EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY,
OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW- YORK.
v
BOSTON:
GINN AND COMPANY
r.
,
tS£
if-
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885,
By E. D. PERRY,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
24.9
(ffamposition
lip
GEBRUDER UNGER,
SCHONEBBRGBR StRASSE,
BKRTtN, SW.
Jprrssto-ir!*.
ij)
JOHN WILSON AND SON,
I'/
A,
university press.
Cambridgf, Mass.
c
(OI
t
Preface.
In the preface to the
work* of which
the following
is
a revision,
Prof. Bithler writes as follows:
"The following
Leitfaden
was
written last winter [1881
—
82],
and, printed in manuscript form, was used in the instruction of
quite a large
practical
number
of scholars.
method of Sanskrit
Haug's and
my own
It
is
based upon the purely
which was introduced
instruction,
at
instance into the Indian secondary schools,
and has become established there by means of R. G. Bhandarkar's
text-books.
versities
is
The attempt
to be gained thereby.
is
beginners master the
first difficulties
that learners take the
if
study,
first,
European uni-
and they
For
I
my
are.
ex-
have found that
of Sanskrit very rapidly, and
lively and continued interest
own
part
is
in the
given them
introduced at once into the living
is
made
the
the fact that the elements of Sanskrit form an
Leitfaden fur den Elementarcursus des Sanskrit; mitUebungsund zwei Glossaren. Von Georg Buhler. Wien, 1883.
—
stiicken
I
to
Moreover, the question of economy of time
more weighty by
*
most
opportunity for activity on their
from the very
language.
method
by the practical success which, as
justified
perience shows,
to transfer this
have translated above a
little freely.
iv
important aid to students of Classical and Germanic Philology, yet
to a large
number of such are
accessible only
On
can be mastered in a short time.
when
the subject
the other hand, the disad-
vantages necessarily entailed by the purely practical method
readily be
removed
later
The
grammar
may
by a short methodical exposition of the
the exercises are taken chiefly
verses in
from Boehtlingk's Indischen Spruchen; the sentences are in part
derived from various Sanskrit works, or modelled after passages
contained in them.
To
the last lessons no Sanskrit exercises have
been appended, since the reading of the Nala or of some other
easy Sanskrit
work may very well be begun
as soon as the form-
ation of the perfect has been learned."
After using the Leitfaden for some time in the instruction of
a
I
class,
was convinced
of
its
great merits as a practical intro-
duction to the language; while on the other hand
unfortunate that
which,
since the
America
stances
it
it
at least
seemed advisable
to
to
distrust.
in
Under these circum-
attempt a combination of Buhler's
Whitney's theory; and
really rewritten.
An
to
this
end the
introduction has been added,
of the structure of the language; the exer-
have been pruned here and there, chiefly to remove forms
which seemed too unusual or doubtful
the
we
appearance of Prof. Whitney's work,
have learned
giving a general view
cises
seemed very
held throughout to the native system of grammar,
practical exercises with
book has been
it
to
have a just claim on
beginner's memory; and the number of lessons has been re-
duced from forty-eight to forty-five, by condensing the description,
needlessly full for beginners,
of the aorist, precative, and second-
have endeavored
ary conjugations.
I
would supply the
real
to
retain nothing but
wants of those for
whom
the
book
what
is
de-
who may
signed; yet here and there, having in mind those
up
I
should otherwise have
A
of the
left for oral
communication by the instructor.
detailed explanation of the changes in the grammatical part
book would require too much space
to be given here.
They
be summarized in the statement that I have striven to remove
may
all
take
without a teacher, I have added explanations which
this study
forms at present "non- quotable".
In
the explication of the
rules I have sought to be brief, but never to the sacrifice of clear-
In very
ness.
many
cases not only the substance but also the
words of Prof. Whitney's rules have been incorporated
of the Primer, which
was done with
needless to designate
all
his sanction.
are due to those
possible the appearance of the work.
different
mention.
aid has
made
consenting to the rendering of his book into a very
To
Prof.
Whitney
I
owe deep
was kind enough
manuscript, and, later, to put at
my
equally indebted
;
as well for
task of looking over
not a
gratitude for
many
valu-
work
to look over the
in
To
Prof.
Lanman
I
am
many
proof-sheets,
which he imposed on himself
little in
acknowledgments are
deserves most grateful
useful hints as for the arduous
My
with characteristic readiness.
me
it
disposal the advance sheets of
invaluable collection of verb -forms.
assisted
whose
Prof. Buhler's ready gene-
form from that which he gave
able suggestions; he
his
seemed quite
such borrowings by quotation-marks.
Many acknowledgments
rosity in
It
into those
pupil,
Mr. A. V.
W.
Jackson,
the compilation of the Glossaries.
also
due
to
the
printers,
My
Gebr. Unger
(Th. Grimm) of Berlin, for the careful manner in which their part
of the
work has been done.
From V.
S.
Apte's "Guide
derived occasional examples.
to Sanskrit
Composition"
I
have
VI
The appearance
of the book has been delayed considerably
beyond the date originally planned for
begun
in
November
The printing was
it.
but was interrupted by
last,
a resulting stay of considerable length in the
I shall
will notify
may
they
esteem
me
a favor
it
if
my illness,
West
any who may use
of misprints or inaccuracies of
and
Indies.
this
sort
any
book
which
remark.
E. D. P.
Berlin, August, 1885.
NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
In this edition errors have been corrected in the plates
wherever possible, otherwise noted in a
Prof.
Lanman and
Prof.
list
My
additions at the end of the book.
of corrections
and
thanks are due to
H. F. Burton of Rochester for
corrections furnished.
E. D. P.
New
York, September,
1886.
NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
The
revision of the book for the
Dr. Louis H.
Gray,
to
whom
I
am
new impression
glad to express
I
my
owe
to
hearty
thanks for his kindness in undertaking and performing this
irksome task.
E. D. P.
Munich, July,
1901.
Table of Contents,
in systematic
The
I.
grammatical arrangement.
heavy type refer
figures iu
Introductory suggestions,
Alphabet and Sounds.
—
p. xi.
—
—
Guna and Vrddni.
Changes of Sounds.
II.
paragraphs.
Classification of Sounds, and Pronunciation,
Accent, 56.
Light and Heavy Syllables, 48.
Characters, 1—20.
21—47.
to
49—54.
Bales of Euphonic Combination.
Rules of Vowel Combination, 105,
III.
— General
—
156—161, 164.
106,
—
Laws
Deaspiration, 242.
concerning Finals, 239—242.
Surd and Sonant
Transferral of Aspiration, 244, 249, 428.
—
Assimilation,
s
and
r,
191, 192,
266,
148,
147,
95, 117—123, 129.
342. 352.
—
—
—
267.
Combinations
Conversion of
Conversion of n to
s
to
»,
of
Final
p. 27 (note**),
n, p. 32 (note**), 166.
—
Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 149, 150,
Combinations of n, p. 29 (note), 138—140,
p. 99 (note), 342.
Combinations
184.
Change of ch to cch, p. 27 (note*), 165.
—
—
—
—
of m, p. 29 (note).
Final t, 148—151.
—
Final n [and n] 184.
IV. Declension.
Gender, Number, Case, 83—89.
Paefo-endings,
V. Substantives
—
—
Final
k,
t,
Case-endings, 90,
p, 266.
91.
—
91, 241.
and Adjectives.
Vowel-stems:
Stems
in a,
m.
n.,
103,
III.
—
Stems
in
i,
m.,
113, 115;
n., 114, 115.
Vlll
—
Stems
in u,
—
185—187.
in
i,
In
a, 162;
in
189, 212, 214;
Stems
in
in
128;
m.,
Stems in
I,
136,
n.,
a,
go,
—
Stems
209; nau,
—
van), 265.
256—264.
i
In
and
w,
in r,
f.,
a, 212, 213;
201—205, 208.
f.
—
:
—
(a)
In
(b) Derivative Stems.
in
211; rai, 277.
Consonant-stems
General, 237—242.
Stems
(b) Derivative Stems,
197, 212, 214.
fi,
183; in u, 198.
Diphthongs:
—
137.
u: (a) Root-words.
z,
Root-stems, 243, 244, 246—250.
252—254. In an (an, man,
as, is, us,
— In ant (ant, mant, vant)
— In in
vin), 251.
— Perfect Participles in vans, 268. — Comparatives
(in, rain,
in yas, 255.
Irregular
Nouns: 269
— 284.
—
Comparison, 337 345.
Formation of Feminine-stems,
187, 251, 255,
262—264, 268.
VI. Numerals.
328—336.
VII. Pronouns.
223—236, 285—288,
VIII.
Conjugation.
413.
(fM)
Voice, Tense, Mode,
Number, Person, 57—65.
jectives and Nouns, 66—68.
Mode and Tense-stems, 71.
IX. Present-System.
Conjugation Classes, 72
—
Verbal Ad-
Secondary Conjugation, 69
—70. —
— 80.
First Conjugation.
General, 383—387.
I.
Root-class (Hindu second or
ad-class),
404—412, 414
—429.
III.
Reduplicating Class (H. third or Au-class), 430—440.
Nasal Class (H. seventh or rudh-c\a,ss), 441 446.
IV.
Nu
II.
—
and ^-Classes (H.
classes),
fifth
and eighth, or su and tan-
388—395.
V. iVa-Class (H. ninth or &n-class), 399-403.
IX
Second, or a-Conjugation.
VI. a-Class
135.
(H.
or Mu-class),
first
152—154,
92—94, 97—102,
178—182, 188, 193—196,
200.
199,
207, 210, 222, 260.
VII. Accented a-Class (Hindu sixth or tad-class),
152—154
etc.
VIII. va-Class
152
etc.
107
—
110,
(as for a-class).
or tfw-class),
fourth
(H.
— 155
134,
206,
124—127, 131—134,
(as for a-class).
IX. Accented yd-C\ass or Passive
188, 199, 200, 210,
Conjugation,
168
— 176,
222.
=
H. tenth
[Causative and Denominative Conjugation (partly
154 etc. (as for a-class);
or cur-class), 141
146, 152
—
—
also 215—221.]
X. Perfect-System.
447—471, 474.
Periphrastic Perfect, 472, 473.
XI. Aorist-System.
—
General,
486.
488.
Reduplicated Aorist,
—
s-aorist, 491;
Simple Aorist
is-aorist,
Root-aorist,
:
—
490.
489,
487; a-aorist,
Sibilant
Aorist:
492; m-aorist, 493; sa-aorist, 494.
—
Aorist Passive, 495, 496.
XII. Future-System.
—
General, 475.
—
Xm.
Simple Future, 476—481.
— Conditional,
482.
483—485.
Periphrastic Future,
Verbal Adjectives and Substantives: Participles, Infinitive,
Gerund.
Passive Participle in ta or «a, 289
— 301. — Past Active Par— Gerunds Absolutives,
ticiple in tavant or navant, 302, 303.
304—313.
—
Infinitive,
314—322.
—
:
Future Passive Participles:
Gerundives, 323—327.
XIV. Derivative or Secondary Conjugations.
General,
497.
Intensive, 499
tive,
—
Passive,
— 502. —
498.
—
Causative,
Desiderative, 503
509, 510.
XV. Periphrastic Conjugation.
Perfect, 472, 473.
—
Future, 483-485.
507,
— 506. —
508.
—
Denomina-
XVI. Vcrhal Prefixes: Adverbs and Prepositions.
81, 82, 167, 190, 395—397.
XTII. Formation of Compound Stems.
Adjective Compounds as Nouns and Adverbs, 350, 379—381.
[Z?t;awGfoa-compounds, p. 136 (note); Ta^wrusa-compounds, p. 137
(note **) A'armaJAara^a-compounds, p. 137 (note *)
Dvigu-com;
;
pounds, 380; Bahuvrlhi-compounds,
compounds,
p. 142 (note);
Avyayibhava-
381.]
XVIII. Syntactical Rules.
—
Position of Modifiers, p. 35 (note).
Repetition of Words, p. G7
Force of Cases,
Agreement of Adjectives, 245.
kirn with
104, 112.
Prepositions with Cases, 82, 130.
(note*).
—
—
—
—
Instrumental (and Genitive),
Comparatives, 345.
p. 89
—
(note).
-
—
Construction with
Numerals, 333.
Pronouns, 225, 234
Force of Tenses: Present, 96;
Force of Modes:
Imperfect, 182; Perfect, 474; Aorist, 486.
—236.
—
iti,
Imperative,
Passive,
177.
p. 47 (note).
—
—
—
—
Participle, 303.
—
Appendix.
Hindu Names of
Letters.
—
—
320—322.
—
Modern Hindu Accentuation
of
Gerund, 311—313.
Future Passive Participle, 327.
Sanskrit.
—
194—196; Optative, 207.
Causative, 221.
Past Passive Participle, 290. — Past Active
Infinitive,
Suggestions for using the Primer.
The Primer can be
finished
by earnest students
in sixteen or
seventeen weeks, reckoning three lessons per week, with here and
After that Lanman's Sanskrit Reader,
there an hour for review.
an introduction
to
which
this
work
is
partly intended to be, should
be taken up.
Students are strongly recommended to provide
themselves with Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar at the outset.
seemed advisable
It
to
leave the Introduction undivided into
may prefer to impart the alphabet,
Some of the
scholars at different rates of speed.
exercises for translation may be found rather too long to be com-
lessons,
as different teachers
to their
etc.,
pleted in one lesson.
In such cases
after requiring the translation
it
will
of only so
probably be better,
many
sentences as the
reasonably be expected to master in the preparation of
one day's lesson, to proceed directly to the next lesson in. the
following hour, leaving the untranslated sentences for a review.
may
pupil
The
vocabularies prefixed to each exercise are not exhaustive,
words which have been treated of immediately before are
sometimes omitted from them. The glossaries at the end of the
since
book
will,
it
is
hoped, be found complete for the exercises; but
meaning of compound words must in most cases be learned
from their elements; and proper names have often been omitted,
the
their Sanskrit
The
forms being discernible from the transliteration.
of contents in systematic grammatical arrangement
designed to facilitate the finding of any desired article; it may
also be found useful as an outline for a rapid grammatical review.
table
is
Arrangement of Vocabularies.
The vocabularies
are arranged
>:n
in strict alphabetic order (see below).
All nouns, whether sub-
stantives or adjectives, are given in the stem-form.
All verb-forms
are placed under the root; prepositional compounds of verbs likeOf
wise, and not in the alphabetic place of the preposition.
verbal adjectives and nouns, some important ones have been given
in their alphabetic places, but the
meaning of most of them must
be learned from their respective roots.
form of the nominative.
in the
Pronouns are given generally
•
Alphabetic Order. The alphabetic order is that given in § I,
but the following points are to be noticed here:
The visarga stands next after the vowels; but a visarga regarded as equivalent to a sibilant and exchangeable with it has
the alphabetic place of that sibilant.
The
representing "the anusvdra of more independent
place before all the mutes etc.; thus dang and
danstrd stand before daksa.
origin",
The
n,
sign
has
its
sign m, representing an assimilated m, is placed according
to its phonetic value.
m
to
1.
If m, resulting
anusvdra, then
its
place
is
punya and samgaya before
m
assimilated to
place
is
from the assimilation of
represent a nasal semivowel or
like that of n. Thus purhs comes before
a semivowel, sibilant, or
h,
sakrt.
2.
But
a mute, representing
n,
that of the nasal so represented.
if
m
be the product of
or m, then its
n, n, n,
Introduction.
Alphabet.
I.
Sanskrit
is
commonly
The
Devanagarl alphabet.
written
in
what
called
is
characters of this, and the
the
European
characters which will be used in transliterating them, are as follows^
Vowels.
short
^
simple
a
palatal
^[
i
labial
^
u
lingual
^
r
dental
*J
/
long
&
a=n
^u
palatal
a.
+7* TJ
e
\|
at
diphthongs
labial
Visarga
:
Anus vara
3*1
h.
—
n or m.
I
3
Consonants.
surd
sonant
sonant asp.
nasal
k
T§ kh
7[
g
Ti gh
>gp
w
palatal
c
^
c£
^j
?J jh
"5f
n
lingual
<r
*
-J
^
%
dh
1$ n
t
^
th
^d
^d
\f
ai>
*[
n
MM
*
»»
dental
7{
labial
T(
Perry, Sanskrit Primer.
f
sr.rd asp.
^
^
guttural
p
qj ph
;
b
1
* 9
2
Introduction.
,1s
c
palatal *J y
Semivowels
r/"
V-'
w»r\
dental
Sibilants: palatal If p;
Aspiration
2.
by
^
T
lingual
^
labial
I
lingual If
dental ^J
-y,
r
v.
8.
//.
The above order
native grammarians
that in which the sounds are catalogued
is
and European scholars have adopted
;
as the alphabetic order,
from
^
for dictionaries,
The
etc.
it
writing runs
left to right.
3.
The theory
and consonantal.
of the devanagari
That
is, it
mode
simple sound, but the syllable; and further,
stantial part of the syllable the
ceding the vowel
—
this
is
syllabic
it
regards as the sub-
consonant (or the consonants) prebeing merely implied, as
latter
except when
case with short ^J a,
of writing
regards as the written unit, not the
initial,
or,
if
written,
is
the
being
written by a subordinate sign attached to the consonant.
4.
Hence follow these two
principles:
A. The forms of the vowel- characters given above are used
only
when
the vowel forms a syllable by
with a preceding consonant: that
by another vowel.
is,
itself,
when
or
is
not combined
it is initial,
or preceded
In combination with a consonant, other
modes
of representation are used.
B.
with
it
If
more than one consonant precede a vowel, forming
a single syllable, their characters must be
combined into
a single character.
5.
syllable
According to the Hindu mode of dividing syllables, each
must end
in
a vowel, or visarga. or anusvdra, except at
the end of the word; and as ordinary
the
words of a sentence
in writing,
into one syllable with the initial
Hindu usage does not
a final consonant
is
divide
combined
vowel or consonant of the following
word, so that a syllable ends in a consonant only at the end of
the sentence.
Introduction.
Thus
—
prarudham
'
by the water which drops from the clouds
tields the grain
m
of signs,
single group
are
the
IT
works
*T
f^ ^T *J
"H
^^^ — or thus:^J-
printed in Europe, the
words so
Thus, ^«£j«[
in which,
5W
indrdya
varenyam, because the
not written with their
have been printed,
common
forms.
full
by a
with
the
all
is
I
and
But some few works
free use of a sign called virdma
In translite-
no good reason for printing otherwise than
words separated.
Vowels combined
Under A.
7.
namah ;
final ?^
(see below, § 8), the individual words are separated.
rated texts there
practice
be done without any
far as this can
tat savitur
f^ rf^^ igj T^
are
T" r
and the syllables
with more or less closeness of
this:
alteration of the written form.
7f(^f
nyam
w ru te 3rau^s*c-
In Sanskrit
to separate the
but
dbhi rdhd
without any reference whatever to the di-
%%|jfa WrfaW^T
6.
ma
would be indicated by a
these syllables
always written independently,
ftnfrrfaifV
upon the
be considered as consisting of
words composing the sentence;
approach; either like
is
— would
kta bhi rme ghd nd
si
Each of
pra ru dham.
of
tall'
grows
the syllables kse tre
vision
meghdndm adbhir dhdnyarh
the sentence ksetrem siktdbhir
with
preceding
consonants
are written as follows:
1.
Short a has no written sign at
a:
itself implies
attached to
it
a following
«,
unless
virdma
(or else the
all;
the consonant-sign
some other vowel-sign
—
see below, § 8).
is
Thus
the consonant-signs given above are really the signs for ka,
klc
ca, clta, etc. (as far as
2.
a: cRT
&
3.
i
and
I:
'^T cd.
^
ha).
\tf dha etc.
r
The hook
f^R
hi.
fx? pi.
f** dhi.
—
eft kl.
\ft dhx.
tft pi.
above, turning to the left or to the right,
is
histori-
been originally
cally the essential part of the character, having
1*
-
4
Introduction.
the whole of
way down
and
that the i-hooks
below the
hooks were only
the
it:
as to reach all the
the
prolonged, so
later
Observe
beside the consonant.
M-hooks, respectively above and
are analogous in turning to the left for the
line,
short vowel and to the right for the
long.
u and u:
4.
—
bu.
gj ku.
^f cu.
Owing
«f bhu.
are sometimes disguised; thus,
du, H" du;
^
f
:
3a
kr.
-
hook
vowel
the
Xf
^ ru;
^ ru,
^[
ko.
e
:
ift
cfi
kr.
7{
tr.
With
^
middle
;
thus,
mkl.
I:
ke.
3ft bho.
the fi-sign,
g
g
usually attached to the
is
6.
Diphthongs,
—
pr.
<z
hr.
o:
^
hu, Jg hu.
and f
r
7.
^
cu.
consonant and vowel-sign
or
5.
^
<K ku.
to the necessities of combination,
^ pe. ^
^" kau.
du:
ye.
di:
%
kdi.
\f dhdi.
~^t rdu.
In some printed texts the signs for o and du are separated,
the
ior^.
being placed over the consonant-sign, and not over the
%T
perpendicular stroke; thus,
8.
A
consonant-sign
%f
ko,
may
kau.
be made to
signify
the sound
of
that consonant alone, without an added vowel, by writing beneath
it
a stroke called the virdma ('rest', 'stop'); thus,
eft
k,
|| h,
^
d.
Strictly, the virdma should be used only at the end of a sentence;
but
it is
often used by scribes, or in print, in the middle of a
to
avoid
•f%sgfij: Jidbhih.
f^&m
or sentence,
9.
not
Under B.
difficult.
to almost all;
method
that
is
is
to
awkward
or
difficult
The combinations
if
pursued.
thus,
litsu,
The perpendicular and
and
combinations;
word
two or more are
The
of consonants are in general
horizontal lines are
to
characteristic
be added to another
is
common
be combined, the following
part
of a consonant-sign
taken (to the exclusion of the
perpendicular or of the horizontal framing -line, or of both), and
they are put together according to convenience, either side by side,
5
Introduction.
or one above the other: in some combinations either arrangement
is
The consonant
allowed.
be pronounced
to
first
is set first in
the one arrangement, and above in the other arrangement.
top of a perpendicular group, are written in
Examples
TJJ gga,
Only
and that
the consonant at the right of a horizontal group,
at the
full.
of the horizontal arrangement are:
^
jja,
TJ[
«U nma,
pya,
«j bhya,
^BT ttha,
"^R ska,
QJT sna.
Examples of
^
the perpendicular arrangement are: gj kka, f| eca,
kva, fT nja, fT pta, ft tna.
some combinations
In
10.
there
is
less abbreviation or
more or
disguise of the independent form of a consonant-sign.
Thus, of ^j k
of ?£
of
?
of *\
in
d
in |f dga,
m
iff
in ^TIJ kna, ^Sf
W dda, ^
y,
p,
thya,
when following
fca,
stha; and the
In a case
recognizable; thus,
compounds
or two,
^
dma, ^T dya, ^(hma,
f«,
<;na,
"Q gla, ^?r gya.
when a vowel- sign
is
of r)
;
^
h,
as
^
hna,
nna.,
hna.
jj"
no trace of the constituent
letters
is
"^ r,
in
making combinations with other
treated in a wholly peculiar manner, analogous with
that of the vowels.
written with a
of
is
"*J $r.
km, "^ jna,
The semivowel
consonants,
sign
etc.;
Other combinations, of not quite obvious value, are ^T
§t a > TJ
13.
"*T
usual
is
added below; thus, *|
12.
"%J
dbha
other consonants,
which generally becomes *T when followed by
The same change
11.
etc.;
ST dhya ;
a consonant; thus, ^f
H
^
ddha,
^%kya, ^f kma, ^T nma,
thus,
kya
tta;
and IT
W %a, gj
of JJ
and
in JQ kta\
^
1.
As
the
first
hook above, opening
thus,
^
rka, J( rpta.
of a group of consonants
it is
to the right (like the subjoined
When
a
compound consonant
6
Introduction.
thus containing r as
its
vowels
au,
sign
i,
I,
o,
e,
ai,
member
first
followed by one of the
is
with or without a nasal symbol, the r-
must stand at the extreme right; thus, T%rke,
^f
fsjj rki,
If
2.
rki,
%f
rko,
%f r&aw,
rkam, oRt1% r£a?i«, *ff rbhim.
ifi
pronounced
after another
consonant or consonants, r
is
indicated by a slanting stroke below, to the left; thus,
Tlgra, If pro,
And, with modifications of the preceding consonant-
rfra.
sra,
?jf
jj£
sign like those noted above, "^ tra, ^r gra.
group, r has the same sign as at the end
3.
"When
is
written in
Combinations of
14.
^
ttva,
Wf
sthya;
;gr
with
full,
the consonant in subordination to
it;
~\|?
nksva,
SJJ s?r#a,
even
X^
five
to the
psva,
differ
who
enable one
is
r, it is
character, and
consonants
same
(this
rules; thus,
fljr tsya,
*gr ?c ?/a,
rtsnya.
considerably
management of consonant-combinations, but a
srva.
fa-'ttfa nirrti.
rr,
r^Rr tsmya; cfzH
Both MSS. and type-fonts
15.
^g
made according
ddhya, gr dvya, 51 drya,
initial
its
thus,
three, four, or
latter excessively rare) are
^
combined with a following ^J
"^ r is to be
the vowel which
In the middle of a
thus, JZf grya,
;
little
in
their
practice will
thoroughly familiar with the simple signs and
with the principles of combination to decipher, as well as to
make
for himself, all such groups.
16.
A
sign ($) called the avagraha,
printed texts to
below, §
119,
mark
158):
or 'separator',
is
used in
the elision of initial a after final e or
thus
%
SW^l.
te
But some
'bruvan.
(see
texts,
especially those printed in India, dispense with this sign.
In our transliteration this
inverted
is
comma, as
in the
sign
example
will
be
just given.
also used as a hyphen, and sometimes as a
17.
The
• is used to
sign
mark an omission
represented
In the
mark
the
by
MSS.
the $
of hiatus.
of something easily
understood (whether from the context, or from previous knowledge),
7
Introduction.
and thus becomes a mark of abbreviation
^ctas -tarn
-Una,
The only signs of punctuation
The numeral figures are
18.
19.
q
1,
^
^
2,
g
3,
q
4,
European
thus,
digits;
system of notation originated
by the Arabs, who
call
it
|
and
||.
0.
numbers, they are used precisely
In combination, to express larger
as are
are
6, <0 7, "C 8, q. 9,
$
5,
^*T
1RR£ °<P^
thus,
;
etc.
gatam gatena
e.
i.
^g
gtrq 485,
24,
in India,
the Indian
we
system, as
This
7620.
