Pleistocene - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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<th colspan=3D"4">Subdivisions of the <a href=3D"/wiki/Quaternary" title= =3D"Quaternary">Quaternary</a> System</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href=3D"/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title=3D"System (stratigraph= y)">System</a></th> <th><a href=3D"/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title=3D"Series (stratigraph= y)">Series</a></th> <th><a href=3D"/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title=3D"Stage (stratigraphy)= ">Stage</a></th> <th>Age&#160;(<a href=3D"/wiki/Megaannum" title=3D"Megaannum" class=3D"m= w-redirect">Ma</a>)</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan=3D"5" style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,246,145);"><a href=3D= "/wiki/Quaternary" title=3D"Quaternary">Quaternary</a></td> <td colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,241,224);"><a href=3D= "/wiki/Holocene" title=3D"Holocene">Holocene</a></td> <td>0=E2=80=930.0117</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan=3D"4" style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,239,184);"><strong = class=3D"selflink">Pleistocene</strong></td> <td style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,241,214);"><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_= Pleistocene" title=3D"Late Pleistocene">Tarantian</a></td> <td>0.0117=E2=80=930.126</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,240,204);"><a href=3D"/wiki/Middl= e_Pleistocene" title=3D"Middle Pleistocene">Ionian</a></td> <td>0.126=E2=80=930.781</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,239,193);"><a href=3D"/wiki/Calab= rian_(stage)" title=3D"Calabrian (stage)">Calabrian</a></td> <td>0.781=E2=80=931.806</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,238,173);"><a href=3D"/wiki/Gelas= ian" title=3D"Gelasian">Gelasian</a></td> <td>1.806=E2=80=932.588</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,221,45);"><small><a href=3D"/wiki= /Neogene" title=3D"Neogene">Neogene</a></small></td> <td style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,248,166);"><small><a href=3D"/wik= i/Pliocene" title=3D"Pliocene">Pliocene</a></small></td> <td style=3D"background-color: rgb(254,250,200);"><small><a href=3D"/wik= i/Piacenzian" title=3D"Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a></small></td> <td align=3D"center"><small><b>older</b></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"4">In Europe and North America, the Holocene is subdivide= d into <a href=3D"/wiki/Preboreal" title=3D"Preboreal">Preboreal</a>, <a= href=3D"/wiki/Boreal_(period)" title=3D"Boreal (period)" class=3D"mw-re= direct">Boreal</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title=3D"Atlanti= c (period)">Atlantic</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Subboreal" title=3D"Subboreal= ">Subboreal</a>, and <a href=3D"/wiki/Subatlantic" title=3D"Subatlantic"= >Subatlantic</a> stages of the <a href=3D"/wiki/Blytt-Sernander" title=3D= "Blytt-Sernander" class=3D"mw-redirect">Blytt-Sernander time scale</a>. =

There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene, = usually these represent locally recognized cold (<a href=3D"/wiki/Glacia= l" title=3D"Glacial" class=3D"mw-redirect">glacial</a>) and warm (<a hre= f=3D"/wiki/Interglacial" title=3D"Interglacial">interglacial</a>) period= s. The <a href=3D"/wiki/Last_glacial_period" title=3D"Last glacial perio= d">last glacial period</a> ends with the cold <a href=3D"/wiki/Younger_D= ryas" title=3D"Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> substage.</td> </tr> </table> <p>The <b>Pleistocene</b> <span class=3D"nowrap"><span title=3D"Represen= tation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class=3D"IPA"><a hr= ef=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title=3D"Help:IPA for English">/</a></= span><span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#= Key" title=3D"Help:IPA for English"><span title=3D"/=CB=88/ primary stre= ss follows" style=3D"border-bottom:1px dotted">=CB=88</span></a></span><= span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" t= itle=3D"Help:IPA for English"><span title=3D"'p' in 'pie'" style=3D"bord= er-bottom:1px dotted">p</span></a></span><span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a= href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title=3D"Help:IPA for English">= <span title=3D"'l' in 'lie'" style=3D"border-bottom:1px