"ls of reprisal ind "d ed the a' bllllll')' ane", bea' ing. 10"" re, impri..,nmen' , dep"rtali nn, ond munlcr of in",,.en' civil ian,. In 1941, a Belgian milllal)' eulll'1 convicted y.,belen in absen'ia ,"d , entenced him to death. /11 ,he lime of lhis eonvieti"", h. "'.s livlnMin

!I"",;. and working Ilnd", . pse udonym for lhe CIC.
In 1983. lhe ADL med • Fr<cdom o fTn format;on ACI (FOlA) request fo' dnewnems abo'" Vemo len. The n"pon,i"e material establishedlha' Vetbele n bad worked fnr lbe etC from

194 7 10 1956, . hhnugh I ~e ' eda<led docum ents ' '' l1gested lha' CIC had be<n un.w..... o f his lrue
identity.

The AOL likened the m."'" 1 ,he a :orble re,·.IOIi"n, and pclil ioncd the Anomey Gencral 0
'0 in" ltule a ··"umprehensi.. e., amin. tl" n" " I' "'orkill ~ reb ,ionships l>e,we"n N"",i collabo"'to,"" and U.S . iotel l i~cnc< ,c,,·le.,' ,lAG Troll as ked OSl In conduc' a preliminary in4llir)" inlo 'ho

I"kkly confirmed the bm.d ,1I"I1"ioo. "as e xpedit iously """ssible.'~ Th i< ini'ial inqui')' < <>",lioes of Verk len's "<lrk fnr Ihe UnitcJ S,.,e, _ he ron a o.'work providing inlolligence and e<lUn'crin'c1 ligenoe informalion - bU il . 1' 0 "'i'ed a hos l of 'dd i' ional q ue'llo ns. A'nnng ' hem l " e re " hm 'he Army hod r."1 learned Ve rbd en ' , 'rue iden,ily, " 'ho' hcr the", ncre " 'hc r known

Nozi <oll"oo' ato" working fo' ("IC, and wheth., the Army had prot«tt<! him. After meet ing "ith Dir« lor Sh~r "nd Ihe historian working on the repon, AAG Trott author ized O Sllo e' pand its inquiry in order 10 "'solve these isso.,.'

In JUII<': 1985. bofo, e O SI completed its investi galion. me GAO i,.ut<! a report dealing
wit h so me ofthe ,ame
man~," .

The GAO "'pon had bee n commis, ioned by ' he House Judiriary

Commi nee. Its purpo,e wa, to de" nn i"". in pari, wheth"" federal agende, hclp«l l'87 war .i criminal. and 0011. """10'" emigrale 10 Ihe Uniled Sioies andlo r co nceal lheir bockgrounds once they were adm in«l. The GAO concluded Ihal U.s.
in1<;llige~

agencies knowin81y employl!<l

alleged Nuis and Axi. coll aborator-. who co uld pro" ide infonnation about Comm nnist agents in we"em Euro pe.' The repon statcd that 12 such cooperatOr$ had emigra..d to ,he L;nitt<! Sta"",. foW" wilh U.S. as,istanec. The report did nol nam e lhe tw<lve. allhough the GAO provided the nam es 10 OS!.' OSI eomple1ed ils Own report in Oclober 1986. Due 10 the amonnl of classified material eiled. il took another year and • half before lhe repon was eleared fur "'I..... by the Stale Departmenl. the CIA and the A nny ,' The Jnne 1988 clue nmenl concluclN thai the Army had

"""n ignorant of Verbelen's lrue ide nlity and full hi<lory un,;1 1956, allhough it d id kno w from 'he OUIstt tMt he had bee n an S5 o fficer and wO$ try ing '0 aV(lid arrest for his wart ime ",,';vi,ie,. ClC se"er<:<! ties [(, Vcrhdcn for ",a,on' independ ent of hi' "",I;' the re was no evide nce Ih.1 [he VnilN StOle'
~ltc n,pted

1 P""'ent hi. k ing h,o ught to juslice. 0

On the ~r""d e, q U ",lion of whelher the U ,S. syst ematically used known l'w

..,11.""'olors ., inlclligence ,ou", es, tho an,wer w'" an emphalic yes f o r the CIC. i1. mission of proteo;ting American ,"Curily appare ntly

j",!ified Ibe use of p""'m, who we", morally repugnan1. A . . . CIt.: directive nplolncd that, "l' ile it ,,'as prefemble 10 "'" inf"rmanLs whose ideals were , imilar 10 II"",e of Ihe (}oiled States, ,hi. did nol pn..'Ct",k; "use of an inf" rmlll1t of ,l,e ' Slab-yo ul-nei ghbor' t)-pe If il "'ems thal lh«re Is ddi nlle val"" 10 be oblO;oc..l ,hereby , It Is ",,,II'd Ihol , lI lyp"s ofcharocl." must be 0 ..1 In order 1<. 0b <3in ",kquate eO\"Crage." :-c.,ly.,1l the former CIC ogents Int iewed In ,lie .ou,," o f rhis I",,".;tigation .ckno,,'ldgod thai membe-rship in the SS or pan lel!"tion in q uestionable »aH ime 3<.11"l lles did no' dl.;q".li/y a pelSon from ose as a CIC I"f"rmant. Indeed, Ve.helen' s fi rs' c rc eo"lrel . geol m. i"'al,,ed thaI il was .d"'nla~<'QLlS to use s" cb persons, not only he"u," o f their knowledge and expe.ience, but al"" hec.use their dep" odence upon the Uolted Slates for prulccli"o cnsured their reli.bility.' osr cited 13 "onamed ;ndividu.ls wilh Nazi baokgrouods who had he"" used by the ClC In AIlS,ri., noting ,hot in <Orne ;n.,. no<' ,he CIC protected the meo from am:SI .' The liot was ;rnendod to be iJlllStratl" e but " ol.,haustive." The "'pon d id n01 have lhe impact of o'h.r o s r special projects. Perhaps 'hi, i. ""couse its most as",niobing conduslon - that ,he.. h.d been. patk'm of",Honee "pon N..,.j coll.b<)l.t ors - h. d been foretold by Ihe GAO two yean "",lie,-, The ma"C had received wide r media eOYeTIge .t ,h.t lime." Mor""vcr. Verbeleo _ unlike Meogelc, Barbie au<! W.ldhelm _ wo, "'" a hou""l\old narne. Therefore, oews of his ronnection to U.S. inlelligcnce services did nol ll<'nera'e (",n' Jl38e eo,"rage or public QUI"'¥". At the time the ' epon was i...,ed, Verbelen w"" living in Au"ri., wriling espio".ge ""vel, and workiog as a speaker and pobllcist fo, neo-Nazi O1"g.n',,';oo,. lie died in 1991; ""c ordiog to new,paper .ceoun,", hi' fooc>ra! was attended by • mOl" er of approximately 100 (om"" SS troop' au<! neo·N""i s."

.18 7

I. Th:< . 16, 1983 k l1Cf to Attomcy General Smith from Justin Civil RighI> Division.

Fi n~c •.

Oi'<:<olor, ADL Nalional

2 . Dec. 27, 1983 mcrn<> f,,'1tt AAG fro ll 10 DAM) Riehard and Di",e to. She.; Th:<. 27, 19 83 memO fw m AAG Tt<>1t tu Altumey Genoral Smith. 3. Sept, 8, 2003 interv iew with OSI Ch ief lli,turiM £ liZllbclh White, who w<>, ked on the Vetbelen " 1"'n : Mar. 30, 1984 memo t<> file from 5hcr re ~Aulho,i1at;on to Cond"'" Foil h" ,. " igat ion,"
4. No, ;.' and Ax,s CoJlalJoroiors W.., .. (J.wl lo Fllrther U. S ,lnti· Comm~n ;st Ob/..'i""s in EIIMfM - Same r", migrald ro I~ (Jnlld Stale, (GAOIGGD _85-66, June 28, 1985).

5. June 5, 1985 l<:tt•• to Director Sne. from GAO "'01."'0' John R, Tipton. One Oflne ~Iv. had alr..ady bl'en prosoc uted by OSI and anoth.. wu under inveslig. ,iotl. Tw<> oth<rs "'".. dead. OSI opened invest;~.t;on. on tile remaining eight For vanou. '-=0"", non. of Inc.. i,,"e'tiga'ion. led to proo""ulio",". Some of lhe "ubj«t. died bl'fore the i" ' eSl igation was ""'ttpl"t"; in other <.,C<, the.. was in, uffi"ienl evidence to take lO e<>urL 6. Ultin,alely. th. Anny ~Iassifie d all CIC fi le. pertaining to Verbclcn. The C IA wu more problemali". The . seney "..... concerned thai rele... of some oflhe docom ents rd erenced in lbe report mighl eompr<.>mi.. lio;,on ,.Iatio""hipo or c<>"e••" Ignrnents- In Ihe end, a, " oted on p. 36 5, tt.. Just ice Dcpanm.nl fott"'·.nt publi,hing an appendix of 'upportlng mat.rio1 bc<:allSe Ihe C IA mandated redOC1 iollS were ' 0 ..""" iY• . 7 , They were concerned lhll1 '" I<asl one foreign intellig<nce agency knew aboul his worl< witt. C IC ""d lhey felt that hi' intelligence gathen og ,"pabilili.. ""re no longer of value.

~;;;~ Ib"ll""""",w"" ~ ""j."""''' ' '' ' ' '·oo in,, b,.,"'b I'ic""" "'Jlollp,, ,"""'", ' ~ ' ' I

" 00' (last "i. ited Sept. """""1'

9 , The ]u"ke o.pa" mcnlloolc Ihe odd ili" nal preco", ;on of fIOt r. "eo1;n8 lhe nome, of Ihe countri• • a."", iated wi'h Ih... Indi" idu. l. wl>en doi"g OQ might help a reo,,"r "",en ain lbe i n f~ rm " ~ r ' , idenlity. I O. ~ Iay 26. 1988 memo fmm J"ho Keeney, Acting A '\G for the Ctiminal Di"i,ion 10 Marl< Levin, OJi.f of SlOff 1 ,Ot Anomey G.""",I , r. "Re,pon'e 10 Memo' ondum of ~ay I I. 1988 <> reg:t'ding OS!" Ve,be l.n Report."

I I. s,¥ ' .g.. "2 II'., Ctim;"ol, hod O tlk iall klp in Getting to U.S., Study Find.." b)' Ralph
Illumenlhol, Til' S"w r",k TiI",'s, June 29. 1985; "U.s. A;d ;n Emis ' ot;on o f N",,;, Reponed." , hv Don Shannott, rho hs A"gel¥s n "'e.< June 29. 1985; ·t ;,S" 1'il2i.s Tm<!cd E"". po, Faets: G,\O Sludy," AP, The Chi<'41! ~ T'; ~"n •. Jone 29, 1985: ~Li ,S. Used F.x-Noz;, Agai nsl Soviet.. Il ill Told," b)' Ge,,'ll. L,lrdner. k , Tiro Jl'4shilll:"'n PM', J."" 29. 1985.

12. "R" b<rt Jan V.,b<lcn 0 ;...179: ' by R.lph Blum<:nlhaJ, 71.. N~w York Timos, Jan. 8, 1991.

Jo,d M<ng.lo _ Tho An ~<1 of OUl h That a pio« of Dr. Jo""f ~l.ng.l." ",al p would wind up in lh. desk of tho OS] Direclo, i. ou i", ny 'hal Mengel• .-ould hardly haY< imagined. Josef M.ng<l. " 'Il' "ne "f ,h. mo" no'Ofiou. ~ ..i. '0 .,cape p",se"u'ion. Ik 'JI<'nt moS! of ,h. war at 'h. Au,ohwi1:< ,,,"cenua' ion camp. when: h. h.lped det.""i,.. which inmat.. would go to the gas chambers ....d which, by vittue of lh.I, ability 10 wo'k. ,ould he used as fOl"<ed laborer., Ilund,ed. of ,housand. were senl to Jl<'tish imm.diately. Many or those
~spared"

became .ubj"".. in ll'U"", m. and ..dl'lie pseudom.dical "perlm.".., i"<luding

, ..,"a' ion, fOKed mi'e=iag• • and in'.ntional . xposure to fatal d ise... and radiation, Mengolo's work at Auschwitl. led many 1 "'fer 10 him all the Angol of Death, 0 :vI.nttJ. '. doing, and "her.ahouts aller ,h. war wen: Iho ..bj<el of much pop culture 'pt<ula1i"n: 'The g. "" ral consensus WlI> 1hal"" was in Paraguay, livlnll In , pl.ndot under 1he p!"ot""'ion ofi'" dicta' o" a.neral Alfredo St"'.=,.' H. ""' th.n:fon: 1101 On OSl'o ag.nd" J All 'hoi ehang«l in Januory 1985. when lhe SWC ",leased docum<nlS ohlain.d from lb. l)opartmenl of Defense unde' ,h. F'eedom of I"forma 'ion Act, 'The mat.li al indicated thol ),lcngel. might ha,.. been ",",,,«I ""d "'leased in the Ameli,,,,, oc<:upatiO<l zone of Vien"" ' hortl,' after World War n. and 'hat he might ha"e applied fo' a ("anodi"" vi.. in i962.' This ",,'<I,,';on

,,:! orTa spa'. of""""

,tories ,u~gesl;ng ,h.1Mongele had btcn in 'he Uni'ed St.l.,.'

Th. <lol)' "0' p"l i"ui>rl}' poi~ ntllll as II e'rne On ,h••ve ofthc fortieth "".i,'<rsat)' of Ih. lil><,"'io n "f A""h"';I?, lb. c.rna~ia" Primo Mini'tor immedi''''I)' coiled for an "urgenl i"",>t iga'i" n:' In W,,,hin~"o", the Sta'e Depanment' . A..i""", S«rctary "f Slat. for HlJJl1an RighI.'
nn~

I lumani,. ri,," Affairs ""n""noN ' hat ' he A~mini."r.,ion ",anled ,he mailer e.<amincd

by OS Lo
The Ju'tice Del"'rtmenl welcomed ,"" uppu n unity.' The Anr>mey Go:neral coIled un OSI

10 " om pile 01 1. .... ib!e e.-idnocc "" Mm,ele's o:umnl ,, ~ a s _ 11 .. i n f _ion
""""em ing hi'lI'avcl in ,,"upied "emulny. hi' ""p«led f1i ghl lO M ldh AIMri<. ond the miobilil)" 01 "'JI'IftO lila he had \<isitaIlhe U";kd SIaIa.'
The proposed ' '''luil)' di lT ered frum the Barbie IIlld VC<b<len ""pons in one lliptifieotlt

"""l'JOC!' ,heft txotded 10 be I -.lei. . . ttunl for

MeoI~Ie. II liP. o f

thi.. "'" DeparunoolI: o f

.I\Iolioe _ipd "'" U.S , Mtolhal. Scrvke to ...... k wilh OSI , As originelly conceived. OSI
would roe

on !lie hiaoric:a1 issuer. had Mcnp evtt ' - " in the U.S.? had he .-Ieed wid!

U.s.

, Tho ~. ServiCf: _

lei tale lhe Icad ;" rllldinf: him.' Simon Wiesenlhal. the

Wnl (""'1m"'" and ,he Israeli. '*<'nI .I.., eomminod to fi"",... Me1Igele; oil pwlies agood to
~ eoopc' aMi l'dy.

The matlet galvan ized lhe i"'bhe Spwred on, perhaps, by milhons of dollan in pri.....1y
>pDO_ . d _ -.I .........,.... emz.."", reponod M...,ele .. shti.... as di ...... as the O w Mod in

B",a Bora, . Chinese n:sloutan1 in Sal1 Lake C ity. atld a n"",i nll """'" in

M ......,"........ After

undapn, ~"J"'C"Sis, one e~;... tqAA "'d beina IOnlIrCd "" I

neo-NRi C"""'P thot includood

Mengde , A psyehic otTered 10 use her p'wers to help the govemmenI in it> .....h. J.m as 0Sl " u 10 bqill its inoesl~"ioll. I So:nae paneI ......'etled III hold

hearines ""

the mine r." All"" Ry"" u'o, nne of many ' I""" ken 01 a hearing till«l "ilh dram..i. leslimony,

financed hi, lif. :on<! tr.vel , a, a (ugi';' ·. in So,ulh Ameri<a by tralr.. k ing in coeaine . The d<an of
l toe s IVe pas...,:I on ",pun. 'hill ~"'....I. " u io p.....my "heR: he had taken "" ,he />otlb)' of

'"

be. collecting. And a lh"",·" ,", ~.I\. ral , As-,i""nl Chief of Starr rOT Army tn,.lIigenor. was
""'Oily ' chuked for 001 being fully ;of"nned " n Mengel. ', poSl_,.,ar acb ,-ity. The eh.i, of lt1e

I ,
I

1

"ubc<lmmi" "" opined 'hal "Ii JI is Ii"", ,he /lnny 11"0 ""me priorily to Josef M.ngol. ..·.,
The Army took I..,.-d. Thol ''crY day, . .....k fm". was . " .I1Ii, l1ed ,,, a.,i,t!tIe

I

n epart"'•• , of Ju"i"" ;0 I" Mengel. que"."

In. Army . grttd ,,, 'upp ly ".ppro. imatdy 20

I"'rsonnel" '0 conduc1 • "frame by frame" searcll of rel.vant microfilm = 1 ," ,

All pani•• presumed tho' Mengel. was .I i.... , Director Sher was cpl;m;Sli<: thot Mengel.
would be brought '" j ust ice." Th e wo rking .., um plion was that Mensel. woul d be

""\1",,,<1 to

Germany", I,,,,.k cach of which had"" oU'Slandi nll """".,u for hi..

m,'."

Unforton. ,. ly, ,h. re wen: no good Ie",!>as 1 Mongol.'o "'-hereabouts. The break .om. 0 When Germa. 10" ""[ol'«,,,.n' o/foci.I" acting on a tip. raided ,h. home of a long.'i me employ"e of III< M""gel. family busin,," in Gamany." 1hey fou nd a seri.s ofl.n... apparently mailed by M.nge le from Brazil hetw<en 19n and 197 8. as well as kn= from . BrUili"" «>uple who Iud sh.lt.red Mens"l. on the outskins of Sao Poolo. A 19791cner from

,II< coupl. reported ' hot M....g. l.

,,"'os

dead. "

Sao Paulo po lice ..ided ' he cou pl. ' s home and fou nd wri'ing.< and dian.. ' hat ' he coupl. soid " '. .. M"n~.le· ,. The ..

,,= also pieI" .., of an .Iderl}' mo.

and of Rolf M.n~l. - )o ser ,

grown son now li\-ing in C",rmany. The <ollpl. " id Mengel. Iud drowned in 1979 and 'h .y I. d ,h. "u,hon,i,·, ' 0 hi' pul"i". g,ove. Th. Brazili""• ., hum.d 'h. body amid mueh pub lici!}'; ,hey

Th.", de,·cl"pmcn'.' e",. ,ed Iwo inJ ep<ndc "'''nd' '0 ,h. im".. i!!"lion _ oc lermining "ll' wh.th<r ( I) ,he
"Ti ';n~'.

pho'"s an d p"s",,,i"'" f"' md in B""il b<1" "gN ' 0

~1 . n &. l e ;

and (2)

"h.,hC"f lhe

exhume~

My " as hi" o sr eommissiu nc-d a handwriling analY'1 and • roper and

ink doe um..,,1examin..r 10 study Ihe Orazi lian wriling., OOlh expe'" had worked On 051 c..... ber",.., analyzing whe1her World War 1I doewn..m, Found in the So,iel Union we", genuine. For 1M han d",iling .x""rt. lh. M. ngel. comparison wa, e",it[ ' 0 make than most beeau," the "ell_ educat..d
~ e n8 ..le

had ingrain ..d wTiling habits by Ih.. tim.. he j oined the SS. lbc documen15 In

the S5 fi le and 1M Oraz ilian writing> wcre '" , imil ar Ihat they looked as if lhey we", penned wllhin weeks of each odler,'" The paper and ink ""alysis eonfirm ..d Ihal lh.. malerial. uS<:<! hod
~n avail,ble iII Brazil J uri ng lho 1970, when ,h. diaries weTe p "rp<Jrted ly wrinm ."

A t."" of six Am.,kan for..n, ie ..<pen. 1..""led 10 Sao Paolo 10 study \he rem";",. Three of the e.pe'" w..,. cho..,n by tn.. Marsh.ls S.rvic.; the OIM ' IhrU w. ... ,.Ieeled by th. SWC. Al \he ,imo of Ine e.<hurnal ion. the two m<>sl rella ble methoo, fo, renderi l\ll • po.illve ide ntification _", , -ray and fi ngerprint compati,o",. Neilh.., seem..d possible in lhis oase . The", were no known ._ my' of Menge le from G.rmany Of Ilrazillo oompare W; l~ 1M corpse , Although lheTe w.,e fingerpri nts in M..ng..le ', SS file, lh. 00'1"'0'S , kin hod SO decom posed lhal nO prinl could be taken ," Nonelhele,.. in I... Ihan IWo wrek" lhe 'Oi..nlistS mad. " preliminary
.\kn~c1e·..

""",.,mcnl thOl lh.. body W3$ ",ienlific ce rtainty.""

They expressed confi dence "wit hin" r<oson. ble

Theirconfidenc.. W'lS ba,ed On " ",ui"'Y of faelOf" 1M mo ' ll"'r>ua>ivc o f which wos an iMOYOli,·. W.S1 Cicrm:IJI phot"l:'"phic ,·ompar;.oo io which pictul'<s of 1M ... hllmed , kull were matched on • video l<rmina llO kno"l1 we....1", compared to Ihc
pnQlo~,"plI.

pholo~ raph,

of M. ns. le in hi, 5S file. file skull pietur••

fOQIld in lI"",il. Gh'..n 24 poin" of oomparison, ' h.....

.19.1

I
I

at dOOib we'" "<1n,iSIOnl ,,-i'h .\k "gcl.' , . 1110 bo"e' in ,h. upper jaw of Iho skeleton >howro a
gop I>e"\eon ,he lro nl 'ce,h whioh mot.h.d , known ~.p in M onsel'" jaw; it . Iso m.toned a

I i
i ,

denture r" und ,,-il h tho H,,,,,.'!;'" ""'",,~ i ,,<:'. Ge,,,, ",, don'altc<oNs ' howed lhal M<ng<J. had fillings in hi. mol....; "" 'oo did ,he l<ell> f,o m the , kol«on. Moreever, the filling. in lhe , ilol.,a1
'eelh
",e...

Europ<1II\ , ,,, her IhWl Brazilian.

Th e Il ,,,,,jli&ll and Ge rm, n go,'om men", as w. 1I as ,II< SWC , quiokly embn,,,.d the

""i.nlim' conclusi"n. The U,S. AMmer General was . 1 "onvir.ced. fl . ""nounced thet OS! '0

would nOw f""u' OIl ,he historical poRion "r ,Ile . 0'., d"crm;ni n~ whe,he, Mengel. hod e'er
be on in U .S. cIIstody or had any "' lotion' hip with U.S. offi cial,," D;rec'ol S ha ""d the
t~.

",,,,,,,;ale di""'tor " fl he U.S. Marsh. 1> ..", "", lold Cons ,."

'ha' ,he Department ".«<plled)

«}IIdUS;01l", hn' ,be exhumed bOOy "'"" !<.1engele',." The Marah.ol,' rol. ;n ,he investig.,ion "'.. ended." In fac l, nol cveryo... "'''' fully convinced 'hal lhe Wy "'.. Mengel.' , . There ""'.. sovaal loose ends tho' 1, ,,,01, the U,S. Army, and w me wilhin OSI ond Ihe Dcpartmem of Ju>!;"" "'an,ed rew lved, !<.1os, im",,""nlly, ,here "-" nO .,'id<:""e of oSl,'<'m,..,l iti, in the ' keletal bone' de,!,i« ,he rael lha, Mengel<'s 55 rccOfds indicOied 'hn' h. had , uffered f,om 'he di",3Se. In ,dd;'ion . ' he'" ",as co""" m ,h., 0 .",de" e, hum" ;on th. !><In. "mpl."
~Ioreo ,..,r , mi ~h'

ho,'. oompmmi,«l 'he iu,eSri' y of

,he 11"" ili.", di"rie. mon,ioned den'al . -",y" J"C\ "" one had

h'o'ed the,e lilm, to 'omp",e " i'h til< twh in 'he ""m •. The diarie, ai"" documen,ed rom e""ol "wk "",fooned hy ".m,'""e n"m,,j (;'01. in Ih. lOw." nf Sam.. How... ,. the,.., w.. 00 ,\Ioh 'own ond ,he onl)' d,'n'i" 0""''<1 (Jama " Ion could he f<' L1nd had "" ,ecord, pa ralld ing 'he

entries;n lhe diary." The", unre>oh'ed i"u..'O rai, ed ' wo di. lurbin8 P'J"il:rili lies: (l ) ..,,,,,,in8 Men gele had been li,'inS in Bra>il, Ihis was an c1abora« bowr 10 conn""l h;mlo an umdaled dear! oody in order 10 end Ihe worldwide m.nhunl;" ojr (2) l be , d onl is" wcre righl. bel for ;n' uffid ent reason .. and !he cas e "would pla~ut: evoryone
fore.'er.~ "t

Althaugil <I.. Anomey G"neral',

pronouncemem had nnminaUy ended inquiry ;nto lhe idenlily of lhe eO'P , e. !he go_emmenl i«p1 lhe m.ncr under re.';'w .. part of it' ongoing bistoriclli inve<,igabon. Thus, rour monlb. after ,lie idenlily i" .,. was supposedly ,.",I\'Cd. Dt\AG Riehard and DireclOT Sher anrnded • meeli ng in Jerusalom with 1s"",li and Gorman officials 1 discuss lhe need r", mo,. medical evidence 0 Di,eclOl' She: a!tended. Followup meeling the nexl monlb os well. " The most impo".tI1 br..klhrousf! ;n lhe h;'lorieal resean;h occulTcd wilen OSI hist"""" David M""""U ",. ;eW<:<! I m",,"scripl which Mengele had ",nll0 hi, son." Menge le described

;1 .. an "aulob iographical novel " In ii, lhe prolaSoni'lexplained tha, he lIad be"n d..a;ned briefly by the Americans .1Ier lhe war. He . Iso d escribed how hi. d;,eh1fie papers (issued under an ali..) had lale, been .Itered 10 MOlher p",udonyrn . J,JarweJl assumed Ihal Mengele was lbe pro togoni,t ond thal none Oflh. poop!e menlioned in Iho "novel" were idenliticd by lh"i, reo! name. , lJ"then oXlrap<>1 alcd from lb"

.<>d" u,,,d 10 ol'er lh" p'ota~oni,,·. di.chaIge pal"'J$, in

order '0 ",",<" . in lhe lru< name ofa Munie h dOClOr menl ioned as ha ,'ing been with ,he prou s oni'l in an American POW "amp Tho ""'pe lalion WllS n01 preci,e. howe"cr; "" 'era! nomes
"~e

pe,,;ble fits ,

Thi, was Ihe pre·computcr era. M.n wll ehed ed old Munich lclephone dircctor;es a t the Library of Congre... . One of Ihc P'J"ihle names "'lIS li,l<:<l in lhe 19 ';0 pht>nebook, Marw<ll

395

then Went to ,he No,ion,1 A",hi~ <IDd "'a",hed 'hrough a microtiln, card in"ex of medical

I",, ",cd ,hc doc'or in a ,mall Gctman I'illo&e, R.hx!arl,I)", he ,poke wi,h Morn'ell. lIe prol'ided

Th< military task fo",e ,I><n locale" 1""'000.1 me. of,ho.. ,,"" could have come in coot"", wi,h M.o&ele a, ,he 1'>rioU' pl""es m.n,ioned, TIle Ann}' obl,ined current add.."",. for ,h. men from 'he V<lc""," AdminiSlnuion, OSI in,.,."iewed sco'" of these wi'nesse, and le...,e"lba' Mens el. hod hocn in custody

ini' ially. <IDd U,S. furces neve, reali..d ,ha, he wos &

"'''-

ctime. su,pec' , lie "'''' ", leased in

rou,ine f..hion in ,he chao,ie eMdi'io'" th., .. i"ed a, the tim., He d id no' wml< wi,h tho U.S. au,ll",'!ie' no, did he ••'or I,••,. i '0 C""oda or Ihe Uni,ed St.,., ." Wi, h ,he historical in" uiry l"'Sell' compie1e. 0 dnunatic b,C<lklhroull/> was mado in i<kn'if)'ing lb. corpse. By happen" , n.,.,. ,he U.S, Consui Ge....ral in S.o Poolo "'as an ersl",hii. 0011 pa'holo~i". The dcn ,ol qU<>tion, 'herefore patli'ul..-Iy in'ri gued him, In 0 eu, ex. momen' ,
I>< ,ea lized ,hat ,he refcr. ne< '0 Soma. where )'Iengcle', di..,.. soid h. had hi. '001 can.1 work

d'me , could be <IJI ahh",vio,ion: the Con, ul Gcn.,,1gue",," il was shon h.nd fo' San'o Amaro : Thm, "'" " n,],st h"pel,,, pI"", we h.d no' l"okeJ _ ,he yellow p;l~e, of ,he ph"ne hook And ,h' r< i, "", 0" Horcy Gon7.ago Gama Ang.lo in San", Amoro, My <all.d and ",ked fn, an appoio"'"",' aod ,he 11''' ,old. "yes. ~ut 0,. G"m< doe, ooly mo, c"""I, ."

..,,'' ' >1')'

Dr. Gorna 's ",,,,,ds o", hli' hcd ,h.. ho h;d ,ceO a p,' ico' ",ing a k""wn Mco&< le ,I;a, on
the da'cs listed in ~ l,·n~d.·, diary,
~kn~cl e',

p,,-'c i.. ""ording nf I"';'mc nt> . 1'0 dOV<.1 .il.d

w ilh the doc lor' s """,ros. and lhe palienl's oddr..s was lhe home of lhe eoople who had ,belter<d Menge' e, i\lthougll Dr. Gama had no x-ray' , be mcnli""ed thallhc palienl had heen refem:d. by • demi " named Ka,,,m.,a
T"l i~ .,

A' Ihe Consul General ...ca ned:

Dy lhen I w"" hYP",,·cmi laling. . .. Mengele had h}ld [lhe co"pl" who 'he llered him l lhol he we m lo a Japanese dCl1tist beca"se, be sa id , all Japanese I' Klked ali ke and '0 Japanese cou ld not 1<11 one wh ite from ano lher, BUl he ne,er mid [them]lhc nume oflhe de misI. \\!hen vi,ited, Dr. TUliy. promptly found lhe dental cllaMs ... and, disp,o"ing Dr. Mengele' , Ihes i., he also =ognized photograph, of lbe patieot . , Ilhen asked him son o f c""ually, ' You wo uldn'l ha"" any x-rays. would you r' And h. >aid ' Wail • minUI. " and cam . back 30 seconds lale r with "ighl denIal film'. . .. When the .·rays drol'P"d on the I1lble,llhoughll had won lh" lonel)'." AI1hough locre "",. no German x' ray, wilh which 10 compar.,lhe findin g was key. Th. " ,,,,,nl x_ray' wac <onsislenl w ith d<ntal inform.lion contained in Mongd.' s SS file and with lbe se'en l"",h f,,"nd in lhe coffin. The denli"l also co nfi rmed lhollhe bridges and crowns in the
,~ull

w<re his own "'o,k."

All bUl one oflhe dol.ens of denial . ppo inlmenu listed ;n Mengele's

diary m.teh.d tho d<nti>1" rew.ds OS] pre,mred the Ofazil ians 10 obtai n medicol information from olber doctors me nlioned in Men g.le'. writings. " Wh.n lhey fail.d 10 do so , M~II "",nl1O Brazil him",, ]f. Accumpanied by members of lhe German, Bra.z;; ian . nd Israeli in"" ' ligali ve leam s, he fOlll'd and inl<" iew.d " anolls docI" ," , horyth; ng h" I<. mod corrobura..d the dianos. On. im. " ,. w was esp<cia lly pi" mal as il c""",,"t<d the diate>1 wi,h lhe pre_war ),f<ngele , The: diary discussed I 1912 ,u,,";cal rroc<dure. Th e Orot ilian doc lor '''011''1,,j lhe case "" one performed in hi, 0"1' patk nl dink; he wa, cenain Ihol he wo uld nol ha"e kepl lhe ,ecords. Nonethe less. he aceede<l lo Marwell ' , request for pemlission to ,ea,eh lhe mes," Wilhin I S minule, l he f. am found records

397

onder ' he name of. known

Mm~<I.

ali"". 1M I'-"",n" , ",.dioal hi,tol}" SI~,ed Ih., he hod had •
Mcn~elc' s

hen, io op<,"' i"o 48 j'eo" earlier, Tha' ",ould hove hem 1924.

SS Iii. li".d , . ch OIl

ol"'",'ion ' ha' "01}" J'e",. M",,,,dl ,"'umod f",m II"",il oo",'inced ,ha, "wo hOI" n'",o\'wlhe
~" i.

fo, any ".,,'souahle ooUhllha' )o""f M.,,~el. died in B,w l in 1979,"" ·l1Ie... "'"re. by no"' . plao.ible expl.....ion, for ,he o"""myeli" . conundrum. Rea<J ing a

G<nIlon m,><Ileal anide from ,he 1920" MaTwell di"",,'e..d ,hal ' he 'c nll O,lcom).'i'i, in prewar Gennony was broadly ioolo,ive of varioos conditions, Some of which would nOl be d<'......ble OIl x·,aY'. In rI<1di1ion, • plIleop.' hologi,' (expe" in d<,ecling di...... in " elo,al Ixo""'l <.,a",ined ;"'I<nyelo's

bo"", at OSI', hche,l.

He " o,iced a pl'O'Iiously ande1e<'od ,mall

dreular dep=,iOt\ 0" one of,he bone. which coald "","'e hcen cau,ed by usICOm)'elili, as Ih. Gennan. ,I>cn de fined il." lbc r,raelis, how",'e" "'anred more defLnllive proof'· For them 'hew were "emolional ond poli' ical ..ason'·· ,,'hi"h m. de i, diffioalt to close ' he c...... They pT¢Voiled upon lhe

) o.•,ioe depanme"t to defe, i..'ui"g • " PO" ontil DNA .n. lysis - 111<. a nose. ,,' 'echnoiogy _ coold be rerformed.'" 111OSI' , requ.". ,he en",al G.ner. 1in n,,,,i l oh,al""d • judicial ord...u'horizin8 0 rek ase nf pan of ,oc sk<ictol rem.in, for e, amin.,ion in 111< U.S, (I' was ,hi. whioh kd 1 • pi..." "f Mongde', ,.alp being held ;n Dire.'", Ro" nl>aum' , d",w<t !>ern", being Illmed 0\'"' to ,he FfIl.) IIlthough ' he Fn l wa. "n.,hl. ,~ ex'",.t , , " m. i, nt q""n lily '0 ...." •• O~A prom.:' Ihe Bri'ish. u,in~ ""IV 'eehuiq u"" .o" ld do <n, !lowe"cr, there was 0" ONII [,o m )0"1' Moogelo \.-I'h "hkh i, ' ''uld hc .o",pared, 1lIe "<n"an. r""di and Ameri.an ""lhoritl« propo<ed
~<njng

0;>:11 from Mengele', fnrmor wife ~nd hi, .<on Roll: bolh of whom lived in (;<rm.ny .

'll1e oo mpari ""n "ould ,,,,,b)i," wb<'hcr the ,on w,,", the biological o lf,psing of the man buried in B"",il , If so, the body was Me nge le· .. lJ nforluna' d y, the ",n ond fomler wife ", fused to provide blood ,ample" The Israe li, ' "SSc" ed "," ie ving DNA !i'om sal i"a lefl on glas,e, in a reSlauralll. but were advi sed t!>a' thi S would violate German privacy la....... The German p,,",eculor propo,ed an ahemalive plan: Mensele o<u"" fro m a psominenl famil y which operated the largest faclory in the small \OWn of Gunzbu.rg. 'The pro'e<utor di"""ed two German pol kemen 1 go 1 GUn2.burg, find the local 0 0 i\'aved igger, and a>l< him '" poin' Ollt whe... Mengele', father was buried. They we... to WllJ'Tl ' he ll'",'e<!igger 10 lell no o ne th", ,lI<y had been 1hen:. The policeme n rollowed lbe.. di...clion, and lhe n wailed ....ral daY'. Not hing happened. 'The p rosecu tor had ' he m ...tom a nd ... peal the drill wilh the 1 wn's rel ired 0 gravedigger, They did '0. Thr.., day. later " call come from Menge le' , son: he and his motber would submit to DNA leSling. Th is was, as Marw e ll saw it. "a wonderful story abo u' a guy [lhe German prosecu'or! who unde"lood psychology and politic, and .... hal a company lown was all
ahout ~

He kne w lIuI

word wo uld gel to Mcnsele' , family and lilat thoy would rear lilal the aUlho rilie, were ahout 10 .shume ,heir ancestors in order to do a DNA analy',is. Gi,-ing blood would avoid lhe dcsecrali"n of ancestral remain, ," Once ' nc DNA compari ",n was made , there was no doubllhallhe body was Mengele ' ,. I""d no longer objected to i>suing lhe tqlort and il "'os releasod in OClober 19'f.!, almost .ighl years after i, had been comm issione d , The OSI hi"ori.n and
.,, ~

who had b<en gh'en primary respo n, ibility for preparing

00'

'sl!u!p~p"n ~~." " " 11 ' lJlId 1<0 '" ~~l JO,/ -"",t'l S PO'!"D ,~, 0, .wo, poq "'l" >S"4' 0 0
p'"!"W;>J <n:>O '~l '""", I!.... ":"P'''ppO., , ..""~ IU,"!wrnd " 4'0 JOJ SU J !,!"'""" 01 ./OJ .~",.

"" .urn... OJ ISO JO) ;>Jo$<:>Jd pol.'J' :M"q ll(ii !W 'l"U"'l'!!dwn,," le4' Jll Al,,,,,,,•• "'II '''!I' nf
OI IIlSo",,! pUll 00' 1" puneJ u:>.>q 'Ioll ".>~~ P"H -ISO ,oJ »"p"r .,. poP"oJ,,"e ") pO'1 Plno.'"
\lod" ' 4' '"4 ' poJo q

P"'l'~ 'poh [O«'\J ;>.I:>" """! 1"'!, 0"'!4 ><1 1'1!ll' ~ U!"" "' 1"'
"UL:>,uo.

Yo)!"")"'"'

p"WIjS ~ 'I!q,\\ ':>U!" Sl',," "'1 1"4,"',"0$ """ '.WOIl~''lL

IO U(\I$! 4 ll'"lJOO1"! .'

J" JOlI"'" " 'AI''''!I!UY'P 'P"-'los:>J P"'! PO" "Ipm'! .{UO," OIU'>:>1",0 pO,! ''''>fmd ""'''''F ' !V.

'o"!,,,,,)"!,,,,, "''' ""41 'tn:"Ol"!q '41 .10"

" WO"O O '~ I 00 " ,\11',..] ... 0<1 8u. \m.1 P" 'IIJM>J ' 41

I. i\m<ms lhc mo,l p"pulant<d dcpi"ion, o f him wore . , a mod .dcnl i" in bo,h " Boy' f,om fl,,,,,il" I t 976 book, 1978 nlo.'io) and -ne Maral""n M",," (1976 movi,,).

2. JI. CongoRoo , 2JS. introdu<od in llle 110 "'"' orR"p~ ..nla'iv". in Dee. 1981, e. l1od upon Por.gu. y "ro a pp",hend and . " mdi,. J".d Mc"~,,,lc '0 ' tond lrial in lhe Federal Republic of (""''''\OIly,'' (lhc "'W lulion .",. "" 'c' reported oul of ' ubcon,min"".) S.e also, "Nazi G':"" :lfly"' . An!!,,1of Oea,b ' I, $ [ill La'ge;' by Jock Anderson, Th< Woo"irl,i{IM Post, Ju ly I S. 1984. In November 1984. Flitab<lh I(ol1?man. [he" DimiCl AlIo",ey in Brooklyn, N.Y., hend . J>.:""i·h"nlc r flo",,, Kla" f<ld. Me."hem R" ,en,hafl. Chai, of the Inlemational Network of Child",. of Ihe Jow;,h 1IOIOC3"" S""'iv",,, and Bisbop R.n< Vaie", of lhe Brooklyn Ca,holic Dioce.e, mer Wilh variou, gowmmo.t otlidols i. Paraguay urge a nalionwide manhunt for )'kngel., - P.rasu.y PledSe, '0 H"nl AuschwiTZ ' Ang.1 ofO• • th,' '' 1'1,.. York Post. Nov. 23, 1984. Simon Wioo"" ,ha) also lbought Me ng. l. was in Paraguay, "1"'~li8.1O" G.t New Lead on Lo<alion of Mengd. ... by Jo hn McCaslin. The lI'<lShi"Kto ~ Times. May 22. 1985.

a'

'0

J, Srorndic =rtion. [hal Meng.le ...as in ' he Un it<-d Stal• • ha.d broUghl him '0 Ih. go... mment' , anentio n. but th.se rum"" had be.n quickly discounted after minimal inquiry. Thus, in 1979, tbe Ju"i"" D.partment ...as alerted ,hat Men8.1. might be On a n ight from Paraguay '" ~Iiorni , H. was no1. Three year. lal. r. I member of the Miam i Jewish community T cporled Ihat ",mron. named Meng<1. h.d eha<:ked inlo I hot. l with an cid. , ly mOIl. An OSI hislonan, nne.t in Ge""an. new down 10 speak wi,h lhe lravel..... The young man ""'" M.nS.le·. neplle"'; ,Ile elderly gentleman ...,.. un", lol.d. In De<:. 1984, Hult,man , on behalf of lbe group whieh had 1 ,,,,"c1od t<> Paraguay two monlhs earlier (,... n, 2. • upra)• .. ked the Attomey G.neraI,o send OSI pem>nnel to P.raguay 10 ~o b ..,,'e amllor por1icipat." in I Paras u. yan in'.stiga'ion of M.ngele·, whereabouTs, Dee. 20, 1984 IcUet from Di" ri.t Anorney Holtzman to Attorney G.ncral Smtih, A. ",'. nts unfolded, Ihi, request bee"",. moot.
4. " Papel'S Indk .,. Mensel. Ml YH••'e Been Held and Freed After War." by Ra lph Blumenlhl l, 1he New Ywk Tim. s, Jan. 23, 1985. 5..'i<'e e,g" " W. , Mensel. Evor in LA .?" by Rah;,; Yole Butler, B '""i Brilh Me'3<nlilCr. Feb, 1, 1985. Similar .,orie. had been publi,h.d .". n earlier, E,g,. "A. gel of Death ;n We"eh.ster," bl· Elli Wohlgclemte" S e", r",k Post, May 26, 1981,

6, "U.S. ~I .y Irll'o"igole h leugol. ('.... ~ by Ralph B1umenlbal. 1 .v.,. rork Times, Jon, 24, ""'
198,. 7. )'U1. ~8 , I ~ 8S [n. rno to Ihc ,\ 110"'0)' GeneTolI Im m AAD Trott te ":-;azi War Crimin.l Josef Mengele:' 8, Feb, 6. 1985 D'f"'nmenl of Jusli,e pre'" [('I<asc

""

10. Owr $ 3,000,000 wos "lTcred from ,'ario us sources : Israel ($ 1,000,000), Friends of the Simon W;"cnlh, l Center ($ 1,0 00,000), Th. W"s hi"gw~ Tim". ($1 ,000,000), lhe Wesl German ~",-cmmcnl ($ 300,000). Simon "" ie"'n,hol ($ 50.000) and [I.ale Kl>rsfdd ($25,000), "I , rael OlTer< $1 Mill ion Rew>td for Mcngd. '. Caplw e," Th. N. w YorATim••• M~~ 8. 1985, Whe n ,he S we "lTcred ,be f,"1 millio n in f e b. 1985, i, was lhe bighe.t bounly e ve r o lTorcd for. criminal_ "Mengele: $ 1M bonnty," b}' Gregory Kat... USA Today, Feb. 26, 1985. 11. Senator Arlen Sp« "" . c'hoir of ,h. JuY<nil. Ju"ie. Subcc>mmilteo of the Judiciary Commiuee , fd l that lbo rna,t., " -as wi,hin hi, eommi '<tt'$ purvi ew since many of M<ngol<', ,-ielirns had b,:"n children , "SenalOPanol Will Cunduel Heari ng 00 Mongolo," Ily John Kondall , Th. La.> Ang.l"s Tim.., fe b. I ] . 1985. 12. " Senalo r O le, Poss ible Mongele Drug Li nk; Nazi May Have Financed Selflly Selling Cocaine, D' Am alo T<s'ifles," by Roben Jac kson, The Lm Angel•• Feb. 20, 1985; M Anny Task FOn:.1O Help Hunl M engele,~ R.ut. ... Th. N• ..., York Tim".., Feb. 21, 198 5; "Mengele Link to Drug Traffickiog is Reponed in C.lA. Do<:uments.~ Ily Ralph Illumenlhal, The N,w York Tin",., r ob. 26, 198 ~.

Ti..,.,.,

13. F,h. 20, 19 85 memorandum for Chid of Slatf, U ,S, Army General Co unsel from Sec"'tary o f ,he Arm y, Jolm O . Manh , Jr. '" " Soarc b fot' lnfonnalion Concerning Dr. Mengele," 14, ~1em o r>n d um o f L:nderSlanding Belwc.:n the Cenlral Security Fod lity and OSI, Mar, IS, I\illS. During the f,rs' ""v,n monlh s of its e~i""~. the Army 's Task Fon:e reviewed hundr eds ofreel. and ind.~ed 272,3 19 e ntrie , . In lhal pre"compU1<r ..,... the work 'ook 21,766 /lour, (lOA man yean). Nov. 22, 1985 len or and .nclo.ure rrom Thom.. Taylor, Sr. A SS' I to thelXp't of It-.: Army General Counsel, 10 David Milfv,-ell, OSI Historian. OSI historian, were give n unprec edenled ace.oslO the military files. Ullimately, this i;>ecarno " cause for <O~m '0 'he Army . Informal ion ",rendipi'ously disco''''ed by one of the O SI bi" o"an, was ",Iev""t 10 ono,hor OS] invcs,igat ion. When OSI req u<s"'<i aceos, 10 lite new ma"', ial. lhe Arm~ fcared thal O SI b. d ,-",plailed tbe si '~atio o. OSI denied the llCeu>alion, exp laining thaI il was o b li ~ a t e d 10 follow up on all ",Ie vanl infonnalion. Oct 22, 1985 memornnd um from Mn",-ell to She, re "MeC1 ing al Ft. Meado." Se. also. Jun. 13, 19 86 1011<.'1' from Sber 10 Lt, Col. Tom Jo hn, on a( Ft Meade, 15. "lJ.S , is "Opt imislie' on Nazi', Caplu"'," by Philip Sheno n, Th" NICW York Times. Apr , n . 1985. ] 6... ~ lcn ~ d e Can be Sc ·i,cd. Ju, tice Dep!, S. ;1it AP , Th, NICW I'ork Times, Mar. 20 , 19 85; Sl" omonl of AAG Tron, s upra , n, 9. 17. The a"thorit;., wcre acting, in part, on infomla ' ion from a uni'",rsity professo r who had ,, ' -c,hcard the e mp loy. e boasl ing lhal he had bd pcd funnel money to Mengele. 18. The loll.. ' ugg<stcd ",\'O ral reaso n, for nol announcing his d.alh, one of which w.. 10 .au", )-.!a.-i hun,"" to "as" ti"", and m,mcy on a fruille....arch , '"Mengele Trail : Clue, o f

l>n l"-~ ,

Then of People: ' by Ralph BlulU.nlh.l, The New York Times, Jo n. 23, 108S.

10. "IJT il i, Seen A• • cp' ing FOT<ign 1kip on ~knKeI.:' by Alan Rid inJl. The fie'" Yo,.. Timej, ll2 j,m. 10, 19 85.
20. Recn,do<I in'.n'lew wi'h fo« n';' d""um.nl 'u,alySl GiJ""" EpSl.in, Dee. 6, 2000, 11 helped 1<>0 ,h. , \knS.I. ', dinri.. and SS <l<><un","" " n e all WTitt<o in Geml"". In ,h. more typical OSI <>-'' ''', j'\\'01'in8 ' amp guard:;, 'h< ddcndanlS Were barely lite,,'e and poorly educ.,ed during the I'lli', The ir original langu. ge o nen h<d a cyrillic alpha bel. Thus, 'ompari,on< h.ve to be m",le \>e,,' .. en ofien primi,j,e cyrillic "' ri pt nn milil"')' d""umenlS and more sophj"k.ted L.,in .I phabet h.n<l ",~ i'in G in ,he U,S. Fot fun het d i, cu,.io. o flhi" Sf. PP, 537·53 8.

21. July J I, 1985 FBI Repor1 prepared by Dr, Anto. io Can,u '0 Ho"'ur<I S.fir, Ass""i ... Di...tor for Opera' ion" U.S. M.,.,nal, Se,.,...... 22, So m.ny people h<d band it<! lhe OI1if• • IS found in lhe B""'ili"" home Ih" 'here "" ere no pri"" idenlill.ble os Mengele' " " R"",il i. Seen Ac«pling f oreign Help on Mengele," by AI. n Riding, J upTO, n. 19. Of eoo"," e,'en if hi. prinls were on ill. ""if.,,,, lh., woold not e, l. bli.h lh. id<n'ity of ,he cof]lS<'. 23. "Scie.,i", Dedde IJrazil Skelelon i' Josef Meogelo," by R.lph Blu"",n' h. l, Tho New YOT k Tim.., j one 22, 1985.
24. Dep""mon1

0lo " 'e,, '

pre" release. Juno 21. 1985.

2S. "U,S. j"",i.e Dep."m.nl Close, ii' File, Agr«' flody in Brazil was lh. , of Mengele,M P, ti The LOJAngelo. Time., A ug. 3, 1985.
26. Slalemen, ofHow"'d S. fir. A""d. ,. Dinwar for 0 p"'ation. U,S. Mnr,hal, Sen'I«, before lhe Sc"",. Subcte., o n Juvenile )u"ke, Aug. 2. 1985.

27. J" ly 16, 1985 memo to Sher from Philip Sonshine re " Mengele In,'e,I;8.1;00 - lofonn." o" on D..,h in S. o Paulo," 0<,. 30, 1985 Draft memo "For Diseu,,;on Purpose, Only" from Sunshine Sher re " Summary of Aile~alion lh.l Meng.le djed on Feb, 7, 1979 In Sao Paulo,

'0

Brazil

M

The p"uoi'l' of cOITOooraling medical .,.idcncc led ,he Wl C 10 ""gin lIS own i"" ""' go,ioo uf \le.~ele'. Jealh , "Jewish Group QU<slilO'l' \ kn!!e1. Probe," by j .ck Ande""'" . nd Dale V"" Ana. Til< It',,-,hillJl,on POSI. Jan. 29. 1986. Othe" .Iso were , kepllc. I1h3l ,h. body wos ~ kngele ·.. E.g . "N. , i·lI unl<' [Tuvi3h Foicdm:lIlj B.lie'". Mengele i. 5,111,\ Ii'. ... by 00'.1}' L,i.nl.... n", W",'!'lnl:',m P,w . lune 1S, 1995; """b y 'he Nazi Hun'.", K« p fuss ing On : ' U,S \ "'\<1., ",><1 1l"dd fI.. JWTI. jo"e 24. 1985; "E" iden"e i. Shoky in \ lc ngele's De.,h; WI1......., (""oll i,'," b;' Jack Amlc"'m, ,\"".." ,,"."{Long r, l. nd), Jon. :'6, 108S; ·'On. Plcc. of M<ng.l. 1',,,,,le WOOl Fit:' by J""k .~nd.""n and ] " ,"ph Spenr, Til< W"""inK,rm PO", reb. 25, 1986: "(;ra"c O"" blS," 1'/1< [)"i1y '\"ow, l1\'ew York), j une 10, 1985

:'8 . Oct. 30, 1985 Dralt memo, .'upro, n , 27. 29. Reco ,d ed inlervie w wilh fo m,e r OS I hi, torian David Manvel!. July 17, 2003.

30. Mar . 6 , 1986 memo 10 Ihe M lomey General fro m AAG Trot! re "DeveiopmenlS in lhe ~knl:e1. Inw,'iga,ion - Submissiun o f Final Forensie Repot!:~ Jan. 2. 1986 memo 00 Men~e le
Fik. fro m Sboor re "'Meet ing In Je rusalem (Dec. 11. 12, 198 5)," 3 I . l1\e 50n hod , old it \0 a German pub lisiling company, which allowed Manvelilo read lhe manuseripl 01th.ir o ffice, in Germany. 32. Oct. 21, 1985 memo from MOI"'cli 1o Me ngele File re "Interview with Dr. Fri12. Ulmonn. ~ 33 . II is nOI the purpo>e of this e Mpler 1 deta il, 0' ~'en summarize, a ll !he in fo rmation 0 ullimole ly included in OSI 's repot!. Ralher, this =lion i. imended 10 g ive eomex110 lhe I""p.ralion o f lhe ,epon. The repon. with i", anendam e.bibi"" can be .""esse d a l http'/Iwww,llsdQj oo vlcrim jna llpllbljcdg:cs/II- I priorl l I_I priOT hIm (last visited, Sept. 2(05). 34. " Sleulhs Uncover Den tal Rc""rds, C linch ing Mengele New y",k Timu, Mar. 28, 1986. 35. "Do gged U. S, Denl ist.Eovoy Find.< X_Ray o f PM'. Mar. 28, 1986.
lJ<:nli fieotion,~ by

Alan Riding, Th.

Menge le, ~

by Richard House, Tlte Wa, hjn,:lOn

0 36 , De<:. 21, 1985 me mo from Sher 1 DAAG Richard re "L:pdate on Menge l. Inv,sligalion ," 31. The group wllh Marwell included two armed B,,,,ilian pol iceme n. jllal.il had "",enlly emef)led from . period oflmllal mililary dictatorship. Marwon ' "'peelod lhal lhe I"0",neo of lhe polieem"" was helpful in ge lliog lhe doe1o,', acquleso""". for th. ,....-eh. Th. polie<:men "go, ·, u, a 101of eredibility.ri R = rded ioterview, July 11, 2003. 38. Moy 6, 1986 memo from Morwe lllO lile Ie "Trip 10 BTazj l, ~ Ap: . 16 - 23, 1986. 39. Dec. 18. 1985 memn In r,le frn m Sunshi ne re "Meetiog, wilh Dr. Ortner." 40. Ju ly 13, 1987 memo 10 lile f,om Sun,hine re ''Correnl ]".e ii Position On Mengel e AddilionoI Inve ' t;galive Actio n 10 be T ok"" by Israel ""d the Uni ted Slates.~ 4 1. June 8. 1<)89 memo to Ihe Anomey General from AAG Dennis Ie '1I-1eog.le Report. " 42 , lilly I . 1<)88 me mO 10 Sher fro m Marn·e1t rc '"Mengele:" IlA,\ G Richard ,e "'Upda te nn Mengele."

Dec. 12, 1988 memo f,om SheT to

43. .\-lay 18. 1989 memo 10 [) AAG Riebard rrom Sher re "Mengele _ L'p<!ale On DNA n,t iog.ri

44, Inform.,ion . bool lhe aboni" e elTon 10 ~O l • saliva ,ample co me, from Oi"",lo, Ro""ob. om. 1Ii. " 'UTcr ",as Ha.,. Kk in, 'be pro,,,,,,o'o, handl;ng the "kn~de ;n, e' l;s..i"" in Germany, By Ihe lime ,his "'p<>n WaS propared. Mr. Klein wo, docoased. D'l.H.' "t>oUllho ruse "l lho ,omelery com. f,Om . ... oNed con",rsation with Dav;d " Mrt1w eH, July 17. 2003 , IIi, .«IU wa, tho Iwa pulieemen ",nl to GUlvhu,S. (A , M3ll'-cll "'O "",allod the i"eide"t. ,he Br;I;,h wcr< abl" 1 make a dd.nn in.lion b.,.d <" Idy on a """pariwn 0 ",j,b Ihe w n. In fatl , h" we"er. IImh ,he . on and "x·",ir. "'-ere ,.sled. DNA Analysis Rcpo.>rI, p. 423 of Mengele II pP"od;, .) The DNA ,nal~'li l "'as done wi lll a blood "'Urlple , ..hOI lhan "'-Iiva. IIllhoo~h l.liva i. simple, 1 ob' .i n. blood i, pn:fcrable. S.h., composed l3rj;oIy of ""'or, mus, be . nalyzed 0 qoickly. Mmea",,', " nlike blood, i, connol be permanently pre,erved.

4S. I"..rview wi'h Phil Sunshine, July 15, 2003.

405

t.o<~ing

by lhe ThiN Reich "as bolb prodi~ious and DOtoriO"'; Ihe reQ lme plundered

vanquished nalion< as wd l.s iodi-'ld". I" Booty 'ncl"ded gold b ullion, co im, metals. pO!",' <u""ncy, sec urilie',jewdry, I""'iu"s and ,enli·p,ed"u. Slone>, bouks, artwork. rd ig;ous ohjecls, c,'cn denia l fillinl\" and C rown' .
IJc~,,-ee n

16 and 30% of.ll guld ..cumul.led by the

Third Reich was lib:ly wke" f' om individ,",ls. ' The Nu i...gttgaled gold from o,her asSelS. Most gold "'as ,m ehed into b".. and depo,i led in lhe Reich,bank, Gennany's e.nlral bank al lhe l;me, Gmnany sold the majorily nf Ihe,c gold reSe",., l<> neulral n.,ion' in "rd"r to ..quire foreigo <urrtney for financing lhe "'... effort. T1Ie largest pureh...., of gold from In., Reich,bank was the S",i.. N.t;onal Bank. A' lhe end of lhe W"', ,b. A)lie. ,ougll, 10 recover, h om Germany .. well as from the neuttal nat;on,. a'ISels appropriated by lb. Nazi,. R.presenlali,'es o f 18 Allied "at;o"" agreed al the Pari. ReparatiOn< Conrcrence 10 d islribule ....IS both to the nOl;ons "'hose tre..uries had !>ccn plundered and 1 war "ioli"",.' 0 They strugg led, allhe Conference and Ihereafler, 10 calegorize the go ld ond ;cI rule, fo, ilS d istribulion.' In hroad lO ,,"S, "rnon","lY gold~ was dcfmed .. , old b... and eo ins; " nonmonel..-y' go ld wos all el.., inc lu<lin~ je"-e).,- "nd do"t.1...ork from oamp inmate,. They 'hat monetai'}' gold shou ld be r"' umed 1 c1a;manl eounlries ;n proportion ' " lhei, los,e, 0 nlOnctotl gold w.. 10 be liqu idate<! aod
~j\,co

"~reed

Non_

10 "n intemalional rel;ef agency for hUffillilitarillil

.,id to the ·'n"n"epatr'ahle."' _

J. ... i.,h "oJ " the, hnmeless v;c,im, "flhe war

.-\Itn" ugh 'no 'erms ""m" n<tary"' "00 ""n"n .m"netary" were 'hu, based on the form ,at her ,han the origin of 'he gold. ,h" n nand dO..riplio n, o flen refelTed 10 ,he I"" catek ;e, as ",,

"currency" ,,00 ",'ic, im ~old'" This fo.tcred Ihe false imp,",.ioo Ihot the form..- was inevitab ly pure and Ihe latter i""vi!Obly '1. inted," France. IIri'ain and lhe !Jni' ed State••".bh.hcd a Trip"'l i,e Gold Co mmis.,iOJl (TGe) 10
O"'IS' "

the dislribu,ion of monelary

~o ld .

Inc procedure lor iden' ifying and co llecling the gold

" ... varied. \Vhite the Allies ..i"d lhe ,".e",e. in dd eated Gcrmany, lbcoy C<}uld n<>l do the same wilh neullal nation.; they had '0 negotiate wilh the.. counlrie. '0 delerm ine lbe amount of
~old

in_olved, NcgotiOlion, wilh lhe Swi.. were " , pecially cont<nlions. They ultimately agnoc<llo

c"n"ihote $58 m illion to the TGC. lbi. was approximately lwo-thi rds of the $88 million Swi".. rlaoo acknow ledgcd purchasing from thc Reich.hank.

I~al

The Swi" conlrihu'ion, combined wit" !!Old relinqui<hed by 0"'''' Mu""l na,iono, go ld pur<haoed wi'" the
p~.

from liq uidalion of~ oHiennan diplomatic mi ..ions, ond gold

bars f"und by allied f"",es in ddeat<d Germany, g.ve lbe TOC , pJlTO" imately $ 260 million . It

wa, all deemed monctary gold.
By 1996 (when lhe v. lue of gold had increllS<d almosltenfold), the TGC was ready 10 distribule the final 168 million in i" colT e... That money, ",felTed '0 as " residual gold," had

beea held back, in pan to cover administralive expenses and conlingenci... Befot e Ibe final dis lributions were m. de, however, lhe matter of N"".i gold broke into the headlines. It aro~ in ,elOlion 10 dorm:>nt Je" i . h bank a«ou:nt;, In 199 5, followi ng 'be coll.pse of East Germany, the WeOl g.i ned acce" rOT Ibe first lime 1o fC=rd. from We SI..i (Easl Germ"" ...",rel police). Those rec",d. re"ealed the hitbcrto unknown fOCi that 13,000 Hu ngarian Jews had opened Swi;s ban k ",c"unts in tbc ho pe or ransom ing th..i, liv.. from Ihe Nazi.' Thi, added

'"'

u'lie,,,y 10 ongoing ""l uests b}' the World Jewish Restin"ion Organization foI acce.. to dormanl

= LIIlIS.'
In ""ponse '0 call, by ]owis" org"ni",,'ion s. bo' n ,he Iiouse and Scna'e banbng ,,,nunin..s held healings, The Senate co mmittee. aided by the WJC. , . rendipilously unc,,,,,,. d w me si ~ nifrcar" a,>J h.adli"" producing do<ument" CQncem ing N""i gold. 0"" , ot of dO<'umenlS suggc<..d ,hal th. Trumso administration h. d downpl.y«! Ihe amount or gold Switzerland p" reh">C<l from the Rei<hshonk,' Although lite SIOIe Depanmenl estimaled lhal Swilzerland haJ purehased almo" S300 million worlll of};azj gold. lb. S.cretary of Slat. discounted llIe « lima.. " 'hen qoe,li oned by a , keplical member ofConS"'ss.' A second set of docoment• • alled inlo question Ihe pre,umed purity ofmo""lary gold. Til. documcntS ,ull8«led that Ihe Reiehsh<rrlk', warlimc ingots cont. ined gold ' mclted from Ihe teelll of ,Iaughtered Je ws "" well all from """ onol jewelry and olller Jewi,h properties' Inclu,ion o[viC"1im gold inlo Ih. Reiehshank reserve did nol pro.e that " ", imed» ingolS 0 hod l>ocn ,old 1 Switzerl.nd or othcr neutral oountries. 1I0we.er, it did raise Ihe possibility Ihat thi, Wall so. It .I so raised Ihe """, ibilily tbal gold " an,fer=! by the Allies from Ih. R.ieh, bank reserves 10 lite TGC "., "inlw, Gi>'en that so me of thaI gold remained on deposil. Jewish
or~ani"tion. asked

lhal Ihis r.sid u.1accoLlnl he ,Ii."ibotoo 10 ,urvi"",..., ..thcr than 1 <c'O l.oI 0

banks.' In pan 10 delen nin. whothe' Ihe U.S , should ,oppol1 lhis r"<1 0<'51, P"'S;dcnl ClinlM

,Ii' f'<"ili"n of };",I a"ots." The ~mup-' man,;ate ind u<led M in" c"l~al lun into "511;00 and no"t",II"li"n aeti"n" d uring ,,,l<l aner lh. " or In h,nd le Nw i "" cIS , nd dormanl ae<nun" .""

TIle president asked Under Sc<ret.1r)' of Conuncrce Sluart E;I.cnslallO oversee llie projecl.
including. repo rt 10 t>e ",i nen hy lhe SIOI. Oepanm. nl Hislorian." The lUSl i"" Depanmelll was one of I I gove rnmenl compo". nlS asked 10 assist in the , ITOIl." OSI served ", the le.d OOJ represent.l;ve. It reviewed malerial already gmhered by lh.

Wl C and the Senalo Ranking Co mminee and ."umed some independent invesl;gali"" elT ort. as
well. Much as in its own ease in""sligalion .. OSI studied wartime documenls. posI_war inlenogali"", of 55 offio ials, and lrial transcriprs (10m NUlemhcrg. "
The malerial e$lab li.he<! th., from August 1942 um il the W aI'. end, the SS delivered

' -aluables taken from viclim , in Ihe oonocnlJalion camps and exlermination eenlCJS 10 Ihe Reichsbank. This plunder included viot;m gold. The 55 doposirs were listed;n an acco unl nnder l he name of Colonel Melmer , Ihe SS offioer who del iven:d \he asS<:lS 10 Ihc h...... The Reichshank purc"""ed lhe gold bullioo and coi ns io lhe 55 shipmenLi; at full value and cre diled lhe 55 ",,<XInnt . t lhe Reich MioiSl'Y of Finance with the equivaJem "",Ounl in Reichsmarks. The bank senl dental gold and other . m.lI items, . uch as woddiog ring" 10 ,he Pru",iao'm im for «""ehiog ;nlo ingols; they were lhen incorporau:d ioto Oc rmany's gold ICsuves ", lhe bank. Lu-ger ;lem, "''Ie senllo Ihe Berlin P.wn Shop whioh arranged for Ihe more valuahle il<mS lO be sold abroad for fo reign ourrenoy; the re mainder were ""0' to Degu..., a privale refinery io Frankfun, to be ' o,clled and theo addc'd to Ihe Reiehsb<tnk gold slocks. Some oflhe.. Sloeks "ere SO impure th~l, .ftor being sei,ed by Ihe Allies III war 's en d. they were ref,ned and rosmelled before going 10 the TOC. Oiven lhe", raels. OS I ~"ndudcd thal it was OloSl likely - lhough 001 certain - Ihal ""'tim l!Old h>d been indude<l oolh in ,orne ",.nime shipn1e",s to Swil~crland nod in the All ies'

P'''t'''''' .hipm<·nt, to the TGe." Re teh'\><mk gold w'.l\Ott h, on ly victim I""t pur<h.sed by tn. 5""... osr dls<o" ere d ,I""uments ,bow-tng that jewelry token rrom Je Wl< w.. ",uti ndy "IUIsfcm:d (w ltbout ",smelling or nlber .llelOtion) by the Reich in dip lomatic pouehe. to Switzerland . Jl w.s then TCtriCVcJ by a German agent and traded for industrial d iamond' " Italto th' war effort." The State Department complete<! a draft o f its report in January 1997. It he ld the Swiss acco"m.hl, for 'erving a. \>onke.. and r,nandal brohrs fo, the Third Re icb IUId suggcs led tbat Ihci, role migh t havc bclrcd prolong the
WlII".

Moreover. it clwact' ri'.ed Swiss POSIWar cond uct

as ob"ruc live and asse rted IhOl lheir parli cipatlon in postwar Europe an rehabilitatio n ....... insignifi cant hol h ma terially a nd mor ally. Allhough the,. we", ,.riOU$ charge•• the dra ft S1.ted lhat Ih... "'.... no eviden.. that loole d gold b.d mad' its woy 10 Switzerland orla th' roC. It also made no mentio n of the fact thOl th' Truman Admi ni." atia" apparcnlly ml.l,d Co ng",.. about the am ounl of German s old bought by tb' Swiss N.tiana illank - a ract wh i<!l bad already been ,.ported In th' press." Di=to, Rosenbaum was , u ffiden tly cancemoo abou t the'e lwo points to alert Ambassador Elzenstat nn FebNIll)' 6, 1997 of the di "'lUeements between OSI and the State Depart me nt hi"or ian. R" ,. nba" m warn e<! tbat he co uld na t "i n good cunseience:" re<:<>mmend Ih., DOJ sign "IT on 'he n'po" in i" c"rrent form. Eizcn.,,,,-t occon'"b.w bim to do wbale'''' pos.sible to ass ure the .cc u,oo}' nf tho ,0 pol1_" The

"'1''''' WO$ schc"Jukd to be relc"a.>ed on ~bTCh 25 .

In 1010 February. OSI round a

" , ma king gun" docu",ent rr"" tn~ th'" , -ictim ~old had been se nt 10 S"it'erl.nd and had been icc"'l"""N into tbe Hie ",·,·""nt os "'en. " The docu ment had b'-"n pt<f"II'C'-l hy Ihc U,S

4 III

governmenl be]",e illrnnsferred go ld 10 ,he TGC.'" lllhcre fore established thai the Uniled SlaleS l ncw al the time thol somc po rtion of viclim gold \Va.> l>cing used 10 cumpcnsalC loulcd Ireasurie. rathe r than 10 help wor viclim' , By lhe lime OS] fnund thi' material, Ihe report was unde rgoing fin.1 re,-i, ion•. On March 9, .nme « mdu,ions from 'he $OOn-Iu-be-rdeascd docum enl were leaked 10 Ihc press. As described by unnamed sources, "1I1e 'ecords do nOl C>1ablish defi nilively thai so-called nOMlOnelory gold from personal effects was acccpled by Swill:ctland ,,,, , OSI believed the mOieriai il had fo und d id provide suc h defi niti ve proof. Rosenbawn pro'es!ed to lhe Stale o.:pllrlmem and, allhei r suggeslion_ subm ined a wrill C , ununary o f his ll eoncems and proposed revisions.'" Ambass.ador Ei,enslal convened a mee ling 10 d iscuss Ih. i<.<ue, . Al l1Ial me..ing it was agr..d lhal ' he rcpoJl . hould be ,evised to make clear ' hat vi c' im gold /rod bttn sold 1 Swi tzerland and lhat il had been included in some of the ingo l> transferred 0 by l1Ie Allie. to ,he

roc»

While OSl we lcomed lhose cha nges, il remained concerned Ihal lhe repo rt d id 001 ad dress whal OSI saw as tile Tn.unan AJminislralio n', J issem bliog 10 Congre... Not only had S"",elory Acheso n lenl crede nce 10 the Swiss $ SK million figure, $0 tOQ ha d the president_ In. lell... to Senato, Harley Kilgo'e, the president 'eferred to thai figure as the only amoum which was "fairly provable."" Yel e'pert. al bulh Ihe Slale DcparuncnllUldthe T' easury Departmenl Ih"n belicyed ' he lrue , mounl 'o be much hi['.her. The Slate Dcpartme nl-' ",[>Crt eSlimmcd lhe figure as S ~ l ~ million; T, e",u'Y" ",[>Crt. rd yinll on
1c<J ~ers

from me Reichsbank, cstimateJ $289

lOiHion." Rosen baum believed Ihat il " OS .,senliallo di ",uss Ih" di'parity !>clwttn lhcse 'tud ied e" imal.. and lhc S8g million fig ure lljy'en by Ihe Swi ss an d suppo rted by lhe

_ J mini, t' 3Iio" . Hc warnc<l ,ha l f.ilu re ", do w \ withhold surpon fo, th....pon,"

m i~hl

l'e! ca u,. him ' 0 l<"<-"<Imme nd "'Ot DOJ

In ordo, to adJ,e" R"""nbaum' , concerns, "mh.,,,,dor Ei....nSl" postponcd puhlica,ion of the '''I>on-'' The postpoll<menl <"cooed si, week , . ""'h.n ,he ,npon was fin.lll' i.. und in M.y 1997, nil majo' poin.. of cOOleolion had I>een ... ,olved . The repo n J>.ld ,he Swiss aC<;oont.ble fo' buying taimed gold and then lyin g to lhe Allies abo'" the amou nt pu",ha.. d.lO (The,e was no ""iden"" however, lha, SwitZerland knew at "'e time t hat , 'i«im gold was a component o f the Reich.bank shipmen1li.j" The report aloo ,e""olc<l U,S.•bonrom ingS •. i,s knowiog I"",smitlal ohome "1.in 'ed gold" to "'e TGC and the T rum"" AdminiSlralion' s uoocf3'a'nmcnt 1 eOngIl''' of the amount o f N""i gold Ihe government 0 believed had been p urchased by Ihe Swiss.'" Proof thal ,.inled gold had been "an, ferred to Ihe
TGC ended ,he m}1h thatalllooled a,selS eo))rcted at war's end Itad been d i"ribllted to viclim

assistance o,ganlzatio n' , II funlle, corre<ted the hislorieal recot<! by dise ntanglin g the teons
" mo nclary~

and "noo. mon .,ary~ from 'he i' sue of viOlim loot.

Amba,., . doe F.izcn,tat credited OSI wilh "'he discov ery and th"n,ugh documcn..,io n'" o f Ihe Nazi p,anli.. of com'erting viclim gold into Reich,bank ",","ves. In addition to ,he hi""ric.1 impn'lOoce of this infoon..ioo, he nnted i, as "a
< ritk~1

facto, in . . . nego'ia'io n, .imed 31

providing ,<StitUl i<.>n and rcpM3tions 1<.> ,ema ining vk lim. of Nazi persecu'ion.'·" l h. repo rt "" as litJed a "P,e1iminary ~'ud y:'J1 It I;"'used largely, .llhough no, "xclu,iwl}', on ~wi I7ntland, The Stal. Dcpanm" nl planned to p r.pare a 'ep..a'. S1ndy on ' he cn nd"ct of o,h e' """lral COHntrie' which had purchased
~azi

gold as well as on allegalion, th31

,he Ax is govern ment of Croatia had lron, feITCd gold 1o the Valic""'" II hoped to publi,h this "".ood repoJ rt I>.:fol< a scheduled Dcccmber 1997 conference in London on Nazi gold. 0 5 1WHO 001 in,·ol. ed in re,carch fo.-, or dra fiing of, the supplemen' al repon, bot il did "",ei... a copy fur co mmen1. It ,,'commcn dcd , ",'eral chango. which were " ltimalely illCorpo,. ttd jnto lhe repo rt. Tho supplemcnlal drait ""'od lhal

'wo priv.,e financial inS1itUlions in Gennany. the

Dre,dner and Deo,,,,he bank.. wid gold on the Torkish freo m:>rl<et; il e jted a Briti, h report which opined lhal ' hi, gold bad been looted from EUlOpe"" c""ual banh. OSI wu ab le to doc umC<lt th., at leas1 som. of Ih. gold came fro m viclim•." OSI also urged ",.i, i"" of the drnfl '. <:<mle nlion 1M I,.de wilh " .,nnany amounted 1o ,upport oflhe Thin! Reich. OSI no'ed ,b.'Il8da bad to be placed in ""nleX including ', cunsid.r.tion of the "moun, of ll8de ,h.", $arne co ontrie, W<'re doing with ,be Alii..." OS ! op ined ,bat the draft was unduly har, h 00 Argen,ina " Thes. comm en" wcre of ,ufficie111

import '0 caUSC tb.e SUIte D.:partmenl 'o po"ponc the ",Ie..e dale un,iI some ,ime after the London co nference, The conference, with panicipam , from 4 1 na' ion" de al' with the que>! io" or ""idual gold, In ,o'ponse to Ibo ,o"ol",;on in ,be Preliminary Study that somo of that gold ",as tainlM, ",'..al coun,ries agre.:d '0 connibu'e money due l hom ' 0 • fund for lIolo,""'l , orvi,ors. \Vbil. no, alilh. re,id""l gold w3S SO di"'ibulCd, a portion of i, did go '0 ncody sU .ors," I"\'i Coin<idem ly, j uS! as the co ofe,ene. opened, a pri'''ely-held cache of microfil m.:d Reich,l\1nk ,ocord, b<:cnmc acccssible." 1he record, belo nged 10 an AuSlri:lJl conccolrotion

camp ,,,,,'ivar who, aner lh" war, JiJ ex,en,ive ,.'ca",b on lhe b<>ld trtKl. of ,be Rci,bsbonk , I lis pri,.. te ,-oll«:t;no ;nduooJ a n'pon "I>outthc ~klmer .cc"un' by Alben Thoms, the wanime Reichsbonk DirectOT. At AmNi".Jor Eitcll" at". "'qUOst, 0..<;1 revie""d ,hi, newly..,ailable m",orial , Based on Thums"
ti~"r"',

OSI ""I,," lu'c ,h" , ,bo SS Imd dqlO, i'<"<! 0"01 $4,6 million "tl mucb mure ,b.o previously bad beeo

d"lIars wonh nf gold in' o 'he provable."

~lelmer ,",eoulll _

OSI ai." ",.mined ,be ,",o,ds of ,he p,;va,e ,melling fIrm u,ed by tbe Reicb,bank to transform largo gold artido, in ,he SS .hipmon'" inl<> bull;on. AhbouMb ,he firm bad imentionally d.stroy.d must pcrt;n.nt documem •. enough was extan' to ,how 'lUI! Ill< firm "'as aw.", ,hat the ~old cam. from l.w•.'" BOib tbe rev;,.d M.lmer flgwes ""d ,h. , melting o,,",pany' , eomplicity "'''. induded in the fi nnl ",port , Amb.ssador Eizo"''''l d",o,;bed tbe reealeula,ion of ,he Melm« aceoon' ... "the most r!r:lrna,ie" finding of 'M s'"dy," OS[' . <" ntribu' ;"n to tho repun i. evid.nt in olhe, W'YS os "'ell, especi.lly in 'h. ",porl'. nuonood dist;"",ion, am0"i Ibe ne"".1 na,ion•. OSl's ;nform" ;on

.bo., oieti., gold fo r s. le on

the Turki, b free mark.t I. d inexorably 10 ,he cond"sion tbal TurkC)l was mo... involved In the marketing of oiet;1I1 gold ,h"" hod preY;o"sly I>om known, OSI'. "nalysis of Argcntino gold record. ,ho....d ,hOI Argen'in. W"S less iO" oh"ed ; indeed, i, h.d purchased 1\0 N01.i gold"' aIL The S' ale Ilepartmem .dno\\'le.Jged ,hat osr, an.lysi, oflhese Argentine docume01. was cruoial." The Supplemental SlllJy " 'os rcloo.'od in Jane 1998," II did 001, howe"or, ~nd osr.

;nl'olw",ent on mailers ",1,lioS 10 S;r;zi "",.ls. Wb;le wu"'ing on lhe golJ "uJ ics, OSI hoearne

'"

invol..d in adJitio,,,,] asset l",,,e•. Ae<ording ' 0 a poso -war "g,~eme nl "",oog the Alii.., lrole<! ouhuroJ ilOm' were 10 be Murned ' 0 their country of "rig in. and, if po<sible, lU their , ightful " ....lIers. AI an early (Ik..." mbcr 19%) ",eeting of the io,cragene')' ....orking g'oup on lhe Preliminary S'udy. one of ,he parlieipams menlioned" 1940, memo from an Arn,y archivist ,uggesting ,hall h~ Library of Cong"'' ' may ha"" loapproprialely acquired books loole<! by the Nazi•. Di",eto, Rusenbaum . sked an OSI historian to look into the m.n....

osro",..,areh established th.llbc"' ....... no ba,i. for the "Ikg"'i"n."

On lhe conuar)",

the Library h. d .dop'ed and follo....~ dClailed ",g ula' ion.to ensu,.. tha t It did not obtain or retain any book......hose provenance eould be as<:<:".i"..d. If Ihe proven"""e Wa:; WldClermln.ble and ' the material had na'i onal, cultural, or religious ,ilP'ifieanee, the ",gul"ion. ealled for di. tribution to an appropriale insm u,ian. Of the mo,..th.., 3,000,000 loote<! book. gathered by the U.s. go"" m menl, two and • half million were di,tribuled acco,ding to Ih<:,e guideline•. Sinoe it was 001 possible '0 identify Ihe owners or cou nlry of origin for lhe remaining half millio'n, they were given to 'he Comm;",;on on Eurol"'an Jewish Cultural RecoostnlClian OCR), "" organization comprised of Americ.., Jewish religiou.leaders, ""holars and educators. The JCR di" ribu,ed ,hem 10 centers of Jud. ism and Jewish learning IhrollghoUl lhe U.S. and Israel. AI the JCR ' . di«Clioo. ",,'er.1,ho"'and volumes ...."0110 Ihe Library of Con!iJ"ss." The ",cond assel t",fe; ' o'" iss"e th. , 'pun 01T f'om OS !" . ....m k on )\;07.i gold iO" oh -"d 1<>Ol<d .""'o,k. In February 1991, a onu",e informed the oUice of previou,ly classified document' from ,he Omce ofSlm'.gio S.I"'ic-e, (pre<!~ .."" to ,he CIA) listing arTworks ,h.

ass ''''P''Cted had beon . t<>1on by the Nazis. l1Io liS!, compiled 'honl)' aller the war. d rew upu o the memorie. and reco'd' o f thell ,';elims as ",oil as 3r1 dea lers" ho sold "'orks on behalfo f lhe N3l'is, It also "'fe"'need <~p1u",d German c..,rro>punde""e, reoeipls, "'u«<um a,""cssion rtpon., m,d in\'Onlori",. Despi te llI..e e"ensi"e wurees, Ihe,e we", limital;on, 1 lhe ass listings. Tit les wert 0 o f' en imp",d .., eilhe r be<ause ,he wo ,k "OS unlitled or be<oo'e lhe 'Ne lille of Ihe "'ork \\'lIS unknnwn 'olhe pe""n pro"iding {he informOlioJl {o {he a ss. Thus, there were. n"",her o f "S ,ill l ife," " Poncai," and " landscape " entrie,. In addition, anists often e""'ted mu l{iple " <;I,h "i{ {he: same {illc and {he ass lis{racely con'a ined distin8uishing ;nfOfTIl ", i"", . ueh as conv"", h dimensions. OS I pw-ed do"", lhe Ii" oDd 'hen ,e" iewed boo k., wcb>it... and ar<hi"ol mo{eriol (including puSl-W" claim. filed by pri -.IC citizen, ) in an an"",p{10 m.,eh "urk' on ilS liS! wi' h holdi ngs in {he U.S, and . broad. The office " 'as panku larly in' erwed in delermining whethe' any I""led artwork was held., Ihe Nalional Gallery of An. Ultim'lely, OSI identified fo Ul" possi bly loo{cd piece , at the muse"",." The "atiooal Ga llery did addilional .e"""",h and he delerm ined lhal one of { four had indU<! been taken from a 1o"i,h family. The museom relurned ,he pain lin8 to {he m"',e,'. hoi" amid mueh publ ie fanf""' , In announoing lhis deei'ion, uoo Iho m", O look . 010 c redit 1'0. <!eterm ining {he pro'enancc," The Pcpanmenl of Justice issued its own " " emenl e reJi.'inll USI willi ,ai.;ng th_ i......." Since lho ~nld ' ludic.. OSI ho", p<" "Jie. lly bn" calk-d " pom 10 , ha,e ils e XI"'r1 ise on

">:,'-" iss"","

OSl"s work in thi' a,e. is !<l ""o{he, cX>mpl. of how {he go\'e rnme nl h..,

"rO'ldened osr s m",lJale "nd ""W {ho " tl;.. has helped the J'llbJio und<""",d {he hi"ory of I lol,,,,a u, ,- To 'he c"en l Ihal osr, ",h" la..hip has helped bring Obo" l ", ,, i, ", i,,n. il has oJ",

1. Th i. "'us ,he es t imale of hi'l"ri"n. al a Dec. 1997 conference on K",.; gold in l<>odon. "V;e,im Fund (;0 1S PI.,Jl!o. from U.S, and Bri'aill,'" by A lan Cowdl, Tho New j "o;* Ti,.,e•• Dec, J,I997. Alh""i., A u" ",li.. Belg ium. Canada. (·,«ho,I"",ki• • D<1lm' T Ell)'pI. France, ( j,o<:<:o, India.1.u,emboU1i, the Nelherl.nd., t'ew k, Zc"bnd. N' ...... a~ . S"ulh Afrioa, lhe United Kingdu m, ,he U,,;'ed Sl.le$. and Yugo.I.,ia, l he U.S.S ,R. had 'EIllie r w,i""d any claim 10 lhe •• "'IS, 3. Tho e"olving dofinilio n. , Te d iscu,,-..d in the St.te Dcpanme n1" Preliminary Slud y, fu lly cited i.!f'a. n , 32. al pp, 17 1· 177. 179-8 1. 10 S W IO Reclaim Ka:ci Plunder:' by J.y Bushinoky. TIw C~i<ago Sun.Ti",e•• ;'O Sep<. 15, 1995 . Su ,,1.0, ~ Swi .. Ban"" Unde rval ue Undai~ 1101<><.ust Aceoun's." by Bal' l>cy. Tour and Marilyn Henry, The Jer",,,I, ,,, POJI. Feb. 9, 1996; "'Quest for Nazi. ' l.ool ; D ispute Fotu... on Role of Swi.. Ban k.... by Dav id Dturo>.'ay. Tho Wo. hingtnn POJI. Dec. 8.