^§^0
and was brought
to
Europe
style
the
it
Arabic.
20.
In writing Sanskrit the
make
of the letter, and
Tj
*>
*i>
ID
•'
•>
Hindus generally begin
the horizontal
""•
But
°ft en
at the left
top-stroke last; thus, 7,
tne horizontal stroke
is
*J,
made
and the perpendicular stroke added without raising the pen
first,
from the paper; thus,
"T,
^;
1, ^u,
System of Sounds: Pronunciation.
21.
The Sanskrit
is
used
in
India to this day very
Latin was used in Europe in the previous century
medium of communication between
tongues what they may, and
whatever.
skrit
India
mode
Hence
it
is
it is
the
:
it is
a
much
as
common
be their native
learned,
not the vernacular of any district
not strange that the pronunciation of San-
words varies greatly among scholars from
different parts of
and probably no one system represents the true ancient
;
of utterance with
much
I.
22.
A. The
a,
and long, and are
i,
to
exactness.
Vowels.
and u-vowels.
be pronounced
These three occur both short
in the
'
&t(or-)gan and father, pin and pique, pull and
Italian
'
manner
—
rule, respectively.
as
The
8
Introduction.
a-
vowel stands
in
no relation of kindred with any of the classes
But
of consonantal sounds.
the
i-
vowel
is
and
distinctly palatal,
the w-vowel as distinctly labial.
The
B.
23.
Both of these are plainly the
and /-vowels.
r
result of abbreviating syllables containing a "^ r or ^T
another vowel: r
I
like
le
The diphthongs.
1.
long, should receive the long
and
fibre,
in able.'
C.
24.
along with
I
be sounded like the re in the English
is to
The
e
and
bone, without true diphthongal character.
were doubtless
main pure diphthongs
in the
which are always
o,
and o-sounds of the English
e
they
In their origin, both
(e
=a+
?',
o
=a+
u);
but they lost this character at a very early period.
The
2.
in
ai
and au are spoken
German Baum
They were
with long prior element.
guished from
e
and
o
only by
II.
25.
A. Mates.
;
that
is,
as pure diphthongs
doubtless, distin-
originally,
the length of the
first
element.
Consonants.
In each series of mutes there are two surd
members, two sonants, and one nasal
labial series, the
and au
like the ai in English aisle
(ou in English house)
surds
(also sonant);
p and ph, the sonants
and
b
e.
g.,
bh,
in
the
and the
sonant m.
26.
The
first
and third members of each series are the ordinary
corresponding surd and sonant mutes of European languages; thus,
k and
g,
27.
What
m
nasal to
t
and
Nor
is
its
to
d,
is
p and
character
the
p and
own
b.
b,
or n
is
of the nasal any
to
t
and
d,
that
is
more
doubtful.
also each other
series of mutes: a sonant expulsion of breath into
and through the nose, while the mouth-organs are
in the
mute-
contact.
28.
The second and
fourth of each series are aspirates;
tj
"
9
Introduction.
we have
beside the surd mute k
the corresponding surd aspirate
kh, and beside the sonant g, the corresponding aspirate gh.
u9ual
among European
a very closely fol-
rates as the corresponding non- aspirates with
dh
nearly as in boathouse, ph a6 in haphazard,
e. g., th
lowing h;
This
as in madhouse.
inaccurate
is
still
unsettled.
29.
The
several mute-series will
30.
1.
Gutturals: k,
English k and g
and nasal; the
2.
but the question of the original
sounds
l
('
kh,
now
g,
c
These are the ordinary
hard")-sounds, with their corresponding aspirates
last, like
Palatals:
and the
of corruption of
ng
in singing.
This whole series
ch, j, jh, n.
c,
sibilant c often represent
A;;
For
j.)
the palatals is in
many
c
and j are pronounced
ch
and
j,
32.
to
Unguals:
dome
e.
r,
European Sanskritists
the dentals
4.
:
t is
t,
The
g.
somewhat
in very is
make no
pronounced like
Dentals:
The
palatal mutes
sounds of English
See also § 28.
dh, n.
d,
th,
d,
treatment
reason the euphonic
lingual mutes are said
as
drawn back
the English (or rather
pronounced.
In
attempt to distinguish
t,
dh,
equivalents of our so-called dentals
*
derivative,
(The palatal
and
tip of the tongue turned up
of the palate,
American) smooth
33.
this
with the compound
th,
t,
be uttered with the
into the
is
two successive stages
respects peculiar.
as in church and judge.
3.
gutturals.
the corresponding degrees of corruption of g are
both represented by
of
difficulty,
be taken up in detail.
n.
gh,
being generated by the corruption of original
mute
one of great
is
aspirates are not double letters.
The
31.
;
of
pronunciation of this entire group
and
It is
pronounce both classes of aspi-
scholars to
d like
and so on.
These are practically the
n.
t,
d,
practice
them from
d,
n*
But the Hindus generally use Unguals to represent the English
dentals; thus, <?JUsg«I landana - 'London.',
Introduction.
]
34.
Labials: p, ph,
5.
valents of the English p,
These are exactly the equi-
m.
m.
b,
B. Semivowels:
35.
b, bh,
r,
y,
v.
I,
The
1.
palatal semivowel y
stands in the closest relationship with the vowel
i
(short or long):
the two exchange with one another in cases innumerable.
than our
y.
36.
2.
The
r is clearly a lingual sound.
the English smooth
37.
3.
38.
the
4.
The
is
I
The
like this
It
thus resembles
seems to have been
a sound of dental position, quite as
—
same
syllable,
when
to
it
sounds like English w;
practice (with or without
same
ustrictly the v stands related to an
But
same exception).
an i-vowel: that
is,
it is
a w- sound in the
sense, or perhaps more like the ou in French
English
rules of Sanskrit
euphony
affecting this
(German w)
sounds
a v- sound
:
'
th
f^ot-r.
-
C. Sibilants:
39.
The
no semivowel, but a spirant, like the English
*ri ,?/<;*.;. C &rtJlf~.
otA r fer»;*Af*A
ne
€ -tour
is
Af
and/.
dental,
out.
sound, and the name "semi-
vowel", have no application except to such a w-sound
A
in Euglish.
when preceded by a consonant
except
scholars follow the
vowel precisely as y
untrilled.
pronounced as English or French v by
labial v is
in the
and European
and
r,
modern Hindus
(except r)
the
Very
y had everywhere more of an i-character
the Sanskrit
probably
and exactly
p,
like
s,
s.
1.
The
s
is
of plain character: a
the English s (as in
lesson
—
never as
in ease).
40.
2.
The
It is, therefore,
as
s is the sibilant
pronounced
in the lingual position.
a kind of s^-sound, and by Europeans
ordinary English
sh,
no attempt
being made
is
pronounced
to give
it
its
proper lingual quality.
41.
It is the
3.
The
y is
by
all
native authorities described as palatal.
usual sh- sound of English, though the Hindus
are said
11
Introduction.
to
speak
it
somewhat
variously pronounced
perhaps oftener as
All three sibilants are always surd.
43.
D. Aspiration:
This
euphony of the language
is
in
some few cases from dh or
c,
ing,
a
h.
The
(in
the
E. Yisarga:
final h-
sound
h
true value in the
its
It is
appears to include in
It
g.
sense of h), uttered in the
European
The
s
The anusvdra, n
lacking that closure of the organs
nasal mute; in
its
utterance there
some degree of openness of
or
which
to,
visarga
which
46.
indicate
is
Two
not
r.
is
a nasal sound
required to
is
is
or
make a
nasal resonance along with
is
the mouth.
European scholars give
the anusvdra the value of the nasal in the French -an, -on,
etc.,
gh,
itself
appears to be merely a surd breath-
for final
original, but always a mere substitute
F. Anusvara.
not an original
most cases from an older
vowel.
articulating position of the preceding
45.
sh.
one corresponding with that of k
the other with that of k to
44.
in
bh.
two stages of corruption of gh:
to
But
h.
that of a sonant.
sound of the language, but comes
is
it
usually pronounced like the
is
ordinary European surd aspiration
than as
s
42.
h.
By Europeans
nowadays.
differently
—
-en, -in,
a mere nasal coloring of the preceding vowel.
different signs,
Jl
and
2L,
Most commonly
the anusvdra.
are used in the
_1
is
employed;
not often be met with in printed texts, except to
mark
MSS.
to
2L will
the change
of a nasal mute to anusvdra before a following semivowel, particularly
47.
milated
I;
It
thus, HT^lf
is
^WT't.
tdnl labdhdn.
Cf. § 139.
convenient in transliteration to distinguish the assi-
to (in all
more independent
cases)
by a
special sign
origin, represented
by
n.
to,
from the anusvdra
of
12
Introduction.
Light and Heavy Syllables.
For metrical purposes
48.
tinguished as 'heavy' and 'light'.
syllables
A
(not vowels) are dis-
syllable is
heavy
if its
vowel
long, or short and followed by more than one consonant ("long
is
by
Visarga and anusvara are here counted as
position ").
sonants.
The
full
con-
aspirated mutes, of course, do not count as double
letters.
Changes of Sounds.
49.
The changes
to
Guna and
Vrddhi.
which both the vowels and the consonants
of Sanskrit, are subject are very numerous.
Among
the vowel-
changes, the most regular and frequent are the so-called guna and
vrddhi,
50.
which are of frequent occurrence
The following
Simple vowels
in derivation
table exhibits these changes:
and
inflection.
13
Introduction.
as
it
sometimes expressed, ^J a
is
is its
own guna; ^n & remains
unchanged for both guna and vrddhi.
The guna- increment does
53.
consonant:
become
%
e.
f%t^
g.,
tit
may become %<^
cet,
and
cent or
ipBV
wenrf or
in
nl
«ft
but f^«fT tint or fa«^ mntf or iffa 7'w
ne;
become ^fnfV
54.
not, except in exceedingly rare
take place in a heavy syllable (see § 48) ending
instances,
may
quently,
making-up
words from
of single
of suffixes and endings, and in the formation of
—
by the union of two or more stems
greatest frequency
the language
is
in Sanskrit.
handed down
not
^^N jev.
Other changes of vowels and consonants occur very
in the
a
may
by
roots,
compound words
of the
a process
form
very
in
which
the literature, the
words
Furthermore,
to us
fre-
by means
in the
composing a sentence or paragraph are adapted to and combined
with each other by nearly the same rules as those which govern the
making
of compounds, so
that
it
understand the simplest sentence
those rules.
The most important
is
in
impossible to take apart and
Sanskrit without understanding
of the rules for such combination
will be given piecemeal in the lessons.
Roots and Stems.
55.
A
application
supposed.
knowledge on the student's part of the meaning and
of the
terms root, stem, personal ending,
The formative processes by which both
forms and derivative stems are made,
to bases
etc.,
is
pre-
inflectional
by the addition of endings
and roots, are more regular and transparent
in
Sanskrit
than in any other Indo-European language.*
In the present work, which aims preeminently to give the
considerable practical acquaintance with the language
student
within a brief compass of lessons, not every given form will be
explained by analysis. But wherever any explanation of forms is
given,
it
will of course be according to this
method.
14
Introduction.
Accent
56.
of
all
The phenomena of
accent are, by the
Hindu grammarians
ages alike, described and treated as depending on a variation
of tone or pitch; of any difference of stress involved, they
These accents are marked only
no account.
and employed only
in their recitation,
nowadays by Hindus
undenoted
stress.
in
The
whereas the accents used
the pronunciation of Sanskrit (and left
in
writing) are
mainly ictus-accents,
principles of the latter system
appendix.
The
portance;
the latter none whatever;
i.
variations of
in
and only the older system
Here
it
will
be enough to state
A
two: a higher, or acute; and a lower, or grave.
of actual
third,
called
origin, being ordinarily the result
always of secondary
is
combination of an acute vowel and a grave vowel into
syllable.
It is
uniformly defined as compound in pitch, a union
of higher and lower tone within the limits of a single syllable.
is
an
the primary tones or accent-pitches of the older system are
svarita,
one
e.
will be given
older system of accents has great etymological im-
will be referred to in the following.
that
make
Vedic texts,
in certain
thus identical in physical character with the
circumflex,
Whenever,
finition,
and
fully
entitled
in the sequel,
the acute accent
signated by
accent
is to
It
Greek and Latin
to
be called by the same name.
is
mentioned, without further de-
be understood; and
will
it
be de-
the ordinary acute sign.
Conjugation of Verbs.
57.
The Sanskrit verb
exhibits the closest analogy with that
of Greek, being developed in tense-systems, as outgrowths of certain
tense-stems.
In the older stage of the language,
called Vedic period,
the
i.
e.
in
the
so-
modal ramifications of each tense -stem
are as numerous as in Greek; but in the later stage, the Sanskrit
proper (also called the classical language),
these outgrowths have
Introduction.
been lopped
off to so
15
very great an extent,
that with one insigni-
ficant exception, the precative or aorist optative,
system
There
58.
which we
call
only the present-
any modal variety whatever.
retains
still
a simple or ordinary conjugation of verbal roots,
is
primary;
and there are certain more or
less fully
developed secondary or derivative conjugations (§ 69).
59. Voices.
There are two
throughout the
voices, active
and middle, which extend
whole system of conjugation.
system alone there
is
outside that system,
For
and sometimes even within
An
be used likewise in a passive sense.
active
middle form, atmane
conjugated
in
present-
padam 'word
for one's
are liable to
it,
form
Hindu grammarians parasmdi padam 'word
the
the
a special passive inflection; the middle forms
is
Some
self.'
called
by
for another'; a
verbs
are
both voices, others in one only; sometimes some of
the tenses are inflected only in one voice, others only in the other
voice, or in both
;
of a verb usually inflected in one voice sporadic
forms of the other occur; and sometimes the voice
verb
is
compounded with
60.
differs as the
certain prepositions.
Persons and Numbers.
There are
three
persons:
first,
second, and third; and, as with substantives, adjectives, and pro-
nouns, three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. All these persons
and numbers
the
first
61.
we
The
tense and
and as
we
are
^o^uou, the verb aino,
M<tfa bhdvati (3rd
wont
etc.,
to
— except
that
person what
so the Hindus use for instance
sing. pres. indie, of
j
bhu) to signify the whole
of forms in the native
grammar, as Xeyw, or
Greek or Latin.
first
speak of the verb Xeyuj,
system of verbal forms from that root, since
in
mode
native grammarians denote as the
call the third;
the verb
made from every
are
persons of the imperative are really subjunctive forms.
^^fa
sp-^ofxxi,
The Hindus even make
heads the
list
or amo, does
substantives out of
'
Introduction.
16
such catchword forms, and
inflect
them according to the needs of
expression.
62. In
the following,
indicated
by the 3rd
the root
thus,
63.
;
V
the
sing.
bhu
conjugation -class of verbs will be
pres.
ind.,
placed in parenthesis after
(*r^"frT bhdvati).
Tenses and modes.
The scheme
of tenses and
modes put
by the Hindus holds good only for the later language, and
forth
even there utterly confounds the ideas of mode and tense.
64.
Sanskrit
The only
is
shown
logical
in the
arrangement of the modes and tenses in
following table (which includes only the
classical speech):
I.
Present -System:
d. Optative,
II.
III.
e.
a. Indicative,
b. Imperfect,
c.
Imperative.
Participle.
Perfect- System,
a. Indicative,
b. Participle.
Aorist Systems (of triple formation),
tative (sometimes
a. Indicative,
b.
Op-
= "Precative").
IV. Future Systems.
A. Sibilant Future,
a. Indicative, b. Preterit(= "Conditional'').
c. Participle.
B. Periphrastic Future, a. Indicative.
65.
The
tenses here distinguished as imperfect,
aorist receive those
names from
their
perfect,
in
correspondence
and
mode
of
formation with tenses so called in other languages of the family,
especially in Greek, and
not at all from any differences of time
designated by them.
In no period of the Sanskrit
there any expression
of imperfect or pluperfect
perfect time, except in the older language,
this value;
in
the later speech,
rare use) are so
many
language
time
—
nor
is
of
where the "aorist" has
imperfect, perfect,
and
aorist (of
undiscriminated past tenses or preterits.
17
Introduction.
Verbal Adjectives and Substantives.
66.
The
Participles.
participles belonging to the tense-systems
have been already indicated
in the table at
§64. There
is,
a participle formed directly from the root of the verb,
Moreover,
and passive
of past
prevailingly
future passive
different formations,
(sometimes
participles,
or
is
meaning.
neuter)
gerundives,
besides,
which
of several
are made, but without connection with the
future-stems.
67.
The
Infinitive*
classical Sanskrit
has a single
infinitive.
really an accusative case of a verbal noun, having nothing
It is
whatever
68.
to
do with the tense-systems.
A
Gerund.
frequent, and
so-called gerund, or absolutive,
like the infinitive,
is,
is
especially
a stereotyped case -form (in-
strumental) of a derivative verbal noun.
value
Its
that of an
is
indeclinable active participle, with indeterminate, but oftenest past,
temporal force.
Secondary Conjugations.
69.
2.
The secondary
Intensive;
3.
conjugations are as follows:
Desiderative;
4.
Passive;
1.
In these, not the
Causative.
simple root, but a conjugation-stem, underlies the whole system
of inflections.
Yet
a present-system,
tion;
the passive
70.
Under
in
them
expanded
is
all is
into a
plainly visible the character of
more or
less
palpably a present-system.
the
complete conjuga-
Compare
same general head belong:
5.
§
58—59.
Denominative
conjugation, which results from the conversion of noun-stems, both
substantive and adjective, into conjugation-stems; 6.
jugation,
Compound con-
resulting from the prefixion of prepositions to
from the addition of auxiliary verbs to noun-stems and
;
7.
roots,
or
Periphrastic
conjugation, from the looser combination of auxiliaries with verbal
nouns and adjectives.
Perry, Sanskrit Primer.
n
18
Introduction.
The
71.
verb-form
of
characteristic
is
its
a
proper
By
personal ending.
(i.
or personal)
finite
e.
determined
this alone is
its
character as regards person and number, and in part also as regards
mode
and
But the
tense.
mainly made by
of
distinctions
mode and
the formation of
mode and
tense are
tense-stems, to which,
instead of to the bare root, the personal endings are
appended.
Conjugation
Of
72.
portant and prominent part.
quent than those of
manner
in
as being their
this,
is
the im-
forms are very much more fre-
Its
As
the other systems together.
all
also great variety in the
made
Classes.
whole conjugation, the present -system
the
present-stems,
-
which
different roots
most conspicuous
the basis of their principal classification;
there
is
form their
difference,
and a verb
is
is
said
to
be of
this
in
which
its
present-stem
73.
Of
these conjugation- classes there are nine, including the
or that conjugation, or class, according to the
which
passive,
is
really
way
made.
is
The
a present-system only.
first
five
exhibit coincidences enough to justify their inclusion into one con-
jugation,
and the remaining four
conjugation.
The
compose likewise a second
will
chief distinctions between the
two groups are
as follows:
74.
In the first,
the classes have in
mental characteristic, a
personal ending,
now upon
goes a variation
this
in
when
the accent
:
the stem itself,
is
common,
the tone
as
is
rests
upon
it,
their funda-
now upon
the root or the class-sign.
form when the accent
fuller,
form
shift of accent
the
Along with
which has a stronger, or
and a weaker, or
on the ending.
We
briefer^
distinguish
these
forms as the strong and the weak stem-forms respectively.
75.
In
the second conjugation, on the
contrary,
the
accent
has a fixed place, remaining always upon the same syllable of the
19
Introduction.
stem, and never being shifted to the endings
weak forms
strong and
is
unknown.
;
and the distinction of
Moreover, the present-stem
of every verb in the four classes of this conjugation ends in
There are also other points of
The
76.
^
a.
difference.
classification current
among
the Hindu, and hitherto
among
the
classes,
arranged according to no intelligible principle whatever.
The
European
grammarians comprises ten conjugation-
,
native "tenth class"
i.
causative,
e.
is
limits of the present-system.
all
really
no present-class
at all,
but a
a derivative conjugation, which extends beyond the
Probably the
by no means
fact that
conjugation- stems formed by the causative sign had really a
causative
value induced the natives to adopt such a present- class.
The Hindu scheme
77.
The Hindu
also quite omits the passive.
first,
sixth, fourth,
and tenth classes form the so-
called first conjugation of their scheme,
which corresponds, except as
The remainder
regards the tenth class, with our second conjugation.
of the classes form the natives' second conjugation, which agrees
in the
main with our
78.
The
first.
classes are then as follows:
First Conjugation.
I.
The
root-class
present-stem
\h
is
'sacrifice';
III.
^1^
its
ad, 'eat';
class
(third
or
/m-class)
;
the
rool
is
dada from Ida,
'give'.
nasal class (seventh or rudh-d&ss); a nasal, extended
to the syllable
na [na]
consonant of the root
^V
of the Hindus);
form the present- stem; thus, *fW juhu from \'\ hu,
^^T
The
orf-class,
dvis, 'hate'.
The reduplicating
reduplicated to
or
coincident with the root itself; thus,
'go'; f^TO
II.
(second
in
;
strong forms,
is
inserted before the final
thus, ^«tr rundh (or
^ZOV
runadh) from
rudh, 'hinder'.
9*
20
Introduction.
IV.
added
The
a.
ww-class
A
b.
very small number
root not so ending
it is
from l/<f^
weak
is
^
inflected
u alone to form the
the eighth or tan- class of the
Hindu gram-
best ranked as a sub-class, the u-class; thus,
<T5T
tanu
tan, 'stretch.'
The
V.
in
is
nu
of roots (only half-a-dozen) ending
'make'), add
kr,
(efi
This
present-stem.
«f
j/^J su, 'press.'
and also one very common and irregularly
already in «^ n,
marians;
or su- class); the syllable
(fifth
H«I sunu from
to the root; thus,
nd- class (ninth or kri- class);
sftllH krini)
added
is
forms, «ft ni)
from \'^\
kri,
the syllable «fT nd (or,
to the root; thus, SJffan krlnd (or
See note**,
'buy'.
p. 32.
Second Conjugation.
The
VI.
accent,
is
or unaccented a-class
a-class,
the added class-sign
is
a simply
and the
;
(first
root,
strengthened by guna throughout,
taking guna (see §§ 52—53);
1^
thus,
if
or &M-class);
which bears the
it
be capable
of
bhdva (through the inter-
mediate stage bho-a) from y vbhu, 'be.'
VII.
The
a-class,
the added class-sign
accent,
7Tq[
or accented a-class (sixth or tud- class)
is a,
as in the preceding class; but
and the unaccented root
tudd from
VIII.
The
!
\
thus,
systems;
in
a class-sign
though
it
differs
;
ya
is
added to the
d\<H divya from l'^fa^ dlv (by
div), 'play.'
IX. The passive conjugation
having
not strengthened by guna; thus,
ya- class (fourth or ofty-class)
Hindus given as "fe^
only,
which
is
also properly a present-system
is
not extended into the other
markedly from the remaining classes
having a specific meaning, and in being formable from
sitive verbs, but
;
has the
Tfir tud, 'thrust.'
root, which has the accent;
the
is
it
with endings of the middle voice only.
all
tran-
It
forms
21
Introduction.
stem by adding an accented yd to the root; thus, from j'^TCT ad,
its
adyd; from j/^ff rudh, ^pzr rudhyd.
^JTir
Roots are not wholly
79.
to
even in the later language,
limited,
one mode of formation of their present-stem, but are sometimes
reckoned as belonging to two or more different conjugation-classes.
80.
The verbs
of our second conjugation
simplicity of formation
and
and numerous than those of our
first; their
be given before those of our
fore
show much
greater
and are far more frequent
inflection
paradigms will there-
first.
Prepositions and Prepositional Prefixes.
81.
more
Prepositions, or,
speaking, adverbial prefixes,
strictly
are used with verbs quite as frequently in Sanskrit as in Greek;
and more than one
anu
^l«J
may
be prefixed.
Thus when v'^V budh
TjT9f
-f-
is
given in the vocabulary, this signifies that the preposition
is
prefixed to the proper verbal form; and the 3rd sing. pres.
ind. act. of the
+ ^^-^TT
(or
verb would then be ^Sf«T^t\jf?f anubodhati; so dhd
^WT) sam-d,
rules prevailing in
Greek
The
3rd sing.
^mi^VJTfrT samadadhati.
for the prefixion of prepositions, etc., to
verbal forms will be found to hold good in Sanskrit.
82.
the
There
is
in Sanskrit
no proper class of prepositions
modern sense of the term); no body of words having as
exclusive office the
more
fully
But many adverbial
way which approximates them
"government" of nouns.
words are used with nouns
to the
in
a
developed prepositions of other languages.
are used prepositionally along with
all
the noun-cases,
dative (and of course the nominative and vocative).
their
office
is
(in
their
directive
only, determining more
strengthening, the proper case-use of the noun.
But
Words
except the
in general
definitely,
or
Introduction.
22
Declension.
The
83.
declension of substantives and that of adjectives cor-
of words must be treated
respond so closely that the two classes
here as in the kindred languages
84.
the other hand, exhibit
The pronouns and numerals, on
together.
many
striking peculiarities.
There are three numbers, singular,
Numbers and Genders.
dual, and plural; and the usual three genders, masculine, feminine,
The
and neuter.
Greek, where
85.
Cases.
following order
it
:
is
is
much more
used
in
appears
The
a moribund
extensively
state.
and vocative.
The
object sought in the arrange-
cases which are
simply to set next to one another those
one number or another,
form; and, putting the nominative
first,
Stems
few others
in
^TTd,
substantives and adjectives
I,
I.
Stems
in
is
^
a.
II.
for convenience
may
Stems
in
\i
and
^ u.
and ^? u: namely, A. radical- stems, and a
them; B. derivative stems.
IV. "Stems in
V. Stems in consonants.
In stems ending in consonants,
Strong and weak cases.
and those
form
%
inflected like
^g[ r (or ^J"^ or).
87.
there
attained.
the uses of the cases in detail see Wli. §§ 267—305.
their vowels in forming their present-stems;
syllables (§53), gunate
J-* e
~> ^
jft
I
'
faji and «ftni
e. g.,
****
rfro
and
form %c^
^t bho;
cet
and
With
98.
fc>
^ff
^t^
ar with
WSTR!i%«-^; 1 °^
>l
Roots
99.
f^<^
*orf/f;
%
*jq"^
7<e
—
^
>'
3" dru and *1
smar; f^ft^
oT^ vrs forms
the class- sign tQ a, a final
unites to form ^STO aya
^f ava; ^fT
rm %./e an d
smr forms
Wm
in consonants:
form
wars.
see § 159; so ^ff o with
bkdvati; ^T smr
Mw
and ^\^ budh
of the gunated root
TJ e
a yields ^n; ara.
c#, %rTf?T cetati: efq
^^
cit
Thus,
^
« becomes
f^ ji,
W^m
3rd sing.
smarati.