dotted">l</span>= </a></span><span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_En= glish#Key" title=3D"Help:IPA for English"><span title=3D"/a=C9=AA/ long = 'i' in 'bide'" style=3D"border-bottom:1px dotted">a=C9=AA</span></a></sp= an><span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Ke= y" title=3D"Help:IPA for English"><span title=3D"'s' in 'sigh'" style=3D= "border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><span class=3D"IPA nopopup= s"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title=3D"Help:IPA for Engl= ish"><span title=3D"'t' in 'tie'" style=3D"border-bottom:1px dotted">t</= span></a></span><span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_f= or_English#Key" title=3D"Help:IPA for English"><span title=3D"/=C9=99/ '= a' in 'about'" style=3D"border-bottom:1px dotted">=C9=99</span></a></spa= n><span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key= " title=3D"Help:IPA for English"><span title=3D"'s' in 'sigh'" style=3D"= border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><span class=3D"IPA nopopups= "><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title=3D"Help:IPA for Engli= sh"><span title=3D"/i=CB=90/ long 'e' in 'bead'" style=3D"border-bottom:= 1px dotted">i=CB=90</span></a></span><span class=3D"IPA nopopups"><a hre= f=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title=3D"Help:IPA for English"><spa= n title=3D"'n' in 'nigh'" style=3D"border-bottom:1px dotted">n</span></a= ></span><span title=3D"Representation in the International Phonetic Alph= abet (IPA)" class=3D"IPA"><a href=3D"/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title=3D= "Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> (symbol P<sub>S</sub><sup id=3D= "cite_ref-1" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>= 1<span>]</span></a></sup>) is the geological <a href=3D"/wiki/Epoch_(geo= logy)" title=3D"Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> which lasted from about 2,588= ,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's recent period of repeated= <a href=3D"/wiki/Glaciation" title=3D"Glaciation" class=3D"mw-redirect"= >glaciations</a>.</p> <p><a href=3D"/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title=3D"Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell= </a> introduced this term in 1839 to describe strata in <a href=3D"/wiki= /Sicily" title=3D"Sicily">Sicily</a> that had at least 70% of their moll= uscan fauna still living today. This distinguished it from the older <a = href=3D"/wiki/Pliocene_Epoch" title=3D"Pliocene Epoch" class=3D"mw-redir= ect">Pliocene Epoch</a>, which Lyell had originally thought to be the yo= ungest fossil rock layer. He constructed the name "Pleistocene" ("Most N= ew" or "Newest") from the <a href=3D"/wiki/Greek_language" title=3D"Gree= k language">Greek</a> =CF=80=CE=BB=CE=B5=E1=BF=96=CF=83=CF=84=CE=BF=CF=82= , <i>ple=C4=ABstos</i>, "most", and =CE=BA=CE=B1=CE=B9=CE=BD=CF=8C=CF=82= , <i>kain=C3=B3s</i> (<a href=3D"/wiki/Latin" title=3D"Latin">latinized<= /a> as <i>c=C3=A6nus</i>), "new";<sup id=3D"cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_2-0" c=

lass=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2"><span>[</span>2= <span>]</span></a></sup> this contrasting with the immediately preceding= <a href=3D"/wiki/Pleiocene" title=3D"Pleiocene" class=3D"mw-redirect">P= leiocene</a> ("More New" or "Newer", from =CF=80=CE=BB=CE=B5=CE=AF=CF=89= =CE=BD, <i>ple=C3=AD=C5=8Dn</i>, "more", and <i>kain=C3=B3s</i>; usual s= pelling: Pliocene), and the immediately subsequent <a href=3D"/wiki/Holo= cene" title=3D"Holocene">Holocene</a> ("wholly new" or "entirely new", f= rom =E1=BD=85=CE=BB=CE=BF=CF=82, <i>h=C3=B3los</i>, "whole", and <i>kain= =C3=B3s</i>) <a href=3D"/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title=3D"Geologic tim= e scale">epoch</a>, which extends to the present time.</p> <p>The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the <a href=3D"/wiki/Quaternary= " title=3D"Quaternary">Quaternary</a> <a href=3D"/wiki/Period_(geology)"= title=3D"Period (geology)">Period</a> or sixth epoch of the <a href=3D"= /wiki/Cenozoic" title=3D"Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> <a href=3D"/wiki/Era_(ge= ology)" title=3D"Era (geology)">Era</a>.