2. n,e conference , onYcned in 19-16. The 18 " "' ;on,

,,=

4.

~le". l ook

,-

5. The World Jewish Res li'u l;o n Or!!"";' 81;on "'115 fo unded in 1993. 11 wo rks for ,ho fI'1um 10 lhe Jewi. h people of hei,less and .,.,laimed pruperli.. of comm un;lie.. assoc; .liOfU, organl'''t;on, and individual, ; lhe paymtnl of compen"l;on wheR re'liMioR io impossible; IITId ,he rest ilu,ion of priv",e properly and compen"lion 10 Holocaust ourv i.on.

6. " Q",," for N""i, 1.001, Oi,pul< f""u,,", on Swi.. Bank.s." •..pro. n. 4.
1, July 31, 1946 1<11er fmm ACl ing SocT e'ary of State Atheson 10 Congressme n Joseph Baldwin, l uly 3, 1946. Poniono o f 11l. I<"<r .,." q uoled in 'he Sta.. Dcpartm<nl ' , Pr<liminaly Study. irif"a.
n.

32••, pp. 86 ·8 7.

8. Bank ' , Gold Insp ires Tal<. of Plunder,M by Clyde I I.berman. The N. ", Y", k Tim•• , Sept 27, 1996; ~H<.t on G'II<," 10 Relurn US SSb in Na d (;01.1 1. 01,'" by Nei l B<hrmann, Bu:iin<JS 0 Ti",.. (Sing.pore), S<pf, 12. 1996. The dnc um enu led New York' , Senato r AlpOOrnc O ' Amalo, e1l.air of,he Sena.. banl<ing eommi" ... to , "u e'l lhat lho am u""t o f Swi.. p"Y'mc n15 sho uld oo w be rcnrguli " od. "Tim< to S...le the Soore," by' ~tari ly n Henry, TIrt Jeru,a/em POJ'. Nov, I, 1996. 9, "U.S, tu LaWlch 2"" lnqultY iOIO fUle ofo"ld 5101"" [,om Je w..·• by M",iIY1l lle nry. TM ,Im,." '/'·", 1'"". Oc1. 13, 1996. 10. "t'S 10 I . uneh 2"" In4uitY inlo Fal. ufG<lld

s,,,!"" from Jew...."'1"". n. 9.

I I . 0<.1.30. 19961.ttc' frum President Cli nto n to \\'JC p" . s ide nl Edgar Brun fm.... Al ,he ,im. H te nSl,. ,,,'" se"'ing .. linda 5,.retary of e " mmcrcc [Uf Inl,-rnalion.1 Trad< "nd 51'-"1,,1 [n"oy u f,h. Ik r or" n t m or S'at< On Pn 'pe rl)' Re" i' ut i" n in etn",,1.nd Eustern
I~.

Eu",pe. Shol1l)" ~fte r the: <opol1 was released, be became Under S«,..,lary of State for Economic. [J....in... & Agricultuml A{fain. 13. The I I "e.., CIA, the [lcpal1ments of Commerc., Defense, J.... tic., State and Trtas"'}', the: f il l, ,Il<> FedeTOI Re..,,-e Ilt,ard, the: ~otional Archive s and Reconls Admini,,,otion (NARA), the ~";onal S«urily Agency (NSA) and the U,S. I lolocauSl Memorial Museum, 14. Sc,'era l German bank c'""uti'-e, "'"'' charged at the ",,,,'s end. A' noted e",l i<f (' -" p. 7), Walter Rockler, OS I' , first Direclor, hwl bc<:n on the bank Pfll,ecution Ie"," at Nuremberg. Among the defendants he: prosecuted was tile vi..,·president of the Reieh, bank. IS, r .b. 2, 1997 memo f,om 051Chief ofln,'e"igatl. 'e Re.......h ElilaMih ""'bile to Di...tor Rosen baum .. "Evidence of S5-Looled Pe"",ute•.orig in Gold in the TOC 'Gold Pool;' M Jan. 29, 1m e·moil from White to Rosenbaum re "Monroel:"urtmberg Testimony." 16. Industrial dillrTlonJ • ..., us<:d, amo ng other 'hing., to .hape anillet}' , 1le1l., 10 facilitat. the: m""ufact.... of wi"" to produce anti'air<,aft an illery shell fuses, to cu' and "'01 tank wnwr, and to machine diIT.reolial gear. for vehic",". ' 'The Con,'ersion of Looted J. wish Asset.< to RWI the German War Machi...,Mby Mieh",,1MacQue.n, HoIoc",,-fI omiGe",,"i<k Studje. (Spring 2004 ). 17, "Quest

f", Nazi, ' loot, Di.puu Focus•• on Role " fS wiss Bank',M. upra, n. 4.

18. Mar. 17. 2001 Ie" .. from Rosenbaum Stale Dcpanment I1;Sl" ri"" Williwn Slany rt " M~rch 7, 1'W7 [)rafl lnterim Repol1 on ' Nui A, sets.''' 19. l1to document showed that gold from the M.lmer account wa.'I added 10 a 194 J smelting of looled Dutch guild..... Eigllly .t""'. percent of 1M bars ,.sulling from this .melting wc-n: e"enlually lraded to the Swiss Nat;nnal Bank, In addition, a 1944 smelt ing of gold bars hom tho Netherlands included six gold bars lhal the Rek h, bank hI d ....,i",d from the SS. OSI determined ehe: n~m be .. given the bars after being ....melted and confinn ed that , ix bars with the, e same number< "'e.. tran,felTed by U.S. force. from Oennany'. captured l/Old fCKrv<:. to> MilitarY

'0

ue roc 20, '11", "'pori "'tLS p,..,parcd by tIu: Foreign Exchange Depo'itory of the U.S
Om-emment in Germ...y.

21. " U.S. C.",'t Tic l1olocaust Victim,' Je",,,I., o.:olal Gold to Swiss," by taura Myers, AP, "la:. 9, 1991. 22. " lor. 10, 1'i97 l.uer to ,\mb Ei'en"" from Ro""nbJttm; Mar. II, 1997 lener trnm Roscnl>i,um 10 Sial" Dcpanment Ilistorian Siruty. 1J . Mar. 12, 1'197 ,,-mail lro m Ro.enbaum to DAAG Ri<:harrl '" "'N""j A.sets: Imporlan'
lJpd.",.M
~ ~.

Ju ly 3,

1 9~6

ktter from rresident Truman 10 Senator Kilgore,

25 . State o.ponmem ·, Preliminary S1U<ly, ;nfru, n. 32, al p. 66. 26 , ~l .... 17, 1997 letter rm m R"""nbaum 10 Slale Oep"'ment llislorian Slany. 27 , Fizen'tat"s public ,t"lcmems at the lime allribuled lhe delay to !he need I<> ",view """,nlly <leela" ified doc uments. "U ,S. Repo n 10 Sli o~ S"i.., New Documents 10 Shed lighl on Neulral Countries' l ink< 10 No"; loolt by f rio Greenherg, Tile r"r.......d, ~lar, 28, 1'197. How",'e" he acl:nowkd~ed in hi, memoi , lha' OSl was Ihe prec ipila' i n~ eous<. Impe r! « t Juslie«. l.oo"d A' ,lets. SIa>'. l"bor. und 1M t./nfi,,;.Md 81,siMsS of World War If, by SlOan Ei zenml IPubli. AlT.irs), p. 101. See o/so, \-1.... 20, 1997 e·mail from Rosenbaum to OSl ,uom<)' William J. Kenel)" re M lIornell - Reply."' 28. Th. repon (",," !Cd p rimari ly on the Swi.. pu",h... of gold bars; il d id rIOt. , however, (p p. 170, n, 43 and 180), OSI', discovery lh.l violim 80ld bod been lransfelTed by diplomatic pouch 10 Swit'.e,land. Swi.., N o Vi<;tim, Gold bul 29 . The Swi,s i",ist«l Ihallh<}i had 00 ,ueh I:lIOwl«l8e. Su •.g., M Admi' Profiting from Nazi,: Newsday (New Yorl:), Dec. 14, 19%; "T1Iree NOlio n, A8'e<: on r ......'ing Gold Looled by N12is: by Dav kl Sanger, TIw New York Times, feb, 4, 1997, The r<pO" p'es umed, boWCV<T, tbat ' he Swi.. did how tha' .om. ponion of 1he gold """ looled from occupied eounlries. (Sucb I:oowledge would have COme from publie I<nowled.,e .boullhe lo w level oflbe Reieh,hank's gold reser"e. and rq><al«! ", arn iogs from the Alli.. ,) 30. Th e 'epon . hied o",ay from hold ing See~1.:>ry of Stale Ache"'n accouotable for hi, . tate", e nt thal "1 ~<TC "'as no ,e"""nable evide""" lhat SwilZerland had purchosed SJOO,OOO,OOO wonh of gold loo ted by Gerrnony.M The repo n ' l'led thai Acheson's lener had been drafted by an underling and ~ pre,urna bly "'as 1101 seen by Aehe",n.~ lhe~ "'as 00 basi. gi ~n for \lIi. ~um plioo. ~Preli minory Study,Mi<t!ra. n, 32,.t p. 87. 31. Scpl , 28, 1997 I"u"r (, om Amb , Ei,.en' tal 1 Ano "'<}i General Renn . 0 32. " r reliminary Sto.><ly on U.S , and Alli~ EffoN To R«:o\'Cr and Restore Gold and Other A"el' Slolen or l lidden by Gennony Duriog World W;rr ILM The rePo" <ao be .. c....d a1 =y~ , I:owwwwi~oio nsl<ur ,'h t> loc"u\ th p.h t"' I"rp1 (las' " i,de<! Nov. 2OOS). 33. T« lInk . II)'. "nly Swill.ertan d and Swedeo were ' '''''''ul..1'· eo""tries d uring the W.s. Sp ain, P"M u ~.I, Turl:<}i aod Argentina "ere """o_bdli~ ..eo[Mbul oot oeutral. How ....er, fo r In. sake uf simplicity. the r.poM 'efelTed 10 lh<'" , 11 as "neutrals" "hen m.ntion of lhem "'as mode eolleeti>el y.

34. An OSI hjstorian "",.lIed rrom he, r. >e, ,,,h for th¢ Prelimitlar}' .c;lody thal lh. Reich .hank ",ld ~lelmer ",courll ~old to the Dcul "'he uod Dre><lnerl>anl:s. Apr. 1,2004 .,mail from Chief 11i,tori.o Eli,"belh llIbil.lo Jud)' fei ~ i" ~"1 got i1.1 think," An ass documem un.arthed by ,h. SWC added furtne r det.il induded io the Hnal repo". 11 ",pl.ined thill Ih. G.rmon

government used vic itn gold to finonce overse.. operation , and to infioenee foreign nations' 1 d;plo mat•. Apr. l, 2()(14 c·mail f,om White to fc igin ,e"query," 35. Sept. 30, 1991 lcuer to n en neu f ree",,,,,. Senior Advi.'lOr to the Under Economic. Ru"ine" . and Ag.rk ullL",,1 AlTairs, from DAAG Richard ,
~ ecretary of State

for

36. [n [;'C German inve:ltment in. , nd traW: with, Argentina was dwarfed by the Rritish interests t, there. Mo reo ver, the d'aft "rongly suggeSled that Afgentina could have ocen made to «twn all Germsn asse1S in its 'emlOry. Since Argemina joined lhe Allies ocfore war' s end and signed the 1945 Act of Cha pultepec, it acquired exdusive right.< to Gennan assets in it.< terri lOry. ( Mo re significant than these trade ligures is lhe faet that Argcntina ...,.pted more Jewish refug""" octween 1933 and 1945 than any othe, country in the Western he misphere.) OSI wos espec ially well poised 10discuss the.. issues since its then·Chief of Investi gative Research had authored a book which coveted lhis subjecl. German Influence in the Argenth'" Army. J 90{) 1 J945 by Eli>aocth White (Garland Pub.). 0 31. Two and a half yean . fter the conference, only $21 million had been dispersed. The elTon was hamper<d in pan by infig hting o ver who had !he mont! otllhoriry to distribut e th. fund•. " Half of Nazi Vi", im. Aid Funds Not Yet DiSlribuled, ~ by Marilyn Henry, TM Jerosa l"", Pa u . lune 4. 2000. The TGC itself was disbanded in 19'98. " lntemali""aJ Pane l Clo>C$ Booh On Gold Sei,.ed by l'azis in War,Mby Craig Whitney, The New York n ",.s, Sept. 10, 19'98. 3g. ·'Microfilm. Tra"" !h. Path of Nazi Gold MovenlCnts," by Eric Frey. The Finan cioJ Times, Dec. 2, 1991. Reichsbonk records from the Preciou. Meta l, Depart",,,ol had been locate<! "orii.. at ,he KationaJ ArehivC$. They did not include infwnullion about th" Mel",,,,.= unl, and ,herefo", were n01 "'p"" ially helpful in preparing the report on Nazi gOld. Noneth.less, ,hei, di'covery was wonderfully serendipitous. Tho records had been microfilmed by til< Alii..; the Reich>bank no 10"&'" had the origin.I" An OSI historian found a receipl at the Archiv...ito"';ng th. t a microfi lm du plicate set oflbese ",cotds (comprising 65 reel.) hod bee n tran,fened in 1948 from the U ,SoArmy to lhe: Treasul)' Department However, the Treasul)' Dcpanment infonned OSI Ihal it no longer possessed lhe mieromm. """bile fO"i ewing Dutch hank ,ecord. at the Archives (to detenn ine the exle nl of Nui looting from Dutch reserves), an OSI historian and . NARA archivist came upon an unrnat ked box. It contained 6S rons of mbof,lm Munmarked, not on spools, and wrappc<! ",i th rubb.:rband•. 39, Dec. 21. 2001 leller 10 Amb. Eito n" . l from Deputy Attorney General Eric lIolder re ··...l dditi<>n.1 o..'partmcnt of lu>tice R' .<ealX'h nn ~azi Gnld"· (Only wee k. ear lier. a S",iss commi"inn studying the iss"" c,lim"ted thor $2.5 million and "possi bly"' as much .. $4 million 110"c-.l thro ll~h the Mclm... "CCOunl. ··Swi.. Say N""is Siol. More Vie ,im Gliid than Believed," by ,' Ian Co wcll, The N"w Y"rk Times. Dec. 2. 1997.) Afler ' he slIpplenu'O!al repon "'as i"oed. another hiSluri"" ~linled out thaI OSI had

misinterpreled some of l~e i"f""nalio" in t~e Thoms' , tudy. \\lhile t~. t m ise.ku l" lio" e.used t~e $4,6 m iltio" fi gure 10 b< ~i g~er lhan it should have bee". t~e ...,.o r i' likely inco nsequential . lhe Thoms' "'pol1 did not ",re"'nce ,n illio", of dol lOfS wurth or gold t.ken from Jews before they were sent to the camp,. 'Ille r~"orJs for t ~i , go ld are incomplete and it therefore c.nnotbe .se<:n.ined w~et~er the se .ddit ional millions were dq>o, i,ed in Ihe Melmer aocount !lowe,.,.. il i. likel,. 'ha lt~ey were ,ince there is suffieient d""umenla,ion to "tahli'h th.t they were 'hipped to the 55 for ,1>.,t purpose, "The Dispo,ition o f 55-looted Victim Gold During and Aller World War 11; ' by Elizabe'h Whiu:, Amer. V. Int 'l L. R.~. , '01. 14. No. I (1998), p, 218. n.

ia

11 should be nnted ' hat the $4 ,6 million figure came from Thorn,' study. roth", lhan t~e Reie~sban k records. Th ey, like lhe re<:on:Is found ot , he Archives, did not ha.... malerial On the ~1clmer aeeount Howev.., lhoms had .pparenl ly refer enced the now.mi<sing Me lmer reco rds when he prepared hi, report.

40. Dec. 21 , 200 t 1<'fItT f'om Rosenbaum 10 Amh. Eizcnsta1.

41. "A linger ing ledger of Grief;' by Marilyn Henry, TheJ" usalem Post, June 8. 1998,
42. Preface to the Suppleme ntal S"uly, infra, n. 43 , ar p. xxviii. Th e Arg entine gold recards were 8i'"n ta lbe SWC by the Argenrine gavernmem in 1996. 43. "U.S. and Allied Wartime and Postwar R.lal ian. and :-;-egOlia,ion$ wi'h Argentina, Po rtugal, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey on Looted Gold and German External A"",,,, and U.s. Concerns About the Fale of the Wart ime U,t.., ha Tre..,ury" (S upplement", Pre liminary Sl uuy 00 U.S. and Allied Effort. to Recov er and Reslm e Gold and OIhe r A..... S1alen or Hidden by Germany Du ring World War 11.) The Supplemen tal Study can be faund at "'YfW ,t.. £ govlwwwlfl;¥i o n*y[/holocn,s1hp.h'm l~mI (las! visiled No,. 2005). 44. The hisrorian "odied recon:ls f,am the library of Cong.re.. and the U,S. miliwy government in Germ""y. 45. The p redse n"mher Ibe li brary o htai ned i. uncert. in bec.use , a rne we re ,ent by the library 1 nther inst itutions. In no e",n' w.lS rhe number retained by rho laC gre,., er 'han 21,000. o A lihough the man or oflnoled boo k, was nol included in eirher gO"em menraJ report. an anide on tho topio ",-li"en by . n OSI hi"oria n as,u,es rh.t ir is now part of lhe p ub lic ,eco'd. "' ''ctum ing Jew i'" Cultural Prope rty: The H.ndling of Book. Looled hy lhe Nui s in lhe Am«io"" Zone o fOcoup"tion, 1945 to 1952.~ by Roben G , \VailO. Libraries a",J Cu" ure, V "I. )7, No.), Summer 2002. (0$[ bad prop<>>ed ioel "d i" ~ the infoo " . tia n in 'he Prel iminary SOld)'. Mar. I I. 1997 le" er from Rosenhanm 10 Slany,) 46, Sel'l, 29. 1998 kller to Lind" Seey Fi;o:n"ot f,,'m DAAG Rie hard ; Dec. 2. 2(0) e-mai l lrom Ro'enl>aum to Judy Feigin re "Re Quory,"

H . "!", tional Gall ery of I\ n la Retum P~inling to Heirs as a Resu lt o f Gallery Researeh and Web ['o"i ng:' N , ui<>n~1 (;alle'1-' of ,\11 "e"" Release. Nov. 20. 2000; ~l'arional Gal lery to Relum a

Family' , Paiming Lo ol00 by ,he Na>:is," by C"lc.ti n~ Bohlen , The New York Times, Nov. 21, 2 000; "M",eum to Return Plundered Pain ting,"by Michael Dob bs, TM Wa.<hinZI()n Post, Nov. 2 \ ,2000. 48. "U .S. Told Muse um in 1998 e""vas Co uld be Nazi Loot," by Joan U ralla, Reule"', Nov. 22, 2ooo~ "Agency ~ ays M uotum Too k T,~, Lo ng 10 10 Na:<i Loot," C1'.'N.com.art$& style, Nov. 23, 2000, posted at I I:17 a,m . EST . See "I.w , " Who Found Looted Slill Life?," by Paula Ammn, W".i1inglon k"i>h Wu k, Nov 30, 2000. 49. Several example" l. Hungarian Jews an d their de,eendant' who,e personal propeMy and valuables "." e loaded o nto a " Hungarian Gold Train" by ,he pro.N",,; Hungarian g<>vcrrorn:nl d oring World War II , oed the U.S , gove rnme nt bee."se Ihe U,S. Army had capl ured the train in May 1945 and shipl"'d i... <XIn tenlS to Sal"burg, "l1Ie pl.ioli]J, alleged that the Arm y and ind ividual membe rs thereof improperly expropriat ed mwh o f the cargo . Rosner er oJ.• \t. Civ. No . 01_1 g59 (S .D. Fl.) , The law,wt was de fended by ""oth... ,ection within the Oepanment of Justice. OSl's assista""e included pan icip,,, io n in <oun-ordered med iati"n of the ease and the preparation of a methodology to calculate payme nts if the case sonled. Nov. I. 2004 memo to Daniel M~ron, Principal Deputy A..' t Anomey General from Rosenba um and Elizabeth White re "Proposed Form ula fo r A triving .t . Senl~ment in Rosner v Cnited S1a1~" " 11Ic e<>un approved a S25 mill ion setllement in Sept. 2 005. 2. OSI hel ped prepa re the Depa n ment's respo n,e to a draft ABA resolution ",ging the U ,Soto ratifY the 1954 Hague Co nvention Co ncern ing the Pro tection of Cultural PropcMy in the f.,.... nt of Armed Co nflict Jan. 10 , 200 1 me mo 10 M G James Robinson from Di=lor Rose nhawn .... "A BA House of Delegate, Reso lutiun Concerning the Protection of Cultural Property." 3. OSI was asked 10 comme nt o n d rafts ofa report prepared by the Pre,idential Advisory Commi.,ion on Hol""a. ,t A, sct,s in the United S""e,. The final repon was issued in Dec. 2000 , It eM be found at hn pJlwww.pcha.gov (Iasl visited Nov. 2005 ). The ,..,pon speci fical ly acknowledged ,h. contrib u,ion of OS l hi,"orian Robert Waite fot hi. re,earch on loot~d books and OSI attOrney William Kenoty fur hi! inve" iga'ion into looted an. 4. O SI's inpu t was ,ought by the Depanmenl o f Justice's O mce ofLellisla'ive Affa irs on ,he appropriate U ,Sorespon,e to Germany" handling ofHo locau't·ero in, uran ce cl.ims . No v. 7, ::001 e·mai l f",m Rosenba um to Adrien Silas re "Draft Testi mony of Amb. Bindenagel."

u.s.,

423

OSl Go.. lnl<enationa l G•• ma ny acm'any"s rd aliun$hip to OSI hilS two cruc i.1 a'pect.: il. ""isl""ce in invesligating ca'o' and its willingno," 10 ''''copl into it, lorri tory person.; pro:<c<:uled hy as!. In con,idering each of these issue" it .hnuld he ' cmemhered IMI for Ihe fi ,st ten yean of OSl'oexistence, Germ'ny was a divi<kd ""untry. The Gcrm;m Democratie Republic (Easl Germany (GDR» and tho f ede' al Republic of Germany (West Gennany (FRG) deall wi'h , he U.S. separately. East and West Gcrmany ""unile</ in 19~. Invc.liHat;ve Assistance nefore they reunited, East and W..I Germany had , eparate archive•. OSl"o at.... to mOle,ial from the E.." German archive' was limited, The Office of tho: General Pro, ecutor of lho (jDR H,,,,'arded osr. rcques" 10 the Stasi-conlrolle</ National Socialist A ~hive. That o,gani,.t ion Ii,st made a polilical delerminalion as to whelher 10 provide ass istance. If they chose to do '0, the malerial was ret,;",""" and then re"iowed by ,he Stasi hefor<! il wa, sent '0 lhe D<:p'r1mem of Just ice. ' OSl lacked direel access to Ihe archi...s and ""'a id nm gather bal'kground inform.lion uorelated 10 a spe, ilic ,ubject. lI.lo.' l of' ne WOrld War 11 reeorll. were. howe,." in West Germany. The two facililies there 'Mil c, ,,,nliallo OSI Were Ihe Berlin Document Center (BOC) and Ihe Ludwigsb"", Zenl,"l e Sielle, The nnc matcn,1 ind ude. Nazi P.rtr (/'SDAP) meml>e,,;hip ea, ds,I'SDAP memr.ersilip applicaliun" disciplinary actiun, against " SDAP mombers. SS ulftcer Ijlc" SS ,"cial purily 'cc urd' (e" "'aini ng ;nf"rmali"n un SS men who were marrie</ ..nd those ,e .king re nni" i" n ".. manvl. SS ."Ii.red men "",,,TIl.. SA (Sl<lnn l« xl!",') fi le•• immigralion and

rcimm il;tJlion files (o~ ind;\'idua l, of ethnic {,erman origin who ;mmigraled or , e_immigraled 10
GemUln~), applica lion, for memh<"hip in German cullural organiuUiuns. eoun , ecord•. and

regi"rie. of ph~,ician, ."d 'e. ehe" . Some of lhes< files include photol;t. phs, handwrili ng, and fingerpri nt< os well as wanim. acli,'i ties and pla"e of operalion. Vnlil 1994. OS['s acce" 10 lhe ROC was ...,uud, , inc"" il wos undt:1" U.S. conlrol.' Control wa. lhen ce<!e<! 10 the Germ:>n governmenl.
In

negoli.ting ,he transfe, . the

S1.Ille

Departmenl cons ulled wi,h 0 5110 ensure lh. l ,he Ju, l;ce Departmenl's in""..igali"" and prosecDlona! intere't' we re prolecled,' Germany agreed 10 microfil m aU BDC document< for the U.S. Na,ional Archive, and guarnnleed the U.S, access. in p<,-petuity, 10 the original docu ments for foren, ic and judicia l purposes,' By eontr.... lbe Ludwig, burg Zentrale Stell e is an enlirel~ German ope ra1ion. ESlablished in I':IS g. il is II>< repos ilory for reco,ds fro m war crime. trial; hdd lhroulli>out
Gennan~.

II was nol initi. lly clear ,hat Ihe Ludwig.burg m'lerial woold h< as re. dily available 10 OS) os was lhe BOC informalion. Murual legal a.'lsislance agreemenls belWeen the U,S. and Germany pro\' ide ll1e U.S. acces, 10 German mOlerial for use in eriminul prosecutions. 0 51 c",.. are eMI matle", Nonetheless, We" G,,,nany from lhe Ou'..l opled to ""at OS)" case. as if they were criminal. ,"ilSonlng thaI ,he ,ub,unco of ,I>< c",es (ollen murdor or acressory therelo) would be " ..led criminall)' in Germ:rny.' 111i, flexibihly has allowed OSllh, lUll rang. of as,iSlarK" O'·ui l.ble in crimin. l proceedings. including ""c,,, 10 erim inultrial record, (a source of wilne"" and "u"" ooluting teslimony) and ""mpelle<! lc>limony nom ..IUClaOl Gemlan witne"es. As un, Ge""an Ju51i<e )'li ni'try "froci.l acknowledged. this pi~ of legal

,,..,

kg""l~moin had. wcak r"un,I. [ion; its m.i"t~nonce ",~ui,ed b"'h tbe politic.1gOM will of the

FRO and OS l ' ..pect for FRG '''imino! pmce dure, ,' German good will "'''-< ~,'idcm in o[hcr ways as well. In ,",veral key /lJ"e.s. they .Ilowed the DepOI1ment " f Justice to . ' n id the olien cumbersome and time_""" IUm;ng diplom.tic prt'l<ess J<" h. ndling matlers of i udiei. 1""i"ance. l b ul. as ear ly as 1982, the West Gennans .Ilowed U.S. Embassy personnel 1 conlOct potemia l wilne" •• dire<:tly;' they al'o sanctioned 0 direct eom.ct between OSI and personne l at Ludwig. burg. After a I WI mceting wil!> repre,.ntative, from Austr.li., Great Britain, C""ada and Ihe Vai ted St. tes, Gonnany . uthorized Ihe fre<: "",.hange of Genn"" S<Jun:cd documenlS amo lll! those countriel. ' 'Ib i, i. no1 to suggest Ih.t there are not still areas of frustr.tion. Most prom;nent ;. tha t reque,t. that do go Ihrough the standard bureaucratk pr<><:c.. (e.8., pension inquiri..) get caught in "" administrative quagmire. Res]lOlI$C time. of ove,- one year are nol uncommon.' "·oo elhele,., lhe overall working rel.tion,hip helwee n the Departme nt of Just ice and Gem"",)' in Nali prosecution cases i' productive and posiliv". II is . 1>0 mutu. lly bend iei. 1. Refore reunification, both East and West Genn",,>, condueled World War II inve" ;!!"lion, and trials." The unified Ge""""y eominues to do >0 as Of lhi. "7il ing." OS! hOI "';S1ed by inte 'I'v-iewing aodlnI' idenli fying " itnes... of interest 10 Ihe Gem'""s." .haring OSI ""earch and record,." and servi ng ,ubpoenas un U.S, les;cknlS needed h> teslifl in Gcrm" n pro" ulions," "' ,' ,Imin ing OS! ll e!Cnd.• nlS iOlo "ermany Fullilling Ihe nli" ',,n " r OSI ,I,' peod" ultimate ly, on being abl e to rem,....e f,om the
t 'niled SM ,·.' [h" ", \\'he> "ss i'led [he !"ozis In p<!'SC<'ul;ng d vill.ns during World War n.

J lo,...., ' e" the United State••'"Ulo t IInilatelany ""nd a defcndollllO a de.ignated eountry~ that
cOllntry must be a "'iII ing recipient Very fcw COllntrie, are anxiuus to have "NlIZi war criminals" in thei r midst. E"en Germany, which has e, p",,,,,,d contrition and claimed respon.ibility fo, role in the "''', '' hils been ambivalent .bout .ccepting OSI defend""". Thc i<sue first ,urfaced in the pre.OSl era. Bolc.lav M" iko,..!ci. "''''' " Latvian ch ief of police ",ho, during Wo rid Via: 11. had pankip.1ed in Ihe "",,Sl of civilians and the bcrming of thei, dv.-e llings , NS contacted WeSl Germ any io 1913 about seeking M" ikovski, ' e"radition. The We<t Germans ackno",ledll"d lhat ,he b,anch oflhe a",i liary police to wh ich Maikovskis belo"ged had been under the 'upeN;sion of the German civil police; the higher police chief.

;t.

",-en: appointed. with the conse "t of the German., and these chief. rcported 10, and ",e..
• up..-vi$C<i by, the Germans , Nooetheless, they thought the significance of all this "''''' o utweighed by the factlhat Maikovski, himself "''''' immeJ iately commanded by Lal, ians and paid with funds from the Lal,'ian Police budgel." Moreover, they oIaimed constraim beca",e Maiko v,ki, wa. no' a ~Gemt.n nation.I.~ eith.,. at the ' ime the crime. WeT!: comrn;ned o r cu rrenlly ""d breau," hi. aclS were not directe d . gain" German natio""l•." Allhough the}' eou ld prosecute Maikov,ki, ifhe had been act ing on behalf of the ReiCh, lhey ooncludC\i 1ha1 he had fiet been. As the West Gennan, sa'" it, Latvian oppos ition '0 German occ upation d uri"8 the war "''''' ",'iden« thal Latvl. shou ld be considcn:d sc!"'I. te rmd apm from Germany." Despite this intran, igence .bollt Maikovski., We,t (J<:rTt\any w,", not o pp<>s<d 10 c",,,dition ;n all c"'... A,t>und the , arne time that they reject. d the M.ikoHki, request. they ,ollgln e, " ad jtion of !'iew York City hOIl,ewife Hermine 13,,"n"e ine, Ryan. They dist ingui,hcd her from M.i ko" skis
beca~se

,he had been. , """",i,or in n (Jerman « mcenlrali"n camp. A,
~2 7

such, her activities were undertaken "In the exe rcise of Germa n $O>'C-relgnly.,." Once she was C" •.-Jiled. ,he was

,ned. convic,ed. and sentenced to life in pti,on ,

,Vhen OS I "as establishcd in 1979, the D<panment o f Ju'tice :uu ieipated lhal .xlr.-Ji lion ""old b< an oft·u',,] procedure which would e ,~i le remova L" Oennany seemed
to OSl, he

most likely venoe for e,trod;l;on for two reasons. FIrsl, Germany oo re moral

responsibility fo t the war. Sc<:ond, many ahe ma';ve de,tinatlon, were not ";able opllons Mo", of OSl's subjects pe1formed their wo.nime service in the U.S.S.R. (which, until 1989, included £<lonia, La'via and Li'boania). and ,he United St. t"" had no ""trad;l;on neaty wilh the Sov;e1 tlnlon. In Oelob<r 1980, shortly afier OS!'s founding, DIrecIOr Ryan went 10 Germany to discuss the mechan ic, of e'tradi tion. He was q uickly disabuse<! oflhe ide. lhat ex tradition 1 Germany 0 w'ould b< lhe default proced ure fot OS1 The German. made dear that extrad ition would be a rare ,"",utTenee, pos;ible only if ' he defendant could b< ,ried for murder , the only relevant crim e not fotecl ""cd by ,he Slm",e of limitations. Eve n then. jf the defendant _re a non·German who had aC outside Germany's bord""" it ""old b< prohlematie." Since most OS ! subject< "'ere led L.tv ians, L:Xr.inians and LithunniOJl$. they ,,"uld not fll ",i,hin ,he parameters established by Germany." Simon \\"iesenlhal put fonh. proposal "hich wou ld have re""h eJ lhe impasse. 11.
S"g ~esl,,] Ib~l ,"~jecl:;

be di, ·Id.d into 1"'0 cutcgm;es. Iho", who worked on behalf of ' 0' creign
')l

C<:IUTllr;cs

«.g.•IlungaT)'

Roman ia) "nd 'ho", who worked for the

~""i,

;n occupi.,.j ",c" .

The lallcr group ,,,,,,Id indude ,h,\SC from ,he Haltie SlOle, as well as L:kroine. ,,, ,hough the Go"n" r" "greed lo co n,ider ,he mO iler, and OSI was . bo inlereslc-d, Ihe propos al "ns neV er

adop'cd n
llte Anomey Goneral wro'C '0 hi. <:<I"nlc,>,,,,, in We.' Genttan)/ urging ",,,,,Iu, ioo of 'he

probkm. Hi. pica ";as ba...>d on e'hkal ralhe, Ihan legal wounds, A. 'he highest legal omeeTS of 0'" ""pec1ive governmen t•. we .hart a ,,,lemn "" p'H ',ibility ' 0 ,ee ,h. t justice i. done in c.... involving Nazi erim... We ",cognize lhe e"en,ive elTort. thaI the Federal Republic has made to lhat end, and I am gra,dul for 'he cooprra,itm ' hal yo'" gOH m nl<:n' and yo", Ministry have e"ended '0 11$ in ou' "",en' effon. l(I g.th.. evide n"" .fter "" many years. Although many ye.... have p..,sed .inee ' he f.n of the Na>.i ",gime•• Oor COmmOn obligation 10 enforce oor re,pec,ive I.ws .g.inst those who wen ""pon,ibl. fo r the crime. oft h.l era eon' inue.," In ",. ponse, the W. st German Minister of Jus'i ce acknowledged tha' war crime' should nol be "ld l llllatoned." Noncthd.... he reite'a,ed ' hal the,.. was no j urisdiclion 10 try for.ign nalional. for acls oommined in ~""eupi ed terrilory" ."""nt ~exeeptionaJ ei ",wn"ances.~" Although 'hi' was nol encouraging, i' did not p,ecl ude J . porro/ion or a volonWy departure '0 (}ennany, In . i,her of the.. situations. unlike exrradilion, the person would not h.ve to .. and trial once he arriv ed in ~nnany. OSI h.d ilS firsl opponunil)' ' 0 pursue one of lhese .llema, ives in Octobe' 1982, when Archb ishop Trif• • greed 10 depan lhe United St. tes under ,he terms ofb i. =!<mcm . grccrmm. Allhough Trif. was nol GcnmUt. he h. d a strong nexus 10 lhe COWltl)', whieh gaw him refuge during mos' of the w.... None'hele... We" Gonnany infonne<! OSI'hal as . non.ci' izen, Tri f. was inadmissihle, '" Trif. was not 'he only " oll-puhtici2ed 051 JefcnJan' to "born West GC'fmM1;' dcnied odmi",,""". It 01", refustd
,~

,cccpt

13~hJan

Ko ziy and KorI U nno. , both of "~om .,.. disc usse<!

el..whc,e in ,hi. report," hen aftc' ,cknowledg;ng tha' il ~ad " no doubl"' abou' 051'. " "i'ko«

n ~ni nsl

Ko?iy (e" idonce 'dlkh. anlong olher lhings , showed him r«ponsible for the cold·

blooded murdc, of a four year old Jewish girl), West G<:rmony slill refused him enll)' . They did so on Ihe Illound,

'ha, (1) he newr ro"'e>."'<1 Germa" eililenship; (2) his c.im es we.e eommined

on foreign (L:krainian) w il; aJld (3) Ihe gU"onlinenl would he unable 1 e>l"blish "base m01iw," 0 a prerequi,it<: 10 0 mu.der <X:In' ietion under Germ"" law." Two years later, the i"oe ot"Maikovski.' depan ure resurfaced. After West Germany refused t" seck hi, extradilion in 1973, INS had filed " deportalion acti"n, Thai case was ollimately taken over by OSI, .nd Maikovski. w..., ordered dep<>nc in 1984. He designated -d Switze.l""d .s his eho,en eou n"y of depa".'ion. After Ihe Swiss n",illed 'he lusl ice Departmenl Ih. t ' hey would nol .eeept him, the Stale Dopanment asked Germany if Maik"vski. e" uld enler 0" deponee , They refused permission 10 do "" ,il rhe n! was a eountl)' which did w""l him, however _ the U.s.S .R., which ye"... ago had senleneed him 10 deolh in ab.,,,,,ia for hi, Wurld War II activity." In 1987, OSI n.-quesled thai

0 the e" un modify ilS order 1 de,ign"e Ihe U,S,S.R. os ,he eounll)' for depunolion, ne fore lhe e"un ruled, Maiko,·,kis ned 10 We't Germany _ h. ving been giw n a vi", 10 cnlcrde,pile West Germany', ear lier .ofu, all" ,"ek .'tradili"n Or I" ae«pt him a, a de~rtee, /lccording 10 Maikol"ki,' ,nomey. ,he Germ""< issued ,he vi.. fOf '"hum. nilarian lhat he rnighl be «: nl t" Ihe So,'i.. Union," II j eur lot,or - afleT the S"" iclS publicly called '-'roll Ihe We" Genmlll' III arrest
~bik u"k is. rcason.~

when 'hey learned

alld unly d.)'. b<fo« Ihe W",l (ic mlan Chanocllor " ,,-, scheduled 10 , isil Moscow -

the We" (icrn' an. arrested Ihe 8a' rear-old " l. iko"ski.' . nd placed him in eu'tody. II llhoU Bh Germ,'"}' had c"lier ref",ed 10 ",,'k his ".<trodi,i,," On Ihc B",und Ihat he ,",,\l Id no' he criminally

Ho

charged, he wa, now brou~bllO trial. One oflhe ", ilne=, wa.o; Ihe OS I . tlorney "'ho had hand ledlhe del',," "lion ca..... l ie test ified 'Duul M,iko",ki,' ..Jmi..ion. during lhe deportation p'<>cccdings, , peeifically that he had been chid of police and thal he bad carried o UI orders 10 "m:,t and imp ri'on all " ill.ger, and to bum tbe , 'iIl"gc, 'n ", p,m;ccution due
10
"'lIS

su spended mid way

Maiko"sk is' ill health. It IICvcr resu med , a11d he d ied in Germ""y in 1996. IIddiliona l len, ion• • u,faced OVe' emi g"';s ",ho had emered the United Sla te. onder the

RRA. As noted e",lie,, " one of thc condition. for adm ittance under thc RRA was th .t the
counu)' from ",hich nne depan.d had to gu.... m•• th.1 one "'"uld be taken bac k ifin fa<! thc "i,a had be. n pro<urcd Ilrrough fraud o r misrepre,entalinn o f mat.rial facts. German)' had made a

. wri nc n comm ilmcnt lO Ih al errecl in 1954; i' cnvered all pcrnm. e mbarking from thcir shore .
Allh ough the number of nati"e· born Germ ""s coming to the U.S. in the curly p<>st.",ur )'<""'" was limited," many Ea>lCrn EUlUpe"". and l ikfairl ia n. cam e 10 Ih. U ,Sofrum d i.pl"""d pcrsuJl$ camp' in German)'. In 1983, dur ing di, cu,.inns abont Tn f. , Gcm",ny ad"i'ed OSI that it doubted the nlid ity

and e nforceability of its 1954 ag,.ement." lind ind«<l, the Gennan governm.ntlater conl.nded
lha' it cou ld not 1"""le an origi,,"1 copy ohuch a n aweement and the,d n,. did not fecI bo""d by its terms. II I OSI"5 requ"" t, ,h. Stale Departmenl tw ie. form . lly re<luested thai Gennany search its file<, " In l'o"cmbe. 2005 , the Germa n gowmrnent "'h ised th81 il had fi nally loca tcd the document." Th.t it took o w r tWO d"".de.to resol"e this i.. ue was IN s!ral ing fo r OS!. In £""t, hon e'..r, il did ""t alT~cl ln' l;e numbe", " r OS I defendants. OS I filed 21 c~"" ag"in,t men who en lc,ed und., the RRA. O f Ih~"" ;""tw"," I0 an d 12 'O
h ~d

dC"J"l1lcd fm m Gc nnany_ (Infnrm.tion

'"

on Ihe ", 'a ntI)' of dc pon ufe "as nol feodil}' a, 'ailable in two of Ihe ca, es.) Six of the men ullimately wound up in Gcrmany. trn' ugh 'hey were not admiUed pa",aanl 10 the "Weement." Two others "ent 1 Uthuania before depon mion p"";..J ing,, and therefnr. before lhe U.S. e"ald 0 h,.'e dem onde<l aClio n uoder lbe agfeement." Of the four possibly remaining," one ditd while hi, ea,e was in litig"t iua; ,"" V,S. agreed not '0 seek dep"I1a' io n " ft he ," llor Ihree bec.use of their ill health. IndO'td, Germany acoepted many more OSI dd eM anls than il d. clined. A' Oflh is wriling, 23 OSI defendaol5 have gone 10 GenIl""y. One was exuadited;" some tled in tl>< midst of OSI pr<>e<:cdiog, ;" others left the United StOles as a re,011 of pre. or posl_fIIing settlemems wifh OSI;" some were .dmilled aft.. deportat ion orders m:re eO'<'Ted." S ix of , he tweoty_,h... weTC G<:rman eitizc BO, and lhu. had 1 be "dmined UlIJcr G<.,.".,... 0 law." Most of 'he o lhers eo'e..d unannoao~d with t""ir U.S. p....pon•. The Gennan,did no l

know'" the lime of entl)' lhallhey we.. ei,her OSI subj.." or defendants.'" In mMI ell>Cs wh.." Germany lale, learned of the conneelion, lhey lei the mailer lie. Their reaction was quite d itTerenl, howe"e" in 'he Iwo cases w here OSI was in" ol"ed in Ihe defendant' s plan 10 go to Germaay. John A\'d,ej and Arthu r R"do lph wen' 10 Gem,.ny a. part ofan ave< mem with OS] '0 O\'o id p<oseeution in the United Slale<, Eacn ' Cl,,,uneed his U.S , citi,enship 'hortly after am ,"l , Althoagb OSI knew abo ullhe defendanl' plans, Gemlany h.d nol been foreworned nor hod 'he StOle Dcp"nmenl." Wb.'n ,hey .' o,errJ Gennan!, neitltcr man . cknowledged that he \\~. do int ..., in order to avoid p.ros«", ion in lite Uni' ed StO •. IC The (icn""n. ;enl . 'lron~ ly ,,,,, dcd Diplo"'"lic Note in prote,I." lhO)' madc dear Ihal

they "ould not hO" e udmilled cither man had !hey kno"Tl the IN e ci",um,tance, of hi, departure from Ihe United SlOle,; Ihe admill<"<,,' lad of candor ,e ndered their admi..ion. unlawful" Germany ",ked the United State. to take lhe men bock and wtnl ,0 fa.- as to thuateo to withhold in' -e' tigalive coop cration; n rU I"re OSI . nd.,vors. lnd.ed, Ih. Diplomatic Kot. pointedly " - med lhat Germany might end the cha.-.de or n ealing lhc.. ca~, as criminal mUllers '" tMt a lhey would be covered under the murmd ""i,tanee treaty. The ('",v.mmenl of the Fed.ral Republ ic of Germany also deems it lICCessary to point out that assistance to the OSI has been provided in accordance with the principles ofj udicial ....i."""'. in criminal mailers. The present cases, !Iowev. r, lie outside the category "fjudieial a,.istance in erimi/llli manon. Th. y b< long to the administrative process." The U.S. rcfu><d to allow the men reentry although it did, ultim.tely, change its policy in Cr' respon,e to White House prcSSun!. AAG Jon"'n, DAAG Richard, and Dire. tor Sher W summo....d to the National Security Council on J une 7, 1984 to discu," the maneT. Sometime th.rcafter, AAG leo..o advised DAAG Richald lhat the pro","", of eocoumgiog defe odant, to go to Germany unannounc.d could not be continued absent State Department suppan." The State n.partm""t was aot, however, in ravor of OS[ 's policy in this regard , In December 1987, it issu. d a ncw policy: U,S. nationals who renounced their citizenship 8lld had no other oation"lity or had 001beeo "'c<pled for permaneot residence by another country <ould be involuntarily mum.d to the l T nited Slate, unl. ,s it was against U.S, intere,ts to do so." In 1993. OS! agrc..,d 10 provide th. Germans with a list or current OSI defcndrlJ1ts along "ith Inei, date and place of biMh. (he Sl,W, of lh. litigation. sod s summary of the d.fendan!"s World ,Vat II serviee. The G<TT1l,O, \\'a",cd the inrormation to belp con"ol ,h. i, borders. They •., nlinuc-cltn ""«pi "" n,e OS I d. fend, nts until w. ll inlo the 1990,," Ilow., ver. in Ihe lat. 1990"

the Genn"'" annoonced Iha' Ihey would no longe, accepl any non-German OSI defendants as deportees. It is unclear what ,·au-..<llhis chtlnge, Some at the Siale Dq""tmenl lhooshlthat ' pending liligalion concern ing HolncaUSl victim a""", m ight exp lain (Jerma"y', inlran,i gm ••." Di' ecto, Ros<nballm Ihooghl il more lil.c1y thJl lhe coll.p, e of the SOVtct Union v,-" ,he key facto" As he saw iI, the Germ.ns

"",e"'ill ing 10 accept non-German OSI defend.,,1.S only in

OIde, 10 prevent Iheir depon.t ion 10 the Soviel Union." Th. problems causod by Gr!TIt\aI\y' s hardening posilion eame to a head in lhe o.ses of Bronislaw Hajda, } nton Tinjung ill\d Nikolaus S,·hiff... Hajd.. a Pole ",ho served ., ... SS \ goa.rd al ,..rioo, Polish o.mps. including Ihe T,eblinka labor camp. was de naturalized and ordered deponed to Poland (his country of binh) 0' Germany (Ihe counlry from which he emharked to ' he United Stales) in 1998. Poland refused to accept him on the ground 'h.. he had expalria,.d him..lfb y his <ollabora,ion Wilh the Nazi,. Tinj ang. born in Vagosl.". (now C",atia), "'.... . Gennan nalional. As. m.mbor of the WaITe"1l S5, he ",,,,cd as a goard.t
~lau,hao ..n

in (Jerman_annexed Au."ri., lie lived in Auslria

for ..,' -en j'e.,.. afte, the war and received his ontry vi,.. there. He was den:llu,alized .nd o,dered deponed to Croali. in 1994. The Cmatian go,'emment refused. 1 . O 0 «pl him beoause he was neith.. bom in ,hal <oum')' nOf . ciliLen thereof. The Uni' ed Stalos asked Au'tria'o admil him, but Ihe ,eqn est wlIS Mnied; Austria noted

'ba, he had nev'e, been a cilizen <>f,ha' coumry"
" tIS

SchitTer. • Germ"" notional from R<>mania. sc,"ed in the Waffen 55 as a e<>n,-cnlration ", mp gu.rd in bo,h P" lund and Gem'an)'. , od " rdcred dcpon ed to R<>man ia in 1997. r hal

""" nlry " ' fused 1 ace-cpt him On (!lc g"Htnd Ih., he had •..,re ndered his Ro man i,," cili' enship 0 when he left Roman;a tlltd ,-"I.m",ily joined the G"m ''''' armed fon;cs."

OSI urged the Statc Department to p.."ure Ge""any to accept all three men. warning that Congress. the media ,nd the public woold be highly critic.1 if Germany did nOl." Rosonl>aorn w""' p.rticularly ""traged since he fdt th.t now, more than ever, Gennany "owe[d] 0> big lime." (They had ju,t obtained what he fr lt was an .grcemenl o" erly f.-'orab le to them on the issue of ,lave 1, 00, ",pa""ion,.)" The ~"te Department, howe"C!". in,isted on forthe, por>u;l of diplomat ic channels with Poland, Croatia and R" mania before inc"'a>ing pressure on Germany. State hoped that as new dem,,,'raei.,, these countrie' would want 1<> be ,,'en as "F.uto pcan" and therefore would re,pond favorab ly." Romania.l"'rticularly, was importuned on .evera! front$. In July 2000, the U.S. SulicilOT Genera l raised lhe lOaner in a meeting in Romania with Ihe Romanian lkpUl)' Prime Minister
and Mini'ler of Justice. He followed up with a leller to the Mini'ler of Justice ;n which he

ob••",ed thaI "there are. in:lOy .ystem, unique cases that ass ome a significance transcending the importance of the particolar facts involved, In the eye, of ,be UuiteJ. States, this is such a oase." That >ame mumh. the U.s. AmbassadOT 10 Rumania ..ioed the issue with ' he Chief of Staff of,be Romanian Pre.idem . Shortly thereaftc!", U.S. Embas. y offici.b met in Bucharest with offioi.ls from the Romanian Mini.try of Jostice and !I.1ini. try of the Interior. And in februM)' 2001, !he ANomey General of ille Unit<.'d Slate, rai.ed the issue with the Romanian Mini'terofforeign Affai",. Those otfon. oore fruit ;n Jan uary ~002, when Romania adv ised the State lkpartment that it wa, willing t<> ac<",pt Schilfe•. He w••t 'hat May. al .ge 83. He m"y be the last OSI defet'l<Jant thaI eo~"try "iii accept. Shortly .fl... hi, am ,·a!. Romania adopted ne'" l<"i,IOIion barrin" tbe enlry of person, as 10 whom " there are .eriOO$ reason. 10 con ,id~ , thot they h",·~ ,'<lmm itted crimi""l " Ifences or w"k part in '-"<Imrnitting

4,S

<riminal offence ' ng;>i n., t pe,e< ,nd h" m,nity, w"'" crim. s or crimes ,gai nsl huma nity:"" The Uni'ed Stnte< con' inued 1 p,e""", Germany a!>nul the 0
R o",n ~. um

",he, lwo defend""".

met with

t~e

( km"n Con",1Ge".,,,,1 and offered the Oerm , ns polit;,al ,o"cr in

,'" "" the) ' were , ,,,,,,em,od a b"u ' world " ,Clio<> if ,hey (, iled 1 pro«<.'u'c the m<rl: R"",nb.lum 0 w"" ld .xploin public ly lhal Ih. L'ni[<d Stat• • understood

,he difftculli.. o f ti liug a .".c al this

la'c d. le and wos confJdc nl th.llhe Germans "ou ld do an 'ppropriate inve, l ig. t ion." Shorlly therealkr, the State Depanmcnt ,enl a Diplumatic Kmc 1o Germany ''''l ing lhal "the United SlOtes beHcvcs Ihal Gcmlany ha' a compelling moral ub ligaliun 1 acl as Ih. n:eei,ing roWIUy of 0 [asl resorC" A ,econd diplomalic me"agc was se nl in Man: h 2002" and a dnn""'he 'he following .ummer. Gennany wi lhswoo thc pre..",e. They mainlained iIlal although iIley could accept nonG, nn. n, for rca.,on' of iutcm alionall, w, polilieal ;nle",.t or humanil:lrian co nce rn, praelice diet.led th_tille,e he c um; n' link, to Germany: lYrically . uch links ''',re ci' her W f"",ily '" propert}', n. i,hc r o f which appl i.d to Ti ujung Of Hajda." Ultimal<ly, G.rmlll1)· tumed. do,"", the U,S. ,eque.t, emphosi zing lhal the men "-.re nol German . ili2..... and lhere was no '»ublic imc«sl"' in Oermany to ~ccep1 the men ' ince lh.,e

,,= no criminal charg.' or inv.'ligation,

rending agaiuOl ,he ",. Gorrn. ny did nol respond to lhe moral imperdti "" argomen1." In Janu, ry 2003 , 'hc $ Iale Departmon l proposed importuning C roatia , nd Poland "g.in b.:fo" 'ppl)'in~ re ne wod pre""", on Germany. Mecl;ng wi'h Ihe Stale Dop"rlmenl' , DireclOTof .-\ ustri•. Germ;uty ;\00 S,,·i...., If.irs, R,,"'nbaum and hi. Pr incipa l Dep ut)· Su,an Si<gd n,,!<l e plain ,h.i, ,' prosit[on 10 'hi' propos,], They de.mc<l il (utilc and a wa.le of lim.... 1h c Stnl. ll "p" rtmc nt insi'led hOlw , ·. .. "nJ a dcmmch . wos .eotlo Poland and C,o"t;•. Both oounlri.,

"'je<:l<'tlthe U.S. proposal.
A t tnis poi m, d i plom~tic
rel~tions

betwee n the V.S . an d Ge rmany were .Irained, for

reasons un' eb ted to US I."

The media was reporting tlult Ge rmany was anxious to improv e the

'i t' ""tlon ond RosenhJum hoped thai this might work to OS!'. odvantage , In May 20 03, he eo ntactC<lt ne State Department's Speeial Ambassador on War Crime, issoe, . Rose nbaum opined ' lult unloss the malle r were re,nlvC<l ,oon, "a, major poblic conbovony will soo n oru pt, and this entire sordid IUstory will co me 01Jl.·~' The Ambassadnr was sopportive of 'he need to press the issue further wilh Germany. Very soo n !hereafter, and one day before lbe U.S . Secretary of Slate was schC<luled 10 mee t wilb 'he Genrurn Ch aneellot, the Siale Department dchc red a Diplomatic Note to the G<:nnans. Thi s May 2003 docum ent reviewed 'he history of the Uni'ed Stat es' efTo"" to depon Hadja and Tinjung and renewed the U.S. ""Illest Ihat "Gerr nlllry act as the le eei"illg " "Wtll)' of last reso rt for ,he.. indivi dua ls on the hasl. of Germany' s cumpellinl\ moral oblil\atl on to acce pt lhem.~ The U.S. added that ne ither Crnai ia nor Poland poS'iCssed "an «Juiv,lent moral oblil\ation,'''' . Rather than olTering io aooopt Tinj ung an d lIajda. Germ any asked the L'nite<! Stale. to take back Dm)'lro Sawehuk, an OSI defendant who had ned to Germany in 1999 , Having renounc<:d his U.S. citlzoru;hlp whon he "'ached G<'rmany, Sawchuk, born in Poland , was sl. lele,.; the Ge rman. were ...,i'her intere sted in proseeu ting him nor in gran ting him German
ei ti~ons h ip.

The

L'nil~ d

S,ale, ",jc..::'ed Ih. Gennan "''<j ''e,!. The Stale Depanment ad visC<l thai the

December 1987 agn'Cment 10 readmil "atckss ~rsons did M I eontro l sinc. lher. was an
~x "ep,ion

if ",admiua",:e was not be.t for U.S.

i nl~ r"" $.

S aw~hll k

had guarded Jows w ho ,,,'re

or I"''''''n for whom the ",cc p[io" w.,IS c,"",<d, Mo,"",.., OSI had timdy ,1c "Yted the Ge""""
C",m' L1I~[e

Ih"t S" wchuk migot Ik e I<l Ge""ony. Th e)' Ihcrefo re , hould nul ha" e been laken

"n,waro, whe n he ente red the counny,'"

up,imi,lie thal.ny would f. ce lrial in Germony. Murd<r w'as lhe only relevanl CI;lOe nol b=e<i by 'he 0<"""" ""lUIe o(J;mil.li" n, IUId ;1was alm<»1 impossibl e 10 est"bli, h lhe"'base mOI; ve" c.lIed fOl";n lhe "alUle , OSl had . \"'.ys Llndef" ood bu. mOlive 10 mean ,hal ooc would have to « . ".bli, h ,ha'ihe mLlnk, ""os in, pirt<l by something akin '0 rae i. 1hatred or Ih.'lhe peTJl<tralo, impo>ed "',.. , u« ering ' fm'''gh e"reme cruelty" In 'he , LImmer of 2003, howeve" OSl le"tl><'<llhal Germ.n e" un. had long .go upheld finding. of base mo,i,.. in c.... 0[0,... shOO/;ng. 01 groLlP dealh in gas chamber$. According to one 1971 ruling by ' he German Feder. i Coun o f J",lice: W.iling for one". ,,"'n ' LIt< de.,h, expericnd "<l ' he prep.r. ' ions, and being herded ;n,o ,he gas eh.mbe.. eon"i 'LI''''' .ddi,ion.1 mcn,. l ,onure fo' 'he vie' ;ms o f mas, e"enoina,ion." This ,.i>Cd 'he pos, ibility, for Rosenbaum, th. t Germany might be persu.de<l'o
,~k

,he

ext,. dl,ion of Ja<xlb Reimer. un OSI dcfcndunl " ho had bcen della' uru\ILOd in December 2002," Reim.,. . 'ruined as a cam p ~ "ard , had b"en inl'Oh'cd in ghe" o clearing, and a p il e,""otion. Bef"re b roaching [he ' opic of e"rudi[ion. how",'.,. Rosenbaom " '. n'e<! '0 pursue ' he iss"" o f OS I ",·p"r,." , In Ov',obe, 2003, R"sen"'om mc' with ,he Po!i[ioal
~l ini"er 01' 'he

Gom,.n I'm ~ . "y . R" , enh,Llm p",,,'n'<d a pn)po:>:;;ll. appro" <"<l by ,he Slate Deponm"n!. which 0 would "hllg.'. dte l 'ni led 5 [.'e' '0 " ,,, l u,her coonlrio, fo, doport .,ion, b u' e"mmil C"m,any 1

aocc'pllho.o wilh German c it; ?e,~'hip ",Id Iho, e who are "'" granled adm inaoc< elsewhe,e ," Ro", nbaum also nlel1ed Ihe ~inl'ter Ih" I"" mcmbtts of Con grtss had recently wrinen ' 0 lhe Auon,<y Gcncral..,king ."" ul OS I'. Jepona' i,m prob lem• ." Unless the moUer were """Io:d hefo," a r<'p<m'. wa' J"e , Ro,,"nmlllm wam eJ ' hal he wou ld "devul< [himI,d rtu doing wha'.'-er ,he Ju"ic< Dep.rtmen' will permit me to do 10 fan Ihe flam.. of conlrovetsy,"" In Dece mt>cr 2003, Ckmlany i"ued • !'101e Verba k ",joo,ing agai n bo!h Hajda and Tinjung. The Note . poko of the lack of legal authori,y ro r Iheir admi,.ion; agai n, Germany d id not add"'" the moral argument , The issue 'ook a n u ne~pe C1ed ,urn in January 2004 , An OS I derendall' woo had been u nler<:d dc-poned 'u Lilhu:>nia flew k> Germany afle r all his appeal. were exha\l$ted, OSI had hc-en w"rk ing with Imm ;l!Jation and C.,"oms Enf"rce menl (leE) _ s = ,oo, to !he INS) to locate lhe defe ndan' and p'" him on a p lan. 10 Lithu.nia. He eluded ,he aUlhuri lie. a"d, w ith hi' s,ilhalid Li'huanian oiti7en,h;p, new '" Germany where he was adn!i ned witho'" a vi.. be<ause Germ any and Lilhuania are bolh mcm ocr,; o f the European Union (EU). A' ,oon as OS! learned ofthi •. il ""' ified 'he Stale nepanment which passed llIe infonnation on '0 Gennany. A member oflhe Gennan Emba ssy. gratoful for the "head. up," 0 acknowled ged 1 Directo' Rosenbaum tha' his <o"nU)' had OS I' s 1993 infonna' ion conc eming Ihis d.·rcndan'. [Joweve,. ' he in format ion had not been 'harN willi . irpo" ""curil)' and .., lhe .ntry was "" ."mpli,hed w i'hont incidc n' ." ('c un on)'", inad,·cncnl adoni"iun uhn OSI defend.n' did
1\(11

'N""O ,he U.S

g,,'cmmcrn ' s d O lcnnina,i" n 10 <on,'ince Gennany to know ingly accep' OS l depo rt..s. 1JI Jan,,'ll}' 200~" Ro"nb.um , wi'h S..lC n,"panmenl approval, mel "illl

".if of lhe Iwo

Cnng",." mcn who bad " 7illen to lh. Allomey General aoout Ihe deportalion is, u•. Th. SIa1e
IJcI~1rtmCnt

had " « pamle m<"ting with the ",If 'hOMly the", afte,. 11,. S",te Oepartmcn t

,citcraled OS]', message Ihal CJen" any "h ., 'leadr,,' lly .. rusoo to "<ldress Ihe moral argument." Hone,cr, Sialc 1'0' Ie." c,iticalthon OSI had heen nr Gormany', 0""011 "lions On the dep<Jnc~ issue over lhe years." In February 2004, the Iwo Rep.., .n"'ti"• • wrote to tho German chone.llor ading him 1<> ,ecognize Germany' s ~moral re.ponsibility~ to accopl TLnjU"8 and Hajda," The German , espo nse, issue<! by lh. rOfeign ministe., "eknowledged Ihe country's hspeeial hislorical responsibility." r he Ministe, mainta ined, howeve,. tha<lhe responsibil ity was met in large part by th. payment of "comprehensive eomponsation~ to Holocaust ..itcrated Germony's posilio n on
depo n~" ~iet;ms

ove, tho yean. He

It would only consider accepting P«'ple who were

n01 - and nev., hod ~n - Germon citizens. if lh. « was a pos';bility of eriminol plose<:ution in Germony. A, he saw no ,ueh possibility fo, l1 nj uog and Hajda, they would 001 be admin. d, Mo reover: Adm issiun outside ofa legal as.i,tonoc procedure v.-ould , cod the wroog sil!-"a1 , Since the ""1SOn.s in qu ""ion can not be eonvicted due to a lack of evidence aga in" them, and dU<! 10 the r""t thlll On Ihe eontrmy lhey would even have 10 be gmnled slale aid, thi, would gi,-.. ,he i"'pt... io~ lhal Germany is p,< iding proleclion and ,helte, to 1"'1'>00> wilh a Nil;'; p"-'t. Thi, wo uld nol be " j u, lifmbl. fot bolh dom.,ti c and f01<; ~ n policy reasons. The federal Go"Omment .<ee, the ,e'p'onsibility for ildmi<sinn of the persons in question as resting wilh th• ." ,te, who•• citizen, hip 'he)' nold.'"

OSI defcn danl. had be<n ordered deponed to vermrmy"

l q >rieh, an ethnic German oorn in

Roma"ia. had been a ca",p ~uard , I Ie \\as de,,",u, . )il . d in 1987. Sl,mll y bero,. lh. ruling, h.

'"

fled the coun lry. Hi, ",t"mey aJ"i$IXI the court;lJld OS] thaI he had gone to Canada. Ye.", later. a 'df.>tylcd C. ""dian ~Nw hunler" b<.-gan a public "'arch for t e pril'h, maintaining 'hat he had "'turned to Ihe United 5t"te', l eprieh w", featured on a May 1997 seglnent ofo pop\llar U.S. tele" i, ;on show. "lImerico', Most Wanted," In 2003, he was found hiding ;n a secret eOl11parlment under the basement " ain"ay of his wife's home in Michigan. lie d .;med that he had r<ccnny entered from Canada where he had no legal slalus. His inegal cnlly from Can3da formed the basi' for deponation," H. r«lllested Gemmny as his destination country. OSI, with lhe State Department's approval, po,i1c-d . new
Ih~"ry

\IndOT which leprich

remained a (Jerma n cili z,,,, and Ihcrtfore had to he accel"ed back into the C OUl1try. As OS] reod Germ. o iaw of the era. as an ethnic German l eprich hec"",e a GertnaJ1 citizen when he joi....d the W.ff"" S5, Whilc l eprich renounced his Gcrman citizenship when he b«ame a IlAruraJiU<l U.S. citizen. Germ"" law al1o"'~ for renunciation only if one docs not b«ome ,tateless as a ,,-SuIt , OSI claimed thatleprich's renunciation " ... i""ITccti"e since the di' trict court which ' stripp<d him of his citizenship did so retroactively, Since he ne"er properly became a U.S , eiti"en, he would be .'ateles< without hi' German citizenship." (Jerm>ny rejected that analy,i . outright It maimaic.ed thaI service in 'he SS did not "ut<lmaticatly confer citi?enship. Eyen ifit had, Leprich ""uld ha"e lost citizenship based on lack of rc, iJ,'1lCC and/or ac~ui,; tion of U.S. eiti7eo'h ip. That the U.S. rctrnaeti"ely ' tripped him
"f cili"en,hip Jid not ~It"r their view, Gennany aJJed . no,hor re'son'$ well, one whicb ,pp!it$

to all OSI dcfcadants who cunoot oe prosecuted cr;minally in German}' , German}' doe' not wanl 10 ell'a'e 'he imp,",si"" that it i, "oIT.ri ng protection and ' helter to person' with Nazi pasts,....

(;,'m'",,)' boo ",ke" I.,-pr;,h "n ly 'u "",'<>mmuda'e 'he United States G<ormany d id n,,' lake up lbe S'.'e I"kl"' rtmen' ot[,," Bulb lbjd" and Ikim,.,. died in lh. Uniled StaleS in 2005, That , am. }"ar , a Gem"n leI• •'L si"n news magaline den ' le<I a ses ment to Genna ny" ...fu...l to n;admLl elderly Na7.is o rden;d dc p<>ncd by U.S. CQll rtS" A former OSI Deputy Din;clor appeare<! on 'he program '0 aTllue for "'vision o f ' he p<>l icy. In a leuc r ,enl 10 the program, bUI not read in its enl''''lJ' on air, the f ed eral Minislry of 'be In'eriOT defended 'he p<>licy, The'" aro no obligatio ns under intem alionallaw, nor <M the Federal Republie of Germany have any inl....st; n accepting people into our eountry who, although lhey are s" , peeled of <ommining N",,; crime" canno t be proven '0 have oommined Ihem, If we did so, we W<>uld he encourIlging, and be responsible for, a . ta'e of affairs in which ' hese people have be.n a«ep,ed by ,he very eounrry ,.-he", ,he l'azi crim.s originaled, ,h. pwpl. would Ihen be ' upported here by (Jerman social servic.s and could possibly even become oo;1;ve in the .xtreme rigbl and ""I;-Semilic social scene. In add ition, because we .... doing every1hing possible encourage the growth of an active Jewi' h life in Genn any again, we <anno, hospitably accept peopl e from !he Brown cirele iolO o ur eounlry at lhe ,ume time. Ahhough we completdy undc"tund tha t lhe U niled StaleS W<luld wan l 10 send Ih.,e people oul of its eo unrry after revoking I ~ ei r cilizenship, lhey s~ o ul d b< de ported '0 lhe counTries o f lheir form er ciliun.h;p, as pre$Cribed by ;nlernal;onallaw."'

'0

As o fth;s IIriling, Sawchuk is Sl ill in Gertnan )' "'bile Tiltjung and lepneh rema in;n rhe United S' alos." The L: n;loo SIOlte' has begun discussion' wilh Iho Russian go\'emmenl abou"he I',, " ' bil"y oj' Russi' " " c ,.'''pting OS] d<portce' whnu crime, ",ere comm itted in Ihe Ballios."

14. 1991 "",mo from I'eler il iad , OS lllis'ori"", 10 OSl a llomey., hlslori"'" and lnws,iga lors re: "Fonller SI;»I Archi"e. in ,n e Freie n""ldersl'asse. n erlln_Ea' I," Ooe in'lance in ",nich Inc E. sI Germans pro' Ided as<i s'anee inwllv«:l,he Mengele 10 ' ·eSlig"io n. East Germ""y pro,ided a nceded pn"hlgmph of Mengel. whicn [hey had from an old driwrs license, R«""d'>l inlerview ",il nlom ,.r OSl Cb id Inve"igmi,'c Ili"o,i"" David Marw dl, July 17, :W03 .

I,

~"v.

2. From July 1945 um ll 00:1. 1953. copt",,>J I'a"'; party record' were consolida'ed allhe BDC " "d.. lhe oU lnorl l}' oflne U.s. Anny for use in ' '',r cri mes and den""ifico'ion lrial,. Ile1ween 00:1. 1953 .nd July 1994. I, "'a, "nder Ille j"rlsdicllon of lhe Sla,e Department In 1988 David ~l.",d1. fonne r C hief In,,"Sligolive His'orian . , OSI. woo named DireCior o f lne BOC. He
rem.ined in ,h., po.ilion until 1994.

3. Ocr. 22, 1992 l.ttCl' Imm lhen Principal lkpo')' Dir«l<>r Rosenbaom
Cen"a1 Eum!,""" Alr"I". U.S. S' .te Depanment.

l<>

W. David SIrl" 'b,

4, Oct 18, 1993 Agreemenl 1:>c1" .. en ,he Go"emmenl o f Ihe Uniled Slates of Am"';ca and the Gnvemment of 'he Federal Rep ublie of (1ormany Concerning d... Transfer of the Rerlin Documenl Ce n,er 10 the Fede ral Repub lic o f German)'. Am. 4 and S. DAAG Rienard te" ified in fa"", of th. agreem ent before the House Subct.... on Internationa l Sec uri,y ond Hum"" Rights, Committee OJ! Fore ign A ffail1, A pr. 2g, 199 4

S, !'jOl a ll C<)utllrie , have been as fi ., lble, COnlrast Gennany', app roach on till. issue with
Au w a ll. ·$. discussed at p. 49<1, a nd A,,,trio'.. In 1982. the Ausman Min;stty of the Interior "'fusc<l '0 allow OSI aoooss to . Vienno D lstriet Coun me On Bruno Bl..,b, a fo rmer concont ralio n cam r guard then. dofendant ill depo".l ion pro<eedings ini' ialed by OS I. Austria no'ed 'nat ils'reaty covered as'i stance onl y in cr imina l eases and 'hi' was "an administra' ive proce eding." ~farch 22 1982 k u", to OS I, from Dr. Zeyringer of the Aus trian Ministry of ,he Interinr, 6. Oct. 26, 1987 memo randu m fmm OS I Hiotorian Peter Black 10 Director Sher re "I"ue. for Discussion "'ilh FRO Offi"ial,.~ 7 Jan. 29. 1982 'e1egram 023 845 from Secretary of St..e '0 Am"';"an Embass)' in Bonn. 8. June I , 1992 letter {ttlm 'h e Germ.n Federal Minlstty of Justice 10 Dlr«tot Sher re: Mut ual '\"'''anoe in Crimi nal .~ lane" here concern ing: U,S, In"."lgallons of Nazi Wv Crimi nal• . Be fore 'he Germ,,'" a uth"rizcd thl, docum ent 'hari ng, the count rie, had a lerte d one a nolhe, to inlo rmation <ooh had rcce;,'ed from Germ"ny "hlch might be useful to , no, her country. The 'ecnnd e!'Unlty tnen had to rcq",," the ma terial f' om llonn. June 12, 1987 memo to OS I staff f",m Pc'er Ill"". no: "R elease "I' P,,,,,,mc-nts .nd Reco rds Obta inoxl from the fR G lllmugh Rcque,," for Jud ie;al A"i"ancc '-'

? ,\ nolhcr area of Ih"",,'i"" is ' he G,'rman go,·emm. nt '. un" illi">!n<.., p""" lbly due to
rriV<l<.l' """,em', 10 :>11010 OS I """",ic,ed access '0 Gcnnan renoion inrorma lion for R& D 1''''1''-'''''', .1'",' July I 7. 2000 nw"w h' R,,,,,,"bJum f", m OS I Chief Ili slo ri"" Elizabeth \\-1Ii 'e re ;

'"bmuination ofGm"an Pcn,ion List in 1997; No,o V.rb"l. No. 68/97 fTOm , ~e Gcrm an [mh.ssy," A"g, 26, 1'197, The Genu;ms will. howe,·cr, gen""\ly re,pond '0 0 "'4ue,t for pe.".ion infom ,o,io n ;,bou' a 'I'ceitic in,h\' i,l\lal. In,k<.'<l. the if ,"' pon,c a rC4u est for information on K",Y" Ci" rin,h, led '0 t~e key ,I<' ,:un,cnt in 'he C"se, cSl"bl ishing in Ciu rinska, ' Ow " w·ord. (on his pension app lica'ion tho Gcm""n go\'cm mcnt) wherc ho had .c,,-cd "nd where ,he un i, had h""n when he WJS wo""Md. II also " "£;I'ed his c1"i m that he was " n" ware tha t his u"it was wo,king for the Germ"" •. U S v. Ciurin, k<U, 976 F. Supp . 11,,7 (N.D. Ind. 1997). al /. I ~g F.2d 729 (7'" Cir. r 1'198). In 2005, ho wever, the Gc rman, unexpec,edly ,cfu«d to allo w OSI access 10 pen.ion reeofds for "" OSI subject. The G cm " ns suddenl}'claimed lllat access was pormi"ibl. on ly in criminal im'esti g"io"' , Apr. 28, 2005 e-mail f,om Rosenbaum to Donald Sbo:rrnanski, Depo'y Direttor State OCp'1 Offiee of A"-'Irion, German and Swi", Aff.i... re " OSJ Egner Investiga'ion C>errnan Deni.l of Acee", '0 Hi. Pension Records"

'0

'0

10. Ammc:m occupat ion fo",.. pro« CU' M 1,94 1 alkgcd Nazi criminals. 1,5 17 wcre convicu:d, 367 wen: a.qui ltcd, and ehatgcs wen: withdrawn in S7 cases.....da lbcrt Rueckerl, TM 1~\'Imigali"" ofNazi Crimes 1945 -/ 978 (Heidelberg: C.F, Mueller, 1979), pp. 28·29, The GermJn, themselv"" ha"" prosecuted ' housands of olhers. 2003 swe A'lllua l Report, Worldwide Pro'c<ulion and lnve,tigation of Nazi W", Crimin.ls, p. 27.

I I. In Jan. 2004, Gennany atTested. ma n acc used of ordering hi, unit 10 roun d up and ,hOOl J46
civilians (including SI children) in Czecho,lovakia, The condemned group allegedly was compMed of pa rti'an' and th",e w ho supported ' hem , The defendan t Wa' abo C harged with o rderiog 'he " ec u,io n of 18 Jews, some of them children, who had been hiding. Ho wen' on ,risl in Sep!. 2004 , "Germ. ny Arres," Allege..J Nazi , 86," by Andre. Dudi kova, The Chicago 4 T, jbune, Jan. 20, 2004 , He was aC uiued ;n Dec. 2OOS . "Naz; Office.. AC4ui"ed ofW.nime Mas< Murde r," by Ruger Buycs, The AUSImlian, Dec . 21, 200'; . !n feb . 2004 , an 88 year o ld female doctor Wa' ch31ged with ml\rder of one mentally handicapped patient and complicity in the murder of 158 o,he as pan of a Na2i euthanosia program . " East German Dottor Face. Trial Over Na2i Murd ," by Ton}' Pat."on, ne Sum h.oy Telegruph (l ondon), Feb. I, 2004. A former 55 memher, Charged with killing a Dutch pri",ner d uring 'he war, went on ,rial i" Sepf . ~003 . The I" ""ec. , ion was aborted mid .,rial, bowever, beca"," the defendan, was adjndg od men'ally unfit. "Ceurt Says Ex· )'.;."i Unfl, to Stand Trial," .o-: Feb. 2, 2004. Germany ', inve' tig. tions .nd pro'<cUlions have been r<:<:o lP'iZ<.'<! c:>ch year by Ihe S we in its annuaJ 'cpoM On ",orld -w;de invcshl"'lio" . and pro, ecut iun of Nazi "'or criminal•. Germany i. generally in the = nd Or ,~ird ,ier of the , ix c"tegurio, C"," «oJ by 'he SWc. The I' ni<cd Sta'e, i, con, i"ently ,010 QCCUP""t ur'hc 'op tic" rc>o,,'cd for countric. which have ta ken .1I «,,,,,,,, hl. ", casu,o. to id ~ " n fy the p" ' cmiul su,ped cd :-<a<i war cri ,nin. ls in the ..-n""''Y in nrdcr to rna, imi>.c in.estis,' i,'" "nd pro,ec ution Jnd hJ\'e ;",'b iC\cd nOlJble rc'ults durinS tho p.' rioo " n,lcr <e,'icw. s,~· the S\\'C " 'port, fOf 20m _2006.
11 .

rs , ~br . 12, 2(0) lei," r fro m o.~ 1 C111ef I"ye<tiga ti"e IIi"o,,",n Midud .'lacO"cen to

l.1l,lwig,hnrg Chicf Ku" Schrimm forwarding a li.<, "f colb h "",'lo... "' ho,e natn,"" ,'J me up in

",0"' ""'a"'h ""d who llIi~hl >lill be i" G,nnany~ "ug. 9, 1989 lener 10 Rein.Jd W,l kcrn"Yf. A'" 10 lhe Arnh.. OUR . rm m Rosenb,um. I1epolY Oi",olOr OS I, nOlifyiog h im of snrviv or w;'fIE'"e, in the U.S. who rnighl ha~ rd evaol informal;"" for >11 ujl<:omi "8 Easl ( icrman ,ri. l. OSI ha, ,wn as,i"ed by inwn 'iowing willl""e, on mall"" , ome whal outside OS l's Imd;l;on.l """d.le. 'Tho" al Ih" ",~ue,' of Ih. (icon"",. and ",il h Ihc "lIlu li,," o f lh. $'.1' Deporto,en1, an o s r nllorn< inlerv iowed wi,"""" io the U.S. fm • GC'mI.O i""c." i& 'i "o ul>oul the 1945 mUNer 1' . of Sudel<'rI G"" n.n ~ in ' h" C, eoh Republic. Mar. 18, ~003 e_mail fro m Rosenhaum 10 Stephen Mark.rd. ""i'l."l V;""'tor, Terrori' m nnd Violenl C rime Vivi~i"n . I)S NCB-- Inlerpol W,,,hinglun. re ~WWII CT' ,,'ar <rime' _ 20020303674." I J. E.g., Aug. 12, ~OO2 leller from Rosenba.m '0 S"h,rimm i" vi' ing him '0 vi'il OSI ""d ••amiflE' "'eords, In 2005, . , part of ii' inveslig.lio" of John Knlymoo, OSI learned Ihe whereabools in Gem,any of. cilizen "ho had ,igned "bollel tepO"s" describing lhe kiUing of Jew, in Poland. OS I ",nl lhe Geonans 21 rele"anl wartime docoments and lhe Germllfl$ opened "" in",ligatio. , Sepl. 26, 200510110r from Eli,,abe,h Whi'e, OSI Deputy Director and Chief !li'lori." '0 Criminai Chi,fCommi",ioncr !\-la"fred Illlllg, Lndwig,burg, Germany, Nov. 20. 2005 e-mail from While 1 DirCC10r Rosenbaum'" " Kalym nn: Mcss.ge from Geonan P"""",otor 0 .. KereSli!." 14. Aug. 9, 1989 lel1er10 Rein.ld Walkemeye ., Ass'l to 'he Amb" GDR. from Deputy Dir<:<:lor Rns<nbanm.
15. E.g" Marking Ihe 'i0· ""njve,,"')' ofHi11,,., a",cn,ion to pow«, W.,I Ocrn,an Ch_ellor Ifelmal Kohl ' aid Ih.l his CounllY "cannol and will nol 'hirk [its] responsibility for lhe past." "A Hiller AOIlivemll)l Recalled . 1 Reichsr."," The Ne... York Tim." Jan . 3 J. 1983.

16. Oct. 26, 1973 "'pon from Gcrman p,o.""'Ul0' ia [,andao i" de? pfalz 10 Depart menl of Juslice, pp, 20-21 (hereaf,er [973 Repon). 17. A Gennan nOlion.1(volks,ugchOrigcr) is • person "who has dedare<! hirnsclfto be of Germany "alionality. as l"ng a, thi, dedarn'ion is conllrme<! by cena i" eharac'eri,ti.. ,uch as ."C<:>I<)', lang~ c, < ""ncal inn und c ul'ure." Se<, 6 or 1m Federal Rcfug.. Ael of 1993 (BGBI 1. S. g29 If.) " 'imilnrdcll"ilion e'isled in 1973. I g, 1973 Rcpon, , ''IIr''. n. 16. S•• "I.,o, June 19. 1974 ICl1er f.om German Con,ulat' Geoeral ' 1 Samuel ZOlly, INS Invostil"" or: Oc t. 15, J974 "'I",n f",m G<...-nU" p=c<:ulor 10 Depar1mcn' 0 "f In,' ice i he", . O 1974 Rcpnrl ); S.'pl. 24, 1915 rep"" of Districl Allomey Landa. 10 Central .. om« afS,alC Jud ioial,\ d ,ninisl' OI i"n' . l.ud ",igshorg. 19. 19 74 Repo" , ,\ !qm r, n, 18", p- 1, 20. J"", ~, 1982 kller fm m Auomcy Geo"ral Smi'h '0 Jurgon Schmu<le. German Mi" i"er of l u" i« : Ocl. 6, 2000 "·e,,,4.:d inlerview \I ith f"rme' OSI niredo. Ryan Since 'here are fewer k"ds " f "1'1"',,1, ,,,,d Iflu h" ,d,'. uf proue i' I.., . ",'",Jili""" arc lIencrall~' , ,,,,,dier for Inc Un iled SISIes Ihan Jet '" I"r. Ii,,, ,i,'n lri.l , 1 ;,110\\'.'<1 by .Iep<lr1nli" n hoarinlls, PI'. 4 1_42 for a ruller

S,.,.