3rd sing. ^farf?T bodha'i
^ST^ 6wdA,
wrs,
cmfrT
;
vdrsati.
*
The superior figures indicate the position in the Sanskrit
sentence of equivalents for the words so designated. By this indiaiao
s pyojdej tne necessity of applying euphonic rules wh.ch
-
,,
96.
,
Force
„
l resent
<>
ini (b
en stated.
of words in Sanskrit
meaning of the sentence.
is
very
From
the
.
^r of
narration
The order
influences the
.
i
("histori
words required
Words
/
in Ital
;
M
in the
Sanskrit sentence will
are QOt t0 be trans i ate d.
Lesson
The
100.
The
101.
The
roots IPR^
gdccha and
If^
root
HvQ
^J^
sac/,
'hide',
Several roots in
102.
a.
final
pa f^f?T
pibati
t5U
^^^
Ace.
;
^"?RF^
;
RPH9{ phalanx
jighrati.
a.
v
Plural.
devdu
devas
\^TT^
^^T'l, devdn
Tfffi
Je</«* farr.)
phala, 'fruit'.
n% phale
(a
+ 1)
lMlf«1 phaldni
»
»
r>
—-v
"
t*
phala.
As a
3rd sing, frf8(d
"
deva
b. Neuters:
*
^
sthd,
fayfd
„
N.
Ttf^f
^fT
1JT ghrd
%^
devam
^
Voc.
a form their present-stem by a
thus,
Dual.
devas
Voc.
Ace.
the present-stem ^fte sida.
Masculines: <*^ deva, 'god'.
Singular.
N.
the present-stems
*I«frl guhati.
Masculines and Neuters in
103.
yam make
makes
'sit',
makes
peculiar process of reduplication
ththati**; TTT
7f1{
ydccha*.
root ^fT
at/A,
gam and
27
II.
-
l
rule, the
<*^
<% a-//
Ae* 1* "*'">** soc^f.'c
grammarians do not allow
^ ch
to stand in
that form after a
vowel, but require it to be doubled, becoming
aspirate is doubled by prefixing the corresponding
An
x§g" cch.
non-aspirate. Cf. § 165.
**
The dental sibilant
immediately
"a k or T t
f/d^lTd
"S th
s is changed to the lingual H «, if
preceded by any vowel save ^Sf a and tJIT a, or by
s be final, or followed by "^ r. Thus,
unless the
—
^
ti-stha-ti
— a process
becomes
o
own
fjfgffff tisthati (the
—
<*|ftlM
of ^T
th
s ibii an t.
by anusvdra, does not prevent
thus, ^cHffq havimi.
in the initial
And
ff%^ havu-su or
^Tfa:*|
its
altering effect
its
upon
the alteration takes place
of an ending after the final "8
the iatter be regarded as also changed to
vtso rga; thus,
to
will
nasalization of the alterant vowel, or in other words,
jg followed
havis-su
change
be explained below). So
agnisu; and V*nHT dhanus-d becomes
of assimilation
^rf^TO agni-su becomes
\HMI dhanusd.
The
^
H
s
s
of a stem, whether
or as converted into
havih-su instead of
fftT^J
5-*$
28
Force of
104.
MomAce.
Lesson
2.
The
accusative
cases.
II.
The nominative
1.
casus mbjectivus.
is
casus objectivus, denoting chiefly the nearer or
is
sometimes however the more remote, object; sometimes also
direct,
the terminus
ad
and extent of time and space.
quern,
Euphonic combination of vowels.
105.
or^a+^lor
^f a
1.
=
"31T
^fa
e. g. l[r{J
"^ff-
gata api
= IfTTfa gataJpi.
2.
^or^fl+S;
3.
=
=
=
+
or ^IT
^3>
g.
TOTT +
^
tfTT^ =
ifftfftgateZii.
+ ^r{
e.g. iffU
o.
uta
e.
a,r.
rnaha +
UfT
g.
^-rfa: rsih
e
TJ
or
TJ
a/
=
t[
e.
at.
T[<{\
g.
+
^
ewa
Jfrfa gatdi 'ua.
will
It
+
-
osadhih
106.
e.
S=
+ ^J T = ^TJ
"9HT
^1 or ^TT
6.
o
^
X[e.
*T^"fa. maharsih.
^
5.
at-
+
"?rr
m or
Tfftfl gatoHa.
"% or
4.
CX+ e
or
"^T
ort^i =
*
^
o or -^ft
a« = ^ft au.
be
the
e.
g. 3T7TT
+ ^qfvr.
''sadhih.
Jlfff^f^H gafau
practice
in
everywhere
this
work
to
separate independent words in transliteration, but not in the deva-
nagarl text;
by an
double
%\
and
with
coalesced
if
a
—
apostrophe
if
it
an
initial
vowel of a following word has
of the preceding,
final
single if the initial
be indicated
will
this
vowel be the shorter,
be the longer, of the two different
initials
To
every case of combination yield the same result.
which
in
aid the be-
at
ginner,
a
point
will
sometimes be placed,
in
the
devanagarl,
under a long vowel formed by two coalescing vowels; thus, ^rfa•nO*!!'IJi agnina 'rtnam.
Vocabulary
Verbs,
1&{ gam
VTT
ghrd
a- class
:
fSfiji (tr.
{gdechati) go.
j|
r^-
II.
and
dru run.
•ft nl lead, guide.
(jighraii) smell.
/
conquer, to
intr.)
'<}******
the
/
'
(
nij/**'
^
Lesson
XH
pet (pibati) drink.
9f
bhu become, be,
Tff^
yam
gTf
vrs
rain,
TfH
e.
fciuix^i
rain;
s th®
stand
Subst.
nrpa king.
•TXf
Neut. :
(fig.)
overwhelm.
(tisthati)
^H"^ kxira milk.
*r^ grha house.
^^ jala
(intr.).
Masc:
he O, ho.
Exercise
^iTf^T
^n fsrarfa i^pr:
7n ^%
*R<!:
1
Two houses
think
2
village
fall
The
21.
.
fruits
1
elephants
*
i
*i
^
2
.
18.
1
live
Final
2
?^
.
*\T*k\*\:
^ttt.
The
25.
m
is
<rt
w*
2
gives
20.
(accus.).
1
i
The king 3
The god 3
The man 3
i
Ri^ra fxRfTf 5^:
smell
3
II
1
commonly
rain
i
i
^
i
<k
i
<*8 n
2
leads the elephant
water
1
19.
.
Ye
1
.
2
1
.
both
The king 3 wins 2
the perfume
reverences" the gods
gods"' give
^fai
ttrt
^tf^fT •pn:
16.
.
two elephants
23.
.
II.
*
*pN ^Mifa
on (?U) the two gods 1
1
cook 2
<=io
i
i
i
The man 1 drinks 3 milk 2
15.
17.
^
I
q
i
present.
city.
Interj.:
^
village.
^rpi
gift,
•TTT nagara
J[9^ gandha odor, perfume.
^t^t
water.
dana
^TT
gaja elephant.
TTW grama
and homo).
(vir
tr^ pnira son.
smr remember, think on.
^rj
3T5J
exist,
give
;
man
•T^ nara
1
(ydechati) furnish, give.
shower down
29
II.
the
22.
.
24.
They
The two
C^T).
written as
anusvdra
if
the fol-
lowing word begins with a consonant; but the Hindus pronounce
it as
m in such cases. At the end of a sentence anusvdra should
<R[
at be written for ?^
m, though
this is
a habit
common
in the
MSS.
Final radical ?^ m, in internal combination, is assimilated to a
following mute or spirant. In the former case it becomes the nasal
—
class with the mute; in the latter it becomes anusvdra.
n jime
idical «^ n, in internal combination, becomes anusvdra betne
•
mS6 ibilant.
hav
30
Lesson
III.
Lesson
Accented
Yerbs.
107.
III.
Roots of
a'-class.
H
present-stem by adding an accented
The
gunated.
of these stems
inflection
form
this class
d to the root, which
is
like
precisely
their
is
that
not
of
stems belonging to the preceding class, except as to the position
of the accent
Neuters follow exactly the declension of masculines in the
above cases
;
thus, Xfi%«T phalena, QtWTtl pbaldya, etc.
Lesson
Force of cases.
112.
1.
The
31
III.
instrumental answers the questions i>*^
wherewith? and whereby? and expresses accompaniment, agent,
or means.
It is also
2.
The
dative denotes the remoter object, and direction. D"?-
used as dativus commodi ; very frequently also to denote
Sometimes (and
end or purpose.
predicative, in the sense of
it is
ablative answers the question
cause.
4.
belonging
The
genitive
oftenest with copula omitted)
'makes
casus adjectivus,
is
or understood,
Greek.
'
as the ablative
e
is
i
>
The
fll>i.
kinds of $*"•
5.
The
lo-
*<><.•
when, an action occurs.
used in Latin and the genitive
nus siH t,i c-0*>r\.
(?*"£?£.
Verbs, a-class:
^TO
^Jff
krs (krsdti) plough.
ksip
(ksipdti)
^T5f
hurl,
sic
srj
drop
let
(srjdti)
go;
create,
connections) wash,
die (diedti)
a-class:
show, point out.
(guhati, § 10I) hide, conceal.
T$Z sad
vie (viedti) enter.
Subst.
drip,
cast, Sjpr (sprcAli) touch; (in certain
Tf^prach (prcchdti) ask, ask about. 1[%guh
f^TT
(sinedti)
moisten.
throw.
fTT\
III.
ffjT^
(icchdti) wish, desire.
is
f%pj
*
r> i
Vocabulary
(sidati,
I0I) sit.
§
^TsT hasta hand.
Masc:
kata mat.
Nent.:
^*ft kunta spear.
%"^
ksetra field.
"^T^f bala> child, boy.
\J«T
dhuna money,
^"PT marga road, way,
%^f megha cloud.
IJ"^
3.
often used absolutely, in agreement with a participle expressed
It is
efi'J
all
denoting
objectivus, partitivus).
(e. g. gen. subjectivus,
cative denotes the place where, or the time
in
tends toward'.
for,
whence ?^ and very frequently denotes
cava arrow.
street.
^fT^H
riches.
langala plough.
f^TO visa poison.
T^sukha fortune
.,„«.*/
'
H csf*
.**»"•
Lesson
32
Exercise
it*
m
i
^nft: ^ir
wftr
i
clouds
4
drop
roads
fa;o
1
men money
3
2
hands
2
2
i
<w
2
i
*nft
-pt frar*:
T*re;
i
n
3
on the
fields
The man's
19.
.
iprf*r^fnT itt:
i
the city
(instr.) into
1
of the clouds
with water
23.
(TO).
^t
i
i
«R
i
i
1
.
22.
The taw boys 3
1
2
sit
21.
.
1
Both men
point out
4
w
\
g^W
it:
4
on mats
We
lead
4
wash 3
their
the road
2
16.
The
The two men 1 go 4
The king4
18.
sons
17.
(loc).
.
I-
i
i
n
2
3
^
^z #^r:
<*8
iTT**[wf7r ^r:
2
1
3
asks the men about the road (ace).
water
the water
give
i
i
The boy4
1
i
III.
\*m i%t *prfa e
^rrft: f^rfar
15.
%
fire<r: I "«
*n^fa <^
*n3f
^
f^rfTT
srer
IV.
III.
3
gives
3
20.
.
(use
sons
the two
The gods4
^JJ\)
2
(dual)
to the city
both
home 3
1
(gen.).
Lesson IV.
Masculines in
113.
^
i.
"3Tfa «</«*> 'fire'.
Plural.
Dual.
Singular.
^T^ agnayas
N. ^rftreL a9nis
A.
^TfrWR^
I.
D.
-4IM'4|
Ah^C^
agnibhydm
agnaye
agues
agnibhis
agnibhyas
r
n
•n
^^rfqf^^
^rfq«I^
1)
^'•fHlH agnlnam
L.
^|M1 agnau
*
**
n
agnisu*
See note
«l
if
to § 102.
dental nasal
n,
a vowel,
turned into the lingual
preceded in the same word by the lingual sibilant or semi[ D xf ?)
abo» s
or ^[ r: and this, not
J,
r, ^J f,
The
or bv
""»
^jf^J
^
n or Jf
in
_
or ^f
y
when immediately followed by
w or
^
y
v.
is
>
v
r v»*i
33
Lesson IV.
Neoters in
114.
^
Dual.
Singular.
N. ^ifT
A.
v<^
«1
D.
f\<l!
I
«|
n
I
vdrind*
»
L.
«dfXfUj vdrini
v.
^nr y<5re
115.
r>
„
^rfr
y<^
cUf^f^^
n
<<
1
»
0^1*1
warffmm
vdrim
<||P^li
n
Masculine and neuter adjectives
in the dat.,
r»
vdribhis
cflPl^H. vdribhyas
»
»
the substantives above.
may,
»
TTfTTlft^ vdrinos
«
or
»
vdrini
»
»
«TTf^^Tf^ vdribhydm
Ab. cUfiUlH. carinas
G.
^lOHU
w
f\^! vdrine
1
Plural.
vdrini
cUf^uH
d
n
I-
vari, 'water'.
^TTT
?'.
T
in
are declined like
i
t-~*dS'
But neuter adjectives (never substantives)
abl., gen.,
and
loc.
sing.,
and the gen. and
loc.
dual, substitute the corresponding forms of masculines.
116.
Euphonic changes of
^
s
and
These two sounds
"^ r.
stand to each other in the practical relation, in external combination,
of corresponding surd and sonant: in countless cases
"^ r in situations requiring
and, less often, "^ r becomes
internal combination the
is
extremely
117.
A. Final
nant (except
—
unless,
only
at
if
common
f
r
indeed,
it
^
where
s
two are
1.
becomes
s
a surd
is
required.
far less interchangeable.
as an etymological final,
^C. s.
—
^
or favoring the occurrence of a sonant;
the r not
In
The
s
common.
Before a sonant, either vowel or conso- $•**
see below),
^
s is
be preceded by
^S(
changed
a or
to the
^STT
sonant
d; thus,
41
Tr
fa^
the altering letter stands immediately before, the nasal, but
whatever distance before the
latter
it
may
be found: unless, in-
deed, there intervene a palatal (except If y), a lingual, or a dental.
Thus,
*
•fJfl'^TJJ'
nagareua,
See preceding note.
Perry,
f{\J^ mdrgena,
c ch
j
'
Sanskrit Primer.
fjt
t
m
>j
a
TjT,q"jfx?r
fh
.V
jt
/V
<h
n
I*
J
puspani.
o
34
Lesson IV.
becomes -^jfai^ agnir atra; -4jfaf^ '^f^T ognis
agnis atra
dahati becomes TMfi^c^f^f agnir dahati.
Final
2.
118.
^
short
initial
;
;
It is
119.
which denotes
4,
comma.
Before any
^
as loses its
"^^
a
is
nrpo Hra.
<S^
dropping of an
this
^JJ
T^f^T
v
icchati; <TrT^
initial
^ a,
vowel other than short
initial
becoming simple
s,
occasioned remains; thus, «(lfH
^^fff nrpa
^
initial
the practice in our system of transliteration to render
the sign
3.
and the
W?rf?T nrpas jayati becomes «pft WTfTT nrpo
inverted
120.
—
to ^ft o
changed
thus,
•P?^
«PTC ^T^ nrpas atra = •pft
dropped
jayati
^J^
a, is
See also § 95.
any sonant consonant or before
as, before
d<^<*fls
tatos
by an
final
nR a,
a; and the hiatus thus
«/y<M icchati becomes «TH
udakam =
<fff
3?<fi7^ tata
ucfaknt.
121.
Final
4.
^
any sonant, whether vowel or
as before
^H^
consonant, loses its
becoming simply ^JT «;
s,
thus occasioned remains; thus, •nTT^T
X^$ftH nrpa
icchanti ;
S^f^T
ana<
tne hiatus
nrpas icchanti
•JUTO W^ff^T nrpas jayanti =
•fXTT
= •pn
-alilfWl
nrpa jayanti.
ar-
form which
p*£kyj
^
B. Final
122.
^
s
punar standing
ift^
<7«S
maintains
punar
m ht
123.
,
itself
A
2.
r in general
end of a sentence becomes TT*T punah ;
at the
final
original
"^ r,
punar
double
"^
r
is
to
T r,
is
made long by compensation;
JTT
7T*J*
agnl rocate
first
^
r is omitted,
r
puna rdmah; % f*T^
;
after
^J a or ^(7 « 5
^^
OWd
;
thus,
JpTC^
jayati.
nowhere admitted:
occur, either by retention of an original "^ r or
the
Words are often repeated, to give an intensive, a distributive,
or a repetitional meaning. So here: "at every step". The position of
is very unusual; it would naturally follow 4ll|4g.
^
**
«
JrASf/'
Exercise XV.
*
'^fy-fcjjtt*.
honor, glory (o/ten as
n.,
indecl.,
m., decision^ certainty.
m
;
<*"«*'•.
"VTTf m-, creator.
VH^Q
preserver lord,
master.
m., scamp, rogue. <5fu*jaVm^5n| m., creator.
S^«f
%ff
penance, expiation. pvvi«j*Mj**1fc
n.,
"^f^TH m., protector.
graciousness, pity.
3TTT m., giver; as
5*"g
husband
making.
m., time.
cfitrr f-.
n., step.
m., teacher.
Loc. absol.
—
supply
"
being''.
si/vsta^
Lesson XV. XVI.
68
Let the wife love her husband.
10.
and
their leaders
meet
is to
the creator.
ascetics.
two
his
14.
sisters (instr.).
3
the
,
16.
thee\
12.
At the
river the
The world was
20.
boy
created by
is
given to
the author
Let servants always be useful to (%cTj
For protection
17.
2
protectors
graciousness of the creator.
before
13.
In the houses of pious givers alms
masters (ace).
to the gods
Let the warriors follow
King Bhoja was (^J^cT) generous toward
15.
(loc.) of the eulogies.
their
11.
fight with the enemy (pi).
(ace.)
of the pious
O
19.
The man
4
leads
1
betake yourselves
18.
.
Men
5
by the
live
generous one, the poor bend
his
sisters
the city (pass,
to
constr.).
Lesson XVI.
206.
formed from the general present-stem by the
is
addition of a mode-sign,
ings (in 3rd pi. act.
^•^
ran).
^^
which
after
means of an interposed euphonic
2.
3-
end-
in 3rd pi. mid.
all
voices,
is
%
T( y.
and the
:
^^,
The
t,
or
maintained
TJ is
-*IMIH) b y
"411^1*^,
inflection in the active
as follows:
Dual.
Sing.
1.
secondary
^ a,
the final a to XT e (accented,
according to the accent of the a)
is
mid.
After an a-stem, this mode-sign, in
unchanged before a vowel-ending (^(^,
voice
used
are
us, in 1st sing.
unaccented, which blends with
not,
The
Present Optative Active.
Verbs, a-conjugation.
present optative
«=(^^H vddeyam
^^C
«T<|f(,
vddes
^HH
vddet
^dl*t
Similarly,
cordyeyam,
cf^
vddeva
etc.
fallt^
vigeyam,
vddetam
vddetam
Plural.
"3%*f
^rf
vddema
vddeta
^T^C
Sfffc?{ ndhyeyam,
vddeyus
^\{^\m^
69
Lesson XVI.
The
207.
entreaty;
optative expresses:
what
3.
can or could be.
The
subject
is
optative are very
f.,
Tr|
It
is
na.
«T
2.
request or
what may or might,
also largely used in conditional sentences.
The
negative used
Both the prescriptive and the prohibitive
common.
The nouns
see § 203) gunate
4-f
desirable or proper; 4.
often indefinite and unexpressed.
is
with the opt.
208.
wish or desire;
1.
is
^J
of relationship in
in
^J (except ^*? and
—
•TJf
the strong cases; thus, fxjTT m., 'father',
'mother', declined as follows:
Dual.
Sing.
n.
frjTrr
A.
(MHT*i
twf(
Tmrrr
Plural.
*rnrft
*IHKH
1W W[WI
I.
etc.
V.
etc.
etc.
ftr^^TfT^
209.
The stem
Jf\ m.,
f.,
NV. ^ft^
JJ|4^
yam
I.
TTT
oawa
D.
ife gave
G"-
L.
Plural.
gaus
A.
Ab.
'bull' or 'cow', is declined thus:
Dual.
Sing.
^ft^
jfl^H. gobhyas
gos
»
»
iftHTPH gobhydm
*PFPH gavam
T*faj. 0flwo«
*rf^ aar<
T^gosu
Vocabulary XVI.
B
Verbs:
JT"^ (mdnyate) think, suppose.
?T7 (modate)
lf^
in
rejoice.
(pdnsati)
Vocab.
I.).
proclaim (see also
(smdrati;
member;
pass,
'it is
ditional'.
p.
smarydte)
re-
think of; teach, asp.
taught',
t'n
i.e. 'tra-
70
Lesson XVI.
meal and
Sabst.:
ift
m.,
f->
cow
steer,
bull,
f.,
;
speech.
4\\^
VJT4J ™., fodder,
STTTTC
<|fl£<J
"i-j
f.,
~9G.»X«,T[^F
^rfcra?,
son-in-law.
0:
more,
?fT,
f- 0155rT,
«*m^V|,
as
daughter.
greater,
f.,
VT>
sc.
granting wishes;
the fabulous
Won-
der-cow.
fXT?T m., father; du.,
parents;
pi.,
f.
^U^rfti
badly arranged
°^TT,
or used.
manes.
inftW
f-
greatest.
hay.
mud, bog.
n.,
Brah-
Adj.:
ox-nature; stupidity.
n.,
the
to
gifts
maus.
TTmS-
m., user, arranger.
^\f m., wise man,
^TRI
uiv brother.
^TTff
f.,
%¥,
sage.
7TTO m., month.
f-,
%<^
protection.
it.
by
if.
f«lrt|*^
an oblation to the manes,
accomplanied
she,
Adv. and Conj.:
<H**i n., pair.
'-H\$ n.,
°^T, arranged, used.
^TT, best.
Pron.:
OT
mother.
"?T^P![ n.,
f.
f-
a
sacrificial
^
always, daily.
if.
^4^'cfi well,
properly.
Exercise XVI.
*ft*ff:
chi^^yi* ^tr^r
^rgirr
*ffiTt
^N
**<H
ri^T fti%
^rat ^v:
^rfn
11
m
I
ii
fwt *TRT ^ Wt ^Tf^ ^5^ n
w
* Predicate.
wmT
u«iiit^ iRfr^: ffa
f%r%^r
i
$
i
I
TT T%S"-
fxm^t *n% tt% ^rre *rf|^: 8
Play upon words throughout the
1
verse.
1
Lesson XVI. XVII.
rit
f*mft T%*ri ^^TTt vmit\
wi
^
ii
T%*j:
Rsabhadatta, son-in-law of Nabapana,
and much money were
villages
y^na
*tt*:
«
i
many
coachman bring (^T*W) fodder
ment
the horses.
16.
Of
for the horses
be given (imv.) to the eldest of the brothers.
wood and water
mand.
18.
the milk
two
into the house daily"; thus
Let the cows graze
steers.
21.
The
20.
19.
father's
Let both
The wagon
over the pair
seer rejoices
22.Hari andCiva marry two
steers.
tor-
sisters, the
is
to
"Children, bring
was the
in the forest.
of the black cow.
(instr.)
17.
Let
15.
him not
let
;
Thou
14.
a greater part
the father's property
and
cattle
Brahmans.
given to the
shalt give the mother's jewels to the sisters (opt. or imv.).
the
^
i
ii
By
13.
71
is
com-
live
on
drawn by
(instr.)
of white
daughters of Rama.
Lesson XVII.
Verbs, a- conjugation.
210.
Present Optative Middle.
The
formed as shown
in the
optative middle (and passive) of «-stems
preceding lesson,
is
inflected as follows
,
:
Plural.
Dual.
Sing.
*W*lf^ labhemahi
^nTcrf% Idbhevahi
1.
*Rf*T Idbheya
2.
^Rfarret Idbhethas t^ij<J|V2J|j^ lubheyatham
^pf*^
3.
*RTrT Idbheta
^WTI
Similarly
Declension.
211.
ular,
Thus:
^T*HT
<«H4*Jldl*i Idbheyatdm
Idbhedhvam
Idbheran
coryeya. ^j^T^I^T samgaccheya, etc.
The stem ^T
f.,
'ship, boat',
is
entirely reg-
taking throughout the normal endings, as given in
*fpE(,
^f»^,
etc.
TTfH, TRT,
etc; ^TWT,
•H*illH' etc -?
§ 90.
TH^,
72
Lesson XVII.
212.
The stems ending
iwo well-marked
long vowels
in
classes: A.
root-stems
(^STT,
^)
f^,
fall into
— mostly monosyllabic —
and their compounds) with a comparatively small number of others
them
inflected like
B. derivative feminine stems
;
with a few in ^f, inflected like 5TPTT,
of class
A
of the gen.
"411*^
few exceptions
fern.
pi.
fern.,
words
the simple
"^
as adjectives (rare),
;
of a
1.
in
and
The
in ngfT
root
lose
in ^JTT
f^T-tn
hi.,
%
or
or
is
^fi"
that
which
pi.,
f^^ft
fH^m\m\*{
I.
f^rePTT vigvap-a fapjJTJfat vifvap-os
-pam
%
Roots in
vowel-endings, into Jf
^[IJ
and
s£j{^,
^R
ace.
^HM^,
.
like the nominative.
Plural.
fqi^m^
if
is
Dual.
a.
vowel; but
follows:
'all- protecting':
f.,
Sing.
2.
member
final
treated as
vowel before vowel-endings, except in
N.V. fcjjyun^ -pas
214.
§§ 189, 197);
make up a whole
found as
these root -finals are
the strong cases and in the ace.
Thus,
(in
com-
declension of
in actual use.
When any
compound word,
Roots
not possible to
it is
as nouns with
in adjective
and ^f has been given
f^
are so rare that
scheme of forms
213.
and ^,
^jrr
and with «^ inserted
The simple words are
pounds, they coincide in masc. and fem. forms.
those in
in
^J. The stems
and
take the normal endings throughout, with optional ex-
ceptions in dat., abl.-gen., and loc. sing,
before
*T<?^
f^THEC.
-pau
„
and ^J change
and ^,
if
-pas
„
f^RTTrf'WC
etc.
their final vowel,
two or more consonants precede, the change
Thus,
^J^-9|ft m.,
TJ^f^W;
ace. *sJHM*i-
^5f-^
before
but one consonant precede the
f.,
m.,
is
final
into
'corn-buying': nom.-voc. JfS[-
f.,
'street-sweeper': nom. sing.