<sup id=3D"cite_ref-Gibbard_3-0"= class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-Gibbard-3"><span>[</span>3<sp= an>]</span></a></sup> The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the en= d of the <a href=3D"/wiki/Last_glacial_period" title=3D"Last glacial per= iod">last glacial period</a>. It also corresponds with the end of the <a= href=3D"/wiki/Paleolithic" title=3D"Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> age us= ed in <a href=3D"/wiki/Archaeology" title=3D"Archaeology">archaeology</a= >. In the <a href=3D"/wiki/International_Classification_for_Standards" t= itle=3D"International Classification for Standards">ICS</a> timescale, t= he Pleistocene is divided into four <a href=3D"/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy= )" title=3D"Stage (stratigraphy)">stages</a> or <a href=3D"/wiki/Age_(ge= ology)" title=3D"Age (geology)">ages</a>, the <a href=3D"/wiki/Gelasian"= title=3D"Gelasian">Gelasian</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" ti= tle=3D"Calabrian (stage)">Calabrian</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Middle_Pleisto= cene" title=3D"Middle Pleistocene">Ionian</a> and <a href=3D"/wiki/Taran= tian" title=3D"Tarantian" class=3D"mw-redirect">Tarantian</a>. All of th= ese stages were defined in <a href=3D"/wiki/Southern_Europe" title=3D"So= uthern Europe">southern Europe</a>. In addition to this international su= bdivision, various regional subdivisions are often used.</p> <p>Before a change finally confirmed in 2009 by the <a href=3D"/wiki/Int= ernational_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title=3D"International Union of= Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a>, th= e time boundary between the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was r= egarded as being at 1.806 million years before the present, as opposed t= o the currently accepted 2.588 million years BP: publications from the p= receding years may use either definition of the period.</p> <div id=3D"toc" class=3D"toc"> <div id=3D"toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href=3D"#Dating"><span class=3D= "tocnumber">1</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Dating</span></a></li> <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href=3D"#Paleogeography_and_cli= mate"><span class=3D"tocnumber">2</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Paleoge= ography and climate</span></a> <ul> <li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href=3D"#Glacial_features"><spa= n class=3D"tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Glacial feature= s</span></a></li> <li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href=3D"#Major_events"><span cl= ass=3D"tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Major events</span>= </a></li> <li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href=3D"#Palaeocycles"><span cl= ass=3D"tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Palaeocycles</span>= </a>

<ul> <li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href=3D"#Milankovitch_cycles"><= span class=3D"tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Milankovit= ch cycles</span></a></li> <li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href=3D"#Oxygen_isotope_ratio_c= ycles"><span class=3D"tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Ox= ygen isotope ratio cycles</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href=3D"#Fauna"><span class=3D"= tocnumber">3</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Fauna</span></a></li> <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href=3D"#Humans"><span class=3D= "tocnumber">4</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Humans</span></a></li> <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href=3D"#Deposits"><span class= =3D"tocnumber">5</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Deposits</span></a></li>= <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href=3D"#See_also"><span class= =3D"tocnumber">6</span> <span class=3D"toctext">See also</span></a></li>= <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href=3D"#References"><span cla= ss=3D"tocnumber">7</span> <span class=3D"toctext">References</span></a><= /li> <li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href=3D"#External_links"><span= class=3D"tocnumber">8</span> <span class=3D"toctext">External links</sp= an></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Dating">Dating</span><span class=3D= "mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href=3D= "/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;section=3D1" tit= le=3D"Edit section: Dating">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracke= t">]</span></span></h2> <p>The Pleistocene has been dated from 2.588 million (=C2=B15,000) to 11= ,700 years <a href=3D"/wiki/Before_present" title=3D"Before present" cla= ss=3D"mw-redirect">before present</a> (BP), with the end date expressed = in <a href=3D"/wiki/Radiocarbon_year" title=3D"Radiocarbon year" class=3D= "mw-redirect">radiocarbon years</a> as 10,000 carbon-14 years BP.