21. A ' lll<>psi, "fRI""', !rip i, ,," forth in lhe l"". 4, 1982 I<ner from Attorney Genoral Smith 1 We. l Gcnn~n ~lini'l<r of Juslice Schrnude, .upra. n. 20. 0

22, Of the 134 which OS I has ci,her li'ig," od "r """ led p", .filing "-, of thi, writ jog. only 7 in""lwd persons born in "ermany.
23. "l't"po",IIO Speed War Crime. C3S<. Sludied," by A. O. Sulzb<:,gcr, Jr., 1M New York Times, Sov. IS, 1981. 24. Jon. 4, 1982 Icner,supro, o. 20. 25. Feb . 12. 1982 lC 10 thc An orney General from lhe rederal Mi nist er of Just ke. ller 26. J"". 28 . 1983 memorandum flOm OSI P epuly Pi'''''tOT Sher to OAAG Richard '" " Mttling Wilh Wc, t <krman Legal Offioial." OSI wll$ ..., i", le aboul W"'l Germany', po' ition thaI it propo..d ,.nding Trifa 10 lhe Uniled Sl.le, ,""cu pslion 'L'<:tor <If We" Berlin. See pp. 2 \ 8.2 19. 27 . See pp. 271-29S, Slo-S IS. 28. Although b.se mo live cou ld he c>labli,hed if the ddendanl exploilcd lhe lack of .",pidon or inabili ty of the viclim 10 put up a defel1Se, We'l <krmany advi<eJ lbat "[l lhe fact thaI o ne of lhe victim. wa, a lour l'ear o ld child in i" elf doe, no l ",m oe 10 ""tabli sh a dClerm in.lion o f a <ruel Of underhon ded killing according to .. . the !." gal Code." Mar. 28, 1983 Note Verbale f rom Ge""on Foreign Office. (Of cout'SC, if Koziy were . deportee, Germony would nol be oblig.,ed 10 try him in ...y e. e n!.) For a li.Jrthe.- d iscussio n ofbase motive..eo p. 340. n. 17. 29. Ocl. I . 1985 leller from Germ... Embassy 10 Depaltme,,' ofSlale. 30. Indoed, the U.S. S,R. had wanted 10 extrad ile Maiko..k i• • b ut in the ab"""oe of an ..Hadilion "e"ty I><:lwecn the Uniled Slal.. and II><: U.S.S ,R" the U.S. did no1 ho""r th is reque.t.

,,'-W,

31 . fTA. reb, 20, 1991 , <pon ing nn testimony by Mai knvskis' altomey. See also M.ikov,ki. ' May 10, 1996 obituary in The Pi"-'hllrgh P"-'I·G<JZ~IU "'porting that be had M.eorctly """"""ed a G orm81l consul to granl him a visa ,"

32. S•• p, 38.

33

S~ . PfI·

3S, 38.
Rjd~"d

34. Jan. :-'8, 198) memO to DAAG German l.e8.1 O!licial."

trom Dep'ly Oi.. Sher re ")"leet ing with We,l

35. Note, Vorbal• • No. 19 5.(" (Mny 24, 1995) and 1142_(" (June 10,2005).

36. NOle Vcrb.le, Rd. No , 508-5 16.50 (USA ), Nov . 22, 2005. DenueL Ja kob Deuzinger. Sie fan I.eili, lion. Lipsc h;" PCler \.lucll• • and Wimschcl ow Ilyd lin,kis. Thc d"' U","IW1ce, of Iheir enlry are ""I forth in noles 41 and H .

J 7. Tho: , ix wcre

~ lal h i >s

;"fra.
38 , The I"" were Kazy, Gim,,,",kas ;lj,d AloksandT l.i ldki,. as 39. A lben En,in. T,H voldi. Kark lins, :>1ikeli, Kirstein. and Alexande. l ehmann , 40. nruno flIac h. an <thn ic German from Ihe Sude nlenland (now the C zoch Repu b lic.) lie w-.. tried a,.j acqu itted in 1993 offour wanime In\l.rde... 41. Anion B1e." Jakob [)enzinger, Juri. Kau l., Slephan Le ili, Peler Mueller, Slephan Rege r. Wialschelsaw R)'d Hn,ki" Dm},ro S.wchuk, Jo,ef Wiel.nd, and Che.tot Wojdehow,lci. The German, had notified OSllnntthey would nol ace""pl Rydlin,ki. lIS a dcportee because they did nul how: the ~ ori g i n a l " e,d'ulIlge of nole,. Jail. 5, 1995 tehe r from aermall Consul Ge""ra1 Vlf Hanel 10 Dil, :e l'" R".....nbaum. 1I0weve r, he ""tcred willi . V.s. possport ,hortly a fter hi. den.tu•• lilalioo case was fi led, 42. JOM Avd""j, Arthur Rodolph, Mic hae l Sc hmidt. 43. P.ul Dluemel. Algim""tas Dailide, Mathias Denue l, Johann Hahne., U udas Kai.ry,. k einhold Kuiie, Han. Up,ehis, Bole.lav. M.iko >',ki" and Co"",d Se hellong. In Ihe case of Kairys, a Treblink. labo. cam p guard, c normuu. pressure was brou ght 10 bear on Gennany by lhe U.S. 20vemmenl. He was ordered deponed to Germany in 1987. After 2ivin2 form al ass urances (thro ugh a Note Verbale In 1990; s.. Dep' t o f State lolegr,,", 31 171 1Z, Oct. 31, 1990) thal lhey wo uld iss"" him a ,esidence pennit, Germany later advised that they wc.e ,ol uelan"o du suo O ne cause for their co""em was 'hal Ka irys migh1 becume a ward uf ' he stale, OS I ass ured ,hem ,ha' he WllS Ihe rccipiem of lIsufficient pen.ion from the CTlIekerjac k eumpany, hi, long_lime V.S. employer. Mar. 2, 1993 lelle r from Ro,en!Y.Jum 10 German Consul Gel\<:ral V lf Hand. German)' lIppo.rently had othe. re",unS fo. reconsidering lhei, earlie. eommilment to a<<<pI Kairy•. In Feb, 1993, a Gcrman foreign Mini" ry ufficial told uHi,illl, .t ille U.S. Embassy in Ilonn Ihal the Gennan government "as recon,ideri ng itS deci,ion bee. u.. "ondil;un, in [:."em Eu<ope had changed and KaiJ)1i could now be deported el. ewhere. (This was all "ppo.ent ",fe,ence 10 Ihe collapse of the U.S,S,R. a nd lhe end of Communisl rule in ea"em and con lml E"rope, Had Kairys bee e deported 10. C omm" nist eoun'ry be fore 'he c od uf the Co ld Wa r. he woulJ have li ccJ o j udieial s~" tem ,'ie"e J h)' many as l...·kin~ in f" nJamentalSof J". pr,« ...) ~ lay 28. 1993 dm ll letter from OS I C h ief !llstorian Pete, Rlae k 10 (iennan Ju" ice Min istry olTk inl Reinhard Weth (here after Rlae k droft). The leller " as a fo llowu p to a 'liay I I, 1993 telcpnnne <o""e"oli"n bel"«n Welh a nd Black in which they J i",ussed "",elll problem. bel"~",n Gem,a"y and Ihe lIni..d States eon",rning OSI defendants. \llIirnmdy. I ~e S"" . Dopm'meal pre ,"'i led upon (icmlany 10 honor its ea rlie .

'"

<ommi lm<ol c~""emi og Kai,ys. Apr. 7, 1993 letter to C.ennan A m Mssad~r 101 010 Sla b",il from Dir«lor Sher, Koiry$ was ad mitted in Apr, 1993 44 , Paul Bluemel. Math ias Oenuel , Johann Ilahn<T. Reinh old Kulle, Uan. (.;p"" hi" and Pel. r Muel ler. 45. Ry agr,.." n'c' t beh, ecn the C nited Slates aod lhe FRG, U.S. <;I;zcns in possess ion of. "al id passport did no l neod a visa to c Oler Ge rmany 46. Cilizenship renun<ial;oo. are 001 valid unless ",,<cpled by the SIaIC Departmcnt. In lhese eo",.. the Sla le Deparlmenl was inilially reluclan l 10 do '0. The responsible consular officcr' WCre eon<;cmcd Ih. 1the renuncialions mighl not be volun lary given lhe impen ding OSl prose eution;. The Siale Departmc"TI1 roquc.loo an opinion from the Juslice Depart ment on !he maller, The Offiec of t eg. l Counsel (OLe) concl uded th. t ,he ",ouO.i.l;oOS wc"f1> io faci volunlary. Scp!. 27, 1984 memo from Ra lpb Torr, DAAG of the OLC ' 0 Daniel Mc CWvcm, Acting Lcgal Advi 'or of the Sla te Department. The Slate D.partmenl a...pted lhe ... nunciations shortly the....ncr. 4 7, May 2 1, 1985 :-;ole from the Emba"y of the FRG 10 the St.te De partment. 48. This i' the v. ry argum.n' OSI mak .. when is seeks 10 remove pe rsons from the: United States, j,e., ha<l.lI the fae.. been known \hey wou ld h. "" be.n d.nied entry. 49. Dip lom.tic !'ole, Ma y 2 1, 1985, Rudolph and Avdzej were nol the only .dmin••s about whom G.rmany co mpl. ined. In 199 3, they"",.... angry bee• .,... they believed lhe DOJ press role••e announ~ing Kt.iry.' doponal ion portrayed Ka irys .. a major war cri minal. Th .,. felt thi. put inten," pressure on Germany 10 brin g a pro,,~ ulion whic h, unde r lhe;, I.w, they had . eant hope of wilUling, Set B lack dr3ft, . upra, n. 43. They We"" also upset abo ut Miehael Sehmid!'• • m. ring G.rmany in 1993. (Schm id' voluntarily ' gleed to I. a'" lhe U .S. ra ther ' han face d. ponalion eh",g...) Th. GeTm.ns re<ented tbat they ha<l not been no,ified by Ihe U.S. in a<lvanc. of Sch mid!"$ arrival. In faet, however, the U.S, """ nol privy to bi. plan. be furehand. And in any ev.nt. the German con,ulat. in Chie.go ha<l ~n notified by S. hmidl 's allomey of Schmid!"' inte ntion$. The consula le ha d .pparent ly f.i led to pa the in forma tion ' long. Jd. .. 50, Inte,,'ie,. with DAAG Riehard. Apr, 25. 200 I. 5 1. All Diplom.,io lind Con.ul... Po,1-> (A LDAe) c·ablc (87 Stale 386507).

Dec. 12, 1987.

52. OSI Jef<ndonl< who w"n, to Ge"".oy in the 1990, i.d ude Miehael Sohm idl ( 1990); Liud.. K. irys and Johann H.bn.r ( 1993); Ma'hias Den",,1 and WialSeh.l..w Rydlin.kis ( 1994); and Om}1ro S.wehu<k ( 1999). Kai,y s is discusse d "'pra, n. 43, 53, Cummem of James I. Gadsden, Deputy Ass!. Secre tary ofSIaIe for European A IT. i.. . 1 51 .1. .. Dop.nme nl Meeling Apr. 19 , 200 1 re Remov. 1of Ilajdll, SehilT and Tillj ung. Hajd.. S~hilTer and Tiuj ung .... d iscusse<lal pp. 434.4 37, 440.

'"

54. 1\-lay 5, 2000 kite, from R=nboum 10 Ch..-Ie. Coben, o.:pu'Y Dif<:<.10" Eli RlAGS Ikpan menl "fSta le, II is Ihe case thOllbo"" «nll0 lh. S,,\"i<1 Union d id f.ce ""riou, cnnS<\lU<II<:O"- Feu"renko wbo h.d I><", n dcponod ;n 1984 1 tho Sov;OI Un ion hod been tried .nd 0 c"""uted; lilli"" , de po ne<l in 1987. "'us .woit ing l r;al when he died of nalu,al ••",.,. And. "" " e>lOd al p . 430. thore ;..."on to bell",'. Ih. German, look in Ma iko",ki' 10 ' pare him from tho ~ov i<1 j ud icia l 'y"em. ll" ''-'' 'e r, ,illcc Germ""y oun,inu.d to .«<pt, albeil ",mdime. reiu",'lnll>. I"-'oplo with",,, Germ"n cili" 'o,hip ~o",,, "n,., ,he 50\";'1 roll.""" Ih., .,planmio n docs 1IOI .""m ,ufficien1.

55, Aug, 24, Nov. 2, a nd Dec , 13,2000 le nc,.. to DireCl "' R="""um from Aostrion Aml>. P<1<T
Mose',

56. The leg . 1pred ica te fo, lhi, position i, mu,ky. In MlI)I 1943, th. Romani"" Governmenl and
Iho Germ"" Reich e"'ered imo ... agr..,menl providing ,hat Romanian e i,iz ens of Germ"" ethnic orig in who joined ,he Ge rm. 1lY Army would pre ,erve lhoir R omanian e i' ize nship, (051 relied on R"mani"", 10 "","pi SchilT..,) I lowevcr, in Sept. 1944, wh en Ihi, " 'hen Il)'inS to peT>uatk Rom"" ia .wi,ohed ,ido. and joined the Alii"", King Mieh..l declared that all lho.. who had sen·<:J in the Ge rman Arm<:d 1 0""" musl f<>fcgo cit ize n,hip, '

,n.:

May S, 2000 loner from Ro.enbaum to Cohen, sUp'a, n, S4; Aug, 27, 2001 lenor from Rosenbaum 10 Jam e. Gadsd en, o.:P"ty As,iSlam S«relary or St. le for Eoropean AlTairs.
S« ~.g. ,

57.

58. In 2000, the Un;led Slates "nd Germany approved an ar,reemenltha' oblig:>l<d Gemumy 10 pl.oe a pproximately $5 billion ;n a compcn"'lion fund for lbose who had bee n forced 10 work in !"azi. eoncenltalion eamps, ghetto, and factorie .. H. lf Ihe money in lbe fund '''Un< rrom rhe Gmnan gove rnm enl and h. lffrom Gennan indllSity (including , orne Amorioan , ub. id iarie. o f German eompani",,). Po}'lnents rans«l from S2,200 10 lhoo< who WOtked for aerman companie. '0 $1,500 fo r tho .. in concentr.tion c.mps or ghenos INI aimed aI «dearh through work" Althou&h most Oflhe beneficiar;es were not in lhe U.S., the Un;led State. helped negot;a l< lhe agreement . Ii.. Ameriean lawye" filed doss actio n I.""ui" ia ,he Un;led Slale. on behalf ofvic'im. from .round Ibe wo~d. (Kegotlalio n. were h."dled by lhen Depu'Y Tr... wy Sccrelmy Sl uan Ei"cn5la l.) To eocoo"'ge Germany in Ibe ""goliati""" the liS pledged 10 do . ' ''1) 1hi08 il e ou ld 1 block the law.u ilS, 0 The doss ",ions .....ere dismi.<sed In May 2001 and raj'out. from lhe fund began sho rtly Iherea ner. "Pa;"""n.. Begin for Labo",,, Forc<:d 10 W",k for the )';IIZ;, ," hy S'ephanie Flanders, Tile 1'",. Ti""'s, June 29, 200 1; "J udge Cleors O l»I.de. 1 P.y Sl.....s of In. Nazi.... by 0 Jane Frit,ch, The Ne'" I'llrk T;me.', M.y I!. 200 1; ..Gom ' . ... Sign Agreemen' '0 Pay Fo",od Labore" ofl':ozi EOnl ," by Edmund Andrews. The ~'e", York Times, july 18. 2000.

S,,,,

60 G<l,",'mnwnl Ordin.n," No, 194, "Emergency Ordinance on tlte ..gime of ,lien. in Romania.'" Dce. 21102 . In J.nuary 2004, Ihe Attorn .}' G<noral of'he Unitod S'a'e. mc~ " ilh ,he Rnmon io" 'li"i"e, o f Ju, li. . ."d np... , «><l « >ncem o!'!<" " Ihe now ",wle. nll' Ju,lice 1\-li" i,,""

,,,,lie, I,'<I tlo.t dccls;o ns would be maM on a ",.15e by casc" basi., Jan. 28, 2004 e· mail fm,n Rosenbau ", r~ " AG' , Luncheon Meeting Today w"h Romani~n Ju'ti<o Mini"e" Po,tscript, " (The Justice ~Iini,tet. before . " uming Ihat Jl'O't, had. <oi"eidcntly. ~CCl1 an expert ",ilne" o n Ro""minn I,w for OSI in it, 199.1 <Ic"a!urJli ~" ;o n suil .gainsl Nikolou. Schiffer.) As of this writing. two OSI J eft"nJams, Johann !.<'prich . nd Michael Ncg<le, were h<>m in R"m;mia. ( Two olhots, AJam Friedrich .nd JOS<.'Ph Wittje, died in the U.S. ",hilc thcir c.se. "'ere pending,) Negdc h.'.n nU"Ia"ding order of ,lep",tnlion 10 Rom.ni. (or, . llem.livd y, Germany). Cili ng the lie'\\' ' tatute, Ihe Ron,." i. .. , mb. ssaJ", informo'd OSI that Negdc w,,"ld nol be . dmiuc'<!, The .ml>,.,.do; de:«:ribcd Ihe legislalio n as an effon "to meet Ihc standards and cmbracc the "alue'S of Ihe We,lern democracie. " Junc 28, 2004 lellcr front Romanian Amba,..dnr Sorin Duca'll 10 Ro,enhaum In Nov. 2004. On internation.l commi..;on ehaircd by Elie Wie",l .nd est.b1i:I!J~d by Roma ni.n Presidenllli e:«:lI. called on lhe government to """eept , e. ponsibi1ity fur . ll"sed Romani.n war criminals.n Report of lhe [nl.m.tional Commission on lh. Holoc.usl in Romania. (An earlier dran had called o n Romania 10 " . ccepl war crimin. l, "xpelled from other eo unlries," Thi, I.nguage wa, omitted from Ihe final rcpon .) In ' ''Par. te mec lings with Rom.nian President Baseoe" and Foreign Mini ster Unsoreanu. A"i' lanLSec 'y of Slate Maura Hany raised eon<em about Romania', WI"-illingneos 10 accepl OS] Jde·udan ls. May 12, 200 5 e-mail [rom Bob Gilchrisl, Political Section Chief, U.S. Embassy Buebarest 10 051 DireClor Ro=haurn re " Nazi Deportees . Romania," Gilchrist himself followed up in AuS. 200 5 with hi, cou nterp.rt' al lhe Romanian Embassy, Aug. 30, 200 5 .· mail from Gilchri't 10 Ro,enbaum rc "t'<ui Deport""s _ Romania (Negele, Lcprkb, Friedrich, WillJ") ." W;lh lh" , IrOng support of tbe Stale D"l'anment, :«:hol"", from lh" USHMM raiscd the issue .gain in meetings wilh Romanian Jl'O lilical leade", in Oct 2005. Oct. 28, 2005 " ' mail to Dir. Rosenbaum from Rodu loanid , Directo r of lnternatiunal Archival Projccl••1the USHMM, re "OSVRomania," As of Ihi, wriling. lh" Rom.nian position ha. not changed. 61 . Dec. 10, 200 1 e-mail from Rosenbaum rc "[ 21510[ Meelin g wi Germ.., Consul Gcneral Gcnnann." 62. Jan 31 , 2002 telegr.m (188]5) [rom Secrelary o[ SI. le. 6] .
6~

us. Dip. NOle No. 565·C , ~[;tr , 13. 2002

Mar. 17,2002 lelegram 000\1 13 from American Embassy in Berlin 10 Ihc Secrelary o[ St. ,e; Ikc . ]1 , 2002 e-mail from Carol Van Vo,-",t.DOS Dir<:<:lorofAn'tria, Genn""y anu Swiss AlTai" re "Germ any , ud Reaumi..ion of " ,, ;s r illjung & H..j u, : ' 10 R" scnb.lLm ;lLlU rc, pun ,i\'c o' ·mai l o r Jall . ~ . 2003 from Ro:«:nl>aum lu V.n Vo<'''''65. June 24. ~OO2 Note Verbale from the Gunn,n F"reign Office, C. .. N" 200·533 .00 US .-\

66. Ro.cnl>aum "o i"ed Ine , 'i"w th.t G"m,any wou ld ac"ept Tinjung and Ilaj da only ifit ""Ii~v~ th.t by doing '0 it could ,ave , he men from. worse fale - os Gemtany had """epted \laikoy,ki$ when il looked as if he might ~ """tlO Ihe U .s.s.R. ROlionho.um proposed lhreatening to ", nd the defenJ anls 10 ISTael w here Ihey could be loc ke<! up as enemy ooml>alanlS. 'l1le Stale tkpllr1mCnl was unTCccpti, e 10 Ihis , uggo,tion. Jan . 13, 2003 mecling .1 O Sl. 61. " (",nn any and U.S. Tcnloti,'dy F",e Chill in Rd al i,mshipt by Sleven Weisman, Tile .v~w York Tim... Oct. 31, 2002. The main po ims o f oonlen1iol) i n vol v~ d Ge rmany 's Opposilion to U.S. policy l<>ward ltaq and tbe p,,,,,e"'ed anti·Ameriean lOne o f Cba ncello . Sclu-oeder' s foil 2002 "",ledion campaign.
S'-'~ ~. g. ,

68. May 12, 2003 ... mai l from Rosenbaum 10 Amb. Pie".. Ptosper re "Gcnnany_Na>is." Rosenbaum reilerat.d lbat me,sage 10 Van Voorsl. ...,.y 12, 2003 e· "",il re " Fwd: Re: Germany_

"ws,"
69. U.S , Dip. NOle No, 1078/03, M. y 14, 2003 . 0 10. C. ble 198 1, May 23 from Emb. Be.lin 1 U .S. Stat. Dept ; 5131103 e·moil from Roso:nbawn '0 S'."e Donlo n, SI.'. tkparlmem re M OSI; Ca ble from G<:rma:ny reo Sawcbuk " 71. S.. p. 340 ,n.17 , 72. »;ov. 1, 2003 e·mail from Ro,",nbaum . e "Reime. hl,adilion to G<tmany?" in which he quotes lrom a Genna n de<i$ion reported a, I SIR l lOnO(May i8. 1911 ). The 0.... wa, Oil~ 10 him by Kurt Sobrimm. ,h. Direeto.", Ludwig, burg Zentral. SI. lle.

13.

us. v, R~jmeT, 2002 V..-1. ]2110191 (S ,D.N.Y.), <JjTd, 356 F ,3d 456 (2"' Cir. 2004).

74. 11><: te~ 1 read, as follow" Wilh re,pect 10 the N azi-<:Tl\ C=$ hand led by ' he Offic. of Special ln"eSl il!"lions of lhe Depanmcnl of Ju'ti«, lhe Uni l~ Slales Government agrees Ihat it nun -U.S.) ci liz.nship will alw. )'" seck inilially to remove persons who ha"c rc1aincd foreign to lhei. ooun lTy o f oilizenship, This ind udes person, who fonnerly held German d tizensh ip bUI """ ,",' utali, "" by lh ird governme nt$ aflor World War 1I and h• ..., not 1""1 0 ' $urrend. red such Cili2<n , hip. Germany wi ll ha..., no obligalion to .dmi,.""h individual .. other Ihan lhose who have "'lained vennan cil izen.hip. The United St. te. Govornmrnl fu"heT agJ'tt$IMl it will see k initially 10 remove "alelc,. individua ls to , I) the "ounln.. in which the formerly held "y cil izen,hip; ~) Ihe eounln.s of which lhey we I. pre" iously o.tiooals, o. if ,uch CQUmri.. do nol agree 10 admil lhe ind j,' iduals, 3) tile cou ntnes from which they imm iglaled to Ihe Unile<! States. If none oflhe$C c" unlries agrees 10 admillhe indi vidual, Gennany OJ!'''<:S thai il w ill ~ the rcteiving eounny. pr""ided Ihat lhe ded,ion " fth. l"n i,e<! Sta'e, Go".mmenl lo seek ..moval ldeparture is p", d ieatcd in whole ur i" pllr1 nn the indi,'idual" s ."i" ance n. Glher rarticipa'ion in perscoulio n while "''''ing d uring \\lorld War 11 in a mililary , paramilitary. police, am iliary poliee 0 ' nther uo il o f, unde. I~e direction or N n,rol of. o. $ponsured by. the Cennan G U ,-~ mm e n l or 'he NSD A P. Gcnnany agree'lhal it " 'il1 al. o eonl inue to be Ihe recei v ing eo antry fu. pe es"ns whn inunj ~laled to ,he Vni te'" Stale; from Ge nnany undc. ,he Refu~ee

ns.

45 1

Rclid Act of 1953 through frood ur mi,represe nlalion of material faCl•. 75. Det, 27. 2003 leuer to Attorney Ge nera l A,hcroll from Re p. Tom Lanlo., Ra nking Mernb<r of l ~e I luuse Inle mali onal Relation, Com mittee and Sheila Jock, on Lee, Rank ing Membe,. Hu o« Subco mm ittee on Immigral ion, Border Sec urity and Claims. Rusenba um had lcs lified be fu", Rep . Jac ks nn', , ubeummino< un July 11, 2003 . Th e hearing concerne<! imm igralion ,el ief un<kr lhe Con,emion AgainSt Tort ure fo, Serious Criminai, and Human Righl s Violalors. The ,ubeomm ittee "' .. in"e'ligaling whether. as an un imcnded cottseq uence of the Con'enlion, human rig/us abusers were rem aini ng in the U.S. fOther lhan fac ing deport.tion 1 lheir o wn counlrieS. Alone po inl Ro , enbaum commemed: 0 I would nol "'. nt lbe Suhcommin.. 10 be left wilh t ~e impression lhat it;s only undemo crat ic counlrie" lawi." counlrie, .....n. thaI " fuse to acceptlbe.. individuals , o r counlries wilh which w. pe rh.ps don'l have diplo matic relalions. In Our c.... ~ in lbe Naz i case, - some of t~. mO>1 promi""nt democracies in the "">rId have refused 10 .eccpllhe relurn oftIH:se indi,id...ls as w.11. Th.I.ncr from Rep,. Lantos and I.<:e " .", . followup 10 lhat comment. 76. Del. 28, 2003 memo to File f,o m Rrn;enb.um re ~Meet i n g 'l German Embossy With Ro lf Nikel Regarding OSI O"port.... ~ .•.•

77. Jan. 13. 2003 e·m.il from Rosenbaum re ~D ailide Case : Tel. Call from German Embassy's
Christian Germann." 78 , f.b. 9. 2004 <>-mail from Van Von"lto Rusenbaum '" " Mceling with C ungres:;;onal
SlafT rs. ~ e

79. Feb, 25, 2004 len er fto m Congresswoman Sheil. Jock, on Lee and Congressman Tom Lantos 1 Ge""an Chan ce llor Gerhard Schroeder. 0 80 . Apr. I, 2004 leller from federal Foreign Mini 'ler loschk. Fi",her. (;<,,,,,any's po,i,ion altered ""mewhal in 2005 whe n il ad ,-i..d OSI lh.l il wuuld nul admil >OmeOn. "tn croly bec.nse they Once po,,.,,.d (" .e""an cili,.nsh ip." Admi,.iun wuuld be predicaled so lely on whethe, lher<: was admis,ible ",id"nce 1 ,upport a c,i mi nal pmsce ulion. Aug. 20, 2005 leller to Dir<:clor 0 Ro"",bJ um from ChllJ~" d' AfT.i",. Pcl.r Guu w.l d. Th. lener was in ,..ponse 10 nnlifi<atiun from OSI .boUl de"e1opmen ls in lhe Re imer ..... 81, Mar. 3. 2004 letter from Rosenhaum to German ,\mhassador Wolfg. ng lse hinger '" Jo hann I.<:prich. 82. T~e <!cpomli"n, unlike nil olhe" o sr hJ$ handled, had nolhing to do with his Wu,ld War II .ctivilies. Although lhal cou ld hO\·. been the basis for dcportation as we ll. OS I dele""ined ;1 would be much simp ie, t<> rei}' on Lcprich', own .dm; ,siun, . bool h is illegal enlr}' from C"""d• . ,\1'0 unu,ual in the leprich case, he was pl.ced in cU' looy upon hi, arrest in July 2003.

'"

The h"si , f" r lho J CIC" tion "JS ,h"t ho was , 1 1i$ht ri'k. as cstahli,hc>d by ],i. Ic,,'iny during tbe ,k'n;,lU ,al izat iu" ea,"" I 10 'rent .10 month, in ",,<tool' and was n,l<a'e<l only ,ne' Rom,,"i •. Ilun~;'rv ;,nd Genn'n}' ;111 d_ oe,lto .d Oll! him. "US F",•• h ·N a>i (":,mp Guard in ~ Ii ,h i~a "." "li .. IP.O,,1. 18.2006,
~J .

Mar. 1<J,

2 00 ~

Ie"" 10 Gem,;", ,'mb, Wolfgang l>e hinger from D"e;:,tor Rounh"" m

S ~.

,\1, ;' 13, ~"'-14 Id' ," from Ch, i,t ian GennwlJI , Con,u l G,-nc,,1,. 'h" G<nn;m Emh, ." y in \\'a>b ington, D.C, '0 Ro""nh., um.

85. The ."gge"ion

",0' made b)' Don Sham,n,ki, Dcp"ty Director of AGS '0 Germ,n Con.ul

Goneral Han. Jiirg ;';cu m"nn, Oet, 2S, ~OO 4 as "" t fonh in Oel. 28, 2004 m~mO to leprieh lilc from Ro,enb"u m rc "Fa«ina'ing ~Ieo'i ns Today \\'i'h Gennan Consu l Gencral ~eum;mn. n

86, WDR ·TV 'Ie"'S 1n"S",ine .I/om'tor, June 9, 2005, segment "Nazi Crim.., How tile F<deml
Go,'emment o f Gen~.n}' Ili "do'S l nvest igalion. ," reponed by Joho Goe lz and Mon ib Wagene r.

87, June 9, 2005 leHef to \(oni'or Editorial St,ff f,o m Raina l ingc nth, ]. Federal M ini."y of 'he
Interior.
88. The prohlem of hning no rece ptive enun'ry fo' a deportee i. lIo, limiled 10 OSI defcndants. Th"re are many ",""son, fo' , ueh prohlem• . e.g,. pcrson, from war zo n.. whore there ore no authotili.. 10 i",ue J ppro pri,le dueument•. See, '"Refuge.. in Limbo : Ordered Out of U.S., hut With )\iu"l«re Iv Gu," b" Jod i Wilgoren, Th. New York tim••, June 4. 2005. Ae;:,ording 1o • re port by the ln,pector General of DHS, as of June 2004, removal order. ag.inst m"", th;m 133.000 al ien. could not be canied out bee.u ,e their eountJie. or origin have bloc ked lhoi, r<tum , The Dcten llon nnd !lemo",,1 of/liegal Alrenj , p. 18, The full '"»ort can be found at ""w .,lh"go"iinl<,wd>i",sct librarv9IG %-33 Aj1r?6.pdf (last ,·i.i ,OO Nov. 2(06),

89, Nov. 9 . 2005 e· moil from Direcl0r Rosenha um re '<QSl D"l'onee, . Ftc _ MWing Tod.y "i'h RLI.. i~n Emb,,,y'. G<:<>rgiy E. Ilorisenko."

Th e 1I.ltie, Ove, one Ihi,d of OSI ,I<fen,b nls e" me from b tuni", L. lvi. ""d Lilhuania, The, e " "mer "c. p' ive nali" n," have a """"pie' p"l i'ieal hi~l"'y which affects theiT I"""p"etive on World W", II, ""d eon'Ctjuenlly thei, w" ,king ,dali"n,hip " ith OS f.
All th",. nation, were !lnde, Rossian dominalinn umil Ihe end of WOTld W01 L The")' , be"

"n" incd inde-pcndenee. hut in I ~40, panly .... re'oll or lhe SovieLiGeonan Molotov-Ribl>ontrop Pad . lbe So>'iel, annexed Ihe lht« eoun,nes. \1Ihcn Creonany i" vaded lhe U,S.S.R. in June
1941. il overTa1l and o""upi ed the B.llic nalion,. The invading fo",e, included .m.1I mobile

killing unit' (Eins. tzkomm.ndo, ) charged wilh annihil.,ing Jew, and others deemed inimic.1 to ,be Reich, Indigcnou' group' within each COWlIry assi".d lhe Gennan, in carrying oUlll>oir mi"io". ' At ,....,-•• <."I1d, the naltie ....Iions were Once again forcibly incorporated ;nlo Ihe Sovi", Uniu".

Tho three euunl,i.. . aw ,hem,e lv", a, vielim, orbolh Ibe N..is and Ihc Communi....
~any

who ..si,tod 1he N""is claimed they were ,eeking 10 roul their fonner Communist

' oppressors. not Jew,: 10 the exlenl ,bal lhere was""y "verlaI'. they saw il as incide11laf. Thi, dere""" ",as rai..d in ..""",I OSI CO<c.S, once , ue" $Sfully.' While Ihe B.t,ie n.,io11$ were pan " r'he Sovi.. Union. OSI had acce.. ,o documents in 0 Ihei, .'ehiw, 1 ' he same eX'cntlhat it hod acce" 10 document. in olhe, So,'i., .,-eh;""" the So> ';et. "'lOld reeei" e ,eque. " from OSI and produce doc.men" lhey deemed respon,ive.' On,-.: Ihe Boille cuunl, i.. gained independence, they. like Ihe O,he"T pans oft h. ronn .. SO"icl l tni"n. were gene,,",. in .11,,"'ing OSI oc,'e" 1 ,hei, ",chive" I lo" ""er. they h"" e been 0 ..11Ll'lnnl to r"',"" ulo <timi""ll)" Iho« woo a. , i.. e<l ,1>0 l\07.i.'

".

." "" ut 75% of E.. on'. "' Jcwi' h ",'", ", unity Iled to the Sm'iet Union !>c r."e 'he (jcn nan in,',,,iull . Of the remaining 950 to I.\IOJ. ,'irtu.Jly . 11 woro killed by the Nazis, The Naz is , 100 munle....<l hun,I....>Js of Est" " i" n Rom. (g)'p.i es). As a Soviet Saci.list Republic, [ stonio wo, prc'P,rcd 1 prosecute Karl linn..' Since it 0 goin«.! independence, Estonia h•• m.imained that it i. ,n , iou.1U find and pto","'u," those who .., i"cd the Nazi. in persecution. In fo<l. however. independent Estonia h"" nevcr proseeuted anyono for aidin g the Axi, powers. Se"e,,) [stonian collahorators have come to OSI' • •" ention. a. [ vald Mik,on In 1993. Iceland 'ought OS['. a"i'lance in investigati ng fomler ESlonian nation. l and ",n nationali 7.ed Icelandic cili'en E"Old Mik,on , Mikoon h. d he !>c.d of the E'lon ian Political I'olice, Th.! orp n;••tioo.•t the hehe.. of Ihe Gcrm,n, •• rrested. interrogated . nd imprisoned person. whosc raci. l. reJigious. political. cllmic and .""ial identity was deemed d.ngerou. or und..irahle. Icel.nd 'haud with OSI a 1993 "'poll . oo ut Mik'on th.t il had 'eeeived from the Estonian Prime Mini...,... offic•. WIli le po' iling lhat ESion ian' had ''no power to run lile eo"ntry "nd ilS .""iety" d"ri ng the N""i er>, the report nonethele.. rcferenced 28 anest orde" that
~ lok, on

h,d . igned, It noted al, o that he had interv;ewed an un, pee;fled number oft h.

arre.lee,

Thirte. " of lhe 28 a"".l onk .. lj, ted tlo en Ol..; I I of lh..se 13 a""Sl ee, "'e,e Jew',

The lep" " moJe nu mention of Ihe ultim"e [ Lie of allY of Iho.e . rreste arid concluded that there -d " " no bas's f'" accLlsin¥
~likso u

"f "'ar crime'

~Iik son

Ji e in latc 1993. al whIc h time 'he -d

lecl., ,,,Ii," invcsllgal<On wos eloseJ -' III I'J'l8. th<pr'-' Jllcnt of [«on ia app.,int<<l an int.-ma tional cummi"i" n 1 in,""SI ;""tc 0

crime, ,g,io51 humani',. du, iog World War II. Th. COlllmi"ion pre, enl<:<l ii' findio!!> io 2001.'
!l conclude<! th. 1allhough b l,,,,iao police ......'" formally .~bord i ".t. 10 lh. German•. they

nonell><l. .. "c~crci<o:<l , i ~ l\jr.c " " 1 independence of ,c1ion in .m;sl ing and interrog;,ling , u<peel•. and de'ermi ning and carrying OUI ,",'n1<no.,: ' V,hile ",lllC'"nl to "" ign pc"",ool "" pon.i bilily 10 most members of ,he Estonian polioe. ,1>0 Commission made an excep' iOl1 fo' lhe Poli,ical Police, oll o fw ~o .. members il held ,«ounlable.
W il ~in I~ i.

culpable group. ,~ e Commi..ion

""",<:<I I"".e must ,espo",ible, including ~likson, who h.d "signed owneroo' d<ath warranlS."

b. HaITY Miinoi!
Although Mik.soo was dead by Ihe lime the Commi..ion iss..d il. "'port, /larry Mannil, one of his chief dep ulie. , WllS . Ii .... and well in V. nu ndo.' In March 200 1, Ih. SWC . ppealed to the E'lonian Prime Mini'ler 10 invesligate Mlinnil,' and shOl1ly thereafter Ihe ESlOni. n Security Police ask.d lh. l:niled Stare. for any documenl. relaling 10 M! nnH'. World War II
"" Ii~ilies. "

OSI re' pondlOd with. repon• •1000g wi,h ,nppon ing do<umerlt. , mO.l of which eame
M~ Mil ~ad

from the E"ooiao S""e A rc ~ive,. The doc uments e'labli,hed lhat

ioterrogated
,~ilt

indi, 'idu.l. in Polilical Pol i« oustody, iooludiog l.w' and ,,,,pooted l.M. and

the German;

had murdered al )ea" onc of lhe Jew. inlerrog' llOd. " Arter ,eo.i, 'ing lho doownenrs. ,he Estonian Senurity Polic'C annow",1Od th.tthere w•• no basi. for accusing Miinnil of:-azi crimes and Ihilt
~ lJnn ir, i OI OlT O~a1 iu n,

were "a k gal. procedural ace ,bal could nol he considered a eri mo

againsl hum"" ity," In l une ~Oo::! , OS/', Principal [kr ul}' Director "nd its Chief Iji,t"ri"" wen l '0 Est""ia 10 di,cuss, among mher Ihing,. "~clh" ESlOnia mighl seek
~) ~Mir s

",,'rodition from Vcoe",ela.

l1,i, I, ip ";,me io Ihe "ak. <>f a eontrOI'",i.) Op-Ed piece aboul the JJolooo"-'1 "Tillco by ,h.

u. s . Amba" . d" r to E,'o nla and pub lished In One of t~at eounuy'. prom inent ncw'papers. The art icle su gge'tcd that memlx..hip in N ATO (whi ch ,he ESlonians w. .... th.n ,eek lng) depended in""" Ul>on elim;nal ing rCSllrgenl a" ti-Semit;sm. It urged the ES10n ian ' to pursue those i", 'o lved " ith 'he 1101<><;3usl ""ith the same v igor Wilh \\ hkh the ".te sl ill porso.. tho'e , ospe<:ted of
So~let

crime$,n and re.oommcndcd natl""al comm.m" ""I" ns ""d «lucat;on abQut the au od l;es

c ummlned during lh. , era" Th e p i""" cJeated a furor;n Estoni . , whe re >omC vi e~ it as inte rfering with the internal afTairs of. fOJeign coonny." OSI". d lsco.sions with the Estonian pro..culOro wer<: tense. Although tho Esto nian s reluclantly acknowledged thaI MiiImil might be culpable unoor ESlon;an la w," t~ey changed ""'ir posl, lon shon ly after the """'ting.' conc luded. In Ju ly 2002. the gove rnment announced thaI it could not pro secute MAMil withoul evidence that he had aema lly i'sued (or carried out) the c xecut ion orders." The Esto nians ne~erconffOnted "fiinnil w ith the documents sen' by OSI nO, inl. rviewed potential witnesses in the United Sta tes. Th e investi galion was o fficially closed in Decc mher 2005, with the Estonians announcing thal lhe 85.year-ol d Manni l was no' guilty of <:rim. ' a~al n'l humanity. " A
p ~ l l a n l 1trop i Sl

and avid an collc<:tor,

M~nn ; 1

,,'as invited 10 Esto nia in February 2006 10

. lI en<! the opening of t~e cO\ln1ly's new an m\lseum . Th e U.S. amb assado' boyconed the evenl
l>cc au,e o f Milru1 il's p",,,,,ncc." A' of t~i l " 'ril ing, /IolMnil ' till ' e, ide'S in Vene?.oeta,

c. Koliio Aryo ! o~el.
Kalijo I.ehe ia. an ESloni ",, -oom Ca ""oi, n oi,i"on, " 'as placed un the [,,' m enteri ng the Vnil<d St. tes in ]990. The bas ;s fo' his exclus ion was • signed , ..lement he " TOle as an officer candi date for
t~e Watc~ l iSl

and barred and

~:tndwril1en

WafTen SS. In that dOC "men1, he

rq,,,"ed s. ", ing as " criminal p" li"e ,,'ficial in 'he O"rma n Sccuri,y Police ""d SD (SeeUTily S"r, iccj from Oclob<:r 20, IY 110 July 17, 1943, "ner which hej oir><.'<! the Estnnl"" SS. 4 I" , uPI'' '" of l.,heT.', unsuccessful ctl"" to ha'e his name removed from the Walchli, l, Ihe E'IOtlian Consul Gene....1ill Toronto wrote k <tcrsl!ating thar he did nol belie," Leh<la was a proper 'Uhjecl for ;n"C >ligalio. , The C"",ul General also cc"ilkd • 1""" latio. of Leha!a·• • utobiographic.l "atcmc nt which OSI d."med"so far f",m the origin.1 as '0 be unqueSil onably
frauJu1cnl.~"

d. Mishael Oornhkqw OSI filed a denaru.... li,..lio. law,ul l against Michael Gors hkow In May 2002. The compl. i., alleged lila' Estoni",,· b<>m Oorshkow h.d been • G"Slap<> in,erpreter/imc-rrogator at

th. heOOq ",,"ers or Ih. German <ceuril)' polio. in Minsk, Poland (now Belarus), The oompl.ln'
de1alted Gorshkow's participation in a Nazi killing action a"h. Jewi,h ghtno in nearby SlulSk In Fehruary 1943. Somt 3,000 Jewish men, womca and children IW:re .~ Ol to death .1 pits or hurned ali'" w~en Nazl· led fo,,"" set rite to th.
~hel1o

and blocked Jew.< from I"aving, Th.

Nazi', odvanc'" orckr for ' he aC lion idenliroed Gornhkow by n.me a, one of the men deploj'ed 10 co")' our Ihe massacre; a f<llow interprele quc"loncd by the Wt" German au' horities in 1960, ,,". rcc.l led Oo",hko"', participoo inn in Ih. ox""ulion, . .II mnn,h
,~ "red "it~ a ~~r

the complaint was jil ed. o s r , Priacipa.1Peputy and i'$ Chid Il istorian

Ih. E..nnlans OSI", inf"rmatiOJl on Gor>hkow. Oor,hko" n.d to E,tonla shortly

IhereJflor 'Illd in July ~ Oll2. Ihe distric' "OUn .".,....'<1 a dcfaul' jlld~mc nl r.,' ·oking Oo"hkow ', I.'.S. ci,izcn., hip. A l n , la' er. RCI',",,;n 'a,iw Tom b nto, •., ked Ihe Fsronian S<l\",-rnmenl for an ul"l:n<"" Ihcir inw" i~al i,, " of """ hkolV,'" The rstOn;,n reply professed commitmen' to I ~

inyost igation bU I n"ted that o,"l..ial [n1m OSI was "greal llild labor conswning, which makes it difficult for us .t lhe m" mcnt ln complete lhe CO"" rapidly."" Given thot OS I had lumc'd ove r nnly 36 page, of "Ti llen material (plus 50 post-war imc", k ws on a CD-ROM). OSI '"'w Ihis as )-el anorher "omple of E'lon;.'s "h<ld faith in dealing with the Nazi ca..,. ,," In neocml>cr 2003. f,to ni. fonnally npcned an inve;ligatinn into Gorshkow. The Prime J,iini,l.,.
(I$'U~

Ikpre,enlalive l.anlos lhal he would "personally follow"

the in"e'ligalion," S.,-e,,1 monlhs laler, the Eslooian, conclwled thai Ihere was in,u fficienl hasis for an indictmeol.'· 2. l.irhuania Over the )iears, l.ilhu.nia hilS sent mi~ed messages about its eommi' mcnllo "",,,culing allcged war criminals Ail.. gaining independence, Li,huania """mcd comm;ned lO prosecu'iog 11""e ,,-ho ha.I "..,secutcd ci,-ihan, onl>chalf uf Ihe N"iilis. 10 1')91, lhe gu_",wncnt eslabli,hed an office 10 i"ve,li Q "crim.. agai"sl hum..,ity" committed during the Nazi and/or Soviet eras; "e

its n,..,date inclu&<! d<tennining whether lhe coun'ry had wrongly "rehabiHl<ued"..,y N""J
coll.boralo..." Lilhuania al,o siglled . n agreementlO ..sist Auslr.l ia in ;t, effom 10 prosecu te fonn.,,- Lilhuanian war criminal, now ..,ident in Australia, and offered to emer inlO a , imilar paCI with wlh Ismel and lhe Uniled SIOle.... The following year, Lithuania adopled . , 'aMe puni,hing Nazi, and Nazi coliabor !!olS for , rime. comm;ued againSl lhe l.it buan ian people during World War 11. r here i. nO slalule uflimil.,iun'llild punishmenl, ,anBe from live yellrl ;mpri."nment 10 death.'T l.ilhuania al"" negotiated. Memorandum of l!nJer5!llilding ( MOUl wilh ,he Uniled Slale,. whe",hy each "ountry ogre•• to assi" the olher in the investigatio n of alleged Waf <liminals.

'"

De,pite these intent i"n' , by SCp'c mber 1994, when OS] filed a denatur, li>otion ,uit
a~"in't Li l ~lI"" ian- l>orn

Akksondr.u; Lileik.s.l.ithu. nia h. d not )'ot p,osc ,<uled any Nazi

c<,llab" ",t"",. " OSI '"w the Lileiki. proseculion a, "one of I~e m",t iOlpo" ",,1 N",, ca'c. " hro"ght . nywherc in the ,," rid in recent history."'" A, 'lith, Litbuania'. h. ndling of Lileik"" i..' ue. became, r"r OSI, the Ii i"' "' tcst of Lilh" . ni" , eo mmilment 10 p","ccute lho.. who bad ..sisled tbe N",,"•. lileiki. had been ebief of the Lithu.ni"" Se'C urily Pulice (Saugwnas) in Vilnius. On beh. lf of tlte Nuis, lite S.ugum"" arre,ted Jew" , u, pedro Jew>, and those who aided, hid or did bllSine.. with Jews. Tens of thousand, o( those int 3rttrated in Vil"i". were "",,,,hed ,,' lrucked to an ",cavalion site al Paneriai, six mile< aw.y. Not .l1 tbo.e incarcera",d in Viluiu. were arre.led lhere, nur were all thu"" arre'ted in Vilnius rounded up by the Sa"8um"" Non" beless, c, 'cn with "cry incomplete records .v.ilable, it i. conain lhal al le' 5I sc'CraI hundred Oflho sc senlto Paneriai were arre' ted by Ihe Sa"gwnas during Lileiki,' lenure. Once a' P.neri . i, lhe victims were 5Iripped of,heir do1hing and any rem.in ing pos.... ion., and tben . hot in groups of len 01 ,he rim of pin by a Lithuainian vuluu' eer unit Vil" iu, h.d bee hume 10 60,000 Je,,~ before tbe " 'ar; at ." .live.'" A, chief <If the Sallg"JOus i" Vil" io', l.jl"ik i. ,,-as tbe bightst r""king Lilhmnian I', os",:ulcd by OSI, The <":is e, boscd on dr",uJOeu" found bY:in OS! hi,lorian;" ,he Li,huaninn ,,,chi,'e' , ind udt d dr"",", or orders signed b}' l il. ikis. There "e,e arrest w. nants os \\'ell as ,,,de" , ,,,", ferri"g mauy an., roe.tu th. Gorm. n S""u rity Poli-., "bet< 1h.y "ere '"lreated
;lC ,~ ", ;i n g

,,:or'. e"d, u"ly S,OOO were

to

0"1.,,,: i.c"

lOu n1<,,'<I. The J,,,,,,"n,,nl<

.1.\-0 .hawed ,hnt, d uring Lil"ik i,' lOnure,

the S,u£umos conducted a , cries of sling oper, 'ions, in Ihe co",se of ,,-h ich 38 Jcws, including a ten year old boy, ,yere lured "uI " flhe ghclto wilh , false promise nf escape, The Saogum•• ' hen arreSlcd Ihe ,'ictim,," lilcikis did n" t CUn'csl 'ha' he had been chief " f lhe Saog umasand that as , uch he had ordered his men '0 3lTest Ihousands of Jews and ,urn them OV.r '0 the Naz;s. Rather, he mainl.ined thal Ihi, was. "minislerial and custodi.r posilion and did nol amoun' to lbe "pc"""al ad,'oca<y or ""si,,ance of remocu,ion" necessary to revoke hi, admission Iu lb. Uni1c<l Slare, under the MA. " Almo, t immedialely .fter the case was filed, tile Lilhuanian amb= dor 10 !he Uni'ed

Stales made clear 'h al i, would be " 'ery difficult" to prosecute Lileikis in lithuania, nOmailer wbal lhe ductlJl1entary evidence. He suggested 'hal li leiki. would bave . vi. ble d<:fCTl$C if he ,i ,nply claimed he did 001
~ nuw

l1' al tho.. be had """"ed alld lumed over would be killed.II Yel

barely two week. I.ter, lbelilhu.nian premier, ;n lsr.ello sign a cullural and scienlific cooperation agreemenl, apologized for his coun,ry's pc"ecul;on of Jews dwi nglhe Nazi era and indicaled th.,Lithuania would sock Lilcik;s' ext, adilion." The Depanmenl of Ju' t;ce forwilttled copies of pcrlin"", d<><umen 's 10 Li'huania. U.S, offi cials made clear Ihal they hupc<! l ithuania would requesl eX lradition eyen before ,he di"rict court ruled on denaturalization, as an e.<"adi,ion request would expedite li leiki,' dq>anure." In February 1995, , honly before the lWw,n ian president was due lO "isil l"ael , hi, gu,emmenl dnimed IMI there ""' in,uffi cienl evide""e 10 wamrnl an in\'estigOlion of Lileikis. The WQrld J~w i$ h Congress expressed ou"ogc und wame,j thallh. upeoming t,ip mighl be "a diplomatic di""e,.'·" On the eve urthe "i,il, li ,huania opened an im-e'liJr'l'ion."

'"

i\ rew mont hs Imer, l i,huania again wam<:<l of pending problems, It su~~c,t<:<l that since

its t924 ",,,adi,i,,n 'real)' with the United StOICS did nol COH' genoc i<!<:. it did not apply to li k ik is' "lle~ed crimes." Mo",,,ver. the U lh". ni,ms indicJto:d th.1 the documen'ary evidence "as in, um ei.nt; they wallied eye"i'"esse.,"
F"rt~'·n i ne U.S, Cong",,,men u,ged lithu.nia to ,eeonsider its .~lr.d it ion ""allsi, and 10

r.le chOlge, .gainst U ]eikis·· Jewish gro up' argu ed the same." Ninely.two members of the I".c li Kncw:t wrolc to the l. ithuanian pre,id. nt. prodd ing him to take oc,io n .~i""t
l.ile ikis

as

well as .g.inst Kazys Gimz.lltskas, Uleikis' second in command, who had fled to Lith"""i, ,flet OSI filed a denaturalization .etion .gainst h im in 1995." In May 1996, a U.S, court 'tripped Lileiki, of hi, citiz.nship and adopled OS!', an .l ysi, of th. case, [A)s the 1I0v'C""'lCtll n icely pu' il at mal "'g"",en!. Lileikis i, . nempt inllto "and Ihe classic N'u rembw-g d efe~ on its head by otguinS thai "I was o nly issuing ord .....'" With in days " rthe dona tur. liza,i"", Poland (which shares a !>order wilh Li,huania and lost len, of Ihn"".nds nfPo lish Jews at Pane riai), announced tha, il had opened its Owlt criminal investig.lion and millht seek exlt.dition," The S WC ask.d Israel 10 d<> the sam•." I.i thuania made dear Iha' li lei kis was \\dcome to return hom. and sugges1ed lha t he " -ould nn' he proseelJled since Ihere were no e)'e"-i10"se,." Lileiki, returned v'O]un",rily wi,hin

Ihree ,,<eks of this n,,"s. He '''IS 89 years old .nd the r.rst OSI defendant to return to one of the ne" ,cpltb!i," liJrmcd allcr ' Ilc dissolu1ion of Ihe S",-iet Unio n_ The SWC demanded ,hatl. ilh"ania follow Ihro".m on i" promi,e 10 prosec ute war criminals." The Uniled S,ute, tOO " ei.mcd in, Al the lime . alilhe Baltic , talc. ,,",·,e see king

"dm;"ioo 10 NAT O. The lJnj'e'<! Slal<'$ a'",ned th.t pw,cewion of Lilcikis :md o ' he r war criminal, wou ld he mong e' idcnco of cdherence 10 "wt,"ern v. lut $." • pre requisi te 10 joining lhe ,IIi,nce. Vice Presiden' AI Gnn) made lhis point when meet ing wilh the presiden l of Li,hllania's PJ, II ..n cn' in April 1'/97," anJ th iny rncml>tr. of ConSre", ,.j'ora'ed the mc, sage in a November 1997 lener to the Li,ho.ni"" preside m" f in.lly, ;o 1998, l.i ,ho.niacharged U leik is with genocide," Il was the first Nazi war c rime, proseculion in post-Soviet Eastern Euro pe. Trial was 'o,pended .fter a day, hOW",'C1, doe '0 l ileiki.' heahh . The S,ale Dep""rncn' e xp«oscd "dee p di" pl'Oinlmen," and called On I.i,buania ' 0 t""e "wb,tever 'ICPS are n««"")In lo en,are lhat Likik.i. and o' her, involVl:d in WOJ cri mel doring Ihe Nazi era we,e bwoglrt '0 josti. e." Thee months la' er, tri al no' hav ing re,omed. Di....lOr Rose nbaum and " ..p rose n"'t;v. from lhe St".. DcpaJtmen,', Office of War Cri me. me' with , he Li,h",,"i,," Am b.1s' ado<. ThC}' ""'POled havi ng Lileiki. e xamined by an intema'ional panel ofdoctors, includ ing one U.S. phy,id"", wilh Ihe Unioed Stale, covering all Cn, tS. Lithuanian pro , eculnrs presented the proposal '0 ,be coart, bar it """' " j ccted by Ihe j w:lge. Li,huania', odmittance inlo NATO was On ,he age nda for an April I999NATO 'ummi' mUl ing. In II m<:Cling wilh lh" U.s. A llomey General jU'1 One month hefore lhe scheduled summ il, Li,huan;a' s Prime Min;ster asked [or assi'tance in J rafting " law allowing for the prosccUlion of

w" crim;nal, j"

ub.." Uu. The

~pan me n!
j"

of Jusl ice for",arded m'leri" l

plCp.reJ by both OSI (tnncerning tbe standards for " id"""on f'rene ing).

ub.len/;u hearings) ""d OlA (co nce rning

In January 2000" he Stat" Ocp",'men' ..iterar ed i,. e.1l for Litho""i. to prosecule Nazi

'0'

war criminal,." Two months J' Ier, Lithuani. amended its criminal «>de to provide thai those

cltorged with war <:rim.,., genocide, and ui..- ogoinst bumonity CIIII partidpalc in court
proceedings via closed d rewl ~le\'ision iflhcy .... menlOlly compelttl1 but physically un.ble to

appcor in court While

I\Q

punishment may be imposed unles. 1hc: defendont i. su'-quenlly

deemed hcalthy enough to withstand . jail sentt:nee. • >tetdid i. rmdered for pwposes of
"hi'torical judgrnont ~

LiJcilli' lrial =umc:d in JIItIe 2000 ond ..... !he firsl case to pro«cd under the new
.lAlule. Thirty mimnes into 1hc: hearing, Li lciki. complained of difficulty in brestbiog and..... taken to the hospilAl. Trial ..... 'Ulpcodcd indefmilel Y, be died lwo monlh! laler, 1II oge 93,

Altbo\lgb the Cl'5e had nol proceeded 10 venlict, !he Lithuanian Procurator Genel'aI i~ a JlM"' ",Jease stating that hi. o ffice had enough evidence 10 subswrtiate Lileiki, ' ",Ie in the
eornmissiOll of genocide. Hc promised to seek "binoric: jultice~ io other cases of war crimes and

genocide."

He did 10 in the case of Lileik i. ' -rome deputy, Kuys Gimzowkn Relyina larQcly on
documents pointed out by OSI, Lithuani. had originally cborged Oim~"sI:: •• with genocide in
1998, oItortly ofter Lile iki.' Iriol ..... first suspended.
Gim~,,"" '· ease

..... l'CJ"""""'ly del ayed

and uIti.rr>alely 5IISpeDdcd due: 10 hi. <Ie1erioroting menIAl conditiOfl. Despite the COUI1', find ing
lhal GiITlZll" ' k" ..... incopac:iwed from Ab:bc imer'. di........, the lriol l'CSllmed via clooed circuil
~Icvision afIef Lileiki"

death." Oi nwtuskas ..... convicted in 200 1, 1II oge 93, with the COUI1

find ing that be had hooded over at least three Jews 10 Utbuanilll killing squads. The Sla~

Deportment and Diredor Rosenbaum lavished pnlisc on Lirhuani'."
Gimz;ouskas' oon\'ictiOJl

was the flf!ll Hol(>CIIUSl""latod conviction in Illy nf the ,'>XC"'or

ItaleS

to the fonner Soviet Union.
In June 2000, Lithlllllia'. Procurator Oeoe:ral mel with the Deputy Attorney Ot:neral and

Din>clor Rosenbaum. The Procurator 0enrnII asked f"" 001'. usist.ance in inveoligoting Nazi_
en war crimes.. In response to tbal reCjU<$l, an OSI hiswri.... and an OSI .ttorney went to Lithuania in eorly 2001 to di5cuss ..-.I """"". Tho significance of the moetings ......

undcncored by the fact thot they wen: Iltended also by the U.s. Arnbassldor.
Lithuania has sit>oe asked !"of iofonnation about some sul!i« !s undet inveoligation,
although;t has a1"" declined 10file elwges apifl:l! .l..ithUllDilrJ oni<:ml depol'!cd I<> Lithuania ;n

May 2002." l..ithuani. also inilialed Ill! extroditiOll reqlleSt l<> ScotIond, a/though tho sub;cct died
before """" fI£O""C'Iings were COJrIpleted.,.,

In July 2004, Lithuania filed criminll <:h.orges agaiMt AlgimanWl Doi!ide, .... OSI

defendant who left for Germany dlll'ing appeal of a court ruling ordering him deported I<>
LithIlllni.L L thuania did not aeet his extrodition. but e>:pressed the hope thai he wooId I'elIIn1
vol~y.

He did, and ...... found guiJly in Mon:h 2006 of collob<mtinll willJ the Nazis and
imp(l>Jed. The U.S.

paxnrtina Itw1. Ho_, due 10 b;' odvaneed . . no senteoce _
~ praised

Lithuania forthe prosccutiOll but e>:pressed disappoinlmonl thot Dailide was

"001 • • . punished for his crimes..... At of thi. writiDg, the cue i. on appeol.

LthllllJllahas also c.anceIIed the rehabil itation of seven! dozen Nazi collabomton." In 2002, Lithuania's porliamem ratified a DeW extradition tn:aIy with the Uoited Stile!. II coven

2"1'O"ide d.it$:lly.

3. 1.f.IIiI
As with Lthuania, Lotvia has!lel!l mixed signal. about ill penpectivc 011 ill m1e in the

St:e<Jnd World Wo:. The Supmne Council of lbe newly-iMependent Republic of Latvia issued • Proclamation AgaiMt Genocide and Anti-Semitism in September 1990. people of Latvia,w Ihe document, unequivoca.llyeondcmns the oocum:nce of genocide against the Hebrew Nation, d"';ng the years of Hitler' , oc<:upatioo, which re""lled. io the killing nf """" \han 80,000 LatviaIlllebrews • , With deep ~ we ..I<oowledge that among those who helped carry out the IeJmr oflhe «cupien, then: wen: alan Latvi"" citi?.en.. There i. not now, nor ...... there ever be justi fication, nor . IIaMe oflimitationo, for the bloody genocide ag ainst he He~w Nation _ . crime agaiIIst humanity.
In 1992, the Latvian Procurator'. Office sigaed a MOU wi1h the Dcpanmem nf J<IStice.
~!n

the name oflhe

The partieo agreed to provide legal assistanu 00 • "'<:iprocal basi. in the investigatioo of

having assisted in the oommi..ion of sucll ..IS. And in February 1998, the Latvian prcsidcnl
wc:It 10 ~l

and apo]ogi=l for the role hi. <lDWltry had played in the murder of Sows...

Yet bilrcly ODO month 1a1ot', the Latvian Anny commander, the head of Ibe Navy, and five
members (Jf par~ament.ioined a parade of ~ than 500 f<JmlC1" mcmber1 of a IMvion SS w>it 10

nw-k the unit's 55'" onnivorsary. (The Army oommandcr was fired for his participation.)"
OSI'. doaIings with l.atvia were m<>st intense in the.- ofKonrads Kalej•. Ka!oj .

was.

company commandot in !be Latvian AUltilialy Secnrity Police (cponymotl$ly known as Araj. Kommando (AK) for its loader Viktors Maj . )." The AK was on e>lOcution "'I""d composed of

Latvia.D ""1,,,,1eers wOO worIr.r:d with GcnnaD l'or<:c3 10mllCdcr ' racially Wldosirable' pcnons
and/or political mcmics of Nazi Gonnany. Aftot Ibe war, Kaloj. settled in Australia and bo.:amc

• naturalized citizen. He omigraled til t!Ic United SIaICS in 19S9 but neve, sought u.s_

"ilizcns hip, OSI ",-""ndipilo llsly AK, they I,'om"d thai he
Ie~med

of hi. pre"'''''e. When searching for anolhe, member of lhe

W,," '

dead hUllh.1h is widow was in Ihe "o" nlry. She was hi ng with

Ka lej,. , name OS I recoW'ized rmm lhe AK Josler. la Ocluber 1984, O SI flied su ll lO deport Kak j s on the ground Ihat he had ..slsled in lhe persee ulion of civilian s hosed on "",e, leligio n, nation al o rigin or polilical o pinion and had ,,"no.a led the.. material fael. when he appli ed for a visa. The complaint poinled 10 Ihe AK'. role in liquidaling Jew s, shnoling ID'psies. and guardi ng priso ne" al v"";ous cnmp$. OSI pr<senled t<Slimony from an hislnrian, Ihree camp surv ivors. and Lal vians who knew o, served with Kalej , during World War n. (The lane r group lestifled Ihrough d eposilions Inken in Ihe Soviel linion). There was al' o documentary ",;ide""e, induding lhe IOxl of an int"""iew with "" aj. hi"'>clf, Kalej s' llIain J dense was thai ,he ev iJe""" was wud i. b le \la:.use il largely "arne from Ihe Sov iel Unio n. 1l>e co un agree d thai the deposilion leSl imony was oflimiled value but relied heavily on the arch i" al <ecOlds in orderin g Kalej , ' deportation. Th e ruling was affinned
and he was depo ned 10 A ustralia in ApriI1 9 94."

Kalej , ' long.time companio n lived in Winne lka, lUinois , and OSI sus peCied Kolejs mighl go 10 Canada 10 be ne.. he r, O S[ alerted Canadian olTIc i.15 to be on the waleh, OS['. fo",Min gs pro ved correct Kalej s was arre'ted when he cnlered Canada in Decem ber 1994. In June 1995. a month befo re h i, Canadian dep<'rtalio n proceeding was 10 commence. he \·olunlarily returned 10 Australia. Three
monl~'

lale r, he was <aughl again
~caring, wh ic~

attempting 10 "nt<r Ca nada, Th is lime he did nol d<pon befn'" the inlCm illenlly bet" ""n February 1996 and
~lare h

was held

1997. Mo' t of Ihe Canad ian evide nce was

mater;,1 from OSIIY"i.h had been used;n rhe U,S, proceedings, The Canadians also ;ntroduccd a report "Tine" by an OSI hisrorian on the ha.l;lI'ound nf rhe AK," K.lejs· defen"" , """" again. "'as rI"" he "'"' framed by doctored Soviet evidence. The magisrrate disagreed. ,oncluding that as a guard comn,,,,wanl Kolej, was "a pany ro the offence, of murder and I;;dnaping and fa; led to provide for rhe n.'Ce,sanes ofli fe," Such acts and "missi,,", eonsrillMd ",ar erim.. or crimes as "in" humanily. The Canadian magi,rTate " resse<! that rhe'" w .. no evidence to .uUeS! that Kalej , "h. ted Jews or rbar he was a clUel , pe",ene ..di'lie monSler with a blacl;er>ed ""ul." Tha!. as lhe magi" ....,. saw it, was part oflhe ultimate tragc<ly. Given the glorifica!ion of "'aT and ,he manipul.tion of emotions and rhoughts by ,egimes and society, erealing " e1im.te of hate . nd .noganee and into le"m.., it may be r~ar "", icry a,h roo much "f ,lie ind;vidual. bur oflen lhe individual do.. nor asl; e'Ollgh of himself. Kalejs ",os d<:p<»1ooto Aw;rrali". Jewl,h groups we", oUlraged lhat he was r<tumins to a life of ease·' Effraim Zurofl', Direetor of rhe SWC in Is,,",l, urgc<l the Australian.' either to pro...,ule Kalej , under !he AUSlralian War Crimes ACl'lt to deport him" z.urofl' al", m« wirh the l atvian Amb.1.<...dOT 10

Israel 10 urge ,~at ~e eOOpeT'le with ' he AU$1",lian. ;n an endeavor ro ..' radile K"lejs to lawia," OSI ~"d, in due Onu",," after Kaiej' deporlation. had him pla""d on 'he Wa"hli". On O« 'Cmhor 6. 1997.
r~s

gO • "hit" and stopped Kalej, al lus A,,<!el.. Inlernal;on.1AifllOrl. li e l

had fl"""lmm Meloo" me and ""' ,.~ m,," to ~le.,ieo , He " ," sent ro" k 1 Australi. that <iuy , 0 In J,me 1999, ZLlmtl" ,1<1, i ," ~ OSI ,hal:ill in,·.,ti garor " .. working on a ",gmL'flr .hoU I

had left Au","lia a y"ar ".,Ii",. N"o on<: knew whe,e he was now though Zuroffopined 10 ABC thut he had likely souck imo the United Stales to be with his compan ion. Di,ector Rosenbaum IOas , '" ryeonccrnro that ifhe W Ole in ,he U.s., ,he paDlic would _ unfairly _lwld OSI ,,,,,oo,ible fo, not [', o,,"nting his reenlry. (OS[ is nut ""ron,ible fur borde, security ,j

OSI asked lNS 10 c<>ntact ,ho loca[ mail carrier 10 dotenn ine if W1 elderly mlUl was altho
Detroit , osidenee aod/or whether mail had been addressed to him. The lUIs.....r to both was no. An o,"minotion of his companion' s phone record, , howed one, 3J1d sometimes two or three calls a day 10 Rugby, Eng[and, When ABC conlac1O<l Ro,enbaum about ilS upcoming pi..e, he . ugge' led the reporte" mighl find K.lejs in Rugby. They did. He w"" living LInder an lIS:lumed name ;n " Latvian uld age home. OSI worked to keep lhe spotlight on Kalojs. Rosenbaum _poke with various momben of the Ilritish media ""d encouraged Lord G",,'jlle JaIln" r, "hair

or Bri",in·. Hoh...aa" EJlJ<at,on
n.. following month. he

Trust. lo do the same." On D«ember 29. Brilish Home Secretary Jac k S"aw called for an invesligotion illlo how Kalej , had been allo.....d into lhe COUIltry.

orden:d K.lej_dcro"ed because his preSt:nee was detrimental 10 "the publ,c good." Rather th"" face a hearing. Kalejs <.tumed 10 AnstraJiL" On January 26, 2000 Ihe Latvian Minister of Juslice came to the UnilC<l State. and met with Di,ector Rosenbaum. '" The di,cu"ion was very frank. Once the opening formalities were ", ide, R",enb.um po.ilc'd, nod Ihe Minister conceded, th., ,he Lat,'ian$ had n:que"e<l,he 1nC<1ing in the wake "f neg" iY< puhlicit)' abou' Kalej . . Rosenbaum , ·oiced e~treme di, appointmont Iha, Ihe Lutvian, had nol pro.<oculed any" ne invo["ed in perseculion on behalf of the :-:... is. l1e reminded ,he Mini" er thai .Ithough Arajs himself had been prosecuted by the

(kml""s. " ""e of .... mj. · thret lic"lCIl';JJ11$ .. ill . !i,'c. K.lej , and Oon l. (bO in Australia) and lh hikeri, (In Oreat Brilain) nad b<cn pro't cuted hy the l--".l" i""". Yet in Ihe ten }'e"" since they "hla;o,'CI independence lrom the So,'i et l ' oion, lhe Latv;ans had P",.,.."tcd " "CTaI So,-iclS ;"mll-ed in " "'i·N",,i aCli,'iti.. durin@ WOlld War 11 ." Give" tho,e p" "'ec ution... lhe NlIll ca,e • • ,mld 1\<\1be "too old" 10 pu", ue, Rustnbaum also oon" ",ted lhe Lalcian' inen ia "i lh tbat of lhe Cr"al'. " ho in 1999 convlcled the eOlnmand,ull of a Nazi oo~n,,,, tion camp of ",y'tcmic· ma" killing" 10M ure and maltreatment of inmOl. ..." Rosenbau m poinled out Ihal this hod been "polillcal1y difficull" and "co" "'goo"." .ince il n..e..iulled Cmalia', wor1<Ing wilh Serbia, Rose"b, llm worned the Minisler Ihot now was lhe "1.< ' 1chance" 10 erase 1he imp.., ';on IMI his cou" lry "", imenlion.II}' del3)'Ing unlil alilh. Nazi d. fendanlS were eilher dcad 0' Ion incapacila«d 10 prose< ule. ROSCIlbaum also , uggc,,,,d lhal pro, eculion of Nazis wou ld be vicwed "as a commilmenl lo weSlorn valu.'· _ . nol so , ublle tefettnoe to Latvia' , d.,ire to join the European community.
The Mini.... blamed Lotvlan inuansi gence on y. .... of operating under the Soviet

parad igm. He ofTered '0 bost on intemolionol meeling 10diseu" Ihe K. lei' cose and R"",enbaum "<,,eed to send ao OS I ",prosenlalive, Rosenbaum u,ged, now""er. lh.llhe nleeting oover other Lal,'iun persceulors os ",dl os Kalej, . Ro. enbaum also olT ered a carrol 10 Ibe Lalvians: if they knew "r an~()ne in lhe Uniled Siales ",ho Iht:)' believed was invol,'ed in crimes of ",,,,,,",,ulion 11"ri ng the early ~O\ iel ncc";>.>lio" of Lawia (1940·4 1), OSI " oald as. iSl in lhe ;nyc,IiHa, ion." Fo", < "lie' Ihi. meeling. w,via i$.Sucd formal ;n" ;lotion.lo pm srclilors from lay, i\ us" alia, Canad•. Genuooy. lhe UK, I. rod and lhc United Slales 10 meel in Rig. on feb ruary 16-17, "000. Principal Depuly Director Su, ,," Sicgal and hi,lori.., Mi,'hud ' lacQueen, a

I.at,-ian 'p<,ker and OSI', Chief of lnwsligalive Research, rep""'c'tlled the office. Atlhe !>.H nisler . ,uggeslion. Ihe}' om"ed two day. hdo,.., the intema lioMI .."ion beg"" , They mel first ",ith the Lalv'i"" Depul)' Chief Prosecutor, According to MacQueen, "[t)he most charilable ""d accurate "'''' lncr of ' ununnrizi,,&the meeti"g i. 10 term it a hideous fai]",e .·" The Lalvian. daimed lhe,.., was not sume ienl evidence asninst Kalej•. Siesnl and MaeQuot n we"" parlicular]y frumated that Latv-ia denied having the original Kalejs documents which OS[ said it had forwarded years car litt. MOroovCf, the Lah-i"". had nol done any independe nt res<a",h within their own archives in preparation for Ibis international convoca tion. The nexl day, Siegal and MacQueen, accom panied by U.S, Ambassador Jame. Holm"'. mel with the Latvian Pro, ,",,utor General to express their "diSl1eSs over the unm;ti gated disaster our lwo days of bilaleral ",""tings had been." OSI complained about Lltvin', public stance that the,.., was "no evidence" . g.;nsl Kolej s Ol1d ,..,ilerated its offer to assist the Latv;an govemme,,'. They lold the Proseculor Gencral lhot "we felt insulted and abused by our experiences of the pa:;1 days."
The inlerm";o",,1confe",r'ICC fared much beller from

osr. perspe<:tive lhan had the

preliminaries." There was dioc",.ion of where .dditional 4JChi" al m.terial m;ght be found and aS] offered "the hand,.,.,n •., istance of os r. historical stalI.· The discuss;on even spilled over inlo potential pnlseculiotlS oth<t lhan K.lejs. By Ihe end of lhe c"Onfercnce Ihere was , ,,me structUte to the proposed inc'eSligation. 'The ranicip.nts !lad r. nked ,he K. lcjs n idence in term, of most likely avenue. of success WIder L" "-i",, law;'" the f',oS ulur General', e llice commined 10 hiring a histo rian to worl on the ,:c

case: L.all'ian pro",cu l~rs p lanned 10 go 10 Brilain to review malerial colleclcd in a relaled

to ,end c"- ,, recurd, Irolll OSI prn><,ulion, ,im ilar 10 Kalejs ': the Lalvian Pro,«ulur Gm.r.1 ,
;,~rcc d

to ,o"lact his Ru";,,, CI" "lIC 'l"II1 a nd anange for ",,'kw of KGB m es and other pert inenl

mal.rial in Russin" po,se"ion; lhe bradi, promi,ed . "i ' l."ee in finding C)'enilne,,,,,; and.1I pa" ies . greed 10 reconvene in. rew monlhs 10 review pro~re". b pe",al ions " ere , t ill guarded however. A, Ihe Ame rican Fm bassy ;n Riga repon ed: Ne;lher we nor anyone else , hould be under the iIIusi01l Ihal the road 10 !he extrad ilion o r Konrads K.lcjs f,om Aum a;;. 10 Lalvia nor hi, evemual an'aignmenl before a LalviOl1 coun will be slraighl or , moolh. The ""'ply enlrenched Soviel era inclinations low ard obstn.lCl;on and ev,,-<ion of rortluighl prosecutions a mOllg working level proSeCUIOrs, lheir I. d o f expc:icncc Or cnmpetence in f" rnlul.,ing sen,ilive CL're' of mi, nalure, and ,hcir apparenl residual sym pathies lowllrd. lnlvian , who fough l lhc Russian', albeil under a Nazi banner, foretcll or numerOll. difficu llie s . .. " The iotem alional cooference " . ., schedul ed 10 =<lnvene al the end of JUDe. In May, L1lVia's ACling Pro",cUl"r General anno unced thai a trial was unlikely becau"" no st rong ev idence had been round , Juhn W;lltcrs, Ihe Deputy ;n Charge or Miss;on (DC M) ,n Lalv,o, was a .. rong ,upporter of OS 1'. quesl to mokc ,-"Ivia more ,espon,ive 10 lhe Naz i Will" c rimes i" ue." Amo ng olher lhing, . he
,n ~~e$lcd

some gro undwo rk ~ done be fore Ihe ;nle molional meeling recon\'CDed.

0 Specifically, hc ,,'cnnlrn cnd<'d ht"' ing I, ,,,, K", i, 'ans. a former D01 Rcsidt nl l eg.1 Ad";",, 1

R""'Jl haLJm "8n.-ed, proposi ng Ih"t he I:><' accompanied hy OS] a'lome}' SI. ...n Pasley \\ hu was familiar with dclails "f Ihc Kalcj. case,"

Beron.: Pn, key and Kricvans arr; \'Cd,

l ~e

S' a'e Depart me nl kep' pressure on Ihe L"lvians,

S<:<:re1ary o f S' a'e Ivladeleine Albrighl spoke w;lh Ihe l alv' ian p... sident ;md ·as ain reilOrated Ihal il is impcmlive ror l . ,v ia 1 hring NOli Will erimin,l, ",justice; lhe Am bas>ador [Ilolm",) said 0 lhe same thing in his ini' i. 1"" II un lhe new Lalv;,n Prime Minis"',· With"", ."ured
OSl '~a"

IWJe will press 'he Luvians 10 gel 10 [the newly appointed Pro,eculor General) and have him issue a S10temenl repudiating [Ihe Acting Prosecu,or General's) commenls. .. . Second, as soOn as we can make lhe ' pPQinlmt:J1' neal week, ,he Amba ssador will """ him and I. y oul in no uncertain ' entl S what's.l ,lake here , , Th ird, we need 10 ge, Kric van. and Paskey ou, here U Soon as possible, It is d ear 1 me th31 the Lalvian. eM" Or won '1 pu' ,"ge'her • case, so "", 'II h. ve 10 0 They st ill b<>l ieve lhal this w;1I somebow go a w. y. We' ve got do i, fo r Ihem . 10 k«:p hammering On tbem unli l they ,e.li,elha, il won 't. I "ill th inl th.t as long as we keep Our grip ,ight and Our nerves steady, we're .till on 'rack.'" In early June, KricV<:n, and Pa,key ,penl len intense day. in LaIVia meeting with the new Prosecutor General ..nd hi$ Depuly os .....11 as wi,h the chief ofthe unil respons ible fOT deal ing "i,h crim", invol ving totalilaJian regime., They diseusscd the Kalcj, evide nce. internalion al war c rimes I..... and conventions, and the use o fhi, IOrian. (l$ expen. in war crimes pro"",,u1ions. Al 'he close of the meetings, a join' Slnlement issued by lhe United Sta te. and loIV;" stressed lhe coope' at ion and cootd ln..ion belween lhe lwo gov<ntrOcnts . LaIVio .....tTumed il. commilmem 10 in>'eSl igole "actively and lhoro ughly· all Nn>.i.sponso ...d wor crimes. Shonly after ,he Ame rican., left, 'he P"I<UTlltor General a nnou nced lhal la",la would re<juc" Ka lcj.' cx,raditioa '0 ..a nd t,-ial
~"war <rime.

and genoc ide, The La"';an. cre<J iled Ihe Ame,-iean. with

h.,'ing plal'eJ a c rucial ",ie in llIe dee i.ion 10 pro,cc n1e," 'lhe followin~ ",onth, L.,,·ia , enl a li,l o f ~u"lion. '0 Au,lral;.. which lhey .o,h"ri ,ic, ",
",,".c l<'
'I

anled 'he

Kalcj, . In aJdi,i,,,,, a La' vian 1',"'o<U1OT wen' In Mo . cow 10 c xam;ne

Kalej ' · related ,locumc"" ,

MacQueen, whn had olTc red ", the international confc",nce to as.is' ,he L' h-ian" mode goc>d on hi.
promi~.

Fr\)m ,\ ugus, 20 '0

~cp1cmbcr

3, he worked with the La"'ian. in Riga on
to

Kalcjs and ,dated mOne'--;', MacQueen ",n;cd tha' the l."tvian. wcrc nut fully commined indicting Kaicj . and he St, inlnnned Ambassador I ioime.

In r.spo n~. lIolme, met with ,he

Pre.ide nl, forei\!.fl Mini"er and Procurator General to encoumgc them to go fO ',ard, " fOrluitou,ly for OSI, a, the """", ,imc that 1'.....,,,"'" 1o proceed was eman.ti ng from the United S"le>, Russia t"., was bearing down O the Lalvian,. Russia prole" ed Latvia' s n prosteul ion of p' ''lisan. who aided Russia during World War II while Naz is like !Calejs were left alan." Ra<sia ",cn, so far as to Inrc"en economic sanclions agaill.<1 its fonnc. Republic." The La'vians of course ",ere ooly onc part of the equat ion. The Auslrali"", had '0 extrwlit. and there waS some concern in thi, regard. In AugU<'l2000, Au, tralia's JUS1ice MiniSlry notifoed the l atvian Pn>c urato< Gener.1 that i, was difficult to extradite for War crimes under Au,tr.lian law." When the United S,ales learned about Inis, Ambassador Holm..surged the Au, " alian,
to

send an extradilion expen '0 tile upeoming multilateral confe,enc.. (panll) now

, d cduled for mid-September, They agreed 10 do so. Outside even" here too were working in OSI'. fayor, Australia was scheduled to host the lnternalional Olympics in Sfdnuy trom Sept, 15 - (kl. I, 2000 , They "·cr o Iherefore particularly ,en,i, ive 10 nell'"i,'. pfC<' c',,'er'8e. On the e'-e of II>c evem, then_U ,S. Senal< .andida" and Fi"" Lady Hillory Clin'nn
ur~c>d

'he ,\ U Slralinn gowmmcnt 10 help bring Kalej. ,n j u;l ice, Her

lener drew b,nncr headlines." On Septembe, 28 (, hnnl y alier lhe , ,,,,ood - and largely collegi. l _ illtem' lional "", (;,rcnce e"nduded), the
L ~lvi ~".

inJ;ct.,.{ Kalcjs_ S,ill aS] did

rIOI

re'1, fearing thot Kalej.

wo uld

O~

unless an ewadilio. request were on li le. O SI prodde<ll he State Depar1mem to urge

,he Au,lrali,..,. lo .end La,,'i• • forn,.) req ue.l ror I " 'a rrant. A few day. later, Latvia . Iltlouneed
it ",",uld seek hOEn an amst wa"ant and eXI", d;,ion

The arre.t wan-ani wa< issued in Nove mbe r

and a formal ex trad ilion "'que'l soon fullowed. K.)ej. was "",,;ted in Md bourne, Ausualia o n
December 13. 2000. H. atten ded his depe ".lion hearingS in " "..h.elellai, but did nrn ",,,i , 'ely part icipale. H is attorneys advis ed th. court ' ha' he wa< sufferin g from dememia and prostale cancer. On May 29, 200 I an Aumal i"" magistrale ord en:<! his dope" . tio.. The ruling was o n ap peal wh<:J1 he d ied On No vember 8, 2001 .

I. ror ,1 Ji<euS5;on of how tnJi~cnoo, ~ro"PS wilhin ,'och cO""lry ""iSICd G""nany, see U.S. v. I,i""",. 527 F. Supp. 426, .00-31 (E.n.N.Y. 1981 ) affd, 685 F.2d 427 (2'" Cir. 1982) (E' toni. ); L'S. \'. Ulc ikis, 929 F. Supp. 31. 33 (0. \.Ia". 1996) (Lilhuani. ); Mai!"",'is v. INS. 173 f .2d 4.15, ~3 7 (2" Cir. 1985) and Kale}, v. ISS, \0 FJ d 44\ , 442 (7'" Cir 1993) (La ' vi.).

2. I.aipenl'cks ". fNS, 750 F.2d 1 ~27 (9" Ci r. 1985). discu,..,.j al pp. I 17_126.

3. S, ,, pp, 12,537,
4. f ...."ra,e<! er the d"anh of prosecution" in 2002 • weallhy U ,S, businessman underwrole Ore"'tion Last Chance. a proj ect launched by the SWC and the T;:u-gum Shli,hi f o und.t;on of Miami, The project o tfered $ 10.000 to anyone with tip, lead ing to prosecut ion o f Na:I.i war crim tllals in the Baltic sl.le,; it was lalcr e'p"-nded 1 include Po land, Romania, Austria, Croatia, 0 Hungary and Germany. As Oflhis writing, >e"em! i"v"lisalions have t>.en op<".d as a ",suh of 0 the project and Olle extra dition ha, been ordered (Charle, Zendai, from Austrlllia 1 Hungary. See p. 491. No prosecmions originating from Op<-"'liun Last Chance ha ve yet t>.en filed , SWC 2005 Annu.1 Repon. " WorlJwide In"e"igalion and Proseculion o fNa:I.i War Criminals.~ p. 1S; "Nazi lIun ter Solicits Germans fOf L cad . , ~ by EI;nor Brecher. The Mi"mi fleral d, Jan. 18, 2005; "f lo rida Man Fund. Wa: Crime. Project, ~ by Elinor Brecher, 1M Minmi Herald, July 8, 2002, 5. Indeed, lhe Soviet. had sought hi. extradition. .'I. . p. 288, n. 1 . 6. June 19, 2001 letter 10 Delore. Brown. nC M [o.pUly Counsel 10 Miss;on] . U.S. Embassy. Taliinn from Direc'o, Rosenba um,

7. See www biSlnD"nmm j"jon se!lemplc"ocjysjoos (\ost visiled Nov. 2005).
8.
M~"nil 's

tneiosion 00 Ihe W.lcnli.t i, diseus sed.t pp. 300-30 1.