73
Lesson XVII.
Vocabulary XVII.
"^^ (rdmate) amuse
Verbs:
f^T
«p?
^S(fV[
-f
cftfty
f*T^
n., trade.
agriculture.
^Tfarai
n., life.
f^ffV m., rule;
command,
fsfglj m.,
qpflj^l
n., cattle-raising.
Adj.:
as
lain.
^f^pJJ' n., eating.
f.
°^Tf> good, pleasant, dear;
n. subst.,
f.
^Tf^rej,
fortune.
un-
doubtful;
o^TT,
steady.
servant.
ni.,
fate.
^J"*TT m., father-in-law.
tr^tf^TTm., domestic priest, chap- "WZ,
^7T3R
n., friend.
n., battle.
lf%
garden.
n.,
f.,
(abl.)',
accomplish.
Subst.:
sftfarT
from
greet with joy JUT + '^•T (anutisthati) follow out,
(ace).
d<^H
oneself.
f^f (virdmati) cease
cease.
poet.
(abhindndati ,
rejoice in,
-tej
+
(praUkmte) expect.
TTfrT
4-
^T^JI n M death.
Exercise XVII.
^^
p^
f^t ^^t ^T*
ITrft^rT
vn rif t fNn: irrprawu *
$<d< *nvfa:
i
^f?^
%«4
i
^
rT^T
i
WTH
I
*
0.
1
i
tf^T ^itrT
i
m
$
for
and passions.
an
frerr
^ifti^w
^t
tiftct ^Tfrftr fa-
i
^ii-^Mi: ^<£n?*n^
i
WT
ascetic,
II
twN^frft-
^rww^T^t^^ *W*i ^ *r*fM
i
ifa gwn^rt;
Rule
Star
srurrrTT:
i
$
*TO
1
^rf *w«to:
\
i
II
^ ^ ^"^
^ ^rgm^r
*f^ nri ire Trffl^ 8
Yms fwr %^Tn
m <WWt
*
i
i
I
^t^rT
«i0
I
who
*=
I
I
^T^TR^TI <*I^MI*i
is to
i
^fift ^TftfHgWSTTII
<W
II
put aside all earthly desires
Lesson XVII. XVIII.
74
Let fodder be brought
12.
for
(^TT-i|)
fortune
may ye
(pi.)',
(^mj
acquire
may meet with
friends
their
13.
The king with
Tell (opt., imv.) where
15.
brothers.
16.
You may amuse
yourselves in the garden, but cease eating (abl. of
misfortune.
18.
20.
imv.) your parents.
the king's
let
To-day
by the house
imv.)
(opt.,
22.
my
the fruits
we two
May we
receive the
is
reward of
both shall greet
(opt.,
should speak untruth, then
May
21.
king.
brave warriors: thus
two sons be consecrated
Ye
19.
-priest.
It
should be punished by the
with
MMW)
Mayest thou be saved by the all-protector from thy
17.
(gen.).
ye see good
May
14.
glory.
his warriors crossed the sea in a ship.
our
imv.) by the brother
(opt.,
horses of the all-protecting king.
the
we
conquer the enemies
I
king's wish (use ^TJ pass.).
the
virtue.
Lesson XVIII.
215.
The
Causative.
ation of causative- stems
some
;
^J.
Most roots
?n makes
A
X(\).
217.
;
j
^
in
^T
and
"^|
(in Less.
VII);
add T^ before the conjugation-
T^P^fa;
initial
^FC,
,
'drink',
and
^
makes
1TM*lfil;
M'itfilfrl (as
T^,
etc.,
with
^f in a light syllable
is
various
commonly
Thus,
But most roots
TJc^,
in ^JJ^,
with other rarer ones, generally keep the
thus, *nn;, *r*ref<r
some-
though from
^Tf\J-^[.
remains unchanged.
-m 41^(71.
vfarfa from
UW^jf^
take the same
^T^TT^Tf?! from
sometimes
«K*t, ofiliHiJd;
TP5
1XJT,
thus.
Medial or
but
^T
from l^T;
3MM4|(dj "^Tand^T* sometimes
few roots
irregularities
ened,
in
thus, ^"PTOfc!
times IJTTOffT, etc.
^^,
be noticed in the form-
to
additional ones follow.
216.
sign
chief points
have been given already
TJ
lengthi
<i
and
tST
q fcT
;
^,
short
;
75
Lesson XVIII.
218.
Final vowels take vrddhi before ^^', thus, W, *TM*lfd;
219.
Some
nominatives
verbs of causative meaning are by formation de-
thus lJMtlf?T, 'protect', called causative to 2TJT; fit-
;
to
iprfTT, to fit; M^RrfTT, to *JT; ^TrHrfa,
220.
For
The
221.
f^.
the passive of causatives, see Less.
causatives of intransitive
X.
verbs are transitive.
causatives of transitive verbs are construed sometimes (a) with
accusatives, sometimes (b) with an
ace.
The
two
of the object and an in-
Thus, "he causes the birds to eat the
strumental of the agent.
cakes" may be rendered
either (a):
fq^n^
fMU^I«V,
H^'*J Id,
or (b) fcffffc fqo 1T<>.
222.
The general
Participles.
(weak form ^fT) for the
tense -stem
a
after
of the
two
"^T's
in
being
active,
^ST,
lost;
mdna,
etc.
<^"3|«fr
For
endings are
for
"il^Vf
the middle.
^f«rl
But
the active suffix is virtually «fT, one
and the middle
cept ^rrT sometimes in causative
Tl^nT tuddnt,
participial
and
forms).
suffix
is
Thus, ^q«rl
fTVH (exbhdvant,
dlvyant, y^\ <*J«rT^ cordyant; \{d(i\\*[ bhdva-
the declension of the participles in
^fT
see below,
Less. XXIII.
223.
exhibits
Pronoun of the First Person. The pronominal declension
some
The pronoun
striking peculiarities which are not easily explained.
of the
first
person
is
declined thus:
Lesson XVIII.
76
224.
The forms
*?,
*TT,
«ft,
are enclitic, and are never
•TCC.
or before the particles ^,
used at the beginning of a sentence,
225.
In pronouns of the
often used for the singular.
show
first
and second persons the plural
a curious tendency to agree
in Sanskrit
is
Pronouns (and other words as well)
in
form with the
predicate rather than with the subject to which they refer.
Vocabulary XVIII.
ff die; caus. (mdrdyati) kill.
Verbs, with causatives:
caus.
tJP^ eat;
(dcdyati)
make Tf&
+
^[
study, read
^SlTSl
;
caus.
^T+ ^rfH in
make;
greet.
form
5f5^ in caus. (jandyati) beget.
+ ^n
in
I
caus. (dapdyati)
make
give or pay.
+
+ ^SR
load
away
(caus. apa-
in caus. (prathdyati) spread,
The
is
person
latter
priest
said
(who
himself.
;
(dat.).
caus. (var-
make grow; bring up.
caus. (vyathdyati) torment.
;
i.
in caus. (cravdyati)
e.
recite,
make
proclaim (ace.
of pers.).
TUT stand;
in
caus. (sthapdyati)
+
IT
(pratisthate) start off; in
caus. (prasthapdyati) send.
proclaim.
*
inform
put, place; appoint; stop.
ndydyati).
WS[
dhaydti, -te)
hear,
Jmake put on, clothe in(two ace).
•ft
f?f in caus.
H\J (vdrdhate) grow
i& hear
*TfT> i° caus. (-dhdpdyati)
caus. (veddyati) in-
(dat.).
qEPZT in
show.
~%*{ see ; in caus. (darcdyati)
l^TT
+
caus. (ajndpdyati)
command.
l^T give;
caus. (abhivadayati)
f^7 know;
ordain, appoint.
fff
(ydjdyati)
to sacrifice; offer sacrifice
for {ace.*).
(<z-
dhydpdyati) teach,
cfiain caus. (kalpdyati,-te)
caus.
sacrifice;
make
eat; give to eat.
is
who performs
"make that
to
called
sacrifice
for the benefit of another
as though the
<Ja|44M) were celebrating the sacrifice for
This class is called by the Hindus dvaudva, 'couple'; but a
dvandva of adjectives thev do not recognize.
137
Lesson XXXIII.
of the name9 of divinities,
'STRWfa^ft and
thus,
which retain
etc.,
^^Uft 'Mitra and Varuna
'
;
are:
Examples
forms;
f*fTT-
'Agni and Soma'.
^SJ^fftftTT
Adjective copulative compounds are
357.
are rare.
their earlier
'Heaven and Earth';
<£|l«M*T7ft
made
likewise,
but
and dark'; cpfpftl round
'
*pffcP*»T 'light
^TrTrTf^ffT 'bathed and anointed'.
and plump';*
358. Determinative compounds.
A noun
or adjective
often
is
combined into a compound with a preceding determining or qual-
word
ifying
—
B. Descriptive, compounds.
according as the final
is
noun or
Each
class falls into
but
is
compounds.
1.
*JW
;
^sNpTTf^
(="<n^r ^<<**l) 'water
member may be of any
tained) by science';
—
to the city';
2.
'
—
—
Thus,
Ml<\<«*
f^rn*T 'money
(ob-
^n^WTf^ (= ^Srn3J«n SHf 331*1)
'likeness with
'fear of a thief;
qorshlTT
^fa^TC (=^CK 1^*1*0
(= «f% 3^°)
360.
'hundreds of fools';
for the feet';
The
Noun -compounds.
oftenest genitive, and least often accusative.
=
<T7*J^ cT^I
self;
two subdivisions,
adjective.
case-relation of the prior to the second
kind,
principal
A. Dependent, and
member, and therefore the whole compound,
A. Dependent
359.
The two
a noun or adjective or adverb.
divisions of this class are, as indicated above,
sport in the water
'
;
—
«HKWR?T
^l^^rfff 'lord of speech',
n. pr.
(=
—
WC 1°)
(§352,
'
going
6.).
Only a very small
Dependent adjective compounds.
proportion of the compounds of this class have an ordinary adjective
as final
rivative
member
member
a
participle, or
a de-
of agency with the value of a participle (§ 204).
The
;
usually the final
is
*
The Hindus reckon these as kormadharayas (see next note).
The whole class of determinatives is called by the natives
tatpurusa (the name is a specimen of the class, meaning 'his man');
the second division, the descriptives, bears the special name karma**
dhdraya, a word of obscure meaning and application.
138
Lesson XXXIII.
member
prior
stands in any possible case-relation.
the
to
'gone
village';
^Tf^T
Thus,
—
'Veda-knowing';
^TTTTTfcf
ftpjTf^RJ
'protected by Civa'; ^ftf^W (= 3jif f^rlO 'good for the cow';
M^Mfdd
'fallen
—
waves';
—
from the sky'; rT^^^U^TcTT 'more mobile than
f^<jTtii*l (=
fl^WTTRl.
^3tW)
'best of
Brahmans';
—
4g|l<dlM€h 'cooked in a pot'.
Compounds of
361.
—
root
in
having as
this sort
sometimes modified
in
form,
final
a short vowel, generally with an added f^
%^f%T
thus,
simply
'in the
cHtH
(§
k
fj-TSf
352
born
362.
6)
(i. e.
in the
wagon' (or
member
relation, but qualifies
is
it
noun or
ZiA^
^T-
'love').
In this division of tbe deter-
B. Descriptive compounds.
'well-done';
originally
forest-dwelling'; *lf%lfST 'firm in battle';
in the heart'
member
the bare
end
it
wagon'); *T\J1 'on the head'; TToRH 'only-born';
minatives, the prior
final
member
— are very numerous:
above (§360); "^*§I 'standing
'
>
if
and,
stands to the other in no distinct case-
adjectively or adverbially, according as the
Thus, fl|4KI<sl (§ 353,
adjective.
2); ^f^irl
'evil-doing' (adj.).
The compounds
of noun-value cannot well be separated in
treatment from those of adjective-value.
363.
is
The
simplest case
is
that in
which a noun as
final
preceded by a qualifying adjective as prior member.
H!j|jy (=
«ftmH <f^0 'black horse'; tfifnTCq 'great man'.
of an adjective, the prior
member
is in
member
Thus, mInstead
a few cases a noun used
appositionally or with a gwasz-adjective value; thus, 3^|fM 'priest-
sage';
^TWf^
364.
thus,
'king-sage'.
Sometimes compounds of
this sort
VHSiJUT 'black as a thunder -cloud'
Reversed, TJ^'q'^lTEf 'man-tiger',
Literally,
a tiger which
Or, perhaps better,
'
i.
is
tiger of (or
e.,
'a
express a comparison;
(cf.
man
'coal-black',
fierce
not a tiger after
among) men
etc.).
as a tiger';*
all,
but a man.
'
(so Whitney).
Lesson XXXIII.
•TCftr^ 'man-lion';
M|^M<|
139
'foot-lotus',
i.
'a foot lovely as a
e.
lotus'.
The adverbial
365.
members of
descriptive
words
most commonly used
as
prior
compounds, qualifying the other member,
are the verbal prefixes ("prepositions"), and the words of direction
related to them; likewise the inseparable prefixes tJP^ or ^r priva-
These are combined with nouns
'well', ^TW 'ill', etc.
tive, ^f
^uasf-adjectival value) as well as with adjectives.
^mftS^rT 'not a scholar';
done';
'more than a god
^I'fd'^T 'exceedingly far'; ^ffTPTO
;
<4|cftd
'misfortune';
TR^TBf
'
KfrlM^ 'opposing
fear';
Thus,
'
(in
'not
"^rfw^^
excessive
side.'
Vocabulary XXXIII.
Verbs:
411 H^
+
^*l +
devoted
^T*^ complete.
f*J station, place,
appoint
Subst.:
m
TJ^
air »
-'
sk y-
(anurdjyati,
step; place.
n.,
TJ^ m., n. pr.
*lf^«=n f- queen.
^j*!3 m., n. pr.
ZpHTI
^TTT
TT^T
m., boy, prince.
f-,
TfTSf n.,
ornament
(often Jig.).
b,athing-place;
place
n.,
o^t
march, journey; support.
race, family.
f-,
female friend.
*Jc=Mi! m., hospitality.
f.,
world.
$*N41
<-'hase.
<^TTl«rl m., state of affairs;
of CTgrT
pilgrimage.
f^^cfi
f»5
1"-*
^^r m.,
game, sport.
fcT^feR m.,
the threefold
Adj.:
^•HEl?,
m., n. pr.
^|fM«j^ m., panther.
be
home.
f^f return
^"P^TST m., hermitage.
"5RT^T
-te)
to, inclined to (loc).
go away (on a journey).
^^4 -IT
^<^ +
^t^tst
^T
+
T*T
3ifW,
f.
f.
o-sjrr,
suitable.
o^TT, adopted.
news.
Lesson XXXIII.
140
^T7«tr^
f-
5
manner
°%, in the
'^M\
of,
or suitable for, tbe Gandharvas.
f.
f«raf,
4JMM,
heavenly, divine.
°T!rr,
f-
f-
°^IT, near; as neut.subst.,
Adv.:
human.
°t",
%
vicinity, nearness, presence.
TT^T earlier, formerly.
Exercise XXXIII.
c
««<l«H TTf^n
*TR
I
R
I
crf^% f^nfT
4*1 <* I
«^u y f*M$l fa <t
TWt i^T^T *T^<ffT f^TSTO^ l^TR
jrraTrrf^hrr u $
When
vine-beauty,
I
^re?
of words joined by hyphens).
he had seen her,
brilliant (JJ^i pres. part.)
as though ($$) more-than-human,
was
king-sage
8
n
(Form compounds
7.
I
inclined
(pass, part.)
having learned that she (ace.) was
the
toward
with di-
the heart of the
her.
8.
Thereupon,
dayghter-of-an-Apsaras (ace),
he married her by the gandharva-ceremony (f«H|^) snitable-for9.
Ksatriyas.
in the
10.
city.
Dussanta, after dwelling very many days-and-nights
hermitage, abandoned Cakuntala and returned to his-own-
Afterwards,
when Kanva had
finished
his
pilgrimage,
and returned to the hermitage, learning (f%«T) the news^of-his 1 2
3
daughter's -marriage
11.
The royal-sage
she
her
,
he sent her into-the-presence-of-Dussanla.
disowned (THSTT-^sST^r.) Cakuntala when
at first
was come^to-the-city 1 but
;
3
at last he put (fsT-'3I5T
1
in-the-place -of-the-first -queen
*
"To
engage
in the sport of
2
.
12.
In
hunting";
the
cf.
,
part, in °^trT
course
)
of time
below, §375,
3.
XXXIV.
Lesson XXXIII.
141
named Bharata, was born
(3RT*Ff T^f>rTT) a beautiful-prince,
to
her (loc).
XXXIV.
Lesson
366.
a
III.
noun as
A
Secondary Adjective Compounds.
member very
final
compound with
often wins secondarily the value of
an adjective, being inflected in the three genders to agree with the
noun which
adjective.
it
and used in
qualifies,
The two
the constructions of an
all
divisions of this class have been given
above
(§ 349).
367. Certain changes are
the final
member
to
make
Masc. and neut. stems in
thus,
hands
from
',
nom.
Tf
+
^T
sing.
faf*!£f*,, °£T,
The same holds good
and stems
368.
and fem.
^f,
in
"^Sfj,
comes the compound
;
the stem of
in
possible the inflection in different genders.
4j^H-
°^
sometimes necessary
°^T, °^R.
and (from
for
masc,
*J
+
fem.,
;
generally interchange;
'with excellent
tftftgl
f^ + f^JTT)
so also (from
"qj^r n.)
and
°^T, o*nR\
Sp?t^,
neut. stems in
^ and
^,
in consonants.
But often a fem.
in
f^ is
used by the side of a masc. and
-
neut. in ^f; thus,
f^tnjj 'two-leaved',
369.
Very frequently the
of indefinite value)
is
suffix
c?;
f.
f^THlfT.
(attenuated into an element
added to a pure possessive compound
help the conversion of the compounded stem
especially tojfem. stems in %" and
^Jf,
general, where the final of the stem
in adjective inflection.
'whose husband
is
i.
e.
an
,
to
adjective;
in
^J; and in
less usual or
manageable
and to stems
is
Thus, ^^fe^cfi 'rich
dead',
into
in rivers'; ;RrT*n^JTf.,
'widow'; H^I^Jir^ (nom. masc.
and fem. °?fTQQ or *T^Rrer^ff.
370.
Sometimes the possessive-making
secondary adjective compounds, without
thus,
'
J|^*Hlf^«t (= °«TR£)
suffix
effect
^^
is
added to
upon the meaning;
having an ass's voice.
'
142
Lesson
The
A. Possessive compounds.
37!.
ative
XXXI V.
shown)
(as just
defined by adding 'having'
^^^TJ
the descriptive
^"^T^Tjf m.
?|^ 131
n
372.
,
f.
,
of a god', becomes the
'beauty
n.,
n.,
'having the beauty of a god';
'long arm', becomes the possessive
'having long arms'.*
Dependent compounds
turned into
meaning of the determinative.
to the
possessive Y^?|JJ, °^TT, m.
f.
inflection
and also an adjective meaning of a kind best
,
Thus, the dependent
m.
possessives are determin-
which are given both an adjective
to
compounds
are,
by comparison, not often thus
But possessively used descriptives are
possessives.
extremely frequent and various; and some kinds of combination
which are rare
in
proper descriptives are very
common
as pos-
sessives.
An
373.
adjective as prior
member
takes the masculine stem-
form, even though referring to a feminine noun in the final
thus,
Adverbial elements (especially inseparable prefixes);
This ehiss of compounds is called by the natives bahuvrihi;
name is an example of the class, meaning 'having much rice'.
The possessive may generally, in accented texts, be distinguished
from the original determinative by a difference of accent.
XXXIV.
Lesson
'endless';
-4H«r1
thus,
'ill
sons'; 35rf5q
is
^f^)
WTl
33fT*rai*t (^T
+
thus,
v
The
3TO§
'of
wide
—
fame';
1.
'of like form
';
have
in part
Thus with
won a
f^Nf
'limbless';
^J^f
—
Ordinary adverbs;
7.
'.
375. Certain words, very frequent in the
at § 374, 4,
3%JJ
Ordinary verbal pre-
6.
'with uplifted face'.
with mind directed hither
'
excellent
associative prefix ^f (less often
'^•TeR^T n.) 'favorable'.
^frj-rf
'with
with a son', or 'having one's son along with one';
TTSf^^
'powerless';
thus,
Wi^
'childless';
-*|IH
-savored'.
treated like an adjective element; thus,
or 3fTCnf
fixes;
143
compounds mentioned
peculiar application.
the derivatives
TSrrf^ 'beginning' (or
or
-H\<H
^nf^^i) are made compounds signifying the person or thing de-
—
signated along with others
Thus,
^TT
gods Indra, etc'
Often
used in the same
virbially.
—
the
qualifying
'food, drink, etc'
^dMMI^Tfa
are
such a person or thing
'the gods having Indra as first',
^«£|<^*j:
way,
The noun "^J
3.
—
Words
2.
to denote
noun
like Tf$ (TT^NO etc, »
'purpose',
is
end of a compound, oftenest as a neut. subst. (ace or
Damayantrs sake';
^nT"^
%^fT5rTT
region
ITSIT^T 'for a bed'.
(as neut. subst.) often
"•>
or loc),
instr.
'another region'
(lit.
—
(See below, § 379).
means 'other'
in possessives; thus,
'that which has a difference of
').
376.
In appositional possessives
,
signate a part of the body, sometimes
belongs what
which
chiefly ad-
used at the
sake of, and the like; thus, ?7fi|nil^ 'for
to signify 'for the
4.
'the
e.
omitted; thus,
is
accompaniment;
'object',
et cetera.
i.
it is.
is
the final
designated by the prior
Thus
2TfTT}^ffa
member,
member
pounds are commonest with words meaning hand
'with sword in hand';
377.
The
:
that
with necklace on neck'.
^T3^I
'with club
in
;
de-
if it
signifies the part to
which
on or
in
Such com-
thus, ^f f4j
M
|
fUJ
hand'.
possessives are not always used with the
simple
144
Lesson
value of qualifying adjective.
XXXIV.
Often they have a pregnant sense,
and become the equivalents of dependent clauses; or the 'having'
implied in them becomes about equivalent to our 'having' as a
sign of past action.
e.
i.
lescence',
Thus, JJIH^JT^R 'possessing attained ado-
'having reached
'with unstudied books', i.e. 'one
'whose breath
is
come
is
gone',
i.
e.
^MfcHM9i IfcJ
adolescence';
who
has neglected study'; JTrTTTTCT
whom
death
Thus may conveniently be
called
'lifeless';
^TRTWT(2J
'to
near'.
378. B.
Compounds with governed
final
member.
1.
Participial compounds, exclusively Vedic.
2.
Prepositional compounds.
those compounds in which the prior
prepositional value, and the final
member
is
a particle with true
member a noun governed by
it.
Thus, ,?rf?RT^ 'lasting over night'; ^STf^WT"^ 'beyond measure',
'excessive';
379.
3|flJcfiT!J
'next the ear'.
Adjective compounds as nouns and adverbs.
adjectives, like simple
and
stracts
collectives,
the feminine
;
ones, are
Compound
freely used substantively as ab-
especially in the neuter,
and
less often
in
and they are also much used adverbially, particularly
in the ace. sing, neuter.
380.
The
substantively
used possessive compounds having a
numeral as prior member, with some of the
strictly adjective
com-
pounds, are treated by the Hindus as a separate class, and called
Examples
dvigu*.
f^pi
of such numeral abstracts and
n., 'the three
ages';
f^ft^PT
n.,
Feminines of like use occur in the later language
(by the side of °^i
381.
n.,)
collectives
;
thus fatsfteft
'the three worlds'.
Those adverbially used accusatives of secondary
The name
are:
'space of three leagues'.
adjective
a sample of the class, and means 'of two cows'
(said to be used in the sense of 'worth two cows').
is
XXXIV.
Lesson
compounds which have an
145
indeclinable or particle as prior
member
are considered by the Hindus a separate class of compounds,
called avyayibhdra
The
1.
.
'
frequent in this use; thus, TTfa«(tM*^
^njpr^ (=^^7^
sight';
'on the G.
bhdvas
is
one
'as
—
Hfd^MH. 'every year'.
made up of words having
Thus,
evening'; CTTOTT 'in
A
2.
^W§^
large class of avyayi-
a relative adverb, especially
^rt^r^, ^^ToRTW;,
And, with
chooses'.
at
and
especially
"3R) 'along the Ganges';
';
*reT, as prior member.
compounds are
prepositional
other
^I«j^*i'
adverbs: ^TN^D'ciT^ 'as
long as one lives'; ^T^3il*IH 'whitbor one will'.
Occasionally quite anomalous compounds will be met
verb are occasionally met with,
of the verbs in ^J are allowed to be
Special irregularities in this
such as
announce.
heavenly bodies). ?J (sute) bring forth, bear.
approach.
^f (braviti, brute)
;
explain, etc.
"^ (rduti) cry, scream.
^
+
teach
3\ but forms so made are rare.
Lesson XXXVIII.
Subst.:
f^^T
f.,
of Buddha.
m
^TT^I
tongue.
flower.
oR^TJT,
n- 5 sense,
f-
°^,
ready.
f.
°"^n, lamentable.
°W\ fX*i, making,
understanding.
doing.
Adv.:
m., killing, murder.
"^•rfpT m.,
witness.
crane.
3^ftf«T5^ diligent, energetic.
JT*r m., question.
^V
»
7
^(TJf m., logic.
*TPfrcr
->
Adj.:
^<T,
tjtti n.,
m
^nf^T'l.
name
f^i«Tm., n.pr., a
1G3
on
down,
below,
^^T^.
n. pr.
the
ground.
companion
>ft
f.,
wife.
Exercise XXXVIII.
^rtt^
(§
264)
Xf <T
II
^
II
wmi* Jfajwfa
^lf5T
^TT^TlW ^5WT
wmmi
FR^Nm
^n«fiHci,i^MfTr^fT^i */% ifJTOfa
*nf ^*rrf*T
n *.%
^Frf^fr^f^T^tf^^TSWt ^
$
I
ii
8
f^f^:
f^M
$
j^rfai ^^*pf?r
*rf55i% t^i n ^ n ^T^rHh: fwr*re u^m n c
*r<3ft:
*nwn
11.
and
13.
^w
The
n
n o. n
*t fm^i
m
*rRT^tf%
I
^frft*rr-
11
m
ii
^3ftf*re
^ftfir fff^Ti
n
^ ct*f^tt:
$\*\£\ TrafHTT^rn: ^fr^crr:
three wives of Dacaratha bore four sons.