<sup id= =3D"cite_ref-4" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-4"><span>[</sp= an>4<span>]</span></a></sup> It covers most of the latest period of repe= ated <a href=3D"/wiki/Glaciation" title=3D"Glaciation" class=3D"mw-redir= ect">glaciation</a>, up to and including the <a href=3D"/wiki/Younger_Dr= yas" title=3D"Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> cold spell. The end of th= e Younger Dryas has been dated to about 9640 BC (11,590 calendar years B= P).</p> <p>In 2009 the <a href=3D"/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Scienc= es" title=3D"International Union of Geological Sciences">International U= nion of Geological Sciences</a> (IUGS) confirmed a change in time period= for the Pleistocene, changing the start date from 1.806 to 2.588 millio= n years BP, and accepted the base of the <a href=3D"/wiki/Gelasian" titl= e=3D"Gelasian">Gelasian</a> as the base of the Pleistocene, namely the b= ase of the <a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DMonte_San_Nicola&amp;action=3D= edit&amp;redlink=3D1" class=3D"new" title=3D"Monte San Nicola (page does= not exist)">Monte San Nicola</a> <a href=3D"/wiki/Global_Boundary_Strat= otype_Section_and_Point" title=3D"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and= Point">GSSP</a>.<sup id=3D"cite_ref-5" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#= cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The IUGS has yet to= approve a <a href=3D"/wiki/Type_section" title=3D"Type section" class=3D= "mw-redirect">type section</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratot=

ype_Section_and_Point" title=3D"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and P= oint">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> (GSSP), for the u= pper Pleistocene/Holocene boundary (<i>i.e.</i> the upper boundary). The= proposed section is the <i>North Greenland Ice Core Project</i> ice cor= e 75=C2=B0 06' N 42=C2=B0 18' W.<sup id=3D"cite_ref-6" class=3D"referenc= e"><a href=3D"#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The = lower boundary of the Pleistocene Series is formally defined <a href=3D"= /wiki/Magnetostratigraphy" title=3D"Magnetostratigraphy">magnetostratigr= aphically</a> as the base of the Matuyama (C2r) <a href=3D"/wiki/Chronoz= one" title=3D"Chronozone">chronozone</a>, isotopic stage 103. Above this= point there are notable extinctions of the calcareous <a href=3D"/wiki/= Nanofossil" title=3D"Nanofossil" class=3D"mw-redirect">nanofossils</a>: = <a href=3D"/wiki/Discoaster" title=3D"Discoaster"><i>Discoaster pentarad= iatus</i> and <i>Discoaster surculus</i></a>.<sup id=3D"cite_ref-Gradste= in-28_7-0" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-Gradstein-28-7"><sp= an>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=3D"cite_ref-Rio_8-0" class=3D= "reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-Rio-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></= a></sup></p> <p>The Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations. The= name <a href=3D"/wiki/Plio-Pleistocene" title=3D"Plio-Pleistocene">Plio= -Pleistocene</a> has in the past been used to mean the last ice age. The= revised definition of the <a href=3D"/wiki/Quaternary" title=3D"Quatern= ary">Quaternary</a>, by pushing back the start date of the Pleistocene t= o 2.58 Ma, results in the inclusion of all the recent repeated glaciatio= ns within the Pleistocene.</p> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Paleogeography_and_climate">Paleog= eography and climate</span><span class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D= "mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleisto= cene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;section=3D2" title=3D"Edit section: Paleogeog= raphy and climate">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">]</spa= n></span></h2> <div class=3D"thumb tright"> <div class=3D"thumbinner" style=3D"width:222px;"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:P= leistocene_north_ice_map.jpg" class=3D"image"><img alt=3D"" src=3D"//upl= oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pleistocene_north_ice_map= .jpg/220px-Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg" width=3D"220" height=3D"367" c= lass=3D"thumbimage" srcset=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7= /71/Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia= /commons/7/71/Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class=3D"thumbcaption"> <div class=3D"magnify"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:Pleistocene_north_ice_map.j= pg" class=3D"internal" title=3D"Enlarge"><img src=3D"//bits.wikimedia.or= g/static-1.22wmf21/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width=3D"15" he= ight=3D"11" alt=3D"" /></a></div> The maximum extent of <a href=3D"/wiki/Ice_age" title=3D"Ice age">glacia= l ice</a> in the north polar area during the Pleistocene period.