9, " E, 'on i. Seeks Help in :<Iazi Case," Th. Jen,5al.", POJI. July 25. 2001. 10. RoqUe'll for leg. 1a"i."ance from JUri Pihl, Direcl or General of lhe Estoni... Security Poiice lloan!. The requ.,l was ,enl to Ihe DCp"-nmenl o f Justiee from Ihe Estonian \.Iinistry o f Ju't;ce , I, onically. in 1'195. rihl.... Direclor 0 eneral oflbe Estoni.n Security Polke Board. had wrinen • ktter " alin8 Ihal "Harry Mannil ba, nnt been in",lved in any war crime. in Esto ni. du ring Wurld W. r It 00' bas/'ic] been j"'.-olved io anycrimin.1 .c'iviTy in Estoni. at . 1 Allegations 1. mads '0 ,hi, <lTttl are cnmpklely 8,,,"ndle", ," M:>nnil ,ubmined tba! lene r '0 lhe Slate and J""i.. D,'paM mcn1< wben he ,,,ugh, to na"e hi, name rem,,"ed from the Watehlisl. I I. Jull ' 25. 2\lCl2 mcmomodwn 1<> Dir.,"or Ro",nbaum ti-om Susan Siegal, Princ ipal Deputy Din." ·"" and r'liwl>.:lh IVhile. {' h;ef Hi""ri. n, re " Meelin8s with ESlnn;"" Go"em",enl and U.S Emh. ",y o m ci. l. io Tall inn, June 11· 13, 2002" (hercaf'er Siega1f\\'h ile memo).

12, F' ." i hieml"hl, Aug. 23. 200 1. See "I.,,,, n.\s, Aog. 22. 200 1 in which 'he S.. urity Police ""iJ ,Ilcre "'0' ··n" pn.,f " f Iltinnil ', ] pm, ;oil'",ion in ,b. pcrsecu,ion " f Jew, during World Wa:

13. "Past, rIC.enl and FUIU"'," by Amb, Ju,",ph De Th" m"", £..ti Piie",le"', May 28, 2002. The Estuni, n< ha"e prosccuted I'"e ral people for crime. against humanjty ba<ed on their helping the SO" iels deport E,t onians ,hnrtly ollcr Wo, ld WrJ$ ll cod w . At le&;I 0"'" defendanl luis been >cntcnc-..'<l1O coofonemeO! in a mcn'a l hospi'al ""d lwo others ",ceived eight ye.. su, pcnclod scotenc... " M a," Deport"i" n Ca.. Pending," 17,. Sullie Tim.., Mar. 14. 2002. 14. "E.tonia Downpl. ys U,S. Complainl aboul Holocaust," ETA Ne",s Agency, Talli"" , May 29, 2002; " U.S. Ambassadnr ', Iloloeau<l Statemen, Seeo "" Warning Aboul NATO 10 Estonia," BNS, May. 29. 2002. When mecting wjth the OSI repre« nlat;ve.. ,he Ambassador described him..lf "" "the most hated man in Estoni. ... SiegaVWhite memo, sUp'a, n. I I, at p. 2. WhalC\ler lhe Estonian Immedia,e ",aclion. howe."" in Aug. 2002 the go, 'emmem ;n'tiru1ed Holocau' l Day, " Estonia fOT the Firsl Time Marts Holocaust Day," ENS, Jan. 27, 2003. 15. SjegallWhlte memo, sup'0, n. 11 , at p. 10. l1Ie E'lOn;an law al lhe time of the meeling . lIowed prosecution for war crimes. genocide .nd crimes . gain' t humanity. but only if the defendant !lad had dircc1 knowledge of!he crime, An amendmcnl had "",enlly passed, to go inl0 errect Sept. 1, 2002. It allowed prosecu lion based on indirec1 inten', bUl only for genocide and crimes against humaoi' y. OSl and the Estonians discussed whether either version of the code wou ld apply 10 Mllnnil, 16, "Cursory Nll7; Probe Rejected," by S..... Toth, 1M Sallie Times. July 2S, 2002. 17. "Harry Manoil' s Crimlo.l Case Cloocd, ~ BNS, Jan. 2, 2006; "Es,onia Drops Case Against Ex_Pat SuspcclCd or N""i War Crimes." Agena Franc. PWise, Dec. 30,2005. 18. "U.S. Aml>a, sador Boyco", E'lOnia' , Mannil," BNS, Feb. 27, 2006. 19. June 19, 2001 lotter from Ro,enbaum 10 Delo"," Brown, DCM, U.S. Embassy, Tallinn, I'.tooia. The original GenIlan texi reads "" rollow$: Von 13,08.4 1 - 2 1,09.4 1 . 1, S'arsofI in dem E'tn. Selb'tsct, uIZ und nach dem ai, Freiwillige in dem ESln, Sclb.<lschu'z. 20.10.41 • 17,07.43 diente ich als Krimln.list in de-r o.,utsche Sicherhcitsp<>H u. S,D. In die F., ' nische SS-Legion bin ieh am 17,714J eingeriickl. ,,,i The OSI.<ornmissiMcd tran, l"tioo: Fn'm Aug. 13. 1941 '0 Sept. 21 , 1941 I s<,,'cd .., slatT officer in ,he F. , tooian Sdb,"':hulz [Omab i"e] and anem-ard. as a volunteer in the Estonian SclWschull;. From Oct. 20, 1941 '0 July 17, 1943, I """'ed as a cnminal pol ice official in tho GenIlan Securi'y Poiice ,nd SD. l joincd the EslOnlan SS l es ion on July 17, 1943.

rearing the ,cal <If ,hc E' toni. n Cnn,ulate in To", oto and .ignod by ,he ("on,u! G"nornl undc, the l)'f'I.'d "'<lrds: "1 ~ is i. 1 ""nilY lhal Ihe a",,'e tc~1 i, a conCCl and faclual 0 'ran,b ,i,", fn,n, !h" C",,,,,,m la" ~u"ge ;nl0 '~e English l"n~\IlI1l" f'o m ,he ori!:inal docum ent pmduc od."' I "as ,ogi' t. " ,", in the bl<l"ia" O", 'II;.it'. pap"rs " , S"'b<otl1,e, [,tafT office,] from Aug. D, IoJ 1 to Scpl. 2l, 19J l. Ft"", Oct. 20. 194 1 to July I 7. 1943. I oc,vcd in Eslo oi"" C,i minal Police ",hi, h "'as lolC' inC"'l'o'al',j illlu Ihe Ge,milll Puli"" . I ".s drafl«l lu lhe ESlonian SSl . gion o n July 17, 194] . 20. Allg, 1,2003 I. n. , from h I', lanto, 10 Ken-Marti Vah..., ESlonian Mini"e, of Ju"ice.

T,~,,,IJti,,n

21. 0<:,. 22, 2003 e·mail f,om Pi,,'C!o, Ro",nhaom '0 S"-'"'l S;ega l, Eli" belh While, Slephen Pa,k<y. Jonathan Drimn,er 'nd Michael MacQ """n '" "A"""ing a orshko w R. ply by the COE '0 R.I'. L.anlOS.~
22. /d.

23. Feb. 18. 200J

1.".. to Rep. Lantos from Prime Minister Juhan Pan,.

24. NOle, from SWC rep"".n'.' i,·. in I",. d . EfTri"", ZurofT ufhi. !>l. y 5. 200J m""ting witll £.toni"" Ambassador to Israel, II,E. !>lann. K.lj ""ond.
2 S. 001. 25. I 'XI I Prc.. Rele""" from the I.itho."ian lnJOrma,ion Center, "'ew Ynrk, New York; Chicall" T,ihun'. Oct. 26, I 'XI I . In 1990 , the "'I.i,huani. In Pro•• · R d",bi li ' .linn.,~ ti,h"""ian gO' 'C'fOment had annou nce<! an official rehabilitation fur 50.000 Litlluanians ,,'hom the Sovie.. had <harg.d ,, 'ilb Nazi roll,boIation. "Nari·llunt., Di,mayed S. ,,<c~ of lkrehahili..., ion ofN""i SO'PCCl> in l ilhoani.... BNS. ~o • . 17, 2000.

nw

(h'.,

~6.

Oct. 2 S, 1991 l ithuanian press relc,,-<,C, 'Up''', n. 2S.

27. l.aw ,onco ming ROSp"nsih ilily fo, G onocide of the Poopl. of lith"""i.. Nwn. 1_<477 (199'2). 28. Of course, OS] il"" lf ollen look yean, and ""m<li""" d""udes, 10 d",·. lup • <n>C . ThaI " ... in pan doe to the I' <l lhal O~ I h.d limito:<l "". .... ,0 "",hi,'a1 m.lori.1 during Ihe So,·iel.,". Whil• • co.ss was o"ie, 1 Ih. Li,h,u,ni>n' , t h< ~ (and Olh.. Eostcm hi"" ,ounlri..) had ",rinus 0' n,,,' urcc i" ocs. R""ord.'d inton'i""" witll f""". r OSI Chief Hi'tori• • P. '<r Black, Dec. 26, 2000, .'\,>",bo p. 12. 29. ·X)S ] VO\\. to PIr,,,,e [),;p..>n, 'i,'n Pc,pile Sctbock rrum li ,h",",i"," by Jennifer BalOg. JTA, Feb. 15, 1995. 30. Thi, "'" "',,~hl)' in P'''I'',n;On to lhe I"'rcentn~'C of Jew, th",ughool Lithlr>nio who dio:<l ,h,ring Ill< ",or, O""r 90' ,'0 o r lhe 2~O . OOO Jc" , in th••o un,ry ,lid not ' o..... i'·.,

3 1. I.ukilk is Prison reco rds, I.CVA C" lkeliun R 730, a py. 1, nOS. 827 , 1002 , 1753, 224 8, 2437; execuliu n fi le ••".Is o f the Vilniu. Sond.rkom mando, l C VA collec lioo R 1673, opi. I , nos. 1425, 1426, 1606, 2494, 2676, 333 0, 31 15. luki !ki. Prison "",ord" lCV A, R 681, a py. 2. folder I , pp. 17_5 9. In 19 83. "'hen OS I .ond",,"'" an inl.",iew ", ilh Lileiki. , Ihcy . howed him an u,der ''''lui,ing 52 Jews in S.ug"",.. <u.looy to he l ume d o.er 1 the Gc""aru;. I.ileiki,' name, bul 0 not ,ignnlure, was on Ihe rmle,. H.. ""Ie<! that il could have been i..urd ,..i,1>oul hi, kno",le<!g.. and ch.llenge<! hi, ime",ieww.1O find a docu ment wilh h is .ignatwe. II was nol ""lilth.. Cold \Va, ended. a!Id O Sl'o 0 1'11 hi>lorian could Nnun'ge thro ugh the Archiv... in Vilnius, lhat the ''smok in g gWl" doc wmn.. "' cre found. 32. Lilciki. had o riginally b«adcnied a vi.. ullde, lhe DPA. A 1947 C IC n:pon referencn persecut ion of Pol es by lhe men under his comm and. II goes on 10 <1ale lh.l ~I l Iw nol heen asccnained "hel h... I.ile ik is WllS eO""",,led with lh. ,hooling oflhou>and$ of Je,.., in Vilna."

n . "'Few Pr<J iel Swi ft Punishmenl fur Alleged Cullaoo ralur," by Jon A ...rbach, 1"Jrc Bu,'''''
GluM, Sept. 23, 1994.
34. "'Among li th"ani""" Confusion on Alleg ed Nazi Coll.oonoler;' by Elhan Bronner, 71rc Boston Globe, Oct . S. 1994 ; RFEIRL Daily Report. Oct 4, 1994; Oct . 2. 1994 Jl P rele"",,, by Heather Smith. ·35. "Li,huania Get. Evidence for Wu C rim... Decisi<m," by Ed Studdud, R.. Ap,. 12. 1995; "'OSI Vows 10 Pursue [)cpon.l ion De,pite Selbaek from lithuan ia," b y Jen nifer Ralog. JTA, Fe b. 15, I 99S ; ~ lilhuani a Decides Agai nst Charging U.S. Citizco ,..ilh Nazi Crimes," by M ichael SnitTe n, AP, Feb. 9. 1995. Fo. an exp lana lion of why exltldilion is speedie., "'" pp. 4 1·

",t'.,

ea

36. ~Ace u ..d Norwood Nazi Won'l be Prusec uled , Li' buan iB Drop, Charl!"S Againsllilcikis bul U.S. Slill Pu, hc. Dcpoo-taliorl,~ by Jennir.. Rateg and M ichael Siner! , 71rc Je14'i.!t Advoea,., Feb . 23, 1 99~.
31. ·' Man race s War Crime
[r'IlJ uiry,~

by Judy Rakow' ky, The Hoslon Globe. r eb . 2B, 1995.

3B. ~EXI ,odilio n Cancded, " by C.F. Scon, Wa.>lti14/1lOn Jew ish W.. Oct. 12, 1995; '"Lithuania Wan ts New War Treary," Reule", Oct. 4, 1995; '"L ilhuania Sa~ II WilJ Not h lradil" /l;o,v,oed ~Ian,"' by Jooy Rako"",ky, Tit<> Busru" {jlo~. Oct . 3, 199~ , The U.S. maintained that since ",unle. "as covered, l here " OS no need fo. a « parale genocide listing in o "'e, to extradite Lileikis.

*,

40. "'Nazi I [unler S.ys Lithuani. Stalls on E"'ad ilio .. ,~ ' up'(J, n. 39.

WJC ae.·u,od Lilhuania ur ~b ctmYli ngJ the memono, o f 10m; ufthou5.all<ts of in",-",.n'p.,oplo.~ JfA. Ddj/y "'· ....1 B~I/<lin. Fob, 15, 1995; tho lntom,, ' ional I\.,o<i" ioo of . J.wi,h 1-"")'0" a"" Juri.15 (Ii\J U), Ame'ican Set·lion. , IOfIg wilb Ihe SWC, m<1 " i'h the 1.ilhuanian a mbn""d",. and a fnll"",,1' m""'ing mu hdd bel"..", lhe JAJU.nd ollid.l, at 'he I .ilhoanian [mh....y. Th. flUUp ur ~eJ Lith"a ni. W. xtradil• • nd p 'o"",,ot. l.iloili$, Feb, 27, 1995 [AJU p,tSS 'd e"". 4 2, "["""Ii Koessct l eiter to U lhu. nian P"" iJ . o,: · F.l T.~ [Lilhuanian N. w, Agency], F.b. 28.

~ I. E.fI.• 1110

,sse

4J. U S ,. lik,ki5, 929 F. Supp. 31, 39 (D. Mass , 1996).
014 , " Poland Probe. Nati Collabo,ator,~ by D.avid Talbot, The Bmi/on li.roM, May 30, 1 996~ "Allq ;cd li'huanian War Criminal Return. Home," by Ed S1<>ddard, TM Baltic Tim.., July 3,

,"'. ,"'.

45.

~Ane~cd

Lilhuan ian War Criminal RetlllTl'i

Homo ,~ n pra, n. 014 .

46. " Lithuani. Welcome> Lileiki' ' 0 R.. um.~ by AIII\ Donlan, nw, Bos'on H.rold, M. y 28, 41. '"A<:<:uscd World War 11 Crim inal Flee> to Lithuania," by J..dy RoloW>ky, The Bus'"" Glolx. June 20. 1996 . Th . iss... was eon,p li",1Od by ,h. ract that the Lith uanian' wOOlcd to pt<>o«UI< tW<;l former r-x YLl oJII" " of Je,,'.h o rigin. atoused o f torturing and murdering Lilbuanial1s duriog Ihe S""i., e... 0 ... was in Israel and thl: other in W<5l Germany. Neither COWltl)' was willing 1 e xlradil<. "GhosU from the Gulag, Lilhuani . Tri.. to Remomber Slalin and Forg<1 0 Hitlo,," by C hristian Caryl. U.s. N• ,,'OJ Wwld R. poH, Oct. 20. 1991; "Gormany Rofus.. 10 l1""d 0\-'" Former KGB A~n', AccU>«! of C.onocido,MDr" IWU, Ap", 2) , 1991. (LKQ '<Il'''-' is a Lith,.."ian language daily puhlishcJ in Chi<.go .)

..,s

"Reno; Lilhoan ia 111 Proscc:ot. Nazi," by Mieh",,1Snirre n..-I.P , Fob, 9, J 998 ~ "L:S VicePresid.nl M..,ts C hairman of lithuanian p.,liame nl," Dr""g<U, Ap<. 10, 1991 . M Vilniu. Tums Blind E}'eto I" Na.zi 1' ''1.'' by Rieh.rd Paddock, TM liJJ Allfld.. n m«, ' Jan . 4. 1998
~9 ,

~8 .

50. In Feb. 1998, l ilhoania in"ogu, at«l a new p""ident. V. ld", ,\ darnku, had fl«llho COUll!lY as ' t••nag<, and ' ''''''' 50 }OO" in tl>o U.S.. nloot of it as an engi"... 010 1'1 0)'«1 by Iho U.s . 8" w mm<n1. The impact ofl hi.. if any. 00 Iho likik i. tiling i. unknown. 5 l. Sept. 1S. I<}<IS ".t,'m.nl po"od at !l.'.I= ,,,-l~l . ~ (l" ,'\\,n\ .'b' i.fjn .,:.rJrc me"' ~·!99 8 (I.." "i, il"" July : OS). W P il<" [o, Ro'enboum publicly ' "Oicod "l ep lk ;;", Ihot Liki ki' " a, ill. "Lithuania War Crime, S",p.,<t Said III." .~ r. Feb. 2, 1999.

52 . Jon. 8, 2000 sloteme" t 1"\;lc,,) 01 m,,,,, sCcretory Wile goy!www!brir tings/st' l£menW200Q ( last vi, ited Nov. 2005). 53 , SC'J't. 27, 2000 Pr." Rd ...« of Ihe Prt>(urator ':;""eral' s Offi.. of Ihe Republic ofLi lhuani.. 54. " ~az i Was Crime' Trial 10 Rc. ome in Scptember Witho ut lile Sosp«\," :lP, Joly 4, 2000. II i, unclear how, unJer Ihe st'lule, Ihe he.rin~ cnu lJ p"",..d givcn lhe coun ' s determinalio n thaI Gim?au.kas W:IS menIally incomf"'I=1. 55. "U,S . Sl.,. D<p. nm.nt Hoil$ Convietioo of War·Crimes Susp«t in Lithuania.~ BNS, reb. 21 . 200 1. Ro'enbaum g. v. an interview wll icll was print~ on the fronl page of Lithuania' s Ia'¥cst ci", ulation daily newspaf"'r. H. lermed Ihe con viction "historic" and c.. dit~ the Lithuan ian amhassador to the U.S. with helping improve relalions between the two ""wlIlies, Rosenba um went 00 to diseo" the difficulty countries face in ackno wledging ~ misdeeds. 1 ha,.., told Li' h",," ian and oth.r Ewof"'an offidals more lhan once lhat lhis i, not a Si l"",ion wh... the United Slat.S comes as highest moral authority. Evety counlry has its 0""" problems with facing their past 11le U.S. is no .xc.plion from the rule, because il was th. USA who tum~ an entire race io'o , laves. More lhan H O y..... afte, lh. aholition of slavery, we are still struggling with cenai n aspeClS of lhe inheriuncc of sJa'"'Y. "NOLi Hunler P",iscs Lilhuani~~ 1»-' Ginl:mlllS Albini.. LieWlW RytaJ , F. b, 19, 2001. 56. ~~azi Hunt« Urges Lith"""ia 10 Addrtss US for Extradition of Was Criminalt BNS, June 13,2002. 51. See p. 493 . 58. "U,S, Di" Ppo;olCd 0.-'", Non-S.n" nce Co n,iction of Lilhuanian Nazi Coll.boralOr," BNS. Mar. 28, 2006. 59. ~N",i· l l" nter Dismayed O.' er Secrecy of D..ehabilit.lion of Nni Su'peel. in Lithoania,"' ""pTa, n. 25; ~ Pro,ecul"" Sirip 76 r er",ns of R~babili t.'ion Sla1U$ ,~ UTA, Sept, 25, 2001 . 60, "Ulm.ni. Apologi..s in brael for Lat.'i.n War Crim.. , ~ DeulSehe Presse.A/?eul ur, Feb, 24. 1998. 1>1 . "Old rclhnic ltift. Ron Drtp in L.tvi.... by Richa,d Paddock, TJre LIJ.T .4ng.eI, ., Times, Apr. 6, 1998, 62. Viktors Ar.js was con" icted by a West Germon eoun in 1978 ror hi, rol. in c.using o'er 13,000 murders, lie wos sentenced 10 life imprisonment and di<d in custody io 1988.

H

Jfil"er eif K"I~js, /I ll 655 .161 (Imm , 0" Chicago, II I. 1988), 'iff,J, (mA 1992), afFd, K"I~jH_INS, IO F.3d441 (7~Cir. 1993).

64 Tho rcp<.>rt, "' Rdl ablc I.o<'ai Re,i&ol": Coliabmallon in l aw i", 1941 . 194 5" by Robert /mmiWil lion A,'I and Konra" Waile "'a, ciled by lhe Canadian rn,~ist rate. In Ih•.Villl", of K,,'~js, p. 6. 0_23_ /III ,..,t",,'oe., h<rC,nC,10 lhe Canad ian ruling arc to thi, eitali"n.

,I,.

65. "OulCry as Alkged Kn>; War Crimi"al R<lum,: by Rachel Bridge, Soolh (;I,i"" Morning POSI, Aug. 2 1, 1997.
66. "7.uw lT /I,k, Au,lralia 10 Ad a~ain'l Ex·Nazi," by Ar)'eh Dean Cohen, The Jerusalem PW I, Aug. 20, 1997. .'\hhough Kalejs could th.wel;call)' h.ve bee n cbarged under Ih. Was Crime, Amc ndmenl Act of 1988, the Austr.lian Sl"'Cial Invesl igalions 1,;nil, responsible for pnl",""utions under lh.! Ac!, had d isl>llnded in June 1992. S•• p. 490. 67. ·Wieoenthal Ce n ler Demands Ac,ion! Again,t Nazi Sus pects in Auslrali...• Age""e France· Press<, OCI. 20, 1997. 68. In .ddilion 10 speaking wilh lhe press, lord Jenner, the only Jewish member of the House of lords, mOl w ilh 110me S"",..,tary Jack Suaw and the CkJ"emor General of Auslr.lia. 69 , OS[ learned that Kalejs had firM bought an airl ine liek el for Mexico. They ad"i,ed Zuroff who ale rt<:d the Me xicans. Rosenbaum di", u",ion, Doc. 12, 200 1. Th. !I1exicans made it c1e", thot Kalcjs w.., not welcome. "[ Still Can Austr. ll. Home: by Martin Only ""d Simoo Mann, Syrfney Morning Herald, Jan. ~, 2000. 70. Detail> "f the mC "Cling come from. Jan. 26, 2000 memorand um to Ro,enba "m from )"1,eQuecn, J'C · Convcl'Sillion with La"'ian M inister of Ju,tice Vald is Birkav,; Mee ting of Birka"s with A llomey (nne"'" Renu: IlOd my own noles of the mecliugs at which 1 was an ob><rver. The M in ister' s mc"Cting wilh lhe Anomey Gen.",1 cO"ered • range of issues, w ilh Kalcj, on ly a vcry >:mall pe nion. 7 1. At leaS! 10 cas"" rd alcd ta war "rimes ,,-ere filed again .. So viet., many of ", bolO bad "',cn R.'d Army pm1i""" , As of thi, ,,?i ling, lhcre ha vc been al kasl lhre<: «",,'ietion>: Alfred. No,i k. (sc nkneed io 19961a life impri."nm, m f"r h is ' 01. in dcponing Loh -ian, lo Siberia during lhe 1940s), ,\ - ikhoil f orblUkh (,emenced ;n I l to . e\'en )'c= for ,he same crime) and V., iiij K,,",' no ' (,cnte ncc d in 2000 to ,ix :-ca" impri",nm.nt for his role in the <le.th of nine LJI\-i"" ci. il;ans duri ng mil ilary o perati"ns in latvia in 1944,)

m

The Iluhzm"" Amc'Odnrent . m -cr' pc",-"Cu,i"n by thc ~a:.ri , "nd thci, alli.s from \iarch ~, 1Q)l to \-Iny K 194 5, 11r. l l il le-r·S tolin pacl wos in eflixl rrom ,' ug. 23, 1939 10 Ju ne 12, 194 1, , making Ihe S",-iet Uni"n a NO'i oily <luring th"l period. Thu., il "'"uld be within OSI's rna",lalc to po,,,,",,ute a S,,\' iet cili,en \\h" ,·" Ibhor.'cd "ith Ihe t'Olis <luring thi, pcri"d : OSI has ne\'O,

7~.

done '0, however, 74. Und'" ed mem","ndurn 10 R" ",oba urn, Siegal and OSI Ch ief Histo rian Bany White from Macqueen", "U ,So·Lat vian Bil. le" l Ta lks In the K.lejs and Rel ated C ases, Ileld at Riga, 14-15 Februa,y 2000 ." All "'fercne" 10 the pre_eonfe"'nee meetings com e from this mcrno unless otherwi'" noted , 75. Undated nlCrnUrandum to Rosenbourn.nd Siega l from M.cQueen te "lmem atio nal ("onferenee on Knnrads Kalej. and Rela ted Cases, Riga, La lvia, feb ruary 16_17 , 2000." All ", fc,"o«s 10 the io"'"",tional mee lio g come from this memo u nle," othcrwise note d, 76. TIle fi rst "'as hi' role", guard eommand.nl, followed by his possible role in. gypsy mossaere, and lasdy, any part he played in the massacre of Je ws;o the Riga ghen o.

77_ Feb. 22, 2000 cable, ICNb, TED0597, from AmEmb Riga to See'y Stale."d lhe American Embassies in Canberra, l ondon, Berlin, Tel Aviv, 1he H'gue and OUow. re "Konrad' Kakj s:
Latv;an P,oseeulors Agr« on [""' >ligal ion follo w-up." 73. Both R""'nbawn and Siega l belie ve thaI the Kalej s case could not have ac hie ved the uhim..e reso lu,ion it did wi,hout Withers' unst ioling help. lie advised OS! . t all SIalles of the Lotvi." nego,ia t;oo$. o fic n telling them who needc-d to be euntae!ed, amuging for the meetings, and .dvi,ing how best to deal "';th the vario us pla;-en. lie went so far as to 01T..- the g""st ,oom in h is home 10 DOJ repre,emotive, coming 10 Lotvia 10 work on the investigation if the Depanment would not provide ,ufficient funding fo' the trip. Ambassador Hol mes 100 was very much interested and invo lved. That may have happe ned in any e ven t, Or bl:en prompted by W irhers, but it should be noted thaI during thi' period, t ~e son of fonner OSI Director l'e. 1Sher married the Amba'sador" daughte' , Thua, the,. was a fami lial link 10 OSJ. 79 , Kreivan. was no long..- w ith the De panm~ o t of Justice. He took I. ave from hi. po,ition as a c ity prosecuto, in St, Paul, M iM. 10 make the trip. 80. lI-la;- 12, 2000 e-mail ftom W ittle.. 10 Sie gal te "Idea & ca ll From Alvis Roni ' ."

81. Jo int $'w,ment issued in Riga Ju.ne 14, 2000.
82.•~~ e.8., Dip lomati~ Panommas for April 20 and Ma;- 19. 2000, World New. ConneClioo; "R u" ia n, Ferl'he Brunt o f flar>h Regime: by Graham Oglivy, Scm/ond on SumJqy, Mar, 19, ~OOO; "l al ,·i. Convi" .. War C riminol on Murde< o f Ni ne," by J. Miohacl l.;-Jlne, The Bulli" Times, Jan. 27, 2000. 83. "K"nooov 10 ,\ ppcar before l:>l\' ia', Iligh Co urt as Russian C iti"",,; by Ph ilippa 0' A,<:y, ,[gen,·o f"ronce-P"."e, Ap,. 13. 20 00 .

84, Letters of Aug. 24 a nd 31, 2000" quoled in Sopt 8. 2000 mcmor~oo,"n from Rosmhaorn 1 DAAG n",ce Swarl" n: "("j,,,mol,,8Y "f K"n rOOs KALEJS Case: Di,eo",ion o f lho ",'ems 0 k~diog up 10 lho n",I'io Ol ;oo,1e<lnfcn: ncc come. fmm ,hi. memo "nless olherwise l\01ed , 85, '"Hillory Jo ins Sh;lming of Oz." b}' Miehael Ca me ron. Th. ,lIt'ro,,'Y (A uslralia). Sept, 14. 2UOO . "Is'" "l l i11 ary' s Crash 1'00 _Sometimes Sla)'s ., Spidhcrg Condo,· by R, 11ardt Jr. and G , Bimboum, 1m, '\"t' ll' for. /',m , Sept 19, ~OOO reponing that "The Fit£tl.adyhas mised e)'ebrows DoW'n l ' nder by \\ riling to Aum alian olli ei"l' IllSt week dem,oJi ng they la ke action nlry: According to The POSI, the k ad againSl ,e"e",l su,pected e,·N"",is li"ing in the COU par,grapb in the Australian }/erald .~"n , oad "1 lillmy CI;mon b.. become i" " , h 'Cd in a campaign to embalTa.. AUS!rali. during th( Oljmpic.:

S""

The <"ommnnw<. llh "'''i" n, While OSI h. <" ffcred . "i"once 10 cvcl')' fmeign country willing to proS«UIe Nazi war 'eutors in Con.d. , Grcal Bril.i n and cr iminal., il hoo coonJinalc-d most ",osely wilh prosc ..\ "slr~li ., In 1989, 051ho'tcd • In« ting IV'ilh « pre,c nt'li,'" "f coch '" lhe,e coumrie, :IIld a delegali"n from Ihe Soviet Uni" n, The "utc" me of th.. meeting W;lSlhol the ~o.iet Unio" oll'cod 1 . 1I " w cach nf the p:ll1ic ipaling c",,,ntrie, to . ho", with Ihe olhers cop ies of malerial 0 received from Ihe S",.i e1 "",hives as • ",." It of Nazi war crime. inquiries, Origin.1 documents

<""not I:>e ,1uJred. however, .1Id each we'lem roU"ll)' "ill "ee ds to obtai" ilSown certified cop ies
of lhe documenl.• for use in .ourt proceedings.I Nonelheless, the agreement _ which ..ill opo"'te. in the po.l-Sovie1 era - reduced significantly in many ....s the amounl of lime needed to ob lain p"rlinenl malerial, Con"da Shortly after o s r . founding, C. n"dian official> mel with Director Ryan 10 di.ouos establi,hing an offi"e ,imilar 10 OSI.' In 19S2, before ony .ction w.' taken on II>< pmpo,.l, th. C. nadia"s "",ested o"d e'tradited. naluralized Canadian oitizetllOWe. l Germany to fac. charse. ofha,'i"g munJe,ed lhousands of Lilhuanian Jews,' OS] was working On i", own i",'c"i galinn. of Lilhuanian mo' sacre. at the time, ond OSI ""d the C.n.dian, shored inform. ,ion. 1 1"n, n01 unlil 1985. howe"er, th.t Ihe proposal fOl. separate prosecuw ri.1 office fo, '>;",i war c~ m~ c"'eS ~oi ned momenlum. The impelus fur Ihis
~Iengcle

""' :Ill SWC ,epon th.t D,.

mighl be in Canada, The publicily WIT" unJ ing ,his mmounC~m,-n ' It:<llhc C",,"dian'lo

;orroinl, c<>mmi"ion til determine wh"thCl lh<re "ere Na>:i w.,. criminal. in the c" untry who

""uld l>< I"" ""c oted , oxtr~diled 0' do:porlcd' AIl~"lUgh the commi..ion fOlll\d no e \'idcnce 'hal
~kl1 ~ele

had emig,. lcd to Canada, i' be lieved <llher war "rimil1al, mighl huve. It therefore

" '<;,,nunended lows prr,..i dil1g for criminul prr,,",,,,,lion oS "dl as den.turalization andioT dcpo"ation of p""on, invuh'cd in ,he warlime po:r"'eUl ion of civilian'.' C unoda en.eled 'uch , t. luIe, in 1987 ,' Over the nexl five ye.rs, the go,'emment filed fOOl
crimi~. l

Ca>e$. Three WCTe a\><>Ited

before verdicl;' the [o"nh defondanl was .eq"itted .1kT an eighl month trial. Upholding the acquill.l on appo:.i, lhe Can. d ian high cohn "'led lh'" 0 defendant <Q"ld refule the allcgotioo$ by os"'b lishing thaI he was merely M llowing orders· (unlc, s the ord., wall " manife stly illt go!,j fo
In

addilion. he could not be convicted unle.. it was proven thut he knew his activilie$ oon$lilul<:d a war crime and that 'hc")' woul d have been a crimc in Canada,' Bocau,," thi$ "'ling SUbstantially iocreased tht diffioulty of cstabli'hing Ihe govtmmenl'$ oase, tht ConadillltS ahandoned criminal prosoeulion in favor of denalut.liz:l1ion and deponalion c""'s. similar to those prosocUlcd by OSI' U~li ke the U.S. p,noedure, ho",e""r, a final d",ermi~ation on denaluraliUllino i$ not mad e

by ,ho O<)U" , Rathe•• 'ht
for ""lion.
I~

C~binel conside..

'he mane, after a coun ",Ie. that ,he. e is a lego! basis

1997,!he Canad ian government hired former OSI Dircclm Ncal She, 11$ a con."hanl

on il< " -ar crimes prosecutions. lie wor ked wilh Ihe Canodian. until March 2001. She. i$ credilcd by ", me with ha"ing he lped bring a bout a $ignifical\1 inc",.... in Canadian c= f\Ii ng$_ " The Cun"dians ha>'e med '''.nty-tltree denaturalizationldep<JnOl;<ln cases '0 date. I ln",,,,"« , only nne defe nda nt has b<en dCp<J"ed. In 1992, he was , enllo the Notherland. where he ,,-'" impri 'oned PO,",,,,,,,110 a lift ,e ntO imposed in c bs"min in 1948, lie "'as reie..'Ied net

'"

,Ilcr Iw~nly·~ighl mo nth. due tn hi. , dv""..d ag~. "
O~l l'la:ied a ", tc in fivc Ca"ad i"" eose, . T \VO \\"<'rc a g. in' l former O SI d<fendan lS,

/lrth ur Rudolph ;u,d Konr<ld

Kal~js.

/Is discu"cd ~arl ie r, OSI pro vided m"teri.1 used by thc

('" "adi",," to win judg mcnls forcing t>Dth ",c to k a,'c tl><: country. " "Il Two ol hcr oases ' " , re brought 1 lhe a' « n,ion of Ih~ Canad ian "uthori,ios by O Sl whe n 0 Ihe men we", stop ped by rNS aftc r a Wa'chlisl hil ,
On~

h"d h<:en <honging pl"".s in Devoll On

his "ay back 10 C..ada from. lrip abroad; lhe o lh", was Slopped by IN S during a prc·f1ight in.,peOlio n in Von,·ouv<r as he was aboul to \>.,ard a pilUle {o , ,he U.S, Tho Canadi"" courts dismi , sed chargo< agai n'" 000 o f Ille mcn" and revok ed the citi~enohip of the other. " Th e fift h ca, e conoemed a defendanl who fled to the U nited SU lles . fter lhe C""ad ians filed a d.nalural izalion OI:tion. As des<:ribed . 15<where in thi. report, he was 1e1 W'Tted to Canada by O Sl a nd hb cilizenship was revoked in 200t." ll"lKlr1at ion proceedings were ha lted io 2004

for ;o"estig. t;oo of lhe defe ndant' s daim rh... hi. dr n"tora lizlIlion had been tainted by a confliet o f inleres!." Th e Canadian Federal Coort reslored his cili,.en.hip ohortly lhereafter. Th~ court did . 0 bolh be<oa u,e of lh~ defendon" . "'50
y~ars

of jJTqlro.c ha bl~ life in C. nada·· a nd because

lhere ,,,,. no e,'ide n,,,, that he had pers onally participated in war orimes. (F Ie ..",ed as an Inlerpr<l<f assigned 10 a mobile killing unll in Uk",in• .)" OSI
~""

" orked

w~1I

"Vet the J't= with the C""odian JuSlico Department. They have O Sf ha. h.d I" .

, hared in forma lion .od ." i".d <>no Onol~<r o n into,vie w, and othe, mOtt""

, ucOC"S' \\'ith the Royal C.nadlon Mounled Pu lice (RCMp). whkh h• • " fle n bcen rd '''tanl la , h",e infurmOlion," In earl y ~OOS. II><: C,,,J.d ian 1I0,'emmenl mumed in kin d Ihe . " i>lonce OS l had plo" ided

to ,he Canadi.ns 25 ;'ear, earlier , With 05[', m""dale JUS! expanded to cove r ~modcm war
erin,inals.~" the ollie'" was ,tnlg~ling 10 detennine IIow to develop and handle a new and

I~'tcntiall~' commoo, iO""l;go"i"e c,,"load. Five years c..lier. ,he Canadian, had also e~pan<kd thei, mandate.'" 051 Director R".cnhoom and Ik pot), Dir"' l", and Chief lIiSlorian Elizabc,h White 'pem ,cw,,1day, in January 2005 meet ing " ith o fficial, of lhe CaJlad ian Border S"",'i"", Ageocy. The C.nadi""s ,hared their c~pcnence, and provided 051 witll a da tabase of in rOmlation. AuS!mlia ,\u-' tralia·, .tti'ude ,o ward Nazi persecutors has heen ambiva lent. In 1961. Ausualia', Attorney Oene..1and ACling Mini' ler for
~oyernmcnl', denia l

E~lemal

Affairs addre,sed the ParHament on hi,

of an e~trad ilion «queSl from lhe SoyiCl Uni"" for an aneged Nazi war

criminal , He described c<>n niCling C<>ll,iderations.

On ,I>< ont hand, there i, the utter a bOOn e""e rei, by Au-, tralians for those
o ffen",' againsl humanity'o which "''' gi"" the gene ric name of war crimes. On the other hand, lhere is the righ, of thi, nalioo. by ""eeiYlng people in1<> il$ cou ntry, '0 e n.ble men to 10m thei r backs on past bittemes"," and to mak e I ne w life for themselve, and for Iheir families in a happ ier comm unity, Believing the second fac"'r to be ",,,igbtle,, he anno"""ed that
~the

,ime has co,"" ' 0 close the

chap'er."'"
It romained closed ontil I ~8 6. Tha' ~car AuSlrnlian tcleY i"n ran ...ries ~d o n ;, ""care h by IWo Ao"rnlian, and a fo"",,, OS! a"om.,) callod ··Na2is in .. ",<II os an,>lne' p",vam aired that year.
,o~ge"ed AI1S"al ia.~

This serie.,

IhM there "ere nu,""rollS N""i war

cnm inal. in the e""ntl)' .'o<1 th.. lhey h. d Occn able '0 cnter be"a"... Ame,lcan and Bri,i,h inlellig<nce agc ocie, hod either deceived Australian official, or in,enli"nally wilhheld rel",'OI1'

infomUllion nbouI,be men ," In tc<r<>nse 10 the"" . llel1<"ions, the g(wem mem "nlled for " eomprd"""i>e re,,;cw of,be
mOl"',- rh e "" ulling "'po" . cond uding Ihal there wert likely a ,ignlfie.n' nomber nf war

<:rin,inal, in Au't,a ll. , kd 1 e, lahli, hmcnl <>1'. Speei. l lnw " igalions Uni, (SIU) in 1987. !ls <> ' taff wa, """,[><"Cd of I"'''} e,,,. in,« tignto' .• and poli« _ hu' no hi'lori!Ul$. The c<> LlI1try's Ww Crimes AC wa, amended ,he following yew 1 .I\ow criminal p,,,,,ecution for waTcrime. I 0 ""mrnitled during World War II. A con"iction . ubj"" " lite defend.n' lo pos.ible incarceration

bu, no' dcpo n"ion.
0"", the yews, OSI forwarded 10 the SID the n.me, of six persons OSl believed to he in Australia and wonhy of 1" >eSllg.tio,,. Fi"e ",ere nevcr localed; the Au' tralians had i",ufficient ""iden"" '0 pros<:<:Ute lhe sixth." The Sill did, howev..., liie three olh"r cascs, tbough only onc wnstried to cond u, ion, ne jury ncquined in less ,han an hour, . fte" hc j udge opined th"t the charge. might ha,'e been \>cUer defended had they been mOre limely filed."
The other !W<I

minS' wore dismissed , one becau,e several key wilne,se, had died, and the other because the defend.nt had ,uffered a he. " . ttock from which he was not expecte<l to recover. He died sevcn yea... later. To help the A" strolians determine " hcther ,uspecled perseellto,", were al,eady in ,he en"n",- and to preclude thc <ntry of JlCT""'"tor, ><-..,ki ng admi"ion, OS[ in 1989 scm the AU'Ir,lian goycmrnenl • Ii" of nppmxirnotdy 30.1)0 0 nameS. The,e were culled from lhe OS[ ,c, earch and u. w[ npmell1 d".."", . as well as it>list of pe'",n, ",jITlcd f"r entry inlOthe l'nilOd Slole' under the OPA. C"ntr' I)' '0 0 5[' , hQp<, ,he Australi"", did QUI use ,he materin[ as lhe " ''' ing ""int f"r Iheir 0" 11 rc,""" h and Jewl"rm~nl system."

The Sill WaS dblx\nd c-d in 1992, apJ'lITntly du< 10 budgetary constrainls,'" AI the lime, ,here were 27 in\..,'ti~ali ons slill " nder way, at leasl one of which was ",,"emely promising." a",'ording 10 lhe fonner hoad of 'ho "n il," Aner Ihe unit closed. Ihe Australians shared with OS! ,,'me ",""ri.l from ,heir ard,ivcd r,les. A ruster ' 0 ohla inctlled 1<) one OSI pro=ution," In 1999, OS I Director Rosenbaum crea ted a furor in Auslralia when he slaled during a lele,'1sion inlerview 'hal "Any N.,..i crimi n.1 who Ii",. in AuSlrali.. and Ihere musl be hundreds there, knuw, he is nOme r""" SlI 1 speak." " Au<tralia's Ju'tice Minisler found the accusa lion 0 offensive. "Nobody ill AUSI",li. wants war crimi"..ls 10 , teep her<, <orn fonab ly, btIt equally no one WanlS Ihe Ausn. han govemmenllo eng.ge in show lrials'''' Just weeks . 1kr lhe broadcast. Konrad K.lejs. a naluralized Australian oilizen, returned to his adop led <ounuy 10 avoid racing a deportalion h.aring in England," tJndc", the lenns of AuSlralia'. citizen,hip laws, his nalurali2ed <ili zcnship cou ld no' be "" 'oked," l1e CQQId. however. be eJ<u.J ited. As di,eus,ed el",wh.'rI: in Ihis reporl, Australia ultimately did onJer hi. extradilion in the f""" of in" rn", in1emalional pressure 10 do so ,JJ Kalej, died in Au.tr.lia while lhe urn.r W3lI On appeal," In 200 I. Ih. Austr.iians ",,<:epled Dire<olor Rosenbaum's offer of an upda1.d lisling of name, on the U.S. Watchl ist.'" To date, they have nol used those narne, 10 .stablish a Walch hst of ,heir 0"11 nor have any proseculions boen filed ,ince Ihe SIU was disbanded. Moroever , Ihey have denied OSI Ihe righ' 10 inlc"'iew wilncsses in Au.lraUa, on !he ground Ihal the mutual assi,lance tTl'aty het"cen Ihe U.S , and Au",alia covtrs ass;"an"" only in criminal eeses." In XKlland 2004. Ihe S we, rn'icwing Ihe enons of c"u nlrie, worldwide 10 inve'l;gale and pro, ,,,,,,t.
~"";

"ar c, imin.I,. pb ced Au.<{rnlia .mong a group of n,lion, " hich "'made a, i....1a

minimal etT '0 in"c'tigale N, z i "ar criminals bUI which r.ned '0 ,, " ieve any proclica l re, ullS on

or " " . in which ' he i..,ue hod no pra" i,", 1dimen, ion during the period un.Jer ~,-iew."" The

SliT attrihuted thi. to "a lack of the rc ,ite poli lical will," " The 2005 repon is mOre positive, -qui

It places Ao,lmii. 0010ng Iho,", "at;O "S whkh failed to obtain ooy con"i e,ion, or file an in.Ji,-u"ent. hUI ha"e ne' -erlhci." ".ilh.... ad' -"" ,"ed rm~oi ng ca,e, currently ;n l;ligolion or h.vc opened new in",,"igations which ha"e . « ious potent ial for prosecut ion"~ That ""'<Slllenl is ' ppotent;y d ue to Ao,l raii.·, approval of. Ilongarian request for eX1rad it;on of Charle' Z. nda;. a naturali.e<I Australian Cili7-"'1 involved in Ih. murder of a Jewi,h t«nugcr in Bud.pest in 1944." Al lhe ''''Iue.1 of lh. SWC. OSI pro, -ide<!
l~ ~alion.1
I~

Au, tralian go ",",,,"n' with d""umenlS located al

Ar<hi"" cOn<:cmiug Hungary"

1'0"''''' ,equest to U.S. ""cupal;on authorilies fo'

Zendai', •." radit;on . GlSat Britain In 1988, Ihe Rrilis1l go"emm ent appoinle<l a comminee 10e. amine wdl·puhiici""d .lIegat;on., from lhe SWC and . SCotti, h lc1evi. ion sho w. ,ha' thclS we", N""is "" ponsible for ,, - n;me atro< ities living in lhe Uni1ed a
K in ~J om.."

The c<:>mmin.., concJude<l that th<1e wa; a

b.sis fo, lhe " 1 Ieg.l;o n, "nJ ' e<ammended l<gislation . ul ~ori zi ng crimi nal prosecutio n. The ",., ulling 199 1 WOl" Crime. A<1 allowed for tri.1 of Briti, h ci,izens and U.K. ""idenls on charges of murder ond homicide eommine<! bet""e<'n 1933 and 1945 in Germ.ny . nd Oerman-<>ccupied 'e" ilot)'. Ii,,"-,,'er. Iho go". nuno nl maS! pro"e I~ dd <odanl's perso". l re,pon, ;bility and p", ,,,nt cyewito<s, k " ;muny_ S,"oll.nd Yard ,'staltli>he<l , War Crime, t ' oit Which, at its peak. cmpl<') cd I I poli,.., "niee,,<h" , hi,tori,,", mId . upport statf. In 1988, OS llt;;l ori.ns. doing ,e,earc'h in W." Oomnan archil'es, c"",e ""ro, s "".cral J <""U",C ls in<:rimin' ling . fom,., L"t"ian M.j . Komm. odo "IIico, wn" • •"ording lo.n OSI ll

'"

,ou«e. had ...·!lled in England. The n rilish opened an inve,tigalion after "",.ivi ng lhe docum.nl' Md infonnation f, om OSI." complcled." The British did file lwo coscs, the fLm of "h ich wos
brou~h l

llo"~V<:T. lhe ,uhjeCi died before lb. inve<ligalion w...

to their .u.nlion by OS]' 11

w.s dism isse d. OO"e,,,,,. after a juI)' found lhc dcfcndanl menially unfit 10 :<land seco nd was
prosec~. and

,rial." The

in 1999 the defendant was sentenc.d to two life term< for gunning

down IS J. ws in Belarus." ShorTly after he wos convkted, 1he Bril;sh inv. stigali'le unil wOS "". Ied doW1l and then di, handed for hock o f additional .iahle "...,;s, The law. 00-=. remains on the books and lhere have been sever.1 ",I aled ioqui ri....U of which h.ve involved OS I to some .xl.n!. A' det. iled elsewh.",," in 19'99 a telev i,ion repon.r. acting on a lip from OS I Director Rosenbaum. lo<ated Konrad Kalej. in Rug by, England. The srOT)' re<:eiwd worldwide publici!)'
.nd lh. British governm . nl cam. under eons.iderable crilicism for .Uowing Kalej. to l. ave !he

COUnlI)' wilhout pro, ecut;on," Some oflbat crilicism came from OSI." In Ihe wake of 1he Kalej, . ffa i., ~ Brili.h n<W>paper reminded il. readers that Ale xander SchW<idler, ear lier pr<:>socuted by a S] and dcp,med to England, WllS :<lm in the c ountry," Schweidk•• by h is own admi"ion, had mu .dered two Russian pris on." of war "' \he Mauthause n concenu''';on camp. f our days .flcr the ",01)' surfaced. Sthweidl.. died of a hean

.nack.
JUM"" the Kalojs a ffa ir "wake ned Brili,h inleTest in Seh_ idIOT. Sehweidler'. death

" '''''wed Scottish inl.rest in a N",i pCTSC< U in thriT mid,I." An lan.. Gecas fi,st corne to lbe lo.
allentinn ,,[,he SCOlS whon OS I Director Sher interv i. ......e d him in 19 82 in couneclion with an

OSI ;n,,,stlgalion of ,onleone in GCCIl." unil, In 1<}87, he goir....<llocal notoriety when a Seonlsh ld""i,ion show ehar~" d lhal he had "ommo nJod " plutoun which hud mu,suered J" w.llIld Soviet eilizens In Lilhoonio "" d Ild orus. (ieeas su" d lh. sial ion for libel. In ruling ogoin'l him. a Scotl i,h judge ,aid he w,," "clearly ""islied"' thul (icc,,-' had lake n par1 in utr""ili",. includ ing lhe , laugh"" of more than 1,000 ci" ilian, over Iwo days.'" Dc,pile this finding, the go" emmenl co nd uded lhal lhe.. W $ 001sutli"i en' " ,'id"n"e to $u,,,,i o a criminal prose"ulion , r " LIlhll;lJ\ia, however. was willing 10 consid.r th. maller. Th. Depar1mcnt of JU'lic•• '''' po nding 1 a request f<lt assi,lUOCC from Lilhuania' $ Pm$eCUI",- Ge neral, <enl an OSI anorney <> ,nd an hi,lo,;an '<> Lilhuanla to hdp Ihem ""..ss thl, case and olh<" o n thoir dock", . o sr$ leam made vario u••ugges, ions 10 m<><;lify a propoS«! G«"," lodleunen'" Lithuania ""l""'l"d hi, ""lradi, ion Inn G<:e"," di.d in Sco,land before ' h< proce. dlng, were cornpl<l<, >J La , tly, in 2003 , a Drilish lelevi, ion prod ucer, chec king n"m.s from ro, le.. which OST had uscd in court pro<cedings and forwarded 10 him al his r. que'l, made a "hi, ." He di scov.r«! in Fngland a concenlral lon eamp guard W alleg.dly hod panid pa' ed in ,h. liquid"'ioo of both 'M lhe Wo=w and llialYSlOk ghenos. In respon,e to lh. publicity generaled by th is 5!OlY, the llrilish go"emn,,,nl agreed 10 in"eSli8a'e Ihe

c.,.... OSTforwarded cop ies of sev.ral pcn inenl

(Jerman dOCU m"nlS as well as an hislorian' , "'pon used in a rel"led ca.... In Apri l 2003, lwo detcell,,"s fmOl lhe Anli-Tc""ri'l Branch ofSeotlill\d Vard corne 10 OS110 discuss the cose. ntey m<l with <evera l hIW,';an.< in Ih. Ollie . OS ""rn OS wi.h usrs di,,:clur and fonne r chief hi""r1an, now w"rki08 al the U,S. r101""'lu,1 Memorial Museum. \Vhel h", ,-harge, would have he"n liled " ill 11CI'e, "" known; the sllhjcct died In a car . eeident before a prO'e<:ulorial J<"'emlinali"n had I>ce" made. "

In 2003, Srolland Yard b<gan a sea,ch for .urvivors of one SS unit, many of whose members had 'ettled in England. Approxi,nately 7,100 L"krainiJns serving in the unit had gone to Britain in 1947 after sp<nJ ing Iwn Y"'" .. pri. nners of war; 1.200 of the men were Sl ill alive when the Briti, h began tl,ei, ' ,·arch." OSI was n" t op,imi, ti. lhat Ihe inw,'ig.'inm; wnuld be proJuclive because OS! had never F ound any "c redihleJ"'able evidence . .. persuasively linking the . . . Divi, ion to the perpelration of nw crime.:·" A. of lhi, writing, no casCli have been med. However >. new a' ·enUll of case development may be in lhe offing. After years of «jeeling OSI' , offe.to 'hare its Watchli", in June 2005 UK officials told Diredor Rosenbeum they would be interesled in obtaining Ih. infonn.tion for use in Ih. research and development of case$."

I . Feb. 10, 1989 n,on,or,ndurn tn fi le from 0""'0 Einho rn. Depuly Director ", "M inulos o f ~le.(ing, lJoId.( OS I on Feb. 8. 1989 ."' 2 , " pr, 21. 1980 memo f, orn RlOll (0 t'oal Shor and Arthur Sinai , aS] DcpUly Diroo lors . '" ··Wil"o"., and Possible War Crimi" . ls in C""",,",.n 3 , Iklmut Rouc. wa,arrested by the Roy.1 C, nM i. n )AounlC<! Police i" Jnne 1982 and <'xtraJi lC<! 10 We" Germ""y in May 19 83, O n Sept. 2 8, 1983. lhe Oermans oh••ged him wilh murd.ling more than 11,500 Lilhuan ian Jows , R.~. died on. month laltT.
4 . "Canad a Plan, Panel on N"",i, t The New York Times. f e b. 8, 1985.

5. '·W.. Crimi nai" The Des<hf ut$ Comm iss;OJl.~ www.porl.l!I<-c.linformOl;..nllibrnrvlPRBpubsl873-r htm(lastvisited t'ov.2005) 6. lt ndc lhe Canad ian st.tulOS, wur cri""" and crime' "!."'in'l hum",,;ly eommiUod outside of 'f C.nad. which wtluld Il<l"" con,lilule<! "" offen"" under C""adi"" law are deemod 10 h.ve been commined in Canada as long as, ' he perpeuator o r any vk'im w.... '" the 'ime.• Canadian cili "n. e mp loyed by Canada i" • milirary or civilian capacily, or lal« becamo a Canadian ci,i".". Tho "" me ""ull hold' if 'ho person who commined 'he crimo is, after the fact . pre""n, in C""ada. The Canad ia n conSlilulion's C harte r of Rights and Freedom s (adop led in 1982) has an Ex POSl faciO Ciause. However. the Clause exclades any acl OT failure 10 ""tlhal. al tho l ime of its perpelration. constitu ted an o ffense under Canadian or inlOrnal ionailaw, or was criminal under Ihe iOnera] plinciplos of la w reeogni,e<! by Ihe comm unily of nali",,",. Thus, the Clause docs nol a pply 10 Nazi "'.. climinal aetiv ily.

7. Th. go"Cm mon' mopped char ges again., (wo de fendanlS, in one instance because the courl
would nor allow lhe lak ing "f'.Slimony on " ideolape in lhe $ovi., U nio n. in lhe o'hor be<ause im portanl w im....s . ithcr died OT refused 10 lesli1Y~ Ihe Ihird case was dismissed because of Ih. defend.m ·, ill health,

8. " Supremo Court Uphold, War ·Crime, Law; bill La"'}'c", Soy Ru ling Will Mak. il Herdeno PIOsecllle Su"pe.:lcd Nazi s," by Slephen Bindman. The (iaoett~ (MOfltreal). Mar. 25. 1994.
9. ·'Canad. Shin , Le gal Taclic s on War Crimes," 111. S ew York Tim~s, feb. I, 1995 , Ahhoug.h Iho ('""adi""" Idl "pcn lhe pos.,ihil ity o f additi"n.l erimioal pro,,,"ali,,n', in f""llhore h"'e been nuno ' in<e then.

10, .. The Hiking of . )o;"".i 1hmIIT: ' b~' .\ lon iq". lle. udin, Tire G"oe'" (Mon,,,,.I), AU8. 24. 1998
1 I. " War Crimin.l C. n'l Come H.",k:· 1710 Ollawa O N: ••. Mar, 30. 1995.
I ~.

S"' !'P, 336_33 7. 467-~68 .

13. Mini.ter 0/ Cilioen,hip ",,,/ lmm igratiQn and l'd"ards P,win., No. T_1093_97.

14. JJiniJter of Citi:em hip aild lmnliW "'ion arul Mid",.1 Baumgartner, )\;0. T -270 1-9 7.
IS. The
",li n ~

was ' ewr5<-"" butthc .-ase may l>c ",tried. See pp. 305, 308 , n, 22.

16. "D.port atio n o f A""used Naz i Hall. d,' · by Ad rian Hum phreys, The /l'a' ional Foot (Canada), Jon. 10,2004 ,
11, '"Ruling n ates
O b . tlan d., , ~

by Brian Clad" 'd l,

nw R. c",d (Kitch. ncr· Waterloo, O nlana),

June 2, 2004 ,

18. Indeed. in o ne in'lImce OSI inl. n i.w"d an ESlonian_bum narurali,.d Canad ian citiun who " ...'jsiting Miwni. He told aS] thal he had been ;meniewed more Illan once by lhe RC MP. OSI had been unaware of lhi' lact, but, mOre importanlly. so 100 '..... th. Canadi"" JUSlice
D<panmcnt, with whom O S] had coordina t. d prio r 10 lh. in(eniew . Th. Canadian JuSllce Department is r.,ponsible fo r handli ng the country' , war oriminal o... s. The one ""lable e" cpl;on in tenu, of cooperatio n by the RCvl P <>c<:WTed during Ibe Ii"", o f l he Rauca e"rodition, discus",d ..upra , n. 3, The re was . lively u change nf infonnation bc-1w<:<:n OSI and the RCMP al tMt poinl . Some Oflhls is cov.,ed in a book wri nen by a Canadian journalist Sol Lillm an, War Criminal on Trial: nu, Ra"ca C"... (Toro nlO: Leste r & Orpen DennY', 1983).
19. ,<;e. PI' 562_563.

20. Under Ille C rimes Against Humanity and War Crime, Act, Ihe Canadians ha ve ",veral optio ns fo r d ealing wilb war criminals, in<:luding; denial of vi""" abroad, e"e1usion from refugee prolection, erimlnal prosec utio n, de naturali""tlon, deportation, ex trad ilion andlor swrender to an Inlernatlonal tribunal. The Canadl""s began their Jim prosecu lion under Ibe Act in Oct. 2005, charging a l1ulU with genoc ide. crimes agaill.<l h uman ity <Lnd war crime. for hi' role In lhe 1994 genocide in Rwanda; he had been dcnic-d rdugc"" OIal us in 2000. ~Ac<;u sed Hulu A pp"a" in Cowl," by Bill Cuny and Tu Thanh Ha, The Glab. and Mai l (Toronto), Oct. 20, 2005. 21. Report uf lhc In''''''igations o f War Crim inal. in AU'lf3lia, AUo mcy_Gcncl1l.l', Department, Au' trallan O<>v' l Publi,hing Service, 1993, p. 215.

22. ld., p. 14,
23. Id., pp.490 _493.
"Jew, in AU I,,,]ia Up, et by Ac~ " ilt al in 194 2 War Crimes,"by Sob Drugin. TIt. Lo.. ' A"JleI... Ti_s, May 23, 1993; -F irsl W", Crime' Trial in lI u' lrall" End ' in Ac~uillal," The T"ronto S'" r, :>-fay 18. 1993.
~4 .

2S. Bony Turner, COII"scllor (Police lia ison) "',d Bony Welsby, Coun,ellor (Immig,.'ion). bolb nf lhe Au,,,.li.n Embassy, concede<! .. m"eb, .t an Aug. I, 2000 n'e<'ling al OSL 26. "Accused N"zi Too C""I I~' I" Pu" ue.- by J. S,,'.nwick, TIle ('ou, j",_M" i1 (Quc<:o.l""d, ;\" <1r.li.), 0<:<:. 6, 1997. 27. uLi"ing wi' h Demon' from III" P""l," b~' Kay I)ibben, S""""y .II"il {Queensland), Jan. 9, : 000; - c su for Team 10 Tra"k U,,,m K.lcj.' hidenc. t The Age (J.-ld b" ume), Jan. II , 2000. The most promi' ing . ... c,,"«, ned Karlen. Ozol', comltlllnd., of. Lalcian unil whicb murdered Ihou,ands of J.ws al killing pil' o" "id. Minsk, B. laru,. 0""1 , , who became an Ausu"lian ch... chumpiu", di"d in March 2001. 28. OSI filed the c'" in January 2002. Pur, uan' 10 ' landard Juslice Departm.nl proceJure, ,h. defenda nl had been advi'ed len days before th. l Ihc cas. would be filed. Afte' ,ec<icing lhis nUlilicOlion, Ih. ddcnd",,~ P"lc~ Bcm.., relurned 10 his naliv. Lilhuan;a. Th. u.s. coWl enl<red a defaull j udgmenl, ",,'oking hi' cilizen,hip, in May 2002. 29. ABC new,mag", in" )fJ!}O 0<:<:. 3, 1999, Thi, pros ram i, discussed also 01 pp. 468-469. ,

30. ..Australi.' , Nll2i_Hunling DefendeJ," TIr< Je,u.,o/"m POOl, Jon. 10, 2000. 31 . Su p. 469. A'lod if K. lej , would be ""leome in Australia, ' be JU'lice Minist.. respond.d, "Would )'<lu .xpecla ' itua'ion where any Aust",);an eilizen would nul beT' ":-Ia:.,j Su,pecl Would be Allowed '0 S.ltle in Australia," Age"'''' F,~",-,._r,..s>-.r , Jan. 3, 2000. 32. The Aus""lian Citizenship A<1 of 1948 inclu ded . l<:n-ycar 'lalule of Jim;I.lion. on lhe ..vocalion ofnalionalily, Kaiej" ",ho b«ame • n.,uralized Auslralian ci'izen in 1957, could no' be denal"rali7.ed wb.n evidence of hi, wartime aclicities was develo ped by OSI in the 1980.. Allbaugh AUSlrali. eltimalely elimina,ed the IO_ ycar provi,ion in the lat. 1990., a grandf..her d ouse prot«led Ihose "'ho, like Kalejs, lIad pa, sed lhe len-year malk befo'e ,he amendment 33. 5<. Pl'. 474-415.

34. The LM A"geleJ Time' referred 10 K. lej, ", '"lhe , ,,,peclc'<l Nazi wor erimin.Is: ' "Nazi' Find an A" " i. 2001.

po".' child for Au" ralian 'olerance of
Sane! uary ,~

by Riehald Paddock. Jan. 10,

35. Apr,S , 200 1 leller from R,,.,,nbaum 1 Darry WeI,by, Coun,.ll or (ImmilV31ionl, AU 1r. lian 0 ' Emb.ssy. 36, ~r ay 5, 2000 laUe! to o.:p." mcol of Ju" i,'e ~cnior Triol Atlurney Betsy Burke. OtTke of l" lcm' lio"ol Alr.i ..., fm rn Sh"" "" n Cuth"',,,,,n, ,\ 'lom"y G"n" ral's Departn,en" Imemat;onal Ilronch. ,\ . disce...a eerlkr, 'he G. nn;m,. faced " i'h Ihe '"'DC lesal i",,", adopled a ",uch 1lI0re flexible ~p proac h , Su p. 425.

37. SWC 2003 a~ d :'004
War C rim in a l s . ~

!I ~~ua l

Rcports, "Wor ldwide Investigatio n and Pmsecution of Nazi

3 8, SWC Pre," Release r 1884, Apr. 27, 2003.
39 , " War Crime Accused', Warunl U n e "" h e d ,~ by I'ais e T.ylor, The AUSIro/ion, JUIl<' 9, 2005.

40. " Inqui,y into 'B'i lain', Nazi C riminals:' Senio' Prose C Utors M . ~ Recom mend A1WC;ty Trial' in ,he UK," b~ Philip We1 ."., The Times (Landon), Feb. 9, 1988. m 4 1. Moy 23, 1988 memorandum to U ni'<:<! Kingdom" War Crime, Inquiry, re "Ilorijs S" ikeris. " See aha, . UlIemcnt by Rosenba um in " Sm,w Demand, Inquiry into How Alleged Nazi War Criminal En'e,.,d UK,- b ~ Linu. Gregoriad is, The Guardian (London), Dec, 30, 1999. OSI his' o ri.". fou nd \he subje<:t's name on a list of person. in lbe iVaj. Komm ondo who h.d received we.pon. permits, The same lists led OSI IO two people in the U.S. who Ib.e off,,,,, I. .. r prosecuted (Valdis Didrich>o'" and Edgars Inde). 42 . "War Cri mes SU'pe<;t Die' During Inquiry," by Stephe n Ward, TN! Independenl (London), A ug. 8, 1995. 43. .," Crimiool Wasle of oor Ll4m," by Ian Gallagher. The £Xpr... (London), Jan. 18, 1997, The de fendant, Sem ion S.... firmovid .. had been brought 10 1he ottenlion ofBrilish authori ties b~ OSI in the early 1980s. Ho,,-ever, the British we,e unable to l"".te him at thot time, apparently due 10 a vari"""" in the t, anslite'Olion of hi. name from Cyrillic. Jan , 28, 2003 e_mail from Rosenbaum '0 Judy Feigi... '" ..Assi'tance to United Kingdom Autho ritie'." In orde r tu as,i.tthe British proseculurs, OSI promised ••ubject in the United Sta'e, lb ot they "'ould not seck to denoturoli' . or deport him ifhe cooperated in the in" estigation o f Seraflrmovich. lie was on essenti.l ", i'ne.. for the British but had been , elu"'.,,' '0 cooperate . OS I .urmised that hi. reloctance ste mmed fi'om fear lb Ollhe U.S , would seek to de o. tural ize and depon bim because of infonn. tion be might reve. l about bi' own wartime activi'ie.. OSI assessed its pro, pects of developing enough e~idence .g. in" him as "qui" slim," where... Seroflrmo~ich was "a major peI'JXIf.tar of N azi crimes, including mass m ", d er. ~ Mo reover, since it was Britain'. first war cJimes tria l, OSI worried lhat " the enti'e British effon to in,.."ig' te and prosecute Nazi e,iminnl.~ might depend o u this prosecuti on being succ essful, Oct. 6, 199 5 memo to OAAG Ric hard from Rose nbaum re "r roposed OSllmmunilylO Wo lc>e k (OS I hS2 8) for llis Cooperati"n in British Prosecution of SelOflmo.ic"," /I fleT receiving ..,urance, from OSI, the subj«t did cooperate fully " i'h Ihe British. 44. "JlI"i<e . . . 57 Year' Too Late," by Dnn !\"~cby, Seol/ish Daily R",ord of Sun-loy .\flli/, Apr. 2, 1999. The defcndant d ied in pris" n in 2005 . "War Criminal Jailed in Britain Dies at 84: ' ~'O""n Bo"con, 7"he C"", diun (lundon), ":'<u•. 8, 2005 .

45, See PI'. ~68-469,

46. See, e,~.. "I Can Still Call Austml i. 1I0me," The ,~\'dney Mm,;"g IJ.o"" d, Jan, 8, 2000.

47. Di=tor Ro'ellm.um accu,ed Ihe Brili'h of fniiing 1 in~eSligJte K~kj •. "Eoropcan Na' ion. 0 Shirking War C rimes D,,'ie,," by lisa Co lson, AAP N~w.<f". J, Mar. 6, 2000. l!e made clear 'hal ,he D<par1m<l\l of Ju,'k< had giwn th< Brilish pcl1inc nl infonn ation obou' ,he cnse. "S lraw D. mnnd. Inqu iry inlo 110w AII"~.d No;:i War ("rimi""l Lnl<'rod UK,~ by li nus G regoriod is, n,~ Guardian (l.oOOon), lJec . 30. 1999
4H. -1'<azi Wor Criminol. hpd led fn)m US, i' LiYing in U K : ' 111" {;,,,,,didn ( Londonl.1an. cO.
~OOO.

49. "Ti m~ Running OUl 'O Pro,"oule Ge"Cas, Say. Wal Crime.. Inve>ligolor," Tire (Glasgow), Jan. 26, 2000,

lf~rald

50, " Defamatio n Veruic1 C'le"", Way for War Crimes Trials," by James Grylls, Daily Mail (London), July 18, 1992 . 5 L ~War erim.. Tr iol End. in Pound. 50' SlindayMoi/,J"im . 18, 1997.
Fiasco,~

by I"" Dow, S,'O/(j,h Daily R"o' d ami

52, Jan. 24, 200 1 memo from OS! al10mey Jeffrey Menkin and Chief of Inve'1 igali~e Research Michael MacQ u<" " to Dir«IOl Rose"baum re, ~M<e1ings in Vilnius wilh Lilhuana jan War Crimes Prosecutors O"-"uaI)' 8·17, 20( 1).» "Anger as Nazi G«as Die. Withont Trial," by Fnlllk O' Donnell and Kizzy Taylor, Tire :;mlS ",a ~ , SOp!. 13, 200 1.
5~.

54. ~. Wimble<lon Atodemic' i" Nazi War Crimes lnq oilY,» by Daniel Foggo, The Sunday Telegraph (London), Feb. 9, 2003; ~l.<md on Man D<:nie. Role in SS M"" sac" " by Daniel Foggo. TM Sunday I . legraph (Londo"), Jan , 26, 2003.
M

55. "Fonner SS G,," rd Killed in Cr"h. Tire S"nday Telegraph (l<>ndon), A ng, I, 2004.
M

56. " Polico 10 U,. NJ[S R«or<l. 10 Find N""j War Criminol'." by Dan;. 1Fo!!.ilo, Tire Lmdo" Telegraph, June 22, 2003. 57, 1une 22, :2 003 . -mail from Di",«or Ro",nboum toOSl Staff.., "Tekgraph Report. That li K i. Launching Major Ptobe oL".,..j Collabo mt<m" 58. That 'he uffer had becn p"" ';" u,lr rejec1ed is evidem from a Jan, :27, 2003 e·mail f'om Director RO"'~h!lUm '0 Fio"" Ferguson in 'he Rri11sh I [orne Onke re " n ' pona' ion Aelion Com menced A~a i",t V. (I""a'." .<,'« also. "Straw ( \ ' o'iden ng UK F'lIry Ran o n S"'I"-,,,.,d :\"".1 War Cri minal,," b} 11. J"""ph'. Tit" Jewi.'" O"''''ide, ~"r 31. 2000.

J apan r"'m 'he eilrly 193()s unlil, ht: ,' nd of World W", n , Jap"" p""oc ulCd d ,'ilj,m, in a variely o r "'oys. Among lhem : (I ) lho Japane", Impcrial Army kidnopod . pp" ,., imaloly ZOO ,OOO
~;r1s

(mosl of whom ",e", from Kort:a) alld im[lIi"" n,-d 'hem ill SO-<'aJl od ~eom !ort st.ti ons ,"

" here 'hey "'e,e ro",cd 10 scr"" as pn,;1itulc, '0 the military; (2) conquering Japanc' e anni'" brutally , Iaughlered civilian' in lheir wak. ; (3) non-Japan.se w.", "'cd as , Ia'e labo",.. by

)"1""''''' eonglome","e,; and (4) ""n.Japano"" prisooers ",ere un"illi ngly m.de ",bjte" of
grueso me and oflcn l..ho1 med;c. l ••penmen.. by the Impcrial Ann)'.' OSI, as ,he SLU before it. ",as crealed to in,. .. ig.t. and p=ute PC""'" ! "hn, in assoc i. t;on \li irh lhe N",j govemmnn, or its a/lie" ordered. incilcd, as, iSled or ""mehow pa rticipated in 'he pcrseeal ion " f any pe"" " bc<:ause of race. ,eligion. nation.l origin or po lilical op ," 'on. n." pi'e 'his b"-"lod mandale, neilher the Sl U, noT OSI at it, foundinll> gave any 'houghl to investigaling or pro,eC\lting Japane.e JlCrrelrat"" who migll1 be in lhe United Sta,.•.' There were many T.a'on, fo, 'hi.. JIC,hap' lh. mo' l importanl being lhal nothing indie.led lhal. large numbe r of Japan""c p.:f>CCuIQTS ",'cr com. 10 lne Uniled Slates. Operalion Pape rclip had no eo un'etpllrt for J.p.nese sci. nlis,",. No' was lhere a DPA or RRA allowing an extraord inary oumber of immigrants frorn J.f!"Tt 10 eo'er. Fun nerrno ro, Jopon', \'iclims " "'" not <oiling fo' pro, ecul;oo •. 1'hi, m. y be du. '0 lhe f"ct IhOlIll.n)' " cr. c'uhurd lIy m i,·.nl '0 ,peak o uL The ,h"",< of vielimiz," ion, e,peei.lly

e"en by tnei' f,,,,,ili., at war', .nd , (wn if ' he vietim' hod ,,"en e"lI ing for a.·lion. lio"",·.'. 'ht:ir dcmdnd' .ould not " ••.•

""en e,,,ily mel, The most ,,,ri nus impediment was the Uoiled Slales' illabili!)' to determi.... We numes of Japane,e """eculors. In A U~U'1 1945. the Japanese Jmperial AmlYand Navy urdcml ' he de"ruclion of incrimina,ing O T , en, ili'e documcn" by field ""d hcad4uarlc-n unirs; in
""pi,",", ...

much as 70% of wartime mililill)' and gUI'emn'cnl records were likely purged. "llie

Ullited Siale, reui",'cd whal il could (appro"im aleJy 18.000.000 pa~es). ' HO"''eVef, lhe Jaranese pressed fur relurn of ,he.. document. and Ihe United States a"" . ded. Most uflh. malerial was relumed in 1958, although some was as Jale as 1%2 , Before the return. a 8roup of private ,dlOlm nrTangcod foc lhc microfilming of 0 p<Jnion <If lhe r""<lnl> by We Lihrnry <If Congress under 0 ~=1 from lhe Ford Foundalion, Due to lime and f.nandallimitations. how"'...... only abool 3 per cent of the available docwoe nlS W<'Te copied. The United Slates made no provis ion for future access '0 Ihe relumed ,"cords' Neitber OS ] nnr tbe NOlional A",bi'es has fully ,..iewe,) lhe r""ord, the U.S. does ha.e.' Ahhousb belaled elfon. are being made to du so. OSI ala<> wanls ac<:e", 1<> the material in Japan. Thi. will provide mu,. names ufthuse who """ed in uni,. known lu have cummined per<c<:ulory aCls. OSI can then cumpare !hase name, wi!h INS records ofwose who came 10 We Uniled S'ole<. jusl as it docs wilh Na>.i pers<cumn . Even if nn Japane , e per"",ulO settled in ," Ihc United Slales (an ""likely p<J«ibilily), ",me m.) ha.e " i.i led.1 one lime or anolher. OSI wanlS 10 place the name< of all those who se"'ed in units in'oh'ed in persecu, ion O lhe n Walchli>! to prevenl their <nlering e"tII on a ,hort.tenn basis. OSI has be." ")'mied in thi, elTon by Japan' , u"wi llingness 10 grant acCCSS 10 Iheir me, or 1 pr<lviJe rdc"""l infonnalion. Thi' i' hased On pri,,'aey eonec 0 "", as well as Jap"" 's view 'ha' i' hos nn ri ~ht
l<l

pl.ce "ordi nary cil;,e",,··.l "'a Ji,adv""'ag e by pro"'iding infotmal ion about

'"

'hem 10 ro rC ; ~1l gO"c mmem, ,' Aec""lin~ly, JoI"'Il has eonsiSlently refused 10 rek ,.., 1hc name. o r !,,-'TSon, in pon icub, uni!>; ,hey hu"e al.o rdused 10 pro, 'ide d.te and place ofbirlh nited Slale s has indep endell,ly delerm ined were inw lved in informalion (OJ pc"",", who lhe l T

a"1S of ""r.,,,,,' ioll. The l' nited Slutes has b<,, ,n grunled access on ly 10 the public arch ives.
....ccord ing to • resea rch.", hircd by Ibe lnl.",gcncy Wo rking Group (on whieb Ibe Direeto, of OSI

$;" '" a public member), lhe documents rela ling to war e,ime. are not aecc ,.ible.'
The e/fect of the$< " ,ielures
00.

OSI", wo rk is d,arnalie , Tens of Ibouso.nds of poS$ible

om perseculors fT lhe WaT in Fllwpe ha'.. been plac ed on Ihe Walehlisl,' }'el as of this ",Titi ng, nnly 31 J. pane, e an: li" ed. Thei r n.me. were added in 1996.' Twcnty o f lho.. Ii..c<! were from Un it 131, an Imperial Army biological wartare unit lhal COJldueted grIl<"Ome wanirne ",perimenos on prison"" of "'aT, rno" of whom were Chine.., Two work«l . 1 • eamp whieb transferred inmo les lollnil 73 1 r"r puni.hmnn, ""d lh",,, w<te involved in Ihe eS18blishmenl, operal ion or ut ilizalion af e"",fon "olio n., One ",,," conn."led 10 bolh eomfan "atian, . ,Id Unit

13 1.
Duc 10 J.pan' , s<n,;tivi,y on lhc war crime, i"uc, OS I, .. (he S13te Dcpanmenl'. 'ugg<>Slion,

!\'I'" the Jopane.. b~,wmment the name, of the men - ""mc lh ing tb'l i, not Iypienlly

done for W'lehl i" entrie• . ne alle ged p<rsc<ulors, f" ",wa rned aboUl ,heir li'ting. ca n naw ,\'o id 11." e l to Ihe Uniloo Sla le" Thi, cl imin",c, tbe public embarr.ssmenl.ncnJant on being " opr«! by the , ulha rilics
~

,,,n1.'hing lhe Japane"" indicated Was a matter o f purlieu I", ean cern.

i\lth"ufi-h lhe Ja pane.e off,-red 10 n-;"..", m"'e b in hdalc and p l. ce inf" n nn,i"n in r. 'urn for ,h i, notice, 10 dOle thf}' ba,,~ n01 dOJlc '0. In fun her ddcrcocc 10 l np,," ', ""n';ti "ily aboUI
allc ~ed

\V." e rim.s, ,he J LlSl icc

Departmenl "'ork«l closely "'ilh Ihe Slate Departmenlaboul "'hellier, ""d how, to .n nounce 'be new Watcbli'l enlTi.., Tbe Slale Departmenl was con"mc<! lhal public disclo,u« mi&hl cmbona.. lhe Japane se 8o"ernm<nl. OSlargu<d Ib al fail"", 10 issue . press release would , ewan! lhe Japane .. fo' not cllllfronling Ib.ir pa>l. Mo,eover, il would ",nfairly discriminate again't lhe ( 'erman. whose crimes we," roulinely highhgh'ed in p<css rele"..,. aboul OSl ', aclivi'i"". Tangcn' ially, OSI al'o believed tha' reco!,,;'ion of rape as a crime wa, rami ng ;""Iusion on (he Walchlil l might bol"., the 80, oi. "'w crime. tribw'llll in lhe Hague, th<n proceeding wilh lhe fi rsl war crimes lrial for rape." Uhimately, lhe Slale Depanment . greed thai • ' latem<nl could be issued, Ihough ,hey loned down wn,id",ably lhe dra ft originally prepared by OSI. The jlTCSS release references "inhuman" and frcqucmly le,M! pseudo·medical experimenl3 - including "i"i..c!ion" .. well as 'he beating, tortur e and ' ape of women, Howe,'cr, i' omitted some of ,he horrifie and graphic delails which OSI wanled 10 include. " In 1998, a coalilion of Asian·American human rights groups soughl to bring 10 the Uniled S,o,e, 1"'0 men who had been involved in perseculion of ci, ilians on behalf of lhe Japarle.., One worked in Uni' 731 ; the olher admined raping and murdering Chinese women du ring Japan' s 1937 invasion of Nanking, The ~is i lors we« 10 speak al a confcrence on " .,.,. crime' where ' hey int<ndcd 10 e>plain lhei, warl ime acli"i' i"l and 10 apnlogi2e fo, lhe wo,k lhey h.od done. 11Ie ~oal of ' be conference """ 1 build prc,.ure on lhe Japanese ~o ..mme m '0 make 0 fonnal
aptllo~ ies

10 ilS war ,-iclims and 10 pay rep"'"lion"

I,oni"ally, ;1"lIS Ihrou~h media t"OY"'"l!e of !he even, !ha' OSI go' , uffieien'background infonnatio" aboul,he Iwo ,peak"rs 10 have Ih<;r name, added 10 Ihe WOlchlist. The men requt"slcd lh.t ' he Annrnt)' General. in ' he "" erei,e of her disc"" ion, allow them imo lhe country

'"

dc>pile Iho Walchli.1 enll)'." llo lh OSI a nd J)())". Violence AI""in" Wome n o m "" r~'Commen<kd agains l mak ing a di,crelionary oxcopt ion , rho .·\el in~ AAG agreed ." Although coonmenJing lhe Jap""e"" for Iheir II il1 inS"" " "i n Ihe face of considcr.hle pub lic di,approval in Japan, '" leslify aboul crimes eo,n,n illed by Ihe Japanese ,\ nny:' he "olod lhal neilher man had been prosecuted 110' broughl lo j "Sl i"". Moreo"e,. lhe Uniled SlaleS h.d pre,. ion,l)' de nied Nazi perseemion 'U'p<'C1S enll)' despile hum. nilarian basts for lh.i, reqnoslS, e.g., medical c""" and nunily vis italions. The", were also polilieal consider aliom.. 0 Allowing lhe IWO J'pane,e . 0' peelS 1 enlc, I~ Uniled Sta l"" would SCI. prccedcnl tha' mighl ~ di fflen ilin limit. Fortheml me• •hnold [lhey) be pennined 1 e nl... Ihc Un;,ed Sta l... lhe med ia an CTIlion ' M l lhty oan he expected to allract 0 mighlelici t. req uest f", m ,h e Chi"ese Governmcnl ,ha, the Uniled States su" e nd"' lhe me n rOT tri. 1in China or' dcmand Ihal ,h e lJ ni,ed Stales try lhe indi. idual" Since lhe U.S. h3:l no ",trad ilion treaty wilh China and there is no . ta' ul. thai w"uld ""nfer eri miM Ijuri'diNi"" on U,S, eoun" the U ,S. wou ld likely be powe,less 10 do an)1h ing bUI pennit lhe men 10 relurn to Japan where lhere i, no apprec iable likelihood of p ~ulion, Th i, could prove p.niou larly aw kward. ali lhe more so be.au"" Ihe visil of the two , u'pec1' wou ld ~ occurrin g d uring . sc hedoled vi, ill<> Chi na by Ille Pre,i denl. A U,S, granl of penn i.,ion for ,h e l wo men to enler thl, coun'ty wou ld look \\'orse ,I ill if On awa. as expecled, bar.lhem from enleri ng CanMa. On bal""cc. ,hi, would seem 10 be a .iloatlon ,"ilor·made fot utiliza, ion of ""..Iii,. Ie<:hno logy or o, her electronic me8tl$ lhal \\'oold e".ble lhe men 1 inleract \\'ilh domestic media wilhoot physically e ntering 0 lhe United Siales , Whi le ,he ,\ ttomey G"".",1 was ,1111 consid.ring lhe issue, 0"'" of the men n"w 10 lhe L'nll<-J S,",es. Il':S rna teh<d hi, namc 10 ,he WalChli" and hu AlIo mcy (" ",ncral ,lcdi nc '" inle,wn". >d Puhlic opinion na.' diviJ ,-d on "'" of lhe Walchli" '0 deter. pc "i'",, ' from en'eri ng.
~Io,,~' tOit if ne, "n e.•"ption should be made '0 W'l<hli'l «c1o.ion, this "'"-' the lime." OSI

w"" "" n' back to JaP"II.