Laksmana,
Women
f^rNr
ii
II
ii
followed-by-Slta,
went
(^)
12.
the
into
Rama
forest.
whose-husbands-are-dead must sleep six months
the ground.
seen-or-heard
on
14.
A
witness stating anything other-than-what-was-
is
to
be punished (Jut. pass. part.).
departs from one-who-has-done-penance.
16.
15.
One must
11*
All
guilt
not look
Lesson XXXVIII.
164
at
(1?-%^
)
XXXIX.
the rising or the setting sun.
Why
17.
hast thou
to-my-house with-wife and with-children?
(^rfjJ-T)
Varuna'':
Cunahcepa who was bound
thus the gods addressed
the sacrificial post.
19.
Always
come
"Praise
18.
speak the truth.
to
In a kingless
20.
land the rich do not sleep in peace 0FR§«T).
Lesson
414. Verbs.
XXXIX.
Root-class, cont'd.
The endings of the 2nd and 3rd
Roots ending in consonants.
sing. impf. act. are generally
and the resulting root-final treated according
Cf. §§ 239, 242.
finals.
But a root ending
in
a dental mute some-
times drops this final mute instead of the added
W
^
in
either case
instead of the added <^
in
^ some-
in
the third person:
the ordinary relation of
establishing
the second
in
person; and, on the other hand, a root or stem ending
times drops this
dropped,
to the usual rules for
^
and
fT
in
the second and third persons.
415.
c^, ^f
^^
Roots
and
^
in
^ and
'speak': ^f^T, ^TW>
416.
5?
substitute ^j for those letters before
(which then becomes
*(flfi
Root lf^^ 'know,
^
);
(act.
%fa
Imv.: %^Tf5T,
f%rt,
*
f^J-
—
before
V
•
Thus,
Imperfect.
f^ret
fa^e;
31
only):
Indicative.
i.
and
(only these three forms used).
f%rfe,
^3
w§%*t
%^j;
Opt.: f%3TPR;,
%^R,
f^rTR;,
^if%?r
f^TR*; %^T*,
etc.
In the inflection of roots with final consonant, of this class and
the reduplicating and nasal classes, euphonic rules find very frequent application. The student is therefore advised at this point
to read carefully the chief rules of euphonic change in Whitney's
Grammar, §§
139
— 232
(the
two larger
sizes of print).
XXXIX.
Lesson
165
This root also makes a perfect without reduplication (but
417.
otherwise regular) which has always the value of a present.
indie, are:
forms of the
fro
1.
pi.
^f, 3.%^; du. 1. f%^, 2. f^J^, 3. f^fT^;
f^, 3. f^^. The participle is f^^T^, faf^
1.%^,
Sing.
2.
2.
f.
§268).
(cf.
The
418.
root tJT?, 'eat' (act.), inserts If before the endings
of the 2nd and 3rd sing. impf.
The
419.
root ||^,
thus,
;
'kill'
-41
1
<^,
is
(act.),
^TT^fl.-
treated
Indicative.
ffa
2.
3.
ff^rT
—
f^RC
f^
frTO:
^Tf*rT
Opt.: i<H\l{
Roots
420.
becomes W),
before
^
in%
as are
Imperfect.
Imv.: f^TTfa, *rff*,
^ffT.
somewhat
Thus:
noun-stems in ^f^ in declension (§ 283).
^
The
,
^
substitute
,
Wx
before ?^ and
^cH*
^frT
^ffTm;
^^
fTR,
f^T^, fcP*, fcTO*;
f^s
— Part.: ^«a
etc.
^
^WK
^1^
becomes £)•
\^ (which
^
before
(which become
Thus,
f<f,
Wt
f.
,
f^
^
(which then
and ^), and
'hate' (act. and
"Z
mid.):
Indicative
2.
3.
if^
Its
f^*;
firs*:
Act.
Imperfect
^
^z
f^
f^rfa
Imv. Act.: %crrfr!\ flFff%>
421.
^nrra,
*
^,
'see' (mid.):
^T?h TOf, ^ff.
Anomalous
3f %^T^
5
Pres. Ind.:
dissimilation.
^W —
Act.
^rf^i
^f^H
^sro; ^fs^
etc.
^%, ^%, ^TJ; ^T^f%,
Im P f *Wfa> w*»k«u
- :
166
XXXIX.
Lesson
422.
1.
'
$"*^,
^ and \r
with
weak forms
423.
;
rule
contracted to xj*^
*T5f
,
^
(mid.), inserts
thus, 2nd sing,
—
ffipt
;
before endings beginning
2.
wish
'
^*^,
roots in *T.
(act.), is in
thus, 3rd. pi. ^Sjf^J.
weak forms when
in
the endings begin with a
the treatment of the root-final this verb
In
'
'rub', 'clean' (act.), has vrddhi in the strong forms,
the final sonant aspirate of a root is followed by
?^
or 7f of an ending, the whole group is made sonant, and the aspiration of the root-final is not lost, but is transferred to the initial
Lesson XLI.
430. Verbs. Reduplicating Class. This class forms the present-
stem by prefixing a reduplication
431.
1.
The
to the root.*
rules governing the reduplication are as follows:
The consonant
of the reduplicating syllable
the first consonant of the root; thus, 27, <^2JTpirate is substituted for an aspirate;
*
and
is
in general
But, (a) a non-as-
(b) a palatal for a guttural
Only a small proportion of the roots of
this class retain the
In the great maaccent on the root-syllable in the strong forms.
jority, the accent is on the reduplication, both in the strong forms
and in those weak forms whose endings begin with vowels.
Lesson XLI.
172
or
thus, V[\,
^;
f^f^;
^TT; f^Tf,
jft,
f«n£t;
(<0 if the
r00t
begin with a sibilant followed by a non-nasal mute, the latter
repeated (with observance of a), not the sibilant; thus,
A
2.
and ^g
is
long vowel
is
^gfT,
is
fT^T-
shortened in the reduplicating syllable;
replaced by T; thus, <*^T and
^TT
above;
*ft,
f%*ft;
fw
**,
432.
The present-stem gunates
forms; thus, f^ft, strong
433.
the 3rd
The verbs
pi. in
impf. act.
434.
cf.
§§
fro, strong f^TT-
of this class lose the «^ from the endings of
the active as well as in the middle; and in the 3d pi.
always take
guna; thus,
f&;
the root-vowel in the strong
^^,
before which a final radical vowel has
^f^T^t-
Root W,
For 2nd and 3rd
'
bear, carry
'.
sing. impf. act.,
122, 414.
Indicative.
Middle.
Active.
f^ra;
fwrs;
f%wr^
f^
2.f%i*f^
faare
fkm
3.f^Hf(i
f^HtT^
fsrefa
f*WT
i.f*re?3
f^f|
fwro
f*Wm
f*w*%
^rfa^rff
°*|*rff
fsraicroR:
f^rem*;
fa*ra
f%**H
Imperfect.
i.
'srfsFRTc ^if*npr
^srfafsr
^rf^^fl
Imperative.
G
O
G
3.f^Hg
f^Hcn^
C
O
f^jfni
f^rag
Opt. act.: f^rj^rf^ etc -5 mid.: fsr^T^T
Part, act.:
435.
cal
vowel
Thp
fsp*^
roots
in the
(§ 259),
f.
and
l^T, 'give',
weak forms,
etc.
f^nffr; mid.: f^WTCTi.Tjrr,
leaving the
'put', lose their radi-
weak stems
^^
and ^el
.
Lesson XLI.
In the 2nd sing. imv. act. they form
of
>n
is
as follows
^f^
173
The
and vtlf-
inflection
:*
Indicative.
Active.
l-
3.
Middle.
^nfa
^ret
^*?s;
^v
^wf|
^r%
^rrfa
^ttto:
^^rfTT
\r%
^erra
^m
Imperfect.
i.
^«r\n^
^fa
^^cf%
^^rff
2.
^^*T*t ^hiti^ ^nrrr
^rawr^
^^nm*c
^ras*t
3.
^^Tfi: ^ttpr:
^^rarr
^vTcrnR:
^r«^ra
^rnrf
^nrf
^^^
^^*rr
^^
Imperative.
l-
Opt. act.:
<Jfc£||i^ etc.;
Part, act.: t[V^,
436.
The
root
^
^nw
^tr
^rrfa
1^7
f.
is
mid.:
^'vfl"^
mid.:
^\ffiT;
inflected
etc.
^^TR-
in precisely the
with change everywhere of \J to W, except where
same way, but
V
belongs to
the ending.
437.
The
root l^f, 'quit, abandon' (act.), drops the ^TT in
weak forms where
the ending begins with a vowel, and in the opt.;
thus, indie. 3rd sing. ^frf^T, pi.
ph ^J5TF^
;
In the other
opt. aniJTft.-
*
5Tffa^
or
sing.
"^fT^,
sing. imv. is SfifTff or 5jff ff .
weak forms before consonant-endings
^tfT or *|ff ; thus,
438.
Wff^T; impf. 3rd.
The 2nd
the stem
is
either
Wff*TO>
HIT, 'measure' (mid.), and 2^f, 'move, go' (mid.), form
In combination with <^ or
H
of an ending,
the TI
of
^y(
does not give U, but follows the general rule of aspirate and of
surd and sonant combination and the lost aspiration is thrown
;
back upon the
initial of the root.
174
Lesson XLI.
f*Tift and "fal^D before consonant-endings,
vowel-endings; thus, 3rd persons
^ 'pour,
439.
sacrifice' (act.
and f^nf before
f*i*^
indie. fij*ft%,
f*f*n%, fWJffi.
and mid.), makes the 2nd
sing.
3rd persons impf.
"SpSpft^,
5prf%i;
imv.
440.
}ft, 'fear' (act.),
1.
-faHtos: or t%fa*^,
thus,
ashamed'
^ksMUH,, ^^1^^may shorten its vowel in weak forms;
changes
(act.),
vowel-endings;
fwftrm:
its
thus, indie.
or
weak stem
f5frjf^
3rd persons
—
Wotr^to
f^ffa,
#,
2.
<
be
fafg^I before
fajfl<R0
fsj-
Vocabulary XLI.
+
Verbs:
lyr
+
+ f%(
(ddddli, datte) give.
+
Tf entrust.
close, shut.
^J&X
m.,
^T¥f?T
n.,
lay on.
be ashamed.
Adj.:
^,
oblation.
n. pr.
n., rest,
tfTRra
m
-5
° ne
of^,
f-
divine.
°^T> excellent,
able.
possessions, wealth.
1J^ m.,
f.
faf^JH>
JflJ m., gazelle.
f^Tf
;
end of religious pupilage.
at the
demon.
f-,
*rff^ m.,
put together
formed the ablution customary
safety; feeling of safety.
n.,
^f J^ unite,
j^" (jihreti)
Subst.:
^SmU
arrange, ordain.
lW\(jdhati) quit, abandon, neglect.
l^TT (dddhdti, dhatte) put, place
+ ^Sffx?
^STTputon; (mid.) take, receive.
Adv.:
remainder.
wn °
nas
<QT^TC at evening.
p er
"
Exercise XLI.
^^<lf% Msfswfr WT^STTf*
f^*T
f^%
I
remark-
175
Lesson XLI. XLII.
uw
^
r**#T
T WlfrT
^ejj
^
II
9
II
^r?f fsrefa
(voc. sing,
^rnft
Tjffi
f.)
ace.
(part.,
11.
^f^ft fH^f
WSlfo 1
WIH^
ffT
pi.)
II
5lfrf<T^t
Let the Adhvaryus pour the
The
12.
(^TffT)-
Meeting a
woman
be not afraid".
15.
umbrella-and-shoes.
from a strange-field,
close the door.
18.
8
ii
^r^tf^T
*R
II
II
$
II
WW
^TT
II
o.
II
||
sacrificial
sacraments
his sons
^TT
*reU!H<*di
\r3fr: *?rerrrra;
W
II
^"Rrf^rrgTw"^
offerings into the
in the
law-books
to Vasistha as scholars.
the forest, one should say to her: "Sister,
in
16.
is
Do
One who
takes (part.) roots-fruits-or-grain
to be punished.
17.
Let the two doorkeepers
not neglect the teacher's command.
who wore much
i/ieir-lessons are
u
Let a Snataka carry (wear) a garland, and an
like the sun.
brilliancy,
forty
Dacaratha entrusted
13.
royal-sage,
ordain
seers
^
^T^^ll $11
^
^^fwfa^
svn* WTinffaT WFf^T
HT*iPa-rrro
fire.
tfrfrT
^
11
*m 3nrT#H^Tf^ TTOf *rf*WreTTr^-
II
ii
^T?RTnt
14.
II
^nol^H^ii#
% 1 ^T^T fWrT% *f<ft
^t^# ^TT^^^Trnf^^n^T
^ToC
fa
thrift
20.
jewelry,
The
ashamed before
19.
The
shone (f^-HT) with great-
scholars who-have-not-learned-
their teacher (ace. or gen.).
Lesson XLII.
441.
Verbs.
As
sonants.
*
Nasal class.
class-sign
With the
All roots of this class end in con-
they insert a nasal before the final con-
suffix IJJl,
f.
°^, are formed adjectives signifying
—
'made or composed or consisting of.
In the second
the name merely, i. e. are not in reality such.
'
line,
'bear
Lesson XLII.
176
sonant, unless one be there already (as in *fff
adapted to the consonant, except
expanded
442.
to the syllable «T [T£],
The combination
in the
is
this
nasal
in
radical
accordance
consonants
Thus,
^r^
'join';
strong stem
^JT^, weak ^ff
Indicative.
Middle.
Active.
*pf5*
gut*
yfa
^^
*p^rs:
^t
^* W
^f ^^*
TO**
TO*
si
Imperfect.
with
with the rales al-
ready given for the root and reduplicating classes.
443.
is
it is
which bears the accent.
of the final
those of the personal endings
);
strong forms, where
.
Lesson XLII.
177
Imperative.
wwr
^r\nfa
w*tr
^wr^t "^trI
^jr^
Imperf. act.: ^Tir^R;,
T5T^f«^ etc.
—
^I^T,
act.:
445.
^Uf^, ^ppfc^; ^V^ef etc.;
^F^rR etc.; mid.; ^«*ffal etc. —
has come to be attached nearly always to the deriv-
it
ative (caus., etc.) conjugation in
is
This aorist
Reduplicated Aorist (3).
II.
others in that
root.
'Optf,
as
The connection
its aorist.
made from
not
is
but
of quite pe-
characteristic is a reduplication,
Its
^f,
the stem in
culiar character.
The
490.
and
skrit,
or two of
^JTCpt
formation.
its
WTi
>
reduplicated aorist
very unusual
is
in
Thus, ^«^ makes ^ftSTTc^
The
^rffff^Rt,-
inflection is the usual
San-
classical
for the present to give an
will be sufficient
it
example
W^,
;
~^Xf^-
one of imper-
fects of the a-conjugation.
491.
The
usually has
3.
1.
made by adding
du.
2.
i.
492.
(5)
3.
2.
^Tzrff,
^%!*t,
^MdcJItt
3.
-41^
^JS*
The
g. TJ
^;
2.
°Ore,
3.
1.
WFf^zr,
f^^.
s- aorist.
2.
s.
^3?%^
1.
3.
^Rfa,
sing.
1.
^J%-
^tefPR;;
^f%T^,
2.
^sRimrra;; p
(mid.only):
which
root,
g. «ft: Act.: sing.
W3,
*TW
The
augmented
Mid.: sing.
—
(4)
1
-
1.
l
^*
wf^,
etc.
*s-aorist.
^[.
'purify': Act.: sing.
du.
1.
E.
^^t^to;,
Md-
by means of an inserted
E.
^
to the
vowel strengthened.
its
^1%^^, 3. ^3mH; du.
^R*Jf, 2. ^r%, 3. ^%^-
^?te;
^ff,
2.
is
2.
VP%,
pi.
Sibilant Aorist, of four varieties.
III.
tense-stem
2.
The
tense-stem
The
1.
root
is
1.
made by adding
^
generally strengthened.
^TOff^R^,
WTfa^,
— Mid. sing.
is
3.
WTfrfa
2.
"^tn^W,
o^rjrj
2.
pi.
WTof^,
3.
i.
^nif^"^,
3.
^-
190
Lesson XLTV.
inf^re; du.
2.
°fcjd*^, 3.
made
i.
»f^ff,
is
493.
qiRjMH.
494.
3.
The sw-aorist
(6)
is
The
like
for
will suffix here.
1. "^J-
JJJ: sing.
Act.
1.
and 2nd and
1st. sing, ^H'fef^!',
and °fTR;.
Wf^TTTH
Generally the middle forms of aorists
are used also for the passive.
7,
(but
§ 489).
sing.
'-4|f<j[^l^, 2.°^^,
f«j^:
an impf. of the a-conjugation. But in the
495. Aorist Passive.
or
cf.
°f*nwff,
active only, the corresponding middle
example
mid. the grammarians prescribe the
5,
i.
denominative conjugations
sa-aorist.
°^t^; and so on ;
3rd du.
pi.
which forms are
quite like the inflection of the ts-aorist.
etc.,
(7)
An
s-forra.
°cnra;;
the only aorist of
causatives and denominatives in Iffi,
being of the
3.
°fcpn*rw;,
and
the secondary
in
2.
— This
°"ftffc(cf.
XLV.
may make them
arily take aorists of these forms,
4,
Roots which do not ordinlike
4 or 5 espe-
cially for the passive.
496.
But a 3rd pers.
sing.,
of peculiar formation, has become
a recognized part of the passive conjugation.
^
ing
to
some cases by guna,
strengthened, in
final nSTTis
^,
added
—
^RTfa;
It is
formed by add-
which takes also the augment, and
the root,
*J.
Thus,
but
^,
ift,
in
4MlRl;
is
usually
others by vrddhi.
After
^J,
^r^TTf^; g, ^^5TfT;
^f*T; f^, ^fifr;
^T,
^Tfa.
Lesson XLV.
Derivative or Secondary Conjugations.
497.
Secondary conjugations are
system of forms, more or
conjugation-stem
,
this
those
less complete, is
in
which
made from a
a
whole system being usually connected with
a certain definite modification of the original radical sense.
conjugations
are:
IV. Causative.
I.
whole
derivative
Passive.
II.
V. Denominative.
Intensive.
III.
These
Desiderative.
XL V.
Lesson
498.
The present-system
Passive.
I.
of the passive has been
as also the peculiar 3rd pers. sing, used as aor. pass.,
described;
the past pass, participle in 7\ or
In
or gerundives.
used,
191
all
and the
«f,
fut. pass,
participles
other parts of the verb middle forms are
necessary, with passive meaning.
if
499.
The
Intensive.
II.
or
intensification
the
intensive
repetition of the
Forms
primary conjugation of a root.
conjugation signifies
the
action expressed by
the
outside the present-system
are too rare to need notice here; indeed, even within that system
means common
they are by no
two
fall into
500.
The verbs of
1.
the
a.
strengthened,
b.
^
with
TJ,
Radical
^SJ
is
^
Sometimes the reduplicating
reduplication
dissyllabic
thus,
TT^,
^TcT, %«ft, "Sft^J^-
syllable has a final consonant, taken
T^rf"^,
consonant of the reduplicating syllable;
The model of
class,
c.
TfTf^f.
Sometimes the
an i-vowel being inserted
,
in-
and ^| are reduplicated with 1R,
^ and ^ with ^;
is
form their
and the reduplicating syllable
from the end of the root; thus,
final
Intensives
language.
class (only act.)
first,
tensive-stem by reduplication,
and
the later
in
classes.
thus,
after the
ej^d^.
—
inflection is the present-system of the reduplicating-
but deviations are not rare; in particular, an "^
sometimes
is
inserted between stem and ending.
501. 2.
another
It
,
From
the intensive-stem as just described
formally
identical with a passive-stem
,
may
be formed
by the suffix
^Ef.
takes middle inflection, but has no passive value, being used
precisely as is the intensive just mentioned.
502.
A
few intensives
to be used as presents,
as simple roots.
1.
Thus W[1t,
4HHIMl>
2.
TRvf
Tfflslffi.
,
come
and are treated by the native grammarians
assigned to the root-class
impf.
Thus,
lost their value as such,
having
,
:
really
^WTTJ,
3.
of 3T
intensive
pres. 5TITf*T etc.
1M|J|^;
,
'wake',
is
du. ^XT^^C. etc
du.
WRp
T etc.
-
»
So
192
Lesson
also rf(\j*
intens. of
|,
'be poor',
fsf^
XLV.
"gj 'run', used as a present with the sense
and some others, use the
'wash',
way, and are assigned
present -system in the same
intensive
the
to
re-
thus, 3rd sing. ^%fr?i, 3rd pi. %f%«rffT-
duplicating class;
Intensive forms outside the present-system are very rare.
503.
for
the
Desiderative.
III.
or
action
fxRrrfrr 'I drink', desid.
504.
and adds
is
To form
this
conjugation
is
'I
thus,
wish to drink'.
the desiderative-stem the root
The consonant
.
denoted a desire
denoted by the simple root;
fwnnf*T
sometimes ^[^
^f,
By
condition
is
reduplicated,
of the reduplication
determined by the usual rules: the vowel of reduplication
if the
root has an o-vowel,
has an u-vowel.
Thus,
^JT,
an ^-vowel
stem
;
A
thus,
506.
number of
W^>
The
fafirw
perfect is the periphrastic.
The
^TffTf^f^ 2-
The
verbal nouns are
made with
passive
to be obtained';
507.
may
^[ in all
thus,
that
like
is
of
aorist
of the
is
futures are
made
frfWcTTf^-
The
forms where that vowel
be made; thus, ^x^ffi
'it
is
is
desired
part. %f^J7?.
IV. Causative.
1.
has been treated of already.
the derivative
^
form an abbreviated desiderative-
with the auxiliary vowel \; thus, ^f^'RlffT,
A
is
the root
t^ff^; ^T> f^rfa-
thus, %"^J, Tjf^Plft.;
ever taken.
\3 if
Outside of that desiderative forms are quite in-
The
frequent.
roots
conjugation in the present-system
other a-stems.
t's-form;
or ^g, and
t%RT^rf7r; *ft f^P^fafTT; W, ^g^ffl;
w, f^reHfa; fire, fafa(*rf?r; f?r^,
505.
,
noun
^nT^rf ^^TFX'
in
The present-system
2. The perfect is
of the causative
the periphrastic,
^TT being formed from the causative-stem;
3.
The
aorist is the reduplicated,
made
in
general directly from the root, and formally unconnected with the
causative-stem; thus,
\J,
^3T*JT^> ^PfW^t-
^n
a
ew
^
instances,
where the root has assumed a peculiar form before the causativesign, the reduplicated aorist is
made from
this form,
not from the
193
Lesson'LXV.
made from
^;
the
the auxiliary ^[ replacing the final
causative-stem,
thus, \nTj^rsrf?T
\TTTf*J ft !%• 5
I
»
Both futures are
4.
simple root; thus, ^TT, ^I'R^fTT, ^f^f^^ft..
The
-
nouns
verhal
manner
as the futures, in
part from the causatively strengthened
root-form; thus, pass. part. ^nf%cT;
VTQ
fat.
(gerundive)
pass. part,
sftWftnpi; gerund fM^fiMI, °^?TO, °1-
inf-
fTOf^rra, ^J"TO;
and
same
adjectives are in part formed from the causative-stem in the
(§ 310).
508. Cansative passive and desiderative.
from the causative-stem as follows.
by adding the usual passive sign
1.
These may be made
The passive-stem
root, the syllables ^§Rl being omitted; thus, \sTT3ffi-
ative-stem
made by
is
of which the
^q,
A
that has as basis a noun-stem.
the noun-stem
This
f^HT^T^ff^-
V. Denominative.
509.
The
2.
desider-
reduplication and addition of the syllables
replaces the final ^f of the causative-stem;
^
thus, f^jTfcnxf^T^f^T,
formed
is
^J to the causatively strengthened
is
a rare formation.
denominative conjugation
In general, the base
by means of the conjugation-sign
Jf
,
is
is
one
made from
which has the
Intermediate between the denominative and causative con-
accent.
jugations stands a class of verbs plainly denominative in origin but
having the causative accent.
from
g.
See §
The denominative meaning
510.
e.
Thus, from ?Tn^, iTn^T cf mantrdyate
^ftfr?, «$Yr|i|fii klrtdyati.
'be
crave'
'desire,
'act
like',
—
as',
'regard
which
that
is
is
of the
from
«f*{^,
«T7T^rf?T
greatest
or treat as',
signified
'honor';
variety;
'make
the
by
Examples: from ?TM^ 'penance, asceticism',
ascetism';
;
76.
into',
noun-stem.
rfmirfH 'practise
c(iUyi*J%
'blacken';
^^"T^rfH 'seek horses'; ^TTTT^jf?! 'play the herdsman, protect';
'
^^4j(7T desire wealth
5Rrf?T 'desire
'
;
fH^WfrT
'
pl a y the physician, cure'
a son', from the poss. cpd.
Perry, Sanskrit Primer.
(PTOFR
;
M^«*i-
'desiring a son'*
13
194
I.
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
Glossary to the Exercises.
For the alphabetic order of Sanskrit words see
I.
p. xii.
Sanskrit-English.
Adjectives in -a form their feminine in -a, unless otherwise stated.
aksa m.,
fire
agni m.,
adhas adv., below, down.
die, dice.
aksan (aksi:275)
god of
;
n.,
adhastat adv., below; prep., w.
eye.
as n. pr., Agni, the
fire.
agnihotrin m., a kind of priest.
anga
n., limb; body.
angiras (253) m., certain mythical
characters.
anjali
anu
m.
a.,
a gesture (Voc. 37).
n., atom.
,
small; as
atas adv., hence.
ati
adv.,
across,
adhika
a.,
additional
superior.
;
adhita part, of adhi-i.
n., front; tip. end.
agra
gen., underneath.
adhi adv., over, above, on.
adhuna adv.,
now
who
adhvaryu m.. priest
recites
the Yajurveda.
\
an
(dniti:
429) breathe;
pra breathe;
h
live,
an, before cons. a. negative prefix.
past; in
cpds,
to excess.
atithi
m., guest.
atra adv., here, hither.
anaduh (278) m., ox.
anantaram adv., after, immediately
afterward
;
as prep.,
w.
abl.,
right after.
atha adv., then
anartha m., misfortune.
; thereupon.
atharvaveda m., the fourth Veda. anavadya a., faultless.
adas (asdu 287) pron., that one ; anahilupataka n., n. pr., a city.
ami adv., after, along, toward.
so-and-so.