</div> </div> </div> <p>The modern <a href=3D"/wiki/Continent" title=3D"Continent">continents= </a> were essentially at their present positions during the Pleistocene,= the <a href=3D"/wiki/Tectonic_plate" title=3D"Tectonic plate" class=3D"= mw-redirect">plates</a> upon which they sit probably having moved no mor= e than 100&#160;km relative to each other since the beginning of the per= iod.</p> <p>According to <a href=3D"/wiki/Mark_Lynas" title=3D"Mark Lynas">Mark L= ynas</a> (through collected data), the Pleistocene's overall climate cou= ld be characterized as a continuous <a href=3D"/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" title= =3D"El Ni=C3=B1o">El Ni=C3=B1o</a> with <a href=3D"/wiki/Trade_winds" ti= tle=3D"Trade winds" class=3D"mw-redirect">trade winds</a> in the south <= a href=3D"/wiki/Pacific_ocean" title=3D"Pacific ocean" class=3D"mw-redir=

ect">Pacific</a> weakening or heading east, warm air rising near <a href= =3D"/wiki/Peru" title=3D"Peru">Peru</a>, warm water spreading from the w= est Pacific and the <a href=3D"/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title=3D"Indian Ocean= ">Indian Ocean</a> to the east Pacific, and other El Ni=C3=B1o markers.<= sup id=3D"cite_ref-9" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-9"><span= >[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Glacial_features">Glacial features= </span><span class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-brac= ket">[</span><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Ded= it&amp;section=3D3" title=3D"Edit section: Glacial features">edit</a><sp= an class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Pleistocene climate was marked by repeated glacial cycles where <a hr= ef=3D"/wiki/Continental_glacier" title=3D"Continental glacier" class=3D"= mw-redirect">continental glaciers</a> pushed to the 40th <a href=3D"/wik= i/Parallel_(latitude)" title=3D"Parallel (latitude)" class=3D"mw-redirec= t">parallel</a> in some places. It is estimated that, at maximum glacial= extent, 30% of the Earth's surface was covered by ice. In addition, a z= one of <a href=3D"/wiki/Permafrost" title=3D"Permafrost">permafrost</a> = stretched southward from the edge of the glacial sheet, a few hundred ki= lometres in <a href=3D"/wiki/North_America" title=3D"North America">Nort= h America</a>, and several hundred in <a href=3D"/wiki/Eurasia" title=3D= "Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. The mean annual temperature at the edge of the ic= e was <span style=3D"white-space:nowrap;">=E2=88=926 =C2=B0C</span> <spa= n style=3D"white-space:nowrap;">(21&#160;=C2=B0F)</span>; at the edge of= the permafrost, <span style=3D"white-space:nowrap;">0 =C2=B0C</span> <s= pan style=3D"white-space:nowrap;">(32&#160;=C2=B0F)</span>.</p> <p>Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice= sheets 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900=E2=80=939,800&#160;ft) thick, resul= ting in temporary sea level drops of 100 metres (300&#160;ft) or more ov= er the entire surface of the Earth. During interglacial times, such as a= t present, <a href=3D"/wiki/Drowned_coastline" title=3D"Drowned coastlin= e" class=3D"mw-redirect">drowned coastlines</a> were common, mitigated b= y isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions.</p> <p>The effects of glaciation were global. <a href=3D"/wiki/Antarctica" t= itle=3D"Antarctica">Antarctica</a> was ice-bound throughout the Pleistoc= ene as well as the preceding Pliocene. The <a href=3D"/wiki/Andes" title= =3D"Andes">Andes</a> were covered in the south by the <a href=3D"/wiki/P= atagonia" title=3D"Patagonia">Patagonian</a> ice cap. There were glacier= s in <a href=3D"/wiki/New_Zealand" title=3D"New Zealand">New Zealand</a>= and <a href=3D"/wiki/Tasmania" title=3D"Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. The cur= rent decaying glaciers of <a href=3D"/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title=3D"Mount K= enya">Mount Kenya</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title=3D"Moun= t Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>, and the <a href=3D"/wiki/Ruwenzori= _Range" title=3D"Ruwenzori Range" class=3D"mw-redirect">Ruwenzori Range<= /a> in east and central Africa were larger. Glaciers existed in the moun= tains of <a href=3D"/wiki/Ethiopia" title=3D"Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and = to the west in the <a href=3D"/wiki/Atlas_mountains" title=3D"Atlas moun= tains" class=3D"mw-redirect">Atlas mountains</a>.