The

504

Dire"«". Rosenbaum adn"" 1c'<l1;<J I~al the ap plicants' inten lion to apologize atId 10 e,plain \\ nal they had done was laudable. Nonelhd es" he fcar«! ,hal Iheir adm ission would open lhe floodgale, 10 World Wor 11 persecutors who 'uddenl y d aimed 10 b< remors eful. b the (Jovemment , uppo.<ed 10 e",luate lheir sincerity? \Vhal happens if lhey come here , nd refuse 1 leave. or roll ill and we ean'l remo"e lhem? And 1 0 wonder whelher people are prepared fill lh. spectac le on their e",ning news o f Naz i a nd bpane.. war criminals dining allhe b<S1 reslauranls in Manhanan and Lo. Angel.., I doubl it " In lhe end, lhe Japanese part icipaled in lhe symposium via videoconf<rencing pro"idcd by the

swc."

II may well be thaI Ihe act of e xdu, ion garnered more press fo r Ihe iss"" lhan would

have been ' ne cas' had lne men been allowed 10 enler, With approval from lhe Department, DireCIOr Rosenbaum has spoke n o m aboul Ja pan ' . intransigence" and has uk.o up the issue of the oomfort wOmen. As Ro..nbaum nolOs, Ih.

the public' s imagination. He has met lIl1d cOlT<spooded wil h repre,.,,"'ti,- for 'he women , He .. ,],0
~<'Ip<d

3rTange, an d puseoled lhe opening ..mar k. ",," sY"'posiwn on comfort wom e n He spoke as wdlat.

sponsored by lh. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in September2000

cere mony o n Capilo illill spon, ored by tho Washinglon Coalil io n fo r Comfort Wnmen I,,'ue. in honor o f len surv iving v ielim•. By allo \\-ing OSl 10 uke up Ihis issue, Ihe Deportme nt of Juslke has recoofinne<llhe "'nod ,",ope uf 0 51', missi o n, To Ihe .,tenl Ihal su me j usli"" or remuneroli "n \() World War J[ " iC'lim, may r. SUll - eH Oifil is by gove rnmc nlS o lher lhan our ,,\\n - 051 does all il can 10 "",i , 1. l n e comfon \\omeo symp<'sium , inteoded to cducote Ihe pubJie as \\'ell as 10 bring pressu,e o n lhe J, pone", g"",mmenllOat kanw ledge its resp"nsibilil)' 10 mak e ,ep ""'l io ,,". was

'"'

a perf''''1 r"n,m for OS IIO P"" '" the public <:J U l'"';"n and CXlrnlerrilorial e"n' ponems of its mandate.

I, S~< <.g., U.N. F..,<lnom ie and Social Co uncil, Comm , on Human Righls , Su b·Comm. On Pre, enlion o f Di, e rimin'lion and Proleclion of Mi""ri,i• • , ' ·SY'I. "" lie rape, sexual . Ia'ery and ,Iaw ry.lik. p,acli.. during onnO<l co nl1ic\~ (Ju ne 19(8) for infonn . lion on co mfort w,m",n; Iris ", Chang, 1'10< R"pe «[Nanking (Ne w Yorl<, B.sic Books, 1997) for discussion of , I. ughte red civilian,; ~F anJ for Wani me SIa"", ScI up in Jap an.- by SlCphanie Slrum, Til• .'I. .. York Times, Nov. 30. 2000 and - l . wy.., Targ,'I J. pan<se At>uses;' t>y Michael Dobbs. The Washi-W'o" 1'....·1. ~ j .... ~ . 2000 fo r d i," "ssion <If rorp<l,al. e~ploi " lio n: anJ "Japan K ~ps Slo newalli ng on WWll Bio-R.,.an:h Alrodli.s,- by R. Blu",en,nal an J J. Mi ll.r. 1'10. N. w Y"rk Tim.., Mar. 7. 1999 for discussion of moJical ox!",ri", on,s.
Roco rJ eJ imerviews wi,h David Crosland (Apr. 10. 200 I). INS G. neral Coun,ol duri ng lhe Sl.U «a; Allan Ryan (Oct 6. :2(00), OSI Dire<"lor 1981·1983; W.ller RoclrJcr (May 10, 2000) , O SI Dir<Cl<>J May 19 79-:.1a, ch 19 80; Robin Boylan (Sept, 27. 2000), an SLU allorney who Ir.n, ilioned 10 O SI; Art Sinai (OC I, 2 001). Depuly Direc lo r of OSI from 1979·1981. Ikcord, I. Apr. 2000 discussi un Wilh DAAG Richard.
~.

3, This figure include. m""y docume nts lhal pre--dal. World War H.
4. S<p1. 6, 200 1 Report 1 In. Interag. ncy Working Group ([WO) of Man: Susser, HiSlorian of 0 lhe [)qJertm.n1 of Sta le. re "'Th. Oi.po.ilion of Ca plur. d World War II·Era Japanese Record",

1945-1962; Apr. 20, 2000 " Arief Surv.y Of l.... Disposilion of Caplure<! Jap""ese Ro<onls 1945_ t %2" by Gre g Bradsh.r. N. liona! Are hive, and Recurd s Adrn iniSlnl1ion. Accord ing 10 Arad.h.r, lhe fallure 10 provide aec ess was probably an oversighl; lhe agenci.s had intend ed o lhc<wise. 5 . In Ocl.. 200 2, NARA hiSln rian Greg Bradsher d isclosed al an IWG m.eting 1hal he had jusl disco v.-red 4 buxe. <xm laining Japane", war criminal wanted Ii... pr<l"l'. d by various for<ign g<lvcrnm.nlS. Some of lne listing. n.d dale of b inh information. Oct. 25, 200 2 e·",ail from Rosonbaum re ~l.ad, for OSI', Japan.se Project from Tod.y' . IWG M«lings.~ o f Kaz uh iro Fuj im"r.. spoke sman for In. J.panese Em bassy in W..,hinglon, D,C. as q uolcd in The Wa" hi~1I1un Posl , '"lawyers Ta'llCl Ja pan<:l;e Abuses," by Michael Dobbs, M.rch 5, 2000, An . hemal;"e cnhura! <Xplanalion was off.red 10 OSI by an FBI language spe cial ist li e op inod lnal in lho Japan.,. c uhLlrC neryone i. ""ponsibl. an d therefore no one is rc,pon<i bie. reP<' nl' and nne t....refnr.. cannol po int to any one person for inclusion on the W3lchhs1. Accord. Nu". 30. 1999 len.. from Japanese Amba.,.adQr Shunji Yan'; 1 Re p. 0

6.

St~l~m~nl

£""1)"0""

Tom l.amo•.
i . ~t",O"'<'rl l ofN3"lab Iked. oll WG m,-c,ingof Jun. 6, 2002. In 200 1. OSI ofT <'d lo ,nore .. II ilh lh. ~ 'o [< DepnJ1 m.nt the c'<>" ufhi ring , r.""arch.r 10 sun'''Y lhe publ icly . ",; ]obl. reco rd s

in Japan , 1I11;m~1 c1y_ how." er, lhe S131e Depanme nl bor< ,no en tire eos l in conn ecl ion wilh the IWa ' s Disclosure AC l impl.men,mio o . rrnn
8. S .. p. ~97.

'"

9 . OSI had betn wo, king On lh ~ mal'er for a while. I' h~lped ,h.l in 1996 OS I had ilS first (and lhis dare srill lite on ly) Jaranc"" srealeer in ,Ite o lliet. lie was a s"nun.. inlem.

'0

10, May 14, 1996 Memorandum 10 DAAG Richard from Dir<:<:lor Ro<enhaunt re " Barri ng the ['nlry of W",ld 11.'", It-Er. hpanese War Crim i""ls {'"Unil 73 1" Medical A'roc i'ies; Mass R.pe
Cases .)" 1 I, Oct 11, 1996 memor""dum '0 DAAG Ric hard from D i'eelor Rosenboom '. "Excl usinn of SusJl<'<'led World War It Japwl<se War Cri minals: R« o mmcnd alion 10 AccepT Slale DepanmenT Changes 1o Drafl DOJ Press Re le. ..;" Dec. 3. 1996 DOJ Pre.. Release, "S uspecled Japanese War Criminals Placed on ' WalCh LiSl ' of Excludable Alie"". " 12. Th e An omey General ClIJI .[Iow in any . Iien " for ,easons de emed srriclly in Ibe public ;nle"",t"

I 3, June 10, 1998 memorand um from Jo hn C. Keeney, ACling AAG 1Q lhe Deputy Attorney Oene ral re "P lanned Visit o f World War It · Era Japanc.. W'" Crim inal, 10 U.S .A." The Keeney memorllJld"m was ini'ialed also by OAAO Richard
14. This view was ex pressed by Ihe Ex""u,ive Oi"'Clor of Ce nler for Internee Righ", in Miami Beach, a mllJl who se fa'her died whi le a prisone.-of ,1te Japanes<, Su "U .S. Bara Japane.. Who AdmilS W", Cri me," by Jame. D.o, 17u Ne'" Yo, ! Tim'S, June 27, 1998 (he,eaR.. "r:>ao m id e"). IS , Dao arl iete, supra, n. 14. 16. One of 'he speakers acknowledged cul 'wing bac'eria used ;n lethal e xperiments and p.n ieipc, ing in live I;ve aOlop,ies . In 2001, Ite wanled 10 atten d another conferenee along the lines of lite earlier one. O SI aga in opposed ' he req uesT ""d no wa iver was granled , June 2 5, 2001 memo from Rosenboom 10 DAAG Swartz re "Sim on Wiesenlh.1CU ter Requesl lo Waive Exclosion of Japane,e War Crimin.I." 17. .<;". ' .8.• '"Japan K« p' Slonewall ing o n WWI[ Bio·Re,earch Alrodt;..... by Rolph Blomenlhal and J ud ith ),l in er, TIt< New Y'JJ"k Tim.., Mar.7, 1999; " La"'YCfS Target Japane .. Abuoes. n by M ichael Dohbs. The W,,-,hinglOn Post , Mar. 5, 2000; "Japan Blocking Probe of War C rim inals, U.S. Says," by Te resa Wa'anabe, The Los ~ ng.l.. Tim.s, Dec. 9, 1998 .

".

00;

·.(J IU """ " 11 u, U '''l '

'J,'

• .' ''q 01" "OU1 100 ' ! "'I '''O"ld)" '~""4·' OI' " ' 0J '" l] ·I SO ·~ p,U\.,.",,,d " .>Ou "" ." ·.'''0 )1

1"'" <f'I. ~ .~' IU " 'I'""m" ·"" 4"" "'" >.I" 1' " IIl'!"i ,Well PU" A,' O)! ""P40l] ," Id,"", . 4.'0' . uo
...>.1....." • • 1"
" U[

pos<n"" p ' , r.,")! Pl'JUO)l 'U A q '.1"' ' jq"I'O,W<>;>-O(>I " 'Pi' OJ<! 01 BU!II!. ,U,U J ' " " M

' 1110< IOUop "'0,",""""'" 1 1{l :un.u. 01 10000n<>. ""4 ISO " 086 r P!W.ql 1'"'[ I. "U!S " 'p>uo,"",wwo,
SIIA\ UOO",

' 41o'q" """-';] O AP""I" !

...." ' 4 ,oq '""" I'••

s 'ulUOO. '4>po..,u. P"q . q J' 4" 4" '" .. uO!I"nb USOM >.I''ll '''IU1S ,m."

p'l!U{l "4' "! IOU"",,, ",q"'lIl04' ".u~ I! "!q,oa ' "ODI uO 11"d,,, " ' lEd. 1<I 01""All , o'''''a
ISO P'l'" lu.WuuJ"'a .41 u'4" '£861 '" AI"'" SV ·" ' PJO<I. ' ,"-',ono. "4' puMO<j "'.uow .WOl:

U! ,,' 1:I1U pOOU.' P!A P"'I,u'WlJO<!.'a'l£l "pow ! .

= ." SJU'W'l"I' 0<'41"O)"'l ". "'"1'"
\....""~ "4 OI.q" '1"'[ ....n~w

It

:A,nU "O. ' 41wOJJ W!4 SU!o\Ow:U "' '! ""'OIU' ,no ' P' w""u,", ,, OOIl,nr JU10>WlJIld. U "4' '" Ir!J

' V" :' IOJ." u",u' r OV V '") !J.l ld» , " 01 "' IU ~ ~U'p"1I1noqo [OJ""' !} (awony ",od~ '4' 0' "o>

U1npuu,ow,W . " I ·pU! W"'II W J0 """ ' u"''''r OW " ""» ' p:Ud ' ,11011 S fl ''ll wOJJ "J!'l !••
.AOW,.. 01A w," ' 0" uOI""" 'Juuww,,,,,~ '4" "'1' p.po'''k>J ~Il " .'!'!'!!"" :>W!lJIl" '!'I "'j ld

P'lJl "'I plnO>'4 >J~4." ""unoo ~ O' "j!'l pu,," 0' " 11"'1 u, "'! JA"4 PI""''' 11'"4104" P'l ' " >1'.1<\
1""1 !:IV \, ·1"S"1l0J 01",nlJlX!' r ' ") "~ ,",u'IOA d04" [J ",unoutm '" ' UUJJ .' J uUJ , ,,"-ud t~ (, I

wu ·w'.)()OO .' 100 _41""" ' !'l' '''4' ["w. » '! '' 'W!' ' V ·' 'In, s p>1 111 n ' 41" ! . ' 0 ""'0"",,><1 0" lV41 ,J,,'''' 01 """'l '''0 ''1'' '""'I U lJ.'U . O!",U' ,lU)WIlI'd, O ' '' ''" 1 ~4.l O
'tl "nffny
Ull

IV

I!UU!I\: A." oll po n A !70)l uop4" U I n • • !pn,s "oJ :YIl '41 " p!" " O . J"l n....,. d :JU!l "~J~

Bohdan Knlly
Ko~iy

"'I" ,me of ,he fi,,, C ase, filed by OSI. A, a Uk,oin ian pol;ceman during Wotld

War II, he hoJ helped round up Je"', and f<l",ihly rel""m" ,I\<,m ' 0 a gh'ltO , Al hi, dena'uTali' a' ;on procceding, "i10e,,,-,, lc>til,ed 1 1 h. hod murd.red a four-year-old Jewish 1''' child by shooting her al poin' blank mnge as she pled fi" her life; lhey also hnd ,een him murder an cn,ire J, ,,,i, h fnmily. Hi, c;lizen,h ip ....'" rc,'ok.d in 1982.' \'r'Me

,h.

c",e "'''' 00 appeal, tho Juslic.

Depanmenl hoped 10 persuade Poland to seek Ko:ciy' s e. undi,ion and ' 0 1Iy him for war crimes.'
The Pol.. ",e", uninle.rested.'

In 1985, aft•• his citizen,hip hnd been ",voked, and while

deportation proceeding, were pending, Koziy fled 10 C<>:Ita Rica, The dcportalion hearing conlinued in his ob",nce, and the court ordered him deported 10 the SQ,i"t Union.' Sincc hc ....as oUISido the Uniled States, ho"'''ve" there ",os no way 10 enforce lhe court', order. From OSI', vantage point, K<lziy hod «escape(d) fromj u$tice.'" Th. So,iets were oflhe same ,iew. A y<ar ofte, KO"liy arrived in Costa Rico. the Sovie! Union >ought '" hove him extradi1<d '" , land trial for l",o>on. Costa Rica ini'ial ly .greed. Ho cver , Koziy gener.'cd puh lic support in Costa Rica by holding a gun 10 hi, head and ..ying, "1 ," to di" in a fn:e co"n'ry." In addit;"n. the Cathol ic church, oolh in Ubaine and Costa

Rica, cnme l<' hi. aid. According to thc Ukrainian Caidinal, Koziy "''''' being " falsely acrused by 'he communi", and tbe Jews:" In 1997, the C0>10 Rican gove,,,,,,ent reveNed i15 e",lie, ",ling and .eje< lcd the S" viel ....'<l'-"'st for •." ,adition. The stated ,~,o n for this change ",os concern thai Ko, iy faced lhe dcath pen.lty in

,h" s",' ic' Un;an'

All", Ihe fall oflhe S.wiet l: ni"n, the WJC annoanced a global c. mpaign to expel Koziy

""

frOIn Co.la Rica," Do,en, of congre.'''",n, ind " ding To m l on,o, . Ihe only [lol""ou", , orvi"ur in Cong",.., I""ili'lIled the Co,,,, Rican ~",\'emn,en l. " In rebru;uy 2000. COSla Ri<a'. p".idcnt <'rdered Ko,;y', e,pul.ion, II "'''"'' und~ ..., ho w~ve r , whore he ,hould be s<n1. Prior lo ,he w.... the ",<no of Kody', ac,i vily ",a, pw1 of Pol"oo. II he<amc pan " r Ihe So,'ie, Union ... a ....'Sult of 'M' na,ion '$ ] 939 poO l w;lh I li' l""

II i. now loca' ed in Ukm ine

Jewish orgMi,o';on. and member. o r Con!'e., urg~ d Ukraine to admit Koz;y and '0 pros<out. him." By 'hi. ,im~. how.v... only Otl< of tho: ~y~witn~.s~ , who had ,..,ifled ' 0 Koziy' s atrocitics W'IS slill alive. and .he had rec.,, 'c '<I," The ch= ora ",",,,,,..ful prosecu,ion in Ukrai"" wos ,berefore . igniflcllntly dimin ished, (I Ie could P'J""ibly s'ill be «:m,icted onesser cbargos.) None' bele.., Direclor Rosenbaum ' upponcd ,be efforr to und K02iy 10 L'kr.it>e, '" did Ihe Deportmen, of Stalc. Rosenbaum was of Iho view Illal if Kozly "cooled] up in I country ",bcle at lea,' he kJl<>W, h~ mighl be pro'ecu'~d, w., would con.id", that a po,i';"o "utcomc.~"
Th~

Ukmini"ns WITC ""nding mixed m~s,"g'S about pro_uting Ko<i y, Allhough Ihey

expressed .n intere.l in investigo.ling l he man or, thO Yno"cr took up OSI'. off~r to .. vj~w ,he
fil.. ~
'v~n

. ft", OS] ofl"red '" provide "n int'lJlrele,••Iong wi,h copi.. 000 'ran,J",i,,", of all

portinont docun,cnts." Sim ilarly oonf".ing I\'"S Ih~ rae' ,hat thoy advi,ed K02iy by '~"cr that h~ \\'Oold he ,"<<tcd if he "'" foo t on
U~r" in i.n

soil -

e"~n

as 'hey conceded to OS] tho, they "'cre

no longer ,ur~ 'hc)' cou ld mount a , 'iablo <aso ," ThC)' "'",c . 1 0 "" n d ; n ~ ",i,e,,] ,"<',",,¥e. "bom hi. re,urn ing to Iheir COUOIr)'. \Vhilo the}' ' h;ld "ri~;nall)' indic' '' cd th<'y " " uld ~r"n , him" ,'i . a ;f hc ~pplied." ' hey in f.c t " .ile,,] """, 'h. '0 ""I",nd '" hi. "~luC" ;lnd Ihen den;,,,, il on 'he " round that he hod ~.kcd I"r Ibe wrong I)'pe of ",sa, e n,)<r
l :. r~i n i" n

10"'. he ",o" 'd h"'e lu IIn;l.t Ie. " o n, )C'" before he c""I,) rc"ppl}' ror
5 ]1

the type they now cla imed was a!'Propriate ," A Cateh_22 , ituali"n wa. dc vd nping U nde r Costa Rican 1. "" Ko?.iy had to enoose a counlry of de'tination before the cxpul, ion could be .ffecled . lJe had chosen Ukraine , y.t l'h " j"" wo"id n,,' have him - al leasl nol in the ncar falille. Moreover. the "ery validi!), of lhe expu l. ion ,,,,I<r was pel in que"i"n when Uhai ne notified Koziy that he "'o" ld be arrested. CO'la Rican la", dislin@u ishe.e.,pulsion,"'hichi" imply a removal process, from eXtradilion, a m."", to ",cure p roseculion. Uk....in.·' ".t.ment allo",ed Koziy 10 argue Ihal his expu lsion "'os a "di.~uj,.d eXlradilio n, and as ,ueh, illegal." Bulh Direc lor Ro""nbaum and Slev. Don l"n, a Cornular AfT.;rs officer . t the Departm. nt of St.t. ",ho was WOTking with OS I o n the Koziy m.ner, "'ere susp icio us th.t Koziy and the Ukr.inians were working log<1her - each pre1endi ng thaI the go.l was to have him return to L:kr. ine when in faet, each fort h.ir O\VII reason, wan ted him to remain in Co st. Rica.'"

It is easy to under"and Koziy's mo tiv. tion. He had I comfortable Iif.")'le and faced no
pro>pe<:t o f prosecution ;n Coota Ric.. The Ukrainian position is more oomp lex . Rosenbaum 'unn ised thallhe Ub"in;an< "'anled Ko2.iy to remain in C osta Rica beeause there was insullicient ev id<:nce to pruse<:u1e him in Ukraine; they feared they woald he e...tigaled by the l 'ni led Stales and Je wish@ro up, ror failinglo p rosec ulesomeone th.Un iled Stales had branded • Nan murderer. Rosenba um beliC\'ed lhe L'krainians " ere part icularly =.itive abollt n.gati ve publici !)' b<cau,,", Ih.>, were recei"i ng much o f il M other unrelated is, ues: they were in a b.n le ,,; ,h the Int. rnOl ional Mon,-'''')' f und CQnoem ing ow,due
paym~n1s.

a nd th. Ukrain ian pr"idont

w"" in Ihe rnid" "r a ",. ndallin king him 1" Ill<: b<h,'a,jing "f. rnockraking j ournali" ."
In • serie' o f nleclings and pit,," , ca lls ",ith lhe Ukrainians, Ro«nrourn. in coordination

with the Siale lkp. n me nt, play«i on th;, feu to " n""umll" the l;kra; n;an. to purs"" the ,llSe, At a m«ting wilh l.'k ra' oc'. Con, ul General, Ro,""t.oum opined th.t the mottcrcould well become "big ""ws' which wo uld en,harr. .. Ihe Vhainian gowrnrnent," Al a la ler rnc'Cting with t:kr"inian o lli. ia l. ""<I ",p",,,m.t iws f,om the V,S. St. te DepaJ1lncm, Rosenbaum commented !hut 0"" of the lead ing hum. n ,i ~hlS uJ ,'ocutes in Congress "'as a nxio us to 'ai,e the Koriy ma t""," At e,'elY o'<et ing, a od du ring ",,'elY phone eall , n usenbu wn bulaneed the implicit threat of

" flO '"'" ";th a n olTer to ..., i'l t~e Vkra ini.", in invesligating the case,
I~at

He 01'0 ga' ''' his

word

If il turned OU1

1~""

was in' ufficienl ",,'idenee 10 sUSlain a prose.ution _he wo uld issue

a "atement praising the Ukrainian. for ,h ei, effo n , and blami ng the problem. on the death of , NCiaJ "'tne,se. while KOliy remained in Costa Rica. Rosenbaum as'ured lbe Uk rainians tbal hi, e.pl....lion would be accepled by those \',ho might otnerwise crilici,e the L'kr. inians." Hi. ' e fere"",e - though he did nol ""y so .. plicit ly - wus 10 Jewish or ganiza tion' , In June 2002, Rosenbau m and ""ve'ul St.te Depan ment repre,<enlal ;veS me t with vanuu. Ukraini"" official. , incl uding the Dep"'Y Proc ura tor Ge.....l (equ;valen, to ' he Dep"'Y Attorney Gene'al o f the United State,) 10 disc uss lhe rnullCT yct again. During the eou,se nf the meeting, Rosenbaum .nd 'h e Deputy Procuralor Gen eral deb.ted tho gn.1 10 be .chieved in the Kuriy
m~lt t:r.

fU< RO.'I'nh.um, i' Wn' ,emoving Ko~iy from Co st. Rica "nd placing him in lh. pan of

lh. world which !>nre responsj bility 1'0' hi, c,imes, lis luog as Koriy lived io fcar o f prosecUlion . Rnsc "boum believed Ihere lIuuld be • n,c
t'kmini ~n, di,"~'ocd mc~,urc

o fj u'tice,
th~t

,,'ilh thc p ,e mise

IiI' in !,:kmine w. s puni, hmont in and o f "

i" el f. On thc c'''nlra l)', they n<>ted lh"t many in Uk raine ,,"uu ld Ire~1 him U<' hero simply

1>.'<;"". he lO,u&l" "g ains, the R ,,,, , inos during W,,,ld War II. 11,.
5Ll

l'kr.in;an gu. 1wO$

l"0secU1ion; jf thcy did nol hal'e lhe evidence to prose,ule. il did nol mailer 10 lhem where Koziy resided,
Th~

U,S. participant. lefi ' he me<,io ~

be lievio~

that 1'10 progress had beeo

mad~.

They

were the,efore quile surprised to learn in

Doc~mh<,

2002 th. t a Ukrn i"ian eou" h. d ",led lhcfC 1

was ,uffieje nl evidence to seck Koziy' s eXlradition on charges of neason," Shortly thc,ea ftcr, in respo"« 10 • requesl from lJkroine. lhe Department of Juslice sent videotaped interview, of seven witncsse, and 3 ,ranscri pl (on mic,ofilm) of tho ."Iltire U.S, trial ""oord. Around lhe same li me. Poland asked OSI and Ukraine to forwar d evidence on Koziy. (The SWC had b«n pfe>siog Polaod to 'ake action.)" OSI complied with lhe "'quest Ukraine, howev"" refused . contending lhal the crimes were comm il1ed ;n Ukrainian Ierritory and should be handled by ' hat counlr)' alone." In J uno 2003, 31 Polaod's "'que,t, an OSJ anomey imc,,'iewed in lhe Uniled St3te, 3 witne.s who had 'cs'ir,cd fOT ,he go vernment in tho 1985 MnalUrnlizalion proce eding. Un",re whethc't 3 P"li,h indietmenl """o ld ever be issued, OSJ and lhe Slate Departmenl delennine d 10 press Ul:raine 10 ""<'C pl Koziy." Poland, however, did follow up, [n Novem ber

200 3, Pol.nd ob tained a provisional a"« ' wa"anl fo' Koziy - a ('..",quisite ,,, an eXlradition ,equeS1. Working with OSJ's evidence as ",ell as addilional moten .llhey dcwl ol'"<l on IhciT Oll-ll,

'ru,y alleged KO.,iy was ""pon,ible fo,

15 mu,M n;. r wo w<o ks l.ter. Ukraine too ob'ained

• ",arrant. " The queslion 'he n became " hich country would be r,,,t 1 fonnaily p,e, ent an 0 ."rodilion 'oquo.. to 'he Cu'ta Ri, an g"'·emmenL
[he

am"'., will; Poland, which did

$0

on No,·,mber 2 1, 2003. Shortly .lIer receiving

no,i ficalion or the ....'<luesl. Ko,;y suffered a stro ke. l ie died in Co"a Rico nine day, .f,c, We

'"

reque,t wa, filed." I !'1m Mjinojl

I brry ~ Unoil

,,,,,,,t ,1m'" moo[h, wi,h ,he E"" o i"" Sel f Defeos<: Uni, (Omakni'.e) . Ild •
w",~e d

like perioJ wi,h the E'tookm P" li,kal Police. BOlh o,glloi"ti"" ,

wi,h [he Nazi' to rid

bt,," i. of ,h",e whmn Ihe Nazi, d,"'m"'; unde,imble btt.u," of [heir lOeiol, religiou', poli,ical, e'hllie alld s<.>eial ide",ily. During lhe p<rioo when M:tnnil Wa' with Ihe Om"""i lSe (,he su mme, of 194 1), Ihe Ge nn an foe us
W:lS

.lmost entirely On ,u'P"" t'<l t"omm Wlim. By the time he joined the

Estoni"" Pol itical Poli ee, in ,he fall of 1941 > ,he Genn"", we, e actively fO uling Out Jews 3$ wolL" Genn an.< de ,enoined the fa,e of a"",lee< h=<! largely On "'p"m and ""ommeod.ti<>n, f",m Ihe Politieal Pol ic<:. J1 Reptl'" of ",," '" i"'errog.'io", ""nd uete by Miinnil whitr with ,he -d PoJi,ie.l Police arc ava ilahle ill the Estonian Sta te Archi,'es; ,ix of ,hose i"termgated were Jewish Or were que"ioJl<"d .bo"t ,h. where.bouts of Jew•. O ne of ,he .i . wa, murd"red by lbe Germans .ho rt ly .fler his io'errog.tion; four were sent 10 concen,mtion eamps." Afler ,he "'.r, Miinnil emigraled '0 Venezuela whet" he bttome a cilizen and , ueee" ful husinessman." III 1949 he oh,aine d a vis. '0 vi.it ,he United StOles, whieh he d id many ,imes
I h",u~hout

lhe years. ",as h rough, ' 0 OSI'. '''en' io n by ,he SWC in Dee<n,ber 1993. Since he was

\ I~nnil

nei,h er a U.S. eiti«'n "',. li..ing in the L'ni ted Sta'e" Illore w,," no , ui, tn h< (Llod. lIe " . ,,, ht>" e'er. placed on ,ho Walehlim in J.nu",~ 1994. Altho "t:JI ho W3$ two
eh:",~. "~ ek .

later allowed to

plun" in Mi,mi ~tI ",ti l,' 1<>

en", Rie•• be h" nol ,inee Ix..,n pe,mil1<"d ;nl" lhe U.S.
~

15

!'onethek .., bec~u ... of his ,i gnir.ean' and d irect role in pe,,.. u,io n, OSI "'". maint.ined • keen inlerest in him. As d is< o•.scd e.,lier," OS[ tried , unsuccessfully. to persuade Ihe E"'onian. 10 launch a fuil· ...le in\'eSl ig. tion of ,\l anni l, OSI hoped lha! he "ou ld b. extradited 10 Estonia if lbarges "'e," filed. V ile showing some i~terest in the in"e'ligation, E.loni. ne'er filed cbOlges, "h In January 200 3. Venezuela was in polilical 3J1d ~nomic lunooil Miinnil, interviewed by 3J1 E't""i",, wee kly, slated that h. had mow d '0 Cos... Rica a monlh • .,[i.".... Th. American Embassy in Estonia infonned OS[ of the im. ",i.w, ""d Director Rose nbaum immediate ly no,ifie<lthe Cos ta Rican amhassador to ,he United S'ates. " The Amba ssado•• who had worked d osely wilh OSI On the Koziy maner, asked for any doc umentation w hich would ,uppon expelling M ~nn i l from the eounny. OS[ sent him . , epon detailing ),<l.ittnil', hislory. Shonly there.fier. the Co,t. Ric"", le.med ,h.t ),<linn il was pl""ning • trip to Vc ne,.uela to selile ""me business maners. COSI. Ric.', Director o f Immigr.ltion boarded Mlinni!' s plane and handed him • lener "'al ing , h.t he would not be . Ilowed 10 return to Co.ta Ric• . The lener explained lha l lhis deci, ion was b.sed On "infonnalion recei,ed from lhe Justice Dcpanment oftbe Go\'CtJ\ltlent of 'he Uni'ed St.tes concerning your participation in activities of polilieal pc"",eu' ion of Jews which you e.,ried oul while . member of lhe Po litical Po lice of T.llinn. ESloni•." Once Mlinnil was ou, oflbe cou nll)'. lhe Co,t. Ricans held. pre.. conference 10 announce hi. e""nl received neW< ""verage worldwide." OSI had coord inaled ilS COSI' Rie.n eomac" wi,h 'he St.te DeP"'"'men'. Although OSI h.d hoped IhOl,he infonn.lion forwarde<l to COSI' Rica wou ld be madc public. lhe St.le Department preclud<:d rel.....,e of the documentS_ The f.,too;"". were in lhe midSl of"" cleCli"n
expuls ion~

the

".

campeign in which one of th~ contem iou, i" ue. had a N",.i twist Tho Minister of tho Interior was heing attacked f", ho,'ing , enteneed 'e,efal t« nager;
1<>

pri'on dLlring the Soviet era; ho

J d ,'ndcd the ,entenee on the gw"nd th, t 'he teenage" w<Te"fascists" f•• d n.ted with N",j " ')1e"",,,alli l;a. Gi,en 'hi' ooddmp, 'he S'a 'e Departmen t teared 'ha' rde... , nf OS[ ' . undetlying i"to rmation (even if il were done ,hrough the Costa Rk ""s] "'<laId he secn as Ihe U.S. intcr....niag ' 0 ...i., ' he minister." Ironically, . !though OSl' . repurt was not ",Ie"""d, Ihe issuo bc<:ame a

,'<l"'" dUbre;n

r,..'<mia beforo thoir dection too k placo. In F"brullI)' 2003, Jnseph n . Thorn.... the U.S. Ambassadof to E.to nia, was .., kcd aho '" Mann il ofter he govo a .pore<:h o n an unrel.ted topic in Tallinn. Tho qllO"it>no, accusod tho U.S. of "di'criminating" again.t Mann il. Th" ambassador defended Ihe U.s. acl iottS, noting that some of ~Hinnil"s , '\ctim. had hee n child...n and old women, His commenls cre.tod a furor in F. 'toni.... Me"""' hile, M~nni['. attorneys (ono of whom " -as Martin Men dolsohn) , "=,.fully petitioned Ihe C<><ta Rican go'-emmont 10 recon'ider its po,ition, In oarly 2004, Co.'" Rica dropped it. oppo,ition 10
)'l~nnit',

reentry. Tho govemm"nl did.o on the: g.r<lUTlds that Mannil

was not [, cing ch ur~o ••broad an d had "ar[i"r 'pmt e,tcnd"d lim" in Cost. Rica without incident." Th" M!inniJ an d Ko2.iy ca,,-. illustmtc osr. offon in ' h" hunt for World War n pc,,,,,," "''' worldw;d", ,\l lhoogh lhe t:n itc-J Stot•• lack. j urisdiction 10 pn" ccat" "i mino][y lho,,, who commincd crime' abrruJ "n I'>c h. lf " r ,ho Nali, . it ha' I. 'en on the [a'kof,h",iog inform.t iun it h'" on Nu,i. with like-mind. d countrios Ihrollgh"o' the world. It h,. allo ",,,ght 10 TO i'" the

""''''m'''' of , oun,,;,, .br""d so that 'hey . rc mo re ",n,i ti,-e of lhe nced tt> rid
5 17

lh<n" dvos of~<lZ is in lheir midsl ..,d 10 p"""'<ute if po,sible.

L Feb, 13, 19S3 memomn,",um reo "Oepol1'lio" of Nazi Wor Crimi n~I$."

2. ,';u pp. 466·475.
~.

Flliled Sla'''' v, Ko:iJ', 540 f . Sapp. 25 (SD. FI 1982), affd, 728 F.2d I ~ 14 (1 1· G,. 1984),

4. Aug. 17, 198~ memo 10 T, Michael Peuy, Slale Dep'l f,om Direcl", She,; Aug. 17 rouling slip from DAAG Rich"nllo She, " IJAAG Riehord ' s dim",i"n of Ihc malle, wiln lhe Slale DepilJ1mOnl 5. Oct 16, 1984 ,oUling ship 10 5hcr f' o m DAAG Rich d l101inll lhe lock of in',-"",'l whon he dis<:ussffl the ca.. info rmally wi,h Polish officials in W w.
6 Mnller oj Ko:iy . A07 347 878 (Imm. Ct., Miami, Fl. 19S5).

7. M.... I . 2()()2 no'C frum Rosenbaum 10 Ko:ziy case file. In response 10 pmmp'ing from the Uni,ed Slaw" the Cos," Rican. a"....ed Koziy wh ile lhey investiga1e<! lhe circum"""".. of hi. admission in'o ,he country. He was in cU'lod)" for Ihree d.ys before. eoun de'ermined lhal he had entered legally. ~ Alleged Wor Cri min. 1O,dered f reed by Coon," AP, Aug. 23. 1985. 8. " Pressure Grows to Expel Aceu.sed War Criminal ," by Brian Harris, The Tico Time. , (Cosla Rican En81ish language da ily], June 3, 1994. As la,e lIS 2000, !he Costa Rican archbi,hop was proclaiming Koziy the vietim of mi,takeu iden,ity . "Let Me Die in Pe..e in Co'ta Ric., Pleods E, .Nazi:' Reme". June 14, 2000. 9. Although lhe Sovie t Ambassador sen! a lener assuring thal K~iy would 1'101 be ..ceulcd, the COSIO Rican Foreign Mini..e, held ,hi, an insuffieitu, guarant.. against the uS(' of capital punishmenl. " P",,,urc Grows lO bpel Accused War Crim inal," n, 8.

'upr",

10. " Cosla Rica Harbnrs N"",; Kil ler," WJC Inlemalional Repoll, OctlNov. 1994. I I. Jnne 22. 1994 lencr 10 CO". Rican Ambassado, Sonia Picado from Con~res,man Lam".; Aug. 2, 1995 leIter In liE Jose Maria f igureres, president of CosI. Rica signed by 64 U,S. Congressmen , In Mnrch, 2000, 22 Congre.,men sig ned a lener urging ,he Ukrainian governmenl ' 0 lakc Knziy hack and In hold him .ccounlable. " h ·Nazi Lo"". bpul.ion Appeal from Cu"a Rica," Rew"., Nov. 20, 2000. i2. "Costa Ric. Cou n OK's N""i ExpLl lsion.- TheJ"",wlem Post, Doc. 6, 2000; "Top Costa Rican COUll to Rule on Nali in Da;- ." IIfUIe'S. ~lay 1. 2000. • 13. " Dil'l!ing inlO lhe Pase by ,\ lory ~l :~'io, 7M !<A. AIIIIe/eS lime,', Oc, . 18. 1994; "War Criminal Charges Case f alling Arart:' by firi,." I Iam s, 1I,c 1'1eo time.', Sep!. )0, 1994. For a Jistu"ion of lhe imp<ld ofthi, '..·.n'a'ioo. " 'e p. 548. n. 22,

by Rn""nb'lUm In Uk,a;n i"" Consul General 31 Manob 7. 2001 med ing. The G~rmans bad long before reru""d to cXlradile o r pro_ule Koziy. Su pp, 429-430. 1S. Jan. 16, 200 1 lc 11cr f,om R"'iCnbaum 10 Y.Y. Kudria'1'''v, Dqmly Pro,ecutor Gene,al o f L"\;rainc. 16. Jan. 23, 200 I c·mail from Rosenbaum re' "" Ko;ly: Tckon, wi Costa Ric"" & Uk, a;ni""
Amba,.,.durs ~ .

14.

SI31~men' mad~

17. May 1S, 2000 tciegraIll No. lS I SI I Z. lrom Arneriean Em bassy, Kiev '0 Secretary or State.
18 June S, 2002 e·mail from Ro senbaum re : "K""iy: Bad News - Kiev Sandbags Us, Probably
Perman~nll y :'

19. Mar, 30, 2000 e·mail from Janel Weber [Consul General, US Embassy, San Jose] 10 Sieve Donlon, Cilizen Se,,';ce Special iSl, Consular Affairs Office, Slate Department. 20. JW1e 5, 2002 e· mail from Rosenbaum , 'upro, n. 18. 2 1. ~. e,g" "A Grisly My" e!)' in Ukraine uads 10 3 Government Cri,is." by Pattiek Tyler, TM Nr.< Yo,k Tim.., Jan. 30. 200 1: "lIeadaches Pile Up on Ukraine uader." by Patriek Tyler, n." N..... York Tim .., Dec. 6, 2000. 22. NOle, I.ken by the . ulbor . 1 Mar. 7, 200 1 meeling between OSI rep'esenla\ive, lUld the UkJa;nian Con,ul G<:n.,at and Embassy First Secretary; Mar . 27, 2001 memorandum from OSI histo';.., Michael Mac Queen 10 liIe. concerning lhe same mc<:ling. 23. June 26, 2002 mcmor.ndum \0 liIe prepared by Jonalhan Drimmer, OSI .nomer, concerning me<:ling wiill D<:p uty Procu,.,or General•• vice consul from the Uk, . in;an Embusy, and a repre""'to,ive from lbe Ukrainian MFA.
24. See '.g., Jan . 23, 2001 e_mail from RO'<nb.um l;krainia,n Amb... udors."
Te

" Kuziy: Td cons w/ Ccsta Rican &

25. The U.S.S.R. ~ ad SQug~1 hi, " " ,..d i,iu n from Co.ta Ric. I e... earl i., A n~ ruling was ne<c,'"'Y ~owe>·.,., . inc. Ukraine adop'''d 0 "ewcriminal code in 200 L The old an"'l w= 1, i..,ued by t~e Sov;el Unio n, wus tbe..fore no longer "alid, No v, 8, 2002 Cable 04410 08153 12 from t~e AmEmb Kiev to S... ·y OrSIOle. "Costa Ri,a P"ise<! for b pelling b ·:>iazi: · [Harry Jo,-li1nnil), by Elli Wohlgelem'.r, The Jeru" ,l"m Po,t, f eb. 12, 2003 , 27. May "9, 2003 ,,-mail from E"geniy Suboro v (A mfmb Ki.v) 10 Oonlon re ""Koziy and o,her OSl Ma'",rs."
~6 .

:8. July 23, 2003 e·mail from Ro,enbaum 10 Feigin ~ ' "Correc led Texl: Summary Accounl of ToJ ay' , Meelin g ",ith US Amb . To L'kraine John Herbst." :9. OC1. 16. 2003 Coble
~o.

003875 from ,\n,Etnb Kiev to Sec'y Slale.

30. .. A llc ~cd Ex·!':", i Dies in Hospilal While Awa iling Exuodilion," A f', Dec . I , 2003 . 31. Acco rding 10 Dr, Marlin Sand berger, head of lhe m" bi!e killing unil ",hose area of ope ralion incluJw Estonia, lhe ordoc 10an,," Jews was gi"en in early Sept. 1941. lIe SO le,lilLed al the t-;uremberg lrial of U.s. v. 0 110 Ohlendorf'" al .

32. Id.
33. Aug, 7, 1996 MelTlQraIldum '0 OSI Dire< IOr Eli Rosenbaum from Elizabelh \VItile, OSI Chief " f1n \'e"igalive Research, re "Harry Ma nnil _ Admi",ibilil)' under Title 8, U.S. COOe." 34. The circles in which he lraveled are suggested by tbe pe rsons who fJled affidavits on his behalf when he cha llenged lhe U.S. government'. deci,ion 10 place him on lhe Watchli:lt. Soe p. 30 1. In uddilion 10 forme r Presidenl Gera ld Ford, lhey included Robert D. SlUan. Jr" form.. CEO of Quakoc Oats (1966.1980) and U.S . Amb.ssa<k>r to No rway (1984_ 1989); George W. landau, U.S. Ambassador 10 Vertezuel. (1982 10 1985) aJ1d Pruidenl of lbe Americas Soc iety (1985-1993); and John E. A vcr;, retired Group Chairman of Johns on & Johnson and C h.;rman o f lhe America. S"" iety and tb. Co uncil oflhe Americas. 35.

5,. pp . 456-457.

36 . E"U EIr.,preSJ, Jan , 16.2003.
3 7, Jan, 17, 2003 c·mail lo Amb.a.<SO<lor Jaime narcmblum rrom Ro""nbaum '" ''2'' Nu.i in CO". Rica?"

38. S.. e.g., '"Co,," Ric. As ks ESlot1 ian- Bom Bu.incssman 10 Keep Oul Over Allege d Nu.i 1'. .1;"' B.VS, Feb, 6, 200 J; ''Cosla Ric. Ptaised for E. pelling Ex-N""i,'" by Elli Wohlgelemler, 1"'" Jeru5a/em f'osl , Feb . l3, 2003; '"Venezuela Asked to Take AClion A~ainSl Nu.i Collabo rator: ' J'oia ofAm"ico Pre5S R,M"," , Feb. 7, 2003; "A Lalin Amerie.n Ro undup,"' The .l /i" m; Herold, f eb. 6, 2003 ,
39. Feb. 4. 2003 . ·.,ail from SlOtt Depa.-tmenllMllic AlT.i" Officer Mari. Germ""", 10 Eli R",enbaum. re "'Mannil: Costa Rica. E>loni. and OS I"$ Repur1 ." 40, '" In FSlo nia. U.S. l\ rn1>a, SO<lor Say. lie , Seen Proof Alleged l\azi ~I~nnil Commin«! W.,C rime,," by ~I jch ..l Tarm, AI', Feb. 12. 2l)OJ, referring lo.n anicle in Ihe Eswnian Ilcw,po[>o!r 1'<»lIim,,", of lhe s. rne J.le. (The f'o.<rt;me. 5 is lhe lead ing daily popcr of re\"Uro in ESI"n ia.) S," I'p. ~56·457, co ncerning an article Amb. Thomas '"ole aboUI )\;""i persecuto rs in 2002,

'"

41. Aog. g. 1004 e· mail from R""onha orn ' c "So,po<led Naz i Criminal Ilarry Mannil Has I)een RcaJ rnillc 10 Co.<la Rica.~ The e-mail , cco onl. a lelephone co nY''''''I]" n Rosenbaurn had with >u Ms. ViII ,,]obns, lh. DCM al the U.S . Em bassy in Cos la Rica.

Cha p lOr S......n: Reocl i" n to OSI Introduct;on
Alth<",~ h

th" found ing "fOSI came ahout a tler wide med ia ""n'"l~''' uf "war e rin,inals"

in A merica. lhe ,pol lighl d imm<-d oyer the )'ears. A few malle" dre", " tensi,'" m,'d i. a u em;on - O"mj, "juk, Barbie .nd Mengeit' bein@notable .,ample', nut in ge""ral, a,ide from .ome h>eal a!lcntion paid to an 0.'11 lrial, lhe

,0.""

now go unrepon ed. III this poinl - more than 2S

year••fte, 051". founding - ;l ;S unlikely that moS! membe... oflhe public at large are .ware of lhe om... The big e'cep' ion, of eourse. bas al w.ys been lhose ,,'ho h.,e reason to follow OS!', case, and activity, The ~upa lh,l f.1l mo,t obviou,ly into lhal c'legul)' are lwo: (I) lho"" who see du,ure in 0.'11'. wor k (generally Jewish groups lind Hol"".u" ' urvivo...); and (2) lhose who fcar 'hey have b<;en unfairly targeted by OSf (generally em igre group•. largely from h ' nni.. Lal,'ia and Lithuania, whose eonstilucnlS make up the bul k 01'0.'11 de fendan ts). Of co","", ' he lines are not so simply draw,.. Wilhin lhe Jewish co mmunity, lhere has been ""casiona l eritidsm. a nd within lhe emig"; community there has been ,orne support. Moreover. there are othe .... independe nt of each o f these group', who ha"e tokon ,tand, on some .spect of 051'. wo rk. 11 0.'11 has ""ponded 0w o m ... arld iI' legac y.
l<l

bri,h thc . upport and crilicism is key '0 un<ler<1andi ng ,he

523

T he J e" j, h O 'rnrnoniry The Department o r Jo"ice repre."'nls Americans as • whole. I lowe, '. r, it is not " ,,"c rUmun r", s':gm"nls or '~c puhlic. including nan-go,'emmeot.1 o,gaoi ,...lioo" to bo jWlkolJlly ;nlere Sled io ce nain a",a' o r Ihe D"]l/In mcnt" , work. These group s ",md ;mes prod ,he Dqlllrtm"ntlOpu "'u" ma"c" o f eo nccm; 01 {llho, l imes they may monitor, , uppon 0 ' <ril ici.e ,he De]l/lnment's effons. Such, ro, example, i,l hc case
wit~

en viron menial g,oups and

lhe En. ironmc "Tl1a1 and Natur.1ResoUIce, I)i" ;, ;on, ad "ooale, for th e mitl<lrity and d isab led eom muniry ",.j,h Ihe C;v;l l{igh" D;"is;oo, and Jewish organiza tions wi'h OS!. From Ihe SLU era '0 Ihe p..scm day, the o!lice has kepl Jewi, h gro up' apprised of significant ma11CJS. II has also shown panieular COncem fo, lIol oo'USl survivors. When the g<m,m m<T1t moved ' " dismiss the c.se .g.i nst f rank W.lus, it did so bec.use il beiieved he had ' ""t ""mmined the pe lSeeulo ry .CtS .bout which the surviv" " had lest ified ' !'onethe le", the

government issued a slOlement saying i, hod "no dou bt that lhe witne , ,,,s who tCSlified on behalf o f lhe go' -crnment - ,he survivo", of t~c »,;azi pcl'S""otio"s of C" Slochn wa and Kid« - l. " ified sincerely .nd ho n. stly." 'The Dep. l1menl showed , im ilar defere"". 10 lhe sensilivity of the SUI"]"O'" who identi fied John Demjanjuk as I'an the Tem ble. A llho ugh mosl wilhin Ihe I)cpU mr nl ultimulely r.me to bel iese th;l1 Drmjanj " k " ., not in fact l\'an (based in port of l1 ovid"""c
w~io h

bc""",e u,'uilahlc onl~' ofter Demjanjuk's extradilion), there was ne"er an official of this chunge in '·i~wpoin1. This ;, so de"Pite ,he fact Ihu, ,he lJepanm.nl

"c knnwled~mem

" Io im", ely dropped oil churges .. Iati n~ to grounds.

r rcblinka and ..p,osecUle<! Demjanju k o n othor

OSI', f'rsl I)il\-"O'or. Walter R""kler. ,·ic"e<!l he directors hip in tr~di li"nol pro<c<",orial

lelmS, .....hich meanl thai he did nol ..ek community inpul iOlo the process. Nevenheless, Ix""use oFhi, N"rcmburg ,,,,perienee, Ihe Jewi,h community knew and trusled him. Hi, successor, Allan Ryan, "1IS unknown to them, Ryan saw roblic rd alions as a large componen t of Ihc job, and belicved Ih.l ,opporl of lhe Jewish commoni,y w,,-, cssenlia l' AccnNi ngly, he

In'" with ... nlllIlY Jcw i.h groups as

po!lsible. asking For their confidence and encouraging lhem to lelIlheir consliluencies IMl ihis new office was here to "do bu:l i llC ss . ~ As a non-Jew, he h.d a special poinllo conve y. When I c.me .Iong, I"'<'>ple Mid "Boy, this guy' s not even Jewish. How do yon like Ih.l?" h l!"ve me the oppormn ity 10 ,ay "This is not II]ewi.h pro~ution , This i. nol a Jewish issue exclusivcly. This is an American issue. And as m uch os Jews obviou,ly are deeply involved in Ihi , and have a special relationship tn il, I am h..... all a r. pn•• nlaliv. of the Deportment of Justic. to pun". an i,sue IMI il imposta", on lhe Americ.n agenda. This should not be seen as ,om.thing thai is e ~clu,iveJy the Concern ofille Jews.'" There was assistance which Jcwi, h group" in particular could provide, however. r Especially in !he early ye~ befo.. the Ju, ti"e Ocramnenl hed ilS own d, laban!< O '"St:arcl> ..nd de'elopmem system. outside heip wa, eruc i.l. Jewi,h groups provided infonnalion "oncerning possible subjects and connected OS] to survivor organiza1ion. "' hose members were polential "ilne....,· lluring trials, Ihey . It . nded 10 lhe religious needs of oUl·of·lown wilne.se•.' They ""m<;1 ime, tiled briefs in support of OS]'s po.ili,m' Throughout lhe years, Je"i.h groups or leadcrs have . poken out "n i.. ues of moment 10 OSL In doing '0, ,hey often , erve os. surrogate fOf the om... They ha,.. publjei~ed Germany' s 'eF"salto aceepl OS! .lcfen.lant. a. d.porte'C.;' con,inced Ihe Panamanian Ambass.dor to rescind hi. coumry' s " lTc, 10 accept Karl l.i"nas;'lautIChed a glnbal c:IDll"'ign to pressure Co,ta Rica into c~pclling Uohdan Ko~iy ""d ,c ".li ng hint 1 Ukraine to be lried for ",ar crimes;' and 0

" ,£ed JOI"''' to rumi,' OSI wit. b io~ rar~ kal duta on f!<lS,i ble pe....,.,uto, >. " On the legi,lative , 0 tronl, Lhe WJC .md ,\ DL p,.. ,'oikd ul"' " (: o" g",." 1 .", fl legi,lalion "hirh would e« mpt reeord, " rdakd 10 or ' uppurting any .,'liY< or inncli" e investigation, inquiry, or prosc<u'ion" li",n ,d eus< unde' lhe Nazi \\,,,, C, ime, Di;"It" u,e Act " 'I1Ie exclu,i on, w. ieh " lfeel' re"-..r 0 r' an W. ofdocutnenl' """<red by , ~e I\et, i, desiBned 1 preclude Ihe release of material that w""ld j eol"'rdize ongoing a S! in. 'e,tigalions.
Je"l s~

groups ~."e .I so defended OSI from erilicism. During 'he 1980., defendanl'

",pealcdly challenged lhe reliabili ly of e,'iden. e f,om So.'iel and EllS! European ,"",~iv.,." Th. ADL issu<'<l . weIl.publieiz<'<l report I"",h.." ing , mio u' e'll'ligd groups for . sing Ihis issuc to "hamper and fru,trate lhe OSI - and .,'enlu. 1Iy to kill it."" 'I1Ic WJC rele. sed . similar analy.is,l' In 1993. aft., the S i,,~ Circui' excorialed OSI In Demjonj~ k fu, having • ,h.t
r<~ui,,:d ''m i ndsct~

it 10 "" y 1 pte., se and maintoin ,'Ct)' close relationships wilh " . rious inl",e" groups 0

bo, . usc thei, con,inuod oxi" onco dopendcd upon il," J<wi<h OTgani2alions .tt,u·ked the d«i,ion," They . 1'0
~"d Pelki""y'uh,
T~i s

lo~bied

.g.in' t JUdge Gilbert ~I errin> one of t~e j udge, in bolh n..mj anj uk

wh"" his nome , un . eed on • '~Ort li'l to fill • Supreme Cou" vacancy,"
t~e

type of aet;vlly I••d, 1 . percerlion of , ymbiosi, bot"'een OSI and 0

Je",i,h

eommuoily. Th.t perception i, enhanced ~y l ~ < r. et lh.. Oi"", tor Roscnbawn spen' IWO years as (10"",. 1C"u n«l 10 lite WJC nnd Dire.:I", She Idt OS110 join a prominent Je",j, h lobbying ",
~roup." The J""""rlion sometimes "o,b to o sr, od"nt.ge, as others I;'"" that OSl oan ""ouse

a powerful Jell'i,h lobby if n,,,'<l !>e." Yc,
' ~e

,ymhi"sis i, "01pert",t ,\t 'imes, OSI ddendanls h., 'c been "'PT"'",nl<d by

i,'wi,",lawy",>, They ~""C gon.roll)' ddondcd ,heir dooi,inn 10 repr«em alkged :'\azi
526

pt=utors ,.m the ground thal ... fu,ing to "'prl'scnt a class of persons p tr ,t t is reminiscent of lhe ("" llltem Jews received in N",j (Jenoany. The dismissal "f lhc
Wal~s

and Sot>bmA"., case., the pro«e"li<m of Jacob Tannenba ullt,

and the negulililcd . ettlemcnt of , ,,me OS! e,,",cs, more .11 ""o lcoHrsial deei.ion, which aro"sed

mixed "'actions among Jew•." And in the ca,e of And... Bertencourt, OS! did nol place him on ' he WalChli" despi'e publie pre"""e from reoowned Nazi humer Serge Klorsfeld.'" OJ''en Ihe overaU suength of lhe rel'lion,hip between 051 and rhe establ ished Jewish leade"J, ip, disagreements " f lhis sort have no lung_leno eITecl•. TheTe ore, however, fri nge lewish organi?..tion. whose activitie. are much mo'" prob lematic for OSI. Indeed, SOme "flheir aetivitie, have been counterpro ductive to OSl'o mission. The mos' serious by far i. rheir apparent involve me'" in the dealh ofTscherim Soobzokov, discussed elsew""",, in \hi. ,epon. " 'IOOe have been other problem, os w<'ll. Jewish lI'uups have di,rupled \rial.," harassed defeose counsel." ond a..aulted defendants. On (he very day ofSoobzokov's dealh, a nre broke out in from of (he horne of Elm... Sprogi.. whose order of denaluraH,..tion had been ..""rsed foUl' month. "",lie When ,he fron, door was opened '0 • pa'scrby seeking to alen the """" panlS T. of 'he fL a bomb exploded "', Although Sprolli, was not hanned. the samarilan ' S lower leg had
to

to he ampulalcd, Shortly .fter 'he incident, a caU came

lhe local new,paper: "LiSlen carefully.
In 1980, a bomb ",,,nl off

Jewish rkfense league. Nazi war criminnl. !lomb. Never again.''''

., an ap"" ment huilding ow"ed hy an OSt defcndan!. The day prior, a l\1an idenhj)'ing himself as a H" I"eauS! ,.,,'i,-o, warned a local news a~eney IhO! he wuuld kili lhe defendant" f""' k W. lu" pro,cealed before osr. founding, was ,prayed in lh. face wirh m... by. man idcnlif)'ing him...lf as the he.d of the JDL in Chicago."

TIle mo, t ,ep<ateJly ,.jCl i,n;l ed OSI defendanl was Bo lcsla '" Maikov'kis, a Lalv ian ohief or po lice during World W",

a.» nc 1}; S filed ,,,il agoins, him in 1976.
" 'OrC

In 1978, wi' h lhe

liliWlli" n "illr<"TIdin8. "" 'crnl ",,,,,

fi ", d iaw ~ ta ixov,kis' h"mc, wounding him , etio"sly.

,\llhough the JDt. disda i",e<l rcSf",n, ibilily, Ihe nalional d i='"r ofthc group ".leJ th.l tt..

""Sl.l ic Ihat il happe,>ed , We' re only ~nhappyl ile ma n is ' lill ahe. . . . We d" n'l ~ o around shoot ing "nd killing peopl., but w. hope lU sen'e as'n in,piration to too.., who do." The followi ng year, a man ,epresenling h im""lf as • ",pone, stabbed ~ guest in tho M.i k,,,,ki. oome and then Iled. Th e anonymous a'sai lant later identif..d himself 1 tM m.dia 0 os a mcml>et or. group oalled Jowi'h Ex«:u,ione" With Sile nce (JEWS) and said that Maikov,ki, had t>oen the l.rscl." GasoliDe bombs IIJId nornmable Iluids wen: aimed at the Maiko"skis horne 'everal t imos in the sllCeeedins years, alloo"l:h no one was I"jar«!. AfitT o ne . uch i"eidcnt, a cal icr .aid ' he fi",hombi"g w"" ''reve nge fill cnme>IMaikovski'J commined .'·" E,en during hi, depo nal ion hearing ;" • pub lio counruom, Maiko "" kl' was nol safe, OSI allomey Ielfrey Mau sner blocked a wo"ld-be assailant from ..aching 'he defendan t. Savo the al""11lpted CDu"'oom a'saul l, no """., t, ""''" made in any o f Ih. ca, c' invo lving \'iolent o,ls .ga in't O S! Je r" ndan~. ,. A' o( rema in open.

,hi, writins, FBI InyeSl ;gat ion, Illto the c rimes

1. ,'We pp. 83_86.

2, See p. 10,
J, Ry,n rceortlc'<1 inleryiew. Oct 6. :!OOO.

4. E.g" in 1 9 7 ~, fk O,,,r Karh" h of lhe WJC p",dJc'<11NS wilh a [i ' l of61 n,me' of all.geJ persecutors culled from media accounts. Th, t S anle year, the WJC sent lhe SLU the ",un., of Trc hlink. s"",ivots lo inlel""iow for Ihe fedore nko inv.'tiJl'!tion, In 1980. Ihe WJC com"ew l Yiddish ne" SP"pets wutl JwiJe in a ",'arch fur s"",i,'or, from a comp in E'toni. headed by then OSl su bject Karl Linn... Over Ihe }ears, Ie"'i'h puhlication, prinled nolice••bout OSI' . need for wilnO$'O' from particular ca mp' o r region•. E.g., A DL no'iee in Spring, 199 1 i"ue of Bd .{lngJ, pu blislJed by Ihe Union o f American fkbrcw Congrega' ion' : item in Juno 27 , 1991 i.."" o f Wushjnglon J"",i,h Week and June 199 1 issue of 0 "" Genera/ion Aft" re OSI ,c-ek;I"!i , urvivors o f the Mautha"sen camp,

5, E. g, if a wime.. wanled 1 .Mend se",iees Or d ine ;n a kosher ","auranl, Jew ish groups 0 as'isted. Ryan intorview,'''''''', n, ~ .
6, E.g., the WJe filed an amlcuJ c ud"" brief in tho Second Circu it for Ihe Lim1<IJ case and ono in the Supreme C OUr1 for Kungys. Al the time each of these was filed, Eli Ro,.nhaum was General Co"n,.1for the WJC. The AOL, Am",.iean Jewi'h Congres,. Hada' sall. Uniled Synagogue' ofCon,.,.,,·. live Judai' m and Jewish War V'lerans filed a joint brief supponing Ihe Jusl iee DepaItment', r"'luesl for rchearing in lkmjonjuk. Tho Holocaust Survivors in rutsUil of Ju" ice. iJle WJC- the Inlemaliona) Associalion of Jewish u wycn and Juris" (Ame","", See'ion). the America n Jewish Commi tte<. the Ameriean Jewish Con"e5$. ,h. AOL, ,he Na,ion.1Jewi, h Commi',,;on on Low and Public AfTail1l. the SWC, the Soci.ty o f Su",ivol1l of the Ri$a Gheno, 'he Union of Orlhodox Jewish Con ~gati on, of America. and the WJC aU filed ;n . uppan o f the government'. petit ion for cen iorari in ,hat c ....

7. £.1'.• June 9, 2005 p..... rde"" from the SWC, "Wio.en th,,1 Cent", CaJ )llipon German Gov', '0 Admit and Proseeu,e N82i Collabo,a'ors Ordered Deponed from the United Slates;" "Jew i'h Group : Germ,ny Not Taking War Criminals," AP, June S, 1985.
8. S,e p. 284, 9. S... pp.51O-S11.
In. C"n ~ro"m"o Lonto, \\7'\le 10 I~e J"p'lne," Prime Ministe' .nJ met w;'h Ihe Jaf'O!le.. ,\ mbo" ""," in tiJl ile elT n tn amel iorate lhe pro hlem, Ocl. 27, 1999 letter from Rep. I.ao''''' to o Prime ~h ni"er K ei ~ o Ohuchi: Apr. 11, :!000 letter from .'\ mho,..,)or Shunj' Yan.i 10 Rep 1..1\'0$ J i",u" iug 'heir m."'l ing al1J ,he Ambas..dor , re'!'On'o.

°

SlY

11. Discus'ion with Di",elor Ro,enb.Wll , Even doc uments in d ,,><:J OSI investigulion , .... co vered under the exemption beeau "" lhey may ha,-.: in formati " n (ind ud ing ,ubjcot u r wilnes, name,) rel""ant '" ongoing invcSligation~. Howe'·cr. lhe e ~du,io n is not rigid. It can be waived, and iod..,d, O~ I has do ne '0 many time"

12, Sd PI', 537-540.
13. «An ADL Special Repon, The Campaign Againsl ltoe U.S. Jusli~ Dq'allment"s Pro,coulion

of Su,pected Nazi War Criminals," June 1985. 14. "Fa st Europe"" Emigres Arc Accused oflm peding Hwu for Nazis in U,S.," by Mary "Thornlon, The W""h;nK'on Post, Apr. 6, 1985.
15. E.g.. the ADL found Ihe eoun', accu",tion "absolulely mindbouling." "Appell'1e PllIIel

Rebukes Justice Dept on Demjanj uk," by Michaellsikoff, The W ""hinglOn Pos', Nov. 18, 1993.

16, See e,g.. " LalcS! Version of Sup",me Coun liSl, Babbitt in Lead, 2 Judge. Close a.hind," by Tho mas Friedman, The Ne", y",! nmes, Ju.... 8, 1993; " Grum bling Grows as Babbitt Considered fm Higb Coun," by Paul Rich1el, The 1.". Angel.. n mos, In,," 9, 1993. At the time Jewi'h groups were lobb ying ag.iM Merri tt, the lkmj"nj ui ruling h. d oot yet ~n issued . However. Chief Judge Mern n had al"'ady ~n instrumental in rwpening the ease and allowing Demjanj uk 10 re1Um to lh. U.S. (Wben the o pinion was issued, it wa:; autho",d by Judge Lively, with Jud ges Mernn and K.ith in full agreemem .) \Vhc1het M.rrin wou ld have been lhe nominee absent J.wish lob bying i. unknown . He, however, beli.ved that to be the e.... "Demjanjuk Judg.: Jew. Torpedoed Bid for Top Co urt, The Forward. F. b. 10, 1995.
M

11, Sh.. joined AIPAC, Ihe American Isra.1Public Affai.. Committee. In 1994, when writing 10 lhe Al1on>ey Ge n.rul to urge the Department to investiga1e Allan Ryan ("e. p. 168), Judge Mc "tTill mad. p<>inled referene<: to Ihi, mov. , lJew ish special inleresl] groups, nO maU. r how p<>we,ful p<>lilkally. should no lu n~", be pennil1ed I " influ. nce II><: ad minislnllion of justice in Ihe Dep....m.n!. call to )'oW' .,Ienlion lhe fact lha! in Ihe past rew monlhs the h.ad " rOSI Went overlo run ltoe most imp<>r1ant "f lhese 110u,,", ApAC {sic].
Oct.

20. 1994 lelle' from Chief Judge ~ errin 10 Anomey G.neral

Janel Heno.

After le. , 'ing All'AC, She, jo ined lhe lnl"malionai ("o m,ni..,ion on I1nloc.o.ust Era Insurance Cla im,. H. resi~II<.'<l in 2002 amid .lIe~al ion , th.t h. had mi,appropriated S136,000. He "OS disbarf<.,J in lhe District of Columbia in August 2003, 18. Di""'IU' Rosenbaum ""mc lime, used Ihis sublle sUl,lge'tion 10 p,oJ vario"" partie. ' 0 action. E.g., in a May 3, 2000 phnnc-.;all with the Siule Depanm.n!'s Roman ian De' k, Ro1lt'nbau",

,;,

<,p;nod Ih. t Ihe Jewi'h e"n",, "n;t~ 'wuld be "O up"el if R" ",." i. did mIl 'gr<' 1o ' <<<pI lY "i~ ol' lJ> Schill", as a <kp<'''~ . 11>. ,. ", n>< "'''n'h ho ",,,,' c to tho SI.lc Dopatlmonl, noting Ihat . ('" n ~",,, ;1,,0 Ihe puhl;e woulo he cr;tical if Germ . " ~ d id no' aceepl lwo " ,he' depo""",",. H.. m.~< a similar ''!lumonl 10 ' hc St.I CDcpa" mc"t·, Sl""'i,J A", b,"au", oa War Cri mes. 'Wben .' I",. k;ng with Ihe Germ"" r oii' i" l M;ni, lor aMu l (;<rm;U1y' S .. f"sal lo lake in OSJ depo"« " Ro,enbaum ,ug~eSled Iha' he was . blo to r." the flume' uf oontro''''rs~. S,·~ 1', 439 ,
19. T"m"·lInuum ~ <d itor;,1 " l'p'" ing til< p",,",,,ution: If'l.lhinK"m Je",i,h Wed , Ju" e 18. 1987; ""'e rne,," " f ,upporl by J. ,. ish le. &.. " - 1I .u"ling Issue, Su""und J<wi' h Nazi Camp O"er= ;' by Samuel r ",«l"'IlTI, The Y",k Time. , May 26. 1987, 1r,,1,,", _ The Jew;,h Vnit«l r und of Metropolilan Ch"' ago. The A",eri can Jew;,h C"n~re" and the AnI;·Defamalion L,,"gu' .11 urgc.ltho gov" rnmenl lo pursue Ihe e=. Mal. 4. 1980 l<:tte' from Joel Sp.. ~'e~en to U.S. Di' ''iot At1 nme~ [,ic] Thoma, P. Sullivan; "Analy.i, or tbe Sc,'enlh e ire"; t Opinion;n U S v. Frank Wal"s ," by tke ADL and lhe Amerk an Jew i'h Congre,., ),lat. 1980, The I' raeli' made p"bHc rheir di, plea.""", wilh ,h. llO""rnmonl"' doe;,ion: "Jsraeli A".;I , Just;ce Dep t. Deei'ion on A«u",d Na.>.i." The Ne.. York Tim<s. J... . 26. 1981; "D. to. Agaio" W. lu. Ignored _ 2 b racli.." Th. Chic",'!a San·Tim<s, Jan. 2 ~ , J981. S""h:aki:w - Althoush nol an~ry al OSI. Rt" HalllrnllTl ..... •... gered by til< impliu.t;on, n " f governmenl wrongdoing which a1lowc.l Soobzokov to e"' e, the country "C IA 1952 Fil.. S.v.. EJI ·Na.>.i in D<port.,ion C=,n by Thomas O'Toole, Th. Washing,,»! P,;",. July 10, 1980. Ro , ou rontont of C=S, '" e,g" "F.<:hocs from lhe H" l"" a"'t S"und ro: 2 Neighbors,· by S.. n P. Murphy, TIre no"'an GI,,~ , Jun. 25, 1990 , in whioh th" ADL expre, sed disappoi"lment that OSI '.-a, nal ,ee~i n8 • \lefendanf. deportation. (Due 10 the defendant', poor h.. l1b, OSI "",,,pled hi' forfcilur<: o f e;li:<enship in , .."m for the 8""'trun<:nt' s eomntitmenl not to , .. ~ dep<>rtation ,)

,v.,.

20. S" PI'. 301·302. In Match 1995. Abraham Foxman, Nali"". 1Direct", of 1M ADt. lold Ihe Fren<h da i l~ L. Man<k rhat he oppo",d the effort, to bar Bettencourt', cntry inlOth.. Unitod SI''''S. bolh be<a"'" Beueneourl', wrilings C t;Me ;n, uffi cienl ground' (in ADV. view) for o"' pl ac in~ him on lhe Watchli" and becau," Bcn"""""" "has p"bl;dy spolog;ze<! to tJ>e Jewi' h people."
21. So< pp. 349-350.

n . E g,. During ' he 1998 trial "fjacob R,·ime, . Jewi'h 'p«:tators ",ro. med '" Ih.. defondant.
2000. <l u,ing Ihe Fed;,
K",OC1'~

In

lrial. a I"ne jewish prote.lOr. we"rin~ " ,~ullcap and IlTI """band ;mp,;n",d w'ilb • Sl., " I'D,,,,;\! "nd ' he wo ed "Just;<o," ",,,><I nto""" ingl;- behind tho d " f,'n~ ;lr>l " . d hi, r:unily, He ",j ,"I"d Ihe O1." h, I' ' '''lu«t to O1o'e ,nd was p'r,,,,ad,d to d" ' " "nl )' "fler ' he j"d~o 'P'J~e to him ,I;,,"t;~. I" 1981. a Jewish ' ''''< '''IIl' "., h <>d from Ih. Inal iltl' nf ll"hd:ll1 K"'i)' . Ji.. 'h""'ing at a ~<fen,e "i lno" ",,!Side the , o um""m , During the 1985 c " ,lilio" b<"rin~ o f Amlrija An",,,, ;o.j...·" "nOIhrcats w-"re nc'h:ll1~e~ b.:",~ C,o,, ,;an and ·" Jewi' h gn'"p' atlcnd;ng the rroc,~;"g. ,\ JIlL memhe' " a, a"",<tIed fm disorderl)' ""ndoc! and t" ;I,,,o to ,';lc'", e t' ·doml P"'l"'rl )' " ,\r' L1~O " ;O Rulod ,\ 1<01011)' f il to A"i" in Dofc·n,e. ~ by :',1 1

Will iom Over.nd, 1"1ot Los Angel.. nmos, J.... 3 1, 1985,

"3. s.,e • .g., "ArlukO\ic's Anomey Tell' ofThr\<atS," by WiH;om O,...,.."d, The u.s Angel.. Time,f, Jan, 28, 1985.

daiming tha', because of p" ,,·;ou. <k"'h ' hrea" to Sprogi', 'he govommcnl 'hould hl".., kno wn and pTO'ccl<d a~.i"'l the impending dang..-. A judge d i. mi, ,,,d the lawsuil, "'ling lhal lbe federal go,'emmem was nol responsible fo' lhe injuries, " DoO' l Blame U ,S., Samaritan Told,~ by Edna Negron, Long /sIond .vew,day, July 7, 1987.
25. "TIu-<atening Letl., Writer," AP , I an. 311, 19811.
26.
"),1...

24. "O-umb Explodes at 1I [Loog r, lond) Ilor"" of Figure io Nazi I !cari"g,~ by Phil MiolZ and Peter ~l ..k" Long !>lund Sews'!",)', Sept. 7, 1985. n e i"jured 'amarilio late' ,ued the U .s ..

Hurls M"" e a l Su,pected !'lI2i, Seized," by Jim C.... ~, Tiot Chicago Su". Ti",.., Feb ,

2,1977.

27. &'!'P. 427, 430·431 lOr adi5Cu"ioo ofMai ko"sklo""d hi' pro... u' ioo both in lhe U. S. and Germany.
28. APRele... by Anh'" E" erett , Aug. 4, 1978,

29. '·Alleged Nazi', Gu""t Knifod 00 Ll" [long Island ). by Shawn G. Kennedy, The Nn<' York T'''''',JU"'' 14, 1919.
30. "More Violence oo Ten.. S'.. o1:' by Rkhard Firstman, Long blond Ne.., doy, May 19811

ll. n= was no pro...,,'ion ......suit of the .Ourtroom in.ident. It i. unknown whother ,he ",511il.,.t was l"wi,h or affilia'ed with aroy particular group. Th" Co.lilion fo' lhe Proleclion ofCons'ilulional Rights 3I1d Secu rity, 311 o,gani"",ion of emir,ro group. opposed to OS]", me1hodsand p'",,'ices in the 1980" held lhe Justice Oep2l1ment accounlable for alilhe violeoc,,; lhey argued thatlhe Departmem 'hould have "",keo ""1 on ,he i...... "The ) U>1i.e Department i. Not Concerned Abo'" Jush. e," [)rougos, 0<:1 . 8, 1985.

532

Cri ti.. OSI is ..> ;l hoUI ilS crili<o. The in"luM a wide range of people " ho"" "hj "", i" n. 1" ')'
HU)'

rrorn pro"edt"allo "U ""'an,i,·. . So,n. "f lhe crilitism i. diTCt l.d .1 ,pedfic cases; ,orne applies IU OSI I""",uli,>os gene,ally. "nd ,,,me 10 OSI uflidals in p"nie" lar A' ,he oUlSct, mony ~w"ioncd Ihe neci for the om"" a' all. Sume felt lhallhe"" derendoms, now elderly, 'wre "ot a , um"ienlly high priority m.n"r 10 w.rranl • "'J"lra" unit devoted '" lheir p'o'eculion.' E""n some Jew, "eTC ,keptkal. They worried lhat if the d fo rl failed it would suggest impolence or Ihe Jewish people, Ih= by fun hering • st.re0l)'P" Ihal lingered from World \\' ar n. Morro"C>", they we' e concerned lha' prosecution" Wilh an""danl medi. coverag", would wing increase<! pIlin 10 some Il"locausl survivor$.' One< lho office waS eSlabli, hed, , orne emigres rrom the Sovi<1 Union and ' he -c"pli"" nalion. " of Latvia, ESloni. and Lith",mi. fellTed lh. 1OSI was on • m....iv.. and onjU51ifi.ble wilchhonl. They ' USpeCled Ih.l polili.,1 cOMid'''lio,," ied aS! to lOcos on lho.. who emigraled from E." tem E"""pc, while pe<lpl. rrom Japan and Na:'.i-oCClJpied we" em Europe . ...ped >oMioy.' OSI lo uglllio . Ilay lh. .... eon"ems, C' plaioing rhal , inc<: ,h. DPA and RRA favored Ihose necing Communism, lhe eoncenlra,ion of[.." em Eum!","" defendanls was a funcliM of
imm i~"'ljo n

pOI1<m' ""d no' polili,·.1 agend•. More",·er, Ih. Ea' i Euro!"'an com munity .. 0

whole "'as noll",~oled; '·cr;· f<w '"'''' 'uspc<led " rhu ing o",i,lcd in perseculi" n.' :"01o\'Cryone was convinced.
~"me

cmil1" puhlicoli,,", warned lheir reod<:'" thal l!>ey
l~.

"cre in danger "f being deponed, und urged Ihem nol 1 COOI"''''I< Wil !> 0 J""ice: Thi, SlJ'mit d OSI fron, dow loping

DCpilr1 mCnl "f

,n"",,, ofinlormali"" or ",i lnC_"" wilhin lhc local

5) .1

Tn ,he exlenl t~.t OS I k a med of ['<",ible ."hj""" fmm ('omm uni" publication." o<>d relied on docume nl. and wi'n,,,,,,,, from behind the Iron CUrlnin, defendants and cri tic. argued ,hat the evidCll<C w'l$ n01 credibl•. They po,ile<! ,h at the So viet U ni" n (nr i(s satellite countrie$) [',bri t.ted d,aege, and evid ence in orde r to ,Hs<:rcJit adivi'l emigres io th. United St.t••.' V.rio"s Oeparlmem officiai. m. t with .migre lead ers throug!>o ol the y.ars 10 dis<:uss the issue;' th. t< was also .t le.st o n. me<,ing betwe.n . migr<s and \\'nit. Hous. personn . 1.' Noneth.l.ss, the alleged u",<liability of So vi<t_ ,ou"",d ""ide"", tcm ained the most common de fen se tu 0 51 prosecutions for over. de cad•. In fact, ho"'eve r, very f.w OS! def. ndants we ,. acti ve in th. anl i-Comm unist mo"em' Ill ," Moreo"er, lh.re was no correl.l;on bet ween activism and tip.< from Sovie1 , o""",s. Their tip.< involved so me who "'- re ac tive, as well as some who were poli tically quiesc.nt. In e m.ny instances, the Sov iets had no in fo"""tion . bout an O SJ subject; in on. case, 0 51 dismissed

lpawry e'o'idcn... " In any .ven~ ev.n if th. p roceedings .fl.r • Soviet ", iln.ss prov ided e;<,'w
Sovie t motiv.tion for naming a perso n was su spo«:t, thai did not nec essarily rend er the II<cusat ion f. l, e. The case uitimately depend.d o n the re liability of the witnesses and documents us. d 10 ' upport the eha>"ge. a. tested by U.S. judicial standard. for ad missibility. At first, lhe U.S, governm.nt ilself sent mixed
me",. ~ . . .bout

the reliability o f Soviet

\\'itn..... in Nazi w"," crimes in" . st i!}Otio ns. In th. pr. -OS I cr., th" Department of Swe (DOS)
rnuli ncl~-

igno,,,d "'q u"s,", from I:'S for "" i'lanCe in wurk ;ng with the SO, 'iO on "'azi l'

inw,tigali" n<. ne DOS f" .r,><I that it c(luld not "ve,ify the crcJibility or. indeed, the ident ity (If lh. witnesses pro' id.d ,,' by the Soviet a"lhori ti '$.~" Moreo,...,., to ,h" extent lhat th" Soviffl them.. lw$ hod war c rim" $ chars.. pendi ng , ga;n<1 , orne I:'S .ubj,,,,,,, the State Ocp.Mment

'"

f"a,od th.,th. S",'ie'. would n<>t >n. k. O"aila hk aoy witn• ..,o. wh"..., po.i 'i"n. did no, .upport ille S",'i<:1 pro","",,,t i,,n•. "

n . Slato Dopm1tn,·n(. i n lmn,i ~,'n,..,. in ,I>< fae. or ropoaled ""l o"." . for as,;,'ane.
ISS, "',,'''eJ tho ire of Co ngressman J",hu, H II><-rg. Chai, of th. 110"" Subc<m,min.. 0 0 In1 migr.lion Ci'i« n.h ip ,end lo'oma,ional La w. I, was o nly ali .. Eilt>c'~ complained to ,he

from

Sec""ary of Sl. te, and 10 ,h. Pre,ident, Ihal DOS requested inform.tion from the Sovi <1o about
~..,,.II>JS.ohjC< t • ."