:
adya adv., to-day.
anukula
adyatana adj., of to-day.
adroha m., faithfulness.
anujna
ad/tar ma
m., injustice, wrong.
a.,
f.,
favorable
;
permission.
anurupa a., suitable.
aneka a., several.
as n., favor.
anrta
untruth.
n.,
anta m., end
antara
inner
a.,
avagya
as
;
interior,
n.,
middle; interval, difference; oc-
andha
anna
j/
a people.
n. pr.,
adj., other.
any a (231) pron.
f.
ap (277)
make
eat, give to eat.
(332) num., eighty.
agru
n., tear.
pr.,
astadaga (332) num., eighteen.
further; as
conj., also, even.
f.,
heavenly nymph.
n., feeling
of safety
;
safe-
eight.
I
las (dsti
V
2as
-1-
-I-
ty-
:
426) be, exist.
abhipraya m., plan, design
;
view.
throw,
(dsyati)
m
—
entrust;
into.
asura m., demon.
asau same as adas.
n., nectar.
asthan (asthi: 275) n., bone.
asmad same as vayam; as stem
ay am same as idam.
ari m.,
enemy.
artha
m.,
in cpds, cf. 352, 4.
purpose;
meaning; ahan (ahar, ahas :
aham
wealth.
y arthaya
for (w.
(den.
:
artlidyate)
arh
ask ahita
two ace); + pra idem.
aryaman (284) m.,
(drhati)
right to
;
w.
deserve;
inf.
of,
ali
away with; w.
off.
I.
disagreeable.
aho excl., oh
n.,
!
ah
I
a day and a night.
dat.,
a (130) adv., hither, unto; as prep.,
w. abl., hither from; until.
akara m., form,
akdga m.,
m., bee.
ava adv., down,
a.,
have a
(320), be able.
suitable for.
271) n., day.
(223) pron.,
ahoratra
n. pr.
alam adv., enough; very; w.instr.,
enough
—
a si m., sword.
amrta
immortal; as
amba (273) f., mother.
;
+ pra throw
abhydsa m., study, recitation.
a.,
hurl;
abhi repeat, study, learn
forward or
abhi adv., to, unto.
]/
the Acvins
(the Indian Aioc, xovpoi).
astavingati (329,332) num.,twenty-
apt (190) adv., unto;
abhaya
2af (agnati) eat; caus. (dedya-
asta (332) num., eight.
hinder;
adj.,
other.
apsaras
obtain;
acquire,
nam-upa idem.
afiti
progeny.
water.
pi.,
apara (233) pron.
downward.
agva m., horse.
agvin m. du., n.
anyatra adv., elsewhere.
anvanc (272) a., following.
ittham adv., in this way, so.
idam (285-286) pron., this,
teacher.
ra.,
f.,
tias adv.,
indra m., n. pr., the god Indra.
n.. n. pr., Delhi.
aditya m., sun.
ddega m., command, prescription. indraprastha
acquire, reach; indrdni f., n. pr., a goddess.
ava, pra, or ami pra, idem ; iyant (263) a., so great ; so much.
sam idem finish.
iyam fem. of idam.
Y dp (dpn6ti,dpnute)
r
+
;
opad
iva adv., postpos., as; like.
calamity.
f.,
dpta part, oi dp, trustworthy;
dyusmant (263)
avista,
f.,
i.
dgu
a.,
+
e. filled
d,
as
arrow.
entered iha adv., here, hither.
(with).
hope.
]/
swift.
iks (iksaie) see,
neglect;
dgrama m., hermitage.
\'
y'lis (icchdti: 109) wish, desire.
isu m.,
long-lived.
of vig
part,
(by),
dgd
a.,
fit.
(dste: 424)
sdyati) place;
sit;
tdrg,
caus.
upa
\-
sit
(a-
f.
;
—
1-
upa
\-prati expect.
-J, a.,
\l\g (iste:
behold
such.
own
422) rule,
(gen.).
by; igvaram., master; lord; rich man.
wait upon; reverence.
dsana
n., seat, chair.
dharana
ucchrita part, of ud-gri, high.
ud
bringing.
n.,
adv., up, up forth or out.
dhdra m., food.
udaiic (272)
dhuti
udadhi m., ocean.
f.,
oblation, offering.
\/i (eti [-tie:
408]) go:
go over,
mid.,
udaya m.,
—
repeat,
abhi approach
—
h
;
rise.
adhi udara n., belly.
read; udyata part, of ud-yam, ready.
(adhydpdyati) teach;
anu follow ;
\- apa go away
\-
northward.
+
caus.
4-
a.,
;
udydna
n.,
garden.
udyoga m., diligence.
astam udyogin
a., diligent,
energetic.
go home) set (of the sun, upa adv., to, toward.
ud rise + upa ap- upanayana n., initiation.
etcj
y pra go forth; die. upanisad f., certain Vedic works.
proach;
(lit'ly
;
icchd
f.,
\-
wish.
;
upabhoga m., enjoyment.
I.
upavtta n., sacred cord
three higher castes.
of the
cles ca, carta, rid, api,
uras
n. pr.,
f.,
dawn;
f.,
:
kata m., mat.
kantaka m., thorn, enemy.
kantha m., neck.
an Apsaras.
as n. pr., Usas,
goddess of the dawn.
kanva m., n. pr.
katham adv., how
?
\kathaya (den.: kathdyati)
\r
(rcchdti:
move; go to;
109)
one's lot, fall upon; caus.
fall to
kadd
api,
re
in
the Rigveda.
pi.,
rna
kaniyas
kanyd
debt.
n.,
at
kanistha
the Rigveda.
verse of the Rigveda;
f.,
when ?
cana, rid,
some time, ever; often
adv.,
(-
w. neg.
rksa m., bear.
in.,
relate,
tell.
(arpdyati) send; put; give.
rgveda
no one
whatever (236).
urvi, a., wide.
urvaci
usas
oftenest in neg. clauses
breast.
n.,
f.
some one
or other; so also w. relatives;
updnah (249) f., sandal, shoe.
ubha a., du., hoth.
uru,
197
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
youngest.
a.,
younger.
daughter, maiden.
a.,
f.,
kapi m., monkey.
kapota m., dove.
rtvij ni., priest.
yjkamp (kdmpate) tremble.
kara m., hand trunk (of elephant) ;
rsi m., seer.
;
eka (231) num., one;
eke
•
•
eke,
some
•
•
pi.,
some;
others.
ekadd adv., once upon a time.
ekddaca (332) num., eleven.
ekddaca (334)
a.
eleventh.
ray; toll, tax.
karin m., elephant.
karuna
etad (231) pron., this, this here.
eva adv., just, exactly.
karman
evam
\/
esa
adv., so, thus.
same as
ostha m.,
a.,
karna m.,
kartr m. ,
lamentable.
ear.
doer,
maker (202);
author.
kal
n.,
deed; ceremony; fate.
+ sam
(samkaldyati)
put
together, add.
etad.
kalaha m., quarrel.
kald f., crescent.
lip.
kalinga m., n. pr., a people.
ausadha
n.,
medicine.
kaliyuga n., the "Iron
the world.
Age"
of
ka (232) pron. 1. interrogative, kalydna n., advantage; salvation.
who, what; kim w. instr., cf. kavi m., poet.
A-«Wi",,»'. p»ei
2. indefinite, kana a., one-eyed.
note on p. 89.
—
adj.
and
subst., chiefly
w. parti- kdnti
f.,
charm
;
grace.
198
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
I.
karna m., desire, love
as n. pr.,
;
kdmadugha
as
f.
8c.
1-
+
idem.
a.,
vi,
]/krt (krntdti:
—
krti
a.,
krtrima
kdrya
n.,
causing, making.
business, concern.
krtsna
kola m., time.
frap*
n.,
fagot;
kdsthamaya
of &a
kirn neut.
kiyant
wood.
made
a.,
;
w.
krsi
of wood.
however.
tu,
pron.
(263)
adj.
how
,
great ?
klrti
poor; niggardly.
graciousness, pity.
draw ;
f.,
—
V
a draw
(krsdti) plough.
agriculture.
krsivala m., husbandman, peasant.
krsna a., black; as m., n. pr., the
god Krsna.
^ kip (kdlpate) be
in order; tend
or conduce to (dat.); caus. (kal-
glory.
f.,
a.,
f.,
on or up;
Benares.
city,
cut off;
cut,
110)
adopted.
whole, entire.
krs (Jcdrmti)
]/
a
n. pr.,
kastha
kfpd
poem.
n.,
f.,
—
a.,
a.,
krpana
a poet.
n. pr.,
adorn.
scatter;
+ ava idem.
f., work (literary).
-kdrin
kdvya
—
idem.
kdya m., body.
karana n., reason, cause.
kdliddsa m.,
pers.);
sarn (395) prepare,
]/2kr (Jcirdti) strew,
ulous Wonder-cow.
kdmaduh
loc.
+prddus make known or visible ;
granting wishes;
dhenu, the fab-
a.,
subst.,
or
dat.,
gen.,
the god of love.
&utas adv., whence?
why?
pdyati,
ordain, appoint.
-te)
kutra adv., where? whither?
ketu m., banner.
kunta m., spear.
ke$a m., hair.
Y kup (kupyati) be angry (gen. kdildsa m., n. pr., a mountain.
koti f., peak
or dat.).
point, tip.
kumdra m., boy, prince.
kopa m., anger.
;
kugala
{/
a.,
do, perform;
the head,
h
make
apa do
loc, ace);
+ alam
—
ruler over (loc.)
harm
\-
rask.) hide
\-
;
make known,
upa do good
;
blame
punish
]/
—
—
transgress;
+ d
avis
exbe-
kram (kramati, krdinate: 134)
+ ati pass beyond;
step;
-I-
\/
nis
pass (of time);
stride
up
go out.
to,
1-
attack;
—
—
krl (krlnati, krintte) buy.
(<«'-
krldd
rei,
krodha m., anger.
f., game, sport.
puras tfkrudh (krudhyati) be angry (gen.
or dat.).
prati pay,
1-
;
put at the head ;
recompense,
to,
\-tiras
loc);
;
(gen.,
+ apa-d pay;
prepare, adorn
nefit (gen.,
treasury.
;
394-5) make, kdunteya m., n. pr.
1- adhi
put at kdusalyd f., n. pr.
evil to,
(dviskarotf)
hibit;
kosa m., treasure
able; clever; learned.
ikr(karoti, kurute:
(ace
»
kva adv., where? whither? +
cit
n.,
man
of the
m., decay, destruction.
ksan
(ksanoti,
hurt,
ksanute)
\/2gd (ghyati) sing.
\l
wound.
\/ksal (ksaldyati)
wash;
\-
pra
idem.
ksatra
—
+ ava
gah (gdhate) plunge;
dive or plunge -under (ace).
gir
suitable for Ksatriyas.
voice, song.
f.,
giri
a.,
together,
gandharva, f. -i, a., in the manner
of Gandharvas.
er guard.
ganaya (den.: gandyati) number,
+ ava despise.
gdurava n., weight; dignity.
count;
;
—
gaii
f.,
gait; course.
]/
granth
(grathn&ti)
string
to-
gether; compose.
gandha m., odor, perfume.
gandharva m., a Gandbarva, one granth a m., literary work, book.
of a band of celestial singers.
grah (grhnati, grhnlte) receive,
'
]
V gam (gdcchati
follow;
1-
h
:
ava understand
go down, set
+ a come;
(cf. i
—
+
go
100)
nis
come
f-
;
anu
abhi visit, attend;
Y
;
+
—
;
;
astam grama m.,
astam)
+ ud
seize
check
rise;
;
—
—
forth; proceed from;
grdsa m.,
+
1-
ni hold,
prati take.
village.
bite,
mouthful.
ghafa m., pot, vessel.
restrain,
200
I.
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
or vi-nis decide,
nis
ghdsa m., fodder, hay.
\fghrd (jighrati: 102) smell.
citta n., notice
ca encl. conj., and, also,
sometimes
cakra
rc.,
Y cafes
—
+
+
-que;
re,
(caste: 421)
a relate;
behold;
see,
name;
call,
—
catur (332) num., four.
f.
-I,
;
;
—
thought; mind.
;
cint (cintdyati) consider.
i
impel.
y cur (cordyati) steal.
\/cest (cestati, -te) stir,
caturdaca (332) num., fourteen.
\/cyu (cydvate) totter, fall
fall
quadruped.
a.,
be
alive.
cdulukya m., n. pr., a people.
fourth.
a.,
catuspad (282)
idem
cudd f., top-knot, scalp.
ced adv., postpos., if.
n., eye.
caturtha,
conclude
vi
ciram adv., long, a long time.
j/ cud + pra in caus. (pracoddyati),
=if.
wheel.
vi-d explain.
caksus
—+
+ pra gather;
+ sam collect.
n., clarified batter; ghee.
ghrta
\-vi
;
away.
catvdrincat (332) num., forty.
candra m., moon.
chattra
candramas m., moon.
chdyd
\/cam, used only with a (dedmati),
sip; rinse the mouth.
car (cdrati) go,
(of cattle);
Yd
tr.,
wander; graze
;
\-
ud caus.
carita n., behavior,
— + pra
[-pra-vi, tr.,
;
ffsljj*
•
.
,
n.,
n.,
a certain
move
h pra or sam idem.
move, jana m., man; pi., and
sacrifice.
(-
coll.
cinute)
janaka m., father.
janam
gold.
car a m., spy.
cdru a., beautiful.
(cinoti,
men
;
trey fas.
sing., people, folks.
cdturmdsya
\ ci
which moves
janman
f.,
mother.
n., birth,
existence.
jaya m., victory.
gather;
ud
(ujjdyate) be born, arise (abl.);
stir.
camtkara
n., that
and beasts; the world.
loc), arise, spring up;
leathern.
cal (cdlati) stir;
on, march
exter-
middle forms) be born (mother in
life.
hide, skin; leather.
a.,
+ ud
Vjan (jdyate : 155 ; janayati) trans.
(jandyati and active forms) beget,
produce; intrans. (jdyate and
a., moving, going.
carana m., n., foot, leg.
carmamaya
;
take
f-«
;
,.
(uccdrdyati) pronounce, say.
n.,
— + ava idem
—
minate.
perform, complete, do; jagat
-cava
\'
chid (chindtti, chinddhe) cut, cut
off;
perform, commit;
— + sam-d idem
carman
shade.
away, remove
camatkara m., astonishment.
\'
\'
umbrella.
n.,
f.,
\-
jaras (280)
f.,
old age.
in
I.
jara (280)
jala
tatas adv., thence, therefore; there-
old age.
f.,
water.
n.,
upon.
tatra adv., there, thither.
speak; chat.
X'jalp (jdlpati)
jdgaraya (caus.) awaken.
j
jati
birth; caste; kind.
f.,
tatlid adv., in that
way,
tad nom. and ace.
s.
ft
tada adv., then.
wife.
tadyatha adv., namely, to wit.
n., net.
jala
\
woman,
f.,
and
(jdyati) trans,
intrans.,
—
\ tan (tanoti, tanute),
+ para, mid.,
conquer, win;
be conquered (cf. in Voc. 9).
n. pr.,
jina m.,
jihva
\
a
name
extend;
-f
.
sacrificial
esp.
tapas
a.,
knowing.
]/
jna (janati, jdnite
+ anu permit;
—
(djnapdyati)
:
403) know;
Yd
command
caus.
\-
;
vi
jya
n.,
f.,
knowledge;
insight.
intr.,
do
a.,
tam (tdmyati:
131)
;
be sad.
taru m., tree.
taruna,
f.
-I, a.,
young, delicate.
tasthivans pf. part, of stha; as n.,
jyestha (340)
a.,
best; oldest.
jyotisan., astronomy; astronomi-
a.,
n.,
such.
palate.
tdvant adj., so great, so
tavat as adv., so long, so
much;
much
;
often concessive, like done, dock,
cal text-book.
light;
tadrg
talu
bowstring.
jyotis n.,
and
the immovable.
recognize.
jndna
tr.
practising ascetism
as m., ascetic.
jetr m., conqueror, victor.
-jna
-te),
in pass., suffer,
heat; self-torture.
n.,
tapasvin
spoon.
\
—
penance.
spoon,
,
stretch,
sacrifice);
cause, bring about;
burn; pain;
jivita n., life.
tr.,
(a
pra extend.
\/tap (tdpati,
jiv (jivati) live.
juhu f
perform
Yd
of Buddha.
tongue.
f.,
so.
n. to ta; as
adv.. therefore.
jamatr m., son-in-law.
jaya
201
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
heavenly tiraskarinl
star;
body.
f.,
tiryanc (272)
veil.
a.,
going horizontally;
as subst., animal.
ta
(228-230) pron., he,
both subst. and adj.
etc.
;
;
that,
also as
\/
f.,
n. pr.,
ornament (often
Taxila, a
tad (tdddyati) strike, beat.
city.
place of
pilgrimage.
tivra a., great, strong, violent.
however.
tadaga m., pond.
tu conj., but,
tadit
\/tud (tuddti) push; strike.
f.,
lightning.
tandula m., rice.
fig.).
bank, shore.
tirtha n., bathing-place;
def. article.
taksapild
tilaka m.,
fir a n.,
ytul (toldyati) weigh.
202
I.
y'tus (tusyati) rejoice,
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
take pleasure
in (w. instr.).
over;
+ ud emerge;
\-
ava dasta
— + pra
in caus. (pratdrdyati), deceive.
-d (335),
f.
trtiya,
]/
trsnd
leave,
(tydjati)
+ pari
leave
off,
]/
tringat (332)
n.
num.,
-kl
,
the threefold
world.
of a metre.
ddsa m., slave, groom.
ddsi f., female slave, servant.
day.
n.,
divya
num., eighty-three.
tva stem of pron. of 2d pers. (226
352.
present; generosity.
f.
(rarely m.), sky.
divasa m., day.
tryaglti
cf.
adj. (204), gen-
div (277)
trigtrsan a., three-headed.
name
132) cutj qvve
:
n., gift,
dina
f.,
— +pra
ddnava m., demon.
trivrt a., triple, threefold.
tristubh
2da (dydti
ddna
thirty.
f. ,
in
give or
erous.
give up.
(332) num., three.
triloka
436) give;
make
take (312);
abandon; ddtr m., giver; as
trayodaga (332) num., thirteen.
tri
:
entrust; give in marriage.
tejasvin a., courageous.
\/tyaj
Yd
pay;
thirst, desire.
f.,
dah (ddhati) burn.
caus. (ddpdyati)
third.
a.,
part, of dang.
j/lrfd (dddati, datte
trp (tfpyati) satisfy oneself.
V
n. pr.
dagaratha m.,
y'tr (tdrali) cross
descend;
daga (332) num., ten.
y/
4-
;
a.,
heavenly, divine.
dig (digdti)
show, point out;
command
a
—
;
+ upa
—
teach,
instruct.
4).
tvad so-called stem of pron. tva.
dig f. ,
point, cardinal
point;
tvastr m., n. pr., a god, Tvastar.
quarter, region direction.
;
(paydyati) give to drink, water.
\/2pd (pali) protect; caus. pdld-
-I,
a.,
n.,
n.
pr.,
creation, etc.
(homo).
pururavas m., n. pr., Pururavas.
purohita m., domestic priest.
pidinda m.,n. pr., a tribe in India.
\lpus (pusndti) make increase or
grow.
the city puspa
Patna.
former,
one of a class of
pusta part, of pus, stout,
yati) idem.
pdtaliputra
daughter.
but.
purd adv.,
works on the
flee.
V'pa? (pdgyati: 127) see.
in.,
-tri f.,
punar adv., again,
wandering pumans (279) m., man, male.
parivrdj (247, 2) m.,
pa^u
pi, fat.
]/ptd (piddyafi) torment, vex.
para (233) a.,
parisad
as pyd.
plna part, of
paramatman
para
pi.,
Manes.
step; place.
n.,
padma m.
n., cattle-raising.
refuge pitr m., father; du., parents;
to (ace.).
pada
205
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
n.,
pustaka
fat.
flower.
n.,
book (manuscript).
'
pdtha m., lecture, lesson.
pdni m., hand.
pdnini m.,
n. pr.
y pu (pundti, puntte) clean.
ypuj (pujdyati) honor.
pura m., flood, high-water.
pdndava m., descendant of Pandu. puru
pdtaka
pdtra
pada
papa
n.,
n.,
n. pr.,
Ptisan,
quarter ray, beam. prthivl f., earth, ground.
bad; as n. subst., sin.
prthu a., broad, wide.
;
;
pdrthiva m., prince.
pdrvatl
f.,
palana
n.,
pd$a
(284) m.,
the Sun-god.
pot, vessel.
m., foot
a.,
m., n, pr.
pumn
crime, sin.
n.
pr.
protection.
m., noose, cord, snare.
prthvi
f.,
earth.
prthvirdja m., n. pr.
\'\pr (ptparti)
fill.
,V")p>;
fpaV^/^^'
po?aka m., supporter, maintainer.
«
i?t/6
206
I.
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
sociable.
pdutra m., grandson.
citizen.
pdura m.,
priyavddin
\'pyd (pydyate) swell, get stout.
forth.
pra adv., forward,
prakdgxn
act.,
caus. (pri-
light; mid., rejoice;
glistening;
bright,
a.,
idem.
a.,
(prindti, prtnlte), act., de-
V'jjri
make
ndyati),
glad, please.
+ a
\/plu (pldvate)
illuminating.
drench.
\/prach (prcchdti) ask, ask about.
praja
f.,
phala
creature, subject.
prati adv. and prep., back, back
again
;
towards
(postpos.
,
]'
unfavorable.
a.,
pratyanc (272)
ward.
pratyaham
\lprath
a.,
backward, west-
bandhu m.,
caus.
(prathdyati),
pramatta
a.,
praydga m.,
;
bdla
many.
f.
careless.
n.
j)r.,
com-
relative.
strength, might.
n.,
balavant
bahu
prabhdva m., might, power.
much
join;
strong, mighty.
a.,
balistha a., strongest.
a., first.
pralhama (335)
a.,
catch;
pose.
bala
spread; proclaim.
prabhuta
bandh (badhndti, badhnlte) bind;
entangle,
adv., daily.
in
reward.
a., fruitful.
w.
ace.).
pratikula
n., fruit,
phalavant
Allahabad.
a.,
a.,
much, many.
young; as m.,
prayoktr m., arranger, user.
pralaya m., destruction.
boy;
bdspa m., tear, tears.
bdhu m., arm.
bindu m., drop.
buddha part, of ftucM,
prayukta part, of pra-yuj.
child,
-a, girl.
awakened
;
enlightened.
buddhi f., prudence, intelligence.
pragna m., question.
prasanna, part, of pra-sad, well- buddhimant a., prudent.
Y budh (bodhati, -te ; budhyati,-te),
disposed.
wake know.
prahdra m., stroke, shot; wound.
budha m., wise man, sage.
prdnc (272) forward, eastward.
;
prdna m., often
pi.,
breath,
life.
prdnin m., living creature.
prdtar adv., early, in the morning.
prdyagcitta
n.,
penance, expiation.
prdyena adv., commonly.
prdsdda m., palace.
pn?/a
a.,
dear.
priyakarman
priyavdc
a.,
a.,
brahmacarya
brahmacdrin
a.,
life
of holiness,
studying sacred
m. , Brahman
as
knowledge;
student.
brahman
(of
kind.
n.,
esp. religious studentship.
n.,
devotion; sacred
God);
sacred
word
knowledge;
world-spirit.
saying pleasant things, brahman (a personification oibrd-
I.
207
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
hman)m., the supreme All-Soul; bhdm f., speech, language.
bhdwant a., shining, brilliant.
Brahma, the Creator.
brahmahan (283) m.
killing a \' bhiks (bhiksate) beg, get by beg,
wander mahant (261) a., great.
mahdnasa n., kitchen.
about, flit
pari idem.
bhrdtr m., brother.
mahardja m., great king.
)'bhram (bhrdmyati :
1-
;
bhru
131)
mahisa m.,
eyebrow.
f.,
mahisi
maksikd
f.,
gnat.
fly,
maghavan (270)
I
m., Indra.
majj (mdjjati) sink ;
—+
sure;
ni id em.
mani m., jewel.
mati
a.,
matsya m.,
called
352,
greek
mdtr
fish.
stem
of
\/mad (mddyati) get
+ pra be careless.
aham;
drunk;
cf.
—
mdnava
manasa
n.,
f.
fflajB m.,
mitra
n.,
n.,
man
(homo).
sense; understanding.
-£,
human.
way,
street.
garland.
f.,
month.
n., friend.
middle; mitradruh
(249)
friend-be-
a.,
traying.
]/man (mdnyate;
manas
195.
m., road,
madhulih m., bee.
waist.
used in
like Lat. ne,
sweetness.
n.,
m.,
mdnusa,
mfl/«
etc.,
mother.
honey.
madhuparka m., sweet drink.
madhyaa., middle; as
work, create.
cf.
^uvf;
f.,
marga
n.,
suppose
nis
n., flesh.
madhurya
4.
madhu
J-
adv. and conj., not;
mdhsa
shrewd, prudent.
mathi same as manthan.
mad
ma
prohibitions,
mind.
{.,
matimant
n. pr.
queen.
j/lma (jndti; mimite: 438) meaf.,
1-
;
manute) think, mina m.,
sam honor.
tfmtl
mind.
fish.
wink;
(milati)
+
ni
close
the eyes.
manusya m., man (homo),
muktd
f.,
pearl.
mukti f., salvation, deliverance.
manoratha m., wish.
manohara a., agreeable; entranc- mukha n., mouth, face.
mukhya
ing.
mantra m., sacred text;
charm.
spell,
mantrin m., minister; councillor.
manth (mathnati)
manthan (278) m.,
\'
Storm-gods.
stirring-stick.
pi.,
n. pr,,
]/mud (modate) rejoice;
h
anu
allow.
stir.
mandara m., n. pr., a mountain.
marana n., death.
marut m., wind;
a., principal, first.
\/muc (muncdti: 110) free, release;
muktvd, without (312).
the
muni m., sage;
[' mus
(musndti)
musala m.
n.,
ascetic.
steal, rob.
club, pestle.
\/muh (muhyati) be confused or
dazed or stupid.
I.
murdhaga a., on the head.
murdhan m., head.
mula
rdyati) kill.
(den.:
mrgdyate)
\'
yd
—
chase, hunting.
f.,
glory, fame.
with
go;
(ydti)
into such
abstracts,
and such a state;
+ a approach.
wipe; ydtrdt, march, journey support.
polish; ydma m., watch of the night.
rub,
y/mrj (rndr&ti: 423)
caus. (mdrjdyati) rub
Jumna.
stick, staff.
f.,
come
for, seek.
mryayd
n.,
yasti
hunt
ni or-
fix,
yavana m., Greek, barbarian.
yapas
m., wild animal; gazelle.