</p> <p>In the northern hemisphere, many glaciers fused into one. The <a href= =3D"/wiki/Cordilleran_ice_sheet" title=3D"Cordilleran ice sheet" class=3D= "mw-redirect">Cordilleran ice sheet</a> covered the North American north= west; the east was covered by the <a href=3D"/wiki/Laurentide" title=3D"= Laurentide" class=3D"mw-redirect">Laurentide</a>. The Fenno-Scandian ice= sheet rested on <a href=3D"/wiki/Northern_Europe" title=3D"Northern Eur= ope">northern Europe</a>, including <a href=3D"/wiki/Great_Britain" titl= e=3D"Great Britain">Great Britain</a>; the Alpine ice sheet on the <a hr= ef=3D"/wiki/Alps" title=3D"Alps">Alps</a>. Scattered domes stretched acr= oss <a href=3D"/wiki/Siberia" title=3D"Siberia">Siberia</a> and the Arct= ic shelf. The northern seas were ice-covered.</p> <p>South of the ice sheets large lakes accumulated because outlets were =

blocked and the cooler air slowed evaporation. When the Laurentide ice s= heet retreated, north central North America was totally covered by <a hr= ef=3D"/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title=3D"Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a>. Over = a hundred basins, now dry or nearly so, were overflowing in the North Am= erican west. <a href=3D"/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title=3D"Lake Bonneville"= >Lake Bonneville</a>, for example, stood where <a href=3D"/wiki/Great_Sa= lt_Lake" title=3D"Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> now does. In Eura= sia, large lakes developed as a result of the runoff from the glaciers. = Rivers were larger, had a more copious flow, and were <a href=3D"/wiki/B= raided_river" title=3D"Braided river">braided</a>. African lakes were fu= ller, apparently from decreased evaporation. Deserts on the other hand w= ere drier and more extensive. Rainfall was lower because of the decrease= in oceanic and other evaporation.</p> <h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Major_events">Major events</span><= span class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</= span><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;s= ection=3D4" title=3D"Edit section: Major events">edit</a><span class=3D"= mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class=3D"rellink">Further information: <a href=3D"/wiki/Timeline_of= _glaciation" title=3D"Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a>= </div> <div class=3D"thumb tright"> <div class=3D"thumbinner" style=3D"width:252px;"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:A= tmospheric_CO2_with_glaciers_cycles.gif" class=3D"image"><img alt=3D"" s= rc=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atmospheric_CO= 2_with_glaciers_cycles.gif/250px-Atmospheric_CO2_with_glaciers_cycles.gi= f" width=3D"250" height=3D"181" class=3D"thumbimage" srcset=3D"//upload.= wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atmospheric_CO2_with_glaciers= _cycles.gif/375px-Atmospheric_CO2_with_glaciers_cycles.gif 1.5x, //uploa= d.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atmospheric_CO2_with_glacie= rs_cycles.gif/500px-Atmospheric_CO2_with_glaciers_cycles.gif 2x" /></a> <div class=3D"thumbcaption"> <div class=3D"magnify"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:Atmospheric_CO2_with_glacie= rs_cycles.gif" class=3D"internal" title=3D"Enlarge"><img src=3D"//bits.w= ikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf21/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" widt= h=3D"15" height=3D"11" alt=3D"" /></a></div> Ice ages as reflected in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, stored in bubbles f= rom glacial ice of <a href=3D"/wiki/Antarctica" title=3D"Antarctica">Ant= arctica</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Over 11 major glacial events have been identified, as well as many mi= nor glacial events.