A.DOled . arli. r,

Am.rio~

omcials mad. several ,rips '0 ,he U.S.s,R, '0 ..ek 11<. ... '0

",itn"" 'e. in )<I""i "-ar c rimes c"",s." Among ,hem, C hairman Eiiborll and Coo~",,,woman Holum"" " eot io 1975, SLU Director ~Ianin J.l<tKld",hn in 19 78. and OS I Director Waller Roc kl.. ami hi, ,h.n_deputy Allan R)-oo io 1980. In add i,;on, Attorney General Ci,'ileu i di"' ...... d lhc iss ue w;,h ,he So vi<:1 C hieUoslic. in 1979. Au "" olt of the' e meeting.. ,he So viets .greed to allow qocs'ioninll of their ci,i,..", in accordanc. w;,11 procedw<s aocep,able in U,S, "Oorl' o f law. Although a So ,-ie' procurator (pro secotor) had '0 be pre,enl. (.)h. would hlI,.., no prior "",ice " f ,h. qlk.,rioa'. OS I . nomey• • od dcfe"", cooo,o1 conld qnC5l;oa and cross e~ami .. Inc ",i ,ne. s. s, Mo'l impon a nll)', ,I>< deposili"n. "'ould I>< videotaped. If . ",itnes. ",e", 1. tcr UM ble to " .,..1to ,h. Vni'ed Sto" ", '0 l..tify, a j udge could ,'iew ,h. '"PC I" ass,,., ",i ,ne", dcmvanur;od ,,..,d ibility as woll as ,he fotm,,1 of,he d,'po , ;l;on," In Oct ober 1989,
,\ II ~ m e l '

C"ner:lI Richard Th<>mburgh. Ihe ti", A tt~mcy ( ,ene ", l lo ,-i.il the So,-iel I :n;" a.
"~t<..,d

; i~ ne d

• m,mnr,ndum of unJ,"',nJing with hi, '''" nl,'IJ''lIl in " I,i,h r.~h ",,"ntrie'

tn

"onlin"e IfIe... p,"" k ", nnJ '0 fon fler ,heir "'~)I"'r.,t ion in ,I<.: pu!>uil of ~ali po"",""ol" ," , 111e Depa" monl of J" " i"e m" inmi""J ,h., ,he.., r""'c.J""" >-, ,,,red lhe ",Iinhility o r the

p'<>,,<:cli ng•. " os!". cri, i". and d<fendan," were no, as ",," ~u ine. They alg"ed lhat the IM~ p,.",,,,,e of 3 SOV P''''''''''!O' (,nd lhe~ ".'" ,onk:time' more IhM one ...",.."'nl3li"" from the ;<1 procurah"', om ".) n:" d"n,d ' he p'''l."ccding inlimidatin~ and cne",i,,,." 11>I.",e "as sup pon for hoth side, of Ihe arg",n. ,I!. In ,ome C ,,, , S,wi<1 wil,,""'" , ...,;'led and

""."'11 e" "n"'otC"d the d<fendanl;"

in others, " it""....., may ha"e been inhibil<d from

ii" ing • • culpalory 1.S!jmo n~ by the pm<urnt<>r" derog.tory co mment> ahou'1M defendant . Some procurators ",fermlto the defendllllt lIS a ' 'war criminal"'" IlIId ,estricted cmu e" . minali01l." In one c.... )'ean a!\.T OSI' . proc«dinll' we", eo mplele. I witness ..canled, ..ying . he had been forced by Ihe SO" iel . ulhorili.. 1o testilY ral sl."l~ .'" The de po,i,;on. were abo "cry CU mboelSOnle. Many of the wit"",... (C.K. , La",ians and L;th""nians) Were not Russian ' peakers. queslio,," and llffiW<!' " weN': JlleSCme<! in !hei. native tongue, then lransl.,ed into Ru..ian (fOllhe prneu, .,,,,) and then inlo Engli.h. These mulliple "on,lol;On' trebled the daroliun uf ,he proceedin g, making Ii>< videotape much mo", !cdio"" to ",.teh. Critic, reared that Ihe co uns would ..Iy in"ead (l1J the tnlr1""ripl. the..by losing the boenefit of demeanoJ evide.....,. which videotaping was de.;~ to secure ." Such concern. we", e,peeially import.nt . i....., _ despite Sov;el asSIlfarl"" ' 0 the controsy - " Olle of the Soviet " itne" , ,. ",as ever . llo",ed ' 0 I", 'el ,o the Unit<d Sta'.. '0 1e.,ilY. Court, had mis.d """"lion. ' 0 Ih. dcpo,i, ion>- Some aeecp1ed them at f""e value:" while olhCTl rejeded ,hem <nlirely;" "'me relied On them o nly 10 ' he . Slent that lhe~ were "om lhoralN by do<umcn''''Y < iJ c-nee." ", l be d""umenlS ""e.. Orl""O I)pe.: hi'to,i".t doc","cnt. and PfOlocol$.
d","·~m.nt<

n.e hi"ori"l

",e re ""nl<mpn,an<ou' ~rds mode du ring ,he " or: Ihe pn1toco). "'",e inte,,·iew. of

Jefond nnl' al'k! w;,,,,,,,o. I"ken oft., the war and " ' cd in 0"0""'"' "'''' <rimes lrials. C,i,k. ,'h. ll<n~ccl Iho hiolo,i".1 <I""umem, on ,ho graund. 'hat ' hey were 0<1' of . onlexl .md'or ~,'iC1 fabri cation•. The cOn'c, 1 ar~ u ,,,c'" W ha.ccl on the rael Ihat for Ihc dura, i" n ur IIS :he Cold W". ndthor OSI "". ,Iefonsc o"onscl had clire<.1 "<co", 10 s",-i.1 "",h i"",," A, nulod earlier. " n. could onl~' ....... ""', informal;on am! hupe Iho au,horities would re, pond." If a pany ""rclod i,. roque" poorly. ",Ioted and rel.,'ant <locumen!.'; mighl be overlooked, Thor. was no """"nunily for Ih. li li~aling pOl1 i", to . on throogh lhe files and """",dipi'o....ly find suppo ning ma'ori al. Moreo""", the S""i"" ""an;hing for docum. nl, ou behalf oflhe Uniled SlalO' w,,,e sometime. p=utors ,,,her th:in trained historians. TIley often had 10 rely on name_linked itldk .. ",hich ", f.renced ""Iy documents bearing a gh'.n , uhj"",. . name. 1l>ey lhe,d or. mii!h' o. ..loo k documents del.;ling the octi" ities ora un;1 and """,",cis pen.ining 10 the sening ofa
~icular e"enl.'"

l hese diffioulti.. "'ere compounded hy

,h.

fac1 th., 1101all Soviel archiv ists

knew Gennan or h.d 'ufficient ""o",ledge of the captored record. held hy their ;nSli1Ut;"n._

0 Soch i"effe.,i"" ""earch "'as mon: likcl)' 1 Sl)'my OSI'. i,,"e,ligalion Ihan to h.."""r lhe defcn,., bO il ."" Id . rguably imp.cl I
ne~a1i,..ly

on bolh . ide•. lhe mo", fon;eful "'ll"",en,

f", the defon,e, "",,,,,'e,, and one il r.i<cd in elise after case, "OS Ihal <1<>oomen" frum the So,'ie1 Lni" n " ere f<"80rie•." OSl , d ;ed "n f" n;n,ics, including handwriting. fingerprinl, pilp"' , ink, glue. , u mp and I) p"\\Titcr analy, i. 10 ",f"o: ,ueh alle~atiOfl'_ In a fe" in' lano,... . rilical record. had !1 n~e'l"'i nt idenliflcalion ,,~ ich made il !"" ,ible 10 ""nnc a docomc'1lt 1 'he defend.nt " S"me ,ec ord. had the dct"n da",'$ ,iJ;!1. I" ", "r ..,1 o h"ndwTiling,
~lJtohin~

tbc .;~ n"t u ", "n . World War II <1<>ownon, to curren, hand\\Titing

",,,npl\', is m"n; ,,"",plex than ",ol;ne ,; ~ "a, urc ""mran ,,,ns. TI" ,,,, ,ore "umpli,'a,in8 (",I"rs. SJ 7

i"dud iog Ill. ",ll ur31,vI\I"til\" o fh a nd"",iling o"'r time, the odditi"". ] . hong•• to hand"",il ing when I""'rly .d"'01ed penpl. """urn. more ••

le",.""', a nd the diffic " lry of matching Lati na..
Ikspile !he«

alpha b<1lellm with the c;~ ill ic I.n.ring on man}' o f Ihe . arli....docum. nt•." hurdl• •. , ome matche, were made.))

In most cases. IioWeHr. there are no ret"" nl doc umen ", "il h the defetidont'. hand,,";t ing or fing.rprinl• . There IIr. m ..e..... I'a",f., mll .. mil itary
"'en~th

recurd$, disciplinary repon, and

med ical recnrd.,lla, com ain lhe defendant'. nam., bOI the.. "cre . il!J>Cd by commanding offi....... military cler k.. hospital officials and the like, OSI uses " ,Jious me. n. to a ul!lenticate ...., h documents, Firs\, hi'tori.......tify that the Sovie.. had collected and ", ored the malmal a t

"M·' e nd and Ihal finding the documen.. in

exp<cled loca lion. in and of ilSelf ga.. lhem cr.dibility ," Even more imponontiy, OS] com pare;; documents about the defend""t to recurd, of u!her sold i..... and to infonnalion about th. d. f. ndant from a " ariel)' of ",m e... O SI ..arche. fo•. OJld often finds, relO\'",,1 record$ ..a" . red in ....h i,·.. throughout Europe and the U nitcd SlateS. Binhdalc, place: o f hinh, lineage, r. ligion and Olhe, in fannation in \he defend"",,' hometo"TI'S (f,om bapti.ma1 cel1ifica.... sc hool recnrd.. e mployment.pplication.. e" ,j are matched with military ,ecord. elsewhere . OSI abo compare. military a nd po lice re<:ord. for their intcrnal ron.i >lcncy, • .g,. matching a pro molion form in one arch i"e with records in , nOlhe, "",hi" e indicating the defenda.nl " ne" rank. I ik." i",. .... ",<1. o f o lhe" pro moted On or aboul the >ame da te are examir>ed to determine whethcr the prom"ting ,,!lie.. " ',,", lbe """'•. Po.t·" ... pension reque.a are examined to d.te rmine date. atld pi""., "f won ime , e,,'ic• ." 1!0s p;I.1 reco rd. are

"" .;.,,«1 to compare lhe

pe"",031 hi" " rie. th.",in with ide nl if)'ing informa tinn in mil itary record •. Wo und. and « :In

=

n"ted ~"d ~"mparcd "i lh th""e on th" dcr"nda nt in Ihe "ounr oom."

Ilom,,'owo Eu,,'pean

"""'papers. ""pie. " r"h i"h might be in the I.ihr.>ry "f C ongre.. OS " ell as o""""as. are
,,~ami ncd

fo r _lOri", C~"Y""',,al i ns informalioo f,om Ibe So,-id_,ourcc-d " ,'iden"• ." '

OSI abo "all. upoo f"",n, ic d ",mi<,.,o dcl"nll inc Ih" age of th. paper and ink on 'hc ,d"'a"t do"ument•. " Inks ha'. '-aI)'ing d,,,mi,,.1 prom" ,. and many ink. manufact ured dori"l1 the "'.. )'ean are no longer in U"" , Th" Ime"""ional Ink library m.in'a incd by thc U.S, Seem Sen- icc has ,ho",ands of ink f",mul.. from around thc "'orld. ",ith 'hcir da' c, of manufacture recorded, By remm-inl! ,c,-cral ,mal l plUIlS (I ·2 mm) from lhe ink 00 OSI documcnt s. forcn.i" chcmi'ts C<lmpaJ'C ink prom•• (by' ,-i.uaJ ex:uninalion as "'cll as by ul"a"iolet and infrared ",chn;,!ue. ) ",ilh Ihose in the lib,ary. If there i,
JIll

ma' ch (perh"1'S beeaose • p3Jticolar ink ",as

n01 in the libTary), piOIl' are lllJ,;en fo r co mpari",n from doeumenl. in lhe U.S. Archi"". ",Ti nen duri ng the same era and in lhe samc region." n emists determine the allC of the papet by analy'ling tho.. characteris, i". ,hal " "'Y 0"" time _ "olor, ,h" ,olobility and miS'alion of ink "omponents, fold endur"""", len. il" and. lear " ",nllth. Allhough ,he defe"", occasion.lly .'1'ued lhol lhe So"ie " might ho"e ilodpiled old ink and old paper. and "",e",I)' crea' ed a documenl, lhe stylistic "h""",lC<i Olics of h.ndwri,ing on the documc nl, hclpc'<l refol"lhi, ""ntenlion." hery e"urt [ou"d Ihe S",.ie'·",,,"'«l hist"ri"al do" urnenll ga",i",," T" ,h. cxknl .hat ,nt f,,,,en. i,, ,.,.-jde""e c"ablish<s ,na' ,he doc umen,_, ar. ,,( Ihe proper ,'into~._ and ' he ,";ou,

0"" " -,,uIJ h",-c '0 booli... Ih:" an <xtmorJ inarily eb\lo.>ratc ",hem" had been hat"hed "hi" h inw l' ed fabri"., inK docume" ,_ ,

r,,,,,, haplismal «rtilj".""'IO",ililary,nd tu"pilal !Word, .nd

" oring 'hem "",un<! ,he "'mid. ~l"",o" er. "c<:aUSll !IOm ~ ur ,h~ cumrara,i,'~ r«XIrd, .....~l<' uf
(1<""0< ,wI pm..... u..d hy OS ~ the SoyiClS .....·""ld ha,-e h.d 10 h.,,~ had Itle f<>n:si;:h" o f011l~ ·

d,,,,,,m,,,," uf unrd a'ed I'<" plc and '0 h -ep 'hem ""'cd for <I<:<:.d.. belore OSI sough' l1I<:m. e " " ns co""lud,,,", that

,,"'h an , l. h"'a.... coospiracy "'as implau,;ble."
It is impossible '0 ascenain ,h~

nle pMocols do 110' ha,-e th' s.me inh,,,,m le~ilim,",y,

conditions uod« ",hich Ihe.. ollen dccaJes..,ld in'e....ie"" and interrogalions had been taken , OSlt!><,.f"" .,,,.,, 'hem o nly if their de"'i l' "'" <:<>rtuborated in """,e "'pc<lS. OSII""ks for <uch co" o boratioo ;n ,he historical documents . other Sovie, in'<1TOgation,. and interroga,ions from w;t"",.." and s"bjects ;n Gennany. Poland. 1,,,,,-"1. Canada, 1h<: U.S" and post.SOV;e1 R""i. and L:kraine. S<>me Court, found ,he protocol. ",I;able~" o tl>c:rs W<:te . keplical," While Soyie1-sourced evidence h.. been the most sustained criticism of OSI, cri'ics also decry lhe lack of proc~dural ri;:hts .ccorded OSl defendanlS.
B~c .....

d.naturali ''''tion and

deporta'ion ca=s are civil p~ing., coUIts hav ~ beld 'ha, ,b~ d~f~nd""lS ha"" no fifth Amendment privil.g~ .gai nst ..If_inc riminalion and no righ"o co\lIlsc1 o. trial by jury, For the <ame ",...,n, nei'her a
,'alu1~

of limita' io n< noT iTlOOrnp<tcncy . hield, a

d.f~ndant

from

pros«:ution," Mo"",yer.'he co urt. b.v~ ruled 'hatlhe Holt>man Amendmen' v;ol. ' es neilher tbe eXposl

file'" nor ' he bill of .n.;nder pro" ;sion , in ,he CO"SliMion.

The.. proecduraJ

saf. g" ar<l. p= lud ~ punishment imposed ... roaCliv~ly or wi,hout a 'ri.l; bo...... ""r. depo rta,ion i. not deemcd 10 be punishment." Such ruling, have led ,,,me <titie' to 'c g ~ ..' lc~; 'l.'iun outh"ri zing OSlto p",sccute J olCnJonts in 'he L' nitcd St"lC' as
al
",aJ

oriminalS . l b e ra, ional. for tbi, proposal i.tha, it "'ould

1<:1-" ¥Uat""nlCC tho I"""'ply "f p""'cd ural rights .., ...,.i . II-'<I ",itb oriminal c",",' aM plo tc"

- -- - - - - - - - - - - -

J..' rcnJan" !rom beinil <lcp"" d and

'nod "''''''''...''

Il"w.... ' . ,he pro~<aI ne"er t""k hold ,

probably r"" a \·an.:ty of rc' ''' '''. An""" ,tI<m ~: (1)

,n. O p<Ju fiJ<-1 J(

Q

."'use "",,,,,Id ol moS!

""rIolinl)' 1'«'''''' im!"",i'" .'rimin" .anctions (or loCI;, ';' i.. ~ which " iql.. ed .... U.S.
,OWM Cfo '" ,he Lime 1M dtfond..." cmigal,:d; and

m. 'r-:!ine ngb'"in OSI ClISO'S ~Id
k ...' 0Sl

n«....-..i tale • simiw • •pamiooll in I II dc~iom. ""1li lc ,~ '" ",lat;""I~'
~ion.. lho~ _

' l>o>lNflds of dfporwicfts annuol1y; Iht cost, in both t ime and

""'M)'.

""..Id he rnonnollJ.
In odd~ioII '" t>emc <kni<d _
dcfft>d;omts ....... ..-ail

~ "PPIicabIIO in aimi"'" Jlf'X«dings. OSI

th<-rmct.-n of I

ren.e ,........,..ly appIiabk in cMl man.....
i1 ~

Ud>ct is .

doctrino "'1>ich .ol,-"> cun 10 be

<Ii""'

i,. bod ofdil~ in 1i1illl and tho c1etay

Jlft:iudicn .... .s.reftdanl, AJthou&II OSI .,.... ........... ~ .. decadn old, and in ....... <mel ....
p<Jl. i"'~· ' iII......lJI'ioa Ms 'fWI"Cd • 6ocIdo .. men, auu hnoo W1if",""", ~
de""",, rtqu<SU 10 di_
- . . a !i.-itIoI. _ ,

Moed

1Khct. Somor 1Ia", h<1d "'"' bcbes . "" _eo' apply in •

Mmply.......1uded 1IW It>mo ....... irIouffio:;enl • • id<.... or

pr<judioe III ~. . "' ,lot dc>c1ruIc in • ..'

~ casoo."
1Ifot monl support from lI>c lhtiled.
~ ..ida rn.;ll"'! groups <hampioni"lll lhcir

YailinllO ..ill ~r",," in <.-t. __ d<f ....,... _ .

Salio......

Bet....", 1991;ond 1996. _

""""'. lild ........ ofJ'C"~ionf lO m. U~ C""""';u;.... ... H....... R i~ tL .... ~HR). They

•.oi>N .....,.. or"", u .... :lq."IIfl>cfI1t ~ II) l ho «>I.'I1S.

Thcy 01> .z~ 0 ocd

w. lhr 1:0'''"''''"'''

"'-.l , ;..... «1 ,he t 'ni' mool Da: br.. ion of l lumad Rie/lts by m-kring fnCfI lUIekss. ~';nl

Ih<IIl lo ""bin..,. ""il<:. >tid 1<:", inl ' h<m dnlllUlt." 1k>d11b< S..le and JU5lic~ Dq>anm..... r,,=d tIuI ,hi. mi~'" h...,'''..... po>h'ic'" ;..... ;01 11>0 U4 ' In 1995. Di"""or R<>SeIll>aum and • ....

,

membeT of l~e

State Ll< panmenl's om« of Human

R;g~1S

and

R.ru~e.

new lO Cyprus 10

di",uss .ome of the,e issue, with one of lhe U:-;C lIR " .fTers mosl lrouhled by l~. OSI pro, eculion, . 0 "
A"~u"

28, 1996, lluo \JNCH R sul>commi" ivn vuted 10 dismiss the comp laints

withoul bring ing Ihem l<> lhe allemio" of the full cumm illee. Criticism of OSI is n<~ always"" i" uc· ..,ri."ted. II i. ""met;m" c"",,·driven. The plo,ceuliu", which generated the most critid,m we,e D<!mj''''juk, A,tukooic, and Unn<J'. t ach of which i, di<eus<ed t lscwhe", in lhi, Itport." The'" i. al", an overriding philosophical debale. Was lhe", an)1hing one C<luld do in the United Stale. 10 e, pi. te a pasl uf perseculion o n behalf of lhe Nazi.? Thuse who defendt d rocket scientist Mhur Rudolph , y .le instructor Vladimir Sokolov, and Auslrian president Kun Waldheim certainly lhough t so, And much lhe same argumenl was made On behalf of many Ie.. prominent OSI defendants, 10 wit, lheir decades-long qu iet and law·abiding lives in lhe United Slate' should outwe igh anything done during th<:ir youth. The lXmjonjuk case nlise<! a unique philosophical issue: he had . lready spent seven years in ,olilary co nli nemcnt in Israel o n the CrrOneOu' adjudication lh.t he was l. an the Terrible, Sho uld he be ,etriC<!, eve n if(.. was proven) he had served as a guard at the Sob ibor dealh comp?" And whal of Jacob Tannenbaum? Hi, pros.<eUlion nli. ed the issue of whel her an incarceraled Jew, racing alm",t eenain e" inet ion, , hould al.,o be viewed 3$ a pe"",cut"'. Looking back al the eriticism of OSI, il is ev ident lhat lhe bulk of it ca.me from emigrt woup' .• Ithoo~h not , 11 such groups "ere ni,ic,!." Criticism , Iso ca.me from nlher source., however. The V<1e' an. or Fo",i!V' Wors (VFW) passed . resolution critical ofOSl at their Mlio MI «'nvenli"n in ,\ ogw;t J 9U. " l lte foll!lwing }eM, 28 c""p<>nsolS introduced a

.. ,,,I ulion in thc Mi"hi"",n Sen"e comlcmninll OS! for wo,k ing wi,h the S,w iel authorities, "lIbnugb Ibe Senot" adjou",,-J "i,huut ,'oting "" the mea';U"', Neither Ihe VFW nor ,he Miehig,," legi, lature CI'er ,cf,' rell"'''' OSI t>cfo'" or ,jnce, Con~,e,"",a n Jan,e, TroJkam w.s .Iso oAen ",i,ieal of OSL" lie a.·...osed ,he "nioe of u,illg .,idenee doc tored by Ihe E.'lem bloc in bu,h ,he Pemjanjllk aod Artuk",'ic pros<,<,ut;oos" . od "f inappropriately in,imld.tlng Rudolph Into leaving the counlly," \lillile the "as, m.jority of OS l's detractors are well molivated, it is impossible to ;goo", ,he fact that a small percentage of the cri,icism i, ",do lent of anti·S cmiti,m and Hol"".US1 ""isioniS1 history. Some cri,ic. queslioncd whether thc,. had e>'CI t>cen g.ssings in conceolr. tion camps;" some saw lew, as persccuto.., r.,her lh"" ,' ictlms, blam iog them for tyranny and auodtie. comminc-d in th. name of Communism," Patrick Buchanan _ who.. crilicism' ofteo fncu"d on ,ub"aoco, procedure and political philnsupl»i" _ doubted lhe v81ue of survivor te",imony, Hc rc rcrn;d to it as " Hol",a,,' l Su",j, or Syndrome" replete with "group fanla, i•• of marly'rdom . nd h<:roics,'''' KiIll LiMas ' daughters, appealing to ,he Estonian cnmmunity for funds. implied that the -injusti",," done to Iheir father had been broughl ahoul by )Cwish judge,. ,nd op incd th. t judgc, . nd pro,ce"l"" of JeIVish origin ,hould be rc<juirod 10 J i,qualiry ,hem,.l\ 'es from ,he.. c"'cs' 1\, 'hcy saw it. "'llles< tri. l, are • part "flf1e o\'Crall dfon '0 "se ,be 001""",,-,,., pr<'r ag.md. in order '0 gain funb.. pollt;cal and r.nan<ial , upp<' r1 f"r ,h~ st.to or 1""eL'''' 1\ i><",d ",,'mber of th~ Capli... " . Iioo, Commitlc<: .u~<..ted that OSI r o""n"cI ,howed gre"er lo~'ally '0 r".e l, hnn to ,he J;nited S"les," '1 ll e , rili,;,m
1\;"

grca,o>t during lhe Culd War , 'oars, when 'he emig«' groups we", mo"

aC lj,.. aod whon n uchaoao. 'he m,," r mmincot sinlll< erilic. had a highly ,'isible platfonn as n

,ynd ic.t,'<! c.,lumnisl, ,dcvisi"n commen" 'or .nd White House ,talTer," On hi.IUSI day in ,he While Iloll,e, Ilnch"nun ga"e a wide-ronging i",erview, Among U many que'lio". he was ", a,kcd, 'here wa' ,,,'" .hout OSI. fie explained hi. """ iva,i"n, "1"", ,he ,e poople "" "n,l<'fended. Someone i, ".lled a N""j war <riminal, and , nere is an ~ulOm"tic pre,ump'ion of guill, not of inn""en",,:'" Allhe lime of,hi. WIi ,ing, the gre"e.. remaining criticism is tha, OSI has out lived ilS u, efulnes, as a Nazi-huming uoi1. According 10 ,his view, OSI may have pro, ecUted some , ignifieanl l';",i porseeu'o," in the e:u1 y YCar1i (' .g., 0110 VOn Bolschwing, Arthur Rudolph, Karl li nn"" and Andrij. Anukovic), bul si""e ,h<n lhe defend"m, have been "merely" camp guard. Or members of . u,ilial')' pol ice uni.,. Th.", fOOl soldion ore '00 old, HI and ;nsignHieonl ' o prosee"", at thi. l. te dale," Perh.ps lhe most paign",,' ani cul.,ion of the view
WlI$

"",de by a

lIolocaU$' survivor who w.s contacted by OS I in 1991 ... a po'ential wiUlCSS, He opined th01 i,

was now:
too long a poriod fOJ dreehe implementotion ohanction. 'g.i,..l ' h.", individual., e"en if they arCeO ITCC:tly identificd Ilnd .ceu,ed wilh valid evide""e , These cr iminals m"S! now be in their eightie' and on their wa)' oU1. I.el God deal wilh ,hem, if He hasn' , . Ireody. Men' s ac,;on in the ",.-vice of Justice after SO )'ears must necessa rily be feeble at this 'toge. Accordingly, I respectfully suUe51 lha! your fnrmidable resou",es and energ ies be used for more current c.use., where ' hey can do some good,"

t>ecallsc hi, ,,'anime activity "as not discu"cre<! sooner, i. 1O rewOId 'hose who "'ere rno!'! , uccc" ful in c" nceoling ,he t,"lh. While the de ",i,;'n '0 fi le" case i$ 0]"'0)" di,cretionary, the Irol"m:rn Amend",e", _ which in I"~c mc",,,,,, p"mllc1, o~r . m""dale _ preclude. any di"",retiunary I\'licr lor those "'hom the Courl> deem depon .ble hecause of lhe ir , cliviti.. duting

I>.:h"lf of ' ho'e who I'0rsoculc'd in Iho "arne of Ihe Nazi" And whll e ~aard, "'ay have ~en , imply C Ol'S in lhe war ""'''h ine, I h~ir role was """"II",le"" .'11'1. A' one "pp<llal~ coart ""lcd, If the opc r"li"n "f ,a"h , caml' w'ere trca led as "" ordinary cr iminal co",pi'''''Y, Ihe "rmcd gLl:llds, like the h'k,,"," for a gang of robbe", wollid be deemed c(!Co",p iralo", Or if not, ccr1ainly aiders "nd "beno.. of the con, piracy; no mo,.., should be required 10 satistY lhe noncrimin.1 pro\' ision of1 he 1l01t2l'l'lan Amendment 10a1 m"Ke" ",si"i" g in pcrseeulion" ground fm deport"l ion,"

I. EI<.. Patri"k Buehannn, On Aj1"r 11m".> Jan. 7. 1982," l<>eally-aired CDS lelevi'ion bro.dcasl in W",hi nglon, D.C. .. kITed 10 OSI defendilIl1s as: " bunch of burns "ho arc n"aring 60, 711, 80 leor1 old, who probllbly should h3\-e gono 10 pri,on, 'Orne of whom probably ' hould ha"e been l1ul ifyou"o gOI • certain amoum of law en[o,,'crnenl resouroes, and the problems you'v: gOI in thi' "" unlry, It jusl , « rn, 10 me 'hal . llol·. ,ing Ihem 1 running dowl1 ~ggre"h 'el y 0 ,he.., people i. j ust n<>1 pr"pcr use of «,,'urees.

,ho'.

2. July 15, 2005 e·mail from Mark Richard to Judy Feigin re "Crilic. o[OSL n Some Jewish concern persisted <'-en afte' the office won ,.""',, In 1994, T~ New York Tim.. refero""ed wilhoul naming them - "I'jome people, including ,orne Jews,! who] question ...·helller the, enort to round up , ueh relativdy mino, figurc$ before old . ge d . im$ ' hem i. wonh tho bolher." Hunl for Naz i, Shift. Inlo High G.ar," by Sluon TaylOT, Jr., S'p!. 23, 1984

"n..

) . s,,~ p.1 O. Se. also, S. Paul Zumbaki" So.-i~' Evidence in !Vart;' American Courts _ An Ana /F';' 0/ Prohle m. and Conctrn.- wilh Helion,·. "n Cummuni.t Sou,'''' Edd~ nce in Alleged War Criminal Trial, (Amerie"'" for Due Procoss, 1986), pp. 96, 107 (hereafter Zumbaki.). (Thi, trea'i.. was commissioned by the Ukrainian Canadion Comminee ond Am ericat" for Due Pmcess, a coal ilion of East Europe. n emigre groups)~ ~lbe Lithuanian, Lawian and E'IOni"" Declanllioa Regatd ing the OSI," D'ullgos, Nov , I), 1985.
4. ,We p. 10. In 1980, Direclor R,.van ",nlletten 10 membe,. of Ihe E'tonion commu nity who mighl have info rmalion aboul . concenlralion camp in that country. Tho loner included th-e "alemenl: "Pie.... be assured thal lhis inWSliplion roc...., upon the .cts of individuals ; il in nO way "0""'$ upon Esto nian-born Ameriean. as a whole." Simil.,.ly, R}'3J1" r.b. 23, 1981 lenu '" Pedro Mirchuck, P"siden' of Ih. Ukraini"" Society of Polilical Prisoner., 111<:., and hi, Sept . 17, 1982 lelt.-r '0 lhor Rokow,k,', Esq., Ukrainian American Bar A",'n 'la«d: "l am _II aware , hat many Ea.lOrn Europeans, I; krainian' amon8 them, immigraled 10 lhe Un ited. Sial« MCaU" they dc'cs led So viet "' Ie. And I ne«I hardly add 'h. t on ly .. vcry , mall minorily o[immigrants under lhe Displaced Pcrsons ACI had in fac b'."11 Nazi <:<:Ill.borato",." 1 Ryan . Iso ,poke 10 "ariou, elhnie group', such as ,he Ukraini.n_American B8I A,,",ci .lion in N.wark , New Jc""y.

5. Eg ., <lf Yo u Fo"gh' Communi'm You Must be Deported S.ys 1979 U.S. Law," L" M on '
.\""~'J

/)ig','I. Jan. 1985. S••

"Is", " Ilow 10 DdcnJ One'elffrom Au.cks by OSI,~ v"rbinilws , .

B r<~lkli n· ba.'ed Litbuanian iangung. \\ttkly], Sept 23, 1983. Bill SU , "The Lithuanian, Latvian ;u,J r 'tonian Ded.rolion Regarding ,he OSI," ' !/p ro. 0. 3, which. 'hough ",.", iali ng OSI' , rr;«licc." " ",cd """flC T,II i" n with 'he olliee in 'he 'earch lor " real war crimin.ls."

(" E,!!-. So, i,-, p',b lil'a' ions f",' n:I'" "ed 'ha' Yole in<lructor Vladimir Sokolo," had collaborated ,," ~, h ' h" Nazis J u'ing I','orld War II (,,,~ p. I'N); " KGB publiealion was ,1>0 I; ..'t to identify S",!:e Ko,,"ulcbllk. (,IU u. s. \'. K" ,m /..h!/k, 571 F. Supp. 72,77 (E.D. P• . 1983). ajJ"d~n hane, 77J l'.~d 4S8 Cir. 1985)); "nd . S",'iel new, ro po' idemified Karl Lin"'" as chiefofa

o-

c",o« "nati<>n <'amp in EMoni• . "Red, Accuse lI er [Long Isl;mdcr] of Nazi War <:rim•• ,~ by ~1allriCC Swill on" Lo u Schwartz, umg b/;",d S,w"""" , M. y 23. \96 1.

7. S". e.g" US •. KlInJl)--" 57 1 f '. Supp. 1104, 1124 (D.N.J. 19&3), re. 'J on ",I"" 17nJ•. 79J F.ld 516 (3" Cir. 1986), , •• <1. 48 5 U,S, 759 ( 1988), S"e "Iso, " Proclamation from !he Leade"
"fLithuani"" Ac,i "n:' D,ollgo•. tx.:. 29. 1984; ~)I;""i,l lw\1 Met hods Prolested; EllInic Coali lion Objeci' 10 So.ie, hide"c"'," by Joy Malh. ",'$, T}", Wo.\h ingt()lf Po.., Mar. 2J, 198 5. While to&y sucb ",' "cems m.y seem hype rbolic, lhey appeared I. .. so d uring lhe Cold WaJ:, ",!1m tensiu ns and di't""1 between Ihe,wo supe"",we" were eoonnou., Th. S<wiet juJiciaJ sys'em, ", hich had banished we\l-lillown diss ide nts as Andre Sakh.,o. ond Ana,oly Scharansky, w,,-, routine ly critici7-<d in the .... . t.m media for it. , ham po litic a! ,ri.l$.

.""h

8. E ll-> Jan. 19S2 m••tins wi'h AAG J.nsen; No• . 1983 and Sept. 1985 m.eting. with AAG Tron; ~lan:h 1987 meeting ...ith A nomey'",ner.1 Meese and AAG Weld.
9 , R.p....nl.li••• from American. ror Du. Process mel wi'h While I louse personnel fr"m , he Nalionai Security Counsel. Office of lh. " .neral COWlsel and Office of Publ;c Uai son On Oct. 14, 198J. 10. n.o.e ,.,ho were included Atchbishop Trifa, Vladimi. Soko10. (alTCsted in 1957 for pMcsling uutside the So.'ie' cmbassy in New Y",k), and Fetenc Ko reh, d iscussed at pp. 192238. Hu...·. ""'. lhe "a,1 majo rity of OS I ""fendanlS ...·.re "quiel nc i~oors, ~ os described by former OSI Dire<:tUf Allan Ryan in hi' 1984 l>ouk of th. ""n' nun\• .

I I. The ca". ag.inst M}'koiBKo....alcho ~ had be<n med before OSf was founded. OS I dismi' sed ,h••uil in 198 1.
12. July S, 1974 len., to l osh Ull Eil l>crg. Ch.i. o f 1M H"u'. Subcomminee on Intrtt., Cili z.nship and mt. mal' l Law. fro m Li""nod 1I0 hon, A...·I S"") for Co ngressional Rela'ions, DOS . 1977 Hearin8 011 AII.ged I'ari Was Criminal. bef. Ih. Sube'ee on tntrtt" Cilize nsbip and Internat'l Law oflhe House Judiciary Committ• • , 95~ Cong ,. \ " Scs•., Aug. J, 1977. pp. 69·70 (hereafter 1977 Hearin g' ). IJ. Aug. I , 1974 1.tt., from Iloltun 10 Eilbel)l, 1977 lIeari nl!-S, ." 'pro. tt. 12, '1p, 71. 1-1. July 13. 1976 len.,. to EilberS ftom Lawrence I'oyleb"'se•. [kputy Under Secretary of Slale. 1977 Hear ioss, ' upra. n. \2, at p. SO .

IS..<;'e p. 11 .
16. S... g.• "'Moscow Pledy« Help in ..... ar Crimc. C",co in U. S ,,~ by David Ship1er. Til< New r,"* Tim<s. Feb, 6, 19RO, N"ne of ' h. oyr""mcnt< prior 1 , Ite mcm"r.ndum of o"d'lSlanding ""as ",ri n,," , Th i. led 0 ""me crilic' ofOS llO 'p"c<>lole Ihal n.f.rious quid pro q uo, Iud be<n gi>',,", Set •.g • luntooki" .<upra , n. J. at pp. 29-)3: 11>< Jus'ice /)cf"rtmcnl is I'M ("""cemed Aoou' Ju'lic....

n'<l"I1"'"

Oct. 8, 1 9 8~ . DOl o llic ial' <kniM any quid pn' qu<>,

17. Sff " g" "'nv. 23, 1983 Ie"," rmm DAAG Richard ' 0 Cn nl!'C""man tlill McCo llum, ,c'p'-mJ ing 1<' ' Iu""i,,n. ' ui"'d 1»' the American ' 1\l>"in't De(amali"n "r V"'. ini......

18, Sol. , "S o'iel 1'''''" fK e}' in lI .s. :--': .7i C.""s.~ hy R"be Mu illclle, l"he L". Angele.' n"",., Apr 27. 1 9~6, ~-lorw,·rt . u«o,ding I" " nCne" ' p"J'Cr . c« ' unl. • n " '","med SO\'i.. " lliei.1'·conlidcd 10 an Amc -ri"an dip l"Ola" · lhal >orne "i ll"", ,,,, were . n"" bed day. before hciog allOW<'<! 10 gi\C dep" ,i li" n" ··SO\'ie' Aide Warned U.s. o n War C' ime E"idence," by Roben Gillelte, The U>J Ang<lles Time•. Apr. 28. 1986 ,

I",

19. The M}'kol. K"",. k h.k in " 'hi,'h So\";et C\' idencc 1.' 1 10 th. dism;ssaI or ch",ges, i' 'he < most conspicuou,. T1Ic S""M" k" y maller i' 01<0 lelling. If lhe Sovi. ," go inS embellish Or f. brie31e, One ",oul<l e"pe<I ,hi , in Soobzokov', case ,ince 1here _rc allegalions lhal he had " o <\led " -ilh 1hc CIA. WI the Sovi." ,,-itne>"'.. intorvie" c<l afler Ihc-se olleg,, , iom _lC made public. did no1 pro" idc ,u meienl inform .. i"n 10 juslify charge, based OJ! persecution. See p, 349.

c,'''.

,,=

'0

20. E g., U.S •. LinM$, 527 f, Sup p. 426. 433 (L D.N.Y. 19S1). ~ffd, 6 8S F, 2d 427 0 " Cir); MOlle' O lAJil"'"id.., A l l 937 4H {hnro. Cl.. San Diego . C. I, 1982), p . S8• .... ·d. ISI.&N. Dec. j 433 (Bl A 1984), , .. ·d, "0 1'.2<1 1427 (9'" Cir, 1985). , .. ,

n

21. E.g., J/""" o/L"ip,,,,i. ..., ' "P''', n. 20, U s.
I~to

Y.

Kungys, SI'f»' ~, n. 7, 57 ! F. SuP!'. al 1126-

lhe Past," by Mary M)'<'io, 1M Los Angeles TiM''', Ocl , 18, 1994, T1Ic de fendanl "'aslk>hdan Koziy. The ",i lnes, ' test imo ny ",,,u ld n01 ha"e allered lhe o utco me orthe l',S. pro:tt<l in8· Documenlary C\'idence establi'hed th., Koz ;y had been a mem ber of 1hc L' kra i~ian police foree. a mO" ement I>o"ile to the Uniled SI31... 11Ie ' ecanred te" imony accused Kori y of mUl<lcring ~ ro ur I e", old Je"'i'h child; olhor Sov iet ,,;tnes,"" (" 00 <li<l nOl recan l but who h.v• • ince died), .1", lesl ified aboOl lhe mu' der.

22. '" Diggins

23. s"" Zumba/,i•. .' ''1''''. n, 3, at p, 21. While il i, impossibl. 10 kno", how "ften j uds e.
"""'''cd 10 lhe "'rinon I." ralher IMn the vidco lnpe, al ledSl one j udge ..know ledged do ins .so , U.S •. Lim""•."~"',,. n, 20. 527 F. Supp. al 433. n, I 5. A""lher nolc<lthe d im cul!)' of ......;ns de n...nor from a " id<:oI'PC und Ih,,'u~ h an inle rpr.,er. US v. K" M h"k, '''f»' ~. n. 6, 57 ! F. 'dI" Sup p,.l79,

£./1 . K" I"i ' " I,\S, 10 F,3d H I. 447 ( 7~ Cil. 1993); r.s. • K,,:i}", S40 F, Supp. 2S IS,0 , H a, I ~81}. ~JrJ. 718 F.ld 131a \ I I" ( ' ir.); U.S ". f'""'i",,,"~s, 55\1 F. Supp. 1194 (M.D. 1'1. 19831. 'IJFJ. 734 I' ,1d 625 (l llh Cil. I ')1\4 1 In h" lh Ku:i.'" nod P"lci",,,I,,,... ' he det;' n".,. .
~4.

p,,,I.,t; ng Ihel"k i" ~ of <kpo,;lion, ;n the U.s.S .R.. ",tu",d In alt,·nd. 25. /. '" i,. J S,,,,cs ". 1'''''10''' . ''lffO n. 7, 57 1 F. Supp. al 1113·l lc6, n,i'eJSI<Jtu" . .",""gis. ' . ~o. CV· 82·1 R (E. D.N.Y. I ?~4 \, "If J . 763 r.~d 115 (2" Cir,I: U S ", K'Jlml. h"k. ."'P'O. n, 6. 04 571 f . S"pp. at 79: r",p..'"i";" ", I.VS. 751) F.2d 1427. 14321'1" Cif. I; .l/m"·, '1 .1/" lk,,,,,ki,.

A08 I 'N ~f>6 (!mm. Ct., N.Y. , N.Y, I ~H3), m ' ,I '!n <Jth., K'mis (Bl A 1984), ~lFd. 773 F , ~d 435 (2OO Cir, 1985).
~6.

Us. I', I.i"""", ""pra. n. 20, 527 F, Supp. m 434 , n.l6 : .Ifu" " ,, I.uipmk!<.<, ,<lip"". n. 20; / US \'. o..iJm:h, 5 1) F, Su pp. 51, 90 (E.D. P•. 198 1).

27. Sc. ' ,g,. Z" m""k i• . ""1"'(1, n. 3. ~I p,16 . 1\ ' ilnil'" problem d. ri, «\ f,om Ih. inabilily 10 1",,,,,1 at ",-ill wil hin lhe Sov;<l l 'n;on during Ih. C old War. Thi. somnimn pm:lud'-d the part i.s from . i,iling ploc., whe r. fomili'" " ilh lh. crucial.'cn.. . ,i11 ,.sided. Al leasl one coun cxpn"scd SlIm. conce rn abou l lhis iss.... Us. •. Ko"'olch"k, ..upra, n. 6, 571 F. Sapp. al

PC"""""

n
28. ,~. p, 12. Wh.n in formed of doof,n~ c""", ms lhalm. S<w:i<l$ would favOf "'qu...' frum OSl o""" '.q"",l' from the d.f.n"" lhe lu"'" U<'parlm,n l.gr<ed 10 pas' . Io ng an requnlS : lhe Sovie', not told whi. h party " lOgin the informalion. Nov. 2], 1983 I.ller,o defcn.. 0<>un. ..1David Spring.r fm m AAG Troll. .

w.'"

"OSI and me A",hi'n uf 'he FSU lr"rm.. S"vieIUni"n]," A pr, 1994 add",.. of OS I S<nior Hi>~"ri"" M ichae l !>-tac Que en to the Associ.lion of l-liotorians in lhe F.deral Gov.rnm.nl, dcliv<n:d allhe US , H" I"". " " !'.-I emarial M"seum. Of course OSI hi""rian. routinely searched lhe "a,ional Archi ... ' co ll«lion of Caplur«! Gmnan reco,d" ,he Berlin Docume n, C enter, .nd ",co,ds of """" iated inv.stiptions and/or lri.I••onduc,ed by the G.rmans in the .arly po>l.WIIi y......

29.

30. E.g.. U.S O"ri"'......, 976 F. Supp. 1176 (N.D. lnd 1997), affd, 14 S F.3d 719 (7'" Cir. 1998); U s. •. Dem)a"j"k. 2002 WL 544622 (N.D. Ohio 2(02), atrd. 367 f. 3d 623 (6- C ir, 2004) ; Us. • Ha)da, 963 F. SUw. 1452 (N.D. Ill. 1997). atrd, U5 439 (7'" Ctr. 1998); Us. •. Kairy. , 600 F. Supp. 1254 (N. D, Ill , 1984 ). atrd. 782 F.2d 1] 74 (7 - C ir ,); Maller <>1 Kale)•. A I I 655 36 1 (Imm. Ct, Ch icago. III 1988 ). a trd, (RIA 1992). "jfd .."b """" K<de)s . INS, lO F.3d 44 1 (7" 1993 ); us: ., K<>reh, 856 F. Supp , S9 1 (D ,:-I J. 1994), ajfd. 59 F.3d 431 C iT.): U.S, . , K<>ziy. ' ''P''a, n. 24, 540 F. Supp. 25; Mauer <>1 luipe~i d..., ' ''f7r(l, n. 20; U.s. ., Li/.ib s, 929 F. Supp. 31 (D. Mas•. "'ay 24 , 1996); U.s. ., l i~""' . • upra, n , 20. 527 F. Supp. 4 26; Ma"' ' ' "/.lfaitQ\'.,k~, , li "", n, 25; US. •, Sotala., No, N·8!·56·TFM (D. Coon. 19 R P 6). ajfd. 814 F.2d 864 C Cir. 1987); U S • Slelmal....... 1995 WL 464264 (E.D. Pa 1995), ajfd, 100 F.3d 30 2 2"

en

o-

(3~ Ci,.I 996).

T\l¢ lwo ca..... io wh;,h ,h. im", of authenticity was most exha usli,..ly lili~.l.d w'. re

D",nja n) ,.l and KuirJ'5. NOl all d<fclldanl5 rai..d authenlicilY Que'l ions o f eouru. O SI Jefendanl fieor~c Th<VJv,,,vk h ."""w ed lhe a uth<n1 icily of some of lhe meSl damaging g01h<red - lwo lepu ns . ignod by h im rei.) ill,!] the nu",be, of J. ws h, K; ll.d doc umcnl5 OS I in "Je w;; h " lion[s1." (l ie denied the wlac ily of lhe ropons ho"",•• r. U>m,,,,<:! inll in an inle",i. " , ,, 'itb O~ [ allom.) .lhal he had w'rillen the ' . pon ' lo co'''e, up his . n, i-l'"".i ,cti v;lie•.) Adal""n RocK"I. the h<;o;J o f Wcsl Germany'. War C rim.. Unil in WOSI Germany. mel w;lh OS I', d;recl'" and depuly' d irectol in 19S2. lie to ld lhem ' hal W." Gm n a ny had be.n " ' ing ,,'id.n« from the So, 'i« lOnion in cri"'es lrial, ,i"c< 1963, )'.t ,he fa b, i,·" ion

.w,

,,,It

ar~u n ,. Ul h OlJ ne" ' r ""en .. is<\! . ." pr. 19. 198 2 m,'m,, '" K"ir;'" lil<5 from Shor '" ·'"[« ,imo,,}' o f

Ilr, Ruck'rl . OSI "97." The mo,t d ,amatic fmgorprin' "' i<lo""" in "n OSI ca"" <""me in Ihc r' i!u pm. "" " 'i,,,, , S, c p. 216.
32, R,~·" "led i"le " iew " i'h I""'d" ";IOIlS "na l) st G,d""" f p" "in. Dec 6, ~OOO (hc"" ,'l.r [ pslein in"'rv iow.) Ep''''In le" iflc-.J , fully lOT,he gm',mmc"l in lhe K''''F . K,r/'i ' . Solwl",'. and n""rj,"y"t ca.c,. IIe " 'a, ,kpo.cd in K,rlp non. flowe"cr, his crC<libilily wos cnllC<l in'o qoc"ion i" ,,, " non·OS] ca"s. Push" ", GUM"lc• . 4 JJ f,3 d B G, 535 (7' O r, 2OG5) ",'d Wolf>" R,,",se}'. 253 F. Supp, 2d lJ23. 134 7 - 13 ~ 8 (:>I,D Ga., 2OG3),

31. E g.. U. S, ". /0:"":.-.,, " 'I'm, n. Jil. bOO f, Su pp , at

1~60,

,,,cc,..

£. g., .\1" "", oIKu"js . ",pra, n. 30 . a' p.lO; U.S. " Ka::iy, , upm, n . 24, 540 F, Supp. a' 3 1; U.S >. ti/cllti., ' ''pro, n. 30, 929 f. S"w. a, 38. n. 12. See abo, US •. Li""as, '''pm, n. 20 , 527
f . Sup!>. al 43 4, where ' be co urt fnund " " ",n8 indi • • 'inns" Ihal incriminating documen" were au'hored by ' he defendam
34. E.g.• U.S >. Dcm),,,,)," ., " 'pr.. , " 30, 2002 Wl 544622 ; U.S v. Srclmolo"" "'pro, n. 30. 100

n.

F.3d a' 312 0 " t iro1996}; U.S v. Kai'J " " up"', n. 30. 7&2 F.2d., 1382,
35, As discussed 0' p. 4.4. n. 9, 'be pen' io n "pplica,io" gO\'. aS! cruci.l ..rvice informa'ion for lhe pr..... uliun of KalYS C,u";n,k.s,

.16 , Eg.. l iudas K.i rys b.d . scoron bi' hip, 37 In Kal'J'S, foce..mpl. , • dox"mcm from Ibc S"" i", archi . .. staled ' hOI ,he granting o f Li,h"ani.n ci'izen,hip wou ld be .nnounced in > local new'papc,. A copy of 'hat """"paper " 'as fo und in lb. Library of C ungreo, 38. Infomlan o n aboUI iok and poper fo"'''' ic 'echni~ ue, <ome, from . '<corded in'erview on J m . 2 1, 2003 ""h Anlonio Canlu, fur"" , ic ink ' pe<i.li.{w ilb ' he U.S, Seem Service... well ., f",Ol "An.lytioal ~lo'h<>d $ fo' o..1c<,ing f rouuule nl Documems:' an artid e by Dr. C"n'" p"h li' htd in ,ho Stp!. 1991 IS'"e o f Am.." c.." ("h..mi""r Society. 39 . Some documents ha" c m" lripl. ink " mpl.s. I" D""IJ" .<j"k, fo' c..mplc. 'be key doc"men' conl. ined f" "n",n pen ink. """'1' pew in~, Iype wri t" nb""" ink , ,,d p"nting ink, All we'e ;,n. 1Y , nd d, ' td . 'Ihe " "mp pad ,Ilk ,,"' no ' u"l)' ,I"teo.!, hur. dcf«;1 in tl,O Mamp " "' m.tched lCd " i'h Ihc ' orne oIcf«;, on o ' h", un,d,I,'d ,Ioc " me"" 1" "1" '0.1 " aboul the " me lime. -1'1 II"nd" " ' ing .", al; , ' (" <!e" " 1 ,,,i,, , {udi,-.J II", f,·;,lure. cu mmOn " n,o " 8 ,ho." , " hu le"mC<! ,'I', '0 ",i,c in 'he "n'e co,,,,,,; d ",in~ ' he " Llll" ,~" T" .I" su. he " 'l"est,-.J h.ruJ"·'; ' ing o"'m plo" f,,,m ," ombcr' "f " Ihnic ",~"ni /""" ''', 1 "8 U'\;< leac h"" ;mJ I.nsu'go ""de,," " h<> lo"""-.J 1 " 0 \\ ,i,~ ,,' 'hc 1'1 ;0<'. ;"kI 'imc " f OSI >LJh" ~·,,. rp"~i,, " "e,, iow

41. Thi. i. nolto ""y th. t OS I noy",. J o" blo:d any fo..n,io ~vido n o~ from Ih~ E..,t~-rn bl"". II"we\"er. 0 5 1did nol use evide""e of which il w.... neenain. The author i. awa.. of two <..,el in which u Sl had cuncUnSabuut the eviJon«. Ruth we,. highly polilical m. n" rs cau~hl up in CohJ War intri~ "• . a. eonlr.,led w;lh the more Iypleal apo litkal 051 defendant. The "nlhenlle;I)! of a phot,,~r"ph which , urfaced d nring lhe Trifa ;n"~st igal ion is di",, ",sc-d al p, 2 12. The second in>lanee <oneemN an OSI im·", ' igatiOll thai was abo ned d.... 10 lhe ,o ~j"" t's dealh. II invoived a 11, 5. diplomat. hom in tl>< U.S.S.R. In 1977, ",h ile a"end ing a UN ESCO meeling in the SOVIeI Union. he "a, app,,' aehed by So,iel a~e1\l' who lh",at<ned '" " ' PO'" him as a war erim inal nnless he began " 'o,king for Soviet ;nlelligenee. l ie refused 10 do so, and reponed the anempled blackmail 10 lhe- Stat. Depart"",nl ",h en he returned, The i""idenl re<ei ved " i de publicity, with the U.S. lodging a prolesl and the S« rclary of Stale rai,i ng the issoe wilh lhe So\"iell\mbassaJor to the U,S. Sue.g., ~U. S. and So" iel Dispule Blackmail [""idenl." TIre S "", York Time. , Nov. 2, 1977. T" 0 months . fk r the diplomat relom>e<! to the U.S., lhe Soviet. ,ent the Slale D<:p.u1menl a I"'Ck<l of ""'id""liary rrull~ri.llo bobter thoiT= rtion that tho dip lom., W8$ a war crim inal. The diplomal denio<! lh ~ . lk galion, and a Slale D<:partmenl inquiry exomraled him in Octobt-r 1978. lkeaa", of the notun: of the e har8~" OSlloo ked imo the malter . An OSl memo, andum rerem:<! '0 one Soviet document on which '~h e line sl"'Cing look. i""gul.., which "'U<:$!S the po" ibi)i!}' lhal ,he documen, has 1>«0 a ll~ red ~ and another on wh ich ~many of Ihe it~m .....xl Ie> hi, name are 00' aligned " 'ith the other ~ ntrie s.M Apr, 25, 1980 m~ morand urn from OSl attorney Ro bin Boylan 10 )';eal Sher '" «Slatu. Report' Wan-rtri v, C<,"' lant ine." (The diploma,'s name " as ",ported in Ihe pre". , Tbe docoments h.d nol undcrgOll<: for~nsic !csl,ng befo,e Warvariv' s dea,h in 1982.

42. Eg.. U.S v. S:chi"-"*>i. 104 F. Sup?, 2d 480, 500 (E.D. Pa. 2000). off'd, 277 F.3d 33 I 0 " Cir. 2(02). &te also, U.s. Y, SI,I",ol*':", J"P'o. n. 30, 100 F. 3" at 31 3; U.S y. J.iI.W . , JU p'o. n,
30. 929 F. Sopp, at 37. Thi. co nd usion ",os supported by Vladimir Gr aehev, Second S«relary from 1979 10 1986 to M alOly Dobr)-nin, Sovi~, Ambassador to the United SIales. In ,ha, position, and in the ""0 ye"", following "hen he "'.., stationed in MOKOW, Dr. Graehev'. re,ponsibHili~s ineluded overs«iog lhe So, 'iet '«p" n", to OSI' . rcq ...."s for ~vi d e ",,~. During a January 16. 2003 meeting "ilh OSI Di'« lor Rosenbaum. Dr, G ruhev. Ih"" serving a. Principal Offieer. Eu c u. iw. Office of lhe S..wary Gene ral of ' he Un;IN Natio ns. was adamaTl1 lhal ,here had never J:>e<,n any f. bIieat' on of documents by lhe So, ielS in OSl ea,e. , oor " 'as Ihere ~v~r an an~mp1to F raIne illI)'one , I,"cording 10 Gr., hev. lhe SO"iels look eoo per.uion o n Ihi. Issue ~v e ry, wry seriously.~ Nune of lhe ,-",",S pre,ented a Ihreat 1 notional "",urily; Ihcrefo", lhey " . .. ~ no, .....iul.. from the 0 S""i e, ,·Ie"poim. .. \\11.:1, " 'as ''i,01 ",as 10 k""p the b ri d ~ . open, which lhis did . ~

4J. E.g.• U S

Y.

IIolj.u.. 135 F3d H9 (7'" Cir. 1998).

44 . E.g" Us.

Y .

R"i"''''.

~OO2

WL 3210192 1 IS D.N.Y. 200n

H . U S. \' Du/l}• . 524 U.S. 666 (1998) (se i f- in <ti m i na l i onl~ L'.S v. ~'t-h iff<r, 836 F. Supp 11 64, I I 72 'E,D. Pa. 1993. "/T<I. 31 F.3d 1175 0" Cir 1m) (riiV!' 1 co""",l); U. S v. 0 """, *,:«, 0

'"

.,"'"." . n. 30, 1~ 8 F.3d at 735 (j~I)' trial): U s. v. Ko ,,",,/ch,,!, .'''f'T'l, n. 6, 571 f. Supp. at 78 (stat ate of limitations); U s. v. .\/",1<1);;:, ~47 f.ld 9S I, 962 (6~ Cir. 2(06) (co n' l"'t,'1lCY).
~6. S,'hd l"" 1f v, fX~, 805 f .2d 655, 662 (7~ Cir. 1986) (~X

pm' j"clo and bill o f atta inder);

/.ill'''''' v. 1.\'5, 790 F.2d 1024. 1029·30 (2'" Cir, 1985),
~ 7. £ g., '·The Lith"" n;,n, la" ian and [ " o" i,n Dedatat;on R" I1",d ing the OSI:· .1"1"0 , n. 3, S~, olso Ji""u"i"n nf Ihe Mar. 5, I ~g] meel; ng o r , ix n.ltie I".d" .. " 'ilh t he . It"""'} C,a""ru1 " and ~'<"II ~niOl "tlie ial, in the Ju"i« Ikp"nment 31 pp. 2 ~ lJ-28 1. Pallkk Buchanan maJe Ille .:lIne ar~ "ment in a tde,'iled d"""te "ith Eli Ro",nbaum, who> was t n.... ",,,-in8 in Ike private

:«<"'r a' G''1ltral C<JWiSOI to tn. WJC. C:TOS,·}j,., AI'<. 15, 198 7.
48. u.s. '., Schut, 56S F. Supp. 613, 615 (ED. Pa. 1983). The ro.is ror this "iew;s Ihat FNtn-enk" baneJ all .~uitable de ren",. in denalu ralizali"n pnlCeedinss. Su a/slJ, U.S v. Jlami}'Cz, s"pra, n, 45.
~9.

U s. v. Ka;ryo, , ''F a , ". 30, 782 f ,2d .. 1383; U.s. •. Schmidl, 1990 WL 6667 (N.D. lll. ' 1990), ajfd, 923 fZd 125J (7'" Cit.); Us. •. KOTek> 59 F.3d 431, ~45(3 rd Cil. 1995); U s. v. Dem}on},,!, '<IP'Q, n. 30, 2002 \\It 544622.

50. Manin Ilanesch, Johann Il",}'er, John Demjanjuk, Nikol. us Schiffer, Anton Tinj""g, ferdinand Flammer.

S 1. [kf. ndan'" who ha,.. beeo " r<!<Jed d<JlOI1.d 10'. th.ir righ llo colt«t Social Security ben. fi.... Thi. is why some dd.nd"" the <0""11)' voluntarily, either as pan o f . ",nlemenl al>'""ment or by . imply fl ing befo", prtk,..ding. ate C<l""luded. Whether. non·

I.,,,.

citi, en can ",eeive """iol security bene fits " hen living "".,,e.. is dctenn ined on 0 countl)' by co uotry basi.. dependi og 00 U.S . reciprocity agtoemen" with the vari"". oalion.<. 52, Supp. ISO-I74.239-258.271·295.

53. Eg.. comments of Patrick BuchMan q""ted in "11>< Edge;' .v.,,· Times, Jut>< 10, 1999,
54 In 19R5, many Eas! European . thoie gro up> fom'cd ,he ("oaliti,m rvr Con"itul;onal JU ice. Sl a politicol .ct"'n ~"'up dedic ated '0 OSI i"u<s. Th. coolition's membership ;"c1 uded the b lo ni,m Am.,;<"" :"otionol COWlcil; the l.i lhoanio n Americ. n ("o mmL 011ty o r H•• U.S.; lhe t 'krainian Nat;on~l lnfomlalion Se"'i'e; the Bldon,,,i,,,, A"ti·Dcfamatwn f od''Talio,, ; ,\ m. rica", ,\ gainst Defamation o f nora; ,,;aIlS, the J"int Bal,ic American Na1 i" naJ Com min",,; nan C"allli,," of Co, '" ~ Ic", (r<>llllcrly n.n Ihe S,,,'icls Coalilion ); ""d lhe ("".Iition Again'1 SOy;.t A~~.";,, n, Los An!:"lcs. The l"Oal;li"" had ,hrec ohj"" ti\'<.: / I) the in,·•." igat;o" of OSl by 0 c"n ~ rc"i" naJ ,·" mmi1t«; (~) ,m<nJmC1lt <>f ,Iw; laws under IIhi,h OSl opcra lc.'; and (3) prel'cnti" a the J eponati on of an) Ihl,ic nalinn. l to hi. co"" lry nf n'i~in. '"i.et', Not Clo"" Our E}'<s to Danger. ''' A C" "" C ' li,' " IIith Anlan.. M",cika,~ [)",,,,,,,,. , M:lI". 15, 1985. S"mc cmig,~ "tgani'at;" n• •,pre,,,," .""Iid.·n,·. in the "h ilily of Ih. A,,,,,rican judicial

'y' l<m '0 ~",~lu"te Soviel "",u=d e' idencc. S" • • ./1., Jan. 'I, 19S5 kner lO OS I Oi,ecl"r (,,' m Alopiu., M",<w, ki, I'""id<nl of the Pu h>ll Am<rican C" ngre>s, Inc.; Mar. 22, 1984 lel1'" 1 .he 0 ,\ lIo rney Gcn" "l >nd tile Ch,i", of'lIe lI"u«: and S<TI. tc Judici :lJ)' Comm in e.. f,om «: IfJ e,,:, ibe<!"Po li>h e1lmie k aJ"",:- Re v. [.wnar<! (, hm t>ot. Polish Ameri can C ongre ... Jan ~o"'ak . F"rmcr Director, Polish Se<lion, RaJi o Free EUlOpe. Rev. John Pawli kows ki. Pn,fes"",r, ,altwl ie Th,~> log ical l 'nion, Dr. l baddellS G romad.. Se-.:retary.(>e""rnl, Po lish InSlil"lc of Ans & S<ien<e.
SS. R.wl"tion 44 8. in"oJoc"" by Jame. Mac Donald. was adoplo<! by blankel mOl iOIl (pas""; unle.. objected 10). II described OSi a. "Ille "'ilHng ""d , ubse rvi<TIt official Ammc"" GOH ,,,me nt 1001 ofl he Russian Empire 'lralegiea lly pIneo<! in the office. o f\he U.S , Dcparlment of Ju, lice:" a nd called opon lhe Pre, ident and the S<:nale 10 in' ·"ligal.lhe office. Nothing cvor came o f th i. request. S6. In 1984. Tralkam. an Ohio counly sheriff, had been prose<uted by lhe Dcpanment of Jusl ice for bribery. lie was elected to Congre:;s following h i. ",,~ u i llal. O ne of hi. majo, theme. in o ffice""", .1kged p""'<c",orial,"i"",nJuel by the lu."i"" Dcpanmenl. Trafiean l prup"..d varioo. rcmed i.. fOf OS I' ulleged perfidies. The.. included the a ppoiolmeol of a ,peeial pro>«Olor 10 handle lbo Oernjanjuk case, Congrossi onal review of OS I', handling o f lhe Rndolph man or, and having the House investi8ll1e \he "proetices and pan e_ "f bohavior" ofOS1. "T . afican!: Jo" i«, 1l..1Th yself and leave Demjanjuk Alone,~ by M ichae i lledgc" TIl. W",hinl1'on Tim.s . Jan. S. 1994; ll. 11.... 404 . IOI " C""iI- , 2d ~ss., M ay 24, 1990; ~T,afic anl Sa~. Memos Show '!>-an the Te rrible' Witne•• l.ied: · by C. H",,'ey, TIl. W",hing'"" Times, Aua. J, 1989. T mfieanl ci,ed OS I'. condoc. in Dc mjanj uk as one jU>li ficali" n for an independenl federal agency to investigale allegations o f wrongdoi ng by JUSlice Depatl menl pelSOMel. T"limooy bofo," the Hoose lnd iciary So bcomm inee on Commercial and Admi nistralive Law on n.R. 4 l 0S, the " Fail Justice Aet,~ July 27. 2000. NOlle of Tralkant'. proposal . ";as adopled. '0 200 2, Traficanl "'., coovic led of cOrnJplion. bribery, rackclee ring and laX evasion. fle was sentenced to ei~ht years in pli,on and expelled from Congre.... S7. £' /1 , Fcb. S, 1'190 letter to the An orney ' ",neraL

58 , As sel fOrlh on p. 340, n. 19, lhe C ongre"man con tended lhal OS I played on Rudolph'. ill heol!h anJ fear ono,i ng h is NASA teliremenl benefill , "Traficant SUPP"rl' Rudolph," by M ike P~l ndan, The H"nm'ill" 1';171" , May 13. 1990. 59 , £.g.. Jan, S, 1985 loller 10 Anome~ Gener:>! ~1"" .. ftom The ('o"""i l "f,he L"" ian O m cers' ..\ ... ·n in .-\u.maho ,od New Z.oland; Pa. lick Iluchanan, ' ·Dcadly. Duhio ", LD. Card:' Jf",hin" um 11",,,,,. Mar. 19, 1990. The Am Cl-it'an l.a" im A", 'n rqn>dial" d ' M Au.... li"" leller. "unJemn ing it. "<unlen" , tn"" and implicalions." ~la y 1', 19 K5 len.. to Anomey Genera l ~1«.. from OJ,,,, K, lnin. , !'ubl;c Rdalio n. Dircc1OT, Ame rican b ll,'ian Ass· n. Buchan an lCeeiHd much cri t icism fQr hi, alleged an li-Semili, m. ~U. S. MeJ ia Sho uld Shun Rnchmm,- b)' Aim De" hn" itz, Th" Jl!r",,,I. ,,, P"st, Ocl. 16, 1990; -n.. lIere,ies (I f p, l

Bucha n",,: Crui, ing fOT a Brui'ing; Anli"'miti,m and Co nse'....al i'm." by Jaco b Wei'berg. TI.. S"w Rel'uMi" . 0.."1. 22. 1990; M Furg;"e Them 1\'01." b)' A.M. Ro.enlhal. The Nnv I'~,k Tim.., S" pt 14. 1'l9O; '"Ani.ron Ihe Right Pal Buchanon' s Venumous Cru'ade:' '..ued hy l he AD!. lQ<Jl; "1'01 Ru.hanan & lhe Jewish Q"""ti"n.Mby I loward Kwu, The lI"u,hinxlUn Pm'. Sept :!O. 19';0; '"Consery. ,i, m Ge," Soiled: by Ge'''ge Will. S ",,'.m...k, Mar. 4, 19%. S"" abo. ' he Dec, lO. I<J'J I i",," ('Of 17,e Sa'in""l R"'i"'" wherein William F. lInd.ky. Jr. ,,,i,,,s lhe i,,~. 0ne "flhe "''' 'P"I"''' in " 'hieh nu ehan,." mu . }n dic" e<l 'w k lhe eX't:IorJinJ'y "ep of di' l"nci ng ilSd f fN m him becau~ il M"med allli·S"", it'.", la be the '001 of '00 many "I' hi. c"lu"'n•. '"POI B"chanall on<Ilhe Je"' .." Se" J"ork 1'",1. S"p l. 19. 1990.

60. Ike. 4. 1984 letler fram Eduard Rubel. 0 membe' of Ihe 800.«1 of [)iredors of lhe C" pli". :"alion. Co mmi"',• • 10 S-cere'ary of Sla« George ShullZ; I.alyi,." Omeen' A>$ ' n leu,"" ",p'a. n,

"

61. •'><!. pp. 95. n. 1. 174. n. 46. 277, 27!J-281. J J7. 378. 552. oo,c. 47 and 53.

62. ·' Deadly. Dubio"" 1.0, Cal'll :

.'''fW''. n, 59,

63. June 14, 1983 leltcr from Ann, Tiina MId Epp l inn.. 10 '"[.slonian. and friends of ESlo nians,"

64. Ike. 4, 1984 1etl« from Eduard Rubel, .u p''', n, 60.
65 . O ve, lhe years. Buchonan was Il"esid~nlial "ounseloe and comrounications di'eclor (in ll>c Rcagan administr'lion), ,pcc-ch wn l<, (for bolh pr•• idenls Ni,on and Reagan ), 'Y"d ieO Ic<l eolumn;'t. 'e ley;,;on pund; l. h""l of . nO lionally teleyi.ed lolk .how (CnJ...jire). and presiden lial aspi"'nl ( 1992 and 19% in llIe Republican p'imari•• and 2000 as lhe Refo,," Party candidale). In ..Jdilion 10 'he ""Iumo. and lel<yi";oo appear"""" ",f"'eneed ;n n, 6 1, '''P,..,...u "Nazi Crim inal or U.S. Hero," 1M Ne'" York Pas, . July 16, 1989 ("'I!uing l[!i&in<1 05['. '''''.'ligalion of Arthut Rudolph); "Of NlZi, and N"'SA: The Ca"" of Althur Rudolph." C."",Fi.., July I I, 1990: and M Condemn Wl ldheim - b-ul Fmbrac. the Real Dad Guy," Tit. Ch;c"7.o Sun· Times. We Mar , 3. 1988.
66. '"Crucial Tes.. Co nlron! :"",i.llunli" 8 Du",au; Cnlic, Q"C'lion U.o of So'·;<I·$upplied h idence and C. II [Of War·Cri me Tni l> in U.S.: 1».' Michael Dobbs. Tit. W ".,hinll'on P"",. M.... ~4. 198 7.

67. E.g., lIri," Gil&,. • dofcnse "<lOroC}' "h" has halldled ,",""ral OSI case'. ,j" ",ri"e<J lhe J cfcnd.rn" as i n.'i~n ir. c'n1 n"b"d). forceJ into unito,," by ~;lli e,,"'l"""'''. "~"'; Hunlers Ra.e lru, G rim Re.l"'r for Aging P'''l.- b~' FOUlk Munay. W",I,j"Ii,,,n nm '. S'p!. 7. 199 7. •. [leren...""mey R"hert ~l u n ha. describing hi' c1 ienl "" "a <:rir pleJ nld m' n in a wheelcha;r. in dial~ ,;s: accu,ed OSI of '"1"',,~e"l ing "Id men in I~" inl<:n"Sl of kceping l~ ei r ,," "job•." " ~",i 1lunter B.ules Time 1 Ferrel 0 uI I hlkr', FoOl Soldic,,-" b)' Skr~en Koll: 0 2002 S"" h"mo .\'" ... S•.,·it·o, .\ rt Sin,li , , d,'P" ' y din...·t'" f"r "ne : ,'W al O S!" r.. ,un J in ~. ;n,,,,,·i. ,,, . J " I-"ut Ih. "ni..

fI,.

'''L'

SS4

;n 200 l. Ik k ll it had ~J.:&c""ratc[dr in'e plUS«utiee ef p<upl" whe had ~ olunt< <f< d or been u,.fled inte ,eme c tlmic &"'UP, po.~'p le who We'" . ;mply Nazi ,ympath iz<"" had n<> h igh prome, " ..'" nut in~ol",d in 'p«if,c "roc ;';"', and wh<> "j u,t ..rvro,·' as '>pp<>S<:<I'o tho high I""d po.~,pl" USl had expocteu to finu a t the oul>OI. "Tb<:y are doing Goo', work btl1 it is a he",,,uem,,)' th.t ju. t wue ', 1 (\0, ""d it is ' 00 •• e,ili,,, • Thing for ""yon" '0 SlOp." Sinai <"1 ,' pin,'u lhal p"""" utiog • guard " 1>0 i, 00 '" in hi. 80, "Iuaod<rcd "Je",ish ..edib iliTy." Ro.:ordt.'<i inl",,"'ie"', o.,t. 1. 2001.

68. (k,. 13, 1997 Idl.. te OS[ . ltomO)' [lI<n Chub in f,om AI""andc Rosno" a , W"i"", of Plas",,'''', ( i,o," RO""e, Au.eh,,;...nd Dachau. ",nt a <opy of this [one' 10 1he

M,. R"""",

D il'«1o, of R"g;stry of [lo[oc.u,1 S""';vors 01th" Vn;1ed States H<>loca U-'1 Memori al M Ll50um ;e Wosh; n~t on, D.C.

69. K" jry"S y. ISS. 98 [ F,2d 937, 942 (7'" Cit. 1992).

sss

Cundu,ion OSI c'-ol.e<! r,,' m on "Ilke

f""",,'<1 , old )' on S:v; per"""""". in tho United 510'... ,0 all

,,111« concerncd wilh I'32i. IIwld·" i.tc and wilh Hol"c"",' i" " e, lh:u lr."seoOO an)' li,i!:"li.e
.~cn da.

This ",,\o lo,ion i. Ju e 1 a ","I1"en.. or ,lisp",.t" loew',. S{lmc w"re tore",,,.blo and 0 ~

olhers not M,," on.,,,,,,,l<d, ptrh.po, wcr<' ~c'Opo li,iea l eh 01l~" , including eh01lb in the w",ld' , 'C' ,hinking .1>0", \I"'o<i <lo. Given a

.pat. of "mid coon' and 1Jibonal, . xamining mod.." " 'ar

f crimes. il bee"",. mor< awkw",d for coon' rio, to i1lO0r< lllose who p:r=u 'ed wi,h, O OR behalf "r, ,[", I'lIZi, . Mo.-..' O'er, tho ondoflh. Cold War - onthinkabk ""he ,im. OSI was foond.d ",sulled in ,,,"'" rorm.r Fa"cm bl"" cnon, ri •• seeking to jnin we"om economic and poli, ieal unio"". Sine. some of ' he", eounlri.,
we",

lh. WI)' on•• mo, t """,plicil in aiding lhe Nazi.

during World War II , ,be U.S. 'uddenly had ",,-crage ,,,'er them which il had j",,,i,,,,,ly lacked. -panmcnl, OSI mad<: tho "'0" of . ueh C hanging circum'liIJ1ce; by Aided by Ih. Sla,e Dc 'uggosting that pro"",ulion of Sazi persecutors was on. way ' 0 .sta blish lhal • c""nl1)1 shared the ".lue. no...."')' for membership in lh. ... o,g.niZiltions. lU OSI'. role as a "'SOU fn, ",,,,,Iu'inn of 1'.'0,1..1 W", II- rel.ted i..o"" was arguably more ",edi01able than its role as an exhorte, to nthor eouotrieJ to pur.ue Nazi ptr"",utn.. in lheir midst As .""n, i.." "d rulint:> in OSI ""~.

,h. om« . eholarship and ..search
~epl

~ai ned

thc

impo-imalur ofjuri, prudenlial appro".I , HI. rublici!)' or Ihe carl)' c""" , and the
J e'em, i"~ lio"

~O\-cmmcnt'.

10 h~p (",'n~re" and the poblic informc'<l "r OSI', \\orl<,

the", maUe", in the

public o}e. h \\ as na"tral, ,he,do,c. tilt ("""~r<'" i"nal and public pre"",e In build on OSl lo """-'me in,·"I,-"" in " ,h,' , WoriJ 11";1/ II i..' "", . The po,i';"" f<,P"'''. 10 Ihe Justi""

l"'rallmOn'" handling of the lirst or the.., iss...,.. the role of 'h. Unite<! S13tes in Barbi.H!lCapo from justice. led to subsequent ",,,igmn,,,,,,,' lIeeau,", "r osr , cohanc,'\! wlo and "" roo,ibiliti,.... tbo "m.e legacy " i ll he far greater th.., could have be,n

t""""''''' "ri ~inal1y .

Altboullb it ;StOO udy '0 make a defini'ive

do",,,,,i,,.,ion of that fcga<y. ,ome ur the components are dear, Th, om.e p""Yailed in . h,m , t . rr ito litigation . nd hdped make gruwtdbroaking law in 'Nee Supreme Court deei. inns, Sin<e its folllld ing. it flo> filed mo", c..es ofits kind than My country in the """Id.' Indeed, nine new defendants "ere cbarged .. late os 2002 - mo,e ""'" in aoy yeal' sl""e 051'. founding.' That i. an astoni.,hing sta' isti. , giyen that the pool of potential defendanto is stead ily d,,-indliag wi,h the dea, h of subjects. T1IIl1 the li,igation continues is • te"ament '0 the pe,s,"'erance of OSl and the .ootino;ng commitment of,be goyernment through ,,,,,ccssin administra,ions and ConvesstS,' ne pr""ecution. have added
l<I

the objec tive judicial reco,d of World W ru: II whicb ""'"

begun at Nwembe'll. n. ca,es stand os. permanent and irrefutable response to tbose who would den~ ,he Holocaust and its hotTO..... Camp cood ition., the role played by indigenous IlfOUPS. 'he mean, us«! by th. !'l",is 10 tr.in people 10 perf""" dehurnani,ing a<ts , all Me oudio<>d in ca. . a O case. Tbe underlying documcmation. some based On grolllldbreaki"8 . er ,d ",l...ship by OS I histori.n,. i, o<:<:c,-, ihle in coWl file•. In addition. complete record. (ir.clu<J ing e,hi~i",) of SC'o'''al eal' iy OS! 'rials "ere microfilmed .md donated ' 0 the archives of the Yad V..h,..", mu,eum in Jeru,a lem.' Once 051 has ""mplrttd it< I'azi..:ta w"rk. il will likely 'urn oycr , imilar mOlL.,;.1 (rum more recen' trial, ('hougb 00' in microfilm fonnat) to the US . flol.,..,,", Mu,,",um as well as 1o Yad Va,hern,

[he co, e< giw mconing I" 'he lerm ·', ,,i,,..><e

In

re,=uli"n," ,md Ihe " .y Ihey do '" i,

, ign i(,e.lIlL IbC)' f,,,,u. "JI ,he i'"I"." ",her than "n the mlellt of ,b<: p.·'pClr,'o". h moUe" n'" whOlIr," 'he P "'P""'''''' i"..-"dcJ Q' n""

'1"",...1'0 ,'ic,imi'e , The mel-use tt,,,nOl ing from

OSI' . c."," " Ih" 'he L'ni«d $1",, , do,,, DOt ..h"",e '0 oJd to its pnpnl..... re"on, wh""" "",i"n. ,'ielu" i"d inn""..,,, civili.n, _ e>'en if the per".."at", ci.."m"o......' Th.. i, . p"w,ot[ul mess.gc Ih.. mmy hope will h,ve. p,ophyloe,jo impacl On fu'u, e
pe1". ... ulors.

w"

himself . ,'iclim of

Wheille, Ihal hope will be realized i. probkm.,;e,1. It may well be thol "(nlo

puni,hn,cn, C .ffec' Ihc caknlal ion, oft"" gen,,,,idal, "n" are "'>1 coreful colculators of <o>l · an bene r" ,al i",:" hcn ir thaI i. ' he c,se, howe"e'. the proseeu' io n. $O,,'e an affirming purpose by holding pcuple ""onu""ble and endorsing Ihe higha ,,-,pi ,at inns of Ihe body po litic.'

In pt<'llaring j" 'epoM', "o, king on World War JI cd.ted i" . "" anJ invescigatiJlg OIId
litigOling e"<s, OSI has g>l hered enpi•• of mony hi.torica l documen" , A .igni fi<ml numbe.h..'e been made publio in OS[ ', eo otl fi liJlg<. Some have b<:en di>closed .. I"'" of the und.rlJing docum<nta,ion fur 0$ [ report., And an enormOU' a"",un', held by o, her govemment agc"e i"", has been released und.. ,he N",i Wa' e nme. DlSclo,ure Acl, which OS[, .. ,he Just i« lkpartmenfo , .·pre"',,'a'i ,e on 'he
InlC,"~ ..ncJ'

Wo,king Group, help' admini ster. The
OS

D'1""'ment of JlL.tice i, con' mill,,j 10 making it> remainJng hlS,orical maten , 1" 'oiloble -

for
f< >t

'" po" i!>l. c"Jlsi" , n' "j 'h pri, '''' } and na' ion.1 ",.. ority ,oncen" - «>Ih. t othe.. moy n, e it [h.·i, 0" n ...holarl... . r.J ,-.1ueOli"".1 pUt'Sui..

etscwhe",' 11 ind\ld.. USl' . mos,i"e tolledioo o f im'est igal i, . r.eord, _ ' ,-"peet inler;ogalion m,d wilness i" lerv ie ws by OSI p,,,,,,,,n<l, h i'l" rians' ",port" prosec ulio n memos, depo,ilion" and Ihe lik• . The malerial ' heds ligllt o n many im pnru" l a. peel. of the Nui e ra ."d will help < put caplo red h iSlo rieal doc wnc nL< in = nlexl. .....hile lhe im""rt " fOS )' . work may not be fully appreciatc be r"'e thi. ""'te ri. 1i. made 'd poblic, lhe wrine" recorn is not the only means of d""umcnti ng the Wilrk oftb e otlle• . OS I'. w<>rk h"" .et " ""d",d. nol on ly fo r olhc r eountri• • pa,"uing Nazi ""," « utors bUI for pm """ulions ,,""'l"ed 10 World Wa: H. In December 2003, the International Cri minal Tribmlal for Rwanda ci ted bolh the Korth and Trifa decisions in ilS e,,"viction of tlIm: prol"' """,,,i' 1> fo r inciti ng , e"""ide.' Some o f OSI' , inJ1 uer« i. tc.. tanj!iblc but no Ie'••ignifieant. 'The Dcpertmem of J"'ticc has . Iwa ys cons,de r~ cdueat,on 10 be part o f OS I'. m i..ion. With lbe Departmenl '. encouragement. OS I hi.lorian. have oftcn participated in .ympn,i. at museum ., univ"",it;.. and sc holarly in<liIU,io05. 1O OSI '. Directo," and ,taff have been guest . ""akcrs '" pub lic and civic evem. includ ing commcn<l:rncnr. and Hol""30S1 remembrance progTams. 1ltcy h.' -e aJ"" ,poke" 1 Jewish < g""i, ations, l oul h a"d ",rv;' 'Ol groups, 5lud. nts, ," sidenl> in old age homes 0 "
and mililary personnel.

There i. also " m""h Ie.. pub l;e aspccl to OS I". wor k. Iii • • poignanl f""llIote 1 the 0 oftk-e hi'tury, l'rcsu rnobly due to the pub lie; ty the office has r""';, cd o"er Ih. }'C"'" private ,·it;"n. hne

a,k,"" lhe ollic~ r,,, h<lp in 'e,,," 'i" g fa mily issu es I'<'lating 10 World \\"3f n.

