Pen

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A pen (Latin: penna, feather) is a writing implement used to apply ink to a surf
ace, such as paper, for writing or drawing.[1] Historically, reed pens, quill pe
ns, and dip pens were used, with a nib dipped in ink. Ruling pens allow precise
adjustment of line width, and still find a few specialized uses, but technical p
ens such as the Rapidograph are more commonly used. Modern types also include ba
llpoint, rollerball, fountain, and felt or ceramic tip pens.[2]
Contents
1 Types of pens
1.1 Modern
1.2 Historic
2 History
3 Manufacturers
3.1 United States
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 External links
Types of pens
Modern
The main modern types of pens can be categorized by the kind of writing tip or p
oint:
A ballpoint pen dispenses ink by rolling a small hard sphere, usually 0.7 1.2
mm and made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide.[3] The ink dries almost immedia
tely on contact with paper. The ballpoint pen is usually reliable and comes in b
oth inexpensive and expensive types. It has replaced the fountain pen as the mos
t common tool for everyday writing.
A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through a nib. The ink
flows from a reservoir through a "feed" to the nib, then through the nib, due to
capillary action and gravity. The nib has no moving parts and delivers ink thro
ugh a thin slit to the writing surface. A fountain pen reservoir can be refillab
le or disposable, this disposable type being an ink cartridge. A pen with a refi
llable reservoir may have a mechanism, such as a piston, to draw ink from a bott
le through the nib, or it may require refilling with an eyedropper. Refill reser
voirs, also known as cartridge converters, are available for some pens which use
disposable cartridges.
A marker, or felt-tip pen, has a porous tip of fibrous material. The smalles
t, finest-tipped markers are used for writing on paper. Medium-tip markers are o
ften used by children for coloring and drawing. Larger markers are used for writ
ing on other surfaces such as corrugated boxes, whiteboards and for chalkboards,
often called "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers." Markers with wide tips and
bright but transparent ink, called highlighters, are used to mark existing text
. Markers designed for children or for temporary writing (as with a whiteboard o
r overhead projector) typically use non-permanent inks. Large markers used to la
bel shipping cases or other packages are usually permanent markers.
A rollerball pen dispenses a water-based liquid or gel ink through a ball ti
p similar to that of a ballpoint pen. The less-viscous ink is more easily absorb
ed by paper than oil-based ink, and the pen moves more easily across a writing s
urface. The rollerball pen was initially designed to combine the convenience of
a ballpoint pen with the smooth "wet ink" effect of a fountain pen. Gel inks are
available in a range of colors, including metallic paint colors, glitter effect
s, neon, blurred effects, saturated colors, pastel tones, vibrant shades, shady
colors, invisible ink, see-through effect, shiny colors, and glow-in-the-dark ef
fects.
Historic

These historic types of pens are no longer in common use as writing instruments,
but may be used by calligraphers and other artists:
A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of a metal nib with capillary channels, like
that of a fountain pen, mounted on a handle or holder, often made of wood. A di
p pen usually has no ink reservoir and must be repeatedly recharged with ink whi
le drawing or writing. The dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen. I
t can use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-call
ed India ink, drawing ink, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain pen b
y clogging, as well as the traditiona

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