<sup id=3D"cite_ref-RichmondOther1_10-0" class=3D"ref= erence"><a href=3D"#cite_note-RichmondOther1-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]= </span></a></sup> A major glacial event is a general glacial excursion, = termed a "glacial." Glacials are separated by "interglacials". During a = glacial, the glacier experiences minor advances and retreats. The minor = excursion is a "stadial"; times between stadials are "interstadials".</p= > <p>These events are defined differently in different regions of the glac= ial range, which have their own glacial history depending on latitude, t= errain and climate. There is a general correspondence between glacials i= n different regions. Investigators often interchange the names if the gl= acial geology of a region is in the process of being defined. However, i= t is generally incorrect to apply the name of a glacial in one region to= another.</p> <p>For most of the 20th century only a few regions had been studied and = the names were relatively few. Today the geologists of different nations= are taking more of an interest in Pleistocene glaciology. As a conseque= nce, the number of names is expanding rapidly and will continue to expan=

d. Many of the advances and stadials remain unnamed. Also, the terrestri= al evidence for some of them has been erased or obscured by larger ones,= but evidence remains from the study of cyclical climate changes.</p> <p>The glacials in the following tables show <i>historical</i> usages, a= re a simplification of a much more complex cycle of variation in climate= and terrain, and are generally no longer used. These names have been ab= andoned in favor of numeric data because many of the correlations were f= ound to be either inexact or incorrect and more than four major glacials= have been recognized since the historical terminology was established.<= sup id=3D"cite_ref-RichmondOther1_10-1" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#= cite_note-RichmondOther1-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><su= p id=3D"cite_ref-RoyOther20041_11-0" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cit= e_note-RoyOther20041-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id= =3D"cite_ref-12" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-12"><span>[</= span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table class=3D"wikitable"> <caption>Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions.<= /caption> <tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Glacial 1</th> <th>Glacial 2</th> <th>Glacial 3</th> <th>Glacial 4</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Alps</b></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Beestonian_stage" title=3D"Beestonian stage">G=C3=BC= nz</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Anglian_Stage" title=3D"Anglian Stage" class=3D"mw-= redirect">Mindel</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Wolstonian_Stage" title=3D"Wolstonian Stage">Riss</= a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title=3D"Last Glacial Maximum= ">W=C3=BCrm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>North Europe</b></td> <td>Eburonian</td> <td>Elsterian</td> <td>Saalian</td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title=3D"Last Glacial Maximum= ">Weichselian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>British Isles</b></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Beestonian_stage" title=3D"Beestonian stage">Beesto= nian</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Anglian_Stage" title=3D"Anglian Stage" class=3D"mw-= redirect">Anglian</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Wolstonian_Stage" title=3D"Wolstonian Stage">Wolsto= nian</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Devensian" title=3D"Devensian" class=3D"mw-redirect= ">Devensian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Midwest U.S.</b></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title=3D"Pre-Illinoian">Nebraskan</a= ></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Kansan_glaciation" title=3D"Kansan glaciation">Kans=