Th ey

"'rit e 10 lhe " Ilice '" ith 'hred' o f infonnat ion a nd ",an, to kno w how 10 find 00\ more. W", thei r

,,,

ir".kl"nJ ,' 01 "''''a'''h " n lho'ir ""hall; ;1 routi""ly >li",cl. them to the appropriate ""'hive or g,wemment otganirlllion. osr.' ,,,,d has had a
,i~ n ifi,'anl

and r<'r>o.,nal impact on ilS 0" '1 ~mplo)'~", on I ~e men

i" , ."l i~,t ..J aoJ pWs<,' u,"d. anJ lhe I"milie' ,,( Iho"" mO It i. d" ining 1 "'''k c" oSlandy " n no 0 an i" "" ,. ,,,"e,,, helming and Je pre"ing as the 11"1",,. " ,1. Within Ihe office. ""me he<:ome inured anJ black h" m,,, abounds. M, ny ",ho lea, e ,peak of emntional burnout. For those In. 'e ' tigated ""d pro, ccuted, it is de\,.st.ting to be charged ,,';t!I complicity in ""me of the mn. 1heinou. cnm e, in "'''rid hi" ory, The publicity of the charge itself brands lhe dcknd""10 in I "'o y mote damaging lhan "nuld mnsl erimioal allegalions. In ..'me case,. the pro"",u'ioo ,,'an lbe family .part , 1>1"'1' pouse, " .. re una"'are of Ihe ..ope of lbe dcfelldanl' , wartime ""tiviti« . The defendant'. ehildren _ 8J,""" an born io t!I. U.S. _ are oven more likely 10 he ignoranl of Ihe past. Some h..e turned 8gain" Iheir paren,. as 8 rHull of USI' , ",.'e lat;ons, Although lhe men do nol fJee penal incarceralion in lhe U.S" 10.. of cit;zen,hlp and e, pul,ion f,om ,he COU nll)' are not iosignilieont eoo""l uen<:es. U,S, citi,ens),ip fOf lhex men
WOS

a pnr'" ;1 wa, not ..,,,,elhing thO)' c,,"""lIy recei>'ed as 0 hlnhright. It, 10", me"", U;u>

..p" t' ion fmm socicty. 1<"• • d.fmcking, if you will, Day 10daY.l lbei.] lifo i' not going 1 0 "hange. But it repre, ont. 8.-01)' ,olemnj lldg .mont .. that ",e as 0 "",I.ty relu.. 10 allow [them] to li'e among ~s as . . . "it i,"nrsl.~" L. a' ing the ""untty in the I wi li~hl of Ihei' lil'os is, vf <vu,<e, own more di,e. A ,ld .'nJ , ", , onl "brood al EI en m",,·
si~n ir;cant ll', I~< ,,00 vf

hi' life is ~< nemll}' roi ng '" 8 oountl)' he no I"nger K W M <

hi' "h irJren ond g," r".l.-~ iIJITn (ond ",m"lim<$ eH n hi. 'J'O".'lC) u, ,,oIly

" 'main in lhe L'nilcJ St,,,... _ a ,'ount')' h>"hi"h ,he d"f<r.d'mt "an n<>w relum. If the dcf"oJanl

,," o,d" " ..d dcjJ<l rtcd. h i. Sodal

S,,,uril~

b.me f1 ls are ,,'n ninal<:<l. M"" O S! defendanls an! nol

"callhy; 1 o f Soc ial Sec"ri l~' may Ihc.. fore ha "e a ,", iou, intpOCI on lheir ' IWldard ofli" ing 0" ahroad," ,\ , the S upreme CO,," has noted, dcponalioo may "",sull in I.... of , , , . ll lh. , mak., Iile wo nh Ii,-ing.-l> In Ihe 19SOS. at le""l "," en men f""in g invc;l ig>l ion o r p",,"c ulion comm ine d suicide."
11 0 eil'hlh d i.,J from , urSic.1c"mpli" .,ions . fie r a shoolo,,1wilh lho: po lice. (The ' ''lh''n ' ies

",,,e called 10 his home

boc.".. he "-OS hnw.li , hing a gun a1 reponers ,eeki ng. commenlafter

OS! med ils complain!.) "
As di",uss<:<le.,her in Ihi. ,epon, . ome argue Ihlu \he govemmenl ,hould nol conl inue 10 pursue ,he.. ca.'." the defend. nls "'" 100 o ld and ,heir oclS of pcrsecu lio n 100 long pasT." Ilo"e ver, .uch a blankel imm unity would g ive !'>'""i-en. J'C'IYCulors proleclion lhallhi. oountry denies ,>Ill. . human riglllS v;"lal<>rs from. bygone el'll. In 200 5, !he 1I0 ,-anmem coovicled lUI
80'~'ear o ld

"heole hair·bou nd man of mlUl,I'''lIhler for his role in lbe dea1h:i of Ihrec civil righlS

"orkcrs forty .o ne yCllf'S earlin. " Like most OS I . " bj""l.. he had led an unobtrusive and law_ abidi ng lif• • r'er his perfidious heh.vior. His eonvic,i"" may nOT be \he lUi from the civi l righu cr• . In 2005, lelli,I . ,io n was in"oduced To eSlab li,h . civil righlS pro... ulion " nil, modeled in

pan o n OSI, 10 pursue o,her "nsoh-ed prc· 19 70 mu rde rs." Thai propo".] ;s " ill po:nJ ing os of
,his wril ing, Of CO""", lhe ci vil righlS "a"'" dilT. , from ,h"", handled by OS ! in

,!la, ,be civil righu

' ubj""lS h,w gcncr.Uy pl')'cd a more direc ' role ;n mu rde r 'han Ihc subj.." now pursued by OS!. II. ' hi, report i. l>e ioll "Tillen . nu "nc al OS ! bd;«'es lhal lherc are any h igh. le",,1or c \Cn mid ·tc"cr !,;", i, " ill 10 be r" u nJ in ' hc l,:o;'ed S,ale,. Some "", lhi , as reason enough 1o end Ihe

56 1

~ UC,t

at toi, JXli"l. Ol her..

ind"Jin~

OS!. ",,"IJ

Of~ u.,

ho""ver, 'hal " ne '< ,.,le in I~e ~i.r,",,~ y

Atthe lo"cr I~'-el , '~c gua m" I~ose ,, ~'" ' he p.,,' pl. "ho lh. viClims <nrounlcrw. lhc~' J iJ o'1 s.,,, I-limmle'- nul ,h~ n"m~le " guard, who kepl th<m in thot c>mp, k""wing full " <II "hat '"'' I>cin~ <1<.>".., 10 thom, thofs the pc'-5on 'b(J <.1W, " Tho,. who n.d 10 It.: l'nil,>d ~t .. ~, haye bad d.... "<1.. of be"..,f" " including ,he " I'JXl" uni,y to Ih'. 3nd ..i"" ,b. i, ran,ili.. in Ihi' counn)', In 'he viow of the go"<mme",. lhey

" nCO"" Ih.i,

t.>ckb~" u n d

earlier. Th. ~ov< mm<nt "..as 'l)1l1ied largely bJ.' d ", ,,,,,,,,,,,<o' beyond

,Is ''''fitrol, <sl".., ially th. in""oc<sibilily uf otu<:i.1do<uo'cnts in ('ummyrust-<ontrolt. d "",hi""" during (~e Cold War. l h. ", is, inevilably, the quo'lion of wh.th., more could h,,-. be"" done. Dire<1o< Ro, cnb.Y i. baume<l by the belief thaI ""J j,ional Jlfo,.."lions oould hove be<:n brou&ht had m there n.",n more re" mre.. _ bo1h tinancial ""d manpower _ a. ailabl" .'"
AI '~o

timo 1his n:pon w"' beSIUl, OSI', demi, . appellrtd i""",ilabl". a",a""" th. orne<

"' 0' ,,,,",cd by O m.' oflhe A'torncy Gen,raI, ," c.i<lence '''IS at ,be pleasure of the Justi"" Ikp",'me"t. II ' ..med likely thaI OSI ,,,'uld quietly oIo, e il< d"o... when ' n.... " "re AD long"

In 21lO4, """~,-e,. the " moe ~ot ~ new Ie... on life. Tho I n,~II ; go nce Rd " tm :md rC'fT<>Ji"" !'Tcwo,i"n A'" yOH OSI ,Ia' " ',,,y ,"'"yoi lion aoJ purl""", exraoding ," m""d'le to i"d uJc ",,>d~m

''''f ni",i nal.•."

In ..JJi"on to --:azi fI<T« ouln..., ,ho ollkc i, tu "<t« t.

1;'-, )~''''< ""l",,<1 ,IS I<' umhng, ",II bIT"me • l",nn'" Cn! unil w;thln the Departm",'1 of Jo, h"e II w, lI
Ii ~d y

bc ,

,o "lc~' h"

diff'Tcn'

"Ili", f'<lm Iho IInc "hich i,wo.t igalcJ N.r;

p.:ts,,"Ut,,'" ,\lthough It, new m,nd.,I" co,'cr' " nil' ,lenat""li" lion, many "I' Ihe m",l,m war c,imi,,,,I. may , lso he ,,,bj,,<tl,, <ri", i".1pro,ccLlti"n, S ince they ente,ed rceon, ly. Ihey m.y It,,'e commillcd <rim•• which are ,-.,1 )101h.rrcd by the , Mo te of limilali" "•. " In soeh inSianc es. OSl will
h ~<I y

o,k wilh U ,S, "'l1omey. omces to p,osecul e crimes. o, king on a criminal ntall. r or a d.nalUro1i',tion, lhere will not ""1> are as

Whelher the o ffice i
h~el y

be lre"u, . I"'>'os of documcnlS ul'Lln "" hich to ba.. a CO" , Very few gO> '=

meticulou, in their I'<cord keeping a. were the Nazi•. The irony is. th.,-efol'<. lhallhc om« m.y return in some m.asure to its earlie.. pracliees. relyil\jl on ey. wil"".... to help Ihe go.."'tm.nt pte>ent ill ea... nd on i",'cstigal"'" to find corrohorati,-e witn«",. o>=e. " Some of Ihe eyewitn",,,,' .....itl be te" ifying . ho"l eveo" in the receot P'51, howev.,-• • nd to lllat e" enl, lt1e o mce .hould . "oid some of th. probl.m. pre...nl"" by witn. .... in early
~azi

e.... . ueh a.

lV"il", and Jk"'/"~/,,k

ben thc mO<lem war erim.. can go back an eXI.nd.d p.ri <>d. how.v.,-.

for ""mplc. c,ime. eomn, in"" in lhe 1970, in C unbodi. are "" far di,lant from Ihe prc""'l as wc,c the 1',',,01..1 War 11 c,inn" whe11 OSI " -a' r.r<1 C<",ndi>.l . Thc olTtc e l,as I..mcd n'ueh lio m i.. Ilolocam i wo"" which " ill hc of bencfit ,n it.< inW. lIlr. lion. of modem war criminal>. At os r, [""nd;ng _ and f", )'ea" Iherealler _ no one r",e>ow il5 penn.",·""c, I" P.lrt """11<0 " I' lI"'t ' hort-limcr ",ent.,li t)'. there was in, ufrtcienl alkn,ion paid to e,,'allng a P"P'" lI ail, The "If'ce

w"" f.,uncled ;n Ihe pre,"""mputer era and lhcre

was a hlind .,-,ompti"n 'h.1 the in"'""""",1 hi, t"r y M Ihe ulTtcc 1"001..1 ah"a)" he .. "i lahlc from

Ib<>s<: who "orh..J Ihote_ ,\ , t;mo wrnl on, or OoLlBt:. employe.. lell. ""d 1 often ne" "tome", 00 w<ce ('>reed 1 "",,,o"'"el ww k d"ne hy lhei, 0
p"d.«~rs.

A " emend"", omouot of dfon is

Ji t« teJ 10". N a,'oiJlng lh;, pilfall "ith til<: modem crime,. \\'h.lle' 01 o sr . ".hie, omen" in ,,"><lorn wal o' ime' cases. it " i ll be I~,gely J ue 1 lhe 0 wwk of i" f"nonli,-. j-.cnrs. Th" ollioo', gro"nd b<eakiog lI ol""auSl wori< i' a I""ting te,tament
to lhe U.S. ~o,.mm e,,". eommitmrn t lo ""couo",bilily onJ historioallnlth. 'The . ill"ifie""". of

lhe lIol",,""01 in m,><lern hi, tory, . oJ the un{onunale bul in.,it. ble I CC""","" of olhe, all'oe iti•• Ihrollghoul III<: world. ass"",. 1 OSI', "ll, k wilt ha,. conlinuing """,non"" and impact. h.1t

I. Ill". huwe'· c,. a «naio d C ",,""1of ,'hooce 1 ,hi. as woll. Al Ihe lime of the Ilarbie. 0 Verbd on. .\ loogdc ,rnd Waldhc im repun" "" u,he r go,'e m menlaJ e mily "'"' de\'ulrd exd ll.<i,dy '0 11" 1 ,,,,1m.l1e,., OSI. ' hc ,efore, ably IHied • l'a< aUm, 00. \\ 'hc o ,h e Uniled Siale. [l uloo.u'l ~lemonul MuS<'um (USI IM.\ ' ) \I'a' dcJ icaled in 199,1 . ,,"olhcr c","I,,,dinary re.<our "'as , adden ly .". ilJble. llU1 bee. u,,", OS I had by lhen . na inc<l "" ",01U.. a' a nOliolla1 · -ind« d in lernalion.1 •• I'<" ..,.ilory of 1101ocall. sc hol.rsh; p. ,hcre " as no . " ~ ue>I;,"' of il. being " ,ppIM lcd by ,he ~j " ",um. lnSlcad, OSI and Inc USII ~I M hal-': lugelher pro,'idcd e xpert i.. and rnanpu"' .. on a n r i.,y o( lI"loca u", mo ll. ... including lhe Nazi go ld "'r " n and ,h. In' <ragency Worling Group" hkh 0«,..... IIle Nari War Crimes Oi",I"","" ACI . 2. O f courn: " "<ra l ,,,unln.., GCTmany a nd the U.S,S,R. forcmosl amon g Ihem. deal! wi,h f\:azi pcrseeu'o" in Iheir miJst much 5OD1I.. than did lhe Un;lt<! S,.,... The num"'" o f ca. " lhey " tiled be l".. OSI·. foond ing fa:r c,«cd, ,he number of case' m cd by OS1. AI,o, al IIli, late date, i, i, d ifficu ll 'o compare c.... filing;, To lhe "tenl lhat , 1. luIes of limit.,io n, preclude c" ontrie. of o rigin from fil ing an)'lhin, O1 her ,han murdCT c haJ¥c•. it i. ,et"y difficull for Ih... ""untries 10 1'TI,sc<: ute, The e,ide",.., neede d 10 establish an individual 1 of murder in a cowl of law i, moch g,.;lrt lhan lhat n«<lt<! in O~ l' , Ilo'<>rld War 11 e ",h",e membel">hip;n ••pccdic p...,sec utory un;' c... nlone be ,,,,,ugh, ). Bern••. Ililan;uk, BlICm)'S. Fric<Jri. h, ,~>" hkow. Kura>, Miling. r .lij and 7 . jank.uskas. Two o' hors. Geeas and S,,chinskyj . faccd new court procccdin\lS. bu,l iti831ion .g.in.. them had begun e.,l iCT. 4. Four new . .... (char ging new defend.n" and lhercfure ""I including depurta,inns following carli.. de M'urali,., innsj were ""'ughT in 2003 and Ih... in 2004 . :>on. ""mm.nct<! in 2005. Two we.. pUl">ned in 2006, l1>c SWC, ""hich began in 2000 to rank countri• • annu.lly on lhe hIIsi. of ,heir efforts ' 0 find and JI'f"lCC u.. Nazi w., criminal.. ha> for fi" . l ean placed lhe li ni,cd State••lone in the c. lOgnry of coy niri.. which ha.... a "h ighly 'lICc..' (ol inl,,",igarion :lnd """"",u,ion program . ~ Th. t i. nol '0 , usse" th. t O,hCT cou ntries or. no, " ill iR"Oll'ed in Ih... c..... ho""e...... Son,. o flhom are discu.sed el...",he.. in thi, report . s.. W ' 444 , n. I I (Gennany). 4U (I.nad.l. ~6S.nd 49) (Lith, ,,nia).•nd 494 (Grea TBn'.in). One o f lhe moec ac li.... "" iol\$ of I... ha, hcen ltaly_ In 1996,2 fonnCT 5 S o ffice rs "".re gi....n life se n' e nce, for lheir rol. in . 1 9~~ m. "acre whorein the N""j . killc<l n5 It.lian cr,i li. ", (.pproxim' lCly 10 fOl e'ery Genn... , rain in a partisan . n.ck ). On. of lhe SS me n con,iC1cd ""as al lowed 1o scY\" hi, scn, ence in a rt<l hnme. "he", he d ied, al.g. 92. in 2004 . "Kar l II.,... 92, i'lazi C"nv' icI.d u f M... Killing in Occuri.d I'.I~." AI', The .v.... r "ric 17",.• . Ajlf. U. 200~ , Th e o ,h., ""as ",,,,,,,'cd f,o m a ", ili ",~' rri.""o in 1999 ,md pla<.'C<l unde, ho use .lIeS! fn, l'o:<IlIIl rea. un" In 2005, at . ge 92. h. ' "'.. allm\N In go on. pulice·",p,,,,·iscd tK, lid. y as. rcwar<! fo, good ..,n<!uct, How",..r. hi. "~:., i,,n '"'' eu' ,tort I>.",ou,", of pm,e,," oH'r the e",' nt, " r"""" r Na:.!i O mcer' , T" m"",orr Rd<a", ~ rar\; , l'M"," in 1tal)' .~ ,ll', ,' ''t!' 11. 2005 , - Eric Prichke Returns ' 0 Rome 11o",", li lT,S! ,·\ Ii cr Prule".:' A.VSA E!I~Ii.,h ." , ,1;0 S.n'ke. ,' ug , 12, 2005 . OO. In 2U July e"n" ;c,ed 0 n," "'al i,cd Canadian ciliLen i~ "b".",;" uf" ... cri m.. for wrt lJ ring .,n.! ",u,d",ing Il l",,'p le a' . ~ari pri,,,n calllp in Iialy. Ilc 100 was "'n,cnced ' 0 Iil<:

'I1l,',,,

im pli,onmcnl. "h·Nazi 00" fla il:' The To,,,nt,, Sun. !'<o v. 29, 2003, lIe .....as o rdored o'l,adiled 1 I",ly in A UK, 2003; as of ,his .....rilin g, thai urdcr i. un . ppnJ. And in 2005, llaly convirted 10 0 fom,or SS men li" inK in Gemuny for lhe mas"",.. of 56O men, "'"mon and children (the ~'ou n!,osr of whom "as 21 da~'ool d) in a Tuscan villa~e, T1>ese mon also recoived life sentooceo, Il" .....cwr. hteau.. o f lheir ad"anced age, Iialy decided agai n'l see king ""troditinn. ~Te n former N",i. Convicted of Tu..an Mo,,,c'e: by Ba 'baro \ lcM . hon , rM G"""di"" (london), June 200S . O S[ 1,lo)'cd. rolc in ,his l.,t prosec ution. The ollice hd~ 1"". le some witnesses and pro vided pru,,:culo,," Wilh • ,worn , ", Ie rne", by ,me o f tbe de fe ndan ts thatlte had been a membe, of a I""'icul.. S5 Oi,·ision. T1>e . 1010"",nl had been given 10 P.'IS h"" I.... defendant "'as ",fu'ed e nll}' to I.... U.S. in 1997. I [i. nome had been place d o n t Watchli. l '" OSI'. l>ohcst.

n.

S, Anomey Ge ne ral Smilh pre, onted lite maleriallo the l'raoli Ambassador to lhe Un ircd Slate.
on M.y 15,1984. 6 , "SO \ longe le CM Know
Fo3t,~

by Oeor ge Will, at Washing,,,n POSI, Feb, 14, 1985.

7. S"" , S. Massey, " fndi\'id",,1 Re'p"".i bility 1'0. Assist ing the Nazi. in PersecUling C ivil ian,:' 71 M inn, L Re v. 97. 150 ( 1986). 8 . \ 10", of 05[', hiotorical docum""... includinK w3t1ime .econl. and post-w.. interv ie came from ..chive, in the SovieT Union and Gemlany. These are nowopC11 to o ut,ide schol . Although olhe ... may the refore sather the same ma",rioJ as has O SI, OSI'. release of Ibe documenu will ' till be of ""me intrin, ;' ,·. lue. TIle m" nne, in wbieh OS! OTg8l1 izcd ' he malerioJ (o n various database,), will li"ely as. i' l , . "" arc hers, ., il d"", 051 p<f'5OnIICl, in conn«tinS c"".in gruups, mganizluions IUId peop le.

9, Pm.,.ewor v, Ferdi'''md NoAi"'(IIla, el tJ.. Judgment and Sentence, ICTR·99·5 2·T (2003),
~ IOIO, fn. lI 13,

10 , In many inslances, papeB p.. pared for t be'" oc• .,ion, Ita"e be<n published, e nhancing fun be' OSI', con tribu lion to Holoc.u't schol...hip.

I I. Allan Ryan. quo led in "Norwood Man R;J!bt, as • Cilize n," by l)ndsq layton, l ire r'd'io' /.e,lge, (South Boston). May 2~·26, 1996,
12. Those .... ho I••ve lh. cOllntry .....ilhout a final ordcr of deponalion (e g., as • m ull of sc n l. "",nl) may be ab le '0 receive benefi lS a b'oad if the tl nit<d SI.'eS has on ' llfOCm<nr " 'i,h 'he counll}' It.," olio....·' for 'ueh paymc nlS, Am"ng lhe .OUlttri.......hich allow re, iden" to recei,~ l'.S . S""iol Sec urity p.ymenl' (3!ld hO\'. been ,he d"li",,'ion for OS f defend""l') are Ausualia. ('anada, 'he Uniled KinKdom and Germany. Litbll;lnia all"...... . ueh ral mcn l' only if the reciplenl is a Lithu""ian citizen. See ""w"oci'!l~lli,-l/.2!

u.,,,,

13. ,\'gFllnRl!o v Ullilt. 259 U S, 276,2 82 (1922),

14, On. ,lid..., In. Ua)' ",.,r " ","'neduk d im." iew, .",,'her on Ih" d, ), an in,.",i.w was 1 be ore 0 held••"d Iwo "j ,hio d.ys .fter l>d,,~ inte" 'towoo, Three cnmmil1ed , uicide dnY' . f,cr OS I f,led ilsc<l><. 15. ''5u, p<''oo ~a.z; ~1a)' If"'e SuIJ"".,j Br.lin InjUl)' from S"q;ery,~ AP , bn. 5, 1997; 0 "Su' I'<,,','<l N"' i Die' ~t"nlh ••n.. Sh"",u",,~ AP , Mar. I I, I W7. A«urdi ng 1 " puli« "'pu<!, Ihe ddc",lan' a, L.:d 'he pulic. " Why fur )'ou , h"',' ....., I nu, Jew." fIe al, o c.ttoo In. pulice '"Je w """ " rJ{s j." '":-;",i SU'p<c' (I,,'<l SI"", Report Sa)" s,'" The Kunw . City S'ur, Jan , 15. 199 7. 16, Su p. 544, 17. "4 1 Yea" l.ler, Klansmoo Gell 60 Year' in Civil Rights f)e.11l .. ~ by Anel Hart, Se'" y",k Time., I",," 24, 2005.

"x

no.

18, "Seo.,,, Appro ves New D<panmen, Co;, prohoe Old avil RIgh'" C""" ." by Sam Ilaoanel, AP. Sep" 15. 2005. In a ' imilar ""in. gove mments in Sou,h Americ a """" ", ,,,,ndy ,1>0"" ~,u'Prising vigo, " in pro=nt ing human righll "';olal'o" ' 'hat ""curr<d d«ad« earl i"', "A ft.. o.c.d.., Nal,Ons Foc'" on Right. Abu.." ," by LarIy Rich l«, Th. N.", York 1'1_>, SC'pl. 1. 200 5, 19. RecOrdN inle",i" w wilh Di"""or Rosen b. um, 0..:. 9, 2003, "I11I= ofthoe guards prosecu",d by OSI d id "''''. a! d• • th camps: r . do......o a' Trebl'oka, Demj.nju k., Sohl"",.nd S.wehuk . tl1due. Sawch.k, ho"",.." , wos scn"here aller 'h" kitlin<! ope ralions we", c~mpleted , 20, 0 $ 1', exp<ndi,u," <If fund' 1Ia. been wmparath..,ly mode.t. The offic. was aJt"""'ed c. S2,OOO,000 in ea nna' ked fund. a! ;to founding , It. " . pen••• IIOW ... me from 11l" o,..,rall Crim,nal Dh'i,i"" budget. In Fiscal Yea! (f 'Y ) 2004. ,he I... y= fo' wh ioh figur<' are avail. ble, OSI'. ",pend it.,", ""'" c, $5.869,000. (Ther. h''''', occasiona lly, ho<n oddi!ional infusion' of fund" a, socia ted wi'h ,"" Nazi War Cnm". ", g , S2.000.000 'PI"0pnatN 'n FY 1999. to cover IJ ' ",lo.uu Ac' and $300,000 1997 f<l' "',....c h j", o Geno. n pension """'rds. "S"" king Fund' to Find N"'i .... by [f. ine Po>-icn. X... ,'J"J-' (New Y orlc). Oct, 5, 1997; " WafT. o Starth a HUll. Job,'" by ),lich..l Sh.piro. 11,<" n;'lK' O" J,,,'i.h W.d , Oc" 9. 1997 Th. p<nsi"" ....arch wao obon N by the G,noan ' 01""")'. "pp=o'I~' 00 poi" .. y groundS,) 0 1"'" c" . ntrie' ho" • .' p<n' mLKh mo re, I"" "gh "0"" has a pproach«l OS I', le,.1of , ucce". ,' , one e"", pl<, Australi. ', e, pendit u",. r", the Fiscal Ye" end ing June 30, 199 1 "ere 58,8 miltioo (in U.S. dull.rs), "Rcl"'" on Ihe Operations of thoe \>,'at Crime. ,' 0' of I945, '0 J une 1991'" (Canberra : A lto me)'·(ie ne,ar , Dep' , IWI),

J""k"

'0

'n

="

~I.

Pl. l(Jij·4(l8, §Ii 5501·26, I 18 S'. t, 36.18 t2(JO-!j. The deli"i' ion "r ~m'''"'ide i""Len r",m 18 U.S, C.
("j

"

s 109lr.):

Il,"k " IT" n,"" _ Who"'H", "ne,her in lirne of [>.'.ce O in , im. o f ,"'ar . ..•od "ith th. r ' l'"il1< in," n" o ,1«"<»-', in "ho le ,,' i n " ,Il,m" ,iol r ,n, • 11;1110",, 1, '1hnl" , ,ooi, 1, 0'

is a )i>lmg "r [ Il e 13~ N"i p''''''''''lo'' OSI ' ouglll [0 ha"c rcmo,',..t f,,,rn Ih< Unl[ed SIal,,,. Dale o f ,k;,,1l i< ''''' al,,""y. :r,<Cfl,inahlo. c'p<ei:rll}' if Ihe pc""n die.,) o"h ide [he U,S ('i lali" ns, whr n :r,·.i!Jh i<', 'lrCIi " ed Iiligalion delem ';ni"l: cil;/ cn, ],il', d,'l'''rlahih IY:rnd cx""uJ"ablllly. Rd.loo Ill;g,t;on, ~.n<tall y in"" I.- ing dt<co vcry m;rll,rs. i' n" l indt..k") , Ca"C, ' liled he,A,ec OS I' . I"clk! in~ ",;rT~<J wllh an a",'fi sk , oJ.

R~low

r",

'If'

lJo'n : 192) . tl;-d "n..,;a Dl~d : 1989, us ,\II~e.d r....""'''')' .-\ <l i>'ily: As. :-I"'i -Te<:nl it<d polic<:m:l1l in Ilycl" ",,,,i.. Att; sb<n~o I'Utt ieip..'ed in ",vcr.1' "" ,ions" whicb re.u hed in 'he mu,dor of "1'1'" " ima,cly 100 So" iet Gypsy noncombat.",•. mostly w"m~n and ehil,ITcn. !.<2., IIJ. I" ')', Denatu", li,arion action fI led in :""v, 1982, lh~ c.", ' c!lled in 0< 1 198 ~ , Alt i' hcnko rch"'l" ishcd bi. cilil~l"bip and a<kn"w'ledge<l lh'l h~ haJ , s~,,-e<l wilh 'h. loc.1 polic~ , The U.S, ogr""d nol 1 file . J eponalio n ar lion .. long •• 0 Artishcn ko < """e" led " 'itn Ihe llO... mm~nl in i" in,'e' liS' lio n of ol hers,
.- \ r ' i , h . ~ ~ o , ll ", i l

Rom: 1899, Yugosl,,'i. DiN!: IqRS, Y"8o<l.v;. Alit eN! P...... " IOr~' ACIl>'lly' A• • C.bin.l m,niSl<r in Croa'i• . AMukovic "as ,e,,,,,n,ibl~ fo' iss"ing dec,e.s whi.h resulred in ,he incaree"1 ion . nd d.alh of Ie"" oflbousanJ. of ""n-Ary.n .iti,,,,,•. !.<1:ol ll i' lut} ' AMu kovi. ""Vcr bec.m~ 0 U,S, eili,. n. Deportalion and ~" Ir.d i l io n cases "'ere fIled in 1951. He w.. ~x'radiled 10 Y"~ o,t.,'io in 1986 ",h.r. h. was .on,'i.led of"'.r . ri m~" Sa PI'. 241_260 Art uko" le, AudrlJ.,

", floJle. 140 F. Supp, 24S (S , I) , C.I , 19%). "J!'d sub "Om , K" ,o<!;ol. v. A""k" " ,~, 247 F,2d I ce (91 C'i" I'1S7), """,">1 'md "'","",1"". 355 U,S, ) q) h ( ] 958). ,I,,'i,ion "" '."'",Id. {!ni,,-d SI"I<" ". ,I "" k" ,'; ~, 170 F. Supp. 383 lS .D, , al 1959)
E.l. r>'!llil.abili.'1' 1

A""ko" ;~

.1,'",,,,1 ,,,/> IInm. """k",'"
\ ' d"J. Ja n

Ulras!j'l,,!I' Jf""., 0/

1 £.lI, ,,d" WII ,, . 1 ''''' 0';<:, 628 F. Supp. 1370 (C.D, C.I, ~ ""." 1,,' / v. Ri''''', 784F.2d I 354 (9'" Ct" 1'1~6)

Do r n: 1911S. Poland (now Ilelan..) Ili~ d: I'J9K (; ~"" a n y ,\ ltt g«l 1'... .."10. )' .\ .-11 ' Iy C"U ' ': abmal,-d " ilh Ihe "", i. "'h ll< '~,,'in ~ .s • re~ i.)nLlI ln" !,"r in B. yl,," ," .., Hi' "'ork ,,,,' lc.kd " 11'"n~lng f," II>< ~1>n " rurtiM or , JCII ish ~h" It,~ helping {;c'" "" n, « 1e..,1 Jews to «ceutc, and ,h"cminallng G.'mlan decree•. including one ubich pr"h lhilCd g i " tn ~ fo<><IIO 11>0.. in Ihe gh. " o. I , " ~al lIi' II"y ~"" lk~llh'l OSI "'''. "bou, 1 nlc J ': 0

Anl/ej 'greed '0 Ic,ve the country. He ,,"COllt 10 Germany in 1984 ,nd ,,'n"un«.... h;, U.S , citizen, h,p. , on, edlng that he "ca rn ed out the onlen <>f 'he :-<., i oceupall" n ,,,'hOO t;e," 1I0r n: 1913, Lilhu"ni~ AII<2.d Pe" re"l o,,· --'clivity, Member of a , ecrel police ,,,g~" i'~t;o" tliat li'luid"ICd a J. ",,,h !!herlo I .• ~ a l Hi, t<>cy: H~ I,~, ,,'ver became a U.S, e;I;, . n. When OS I >oU I' til question him. lIal. .., invoked lhe fiflh Amelldme", on the g"'u"d th.r h. might faee I;l u imin. t prosecut ion .broad. The queslion of "'helher the Fiflh Amendment applies in such m, e' " ITU t""C "'as lil;gatcd up to the Supreme Cou n . Th. Coun ruled 'ha' ' he Amendmen' could IIOt be inm ked. Ra'her than ' uhmit 10 questioni ng. Bals>", l. n for lith uania in May 1999. II. acknowl<dged Ih.1 he had mi"copre,ented his ".-an;meaot;v;ties whon he en'ored ,he U.S , S.epp.141 . !44,
u s. v. BaIJ.><. 9 18 F. Supp. 588 (E.D.N.Y. 1996), ""ealed and , e".anded. 119 F,3d 122 (2"' CiI. 1997). lind ' en/lInded, ~24 U.S. 666 (\998)
1l ~ 1 < ~' , • ..\ l o ~·z n

dell,\I"r~Ii,,";on ~e 'ion,

,,,,,"d

Bora ' 1926, Romania Died : 1989, Au. ,ri. AU oged ' O ..,u tory ,\e ti,'ily: GuaTd at M. uthauscn " eoncenn.t;on camp ;n Au'tria and one of its ,ubc.-.mp. Leg. 1 m ,to')': Denaturalizat;on e.... filed in Apri119S6. The Nuant lO a ,e"lemcnt ag... m""' . di'lrie' court "'''''ked Bartesch ', citizen,hip in May 1997 pU Undel the ,erms of the ,e nle",ent. Bartesch ",linquished hi. certificale of naturali..l;on ond "ll"<cd to lea.'e the US. lie "'ent 10 Austria, [ 'nired SI",eJ ~. B"n• • ch. :0<0. 86 C 2375 (N ,D. 111 , 1987) Bo<n, 1911. Yugo. l. v;a Died: 1993, U.S, ,\ U.-god r on eeu' " ry Al"lh'll~ : Guard a' the Slullh~f concen" "li" n comp in Poland .nd B""hcm" "ld concentration camp in Germany l-. g. 1 Hi' ln r y: ()enaturali", ion c.... fi led in Mar. 1989, Rau",.nn· , ci'i'.en,hip wos remkcd in May 1991 and he e, hau"ed hi. appeal, ;n O<:t. 1992, A <lep"rta, ion act;nn •.-os filed ;n two momh, laler. The case "'tiled ;n June 199 .~ " i'h [l"U "lOnn . g=ing 10 lhe entry of a <kp<>rtJI;On order for Gerrn.ny, Rased"" [laumann' , ;11 heal'h. ,h. .,) l ·ni,.'tI Slate< agre• no, to enforce the o...... r <If deporta,ion.
n~ 'liIllIHblal ion: Coir.d S"'M ". [I" "".,,"n. 7<>4 F. F.1d 37~ ( 7~ C'i, .), (wI. d. 'ni.". $06 U.S, 81 1 ( 19')2)

Ba" ....eh, .\ h rti D

Bau manD, ADloD

S"pp, I ns lED . w». 19\11 l. "ff",

'),8

[)q 'llrt. 'iQ .11,,,,. , oJj'B" ",nann. A7 811 295 ( Imm. 0 .. Mih.aukcc. W;•. 1993) n;

lIa,n : 1918, l i' huoni. Dlod; 1998. U S, ,\ I!<~,,' Pc" ...." ." , }' '\ ", I" it)" )'kmbet "f,he 1s- I.il l,""" ia" S<'h"",,,;mn,cl<atl, a ;,;," i·di.....t.'<I pa,nmili' . ry gro"p ,,'hieh p." ' '''''kd .md ",,,tdo,,d ci.'ili."" l..~.l iii" ".)': lIollZ}' h",o",• • U.S. ci,iten i" 1991 Bcr. ,,'" a '"o,i"" (0 ro"pen " n." "",h1;' li,,,, <on b.: tikd " ilhin onc ~'.ar, in 199~ OSllikd ,,,eh • n,,~ iun ' athe, 'h...\ a M";\t" ' alil "l i,,n ac'i"n. Th. n,ulj"" \l' " .. d"" icd, OSf did nut Iii. a d."..."..lilati un case b.:<;w," il did nul think ito .'idc.... e euuM mcc1 ,he higher ..andard uf p" ",r <ailed f", in , uch <a",,', 1I,·n"a",La,. Henrika.
1I0' D: 19:0, 1." hu'ni. Oiod; 1% 6, us.

lIuuLl "J"u .

Alleged Persecutory A<livily; S..",'<I in ' N....i·collabo, ..iuni'. Li,h" ani,," police baltal;" n which pan icipatoo ;n ,evo,a l massacre, in Kau"as. l ilhuania and in Slul,k, a , uburt> "f Min, k, Byd oruss;•. Thousands of lithu.nian Jew. , appro,im" lely 15,000 Byclonm ian Jew>, and 1,200 Sovicr pri",ne.. ofw.. were muro=d (}pOl", ion. by th. batt.lion ('he .l'~ l i,huani.n Schul>m:mn,ch. ft . lalor rcn.m<d the 12" Lit"aanian SChutlmaM .. hallj \l" " p.rlicularly brutal. According to . r-;., i reporl intro<1 ac<d ;nlo e"id""ce during lh. !'Iurcmt>e,glri.l', lhe ;o..:.z; ci ~i l ian admi n"tr.IOr of llyelnru ..i. «,mpl.,;n.d abou( the hM . hly of tho Slm,k , 1."gIIter. The police nnl only lnot<d (h. bodie, of murdered Jew. alld broke inlo Jewi. h hou.... bU .lso be.t lh. Byeloro"ian population ;" g.ne,al l . nd . 101 indiscrim ina..ly. When ,h. <1'''Zhltr al the piu W;IS o"er, tho police did nol lou')' ,hci, . viel;m.s deeply enougll ."d some of 'he wound.d wo,kctllh.i, wa}' oal ofth. gr,,'e• • nd ' ttumctl 1 SluI,k lookinll for help. Acco,ding ' 0 lh. NOl i" the . , ,,",ulion, . t Sluts. we,. canictl oU "with 0 I inde..ribobl. brutality . . . bordering 0" .,di.m . . . on (h. pan ofbolh lhe Gennan police officers and p." icul., ly Ihe lilh""" i.. pani,"u, ." Leg. 1lIiotory: Ik nkunsk.. ne"cr becam• • U.S. c;,i,e" . A depo""'i"" c.,e wo' filed in 1984 Iknkam k... di<d bcfo" ,he cn.. w'"' ,.,n!,ctl lI<n" o" ,k)'j, Woller
II .. ' D: 1924 . Poland (now ti kraine)
AIle~.d

r " rs""ulm y Acti.·'!}': {"amp g"a rd., Trawniki ;'nJ Poni.l{\w. labo, <amp' in Pol. od. Sach'coh" " , cn «'"ce n''' I",n camp ;n (; enn.,ny and a Mauth. u""" ,ul><:.mp in Au, ln. l .~. r li Mo') , D."" lu,. h,. ,inu pnx. ""ing. cumn'e n,'c i" 'd July 1997. Pur",. ,,, 'n a ,." Iem enl .~cemen l in Sept ' ,},) 8, B.re"-", ,k~j r",f. itc-J hiS <i ' i/C'n,h;p, Thc U.S. 'glCcd nol lO po"". depo"a( ~m ani." Ih". wa, . ,,,b"l.nl;a! impfo"e' ''' o( in n.re,"" ,~ }j". medical <n n" iti" n.

1I,,'n : 1922. I.i' h" .",i . ,\ Ue~,'d l' ,' ''cc " '',, ~' .- \ <1;' ity: ,\ ,Ij" ,. " ' t,, ,h. "I'p'"n,.'d ,'''m"" "" h nt in " " pi" e" Li,h.., ,,;. . DH ,ioll Rem.;" lem" • . 10" « II"" I .r~ • • J, " " I<

1 I,,'o " , I' ••e'

".,i·

m,'n. " '"nit,,, ",,J <hil.lren and "'lne :101' '" 5UO .Ile~ed ,,<>"'munim "'ere arre't.'<I, jailed. •nJ . hot ' 0 ,k.,h hy a .k ,,,<:hm,'nln f Li ,hu.ni.n, :>cli ng nn tht command,nt' . orde,", N. Jew, ar<: known to ha' e 5u"'i,,,,<I, On ",,,ltipl, <><o"ion•. !leme. wont ",itll tile comm.lldanl 'n the I<><al jail and calk.... ou' the ,u",.. <l[ p,isone," "ho were then tah n from Ihei, e.Us, kicked and he,lI,n, The , iotim, .wre n",tdc rc'" a .hurt di"anee from the jail. 1. ' 2al lIi " " ry, An., being notir,c...l ,hat OSI "'a••bout to iii. a .k""',,,ali,."on C S<;. Ilom", len rOTl.ithu.ni. in J"". ~OOl . Hi. ci,i7.cnship "' ... re, oked in ' ~1ay 2002 pu,"u'nl to • clef.ull j".lgmont ",deT,
('m le.1 STales ". 8""''',2002 WL lC161H4 IW.D, II I, 2(02)

Born: 1905, Lithu. ni. Died: 1995, U.S. Alleg.d P ".,,')" Aeli,'ily: Se,...ed a• • guard in. Jewi,h gheno " here he be.l Jew•• nd helped select m. for ..ecu,ion, He .1,,, OI'feSled. in'emJgatcd and be.t . nli·N.... i partisan< and "'0",1><:.-. "f the underground, l. . g. 1 Hi.tory : Bemo'"" Jl¢"Cr b«ome a U.S, ei t i~e n , Depoorl.tion p,,,,,.e4inll" hegan in July 1983. In J" ly 19S9. ' he c""..." led. Hemo... coneeded his deport.hilily .nd d••ignst.d " erm. ny .. the . eeipi. n' eo" ntry Beeause Bemota. w"" in ill health. the U ,5 , .greed not to eany oot the o. der of deport.l;on,
u<m~r o 8emOl"', f

H.' no. ... ,\ nlan. .

,0.7 255

~6)

(Imm. Cl., Hanfo.d. Conn. 19S3)

Bora ' 1923, Poland (nov.' Uk..ine) AIl. ged P<TS<CO I0l)' A.ti~ lry: G"OJd.1Tr.",n iki Labor <amp in Pul"" d. member uf tile T•• wniki Training C.mp', . nti.parti.... "Dc plo}m col Company'" Afl•• Ihe . ...""uation nfT.awni ki in tile face of Sovi.. ad",n... in J" ly 1944, Bilaniuk '<n-<d ., • m''''~' of 5S "Streibel B. ttalion: · .ompo.... of men from T. "",'niki. On < of the primary fun<linns of the Stre,1><:1 llal1ahon w•• 1o round " I' and s oa.d Polish foreed labo"'>. l. ' eo1Ili" nry, A den.,urahz.l;on ••se w"" ftled in D¢e, 2002, It i. pendins a, "fthis "'rilins, 8ora: 1919. C"", hosloval< ia Alleg.d I', ... eoto. )' Aeth'ily' Guard .nd J og handler a' D:o<:h.u e'>n<cn" ation oamp in Germ. ny and at Wione. N<udo.f eune.n" . , ioo c.." p in Au"ria 1.•g.l lli, y' Blacb never beeame a U.S, eitil en Deport"ion p,,,,,,,,,dlllg$ "-crt: lx'gun in 1 9 8 ~ : he os orcl-cr.d deported to W<:'St G.rm>ny in Apr 1987. While that ".d.. w., on appeal. W. Gennan}' "'<I "e" <d hi. exl,ad ition, Blach did no' c"nle" the 'nalte. "n.l wa' e,,,.-..Ji' ed in Jan, I '~J<), lie ...... tried in Germany I'" mo" lering th"'" pri ,.,nc"" during a fc',eed o",..h to the ~1>ut ha u ••rt cuneentt"t;on camp ;n ,4, "" n o. II, was acGu itted in lW J Hlacb, H.no

8i1. olo k., J . ",,'ow

572

1von

no. ,,: 192J. r u ~sl " i . ,\ Ih' ~<d !'r " " ul ury ,\CI;" il)': <'; o" J al Ihe AU 'hwil~ "

,\ 0. , !>rillg M ' iford th..t . d,'m ' urali"" ioll ra", w"s "I",,,, til !>r ri k d, Bb' ","r 'II GcOl'.oy in Aug 1992, rho co" rt oll!,red , d,t" " lt j l"l~mc co"lIking his riti"'n~ up in flc",. 1992. ...'
L o ~ a l lli " ", )' :

VII;t,,,]S"",·,,' IJIrSJ, "'0 <)2 ·2075-JIlG (D.D.C, 19<)2)
8 u' ,,: 1902, Gorn'aJ'y .-\Il o~< d 1'. " <C lltu r y A.-li' II)·: As So"io' M. l'" of the Gr m"n rity ofHir-sr hhcfg from 19 H to 19J 8, 1l1C1lmd helped enforre the NurombO'g D..,o... AO.. ' he l<iazi in"", ion of lho U.S .S.R.• Bluemel se"'ed a. a District Kommi""., in "anoo" Vhaini"" r i'ies, including Ts<:hudnow and Rots<:hi"•. The DiSlrier Kommi..... was the higho" ci,-;I i.n ,u'oonly owr buLh 'he Gtrman l"'hot ,nd indigtnou, llkr,;ni,n ,u~i li.ry l"'lic<. During f1luemd ' , 'm u, e in T.l<hudnow, .."eml ,hou..nd Jew< wo'" murd<rrd by tho Gonnan and L1<rainian pollce. In R<1schitla. Blucmd " 'as in cbarge of anti.p,ni.an n.....tion'. ga'e omers '0 lhe Germ. n and Chaini"" police 10 'hoot any memMrs of the ,nti."'"lp,ni."n. who w<,e c,ptured. and o"e,..w 'he roundup of forred labo"'rs to \I'Ofk in Gem,.ny. l. '1:al lli'lnr} , Illu.m.l "e'er became . C.S, eitilen, He "~ree d 10 lea'-e the country in M.... 1985 bero,e OSlliled a d<po".tion case. He O<:lllc"ll in We't Germany Ilnr. : 19 17, Ru.«i. Ol.d : 1984, u.s. AUeced renee" tor r A<th'I<y: ~l emM' e f Ihe "Amj . Komm. ndo." • lal,-i.n doath 'qu><l '<spon.ihle fo' rna.. execution of 'OO"", nd. of ci.'ilian. in ""/ i_occupied l' t"i•. l he , i<lim. ofthe mas, ,hoo'; ngs wcre mostly Jr wlm , but . 1'n included polL'iral cncmics (th"". belie\','\l to t>e Commun ists). ~;:p,ic. and Ihe ",ent. lly ill Tht Iead.r of 'h< O 'W"' il . 'inn, Vi klQ' Moj •. w.. cOnl'icted in West Germ"oy (n, le><l,"£ the unit in mun1enng mOT< lh. " 13.000 prop lc. l.e~ al ll l'l nry ; Denatu"lizati" n p" ",ocd,,'g. commcnc. d in :-;0" 1'lSl BogJ""o\'Sdied I>: fnre the case " OS , c, oh "d. !'" Iand Muw l 'l;raill<1 ,\ II.~<d ,....""UlDl')· __\C I I' I~ ' ' kmOc,,,f lhe ' , n. ' l"m""c'\ll ·kr" in' ..n ,\ u., ili..'Y ?,' Ii ce ( Co\p I in L" 'n\' Dunng hi' <o,,,ie•• 'hc l :.-1 1' ".1< in"oln d in ' he m""kr " I'ow, 1 0<J,1~lO Jewi' h 'e, i,lo" " III ,he city. The 1.',\1' "I", <",,"cd Jews ,,, r" rqd b bu, , itos "nd ,'nf"n: rd pcrs""u'" ,,- mr , ,,,m; mdnd ing tho "rrest " f k '" f" r "'", U lllell t ",,' I.llIon, 0' foil ur< 1 "oa, lb. prr" 'ri bed "Ol'hanJ " j,h 'Il" SI. r uf D.,·"I o I , ' ~" I 1ri, to')': ,\ ,1.-".11 urah", ' ion c"'" " '" Ii1,"11 i1\ Hoi<un,
1 91~ . ~ r i< h ..1

Blur",ol, P,ul

BD ed.n o". , Bole. ln.

1I " ' n:

.17.1

1><:C. 21)(1·1. h IS pcnJ' ng as of ,h.. w,;' ing. ll or n: 1925. Cl ""ho,I,wakia Allt' K P.,..c. ,ory ,\oli" ily ' Guart! . 1 <'d B,,,,hell\\'aIJ etll,cen'"" i,", con,1' in G.nnany "nJ ,'"schwi'z Dea:h ("amI' in P"lar>J Lt'gal lI i 'lor~ : Dena!urali'al io n p<O<<:<"dings ..,m monccd in Ap<. 1')<)2, ,honl~ 'hcrt"aflcr Rreycr h"gan a<lm; ni>:ra:;" e procr:cdin g. 10 oSiabli,h d.,;v ;,,"'. "ililcn 'h ip b<.",au,,, hi. nlo:he< had It""n bom '" 'h" U.S, Th" cou n rule<! in Rre). r' $ ra"o, and Jee i.."n W:lS amm><:J on _ppeal, 11. was Iherdo," ablo 10 remain ,n ,h. U,S. St'< pp. 175.191. ll n " or. Jnh a" n

,1,,,,

/I,,) <,~, Mel"' '''', 2002 WL 31 ()S69 B5 (E. D. Pa, 2(02). a ll"d. 350 F,3d 327 (3'" O r
2003 )

Bo,n : 1920. Li'huania AIl.~od P• .,,,,,. 'o ry ACl i. il y: S",,'e<! in ." indig~no ". polk " fo« " orgoni?e<! by ' he Gennan. in occ upie<! Li:hua",a alld later as a guard al :he Majdanek c,,"cen" al;on camp ,n Poland. L" gallli"nry: DcnOlurali .alion procr:cding. wcrc bcg" n in Scp'. 2002. 8«all'c Bucm)'! "":ercd uoder lhe INA (lh" DPA and RRA ha.ing , inc" cxplfcd). no assistance in per,,,,," ,i,," coon: cou ld be filed. He was ch>rge<! with lack of goad morol char"":.. (base<! on railu," 10 an" " ", l<Ulbfully a! h" nalUIa hza'ion inl",,"icw) ""d misrepr"s enl"ion (based on failure 10 say On hi. naturali, . :ion appJicat,on Ihal h.. had a..;"ed;n pers«u!;<>n). He was . Iso cha rged ",ith rai lure lo ' ubm;l a wrill"" na'orali",,,,," _pplic.lion eonta; ningall mol<:Ci . 1 ram (a chaIg<O. bose<.l ;n g U.S.c. § 1445(a), which OSI had nc.er prev;ously flied ). Th" <as<: ><:1I1 in Feb. 200 5. Buem)"> coo,,,,,:e<!lo lIJl ordCf revoking hi. e<! nal"m ll,e<! cili, en, hip. odmilled :hal h. had no' pro"ide<! a co rr"", an,wOf when he ':aled on his na:urali , ..lon appli"alion that he: had ool as, i."e<! in pcrs «uli on, and agree<!:o comply with any (u'ure govemment fctjuesl ror Ics:imony involv;ng anyonc ...-ho serve<! a' Maj danek duri ng ,h. period whon "oem )"• ..1;..1 so. Tho gnvemmenl agrecd lhal; 1 "'-0"1..1 nnl file a d''I,<ma:ioo ",,: ion Rorn: 1916. li lhuania llied , 1996. l ilhuani• •\ lIe~ed Pe" """ lo ry .\ " h ·lly: ' 1emb.. of Ih. 2nd' 12 'h S,hut>mannsclulll dn nng lhe Slulsl< mas.ac,e. See Benkun. b. I.eg. l lli' lory : A dc nalOJa lizalion aClion "as fiI~d in Sept 1')<).1, In Jan. 19% . Ilud rc'h .grC<'d ", rorfe;! hi. ei liten,hip and to lea." lhe cOLlnlt;', lie died '"'' ",'da latet. II\<: .lay an", am ,·ing in 1. i:huania ("i'lrin, k. s, Bor n' 191 8. lithuania Di.d: 2()l)I. lilhuania ulo r y ,\ eli' ;l~ : \lcmhcr of :he \ 1I . god P SchU nl;lI1 I1 Scha't d uring Ihc Slo'" m."ac r' ( I< Brnlu n,h'J
"u~'.

8 . omy•• Ildcfon u .

' Hud r t lk . , J II O as

~ nd.' I ~I "

I.' 'gal t1i>l6ry: Dm,lu,al i"" i" " prot'<:<:<linll' "'cr. hegun in .\ taL 1'1'7J Ciurin, k..' ci' i/ c "fIship ",. rem kcd in Jurn; 1\197 und ,ppc:.I. "'... ,·, h,ul".d ;n Jun. I ')~8. D"p" nal,,,n proceedings wcre I><:gu" in Ocl. 1999. Th c case sol1 lc<l in ,\ p" 1'>99 wil h Ci"rin' kas agr<><>iog 10 Ie..·• wilhin a ," onlh. 11. ",,, Ie<! ;n l.ith" ""ia

1".

L . ' '''a)i, ,,lion: U.S. ". C",,,,,,ka.l, '176 F. Sup p. 1167 (N. D, hnl. 1')'>7), "n",I, 1.ra f,) d kn 72~ (7~ e iL I'!" ~) .IkI:!Q ~ ., i"l! : .\1 """ "fCi"'m ' ko'. AU7 262 l/96 llmm. Ct .. Ch,cago, II I. 19'i9) llo<a : 192 1. t i,hu'n;' .\II .~.d Pn ,"cul ory Acl;"il)': \ lnnbcr ,,( the l'at i'SJ",",orcd Lithuanian Security Polic. I'b. Sa"gum...), " h.re he sc ,y c<! in the "Com",u" i,,· Jew'" ,"clio n, Th. S.ugumas arrc,ted antllumed Oyer for puni, hmenl .nd •• • c"tion tho.. who aol<1ll p,ollo .scape Ihe V'lni". gheuo, •• "".11 .. any per"'n "' ho lri.d to h.Ip lh.m. J.w, . rreslcd by Ihe Saugumas were S. ncrolly . hol " od.r Ih. dir"" lion oflh. Genna"" at •••• ut;on pi" . t Pan.riai, a wooded ar. a " ul.iu. Vilniu•. Appn» ,m. lely SO,OCIO J.w, wc,e munle' ed at Pan.riai. I. . ~ . ) 1Il, lory : Denalurali, . tion proc••dings w.n: ""gun in Dec. 1994 .nd Dailid.'. citi..",hip was revoked in Jan., 1997. Hi• • ppcol. were .,h'u'led in S.p'. 20C10, Thellov.mment begon d.pon.tio" proc..,dings in July 200 1 and Dailide w" o,datd deported to l ithoania in 2002. In 2003, "'h ile appeal of hi. de ponatio" was prnd mg, he Iell for "ennany. In July 2004, lb. Lilhuanian govemmenl oharg,od him ..-ilh pcrn:<ulion of civilian' protecled by internat,ona) humanil";. n law. li e was convieled in .~ l an:h 2006 , See p. 465. I).ilid . , .- \ I ~ ( m ' nl u

J.,,'.

"rd.,

llw.t u at;!lD : U,S ". Dailtd., 9~ 3 F. Supp. 192 (N.D, Ohio, 199 7), ajf'd, 227 F.3d 385 (6~ Ci'- 2000) DewrtaljOD : .\laIIer of [)aIlide, A7"' 12_330(Imm . Ct , Dr.denlon, FI. 2(02 ), Qp~1 rli.l"'u.,..J (BIA 2(03), afTd, [)aiM• •. " . hemfi , )8 7 F,3d 1335 (11~ C" ir. 2(04) Ilo rn : 1920. L'Imine ,\ II.~ ..' P...« Ul ury ,\ <II" JI ~'t Guard at Sohibo, ,1e,l n can: p in Poland. th. \ bj,b nck and Flossc"nLirg canc"olralioon camp' ( In ~ol ' nd and Gc muny rc'p.:<:t,,·.ly) and fra" oiki " .. ning eamp ;n Pobn'!. l. . ~ ollli " a ~' : n .• U.s. Att,' mcy', om.. flied . ,1"na<"fOJr/at;o" .u tro n ;n Aug. J 977 DemJanjuk' sc ititcn' hip ",a, '< ".-oked in J un. 1981 allor the cou n oond uded that h. "as "I"an th" Terrinl. ·· who h:ul operated til. go< <h am""r . 1the f ' ''hli" la do" h ••", p, Hi. appea l. Were <., h"".,,d ;n 1\o\'. 1982. .-\ dq "''''' ''" n ;:<;tron " . ' likd in July 1982 and LJomanj " l "" o,Jc rW J eponC>.110 the l', S.S.R. m \ la y 1') S4. T )" , rs laic' . " hile Ihal nr li ,, ~ "'" aU apre"l. he ,,'" o, I,.d,,<d 1 1",01 . fle n'lu' ttcd to the Lr, S. in 19n .O et 0 [',acl c~'noI u<kd Ihal he was no, h'all ' h< T.·rrihk hul th" h. h"'l b""n a gu",d ~t " Ih"r ":rr" p', ,ncluding Suhil>o, . The 1')81 nnk ' "f d.'O:""r.,I;""ion ",as ,'ucalC\! in I'J'J8 ,nd a new ,k""" " "li/ali,," I" ,,"i l "''' tikd ,n 1'),i9 h,,,-o "n hi, ~H.,rd.<I1 So~iOor, ~ Iajd,mek "oJ n . mjanjuk, J 6ho·

w "

'« :"

F!o,>CllbLirg, llo " " ,lona"'rali,ed in Feb, 2002, The ruhng ",. arr"m,d in Apr. 2004, a"d ,h. S upreme Coun den ied fOvio" in Suv , 2004, DC'l"'rlJliun proceeJi '\8S "'e,o begun in Oec. 2004 lie w " , "'d <l<d d,porled in J"" o 21105. Ik rnjanj"k moved 10 prod ode du" gnallo n of l'hai ne. c1ai n " ,, ~ 'hal ,"" ding h,m Ih. ", " ou ld ,·iola,. ' he Co nl'enll" n Agains1 To n Ur< (eATl. Ue . rgued ' h. ' Ukra'ne " ould hkcly pm " cu,. ,,00 'un"re hi" ,. I lis m"li" " was d."i. d in Doc 2005 ,nd he ,, '" o,do,ed deported 10 Uh ai" e, Th;,l order i' on app",1 ,. of l h.. ", riting. Se. f'P' 150--174 , EiW.Q<:Ui!!!!rl!!jl-")iQ!.F Us. " 1J,'''Y''''J"k, 518 F. S,I'I'. 1162 (N.D. Ohio 198 I), aJ)'d per "", i,,, n, 680 F.2d az (6 '" ("ir,), , Wi ,I"n;cd, 459 U.S, 1036 (1982) tXn or1 Jtjo n: ,\ I'<II~' 0/ lJ,m,jOly'"k, A08 237 41 7 (Imm. (l " CI",'<Iand, Ohio 1984), ojfd. (BIA 1985), ajfd f'< ' , ,,,,am ( ,mp"b'd), U S. v. f)emfo,y" k 767 F2 d 922 (6 th Cir.). " ",. ,Ienied, 474 U S, 1034 (1985) bm"n;on: 1010"" a/ h '",J" i"" if f)emja'yok, 612 F. Supp . 544 (1'i.o. Obio 1985), peli""n/ '" 'M i' 0/ ~aln!os ."'pus d,'nled sub ""... Demj'''!i, J< v, Pe'ro»ky. 6 12 F . SUI'P. 571 ( N.D. Oh io). ojfd, 776 F2d 571 (6'" O r. In 5), <'<Iff . deniM, 475 U.S. 1016 (1986), reopened J " O 'J'O~IC, :-; , 85· 3435 (6" Cir. 1992), ,orened to special masler, (6tb Ci, . 199 2), repon of . p<eial 0 on.. ler, (6"' (,i" 199 ) , ~x"~Jili"" "'''·~IeJ. {km/~~J"k ", Perravs!ty. 10 F ,3d Jl8 (6"' (,ir, 199 3), ,'",I. d~" icd Job nOm , Ri"",, ~. (kmj onj "k, 5[) U.S. 914 (1994 ) Second lXnaluy lj' jUiQ.II: Uniled Slales v. Dcmj Q"/ ut , 2002 Wl 544622 (N.D. Ohio 2002), a/fd, 367 F,3d 623 16'" Cir.), eerr. denlcd, 125 S (l4 29 (l004} Second Dwonlli21F Man,,"o/Dem/anjak, A08 237 4 17 (lmm. Cl.. Cl.veland, Obio June 16, 2005 and Dec. 28, 2(05) Bora : 1920, Romani. Died: WOO, Germany Allegtd Pe..ecu to r y ACl;" ;ry: G uard at G u.." c""centration comp in Austria, ,\I.., guarded prisoners o n a u ansport from a camp in Poland to M.othausm conc.nrr. 1Ioo camp in Aus tria, I.t gal HiSlory : D<ne,,1 never beca me. U,S. citi"n A deportatioo acti,," "'''" filed ' " Aog, 199) , In Dec, 199 3, Deneu) agr.ed to Ie,,'. lhe ""'oolry. lie "'enl to Germany in 19'N 8orn : 1924. ," ugu,ln ia .-\II.god r e, u cul ory Act;";I)': G" ard a, Auscb",i ll ,lea' h camp in Pol"nd. ~lo"th, u ",n co ncco"at io" camp in A" stria a"d o ne of its . ubcamps, S""h' et\h.losen concen"a'io" , am p io Gem",,,y, 3 ,ub. , mp o f Bucbeo" . Id in Germ a" y. and the PI" zolV con«nrr.1Ion c"mp 'n Poland, Legall li >lo r) : Den, inger left for We,l <';errnany , .-\ng. 1')39 ' h,' n ly atkr leam lllg ' bat the ~o ...mmc pl.nned 10 me a ,kn"urali~ ",iQn « >mpl" m 'fll \ dd ,,,11 judgment "'''"king Dcminser', ci' i/ em hip was fi led ' n ~ov 1989. A, of ' his writing. hc iJ in C",ati, Ik " , i" ger, Jakob
DenU~ ~ lo lb;..

B,,,n : 1')09, L'~,a i"" !)jod' 198.1, us o\1logod I'<r, oeulooy \" Ii, ily ' A, a mombe, "f Ih" 1·h.,,,;,,,, I ~, lie e . ho ,,,,,toJ tho G,ml.l"' in ~,<p i,,~ 2tlOU Jows J <pn ,d Qf n«<"iti.. , nd ,·" "I1 ,\<."<I 1 a l'h,·t1 o. Tho k '" " 0'" I~I", tt1unlo,,"<1 by the Gorman, <> I .• ~ al I li, I" .)" , no n,"u,ali,aliQ" p"xoe.Ii"l:' "" ''''' 'on•.-<d on luly I 'l~", D.."act ' cil,"" ", hip "a, r<,'o~ od in F< b. I ')32. A ,le rlJli" " ' l'" proc «d; "~ "'as ftI",llaler Ihal l".. tr, 11<,,,:0<> died befn•• 'ho cas. was fully h l;~aled n o.o",'" " khaol

vs

v.

n."",c:, 5) 0 f . Supp, 13 28 (E.n

S .\'.

1 9~ 2 )

H"rn: 19 11, la" i. I)i.d: 1983, U,S ,\ Uog. d " . ..« u,o,)' A< II,,' ily: A•• m.mb.. of tho to...·'an ,\ u, iliur)' S"'un'y Pohe" . ho "'""utcd Jew, in tho R;ga ."d <hose Jow, for o""'u,ion ;n Ih. O"'i,,'k ghetlO, t . golll i>o,,')': Dell.n n~'"" becamo a U.s cili,,,n, l:-S filed . Jol"'llalion action in Clcl . 1976 An ;mm;gralion j udI:" rojecled 'he go... m'''' ''I'. ease in 1980 arod thaI doci,;on was affirmed on app<"al Ih" follo"' ing )'Cor•

Il.U O'·" " ur li, '

gil"""

.\fall" ofDellau, .'\ 0 7 n 5 159 (Imm. cr, Baltimore. Md. 1980). ajJ'J, (BlA 198 t )
Born: 1920. l 1<raine Diod' 1981. U.S, A II~g.d I'~ ..ecu' o<y ,\ <li"ily: A. a momber of In. Sclbsl:«:hutl, a ~a>.i pa"n,i lilOry olga""a' i"". tkulS< hcr pan ioipalcd in lhe rna.. oxeculi"n of h"ndr<Js of Jo..... in l bai"o 1 .~2.r Il M or y: The govommen' fried • •knatumli,alio n aclion in Doc 1981 . Deulsche' comm;lIed suicide 'ho foTk....·ing Jay, 1)<O " O , h«
.-\Ih ~'1

flidri<li, on" Vold i'

1I".n : 1913, L, I,'i.

Diod: 1 9'J~, US, \ 1I<g. " ' . ... . Ulory .\ . Ii,·il)·: M. m"", of lb. A.,j , l .og.1 I1 h ' o')': Tho !;<,ycmm",,' fiI.-J • J .'n"w..lrlali,, " ' "11 ill .\ Iay 1988, Tho case " "led in Feb. l')'l() ,,;,h DiJn,h,ons .lgrcci"l: 10 .d,"'1 ";'" Ii" e;' ilen"h'r· 11""00" 0 ho w.. " ill, ' he U,S . • grC<'.! not 10 in" ,lule d"po",tion rnx-ccd"'l:"
Il,, " h, J ohn n

,"" go,la,';' ni ' d : l ')9'), U.5, .\ 11, ~,'d I'. .... o u 'o<~' ,\ ' Ii, ily': ," "anI
II " ", :
I ' ) ~~.

a' .-\ n,,:h" ,It

,,. ,

I , c~ al l l i, 'ory': Dort h ne" e r hcoa me a U ,S, e il;1C~' rhe ~ "'Wrm)l ..nl med a ,k pnn al;"n aCl;on in Ja n, 19S9 . Dorth d,cd while In,, Ca,e was in l;t;gaHo""

.:. h rl, J oo.'

Durn: 19 14, ",,"ria-Hungary

llied : 1991, """ ria ., " .. ~.d P. ..... "'u'~· ~\ <Iivit y: ( , uard a' " ",,,hW1l1 . """"m ,'amp and Iw" Ausohw ;t/ ' ''''c. mps in Polan d "";",, l,eXulll h ro..)' : Eck" rt ne" e r b<came a U.S , eili,." The gove rnmenl f,led a d"""nal ion act;,,", in Dc<:. 198 7. In S<pl. 1988, Eckert ogr• • d 10 lhe " nIt; of an o rder of ,k pn rta' ;on and sripol. rc<l ,nat he I' ou ld lea"e lhe eo urury wilh in , ix mo nrh.. He s.nled ill Aum;a,

Moil " ojEckert. A IO 631 698 (l,nm . Ct., l o, AIlgdes, Cal . 19 88)

1101'0: 1922, lilhu.nia D1~ : 1994, U.S.
Allexe d Persenl"ry A<lh 'ily: Guard at Au.. hwill d...h ca mp l.exol IliOlO.) ,': Ensio n......, beca me a L' .S. cirize n. The gO"emmCIl I fi led . de purtal i"" acli"n in Feb. 1987. In June 1990, Eckert agr• • d to lb. en rry o f . deponal;on o rdOf W. sl Gmnany. Du. 10 Ensi,,'s ill he. lth, th. U ,S, oY"ed Ihal;1would nul ha ve him removed from Ihe Un ited SlOle.

'0

M,ltu , of En' ;n, A10 226 043 (lmm Ct., DO>lon, ~lass, 1990)
Dorn: 1907, L1:r. ine DiC'd ' 1987, U.S.S .R, AIl. ged P.... . u' ory " <li. ily: Guard in ' hc Jew i, b ghd'" of l ubli" . Poland and al ,b e Tre bli"ko d colh eamp Lego l 1Ii,lOry , The U ,S. An orn. y 's O ffice filed a dcnatu,ali,aMn ca,e in Aug. 1977. The d iSi n el cOtin ,ejecled Ihe government's ca ,e ;n July 1978. Th. 1deci sion wa. rc,'",sed a >,'a, I.. er and Ihe , ppell..e d«ision " ·a. at fi rmed by lhe S" p l<'1t\e ("olin in Jan , 1'181, The g,,,"cmmcnt f,led deport,lion p'oceedi ng. in Mar. 19 81 and Fedor<nko ooJ,' ,ed deported In fe b 1'/8 3. The ruli ng w.s offirmed in Apr . 19 84 and Fedoronkn w", "eported 1 Ibe SOI'iet Un"'n in Dec. 1984. The So ,'i... co n,';e ted hrm of war 0 Cm n.. in I <lM . fl e wa< e" ,e o,.d 'he rn llnwins year. S,'c pp. 48-6 3, Fed ornko, Feod o,"

w ."

[)en '! !!I(;lUUli.l>n : l.i S. \' F<"J,,, '<"" ~o, 4 ~ 5 F. S" Pp. 893 (S .D . Fl. 19781, ,.,. ', / ,lIId " ·"" ,,,d.·d. 5'17 F !,1 <).jf, ( ~ .. C ir. 1919). alT,l, -199 U.S. 4?1l ( 19811 J5nm1.!.\iQlJ: .\I,,,,~. 'if F" do" '" I"" ,\07 333 468 ( Imm C1 " Ilan ford, C<mn. 1983 ). "f/',I, I <I I, & N" D,'c, s 7 ( Ill,\ 1')84)

lIo, n: 1919, C,,,,,hoslo'''kia (no.... l rkrainc) ,\Jk~,,1 Pe" e<. lury ,\ oli,'ill" S'1wd in the I., ' C,,,,,,,,i... ,,,ti.! " I' ,he U ,,,i,,ia" !--,u.ih."y) p., liee L,, "' he ,~ in I.',.." .• L"raine. Du,ing Fi, i., Ih: hak·, ,"re'icc, th" I" Cnonmi..,,,iJ! "",n,lC<l up "nd I,a n'p" " ed n,n", ,han 100.000 Je".. ,,, k' iling «nlers bb,,, e","ps, 1<... , who a"e'mp'«1,,, nee ' 'l.... ",,,,,dups ,hoI. J ,e~. 1 1I;'!".y: A d"nalurali lOhn" e"," "'.. mC<l in I.ke, ! 003, fiti""h ok's " i'"e",hip "as ""ok<d; Il ,\ .g, !oo~ , Tha! ru li~ i, on .ppea1"s of this " ,i'in g.

Fid,h ehal, I h~ p

u,

' ' 'r<;

U S . f",m loei" ,k. 426 F. Supp 2d i XI) ( N D, III 200»

li D ,,: J92 I. R"",ania , Died: 2006. U.S. ,\ Ue2"" P• .,..,.l.ry Ael;,'ily: Camp guard at G,ose Rosen <oncen" ali"n <"lOp in Germ",,}' I'prosen' ·day P<>latl<! ) and Flo...,nbihg conc.nl, .. ion c""'r in Germ. ny. Among hi, , espon, ibilit;e.. F,;edrich ' w;ce guarded pri",nelS on forocd on"""h", " h." camps "ere <v""oa,ed. Log. 11II, 10ry : A d"".lUta hlation e.se " as m.d in July 2002 and friedrie h'"ililensh'p "as revohd in Fob. 2004 , Th. ",ling " as affirmed in Mar, 20ll> "",1 the Supreme CO"" denied " ,'iew in 0<1, 200S. Se. pp, 67 -68

Fried , ich. .-\dn rn

us. •. F.i",frirA, llll
Cir.). •...-1, Jenied, 126 S, CI. C olan , O. <5 t

F, S"I'P 2d 111)1 (ED. \ 10. 2004), olTd, 401 f .3d 842 {S·

4 9 ~ (200~ )

Bo<o: 1921. P<> land (no'" Cholne)

Alleged P. " ..." ' ory .... 'h·i'y: M.onb.. or,h. :-:,,;.sponso,cd l ''''o;n;.n An, il;ary Polie. (UAF) in l ' " ov.during th. tim.. in " 'hieh il provided fu",., (nr to. fin"l liquid.,ion of Ih. J. .. ."h ghelto (ue Il<>jcon) ,
The C'" . . uled in 1'0., 2006. "i,h the U.S. fi1in~. den'tu,a li'al;"n 'uot . nd G.1a n .~in~ to an order , . ,oking hi, eililen,hip, Pu"" .nt 1 Ih. tCIrn' "f,he agreement. he lell for Ukr,ille ,h. , sa... month 0
L.~al Ili " or~, :

Bo. n: 1·J! ! , l.ilhuania 12" I itllu,,,,i" n S,h"'."" ann«;,f\ I"",'
\ll.~ed IJcuk,,,,.~as>

P. ", ",u lory ,\ "i>' i l~' : ~ ktnb<r of ,he ! "'I

G,":15 ne> e' h.,.;;,me • US, ci,i'.on. In \1"., ' 19')'), thc .1b :';'·' cour' hdd him in ,,"'tclnp' (n, dcf}i'l!l ito orde, to " ..pond to an OS! , "hp< "·n,,. (; ,,, .1, '1'.: lIt 18 n,,,,,,h. in ja;1. III Occ. 2 '~'2 .• ller hIS !Clea.",. OS I fikd " J" pollaliM ", li" n, '(he "a" , "ul,, 1in \Ia)' ~O{)3 "ith C,"ca. ",Imin;ng 11t0i he hod " "'ed in the 2" .. 12· I ith" :,,,i;,n Sd'ulm"m"".-h.11 'In>! "~""' II~ 10 k.,.. 'he li S I"'nnancn,ly. lie "'011,',1 in li,h"a ni.1
1. , , ~ . 1 !Ii ,I O t~"

in ,\ " g, ~ OOl . S•.'e pp.
( ;.'i, .., .-\ n'on

1 '~ - 1 '6.

Bur n ' 191•. Y"go,I'\'I. (no "" l"""lta f
,\ I1.~.d

P. " C C"'o'} ' ,\ c' il' iry-, G""rd al S"" hsctlhdU 'CO on.! rh",ho""'al<1 ,~"r. nl M i ~n " "'p' in C. m"",y I.•, ~ .I l li,",.y' A dcodtlLr,lin ,iQn ~d'" wa' filcl in A"g, ~(JO·1. [I i, pcnJ ing '" of [hi. "rili ng
Bora ' 1908. Lilhuania Per,cc" , ory AC it,': Chid ofthe li" inlcrrogations.:inve>lip tions di,'i, i" n of lhe Saugumas (, ,,., DailiJ.j dnd ,.......u ll... D<:puly ChICf for lhe . nlir. Vilnius region, Gimlauskas lell for l.ilh"an ia in 0<:1. 1 99~ . shon ly l>cfor. 051 !"tIc<! suit to re' ok. his citizen'hip. The U.S, obta;""d a dcfauh j uJgm. nl of denatur~l iZ<ll ion in 1996, Gim7a".h, " asconv;cl.d in Lith"""ia of lleno< ide in 2001. The coun found lhal h. had handed ov.r ,l l.asllltre. Jews to killing squads S.e pp. 46446$.
Lc ~a l ll i"ory : AII.~.d

u.s.
G ~ .. hko"'.

¥,

Gi",:owkM . ~o . I :9.ICVI)2(JJ) (D ,D,C. 19%)

Mkba.l

Borm : 1923. E'tonia

AII"'tNl Pers«o,ory A<fi.-ity: SnvNl as a Gestapo interprclcr/interTtlS'''OI' at ' h ~ hc.1dquanc rs of lh< GCTTllan s<c urity pcli« in Minsk. Poland (now flela",,) He also panicipatNl in lhe Nazi killing action al the Jewish ghetto in Slut, k ('e<: IIcnk u",kas) 1.' J:aIIliMory : osr filNl a d. natu,ah,alion law-,uit ill ~fay 2002 , nd (;o"hkow d.-p,ned for E5tooia ' honly th.""ftet". A default judgmen' "'"' <'O tef<d ''''oking hi, '''''''''''hip. S". pp, ' 61 · ' ~2

Dil'tl: 20m, I."hu ""ia
\ 1I ~ < d

l·.·... '< ulo r ~' '\ <l i" ity: Off,c,,", in lhe

" ~ ;I

r- I " h".,"ian Schull m''" n...·II,,1l (, "'- Honll,n<b<j.
r_''l!~ 1 Il i " " r~- : OSI Ii k d a dcnaluralilal ioo 'uil in "i"" ",<,,,1 ,, 1,1 wh.'n (;t:,h,"'., kas ru' feil c<! his cili/ en, hip alld > 1er

h" , I'!'! 1. I h~ ca.w sc" r.~1

1I,,,n: 1915.("",, " . ll k d' S:":h"'TIh,,, <cn c" " «",,.,ion c,mp in Gcnuany " r 1,<g"1 Il l" " ry , Gruhcf nO O I>«a",e • U,S , i' izen 051filed , d q,,,rt" i,, rt e'" in A" g, 1'199. Gruber was oro«ed deponed 1 ,' nstn, ;n Aug. 1000 0 . "d in ~lay ~llOl tho BIA con<l"d<"ll th.. ill"" kcd jun'd;cl;on 1 he'" lhe , ppeal, Gruber leti for 0 A"SlTi, in J"nc 1001 and died there ' ''0 mon,h. Ia'er.
JI./I(..r of Gn w er, A l O-17O- 3~6 l lmm , Ct., N ,Y.• N.Y . 2000). ~PJWal <lis"';JS~,1 (RIA
~ O(2 )

~002.

,' U 'n a ,

.,\ II < ~ e d

r ers « u' nry "" h'it)" Guard",

Bor n, 1918. Lith..""ia
Di<d: 1997. U.S.

.'l. llog. d r . ... e. ,ory Aeli" II)" Men,b.. of lhe 2'" 1 2~ Li'hu.ni'n Sch"" m"""", . 11 (see Benk"o'k,..) I.egal 1Jj , ' oe ~' : OS! hro..!;!" • dcn.'ur.li7alion ael;on ,n June 1 9~4 . Witl: lhe c.... " ill III ;ts disco"ct)' " . gc len ~""" laler. Ihe go"emm'n! ,",,, ted. Gu",,,,k.. lo' fcited hi, ci' izoru;hip and 'he U.S. ' greed file. depon,'ion ac' ion.

"0' '0

us ", C r "!", osk,,,. ?'o;o. 8 ~ _OO()2 15 _ T( n , \1:1.<0,
liMn :

19 ~)

19N , l ,i,hu.ni,

Ill. d, 10m. U ,S,

'\ C li,'il)': ).lemh.r o f ' he 152"" ['"h,,:m1,'" S.-1,," , "',,"n , o 1"",.Ii,,". p",nl "' 'he .\ l, jd. n<k c<ln"n"";on comp ""d 'he 1 1 <t< ~n"" 1-''''''0. 1I..""r C ,n,p (I>o,h ill 1', 'I:",d). o"d ~tla,d <n 'hc d",, 1\ m,rch from Il e"~ n "'~ '" ' , h~ [),\<, ~ "t ,,,n,,'''''''ti,,,, eomp ;n (,<,man)

.f,

.\ rr<~<d J'<r< << ul0t'l-'

in 1'",'

~ "Jl.

I.• ~ .' II i" ur~' , ,\ ,1."o,,,,.Io,,,io,, ""Iioo ( ,.. , ,,I,i ,,, J i,-J "h ile ,1\< """ "';os !"-'nJio g,

w,"

fi ted

Rorn : 1913. R,,,n;uoi. Dltd: 19'95. us. r r n «u lor l' ..\ <Ii. ill': ( ;uard ill ' he I..,bli n and A u:«"h"'ill COIl<01l1t;,t'''' ("a rup ,),Icn" on P" l;md HIS <Iut«. IIlcluJ ed S" "nJing pri>Oll<rs " ork ,let.ils. I I~ ,,1>0 tran,fernd pri,oners Iro m ;,n Au,..-l" ,·itl , ub"a", p '0 'he Maot !> , u""n ,'"n,<"'lral1On 0""'1' in r\ " <l na
\ Ilo~od

''I'

A J enoto,. !,....' i"" ,,,il ",as ti lt<! 1Il Oct 1987. It ,cHkd in Ma r. 1m . l lal>ioh reli nqu ishe d his O" ilCn.'h 'p , nd OOll<ede<l ' ha' he "'as subject 1 dcpon,""n, The U, S. agreed no' 1 in'titUlt deportal'on proceeding, doe 10 lI.bloh', 0 0 ill heal'h.
[ ,.~al l li,".')·:

u s.", JI"bi.h, :-.Jo , 87 C 9546 (N ,D. III . 1990)
II nhn <r,Johan n 8ur n: 1920, YoS", I._i. Ditd: 200 1. Gorman y Alleged Porsecu.ory A<th'ity : Goam althe Auschwilz dC>l h camp L<galll iSlo l')': Ilah n"," Ile"er became a U.S, cilizen , l1Ic go"em",en, 1,1"" a deportation >elion ,n Sepl. 1"J9 1. ll>c c....e . d ,ltd in Ocl. 1'192 wh<:n l1aMer :ldmiued he had .......'ed at Au"'!>'" itz and agreed 10 l.aH Ih. eoonll')' p"""un<:nlly. He went to Ge rmany in lunr 1993. najd•. B","I, I... Rutn : 1924,Pnland Di.d: 2005, U S Mlog. d P,,,o'01t.')· ,\ cl i" itl': Goard al 'he Treblink. laoo r <amp ",htre he part,c'pa'C<! in ,he m,,,aCTe o f hondreds of Jew l Aft« tht l iqulda' ion o f Trebll nka, lI,jda joined Ih. SIr. ihcl Rattalion fu e Bilani ukl, 1.<KallTisl"ry: The gOH nI"'Cn' filed a drn,'" ,a li,.ahQlt ' " " ,n Aug. 1 9'J~ and H' Jd, ', ci 'i " "" hlp ""as re' oked in IIpr, 1<)')7, His appeals were exh a..stC<! in \ 1.. l'IQR. Tht goycmmetlt nled a ,kp",.. 'i" n ,uil in AuS' I<),)R . Hajd, ""as ord. r.,.j ,leroncd 10 Poland in Oct. I9'JS and 'ha' n,ling " 'J> affi rmed ill Jan 200 1, S tlll,.r Poland nor any " Ih.r ""..n' l)' ",·,," Id a« cp' him S,'" I'p . ~ 37-JJ4
''~'~":I~B~I', li''';)" ,.n. U S. I'. II"}",,, % 3 F. SlIpP· I ~j 2 I"'. D. Ill. I ~')7). ,'lTd, I H F.3d 439 · ; a' li.

( 7'" ("1f.- l')')8)

Der"r1~-'19a:

.If,,,,," "1 1I,,},1o!. ,\07 M14 5~J ( limn, 0 .. ('J,ic"g". II I. 1o)<)R). "11'01. (BI;'

..\ I '''l:~ , l P...« ..,"!')· ,\ " " ';' y: GUaJ"d

athe '\ u«hw;" ,

o" ",'<""",i"" o,"'u p in (;~,m,,,y "l'd S,"h,~"1o,,,,,n '-"' '' <c",,,,,i,,n c;"n p in .,>, uslria (;";,,,1 <:<1 ",m.' e; l"" n~ ",,,,,p,,,,,..J from A"",1o\\";I' Sa, hseoh."",·o fwm I" Ihe ~ I;" "10,, u",,, '"","" '01,", i"" r in .- \ u>l ri •.

"'''p

'0

""d

S .d,,,,,,"",,."""

Ili" o'y' r he liS r,led a <!cnu' umb , ;,"O" I. ,,·, U" i" [l IT. I 'N·t II.mm1<"' ·' ri'i,,'n,1o ip wa' ,<w,kCtl in June , 'N6 an d ,h. goY e"u" ."l bt·g. n ,lep<>rta""n p,""""'f,nS' in ( k , In% , IJammer W., . 0,<1««1 ,lq .o rtCtl io Apr. 1"'-'7. l1 i. ' Pr<,ls " ..e « ha"' '''d in r eb . ~'JOO ; he W;1S deport<d 10 A""". ,he followins monlh.
Dmal"" liOl l!>U : U,S V.
Il~ dli!>!l :

1 . " ~,, 1

If""".,." No. '1'-C"" ·1498 S·DT ( E.D. \Joch. 1 99~)

,\-f"rter of n,mmer , " OS 8M 5 If> ( Im'n . 0 .• D. "·. ,i,, Mich. 1')971, "ffd . (BlA I <)<)S). ,# ;1. /f" ""her " INS. 195 F.Jd SJ6 re- ct-. 199 9), ,w I. de"i.~I. 528 U .S. I 191 (2000)
II _ml,Joh "

li or,,: 1925, V"go. I,,';. (now C roo' ;a)
,\ II.~.d

Pn, <ru, ory A<, ;,' ily : G"anl " S""h""nhdo,en

con".nl,. hon camp in "' oSl ri.

1.<1:_III;<1"ry: A den." " .l i",;o" law' oi' was m od i" Joly ) 'lrl1 fl> n, l'. ci'i?...,,1o ip was ,ew kcd in Apr. ~OO S . Th ~l ruling wa. alTi' meJ in MM. 2006.
U.s.
~,

"',,,,-/, 164 I',S upp.2d %6 (S,D, Iowa 2005), ''iTd, , J9 F,3d 850 \ 8~ C"i,. 2(06)

I Jau . h <r~ . r ,

h an z

11<..,, : 1919, '\ U • <lri

..\ II .~. d P• • • <c,,' o ' y .'>'<' h ·i ' ,· : M<ml><, of Ihe I" 5S In,;' n"}" Bng;,dc • h ich panl< ,pdl<d in mopping-li p opera' io ns on the E." em f ' 00' lh., "'s ul' ed ,n ,h" ,l••,h of lho" . , ,,d. of Jew'" 8)1',ies, com",on;slS ,l od o' he' " narmcd "i~,lians lI i.,0 I")' : H, usnc, !!"" 'he ",.yo, of a sk, " illagc in ,11< ..\" " rid" Alp• . GilOC '0 ,11< l iS fu, • 'wo wcd ""i, 'n pm" ,,,' . ' o uri,,,, io 1 9 ~'. Hi. "j,i, " ,<,·,--.d m <di.' . «e o,i"n "r>J. I'K"I Jl"n,,; B' ri,h chap'e, "' ked ,h., he I>< o rde,ed '0 Ica' ·• . OSJ <" n<lIL,led ,h,lI his " l\ lly "" I, ,,'d the 11" lllman ,'01""" "'<'" . " d I.\; 5 "'d",ed h,m '0 e bd" .. I" , ,·i., i' " "' ' ·"" ,pk '"
I .<~. I

Ie.,

JI" rn , 19U5, L" ,...
Ilied : I'IS? L'.S

1.'1:"1 It iWlry: Hal""" ne'-e' became . U.S . cili7..,. A d,-ndlumli,.,i"n "" lIOn "'as riled by INS in Jon. 1911. Th. l;"" ~", m on' 's claims were re)« red in 19SI) and OSI h""dl,-,1 Ihe ..ppe~L The immi~rd,inn j u,l~e', <k""io" ",a, ~IT",ntd in 1'18 1

.1/""" , ,,{ "'J: n,'r<, .-\

Io 30S )36 ll mill. n ., ,\ I" "ny. N.Y, lIa ru : 1917, Russ i" Oi. d : 1992, Ve"elucla

1 'l ~Ql.

'ifj"d_(llI A 198 1)

,\ lI re<d Pern " " lor y Aeli" il)': Par1i<ip~'ion in '''"" il'<'' in<luding murd<r ~nd lonure of Jew., as • member or a r~gion .1 police f",," in Ukr aine " <eal Hi. lory : The goV<mmtnl f,led a d.nal uralizali"" casc in Aug. 1983. 5ho<1ly locrcafter, Hru,i l>ky renounced his citizen,hip and ",tnl 10 V"".,u<la.