\lmrgaya
\-
;
appoint.
yamundf., n. pr., the river
\'mr (mriydte: 155) die; caus. (md-
mrga
ud undertake
(-
dain,
root.
n.,
209
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
;
off,
how much or many
h apa, pari or pra, wipe off. ydvant a.
mrta, part, of mr, dead, fallen.
ydvat as adv., as long as, while;
as soon as.
mrtyu m., death.
;
,
»nrrf
earth, dirt.
f.,
mekhala
yuga
age of the world.
n.,
yugma
girdle.
f.,
n., pair.
megha m., cloud.
Vyuj (yundkti, yunkte) join, yoke,
moksa m., deliverance; salvation.
harness; caus. (yojdyati) idem;
»<o/ja m., infatuation.
ni place, appoint, establish
h
— + pra
arrange
;
ya (231) rel. pron., used as subst. yuddha n., battle.
and adj., who, which, what; cf. \yudh (yudhyate) fight
234 ff.
yuvati f. to yuvan.
V yaj
(ydjati,
pers.,
yati)
instr.
make
crifice for
yajus
sacrifice
-te)
yuvan (269)
stem
young;
yuyam (226)
pron., you.
suitable for sacrificing.
yatas adv., whence; wherefore.
raksitr m., protector.
yati m., ascetic.
y'rac (racdyati) arrange,
yatna m., exertion.
yathd adv., in which
adv.,
yadi adv.,
when,
way
;
rajju
as.
j
ranj
f.,
cord,
+ anu
(anurdjyati
inclined or devoted to
if.
if.
•\Jyam (ydechati: 100) furnish, give
Perry, Sanskrit Primer.
\/ram (rdmate) amuse oneself;
+ vi (virdmati) cease (abl.).
rapmi m., ray
form, beauty.
n.,
rupaka
iron.
grow
vahga m., race, family.
vakra a., crooked, bent.
and
pi.,
I.
vaksas
\/vac
n., chest,
(vdkti:
speak,
written leal) speak,
vanij m., merchant.
vatsa m.,
+
(a
abhi
caus.
in
—
+
vi
say;
—
dispute,
vadhu
vana
]/
!
\
vand
wife.
;
(validate) greet, honor.
body;
n.,
vayam (223)
culp-
n., trade.
vata m., wind.
a
m.,
Brahman
f.,
in
life.
cistern.
vdyasa m., crow.
vayu m., wind.
forest-dwelling.
a.,
word.
;
blameworthy,
a.,
able.
vapi
vari
vap (vdpati) scatter; sow.
vapus
voice
the third stage of his
forest.
woods,
vanavdsin
murder.
killing,
woman
f.,
n.,
f.,
vdcya
vdnaprastha
in.,
,
encl., or.
(abhivdddyati) vanijya
(mid.)
argue.
vadha
tr.
carry, bear;
proceed; flow; blow.
intr.,
vac
speak,
garment.
n.,
y'vah (ydhati)
vd
read.
e.
calf.
(vddati)
greet;
i.
say;
make
caus. (vdcdyati)
name;
I'vad
vastra
hreast.
415)
211
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
figure.
pron., we.
n.,
water.
out.
vi adv., apart,
away,
vinca (334)
twentieth.
a.,
vincati (332) num., twenty.
vincatitama (334) a., twentieth.
vayas n., age.
lvard m., suitor, bridegroom.
vikramdditya a., n. pr., a king.
2vdra m., choice, privilege; favor. \/vij (vijdti) tremble;
h ud in
Zvara a., best; better (w. abl.
caus. (udvejdyati) terrify.
:
tu'tta n.,
than).
vardha m., boar.
varuna m., n. pr., a god.
varna m., color caste.
varnaya
(varndyati)
describe,
vartin a., abiding, being.
n.,
vallabha
\
year.
dear.
vidvista
;
on a journey;
V
—
\-
vasu
+
n.,
dwelling.
wealth, money.
vasudeva m.,
n. pr.
ni in-
of vi-dvi§,
part,
vidhi m., rule, fate;
pra go away vidheya
habit.
f.,
pass.
detested.
wish.
\'vas (vdsati) dwell;
habit, dwell
knowing.
vidya f., knowledge, learning.
vidoans a., knowing, wise.
a.,
ra<; (vdsti)
vasati
\/2vid (vinddti, -te) find, acquire.
-vid a.,
portray.
varsa
— 417) know,
consider; caus. (veddyati) inform
h ni caus., idem.
(dat.);
;
\
possessions; wealth.
\/vid (vetti; veda: 416
prati
in-
a.,
Brahma.
obedient.
vinaya m., obedience.
Btnfi prep., without (with
instr.
or ace, often postpos).
vipaka m., ripening; recompense.
vipra m., Brahman.
14*
212
I.
pervading, far-
-bhvi, a.
f.
vibhu,
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
reaching; omnipresent, mighty.
vivdha m., wedding, marriage.
vivekin
[/vig
shrewd.
a.,
—
enter;
(vigdti)
+
—
self;
pra enter, penetrate.
vig
1-
m.
seat one-
part, of vi-gis,
excellent,
give
rain
;
pain.
f.,
veddnta m.
a system of philo-
,
sophy.
altar.
f.,
vigva (231)
a., all
vyanjana
(Vedic).
man
of the third caste.
n., spice.
caus. (vyathdyati) tor-
in
yvyath
ment.
vigvdsa m., trust, confidence.
n.,
sooth; often untranslated.
vdigya m.,
vigruta part, of vi-gru, famous.
poison.
y'vyadh (vidhyati)
visnu m., n. pr., a god.
vyal'ika a., false,
vihaga m., bird.
vyavahdra m.,
vihita part, of vi-dhd, ordained.
vydkarana
]/
,
vdi assev. particle, to be sure, in
remarkable.
visa
rain
shower down; overwhelm.
veda m., science, knowledge; esp.
sacred knowledge, holy writ.
people; the Vaicya- vedi
pi.,
caste.
vigista
vrs (vdrsati)
fig.,
sam-d vedand
approach;
+ upa
[
hit, pierce.
wrong.
trial,
n.,
law -suit; trade.
grammar.
lvr (vrnoti, vrnute) cover, sur- vydghra m., tiger.
1- d cover ;
r apa-d vyddha m., hunter.
news.
rrddha part, of vrdh, old.
]/ vrdh
(vdrdhate) grow
;
bring up.
pass.,
cf.
322.
gaka m., Scythian.
vrtra m., n. pr., a demon.
(vardhdyati
pra proclaim.
\'gak (gaknoti)be able; sometimes
vrtta n., conduct.
,
-te)
gakata m., car.
gakuntald
caus.
make grow;
gankd
f.,
f.,
n. pr.
hesitation.
gata (332-333) n., a hundred.
gatatama
a.,
hundredth.
I.
213
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
gatru m., enemy.
gura m., hero.
gabda m., sound, noise, word.
grgala m., jackal.
y gam
(gdmyati)
become
gem m.
quiet,
be extinguished, go out.
gayyd f., bed, couch.
garad
}/
grdddha
garlra n., body.
garva m., n. pr., a
fafc/?a
name of Qiva.
branch;
f.,
red-
edition,
f.,
n.,
trouble.
}/
gri
+
d
grl
repose.
(dgrdyate)
command;
luck,
f.,
go for prowith (ace).
riches; as |>(ess
fortune,
goddess of fortune
n. pr.,
rule; pun-
Manes
16).
tection, take refuge
j/pds (paste)
become
131)
oblation to the
Voc.
(cf. in
action.
gdnti
(grdmyali:
grama m., pains,
autumn; year.
f.,
gram
weary.
protection.
n.,
remainder.
a fabulous snake sup-
porting the earth.
gara m., arrow.
garana
n., rest,
gesa m.,
as
;
prefix to proper names, famous,
ish.
honorable, etc.
gdstr m., governor, punisher.
gdstra
n.,
science; text-book.
V'piArs (giksate)
grlmant
'
learn.
\
gikhara m., summit.
p?'ras n., head.
a.,
rich
;
famous.
gru (grnoti, grnute: 391) hear; in
caus. (gravdyatf)
make
hear,
i.
e.
proclaim (ace. pers.).
firaa., beneficent, gracious; bless- gruta part, of gru; as n., learning.
ed; as m., n. pr., a god.
gruti f., hearing; holy writ.
recite,
greyas a., better; best; greyas as
gigu m., child.
gis (gindsti)
\'
leave, leave remain-
gvan (269) m., dog.
apart, distinguish.
gvagura m., father-in-law.
gvagru f., mother-in-law.
— + ava remain over, sur— + ud idem; — +vi set
vive;
ing;
of the fourth caste. sasti (332) num., sixty.
condition of a Cudra.
j
saslha,
f.
-7
(334),
a.,
sixth.
214
I.
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
sodaca (332) num., sixteen.
samagama
m., meeting, encounter.
samdja m., convention, company.
of sam-yuj, pro- samidh f., fagot.
samyukta part,
vided with.
samlpa
sairwatsara m., year.
a.,
near; as
sampaya m., doubt.
samudra m., ocean.
sakrt adv., once.
samunnati
sakthan (sakthi: 275)
n.,
vicinity,
nearness, presence.
n.,
f.
height
,
,
elevation
sakhi (274) m., friend.
sameta a., provided with.
sakhi f., female companion, friend. sampurna part, of lpr
sajja
y sanj
{sdjati
;
sajjdte:
cf.
in
Voc. samyak adv., well, properly.
sarit
(loc).
satkdra m., hospitality.
\'
sad
n., truth,
down; be sarvatra
overcome or exhausted
\-
;
a
\-sam-d seat one-
approach;
self; caus. (saddyati) meet, en-
counter;
\-
ni
sit
down;
—
+ pra be favorable.
sadd adv., always.
f.
sadrpa,
-e,
sathdigdha
samdhyd
a.,
f.,
a.,
river.
sarva (231)
righteousness.
(sidati) sit; settle
f.,
sarga m., creation.
sarpa m., snake.
sattra n., sacrifice.
mtya
sam,
be fastened on samrdj m., great king; emperor.
hang on,
22)
+
full.
ready.
a.,
;
high position.
thigh.
a., all.
a.,
everywhere.
savitr m., n. pr., the
Sun-god Sa-
vitar; sun.
l/saA (sdhate) endure,
sa^a adv., together; prep., often
with , along with,
postpos. ,
(instr.).
similar; worthy.
doubtful; unsteady.
twilight.
sant, part, of las, being, existing
;
sahacara m.,
companion;
-l
f.,
wife.
sahasa adv., suddenly, quickly.
sahasra n., a., thousand.
as m., good man ; as f. sahaya m., companion, helper.
good woman, especially a saksin m., witness.
widow who immolates herself. sddhana n., means, device.
good
;
satl,
sddhu m., holy man, saint.
sdman n., Vedic melody, song;
sdmpratam adv., at present.
the sdijam adv., at evening.
adv., along with; completely.
samaksam
adv.,
before,
presence of (gen.).
samartha a., capable, able.
in
sdrasa m., crane.
smk
m., lion.
y sic
moisten
(sincdti) drip, drop,
anoint as king.
\-abhi
—
yisidh (sedhati) repel;
hold back; forbid.
;
ed juice of the Soma-plant.
+prati skandha m., shoulder.
;
in caus.
(sddhdyati) perform; acquire.
sindhu m., n. pr., the Indus.
siman
|
easy
;
sundara,
f.
sumanas
song of praise.
(276)
woman.
f.,
(tisthati)
stand, intr.
;
as
—
stop;
+
—
follow out, accomplish
p. 96, last
+pra
sukta
n.,
over;
rise
bring forth;
(sute) generate,
rule, govern;
(cf.
note);
Vedic hymn.
—
+ sam
in caus.,
-\-anu follow
\-apa go
away;
(-sdrdyati) drive
away.
up;
\/
—
srj
in caus.
—
let go, create;
loose or out ; raise (the
(srjdti)
+ ud
let
voice,).
move
y srp (sdrpati)
;
sthiti
}'
f.,
\-pra idem.
upa ap-
+ pra
mid.,
send ;
—
cf.
290, end.
condition.
snd (snati) bathe.
sndtaka m., one who has performed the ablutions customary at
the end of religious pupilage.
sndna
—
arise,
place, locality; stead.
sthdna
sthita part, of sthd;
flow;
\-
also
(cf.
cause to remain
surya m., sun.
n.,
+ anu
ud
start off; in caus. (act.),
suda m., cook.
sr (sdrati)
;
1-
Voc. 40);
proach, reach;
generate.
suta m., driver, charioteer.
]/
be in
stand
adhi mount,
suhrd m., friend.
—
;
(sthdpdyati) put, place; appoint;
flower.
surdpa m., drunkard.
suvarna n., gold.
y su
— 4 upa
;
or on, etc., be situated; caus.
favorably-minded
a.,
strew
in., thief.
y sthd
a., beautiful.
-z,
strnati,
strnute;
scatter, bestrew.
strl
fortune, luck, happiness.
n.,
song of praise; praise.
(strnoti,
stotra n.,
very.
;
su (sunoti, sunute) press.
f.,
str
stena
su adv., well
sukha
(stduti: 411) praise.
f.,
strnite) scatter,
skirts.
\
stuti
out-
border, boundary;
f.,
soma m., the intoxicating ferment-
y stu
(sidkyati) succeed
V 2sidh
215
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
I.
n.,
bathing, bath.
sndyu m., tendon, bowstring.
srsti {., creation.
snigdha part, of snih, affectionate.
setu m., bridge, dike.
y snih (snihyati)
send
love (gen., loc).
snusd f., daughter-in-law.
f.,
army.
y'sev (sevate) serve,
ni
dwell;
devote
sdinika m., soldier.
n.,
—
+
oneself to;
y sprg
inclined to,
(sprgdti) touch.
ysprh (sprhdyati) desire
attend.
sdinya
honor;
feel
army.
sma
encl.,
(dat.).
slightly assev.
accompanies
a
present
;
often
tense,
216
I.
the force of an histor-
it
giving
Sanskrit-English Glossary.
ical tense.
y smr
remember; think havis
mind teach esp. in hasta
(smdrati)
on ;
call to
'it is
taught,
i.
e.
tradition
f.,
;
own
a.,
V svanj
(svdjate)
embrace;
\'
y svap
(svdpiti:
svayam pron., own
a.,
epithet of
svasr
a.,
of ldlid;
as
adj.,
ad-
Himalaya Mts.
self, self.
self-existent; asm.,
Brahma.
sister.
f.,
part,
vantageous ; as n., advantage.
himavant a., snowy; as m., the
svarga m., heaven.
svddu
hins (hindsti) injure, destroy.
hita
429) sleep.
svapna m., sleep, dream.
svayambhu
causal,
;
because.
for,
\-
similar.
a.,
\-pra idem.
send;
]/hi (hinoti)
hi assev. particle, surely
pari (Cf. Voc. 21) idem.
svadrq
(f <•**.)
)/2hd (jihite: 438) move.
one's own.
;
(jdhdli) abandon, give up;
neglect. ChTytx^e
srasjr m., creator.
sva
hastin m., elephant.
law-book.
garland.
f.,
oblation.
m., hand.
y lhd
traditional'.
smrti
n.,
;
;
pass, smaryate
sraj
harina m., gazelle.
hala m. n., plough.
hma
part, of \hd, abandoned;
wanting in; w. instr., without.
]/ hu (juhoti, juhute) sacrifice.
fire.
hutabhuj (nom. -bhuk) m.,
y hu see hvd.
sweet.
steal ;
svadhyaya m., private recitation \ hr (Jidrati) take away
of sacred texts.
+ apa idem;
+
plunder;
svdmin m., possessor, lord.
a act. and mid., fetch, bring;
;
—
svdiram adv., at pleasure.
h
ud-d
praty-a
hata part, of han.
cite,
mention;
back;
bring
—
—
h
+ ud
save, rescue.
y han (hdntix 419) kill; caus. (gha- hrd (281) n., heart.
+ apa hrdaya n., heart.
tdyati), have killed;
—
—
—
+ abhi smite;
remove;
y hrs (hdrsati,
sam-d wound;
h ni kill;
-1delighted;
—
h
pra idem.
\-prati hinder; injure, offend;
he interj., O, ho.
+ sam
hemanta m., winter.
hrasvam adv., near by.
-han (283)
hanu
hfsyati) rejoice, be
f.,
write.
a.,
killing.
jaw.
hanumant m.,
\'hri (jihreti)
n. pr.,
a monkey- hrl
king.
f.,
yhva
be ashamed.
modesty, bashfulness.
(hvdyati) call
;
hantr m., killer, slayer.
ydyati) have called
hari m., n. pr., a god.
summon.
in caus. (hvd;
— +d
call,
II.
217
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
II.
English -Sanskrit.
abandon, to: tyaj; Ihd.
answer, to: bhds + prati.
able: samartha; galcya.
appoint, to: kip, caus.; yuj +
able, to be: cak.
approach, to:
according to
argument (reason): vac
anu, postpos.
:
ni.
gam + d; yd+d.
f.
Acvins: acvindu, du.
bhu; (get up) sthd+ ud.
arm: bdhu m.
address, to: bru.
army
acquire, to: labh
arise, to:
dp.
;
nam + pra.
adore, to:
arrow
adorn, to: \kr + alam.
advantage: hita n.
adversity duhkha
;
afraid, to be
afterward
:
kalyana
n.
n.
;
:
+ anu.
allow, to: jiid
bhiksd
:
also
:
always
sadd,
:
:
pari-
be-
ca, postpos.
labh
:
bank
tathd.
anger: kopa m.; krodha
animal: tiryanc m.
parisad
2vid;
;
:
va.
to: Ivid+ni, caus.
f.
lac; dp;
labha m.
kartr
in.;
etc.) drasfr
ram.
bad
;
;
axe; paracu m.
nit yam.
:
f.
jyotisa n.
-\-ava or pra.
hymnns,
api.
oneself, to
announce,
;
— to
;
vraj+pra.
sabhd
:
author:
ancient: pur ana.
and
m.
yati m.
;
for, to: arthaya.
attainment
:
:
ask
Qp
f.
although
amuse
a.,
attain, to:
eva.
api.
altar: vedi
muni m.
:
astronomy
f.
:
ascetic
assembly
all-protecting: vicvapd.
alone (adv.)
m.
isu
ask, to (inquire): prach.
sarva; (entire) vicva.
alms
;
dvija m.; dvijdti
ashamed, to be: hrl.
ashes: bhasman n.
prati.
age: vayas n.
all:
gara m.
:
Aryan:
come an
tatas.
again: punar.
against
f.
gam + d.
vrdj m.; tapasvin m.
bhl.
:
send
:
arrive, to:
papa.
:
\
V\
^
w
tira n.
banner: ketu m.
barbarian
bathe, to:
:
yavana m.
ma.
(of
m.
Vedic
218
II.
rana m.
battle:
be,
to:
n.
;
bhu; vrt;
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
yuddha
(be
sthd.
bear, to: bhr
su +pra.
bear
rksa
:
(bring forth) su;
;
both
ubha du.
:
nam.
bow,
to
boy
bdla m.
:
:
:
branch
beautiful: sundara; rupavant.
brave: dhira.
to:
bee:
va.
alt
beg, to
;
bhu; vrt.
madhulih m.
+ d.
:
uar« m.
hr +
d.
:
burn, to
behold, to: tks.
Benares
dah.
:
business: kdrya n.
but: tu; kimtu ; punar.
kdfi f.
bend, to: nam.
:
+ upa.
beseech, to: pad+pra.
call, to:
besiege, to: rudh; rudh + upa.
best crestha; jyestha.
caste
betake oneself, to: yd;
cease, to:
gam; ram + vi.
celebrated
:
benefit, to; lkr
creyas
:
;
cri
bird
+ d.
jydyas.
birth
vihaga
jdti
:
black
chain
f.
va.
;
;
janman
n.
:
kdnti
:
blood: rudhira
n.
to (intr.)
:
f..
rudh.
;
uras
it.;
n.
child: bdla m.; cicu m.
bhagavant ; (as prefix) choose, to:
cistern
boat: ndu
vicruta ; crimant.
chest: vaksas
prf.
blow,
pi.
check, to: dam, caus.
blame, to: nind; lkr + tiras.
blessed
va.
hdra m.
:
charm
paksin m.
krsna.
:
go
:
charioteer; suta m.
dvipad.
:
:
jdti f.
:
cattle
bind, to: bandh.
biped
hvd; (name) vac; vad.
capable: samartha.
:
better
citizen
vah.
city
:
:
:
2i\r.
vdpi
f.
pdura m.
nagara
n.
;
-j f.;
cleverness: buddhi
f.
pur
f.
f.
body: garira n.; vapus n.
kdya climb, to ruA + a.
m. (heavenly sun, etc.): jyotis n. close, to lur + sam ; lcMa +
bone: asthan n.
cloud: megha m.
:
;
;
book:
;
prthu ; uru.
brother: bhratr m.
pagcdt (w. gen.),
:
m.
f.
m + a;
bring, to:
broad
begin, to: rabh
behind
bridegroom
bhiks.
:
dro/'a
breast: «ras n.; vaksas n.
n.
rupa
:
Qdkhd
:
;
m.
drijdti m.; y/pra
beat, to: tad.
beauty
kumdra m.
;
Brahman brdhmana m.
va.
become,
+ ud.
born, to be: jan; jan
n.
situated)
:
(manuscript) pustaka
(work) grantha m.
:
n.;
apt.
coachman: suta m.
come,
to: graw
+
a; ya
+
6;
t -f
II.
come out: gam +
abhi or a;
yd +
nis;
command
f.
Txjnd
nideca m.
;
+
caus.
jnd+d
to: dig+d;
:
day: divasa m.
d.
putri f
.
;
;
f/u-
f.
d.
by
:
rfma n.
;
dine dine
;
ahan
to
car
:
n.;
pratyaham
;
a day and a night: ahordtra
companion: sahdya m.; sahaca- dead: mrta; vipanna.
ra m.
decide, to (settle) nl + nis.
commit,
a;
f.
daughter: kanyd
tor
nis.
command,
219
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
\kr.
;
n.
:
company: samdja m.
to: rac.
compose,
conduct: vrtta
deity
+
:
deliverance
cint
:
patnl
devatd
:
f.
depart, to
Ivid.
;
mukti
:
i -f
:
desire, to
n.
lubh.
:
destroy, to: bhanj.
man + ava ; bhu -f pari.
ci + nis or vi-nis.
cord, sacred: upavita n.
despise, to
count, to
determine, to:
ganaya.
:
cover, to
f.
\vr (mid.)
:
;
\vr
+ sam
f.
;
go
:
srj.
crescent: kald
;
kft
;
:
:
+ ava;
nac
:
f.
ruj
di,-?(i distress, to
:
+
ava. distribute, to
prati-d.
vi.
du.
:
:
bhaj
;
pra-
+
vi.
divya.
do, to: \kr ; car
daily: nitya; (adv.) nityam
-f
domestic: grhya.
dog cvan m. ; cum
:
n.
vi.
t
chid
divine
tyaham.
dancing: nrtta
-f-
vad +
dispute, to:
+
vyddhi m.
ruh -f ava.
;
dismount, to
disown, to: khyd
cut, to: krt; chid.
:
disappear, to
disease
f.
crow: vdyasa m.
curds: dadhan n.
off, to
+ pra pad +
diligently: bhrcam.
jagat n.
cross, to: tr.
cut
i
durlabha; duskara.
dig, to: khan.
diligence: udyoga m.
creator: dhdtr m.; srastr m.
creature: prdnin m.
mr ;
:
difficult:
f.
cowherd: gopa m.
create, to
die: aksa m.
die, to
(mid.),
cow: dhenu
:
devoted: bhakta; snigdha.
devotion: bhakti f.
tejasvin.
course: gati
apa.
describe, to: varnaya.
f.
cook, to: pac.
courageous
f.
demon: rdksasa m.
+ upa.
copying: lekhana
:
n.
delight, to (tr.): tus, caus.
ni.
ji.
consecrate, to: ni
consider, to
karman
:
delicate: taruna.
n.
confine, to: rudh
conquer, to:
consort
deed
door: dvar
f.
sam-a.
f.
vi.
220
II.
English-Sanekrit-Glossary.
p.
7?
doorkeeper: dvdhstha m.
dove kapota m.
even (adv.):
draw, to: vah.
evil (adj.):
drink, to: \pd. j.t<\
driver: suta m.
exceedingly:
:
ni; dwell
sanj.
karna m.
ear:
earth
:
:
bhu
;
bhumi
f. ;
f.
prdnc ; the E. prdcl
:
8c. die.
\kr
:
+
+
bhuj.
chid
to:
one's
kirti
:
f.
yacas n.
;
f.
vicruta.
fasten, to: bandh.
eldest: jyestha.
fat:
gaja m. hastin m.
ekadaca.
;
tr
+•
ud.
field
encompass, to: Icr ; chid
end: anta m.
+
ava.
enjoy, to: bhuj.
;
dvis m.
finish, to:
:
+ pra.
nah + sam.
entrust, to: Ida
equip, to
:
eulogy: stotra n.
sampurna.
find, to: 2y»d.
fire:
entrancing manohara.
envoy: data m.
#«dA.
finally: ante.
enter, to
vie -f pra.
m.
tiras.
anavadya.
puma;
enjoyment: bhoga m.
:
/>?7r
+
pancama.
filled:
catru m.
;
Ikr
:
ksetra n.
:
fifth:
fight, to:
endure, to: sah.
;
fault, to find
fear: bhaya n.
emperor: samraj m.
ari m.
pina; pusta.
janaka m.
father:
faultless:
eminent, to be: cubh.
:
to
family: vahga m.
eightieth: acltitama.
enemy
fall
(killed):
patita; mrta.
fast (firm): drdha.
:
aksan n.;
ni ;
fallen
r;
famous:
emerge, to
+
pat; pat
lot:
eighth: astama.
:
ud.
;
f.
eighty: aciti
:
vi;
fair: sundara.
fame
tiras.
eight: asta.
elephant
eleventh
+
+
n.
samidh
:
:
\vr
vi\
caksus n.
;
mukha
fagot
fall,
ad; 2ac; bhaks;
eating: bhaksana n.
eat, to;
eclipse, to
eye: netra n.
locana n.
face:
f.
prthivi
east, eastern
f.,
+
n.
ati.
exterminate, to
dwell, to: Bvas; vas
(fig.)
pdpa\ (subst. ) papa
explain, to: bru
caks + vi-d.
drop, to: sic.
drop: bindu m.
on
api.
every: sarva.