Ban : 1922, Pol and Il i<d: 199 3, U.S AII'ged P, ,,. r ul,,rl A<l i~ i ly : GaaI d al lhe KoldYC7ewo <o""<nl",' ;on «.m p in Byeloru..ia Hi. as,ignm""l< inc luded drill inSlru<lor and .upervisory guard, He "'.s "1<0 a member or · , he hun' cr..·• a group of guard, woo , olunte.,ed 1 p3" i<ip31e 0 in lhe e'", U li"n or J...... in lhe fo,cs", surrounding 'he <amp.

" oxal H10lory: Thollo,'emmenl fLIed a denaln,a Jization acho n in Aug. I<J')(), lIu,)-1tzyi<' , cilizen.hip wa' .., oked in 00:1. 1992. l1e died while lIle Nling "'a' an app.al
U,S. ".U"t)T·<zyk. 803 f. S upp. 100 1 (D.N.J. 1992 )
I IId<>,
£ d ~ " ..

1I0r ll: 1909 . L. l\" . lll <d: 1980, US ..\II .~ ... rn, c< urory AC''''i<y: \-leml>o' or lhc ",.js

Komm:lIulo (.,....' ill .-\ug.
I'JS~.

Bo~da''',..sJ ocf~,"

In,k di"J

I.• ~al 1h""r~' : The ,h" c"u,l '' 'U J ruli ng. "..J

gO' ~ tt\m"nl

tII<d a d,natu,,,lilJtJ<)n <ull

J uadi<. .I u r~i .

R" m : 1911, l -i lhllania Hi.d: 1')86.

u.s

I ." gal 1Ii "",~,: A dm.lUrali,.al;o" ,"". \\ ,. fl kd ;n Ocl. I'i.''' . I,,, , , 1"',>J ing whon Jllodi, dlc~l , 110' . : InO, l.iI"uw,i.
,\ II~g rd 1'. ... . olU, y .-\<,h il~' : Go" ,d ,nd pb '",,,, Ica<l<, at ,h< Tn; h lin ~. 1. hor ("amp ;n I\,bnd. ...1." ,<r"O,)" . gomd "' Ihe T,a wnili ~S Tr';ning C,n,p in P"lo",l a",l ito ,)etachm<ni in l , bli• .

L.g. I 1II'lory : A d<"aln," li"I;"n <as. " ... n l«l in Aog 1980 Kai')'. · <it;unsh;p "'os <e'<1k«l in Dec, 19S4, fl•• ,hJUSI<d hi, apl"'al< in May 1986. Dop<>l1.t;on proceed ing, beg"" in Mat. 1986. II. "' .. o,d<,.d dcp<>l1 ed 1 G<rm.ny in Jnly 1987. 0 Ill. "pp.al, "'.'" " h,o.. ed in Apr. 1993 and h. "'.. deported latu rha, month . .w p, 4 50 , n, 43 .
o.:n ·ullrar;La'ion: v. A '''i')'. , 600 F. Supp 1134 (N.D, 1II, (7"' Cir.), «ri. J~lIi,d, 476 U S. 1153 (l 9~6 )

us.

Iq ~4),

'ifFd, 782 F.2d 1374

Dt'lXl!PJi2!l: Mm,,-r ofKa'')·' . A07 161 8 11 (Imm . 0 .• ("bit.go, II I. 1987). ujJ'J '" purl Wid "·m,,. ,I~,I. (iliA 1989), ,[«i.iOlO " . ...." 'ulld (lmm . Ct., Ch ic.go, 1II. 1990). o ifd, (Bl A I ?9 l), ''iT d. KUII ) ' ". 98 1 F.2d 937 (7'" Cl, . 1992), c,'Fl. d'·. 'ed, 507 U.S. 1024 11 993)

tss.

n nrn : 1913. L,," i.
lJ i. d: 200 1, AII.tr. li.

Kommando ('Itt Bogd ' M"' ) Rig., I.",';•.

."d•

Pen e<olo ry At I;,'lI)', Officc, in lh. Aroj. 8"" d . "per"i"'" " ,he Sal"pil, <o" <e",," ;o,, <amp ncar
,\ II. ~ ...

I ,.~, I lli" o,,': n<\'c, bc<amc a U.S. c;'; . en, ,\ M [J<,"otion ." ,ion "'., ~ 10<l ;n " ",'. 198' m,d h. "'a' order.d dep<>~«l '" Au.". I;. in No" , In 8 II" ' 1'1'<·,1, "'ere <,h",,'ed ;ll 'la r. I'I') ~ . nd he w:!.' <Iep"n«l 'h o r"I1" ",;ng mon,h Su pp.469 . ~7 8 . 493
.\f~""

".lej.

A',d~J' "

"f K"I'-I~ . ..\ I I bSS .161 (lmm . Cl.. ('hic,g". III. 198~ ), ,j/l',I, IAI.... /,VS, HI F..l d 4 ~ I (7" cn., 199.1 1 ,w t ,1,"""/, ~ 10 U.S. 119/, ( 1994 1 .
Ito"", 1921,r,lan,)

I'.1') 2), ".i 'd, t

\ U"~" rl I'," '« n 'ur~' ,\ <Iil it)·, \ I<tnh<r Qr the "J",i · ' 1''''''''''',1 1 ~ ," ini" n .-\"" Ii,,,y I" ,]i<e in L'""" Ili. ,1(\;, """,dod up J <l\" . ,n'pri.one'<! them in a , he" " . Q\ CISa" ,he'i, li,,, c,) I,I~". kill,, ) , 11~", '''''''l,ti"g '0 ''''"1'". an,1 ,lcli' ercd ~ , h.1S '0 , i Ili n ~ r", ma" ,'''',,,,,,,,,, (" 1' ,,,,,,1 ""nj",,, " l" ,n, iadll dc """ in " hi.,r; K, ljn ..' n

,It"

1,<I:. l llistuQ': ..\
~l~ J.l ,

<k"~luralit.alio"

action W'$ fl kd in Jan,

II is pending a, o f d", wrili ng.

Bor n; 1'103, Lilh"a" i. Died : 1988, U S ,\ U e\:ed P."ee u' ory .\ <Ii,'ily : Pmicipar<d in the ,h,,,," ng or 'Pl'"" im'lel y 600 Jews in Luhu. nia, 1., \:_1HislDr y; K, min, kos n. "~ r became 0 U.S, ci, i, ~n . r:-;S commene<'d ,kporlalion proceed ing> in Ckl. 1976. A phy, ician chosen by Ihe go" ~mmenl de.:med him inct>mpc'enl sho rlly 'herea ner. By all"",me"l of all parli..., th.. " 0'" wa.< COllliMed wilh period ic e.,aminatio"s to mOllil'" hi. eo tldilio n, The case ''''' dismisscd aller hi, death , "':uk lin , . Tali>'aldi. Bora : 1914, Lalv;a Died : 1983, U,S Alleged Pers eeutory ,\ ell " il)': ,\1. " ,ber of Lal. ian Dislricl Pol ice and di"""or of ,he Mad ona co ncentration camp in Latv;a. As a member of the DiSlnc t Police, he panieipa'ed in tw'o mas$ <x.. ulion s of hundreds of J<ws and So"iet >c livi' ts. I_ allli<lory : A d<nalurali••, ionuse W a.$ (il<d in 1981 H o&

"'as pending wh." he died.
Born : 19 14. Lith""ni a Di.... : 1991, U.S AlleK P< rseeuIOr)' ,\ eth 'ity: Momber of lhe 2"/ 1 2~ <d Sd'U llmannschall (scc Bonk" nskas) 1.<l: al lli.. ur )': A d<naIU tali,ar;on e....
WiS

foI.... in 1984.

h:u b . J uri ,
eOnlr.\a" J .·r " f ,~'"
~ ua"l<

Born ; 19 12,l.at,' i.
\1 1.KCd Pe " """'01")' AC' ;" ;l)'; D..'Jl " ly chief ""d

at a Xal i , ,,".." tMj,,n can' r "cur Ri!l", I.al>ia ',se l ,r K lIi' ID ),: A dc"."ura h! ~ " "n L wa' fi Ic-d '" I ') ~~ al . " hik 'he co.., was .,,11 r<,~j ' ng. Th< «'u n <n'ere.] • def,,,1 1

KauT lef, for ,"<nIl.ny in 1 ')~ 8 s Judg mc'" of Mn~l"ra li!al ion

" it>I tim, .\ I i ~.l i.

H"'n : 1')1 6. RH«ia llied , 1';<)4. U,S III'"J:ed I" '"oe uw ry
leti"il ~"

,\ I<IlI oer

~(I ~e

.-\r;,j.

10; 01",,,,,,,10 (.,,"t' 1I0gJanm.)

Hi" ory" A ,kn."" ,, li,.,io" "'a. m.J in Jill}' 1937. Th. ca•• • el< k d in 0«. 1 '~) 1 , " 'lh Kin;loill ' rdin~ui.hi nll ~i. "i' i,e".I"p anJ , h. U.S ;'g...." 'ing nullu ti le 0 d ~pun, 'i on .,, " un unl... tho defond, ol' , ""',h"al eo....ilion imp ron,J,
l..~a l

"es.

Horn ' S, hauma'Ul ",h,ft (,.... Be"" un,k••)

1920, l "~u",,ia

"\ll o~"" P. .... m o ry A<lh 'ity: !I-1.rnber Of lh. 2"{ t 2"
1. . ~ . l lti Sl o r y :

OS I f Ll.d a J ep<>n.,ioo ae' ioo io May wh ile 'he c",.e wa, " ill in liliSolion. " limO' ir ;" " J on.. Seha"ma,m,chaft (. "" 6e"" un, k",)

1 98~

Ki. iel.;li , 0'''.' be< =e • U.S , cilizen Ki. id ai[i. ,0l anlOrily kft for Can3da taler ' hOi )"or

8"r., )907, l ilhu.nia
A.I.~<'d !'..... D' ..'}' Aeth-i'y: Member of lh. 2" { 12·
1..~. 1

II h lory" OSI fi leJ a Joo, ,",,1;1.olioo action in Ma) I 98J. Tit< . a", •• uk d in Nov. l 'IS8, Tho Jef.OOanl ",tin4ui,hod hi. ei'izen,hip .00 Ih. u .s agroe<! nol '0 fil• • J epun Olion .clion

1'.. citolion availabl• .
" " I" ho f<t, .\ lir 11 ••1

Bor n ' I 'J 17, C roali. (no'" Y"So'l,via)
I}i«l , 1997,
.\ II,~.d

us

P, ,,.. u'o. y ,\el i, ';'y : (' L1anl ..l S"" h•• "ha" , .n

..".I flu"h"Tn' , 1 (un<en l/.L1ion r"m p. in (O m " . n)' .1
1.•'c. 1II i 'l"r~ , OS I fi l,,1" Jrnat'''. Ii,ali"n "",ion ;" DO<'. i 'J% . 10;" 1"11<,,,,, h,~an ,h,~,[i n g .II ''l,,,n,'''' " ho "" l/~ hl l L1 i"'"" i, \\ h im ,ncr Ih. ea. , " .. r.J<J " 1-: " 1,1I,,,f " ,,, , hot by 'he po ll,'" in [h e "n>L1,"~ md,,,, h• .lied I\1'Il wee k, 1"0, . 5.'. p. 51,5. ,"

Ilorn' I'XN. Hunsa,,·
Uied , I'M,. U.S

P. " ...ut"ry M t;" lly: PropagoJldist who ..,"ed as ,'<lilo r uf a new'paper whi" h pubh'hed anli ·Se m itio 3rtiok-. aoJ,oc,ling pc'' ''"ulioo of Jews The go"em menl (,1«1 • d"n.lurali<oli"n a", i"" m Juoo 1989 ,"d Ih" c" art ,"" o kc hi. ri ti/cn. hip in Ja ne I ' )"N . He exhausled his appea l, 'd in ,\ ug, 1')%, ne gu,'em m" ol filed a deport' liun " 'Iion in Apr, 1'.1% bU ",,, I<>.I lhe e,,,, ,hun ly I Ihrre;,lle, be,: ause "n':ofeh', (ailing health, lie , <l milled '"'p"" , ibjlitl' fo' puh li'h ing aO li· S,'mitic an ,ek. ...<>oced,'<I his dep,m.bil ity. • nd M"~,tcd Hung.ry as the cou ntry lU which he shou ld be ",nL The eoun enlered an or<ler uf dcp<>",liun ,rK! lhe g<'lvCTllmenl .grc«l not 10 efTc""l Ihe o Ne, unless Ko reh', hea lth impr<>n"d, He died Ihree monlhs b tCf. & .• PP, 23 1·2 40,
l).cl\~I " [;JlilJli9n :
I , ,'~ al lli " ury ;

\II.~ .d

U S. v. Kol"t:h, 856 F, S UPP 89 1 H) K J 1994 ). "/J'd, 59 F,3d 43 I 0 "

Ci, 1995) DeMnajjon; .II,,". r of Koreh. A7 903 601 (lmm , 0 " Newark. N.J. 1997) Ko... lebuk, Mlhl.· Born ; 1925, Poland

Allq:r d P" ",cuto ry Aet h' lIy: Sen 'e<! with the lIb.inion poliee alld panieipaled in the liq ui<l. tion of a Jewish ghc in the Ukra ine 1to l .2a1 Ili'I<'ry: L'IS filed ~ d""' IUIJli lat;on actio n in Jan. 1917. hefore the SLU "'as est.blished. The pro, eculion re lied essenl ially on eyewimc.. lestimony. The case ultim. I. ly poue<! o n to OS] which di'missed il in 198 1 fo' I.ck of evidence , (The key Wiln.... had died . nd the o nly Olher eycw;tn.., rttanted 010'1 ofhlS origin.l c1.ims. Th. on ly d""u menlory evidence _ an ID c.rd issued in Ihe defendan. 's n"",e - e"isled "" Iy as ~ reprOO u" io n, whieh wo uld be inadm i"ible in coon . The Soviet. e"uld n" t find the o rigin. l)
Bur n: 1920, Poland (brolher of Mykol.)

O;ed; 1998 , P' Jagu.y .-\lIcgod Pt ....eu""y Aetj"i'l' ; As a me mber of Ihe l 'kroinian mili,, >, he panie ipole<! in Iho liq uidation "f . Jewi'h gheTto.
l..~a l

II i.tory: IC'iS filed ~ denaturalizalion action in h n.

1977 , nd the case '''IS t. k"" o"er b}' OS! al ito founding. Kowalehu, k" cit;lellShip " 'US ' ' ''''ked in Julyl9S 3 (lh. ,oun c,mcluding o nly Ih>! he occupied ~ cleri cal p".i1lon in a Pe<sc< ulo ry unit). P,'p" r1 .1ion pf""eedin~, ""Il"n in f eb. 1986. Kowalchuk le fl fo' P.,-agoay in J>b y 1997, bd " re the ,.... " a, full ) l" ig.." '<I. Ih. ""un Ih.reall« "rdercd hi. depo"a' " ", 1 P.rag"'y 0 Dcn" 'urah qli"n: o.s. ", Ku,,,,ld " ,k. 57 1 F Supp, 72 ( F..U. Pa. 198 3). ,rjf ',f en "'rnc. 173 2d J8B (3" Cif, 198j ).,..,,,, d,·"" ,I,J75 U,S , 1012 ( 1') 8b ) llq 'on ."jc' n ,1f,m," "f ,;" " " ld ,,,I< . ,\Q ~ 408 (06 ~ (101m, 0 .. Phil,l " 1',1,
1 9 8 ,~ )

r

8 ", n: 1923, I 'kr>inc Il i. d: 200J . Ric3 ,\ lI .~.d r .t. ..·" IOr)' ,h t;' ity: I.'k, ,,;,,i.n I"'h",'ma" who hd p<>! round "I' )c" . , nd f,>r. ibly ,d ",,,o Ihom lu , g.~ cI10, II< ",,,,,I,',ed , foo, y"a, old I"",;,), ch ild ,,,d , ),." ,,;, f,'nd y

'u'!a

,\ ,k " :ow"li , .'ion cu,e "'a, lilaJ ,,' Ocl. 197'!, I<;o/; y' , ci li/ < hip "'a, " ,'oked in )'10" 1982 and ,he ' p!"',l, eo"d Llded ill 1Y 8~ , 'rl, l'kp<'n>'ion proc<,,--.J iog, bt g"o io Juno 1984. I<;o/ iy' l1<d ' 0 ('0'" Ric. io 1985, ,,'h,lo Ihe coS<' "a' pend; n~. Th. p,oce<:d iogs t ontlu<!<>J io hi, ,borneo " i,h ,he eoun " "leri ng hi m <I. !">rted 10 Ihe Su,'i.. Union , Pol,,,,d as k«l C o, ta Rica 10 •• tr,d;le Ko, iy in :<iov. 2(0). H< di<d in C.,. la I< ,c. n,no d ,,~ lhe,. aller. s,,,, PI'· 514-5 19.
l. .g .l lli ",,,~ :

Dt"nJlural i,.,ion: o.s. ", K'm )', S~O F. SLIPI'· 25 (S ,D Fl•. 19 R orff'd, 72 8 F.2d 1) ]4 1l, (11· Cir.l, 0"', d."i",l. ~69 U,S, 8) 5 (198 4)
!?cport,t;oQ'
J /o"~r

of A 'o:l,-, 1\07

3 ~7

878 (Imm. 0 " l.1iam i, FL 1985)

80tn : 1925. Poland
Di«l : 2004, U.S. A U_g. d P. " "' '' l''ry "<' h'ily: Gu.rd .. Ihe S5 I. bo, <amp Pon;a,o",'. in Pol, nd "nd at a ' "b<an,p of the Ma"' h. lO' .... . one.nll. lio" eamp in AlO,I~'

' ,<£aJ W" ory : A dcnal",al;,..;o" c. ,. was fiI«1 in Nov. 1999 ,nd the oourt 1<"0.«1 Krysa ·. eitizon,hip in Oct 2001. 110 died while ,he ord« " 'as un ' ppeaL
U, S ". Kr,.,u. L99C V-27J 6 (K D. Ohio 200 l l

"u lle, I(.inhold

flo, n : 192 1, U""",ny
.\ II .~.d

P. " "',, to, y .\ " i,'i')' : Guard at Ihe ( ' ro, ,. R" ,,,n ." ""m l,' li",, ",mp in Ucrm:Ltly (p" ',,,nl·d"y Pnl'nd)
J " 2" lIi' to'l ' : I<; tol le ne' e, h""."n. , t.: S c' '''''n , A d,'p" " ..'i " n "c,i" n " ., fi l,~1 in Dct , lY82, 11." " " nkr ed dq~,"<d to w<>, ( ;ern,..",· in :-" " " , I 'JS ~, lie" ,'" I ,he,o ,n 1'18 7 "h il " Ihe ruling" a, t'n ' pf'C"I,

.-\ I' ) S57 1'J5 (I,,,,n , o.. CllI'"!!",. II I, 1')8.. l, "fl'd. I'J I, .... ~ llec . :' I 'J til l,'\ 1 '-1~5 1. "IT,I. ~'"II< ", I.\".\'. 815 F 1d ! f 88 !i" Ci r, 1')8/1. ,wi .1<-"",1, "8~ l,: ,S 1<142 ( I'ISS )

,1/,,,,.·, 0/

~·" lIe.

'1.W

K" mpr. J o,i oo

lion : 1'/25,

\'u~o' I"',"

(now wilhio Serbia &

~oll l eoeg:ro l

\11'1:.... P"" e< " lorJ ,\ ct i. 'ity: (, uard al Sach!\Cnhau""', Bud\Cowald and \ l iud ba" ,',,,<cellll,, i,,o .""'p. in Genn,ny and lhe \ h jdauek ,on.e""a,iou <amp in Poland, lie , 1'0 sc"'N "11ho Traw "i ki training camp in Pol,ud, During a one-J ay m.,,".re Ibere of 'Orne 1,1~ 1O Je"'. , Kurrrp f SI<>Od guard 10 prt:y.nl Je", . from ","aping. I .,,~"I lIi " ory: A uenalUr h/ ation :><110" "'as med in Sep1 10113; " KLln1pf Hili,en,hip ,.,,,,, ",' \·oh ..J ;n M. y ;)005. T h. , ruling ",as affirmed in Feb 200t>. Depon'li,," proceed ings hegun in JU Il<' ;)006 ,

'h .

w .r.

u.s. v, Kumpf. 1005 WL 1198893 (E.D, Wi•. ;)005). ~1TJ, 438 F.3d 785 o-ce. 2006)
K" ngJ' . J uola. Burft' 19 15, Lithuania All.god Pe,,«"lury A. HYi!)', )'Iemoo <If . k><:aUy·fonned Lithu"" i"" group in"ol,-ed in 'he murder of "ppro~i ma'ely 2.000 Je"" . Kung)'5 helped r<lund up . nd """.poll Jew. to "" e,,,"u!ion . i.., di"ributN fireasm. ""d ammunition 10 an ,,« u';on ,qu,\d. foreed , ·j. tim. ;n' o a m. .. gr.... fi red into ,he p;t and o~h oned oth.... do lhe """'"

'0

l. e2. 1 Hi, tory : A den.t urol i,.tion ••t;on "'•• med in July 198 1. The case, " h;ch went up to the Sap,.me Coun '0 delermine ...-h. , ronslitule. a "material" misr<:p r= nlati<>n. ,«ded i" Oc1. 1988, KunSY'! agreed fo,feit hi. dli",n.hip and the ll ,S. •greed nol tO le a dep<>rt.tion .. non. .'it.. pp, 127·133,

'0

'0

u.s. •. K""gl-' . 571 F. SLlW · I I()4 (D.N.I. 1 9~3) • .-e. 'J ~"J m"~,,J"". 793 f-'.2d 516 (3'"
Cir. 1986), ' '"'' 'J ~"J 'em~"d"", 485 US. 759 (1 988)
" u u ... '\odro.

Bar . : 1922. Poland ("0'" Ukraine)
.\ 1I.~.d

Peru."l ory I\cli,-jty, Guard . t tho Tr.wniki, Poni.lo",. and Doruhucl> b b<>rcarnps (. 11 rn P<llandl. Al Tra" niki aru,l Poni.lO . 11 of ' he w" prisoncrs - some 20.000 men. ...-ome" and children _ Wcr. shOllo d. alh wilh;o a 36·oour period dLlring 1'.;,,,. 3·4 , 1943. AI!houj;h there " no e\'idcnce lh.t Ku,as was i"ml.-cd in 'h c "'''<-acre, he ser"cd as. guard al T.. " niki during Ihat lime. He I.u:r ••,,·cd in tht Streibel lIall. lion (see lIilaoiuk)
21~)2 ,

051 fi led . denalurali,ation .a•• in S'1't. The ," LI" "'''1'1''-.1 I' ll"" of his <i tilen, hip in \l ar. 20C14, An appeal i. p<"diuS 0' of lhis

l. eg.llIi" o~· ,

"rrt"'~

u s v. 1 ,,,,lS. N<I. 02·43 1: '

(D.~ .J .

20M)

lIo, n , [)jed:

I~Z

I , p"land (now l 'k,.ine)

com, U,S.
1',·,, « " lo "~'

A"l i' ily: G""u., T,"" n<ki ond I'"ni""," ,1 I,ho, ",,"ps ,n 1'"1.,,,1, t,,,,k 1', <1 ill 'he liquidalion of lewish ghoM ' in IVars.w <lIlJ Bi,I, 'h'k. P"la"d ~tld I. ", ..." cd ill the Strcilld 1I,,,,,,lion (ue Ril"" i\lkI II i' l"')' : OS I fi l<d • ,1 lu" Ii' . t;un "mopbi lll ill "n. Sq,t, 1'1'17, K ,w,oak "'. , dO".tu,,,lil<"ll in Jlllle ~(l02 . llc di«l " "i Ie the n'lio!: " "" 0" 'PI""!.
I./.S. ". K''-Of', ,,k. !I O F. S\lpp,!d 638 11: ,0, Pa, ! OO2}
t< ~.1

.\ 11<'):<01

I,oipen i,ka,

I' d ~ ar .

lI",n: 1913. La" 'i'
Il i ~:

1998, us.

AII'g<d p,,,.. ul0t)' A<ll> Ily' Member "f Ih' La"'; , ,, Political Police which p." "od Je'" and Comn,unis... cleportarion ca,. wa., filcJ in J"n. ,preal, and then ,e ,·....d again, See PI" 117-1 26,
1.<~lll l' lor}', !.. ipenick, nc""' I:>ce.me a 1981, Th. ~o"emment lost; Ih. dec;,ion w..

,,,,,=e</

U,S, ci'i,.... A on

J/a/f<roj'Ld'p.lli...... ," 11 937435 (lmm , Cr., San Di.~o . Cal, 1982), rn" d , 18 L & " ~. 433 (RIA 1983). 1983 WI. 183255, m ··d s ub nQ"' , Lmi"'"'.-/ls . INS, 750 F 2d 1427 (9"("i " 1985)

Leb man " , ,\ Ie..od er

1I0'n : 1919,l:krai...
Di«I: 199 7, U.S
"'II< ~<"

P. n coul "r)' Atth'llY: A' deputy chief of p"lice in a U',ai nian 1 0\\'". be o'Mred, di'relN and particil""«l in the m"". «e'C uti"o of abo"t )sO k" i' h me.., women lind e~ , ld ,t"O . l . e ~ . l II i" o']': I ebmann ..«'cr be<:, o,. n U.S, e;linn. Def"'rtarioo p""',"'dmg' com m<oc,'d ill l\·ov. 19SI The e"'ie Sell led in Feb, I QS4 witb tbe dd cnd. "t <onc<dmg h " d.pon'bi:il)' ,,"d Ih< U ,S agree;llg no, to ha.'e hint d'l'",'<d "nics< h IS 1 llh improw d ,,·.

1 1",n: 1'!OJ'! ••.\ ,," ri. · j IO &' r)' il IIi"' : 1'J'><,I" 'nn"n]"
5'J!

Per ' e< u'oc)' ,\ <. h i' y: Guard at ~! au,h , u "'n cunccnl" Ll ion camp in ..."m,a " hece he killed a Je" i.nl'rr.<onec hy , hno, inll him ;n ,he l:>.'lCk
, \ lI e ~ e d

'T l. egal lTi" "ry, [)C l,nrr" Ii ", ion procecdrng' commenced in !\ I'c. 1'lS6 , Lc ili Id l ror Wesl (,,,,," , ny shortly tbn e, fter ,nd 'he court i.. ue<! a ,lef,u l, u"ler of dcn., uc,l i, a, ion

us ,. !.cdi, :-.10. 86- lJ11JI D,NJ. 1986)
I .• pr ieh. J nhun

Born : 192 5, Ron:>n;a

M leged I'er, er ulmy A<.ivily: Guard al Maulhan' ... coneent, ";on COml' in An,,,i. I.eg.lm" nr)', Dcn.wrali,...,i"" proceedings commenced in June 1986, The following year, ",hile lhe case wa,o pendi"ll. Leprich left for C.nad• . The coun Ihen re"oked hi. cilizen,h;p. In July 2003, l eprich wos fuund hiding in l , peei. lly buil' com...."men' hene.'h a ha",menl ..ain;".. ;n hi, wife' , home ;n "Ii chigan. He was ar=«ed and ,aken in'o cLl"ody. OSI in"i lUled d<'J'Ort,lion proceeding. ,hal monlh (ba,"" on his iIleg.l en' 'Y from Canada ..,her th. n hi, World Was: II aclivi'Y.) In Nov. 2003, Ihe court ordered leprich depurted to Roman i., Germany o. Ifungary. _ThaI ruling " " S. ffinn ed by ,he Si 'th Ci,euil in Jan. 2006, Seepp. 149, n.l2, -l-lQ·441. Dcn, 1Ulalj, at jon: Us. Y. Leprid., 666 F. S upp, 967 (E.D, !>l ich. 1981) Deport"ion, Ma"er of r 'p'ich. A08 212 162 (tmm . 0 .. Delroil, J,.lich. 2003), a/f'd (BlA 20(4), "/fa, us. Y. Leprich. 2006 WL 692S8 (6" Cir, 2006) Lileiklo, Akk sa nd r.. 1I0rn : 1901, l ilhuoni. Died: 2000, Lith"ani. Alleged rer..,eul "r ~ ,\ co l" lry: As C~ief of ,he S,ugumus for Vilni", Province, Lile< signed orde•• consigni ng Je,,'i, ~ men, women . nd children to dealh ki, b)' gunr"e >I r o"en.i. S"" [)aihde
I.. ~a llli"o f}, : DenOlu"li,a,io" proceedings <o",mcneed in Serl. 1 99~ me cuurt re""h-J lilciki, ' Cili7.Cnship in ~1a~ 19% . He len for Li,huan;. Ihe following monlh, hefore OSI Ii led, deport";on acl;on. In 1998, l ;lhu, nia charged him w;lh genocide. ne In.l was ,,, , pe" ,led Joe to !.ile;ki,' rll he.l,h; il . es"med ;n 2000 hUI was ·'5On' . He died lwo mon,h, 1o,0r, .'I .., pp. 463· 467. • ' ''' I'en,k\l ,g. in fuc h.,i,h r<

r:..\:" 1 k,-" _,I"

'12'1 F. SUi'!' . 31 lO. \ 1.... 19%)

AIkged P""e<u IU." ~\e l i\' i l )' : I' Ll an.! a l ~ bLl l h.LI"u , " IKe"",I,,,u in ,\LI,I", and one of il.' ",Ib<. mp. I.<~ .I Il h lor )': [k""t" ~ ,h7"l i,'" pro<c,'<l ing«"n"n <I",~11n J"I)' 19')1 n ,e di",i" ""un rukd a~ain" lITo gm-c mmc nt in Sop l. 1995. Sec Pl'. 64 · 70

'""'I'

CS ".I.lIl d.'fI.9tJ7 F, SLIPI'.

1 1 1 4 (~ . D.

Ohio

I'~)~I

I .iun ""

".rl

Il ot n , 19 19, Estou;. Died: 19&7, US SR.

c" mp in T, n", E,wnia l. <ga l l/iSlory: D,,,,u Llra]i,at ion proc« ding. eommC1l<od in )';0", 1979. l inn", ' <il;'cn,h ip "'"' TCyo ked i n Jun, 198 1 and hi. appea l> ",ere " h.1 L1't,d in {kl , 1 ~ 82 , A d'1'Orta tio n action ",a, (,led iu JU "" 1982 :>t1d l mna$ wa$ ord"red d<:p<>ned in ~t ay 1983 . Appea i. w <:t• • • h,u " <:<1 in A I" 1987'1which lim" h" deported lu lh, U .S.S.R. Su pp. 27 3.297 ,

w "'

DJ:I1l( u.fillil.ilim!: y , Li" ~"s, ~2 7 F. Supp 416 (E, O N v . 198 n, alTd, 68 5 F.2d 4 27 (2'" ( k ), <en de~jM, ~ 59 US, 883 (1982)

u.s.

,\-luaer of U~~a.f, ,108 085 62 6 (lmm, Cl" N,Y.. N. Y, 1983), "ff'd in p.m und "'mu~,I<d( B IA I n~ ), dffision on reman, 1 (lmm. Ct.. N.Y ., N .Y. (985). "lTd . 19 I. & :-0 , n ee 302 1iliA i 985), ,,/rd, L",n", Y, INS, 7'JQ r ,2d 1014 (2 '" Cit .), c<N. d<nied. 47"1 U,S 995 1986 1• .-eh 'g d<n i~d. 4 79 US . 1070 ( 1987)
~>:WiQIl:

Ih orn: 191 9. l i'huani • l;' .\lIo ~o d r ors e<u, oy)' ,\ C ily: Goard al
.-\O!i< h"

,u

.nJ B i, kcnau eWlCcn""ion camp. in l'o bod
I. < ~ a l

1Ii" " y)': l if'« hi. no,'Or ~,'C. mo a U S , ili, cn D"I'''J'' Ol ion procc.'<linS' eommcnn'<l in J L 1')32 . The """ 5<I,iuJ in DcccmbCf o f ' hat )""' . In" "i lh l ipschi. "g"'e ing 10 ror 1\', ,, Germ,'ny ,,;,I" n i 10 .I,,). of ,h• • o "n " nt.... ng an ,,,,Ie. "I' ,Iq".m" inn lb,' <"un "n'<led it< on.!cr nn o..'C , !3, 1'182 " nd I 'p sch15 .1'1"''','<1 In ..I p' I'IS.' _ the (,ro, OSI ,k fcn<lan t ,,, k a, < the ""unl')' "nJ", cnun " rJ ot

Ie.,"

1.)" "')'11 . W~' ~'I

IInr n: 1921 , I'o l~ntl (oow Vkfoinc)

,\ IIo£r d Pr... ~eUlO r}' ,\ e1i>';ly: Gll ord at Ihe Trawniki I,ainin!! ""n ip in Poland, P:1l1 ieipalr d in tho hquidalion o f Ihe Warsaw ghello and laler ""rwd in tho Sueihel B"llalio" (so,' Bilan;uk) Log, l lI i"n ry: The ""e w illed in Sop'- 1995 pli or 10 the eomlllonm ncnt nf p,,,,,cc,l i n~s, 1.' 1\\}" "greed 10 k . ,·e the U.S. wi'hin Ihree month'. Th. ~g,eem cnl c,II.'<1 I;' , OSllo file 3 don;ltnrali", ,,,,, <oll iplaint al Ih. Ii"," of hi. depa rtUfe and for ~ con, o"' onb of ,kn aln,a li,alion to be en!Cred, Thc complainl was fil. d on De<; , I S, ,Rei Lylwyn h. d departed fO Ch ainc. f

u s > Ly,...yn, No, 95 C 7538 (ND , III. 1995)
Bonl: 1904. LOIvia Diod, 19%, Germany Allogod r , ,,ooulory Ar livlty: Lllivian chief ofpol iee who p.rticipaled in 'he ....... of civ ili"", and Ihe buming of ,heir d"'ellings Log. l m ' lOr)" Maikov,kj, nC"e, became a U.s. c;li",n lJ'S filed . depOrl.,ion c.se in Oct, 1976. ),I.ikov.k i, was oroered dcpo".d to S witzcrl.nd in AlIg, 1984. Swi'"e rland wo uld nol allow ~ im enuy and OSI ask<:<l l~c cou" to modi/)' its oroer '0 de,igna' e '~e U.S.S.R. In Oct i98 7, ",~ i le Iha' roque", wa' pending, Maiko»ki , left fo' We.. Germ""y. In 1988, Gem,:my cha,~od ~im wilh ",or crimes. Hi, lrial ",as suspended due tho defend"",., ill heallh. See pp. 430, 433·434

'0

194 566 ( Imm. 0 .• N .Y.• N.Y. 19R3), re > 'd, (BlA 1984), 01FII, ,llo;'o,,/,o;s v, [NS, 773 F.2d 435 (2" Cir. 1985). cen. demed. 476 U.S . 1182 (1986)
,If" lIer

01 Moil«>l'.,*,-,. AOR

BII ,n , 192 0 in eon' ested 1<rr ilory which became part of

Pol.nd in 192 1 (now Uk,a ino) .\l lr gr d Pe" " ol o, )' Acth'ily: Gu.,d.1Trawniki .nd Poni:oIO\\·. labo, camp' (holh in Poland); gu. rd ' 1Sachsenhau",n conconlmlion cam p in Germ:,"" . 11. .."cd at Pon;alow. ,luring 'ho liquid.' ion of 'he camp', ,c m'i ning i4.000 pri'oners in Nov. 194 3 , nd dnring Iho bum ing of thci, hod;" . .\pr
( 'i"
~')(~ ).

Dcna",,, li,,'I;on pro« eding, <ommen< cd in f II, citizen.'hip "';ISre"ok<'<! in Feh, ~I)(I ; , l hc ru li "~ wos afr",ned in ).I" y 2006

1. .~. IIli"nr y :

, '",,,,,1 Sr,,,,·s ,. ,11"" d,-c . J 5'! F. S"pp.l d (,0 1 (ED . \Ii"h. ~()(IS I. "Jr,l. ~47 F.3J 951 1(,"
~I~!l')

R" m : 1924, Yugu,I.,·i. (,~)", ~"ro ia) .\II ,~t'd " ' ''<c II''''y .\<lh'ily: Guurd at ern>s RIlst'" 'o'''''''I,,,,i,,n "mp in G,m" n)" l p" ,,'n' .day Puland) "nd 'he S.,ch.." h"u"n cun<cnl,a' ;o" camp in C"'"n,ny 1., g" l lli. lory: In S"pt, :002. ,11", I."rning 'ha' OSI w,,, "1:><",, '0 ~ I , " ,k'Tl:",n,,,li/,,,,on , " n'p l"inl. ~ lill1l1: Iell 1(" Scmi", OSf med ' h. cnmpl"i,,' the r" II",,","!: n""lIh 1'1", ' '' it " as ,Ii"" i"'d '" A"g. 20(IJ M cr ' tili ng ""ILlntorily "'''' L1need hi. l c;lim"hip, J "k"h e n' n; 19f8, l.ilh" . " i. [)i. d: 1')")<), Lilh".nia ,'U,~.d r n , ,,,,u'"ty .-\etl" ilY: M.mbe, of Ih' Saug" mas ("e.. Dailide), In 0,1. 194 f, 'ltliu, p."iei p'lCd in Ih ••msl of Iw. lv. Jew. , incl"ding [wo ehild,e", \\ ho w.... ILlT ;nlO atlempling til escape from lne gn.tto 'n • 'nICk driven by • o<l Sang"n",. ;nfom",n!. Milill, also . igned a" in"' ''10!)' li' ting ilem. (inchtding wedding ri"lls ""d guld too' h ero,"n,) ' eized from another group of Jew, .rre" ed fo, .Uempting 1 « cape from 'he 0 ghettu l.. g. 1Hi. lu,)' : Dc..-ml",. 1i>at;on proceedings commellced in Dec, 1996, Mili'" I'ft ro, U lh" . " i. while th' ,ase was pending; th. co" M'horeallcr iss"ed an ord... of den",,,..li,,nio,,. ' Ia iu" .-\dolpb

" il l ll~ ,

us. v. Milius , Nil, %·2SJ4·ClV·T .H (A)(M.D. FT•. 1998)
Born : 19 18, Lith" .ni . Died: 1997, Lith",nia ,' lI eged rers« 1I1n ry Aclh'il~' : A•• m,' mbe, uf Ibe 2" 1 12"Schulzm' I1Jl:ICh. lI (see B.nkun,kas), ),Iin,iki. drove vi" irn' 1 Ih' , il' uf Ihei' .,ecution , 0 l.eg, I III"or~' , Denatur.li'.tion proc.e<l io2' ,,,mmen,cd io Oct. )99 1. Mi"ei ki,' citizen.b ip "'a., ""ok'd in Jan. 1992 and OSI filed a deportation . c,ion in J"ne 1992. ),Iin"iki, ",a. o,dered depo rted '0 Li,b".ni. ,n Aug. 1992 ""d w., sen' lho.-. the f"lluwlng month. ,\ H" ciki. , Anl, o", /lor o; 1923, Yugoslavl, Allegtd l't " ....,,>ty .-\ ' IIl'ilY: Gu." d at ~at,," ei le' , u"centr. II,," camp In ,\ 1, ,"«. F" mce "nd at S"ho,,"ogcn sube.mp of N."wci ICT in Gem.. ny. 1.'23111 I" ot ),: ),I"elle, "e'.-e' hecame a U.S. , i' izen. Wh,'n ",hi,,~1 i" ' -lar. 1'i'J4 ,h., ,h. )""io. D<-pa" m" nl " 'as .ho"l t" rde a d" p"" .lli"o acti"n. ' ILlelkr Ieli fu, C;"nnan y. :":Iujali. .f. o, . , " l.ill",,,ni,,n S,h"" ",,,,,,,,, hoft n " ",: 191'i . l,i,II LI,ln i, , \ lIe~.d .-\<11> Ill': ~ lemb.. of 'h. 2"'1 12'"
~ lo . ll ..,

I',·lcr

1'''''''''0<)'

l·" ·~ n~"k\ll),b'l

Leg. 11II. lory: ~ .uj ali. nc"Cr hecame a U.s. •ili, en, lkporlalion p",cc"dings cmllTllcnecd in OcL 1995. 1'< • • jali. wa, ordcr<:<l d<p<>ncd to Lithu"" ia in Sepl 1997, Oncc the ruling " a, alfim ,,-J by Ihe Sevct"" C' ''' U N.uj ali, len for Lith"ania il, r;"hcr thon "'' 'kll'!: rC" iew from Ihe Supreme COUll.

,\f"lrer 'if S"',ialr., M 7 : 53 1:0 Ilm,n, C1. , Chicago, III. 1997), "Ila, (BIA 20(0), "ff'd, ,V" ''J" ItS ". INS. 240 F.Jd 041 (7~ cv : 001) .
lIor n: 19!0. Rom.n,. AJJe~.d Pers ecutor y ,\eti" ily: Gua,d and dog handler at the Sachsc"lo"u,en concerl ltation camp in Gcm,"n y and laler allhe There' ien' tadl Jew;,h ghollo in "h.1 i, now the Czc Republic. '<h Leg.l lIi'lnry: Den", . ralization proceeding, commenc.d in Sept, 1997, The court rewked Neg.le. ,i lizen, hip in July 199'9. lIis appeal, were exhau.,ed in Feh. 200 1 and OS! filed a depOT,",ion case Iwo weeks laler. He was OTdered deponed 10 Romania, or allemati_ely Germany, in July 2003 and lne decision W3S affirmed in June 2004, The Supreme Coun d.niod ...... iew. To date, no counny is willing to accepl him oenaluf, l;z",ion U S. ". Negele, 1\0. 4:97CVO I8JOERW (E.D. Mo. 1999), ajJ"d , 222 F,3d 443 (9'0 Cir. 20(0), cerl, denied. 531 U.S. 1153 (200t ) p eponalion; Ma"," of Ne~ele . A 7 443 824 (lmm. Ct, SI. Louis, !'>-lo. 2oo2), "ff'd (B IA 2(03). uff d. Negele _, Ashaof', 368 F.3d 981 (8" Cir. 2004). cm. d€nled, 125 s.cr 815 (20041 Oheriander,lIelmu! mobile killing unit I.og. 1 HiSlO')': A naturalized Canadian citizen, Ohorl.ndor en'ered Ih. U.S. in 1995, Ihe day . ner Canada commenced denaturalization proceedings. OSI Icamed ornis entry shurtly aftcr nis am,'al and interview ed him. He rO lumed 10 Canada Tather than face . nearing on nis "dm i"inihly intu ' he U.S. S ee p, 4'10 , RorR: 1904, Poland Died: 1981. U.S .\ II. ~ ... r e"ee" IO')' .·\< ti.'i!)·; M.mher of a Ukrainian Jl<'lie~ "n il " hieh placed Jew, in ghello' and fu"'<:d labor halraho",. l.. g.1 Jli. lo.)': Dm"",a li,,' ion proceeding, commenced in ,",'0 " 1 ~ 79. (Thi, was OS I", rtf" trial.I The court 'cvo~c d Osidach's cilil . nship in )'lar, 198 1. If< died two t"""th, I"'er
U S >. (hi,l"ch, 513 F. S"p p. 51 ( E.D. P•. 198 I)

NrgeJe, .\ lkb a"

Raro: 1924, Ukra;ne AJlegod P . ... . ula'1· Ac1i>'ily: Interpreler a"igocd 10 a

O,id• • h, Wolod) 'mir

Boro ' 1907, Li,h" "n;,

5'16

Di.d: 1'J'Jl, U.S, ,\Ik~,'d P.r, ""ulo<)' .\ <' h'ily: As mayor of Nali-l" "< upi,'tI Kaun"", Ih.'n ,h_ . "pit, 1uf l llhu:u,ia. P. ld;"" k" hdpt"'tJ impkment , " ali <l i'oeli>e or.kring JII J.·" s i" ,o " ghetto, lIe " Iso ,~t up " '!'<c i.1housing , " bcol1un itlc<: " 'hieh Sa'e l .ithu.ni . ns homes I,mllaly "".-n,oJ by Jews. I , <~al Hi .. ur)': P cr" L1 ul:tli, ation pr~cc cJ ing, cumm~lI<d ill J un ~ 1')81. [h,' e" url "~I'()h'd P"lr i,u, <a, ' "i li' "nl;hip in :Clar, 1983. Appe,l, were .'()",pl~le<l in June 1984 :11><1 OSI file<l" dep"n,,'ion . « iol1 Iho< Sepumber. p,lc i,u,k., """' " rtlcrcJ d ~P<'''',j ,,, 'ho So.i~1 Union in Jul y 19M , On app""I. , h~ Cireoil scl1"h~ c:lSe back '0 immigration coun l"or addJl ion,,1 tinJln g.,. P"ici,uskas died befo r~ the fi ndil1 !;> w<r~ ""de f)cn;lItlra!j?"i9!l: u.s. \' p"!<-;" ",I',,,. SS9 F, S upp, 1294 (M ,D , Fla. 198J), "ffd, 73-1 f .2d62S( l l· Cir 1Y84) Dcoonatjon: ,Ifalter of po/ci,; ....k"s. A7 I ~ 9 OS3 (Imm, o.. Allant., G• . 1986). aff'>1 (BlA 1990), re v'>1 m pur! and remand,'d. Pa/eimoska$ v, !NS. 939 F2d 963 (11 ~ eif. 1991) Batn: 1923. PohUld (now Ukraine) A Il<god P. ..«nlory A<t h-;Iy: Guartl at T r.wniki 1. 00r ••mp in Puland : Ial'" served in the Sueibei Banalion ($' " Bilaniuk) l .egaI IllOlory : Dena'u",l izalion proceeding< comm""ced in )..Iay 2002, The C li" revol< ed Pal;i" citizenship in July 2003. OSI [, ied a deport.tion .elion in O :-10", 2003 and the ",rI..",1him rlefX"l<"d '0 l 'lu.ine in June 2004. In Sept. 2oo~ , Iho "'dor ~'a, , mended to ,1I0w deportatio n 10 Gennany. Poland or any other country willing 10 acc<pt him. The BIA dis mi'>e<J hIS ' 1'1'0.1in Doc. 2006. Pa lij, .';Ikl..-

,Oil"

[Xn.tuQl iz,ljon: us. v. Po/ii. No, CV 02·2802 (E.D.N, v. 2002) Dep"rtat;on: J /al1N ofpd/ii. A 7 2)0 771 (101m. 0 .. N. ¥.. N. v. 2(04). dff'd (BIA 2(06)

P., k.,- iciu,. ~ I< d , ' (.h Mih p., ke.) S«lIrily Polic<:

Born: 19<)1, l ithuan ia Died: 1993. u s. Alleged P."""n lor )' ,·\clll'il)': M<mber of Iho Li'huanian
L e~ .t

II iOlM}': I" S filed a deoO<lIrnli,,, ion <ose jn Jon,

1977. 1'", k< I-- i.i u" cit i?C" 'hip \I 0' ,e""ked in AilS. 1979. OSI lil<d a de p" ,,,' ;on in June I O)~O . In rk e I 'i ~0. .1 e ~ u Tl ",Jj ,"1ge.J Pa40\'iei", "," "l olly inco""pol,,,, ond the ea,e IV., di>ennlil1 l1ed Born: 1')23.1'01;lIuJ .-Ill <~,'d r .r,te llto<)· ,I eli' It)': Ci"l ian & t1af"d al a laho'
t.<~M

.«i""

OSI Ii1 ,,1, ,kl" ,rt,,,i" n oe,i,," ill I '!~ S,

lIisI O<)': Pelkic"',15Ch nc' c b.-.:am< a U, S, oil il~n, "In ~la'. 1987 atl i mmi ~rJt i ,," j "d ~e roj «: led OSI ' . clai '"

The ~o,'~m,,,,'''' ;lpp,';'bl and 'he ,Ic"isi~" was TeH.,..e,1in May I '!9fl Tha' d« i.ion. in !L' m. wa. "', ur$cd in Sep'. I ~') I. .1','" pp, 11 4-140. ,I/''''' 'r ({I'elk" ,,,")",,,,. , ,\08 85 7 812 (1m", o . Cincin,,"'i. Ohio I ~8 7 ), ' w ', I. ( lil A I ')?Ill. n,v iI. U.S \'. I',"/..ie"yl""/'. 945 F.2d 871 (6~ Cir. t 991) Born: 1919. L'kr, ill. Died: 1983. U.S. ,\ 11. ~ed Pees",," tury ACli,'ity: Ll<rainian I">liccmon ;,wnlvcd in a roundup and fo"'cd ma,eh of Jew" Wilness.s reponed thai Pope, uk ham e" cd Jews 10 C.nS .15 iflhty were ho,",,' and fnreed Ihem 10 h.u l loads be,ween villages, Leg. ll1iSl o<y: OSI filtd . dCn.1luraliz'linn aClion in June 1983. Popcz uk c"mmin ed ,uicide sis day> lator. Qu;nl" ' . P.'er Bora : 1915. Yugoslavia DiH : 199 7, U.S .-\]]eg<d Pn, «:utory Acl;" i'y : Gu :lI'<;1 al Majd_nak P"pctuk, .\llthael

concentration camp in Poland l.oga lll1S1or y, OS I filed a den. turalizalion action in Mal. 1987. A con, """t decree , evnking QUlnIU" citizenship was enlered in June 1988. Due to Quinlus' ill health, the U, S. •gn:w nol to f,1e • deport_lion .etion .

u.s v. Oo'in",s, N o. 87·CV· 7Q9So-0 T (ED , Mich, 1988)
R~ g ...

Stofan

Burn, 1925, Yugos lavia Died : 2003, GcmulTly ... neged I' e., ecutury Activity: Guard at Auschwilz death
I.egal lli.."ry: A de"", urali", ion .eti" n W'S filed in Dec. ro, Germany while 'he ca, e was pc""li"8 The court , evokud his cili« nsllip in

camp in Pnland 1987. Reger len Sepl.1988.

os Y lIo>ger , No 87· 4<)(16 (CSF) (D.N.) , 1988)

1I0r n: 1918,l;k",ine Died: 200:1 . U.S, ,\ II. g.d l'eneeutn'}' ,\ cli<' ily: Train er and non· e" n,," i" ion"d " mee' "t lhe tt"in i" g e;,mp in T.,,,'niki, P"t",d; p;lttieipaled in the Ii~"idation or ,he Je'''''h gh,'''''' in L"hli" . IV a"aw "nd Cz~st""h ow", P"I"nd, 1 .le, se,ved in the SIr.ibe l Ila" . Ii " n (5" <' 11 ,1 i"k ) "" l.. ~ a l I I i' ln'I': OSI fi kd • ,len,,,,,.l ilation .ao. in J,,,,e 1992 rhe ,,,,"" 'e\'''k,,1 R~i",cr". ,' ilil cn, hip in S" pl. 2(1)2. The .ppellate c" u" .Ilim\ed in Jan,
R ~in ,.r , .' a k n b

5')8

!1~14 . I)q"'][1"l ioo I'm,cc~li ,,¥, were hcg"n in .\ lay 200S; Reimer died before Ihe Ca,e waa ,,,lj,,Ji , al,-d.

c.s.\', Ileolller. 21102 IVL .1 21 01 927 (S.DS ."
R'nkd. •:lfrl ode

200n

"/J'J, 356 F..ld 456 (2"' Cir. :'(~J.l f

Bom: In2, Gcf1n"ny ,\I 1"~.d P<F5<'eU lot )' ,\< II" lry: Gu,,,d al Rab<"'blilc k "''''"<'''I'''t i" n e"mp in Gennany, r he camp h"" "<-d only females, Rinke! neVeF bc"ame a U.S el' i' en. OS f filed' dcpor;Ll i"n " Ii" n 10 .\Iay21)1)6 . Tbe case "tll<d, " rid in J" ne 2006 1h, c"u l1 i"'''ed , n or<ier or depo rtation 10 """" any, Pu" " "nl 1 Ihe lem" of the scnkmenl. Rinkel left 0 focGennany in /\ ug, 2006 , BO 1906, G"""any Fn: O,ed: 199 6, o"mlany A ll,~.d Perseculory AcII"ly: Operation, Di'ccIOl' of Ih. Millel" '<rk llI1dc'grotlnd Y_2 missile pl. m, part of Ihe Doro-"orohaus.n concentralion cam p complex ill ccnw, 1GOml'ny. The plant ".cd slave boor Log"l lI islory: The case " tiled prior to OSI'. liling ," ii, Rudolph "'ent to Geml""y in ),for. 1984 and surrend"'ed his U.S. citi"oship lWO month> laler, See Pl'. 3J3-343 1I0'n: 1924, Lilhuania .-\II<g<d P<r' o<o lor y ACli,-jty: Guatd and dng handler in Ihe Att«h,,·lt2 .nd Buchenwa ld conccnlralion camps; gUard during the evaclUll ion of prisone" fro m a Buchenw.ld su!>camp to the Dachau concenlrnt;OlI c.mp in Mar, 1945 Legal History: OSl med a deMl urnli:zaliOll aclion in Do< . 1994, Rydlin.k is left for (;emlany 'honly ' hereafter and renounced his U.S. cilizenship in Jll ne 1'1\15. The coun enlored , dofault judgmcnl of denoluralilation Ih. rollow;ng month,
R~dlin'k l$, W i Ol. . ho1" w

R" dolpb• .·\ r lh ur

u s. >. Rydlinskls, No 94C. 734 1 (N.D. II I. 1995)
Ro' n: 1924. Vkroine All<~<d PeneCO lOt y Aclh 'i!)': Aml od Euard at the T'"" nlki "nd P"" i"to"' a labor camps (bolh ;n Poland); p..-ticipalctl in the 1943 liqui,l.tion of Ihe Jewi'h lill.no ill Rialy'I,' k, Polan,l; ,",",.d.1Bd l CC "'h~re he ~ u, n:l<d Jew. who \\~re fo"'cd 10 ,"" hum< " oJ bum ,orr""'; sen'cd ' n Ih~ Strcibel lla",li"n (" 'e Bilon;" kl. t . ~. 1 lli. lor y: OSI fdcd " Je" O I""li' at;(m action i" I'Jn \I" IIl1i n ,!ay•. Sa\\<'hlld le'l 1"0, (;~m",n)' , nJ retl,",nceJ hi' U.s. cilizcn, hip Sa w ehuk, l) m)'l t o

J",,"

lJor n: I <) II), (i'-ml,mv \ 1I<g<d P" " "'"1o t)' --'eli " ily: S~,",-cd a! l b~ S",h,cnhu r~ and fh h"u c~ "c," I r:l1;"n ,'.,mp' in Gcnmny. He !>egon a' a pia''''' '' le, J cr al S 'Kh'c" ",,r~ JoJ ,Ie" ,<tIl" '1,,,,.,,I}' gi\'~" """l111" OJ l\\'~r "ppro, in,,,,,'I;' 30 o'ihe 100 tu I!O gu",J "
,'J')

S ' ~dl""g,

Cnn raJ

1.• ~. l lIi" o,~· : O SI liled, d." "u,alL, alion case in Mar, I981. The eoun ,e\'o, ,,1Sohe llong's ei'; , cn. h;p in Sep' . 1982 I ii. appe.l' were ex haosled in Jan. 1') S4. USl ti l<:<l . dep",,"' i,,n a< lion De<:. I'JS3, In Sept 1984. Ihe coun found him d eportable ,,, 'he fe,kral Rep nblic o f Grn" "" y. lk c,h. ,,' t<:<l hi. app",,1; in AI" . 19 87. Gerrn:",)' . grcc-J to accepl him in S<.'pl. 1988 alld he was 110wn Ihere rnullc<li;ocly.

U.S. •. .v 'hol/ollg, 547 F. Supp. 5(,8 (N, D, 111 , 1982), "JTd, 717 F.2d 329 ( i~ Ci,. 1983), ecrt. ,[c"ieJ, 46 5 U.S. 1007 (1984 ) lkil\ll!il!iWF Mouer of Schel/ollg, A 10 695 922 (101m. 0 ., O lie. go, III, 1984). o!J'd. (SIA 19S5), rif 'rI. ,"b 110m S-,·h./Inllg •. INS. 8U F ,2d 65 5 (7~ Cir 1986) , ccrl, dellied, 48 1 U.S . 1004 f S (1987)
Schi ff.., :-'; Iko lo o, Born: 1919, U.S
A II~g.d P.t' ~Cu lory

Th;p~\!!'l!li'atiQ!! :

.-\<l;v;ly: Guard a'ih. Soch.c"ha u«", Majdan. k and l1ershn lcc k eoncontration ca mp. in Gennany; ......ed allhe SS 1raining and bas<: c. mp in Trawniki. Poland tog.1 ilistory: OS ! fi led a d en. ' oralir alion comp lain< in Sep t. I Wi . The eoun ,"Yoked Schiff.,'. cili,en,hip in AuS· 1993 and hi, .ppeal, we re ex hau' ted in Ju ly 1994. A depon.'i"n ael;on was fil<:<l in f eb . 199 5. l1e w as o rdCTed deported 10 Roman i. in May 199 7. Roman ia agrC'cd to admil him in May 2002 .1 which ,ime he was deport<:<i. See pp, 434-435 , Penalnra li,"lion U s. v. Schiffer, 831 F. 5uw . 1166 te.n. Po, 1993) , aJTd, 31 F.3d l 17S (3" Ci, 1994) (T.ble) Dcoon aljo n: Matter afSchiffer. A08 483 627 (lmm. (BIA 1998), off'd, (3" Or. Decem ber 28. 1999)
S e hmi ~ l ,

o., Philadelphia, Pa.

1997), afFd.

Born : 1')21, Rom.n;a Al1"fl,'d P..,.<olo ry Ac'h'ily: Anned guard . tlh. Sachscnhaus<ll conce n"Olio n ca mp in Gcnn :rny, l..g. l lIi,lory: OSI fikd. dcnal urali..,i" n case in N,w. IY.~8. r he ",,,,rt rew kcd his ci li'en,hip in lan, 1m and hi. appe. 1s wC Tcex h.u,led in O<:t 1991. A d"po""ioo ac,ion fiI<:<i ' he r"ll ow;ng month. The c. ,. , . tt lcd in May 1992 with Schmid l agr",ing to depa" hy the end " f th. ycar 11. left fo, G"nnany in Jan. 1993. Sa p. 4S I , n,W,

Michael

IV.'

ll£lPI "r,llil." 'i.O : US \', .1'., 1 .n ",,,,1 1'l'l0 W I. ( >61) 7 ( ~, D, Ill. 19')(1). ,!lTd, '>23 F,2d l2SJ ,, 0 " ("i, .), , w i. .!,'"i, ,I , 5'J2 U,S 'J21 (19'11) Sch u k.
~l)

kola

IIo« n: 1')0'1. Po land m od: 1 9 ~6, us

Per " ', ul"r)' "" I;" i' )': Served r.,Sl " ' k puty ' nul ' hon " inlori m d ,id " f a N"i·alTtliated r o lfo" in I;k"" n" . O n" " > "",'il" o,, ,,,,,,,,,--..1 him " f panicip" liug in a rna" ","out ion of J<w< by """hi,," 1<" n lire hdo," a" o pen Ir,·nch.
,' II , ~Nl

I,,,,"

' " '~o l ll i ,t,,ry; OSI Iik-..l a do"," urah, ,,tion o" mpl. i"l i" F" b l'IS.t, fir< "'''0 '''111,-..1 in O<t, ln5 \\'ilh Ihe On urt ,""ukmg Sd ,uk' < o' [i' on'h ip " ,,01 the I: ,S, ag ro,-irlg nut [0 rol" 'i" I'''''a[io'' p"" 'ood i" gs Schuk "S...." d 1 "" is< [he g"""""",'n[ 0 ill ils in< c, ttsaI ,on,.

lIor n : 1 ~22, SIQ" .ki. Died: 1000, England .-\lI .~ed Pe.." u'".)" M Il- il)': A"n<d guard at 1I.-Iau[h" u,"" c<>ncen". lion eamp in AuS[ ria "here he murdcr<d two R" ..ia n prisunC of war. 'B t ' l:al Hi<tory : Schweidl<r never he<:.me. U.s. . il iten. OSI filed a dO l"'na, iun llCT in Ju ly 1993. The .ase «'nkd in Otl 1993 wilh ion Sc hwoid ler agreolltg 10 leave the . ountry by Fob. 1994 , He went 10 England See p. 495 S oko lo,', Vla d imir Bol'll: 1913, Russia m e.!: 199 1. Canada Alleg ed P. ... " uT ory A"lil'il)': P"'pag. ndiSI I'OJ Nazi-, un n<~"'pal'<r in ' he ocrupicd regi"" of'he U,S,S ,R.

S,· h'H' id l. r,.~I", , " det

•

',egol lIi. tory : OS I m<d • d"na' ur:dizn,io n a" ion in 1.n , 1982, Sukol"v's eiti' on' hip Was .."oked in June 1986 .nd be exh. usted his ' ppe. l. in Ma)" 1988 , OS] m ed .doponal io n nc,ion lhal same month. Shortly Ihereo ner . SOkolov letl for Cana d•. S.... pp. I92-204 Dcoatur.lilalim!: us. v. _\"ckolov, No. 1':-92-56-TF M (D. Co nn. 1986), "JTd, 8 14 F,2d 864 (2 '"' Cir, 1987), een ".,,'M, 486 U.S. 1005 (1988) ~1lil!1r , (,11I. " oj SoI<o(o., A08 O~9 04] (Imm, Ct., nanford, Conn. 1989) 1

80 m: 19 18. Rus' ia lli. d: 1985, U S Ane~ed F. n ecol ory ,\ d i" il)': Sou bwko" 'vas not d " ,,¥cd " i'h an" P"roccuto,}' ac,iv;t)'. bU I rath.. with h" 'ing f. il<O<l 10 dis close hi, . o mpl" . nlilil:lry "nd '''i mina l "e [i" it)' al 'he limo o f his ,i'a appli,-ation J.t~.I I1i""t'), : A <!ena[UTalizati"n o"nlplaint was [,ktl tn Ik<' 1') 7'1. lb,' gO""'" mon' ,h"ni",~1 Ihe con' pl.1 in, in l ui;' 1980 when n"" in lo rmall" n " " Ii,':"",1' ha l S,,,O; ,,, ,,,, had m"d o 1 1,Ii"' lo'''... S""b'okuv W'a, nll' "lc....'d in Aug, 1985 by ,,1 ",,,,,,,,'" " ho I>o I, e''<'I h.. " "' "1\''' lId in C\":f7 ; al,..,,,itto,. S~C pp. 344-.15 7.
Sou b<o km', Tarh«im lIor n: 1') 14. Lit";. ll i"d : 199 1, U S

,\ " i' lonl Chief uf Pollee in (; ..Ibm., I al,·;' l ie " ," in,,,I,'ed ,n Ihe an ..I, lran'p<>"al,,,,,,. ,,,,d eonr. "",1l0n of 1''''1''''')' [mm nine Jew. , the l"n' l"'rt"loon of 100 '0 150 Jew. I'" Ihe . ne of'heir =~""on, ,nd Ih. "pp,ol'l;o'i"" of fum il'''' f'om Ihe homes of =ested Je"" l.e~. 1 lI i, tory: ,\ ,k"a'um lin,ion eompl.i nl n , S f,led in Jnn. I~H 2 The g<w" mmeu' I". , ' he ease bo'h in the ,Iistriel e" u" and on .ppeal. See 1'1'. 101· 10,.
U S r . S rogl s, :-;0, CV·82· 1804 (E,D.N Y , 1984), "ff'd , 763 F.2d I I ' (2'"' Cu. 1985) p

,\ I1, ~,'<l r~r

..eu. " r y ,\e. j,. jl~·;

lIorn : 19 16. Rusoi. Di. d : 1998, U.S. ,\ llel ed Per"",,,.o ry A<I" ';Iy: pl,toon commander in the 3" 1 II - SehuIlm."nr.eha n, ha..d in Kaunas (Ko"no), Lilhuan;a: eommandel of Ihe guards al lhe J<wi,h i>hello in KO llnas, Hi. ballalion look part in the m'SS'''' of9,200 Jews in the i>helto . I.eg.lm.l ol)': The goyemmenl f,led a dena ' urah",ion comp laint in JU 1992 Slelmo1o,' citi,-en,h ip was ",,,,,,ked in Aug, 1995, He Il< .. hausled hi, appeals in M. y 1997. The go"ernmen' f,led • dep<>"alion .etion lwo m",nth. I.,.,.. S'elm",1o. " 'as order<:<l dcp<>ned 10 li'huan;a i" AI"". 1998 He die d while 'hat order was on 0J'P<'1. DcnJlurjllju ljon: U s. v. S(~I",o Kas, 199 5 Wl 464264 (E.D. Pa. 19951, aJTd, 100 f, J d 302 (3'" Cir. 1996), cerl demed, 520 U.S, 1242 (1997) Oeooo.';on: Mafl~r <>/ Ste!mr>lta" A07 272 603 ( lmm. CL, Philo.. 1'• . 1998) Boro : 1924. Poland (now L1<faine) Alleg.d p..."' olory A<lfvUy : Gu.rd at Ihe Gross 11;0"" . " ncen" at;on camp in G''lTIlany (now Pol.nd), S""h>.nha usen con<:emralion camp in "" Genn any 'tid the Wa, sa... co ncentr. ti"n camp in Pol.nd. I.el al m <to ry : OSI cO'tlmeneed de nalu,.li,-.li",n proceeding, in 0<1. 1999. S,ch'nskyj'H ilizen.hip was ,noked in July 2000 and hi••we.ls were "h,,,,,ed in 0<1. 2002. ,'I ,1"I"'''.lion aclion ,,'., f<led in Sept. 200 2 . nd in Apr. 2003 he "J' ,,,de,ed deport ed 10 Ll". ine, Pol.nd or Gem,any. Th., order w.s by 'he IJlA in Aug 2004 "nd by ,he Third ('i ", ui' in [) cc. 2005 Szehin'k)'j, Theodor

St.lmo k. .. J onas

.rr.""e.j

[)cm1lur.l jlJ"o n: U S. " . S; ..I" n.,h), 10-1 F. Supp. 2d 481} ( F. [), Pa, 2(00). 41"<1, 277 F.3d . I o' Or,I. 'WI, ,k"i.-.I, 537 U,S. 881} (2002) n 1l'1!Q!!;!li.QO; .11./11" , "J S;, 'I" " , K).'/, ,\ g,91JlJ. 15') ( Im rn. CI.. Phil•., 1'• . 2(03), IIJ/'d ( H 1..\ ! OlJ.] I, "11'<1 mh " "'" .k ..hlll-,lnj " . ~tM,nq ( ;"""",1, -1, 2 F ,l d 2H ( 3" Cir 2ot1S) 1 B... n: 1915, Hung.ry Di,'d : 2()(I.J, Hung.ry

PO ",,,," . o')' .\<'h'II)" A. a member 01' 'Ioe R<»al I I"ng;"i;", Gc,,,l, no,oric. ~",'nd, r artici!",lell ito .<a,d, tng for. • ""S1i08 'ltd 1t;"O>I1<l ~io g jo", ,.. ,,,,,,, !o ,lal,,m , ite. in Poland, In " I\e mc"knl. S"'",I; !"'" ,c,pah'd ,n a " td on a ~"'t,j lSh f,,,,Ioly in ,""",h nf J.w. ""ing hidd,'" m [he ,,-seu. <fton dnttt<d by Sw ed "h ,hrl<>m>l R•••lU l IV" lk n"",!! . FindillS a gro up " f J",,". ~""",Ii <lnJ" ,,'-' ' hem . ,,[ SU"I",i",. 10 , ,,rrrn der 1 bi. 0 ""m." le, " In, "ere ",a" ed o" l,i,1e 1 huil,Io ng "nd am lC~ 1 Wilh ,uh-mach ine guns. 1K: I . ,·~al I li" o')': The ~Ol emmenl lil«l a Jcn,u,,,ah/,,l i<>n ae[,"" in Sept. I '~n , r ho cas.: "',J> ' e[tled on ~c b . I'l'!3, ~ "'nJi .,greed 1<> leO\'~ Ihe U.s. ",,,hin ro", ",,'n lhs al " hich time hIS ci" ..n,"'» ""uIJ be ,e""ked, He wen' 10 S lo, , kia in J unc 19'1 J aoJ latc, mowd '0 Hun gary.
. \ lI o~ ,' d

Born : l~l5. Pola..J Died : 1989. US ,\ lIeged Ponee" ' ory .,\ eti, Ity: Supervisory Jewi, h lapo a' the Goe rh.. coneCfl,m[ion ,,"'p in Poland L~ ~. I H i>'or~' : Th< gOHnunenl commenced ,1e""I,,' ali' ..liol\ procceJ ,oJOS ,n May I' 87. The c"'" s<uled il\ Feb, 1988. T. n" cob, um ~ I i nqu i ,h~d his cilizen,hip ' nd the U.S. • gre,,,j nol to file . J eportalio. ""lion unle.. T""nrnba"m' s hrallh improv<:d. S..'~ Pl'. lGti· llti . T " " " . nbaum. J . ko b

us ". T,m",,,&m,,,. 1'>0. CV· 87· 15· 5 (E.D.KY
Th.od urn, leb. (; ... r~.

1988)

RorD: 1922. PoI. nd Alle2<d P. ...ecutor y '\ e' i" i~' : "s . memher of lhe Ukrainian police, he fileJ . report acknowledging Ih.l he had fired ,i~ rnWld, at J~ w , who "'e," hidiul! durinll a "J.wi sh ;oct;O" ." 1.< ~. IIIi,'u ry , The go"cmmen' coo,m""eed deo.luraIV. ti,m proceeding, in Aug, I ~8 3 Theod<llovich failed to appear fo, hi, deposition and the district C "" enlered a Jefault judgmen'. revoking hi, Ci',"cnsh ip in Jan, 1984. The O ~""Cl"mnom beg"" J <po" alion proc<cdiu!\, in Mar. 1984 and Thcoduro,'ich was onJered depo ned 10 Mlleoln,. or Illo U,S,S ,R. in 0<1. 1')87. He len for Parn8uay in Dec , 198 8 wllile !he Oa", wa, on ar l'<'. l,
D.:,·alUra.llliill2D: U S ". [h",,,lo"" ',ch, 11)2 F,R,D. 58? I D,D.C. I YB4), ,~I1 'd Jkr ",,,.;,,,.,. 7(,4 F.2d 'J!(, 10 Ci r. I "~ S)

c.

Ik r o".tion;
." rd., IJIA I'WI)
lit1jll n ~ .

HOI/a

,1 n"·oJ",,,.-io-h. Nl6 811 2/,2 (lnlln. ('1.. Hal"",o... ,,-U
Horn :
I 'J 24 .1' ,, ~o sl a " I .

I<JSi l.

\n tnu

P" " "' ulnt y .-\,", h il ~: Gu, rJ ...1 ~ laud,; u" '1l ,·,' uc,·n" ." i" " C"nop io .-\ u." ,i. :unl ,'''" "r ii ' 'u"-,. n.p, I . ,' ~ a l Il i" or )': n e ,o""m ,,,,'nl comm,'ueed

,\IIc~<d

,kn.'l",.,titalion p" ••"...' hng. in s.:pl. I Y ~ Y. The di"rie, en" n ",,'nked d,i,cn.h ip in Ott. 1990, r "tJun~·. app,·al. "c,e c,hau, 'ed in j ane 1992. [k ponalion procecdings were hcgun Ihe following m"n,h . lie " 'a, <'rde" .... dq'ortcd 10 erna';. in M "L 1"')4. l1i, 'PJ'<. I. , nd "ollaIO,,,1 ull ",k, were e, h. uSlcd in JU llC 2Wl. As " f lil i. ", iting. he '.m.ilU in Ihe U.S S"" pp. 431·441. Ror n, 19 14. Rom.n ia Died: 1')87. Pon,,!al .-\ lIcg. d r e..<ou, ory A.o li,·jty: '-<ader nf" (a.. i. , -'ludent mo" emen' "nd cdi'n , of an anli·Semilic weekly ne"'pnpa I.<galll i" " .,·: The U,S. Attorney'. omee commeneed denn,,,..li'"ti" n proc'""<li ngs in Mny 1Y75. OSI "-""med , e. pon. ibility in 1979. The en" «l1led in Aug. 1980 wilh Trifa agreeing 10 fo,feit hi, cilil.On,hip. D'1"'rtation proc'""<lings bepn in 001. 1980. Trifa eon,en'ed '0 the en'ry of an o,da of depon";on '0 SwiILerl" nd in 001. 1982. Swille,l.nd ",fuoed to ..cep' him, He went 1 Ponu gal in Aug. 1984. S""pp, 205-230. 0 Trud •• Arnold. Bon: 1909, L"tvi_ Die<! : 1981. U,S. Ane ~ed r ets « ul.. ry A"iv;ty: Member ..f the l a,vian Auxiliary Police a. d Ihe Securily Service oflhe SS which guarded and bea, j ewi5h o;, ';han, Leg_l ll i.,ory' A denalu, ,,li. ation acliun "'as filed in jane 1980 TfUCi, died before the matter was reso l"ed Valk", ·ich •• Vlnu, h if". \ ·" I", i. ,,·

Bo,,, : InO. Li lhu.ni" A II~&ed Pe.. ecu'.. ry Adi" ity' Member of Nazi_ 'PoM.omll.l1huaman .u,iliary poiice who g"arded lev al " forme' Polish mililal)' " aining .",a. ... \\!hite he ..",ed as a gu.rd . 3.726 lows were . hol to death o"er a Iwo-day period Lega l llt" ory, Valkavioka, on,ered Ihe U,S, in I ~50 bul did apply fo' ei,izen, hip until 1994. Based on inform"tiun provided by OS! (including inform.,ion gi,'en by Valk." iok", him, elf during an OSl interview). hi. applicalion fu, cili..n,h; p wa. d,·nied. The go.emmenl filed. d<ponali on aclion ;n Sepl. 1998 Pursuanl 1 the 0 tmn, ofa ••ttl. menl . greement. Valb,·ieb. 1. ft the US. fOT Lithuania in Jun. 1999.

no,

.I/uller of ';l1~u\'idus. ,\07 ')()() )98 (Im,n. Ct" ('h ieago. Ill. 1999) Born : 1'lll. Li'h".nia Died, 1'1'13. U.S. ,\lle~ cd Pc" ••• '"ry . \ eli'·i1,,: Wardon " f Si"" Ii." Pri.' ''n. I nh".n i. fn,m 1<).1 1 ,,, 1')4. The pri ..m ",os """,I hl' ' ho (jerTmn. as a tkl<n,iM c,,,,'e , r,,, lew, ,,1\11 "thcrs. mnny " f whom wcre hru,nliloo ""d . "e",,~1 \\' lIh ,he e", ' pc'. '; un .cd ."iSlanee "f pri«Jn emplo~~·e. under Vi,kutis' ' '''''lOaml, Virku" " ,\ n' a n. ,

I e~.'1 IlI' Mt)': OS I (,1«1 . d<o,turall,"lion ,",io n io M,r. I n J . The sonlcd io ,\ pr, I 'J ~ ~. Virkul i. rc h n~ u i .<J1<d hIS cni, c,,,h,p ,md. d ue 10 hi, ,1c1cri" r" J1lg ho,llh. ,be V .S. "~ r",,j nut me, '""I"'o,'io" ;Kllon.

",'K:

'0

L'S I'. VITI<"'l>. r-.-o ~J C 1758 (N. D. II I. 1<j ~8)

11 o",: I <lI. ~J. Gorm,,,)" m od : 1982. u s '\ lI o ~ od " . ...""u,ory ~\ ", i , ily: Working onda Adolf Eichm,nn in 1he Jew i,h Office of lhe Allg,'rne1 "e 55 . n 'n Bnl",h" ing pmf'O,<d , .riou.' """",,, i>'. mo.'"'u,., ' """ n" Ihe J.w, . A, ohiof '" Noti iold li80neo a~enl5 in Romania h. p'ovid<d S<lnOluory 10 , •• .,,1[..., i<1 leade" and il<lpeJ ."""" 110 Ih. ir ..capo 10 Gom,any. I.o~.l Hhl ory : Denal",.li",;O" p,oce.d;n~, co mmer><ed in M. )" 1981 The e",e . <<1 led in Dec. I'ISI. Von Rol,ohwing forfe;,ed hi. e;li7en, hip ""d Ihe U,S, a!l"--..-d nor 10 seck d<f'Ort.. ion unk .. .-on Bo be hwi" g·. he.llh impro ved. &~ pp. l61_272.
1l 0 1 « 1 ",jn ~

\ '''11

0""

M"" r

Ho r n: 1922, Gemuny Ol.d : 1994, U.S, ,1.11.2'" P." ..,uIO A<lh'ity: Mem""," of Ihe I')· Go,l .p<> who lumod Je". in . nd. io >OfTlO c"".., murdered Ihem I.ega l lli, tory: A dc" atumliu tiQn ca,o w•• fikJ by Ih. U.S, Allomey·' omco io J.n. i977, The di'trici court ",,,,ked w.lu, 'd lir en, hip in ),ol.y 1978. In Feb,1980 lhe co.n of appe, l, ",m.nded for • new In. ll>os.d on n.wly-disC<.... "'" exoulpll ing evidence. Boc. u", lhe cv;d""". did no1 ' "ppon lhe pro'c< " 'ion. ,h. govcrnmen' dism iss.d ,Ile c•..,. Sff pp. 71 . IOO.

w.J ....... nk·

us.».

/1-;'1.,.453 F. Supp. hW ( N.D III . 19781. , <ma"dcd , 616 F 2d 283 (7'" CiT. 1980)

lIo, n: InJ, fu l,nd (now L'kr.inel .\ II.~ed Pen o<ul o ry "-<li-'ily: GUdld., Tra"uiki Bud" 1l I. bor can,ps in P"I.tld L,,« .." ..,eIl in '~o SUcibel Ban.lion I..... Bilaniuk) I , c~ . 1 m " o ry : OSI common<.d dc,,'tlJ, 'II ?at ioo pr"c,'«l i" ", in '"'0" 19'J'J The ,Ii,,,ici ,' nun ' c""ked hi, cllilcn, hip ill July 2'10 1 OSI f>id a ,kpn,u'i"" ",'l;on in D,• . 2(011 1. In Ocl. 21002, t ~ . ,'"uM o"lcreJ W.1<ylyk dcporto<! 10 S" illcrl,m.!. " r. if S" it7crb nd ""L1I,! n,,' .ce' 'P' h,m. I r ~r. i n e. n . rulin~ " a, . ff,nn'.... in M,r In S,·p' . !tJO.l, I( "E ,m: ,,«1 hinl (""thou' on,' di"," ",i"u w;lh, ' " cuco ur"80nlCll' frum. OSII f". "" ling 10 d~ ~" '1 thing ~< <u,lid 10 d1",' h;. dq "m. 'ion. II." OS rcl••scd m .-\u~ n,'1 1'.'5 h,~'."," (h~ 10", d"", ",,' , 110'" unlin,;" ,j ,kkn,i"n

Wu .~'I~ k, ~ I~ kola

",id

"'.0.1 .

I,,,,

D"wna'i!m:

,If,,,,,,, of !I<mA k, Ali7 167 648 (Imm . (1 .. NY., N.Y. 1(02 ), ~JrJ (B IA
Ilorn' I')I/g, Au,lri. ·Hunl:"')" (now Yugus], ";.) .\ llc~«I Pc,,« utory .-\c ti,'jl~': Guard at Mau'h."''''''

Wid, nd.

J ~'~p h

an" one of its ,,,!>camps 1"'2al lli" nr y, OS! <on""coccd d''1l'l " rali" ,iun proe''I-ding. ,n Apr. ]986. Widand Ie tl for West Germany 'honly ,I",reoller, In June 1')86. ' he d;w icr cuun "",««I • ""f. ult j\ntgment ""'okong Wioland' , citizensh,p
u s. ".
W, ~lanJ,

1';0 C· g6· 1750 MHP (N .D. C.1. 1986)

Bor n: 1920, Romania Diod: 2006, U.S, ,\ IIOI0 d Penocu t"ry Act;>'ill' : Guard . 1the Sa<hkJ\hausen concentration c.mp in Gemlany L0231I1 i" ory , OS I comm<'Oce<! den. tu,a li"ti" n proceedings in Scp1, 2003. In Aug, 2004. Ihe di,trici coun revoked W il~o ' , citizenship. The ruling w affirmed in S'l'I, 200S and . deportation <. se wa, filed in Apr, 2006. .,

WillJO, J o,"ph

us. v. Willi' , 333 s . Supp,2d 737 (N.D. 111. 2004), offJ 422 f ,l d 479 (1'" Cir. 2OOS)
Bor n: 1920. Germany Allogod ..... .. utO Activity: Guard al M.jd.nek I')' concentr. lion <amp in Poland l .rg. IIli\lOry : aS] commcneed den. ,ur.li7.3tion pr<>eccdings in July 1985. Woje;e<how,k i rno.cd In We" GCfJIlany 'w o )'ear:s later. bofore Ii tigalion was eornp lele. A Mn..nt order of denaturalizahon wu i"ue<! in Oct. 1987. S"" p. 31 H Born ; 1915, Lithuaoi• .'\ l1ol~ d r~ ..e< otO A<lh lty: Trained men 01 '1' ""wniki .nd portie;l"'e<! in ' he fi nol Ii quid"ion of the W. .... w ghel10; he laler , .",ed in the StrelheJ Ballalion Is.... Riloniuk) 1. 0~ . 1 Hi. to'}' ; OS]I>c ~ ;m dena' urali...l;on p,oe<"'] ings in June 2002. Th. d;str;e' court " " ok"'] Z.j:mc k.uska, ' <;Ii, en, hip in lall. 2005. n. ruling " as ,ITonned in ~lar. 200ii. D<opon.t ion p'o<;ccd; ng, we'e begun ;n July 2006 3lld a,. p<n Jin~ as of Ihi, \I ri' ;ng
OIl,,'(I .'iI"'~S

/ .• j>n<" . u, k.., \'l3d. ,

\' 7"j.",,,*,,,,.,·, . , , 353 F. Supp.! d Iqh \0 . I\to... ;:01151. ''lTd, 44 1 F.J" 31

\ I" C;r. !0IJ61
Z ic~l . r , Joh ,n n

1I;''''r) : OSI ,,,,nn,,,,,,','J <lenalL,ra li , ,,li,,,, p"":,,,Ji"~' on j u". 1')'''), Ziegkr kll for Au>!,i" in early 1')91 A ,Id"ul, j" ,I.'\"'"" t " r ,k";""r,lr,ali,,n " ';OS " nlornl ,hon ly ,h"n'aner
' . " ~" I

", P "I;",".

.' . .... " .nr)' \ <l;"i ly: G,,~rd . llhe !o;;lU". S .""" " ulJli<>,, "'"lOP ,n Li,I",;",i, . J"I ;01 Iho St"nhor """ ("'Ic'nh.fc~' " " "o<'" l" t,,,,, camps

\ 1I<~.d

Zn h",r,.\"rtin

ll"r,,:

I 'II ~.

Ron,",,; ,

.-\ II .~,-d

r ..... u."ry ,\ . lh'lly, ,,"ard .lllhrcc

1.• g. 111I ' I"ry : Zullner "'as a n" lu,alized U.S ei,i,,,,, Ii c'ing in AUSlria wh.n OSI eornm."".d ".n" "rah,.,i"n p"",,,,,ding. in Aug. 1990. Two w"" ks loter Zulmer ,.noun,." hi, ci'i,c",hip"' ' he American co., ,,I... in S.l,burg. IIi. renun<i.IIM ""as 'ppr,,,«t by the S,.,. Dcp,n",.n' in Oc•. 1990. '" which poinl 'he govcmrnrnt ""jIMre"" its .""'pl,,',,,

r,"7