:
dp + sam.
agni m.; hutabhuj m.
firewood: samidh f.
first:
prathama;
thamam.
fish
fit,
:
to
tnatsya m.
:
«/w;'.
;
at
first
mina m.
2?ra-
II.
five: paiica.
generous
flee, to
get, to:
flit,
paldy.
:
to: bhram.
flock
fly,
to:
fodder
:
foe: ari
:
fly
+
follow, to: <7a?w
anu;
i
+ anw.
fond, to be: tus.
food
foot
anna
:
force
bala n.
vana
give, to:
f.
glance: drc
f.
ktrti
f.
:
;
:
deva m.
good: sddhu;
graciousness
grain
crl
crl
often pi.
f.,
;
muc.
mitra n.;
sakhi m.; su-
phala
f.
n.
:
n.
grah.
car.
mitradruh.
:
great king: mahdrdja m.
greater: mahlyas; adhika.
:
(gen.),
Greek: yavana m.
greet, to vand vad +
n.
grieve, to: du.
agra
samaksam
f.
greatly: bahu; bhrcam.
greedy lubdha.
hrd m.
fruit:
devl
:
great: mahant.
friend -betrayer
front:
.
graze, to
four: catur.
friend:
krpd
vyakarana
:
grasp, to
f.
:
dhdnya
:
goddess grammar
f.
forty: catvarincat
free, to:
go on
i;
pra.
sant.
(sacrificial): yajus n.
:
+
govern, to: pas; rajyam kr.
n.
n.
:
:
n.
gam;
n.
formula
f.
yacas
goddess
;
gold: suvarna
gracious: civa.
of
f.
Ida.
yam;
forest-dwelling: vanavdsin.
form, to lwd + nw.
fortune
f.
2>a7a
;
giver: ddtr m.
god
foreign: para.
forehead: lald{a
forest:
kanyd
go, to: car: yd;
(continue): vrt
n.
;
:
:
glory
pada m. pad m.
:
girl
dp.
saw*.
girdle: mekhald
f.
up pat + ud.
ghdsa m.
m. ; catru m.
pat;
+
nah
gird, to:
pi.
flower: puspa n.; sumanas
ddtr.
:
/aM; lac;
dana n.
gift:
papu m.
:
221
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
in
n.;
f.
of:
agre,
:
;
bhumi
fruitful: phalavant.
ground
full:
grind, to: pis.
purna; sampurna.
;
f.
;
abhi, caus.
on the
g.
:
adhas.
guard, to: raks; gopdya.
guest: athiti m.
gain, to: ZaM.
garden: udydna
garland: «ao/a
gate: drar f.
gather, to:
ci
f.
n.
;
guilt:
sraj
papa
n.; enas n.
f.
hand: kara m.; pdni m.; hasta m.
+
gazelle: harina
hang, to
sam.
in.
;
wroa m.
sanj lag.
happiness: sukha n.
:
;
222
II.
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
happy, to be: mud.
hard to find durlabha.
harm, to
hate, to
dvis
:
+
\kr
:
intelligence: buddhi
+
pra.
jaw: hanu f.
jewel mani m.
hear, to: gru.
heart
heaven
heavy
hell
n.
hrdaya
:
:
:
hrd
;
n.
:
sana
svarga m.
:
kill, to
gura m.
vtra m.
;
hesitation: gankd
mr, caus.
:
;
nrpati m.;
king: nr/ja m.;
m.
rthiva
f.
m.
ra/an
;
holy: sddhu.
knowledge:
holy writ: gruti
madhu
jnana
n.
tri.
language: bhdsd
sev.
f.
last, at: ante.
grha n.
grhastha m.
:
house-priest
;
land: depa m.
f.
householder
+
lament, to: Jap
n.
law: dharma m.
horse: agva m.
house
m'cfya f .
f.
honor, to: puj; nam;
hope: dgd
pa-
bhubhuj
:
(adv.); grham.
:
;
m.; bhubhrt m.
kingdom rdjya n.
know, to: lvid;jnd.
honey
bhu-
han Aan, caus.
;
high: ucchrita.
high water: pura m.
hold shut, to: Idha + apt.
home
;
kindle, to: idh.
here: atra; iha.
hero
rafria n.
;
n.
guru.
naraka m.
:
f.
iron: io^a n.
apa.
dvis
;
adharma m.
injustice:
:
:
master of the
h.,
law-book:
;
m.
w'dfo"
«mrti
f.;
dharmagd-
stra n.
:
grhastha m.
law-suit: vyavahdra m.
:
purohita m.
lead, to:
how?: katham.
human: mdnusa.
m.
leader: netr.
learn, to: #«?«
+
ava; Ivid;
i
+
hunter: vyddha m.
hurl, to: 2as; ksip.
learned
husband: pati m.; bhartr m.
learning: wicfya f.
leather: carman n.
hymn:
swfcto n.
vidvdhs ; pandita ; kugala.
:
leavings: ucchista
I
:
impart, to
n.
lesson: adhydya m.
aham.
:
Void
+
ni,
caus.
lick, to: &7t;
fo'A
+
ara.
inclined, to be: snih.
life
increase, to: vrdh.
light:
India: bharatakhanda m.
light (not heavy): laghu.
initiate, to: ni
+
upa.
:
jivita n.; ayws n.;
jfyoft's
like: ioa.
n.
carita n.
II.
limb: afiga
modesty: Art
m.
ostha
:
moisten, to:
listen, to: cru.
jlv ; vrt ; an + pra.
long: dirgha; (adv.) dram.
live, to
:
+
look at, to: Iks
lord: icvara m.
lotus:
god of
love,
1.
lanar mansion
:
:
kanyd
:
man
mostly
bhuyas.
:
kama m.
naksatra n.
mother-in-law
.
f.
;
bald
mouth
f.
cvacru
m.
giri
mukha
:
mo-ithful
nam
:
;
:
;
f.
parvata m.
n.
much: prabhuta; bahu.
f.
to: \kr.
(w>):
n.
month: mdsa m.
morning, in the: prdtar.
mother: mdtr f amfta f.
maidservant: ddsl
make,
sic.
monarch; samrdj m.
money: dhana n.; rasu
mountain
maiden
f.
inaw m.
n.
snih.
:
n.; a/»arf
f.
moon: candramas m.; candra m.;
pra.
pati m.
;
padma m.
love, to
duhkha
misfortune:
n.
lion: sinha xa.
lip
223
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
:
grdsa m.
to
m.; pumdns m.; murder,
mr, caus.
:
caus.
m.; (homo): jana m.;
mdnava m. manusya m. wara m. must: arh;
;
han
;
han,
purusa
;
mankind:
cf.
;
m.
jiawa
§320 and Exer-
cise 30.
pi.
many: 5aAw; prabhuta.
march, to: cal+pra.
name: ndman
marriage: vivdha m.
name,
marry, to rat + pari.
master: bhartr m. ; pafi m.
ganaya.
neck: kan\ha
mat
neglect, to: \hd.
:
:
Acta m.
means: sddhana
meet, to
(intr.)
:
jam + sam
(mid.),
mention, to hr -f urf-a.
merchant: vanij m.
:
n.
vad;
ndma.
:
(reckon)
xa.
no one
:
f.,
n.; waft"
minister: mantrin m.
f.
cid,
or
or cana.
the N.
na
kirn
+
api,
cid,
now adhund ; sdmpratam.
:
:
sc. dig.
not: way ma.
n.
cid,
north, northern: udanc ;
nothing:
cana.
payas
api,
f.
na ka + api,
mighty: balin; balavant; vibhu.
<iuA.
+
news: vrttdnta m.
night: rdtri
milk, to:
mind: manas
by
carta.
wdw
merit: punya n.
fcszra n.;
;
:
n.
meeting: samdgama m.
melted butter: ghrta n.
milk:
n.
vac;
net jala n.
never: na kadd
n.
medicine: dusadha
to:
or
224
O:
II.
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
he.
pilgrimage: iirthayatrd
pious: sddhu.
obedient: vidheya.
oblation havis n.
place, to
:
:
ldhd ; dhd
f.
+ sam-d.
occur, to: drc, pass.; 2vid, pass.
place: pada n.; deca m.
ocean
plan
:
udadhi m.
offend, to:
;
samudra m.
han+prati;
Via.
offering (sacrificial): havis n.
play, to
old: vrddha; older: jydyas.
omnipresent
once sakrt.
:
ruh, caus.
div.
:
please, to: rue.
vibhu.
:
abhiprdya m.
:
plant, to
pleasure: sukha
pAl
n.
;
with
one: eka.
icchd
only: eva.
opinion; mati f
cchayd.
.
mata
;
or; vd, postpos.
;
f.
kdma m.
;
plough, to
:
point out, to;
outskirts: siman
polluted, to be: dus.
f.
post, sacrificial:
parents: pitr, m. du.
path
:
pearl
:
muktd
powerful: balinj balavant.
praise,
panthan m.
;
people
:
f.
pray
perform,
to:
;
loka,
sidh,
s.
and
caus.;
car + sam-d; (a sacrifice)
perfume: gandha m.
perish, to: nac + vi.
pestle: musala m. n.
pierce, to: vyadh.
gam;
for, to
:
:
stutii.
;
stotra n.
stu.
arth.
prescription: ddeca m.
n.; prdyagcitta n.
./ana, pi.
song of p.
praise, to:
peasant: krslvala m.
penance: tapas
yupa m.
pound, to : pis.
pour, to: hu.
power: bala n.
n.
bhdga m.
mdrga m.
die.
pot: ghata m.
palace: prdsdda m.
:
n.
possessions: dhana n.
sva.
:
part
sve-
poor: daridra.
».<^3
to: vrs.
yugma
:
krs.
other; anya; itara, apara.
own, one's own:
ox anaduh m.
at p.
poem: kdvya n.
poet: kavi m.
order, to: jna + a, caus.
overcome, to: 2pr.
;
ldha + vi; plunder, to: lunth; hr ; lup,
ordained: vihita.
pair:
pleas-
plough: larigala n.; hala m.
n.
athavd.
;
ordain, to: kip, caus.
overwhelm,
p.,
antly: sukhena ; (wish, choice)
:
pi.
car;
tan.
presence: samlpa n.
previous
;
purva.
priest: rtvij m.
prince kumdra m.
property: vasu n.; dhana
:
n.
prosperity: bhuti f.
protect, to : raks ; 2pd ; pa, caus.
protection; carana n.
II.
protector
raksitr
:
riches: dhana n.; vasu n.; crii.
ra.
punish, to: dandaya
rdi
gas.
;
punishment: danda m.
put, to: stha,
+
Rigveda: rgveda m.; rcas
rise, to
i
quadruped
+
quarter: pdda m.; (of the sky)
ud.
f.
rajni
;
f.;
mahisl
f.
pdda m.
+
i
:
srj
ud.
root: inula n.
run, to
dp
;
adhi; (aloud) path;
+
grah;
grah
a.
(tell) kath.
path;
reckon, to: ganaya.
recompense, to \kr
:
rein
:
f.
remember,
mud.
return, to
vrt
grah
+
+
reward phala
:
rich: dhanin;
of,
for
3).
lavana
nam\puj;
the:
n.
:
trpta.
to
:
caus.
trp,
;
(oneself)
+ ud.
say, to
:
vad
;
vac
bru.
;
scatter, to: 2kr.
ds
+ upa.
scholar:
(learned
gisya:
man)
pandita m.
crimant; vasumavt science: gdstra
udadhi rn.
Perry, Sanskrit Piimer.
artha in cpd.
Savitar: savitr m.
(comp. and sup. sometimes va- sea
sty as, vasistha).
n.
salvation: muktii.; bhutii.; hitan.
save, to : hr
ni.
ni.
n.
:
trp.
tandula m.
reverence, to:
some one)
yajna m.
formula yajus
m.
375,
satiated
to: smr.
:
:
salt:
rsi
satisfy,
restrain, to
:
+ prati.
racmi m.
rejoice, to: tus;
rice
(cf.
deca m.
;
sacrifice:
m. sage:
sake
(in fortune): kslna.
region: die
n.
caus.
sacrificial
recitation (private): svddhyaya
reduced
Ig.
dru.
;
sacrament: samskdra m.
ya;',
labh;
Ida
recite, to:
d//a<;
:
sacrifice, to: yaj; (for
to:
+ prati;
caus.
wir;',
;
running: dhdvana
rajya n.
receive,
mrj
:
+ pra.
vac, caus.
:
f.
:
+
ragmi m.
;
reach, to: labh
read, to:
vrs.
:
raise, to (the voice)
realm
sarit
;
royal: raja-, in cpd.
stha + adhi ;
rule, to
f.
rain, to (give rain)
ray:
.
road: mdrga m.; panthan m.
rub, to
vrsti
:
pi.
rob, to: mus, lunth.
f.
queen: devl
rain
f.
(of sun, etc.): gam-\ ud;
river: nadi f
catuspad.
:
;
m.
righteousness: satya n.
yuj right (subst.): dharma m.
ldhd;
caus.;
ni.
dig
225
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
:
seat oneself, to
n.
samudra m.
;
:
sad +
15
ni.
226
II.
second
:
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
putra m. suta m.
son-in-law jdmdtr m.
son
dvitiya.
see, to:
pac; drc;
seer: rsi m.
ties;
Iks
+
pra.
:
;
:
f.
song: gir
send, to: sthd+pra, caus.
stotra n.
servant: bhrtya m.; bhrtaka m.
soul:
serve: sev.
sow, to: vap.
to: (place)
set,
sun, etc.)?
shade: chdyd
f.
she, etc.
f.
shine, to
ship
sd,
:
(intr.,
gam +
rdj
;
;
bhd
+
vi.
sin
:
f
f.
.
vyddhita
+
sawi.
rugna.
;
stone : drsad
f. ;
(precious)
stop, to (tr.): rudh.
rathyd
:
f. ;
singing: gita n.
strive, to
-f a.
sister: swasr
sit,
:
yat.
study, to:
+
i
+
subject: prajd
six: sas.
such: idrc.
sastha.
suffering:
f. ;
die
slave: c/aso m.
slay, to:
;
f.
pi.;
ddsl
akdea
n.
sleep, to: svap;
*fo";
(pi.):
ers: ke cit
•
bhdnu m. ; dditya m.
:
cis
+
ud.
abhi.
swift: dcu.
sword:
asi
m.
m.
ke
sometimes: kva
:
survive, to
tathd.
eka pi.; some
'
n.
sweet: svadu.
+ pra; han +
evam:
soldier: sdinika
some
duhkha
suitable: anurupa.
snn
ci.
smell, to; ghrd.
so:
f.
summit: cikhara m.
f.
wr, caus.; Aan.
smite, to: hr
+
suffused: ruddha.
skilled: patu.
sky: div
adhi (mid.); 2as
abhi.
ni.
situated, to be: vrt.
:
mdrga m.
strongest: balistha.
f.
to: sad\ sad
sixth
mani m.
strange (another's): para.
street
strike, to: tad.
cam
lunth.
danda m.
stick:
api; \vr
4-
enas n.
;
mm;
m.
sing, to: 2gd.
:
f.
stand, to (intr.): sthd.
steer: go
paksa m.
/?apa n.
sip, to
bhdsd
;
state, to: 6rS.
shut, to: \dhd
side:
speech: vac
spoon juhu
steal, to: cur;
f.
show, to: drc, caus.
shrewd: patu.
:
spear: kunta m.
:
f.
shoe: updnah
sick
dtman m.
of speak, to: vad: vac; bhds.
astam.
of ta.
cubh
:
ndu
:
\dhd;
astam;
4-
gita n.; (of praise)
;
stfwto' f.
;
tit.
tit.
oth-
take,
to:
da
+
a;
grah;
prati.
take place, to
:
jan; bhu
grah
+
II.
treasury kom m.
tree vrksa m. ; taru m.
pad + pra.
take refuge, to:
:
tasteful: rasavant.
:
tremble, to: kamp.
tax: kara m.
to:
teach,
+
i
adhi, caus.; dig
truth
dcdrya m.
tear: agru n.; bdspa m.
tell,
guru m.
:
ten
twelve: dvddara.
to: kathaya; vad.
:
twenty-eight
n.
:
bhi,
caus.;
vij
+
ud,
n.
umbrella: chattra
that: ta; ayam; asau.
there
twine: bandh.
two: dva.
cans,
understand, to:
tadd.
:
f.
twilight: sandhyd
kip.
to:
text-book: gdstra
then
saptavihgati.
:
twice: dvis.
to, to
terrify,
aMdvihgati.
:
twenty-seven
daga.
tend
n.
satya
:
twelfth: dcddaga.
;
temple: devakula
satya; (faithful) bhakta.
+ true:
upa.
teacher
227
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
unite, to (intr.)
tatra.
:
thereupon
:
anrta
tatas.
untruth
m.; caura m.
upanisad
thief: stena
think, to: tint;
man;
think on:
:
:
n.
gam ava.
gam + sam (mid.),
-f-
n.
;
asatya n.
upanisad
:
f.
useful, to be: sev.
smr; dhyd.
sdmanta m.
third: trtiya.
vassal
thirty: tringat.
Veda: veda m.
:
thirty-three
trayastringat.
verse
:
gloka m.
:
;
ay am.
thou: tvam.
vessel
three
victory: jaya m.
this: ta;
view (opinion): mati
village: grama m.
threefold: trivrt.
thrice:
tris.
thus: iti;
time
evam;
tathd.
kdla m.
:
voice
:
;
:
<7<zw
vac
f.
;
+
trade
:
mata
n.
n.
abhi.
gir
f.
:
f.
pid; vyath, caus.
wagon: ratha m.
warrior: ksatriya m.
wash, to: ArsaZ; «pff.
water jala n. ; ran n.
vyavahara m. ; vdnijya.
travel, to vas + pra; sthd + pra wave: vlci m.
we: va^a/n.
n. (mid.).
15*
touch, to
;
dharma m. punya
:
:
f.
gvas.
tongue jihvd
torment, to
virtue
visit, to
to-day: adya.
to-morrow:
f.
victorious, to be:,;i.
tri.
:
(of Rigveda) re
n.
pdtra
:
sprg.
:
:
:
;
ap
f.
pi.
228
II.
wear, to
:
dhr, caus.
English-Sanskrit Glossary.
winter: hemanta m.
bhr.
;
weary, to become: gram.
to: granth
weave,
;
wipe, to: mrj; mrj
bandh.
wish, to:
western:
West:
what
pratici
alone,
pratyanc;
f.,
the
withered
:
mldna.
without: vind
sc. dig.
(instr.,
wolf: vrka m.
n.
when (rel.): yadd.
when ? kadd.
woman:
whence?:
woman-servant: ddsl
jay a
:
where
kutas.
where?: kva; kutra.
(rel.)
:
:
ya.
which (of two) ?
:
.
;
strl
f. ;
f.
;
;
world:
vana
loka
m.; jagat n.;
worship, to
ya ka + api, cid
cana; often by rel. alone,
whole: krtsna.
:
bhu-
n.
brahman
world-spirit:
ka.
whoever
f
ntha m.
katara.
(rel.): ya.
who?:
vadhu
f. ;
:
white: gveta.
whither?: kva; kutra.
who
ndrt
f.
wood: kdsthan.; (forest) vana n.
word vac f. gabda m.
work karman n. (literary) gra-
(rel.): yatra.
which
ace),
witness: saksin m.
(rel.): ya.
wheel: cakra
or pari.
with: saha, w. inst.; or by instr.
wedding: vivdha m.
weep, to: rud.
west,
+ apa
is.
:
n.
_pfi;'.
or worthy: sadrga.
wound, to ksan.
wreath maid f. sraj
:
:
;
f.
why?: kutas; kasmdt.
wicked: papa.
wife
:
bhdryd
win, to
:
year: samvatsara m.; varsa m.
f.
;
nan
f.
patnl
f.
yoke, to:
yonder:
ji.
wind: vdyu
;
va.
;
vdta
ta.
^iy, caus.
tatra.
young: yuvan.
n.
Appendix.
Hindu Names
The Hindus
call
the
different
of
Letters.
sounds, and the characters re-
presenting them, by the word kara ('maker') added to the sound
of the letter, if a vowel, or to the letter followed by a, if a con-
Thus, a (both sound and character) is called akdra ; u,
kakara; and so on. But sometimes kara is omitted, and
sonant.
ukara;
k,
a, u, ka, etc.,
are used alone.
The
r,
kara, but only ra or repha ('snarl').
are called by these names alone.
however, is never called raThe anusvara and visarga
Modern Hindu Accentuation of Sanskrit.
Brahmans employ,
with insignificant variations, an ictus-accent, which is quite different
from the older musical accent (svara) described in Indian and
In the pronunciation of Sanskrit almost all
European grammars, and employed nowadays exclusively
of the
itation
Yeda
the Vedic texts,
The
older system,
in the rec-
moreover, as marked
in
subjected to very considerable modifications by the Hindus in the traditional recitations of the Vedic
has been
schools.
The modern ictus-accent is weaker than that of English. The
more important rules governing its use are as follows:
1. a. In primitive verbs and derivatives from them the rootb. But the accent never goes further
back than the fourth place, and seldom back of the third. It may
rest on the third syllable only if the penult be short; on the fourth,
syllable is usually accented,
only if both antepenult and penult be short; thus, kdranam, kdranat,
but karanena ; bodhati, kxipasi, nflvyatha, but bodhdvah, ksipdmah,
napydnti; duhitd, duhitaram, but duhitfndm.
2.
Derivatives from nouns generally retain the accent
of the
230
Appendix.
primitive, with the limitations given in 1. b.; thus, rdnku, rankava;
gdrga, gdrgyah, but gargyayani. A naturally short vowel in the
penult, if followed by a group of consonants containing y or u,
does not generally become long by position; thus, prdbala, prdba-
lyam; ukta, uktatvat.
3. In verbs and verbal derivatives joined with
prepositions, in
augmented and reduplicated forms, and sometimes in declensional
forms, the accent
is
recessive, if the root or stem-syllable be short
but utkfstam, niruktam
thus, dgamat, dnatam, anusthitam,
;
;
dgamat,
dksipat, but bibhdrti, tustdva,jagdu. Polysyllabic prepositions, when
prefixed to other words, retain their own accent as secondary accent;
thus, upagacchati,
4.
upagdmatdm.
In compounds, unless the
word, each part generally retains
principal
member
is
the
member be a monosyllabic
own accent, but that of the
first
its
strongest
;
thus, rdjapurusam, pdrvatagi-
khardkaram ; but unmukham, diggajam, pragisyam.
The division of syllables is much more apparent
than in English.
in
Sanskrit
reading Sanskrit prose the Hindus generally
drop into a sort of sing-song recitativo. Verses are always chanted.
In
Corrections and Additions.
P.
10.
P. 27.
At end o/§ 38 add: The four semivowels are always sonant.
Add
to § 102
The final ^S({ a of the root is shortened in
Add
the reduplicated stem, except in the first persons.
to § 103
In the dual and plural of all declensions the
:
—
:
vocative
P.
31.
P. 39,
Add
1.
is like
the nominative.
to § 112.5: It is also
used as terminus ad quern.
For: makes some forms with short If a read: makes
also forms according to the unaccented a - class
thus,
7.
:
^rTf?T bhrdmati
P. 40,
1.
At
7.
etc.
beginning of line insert: the.
v. tj pr. After: overcome insert: (evils).
P. 49, Vocab., s. v. ifj^ + ^n^. After: meet insert: (w. instr.).
P. 53, 1. 9 from below. After 'WSffi insert
<\.
L. 11. For: were
P. 56, 1.10. For: besought read: beseech.
P. 43, Vocab.,
s.
:
\
—
read: are.
P. 59.
P. 60,
At end of
1.
P. 65. Dele the
P. 70,
The
§ 188 add:
impf. pass,
is
similarly inflected.
For: pratisedati read: pratisedkati.
19.
first
word
(the) of the page.
from below. Bead: accompanied.
1.
10
P. 72,
1.
12.
P. 73,
1.
9
P. 74,
1.
7.
P. 87,
1.
12.
After: are insert: so.
from below. For:
«nT« read:
^TH-
After: saved insert: (ud-hr: cf. § 267).
Bead: Final
and ^ of a stem regularly become.
^
Bead: possessive.
P. 117, 1. 6. For: T^TT read: Trf^fSTT.
P. 119, Vocab. Insert in last line: + ^r^— "^JT come together, join.
P. 126. Add to § 329 the following: Note also: $1<^3| 12, etc., but
P. 90, last
line.
WM*K 33
82 only gnftf?!; ^ftf^lTfTT 23,
83 only ^nfffil;
#i M^RujfH 26,
for
^H
f^hrfa 2#, ^Tf^nrct 38, ^anflOi 88.
etc.;
>
for
^TTT-
Corrections and Additions.
^^
P.
135,
1.
5.
For:
P.
137,
1.
2.
Bead:
read: 41
<*R
.
yrWTffiPft-
P. 138,
1.
1'2.
Z)eZt!
P. 180,
1.
17.
For:
P. 182,
1.
1.
For: fM5*rf read: fafacQ.
'firm in battle'.
^fcrfST
f^rf^
read:
P. 186,
1.
1.
.Kead:
P.
190,
1.
6.
For:
P.
192,
1.
13
from below. For:
P.
196, col. 1. S. v. \fi, insert:
P.
197, col. 1.
P.
199, col. 1.
P. 205,
f%f^.
^T^fff.
suffix read: suffice.
qf^jM^
read: \*1$\
+ sam-d come
\
.
together, join.
Insert: rsabhadatta m., n. pr.
+ upa-a come
S. v. \/gam, insert:
col. 2,
from below. Read:
2
1.
Also insert in Vocab.:
fill.
near.
lpr (piparli; caus. purdyati)
]<
pr (pardyati) overcome
j/2
(evils); prevail.
P. 207,
col. 2,
P. 208,
col. 1,
Col.
5.
1.
2.
1.
2, 1.
below.
P. 209,
col. 2,
\/yuj
P.
f.,
begging, alms.
w
1.
+
Insert:
2.
ni,
+ pra
-te;
195,
fly.
—
bhramyati: 131).
L. 9 from
486.
—
shoot.
give, give in marriage.
—
S. v.
add: caus. set (as jewels).
Insert: + pra idem.
1. 5.
Read: + pra wander forth.
214, col. 2,
;
After: release insert: let
212, col. 1,
+ pra
P.
Read: bhiksa
Read: \/bhram (bhrdmati,
cf.
11. Read: Greek
—
Col. 2,1.15 from
below.
L. 9 from below.
Read:
idem.
1.
9.
Read: sameta
vided with.
(|
i
+ sam-a)
a.,
followed by, pro-
F
*
"
"I
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