an</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title=3D"Illinoian (stage)">Illi= noian</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Wisconsinian_Glaciation" title=3D"Wisconsinian Glac= iation" class=3D"mw-redirect">Wisconsinan</a></td> </tr> </table> <table class=3D"wikitable"> <caption>Historical names of interglacials.</caption> <tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Interglacial 1</th> <th>Interglacial 2</th> <th>Interglacial 3</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Alps</b></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Cromerian_Stage" title=3D"Cromerian Stage" class=3D= "mw-redirect">G=C3=BCnz-Mindel</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Hoxnian_Stage" title=3D"Hoxnian Stage">Mindel-Riss<= /a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Eemian_Stage" title=3D"Eemian Stage" class=3D"mw-re= direct">Riss-W=C3=BCrm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>North Europe</b></td> <td>Waalian</td> <td>Holsteinian</td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Eemian_Stage" title=3D"Eemian Stage" class=3D"mw-re= direct">Eemian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>British Isles</b></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Cromerian_Stage" title=3D"Cromerian Stage" class=3D= "mw-redirect">Cromerian</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Hoxnian_Stage" title=3D"Hoxnian Stage">Hoxnian</a><= /td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Eemian_Stage" title=3D"Eemian Stage" class=3D"mw-re= direct">Ipswichian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Midwest U.S.</b></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title=3D"Pre-Illinoian">Aftonian</a>= </td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Yarmouthian_Interglacial_(Stage)" title=3D"Yarmouth= ian Interglacial (Stage)" class=3D"mw-redirect">Yarmouthian</a></td> <td><a href=3D"/wiki/Sangamonian_Stage" title=3D"Sangamonian Stage" clas= s=3D"mw-redirect">Sangamonian</a></td> </tr> </table> <p>Corresponding to the terms glacial and interglacial, the terms pluvia= l and interpluvial are in use (Latin: <i>pluvia</i>, rain). A pluvial is= a warmer period of increased rainfall; an interpluvial, of decreased ra= infall. Formerly a pluvial was thought to correspond to a glacial in reg= ions not iced, and in some cases it does. Rainfall is cyclical also. Plu= vials and interpluvials are widespread.</p> <p>There is no systematic correspondence of pluvials to glacials, howeve= r. Moreover, regional pluvials do not correspond to each other globally.= For example, some have used the term "Riss pluvial" in Egyptian context= s. Any coincidence is an accident of regional factors. Only a few of the=

names for pluvials in restricted regions have been strategraphically de= fined.</p> <h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Palaeocycles">Palaeocycles</span><= span class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</= span><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;s= ection=3D5" title=3D"Edit section: Palaeocycles">edit</a><span class=3D"= mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The sum of transient factors acting at the Earth's surface is cyclica= l: climate, ocean currents and other movements, wind currents, temperatu= re, etc. The waveform response comes from the underlying cyclical motion= s of the planet, which eventually drag all the transients into harmony w= ith them. The repeated glaciations of the Pleistocene were caused by the= same factors.</p> <h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Milankovitch_cycles">Milankovitch = cycles</span><span class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsectio= n-bracket">[</span><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;actio= n=3Dedit&amp;section=3D6" title=3D"Edit section: Milankovitch cycles">ed= it</a><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class=3D"rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=3D"/= wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title=3D"Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cyc= les</a></div> <p>Glaciation in the Pleistocene was a series of glacials and interglaci= als, stadials and interstadials, mirroring periodic changes in climate. = The main factor at work in climate cycling is now believed to be <a href= =3D"/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title=3D"Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitc= h cycles</a>. These are periodic variations in regional and planetary so= lar radiation reaching the Earth caused by several repeating changes in = the Earth's motion.</p> <p>Milankovitch cycles cannot be the sole factor responsible for the var= iations in climate since they explain neither the long term cooling tren= d over the Plio-Pleistocene, nor the millennial variations in the Greenl= and Ice Cores. Milankovitch pacing seems to best explain glaciation even= ts with periodicity of 100,000, 40,000, and 20,000 years. Such a pattern= seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope = cores. The timing of our present interglacial interval (known as the <a = href=3D"/wiki/Holocene" title=3D"Holocene">Holocene</a>, Postglacial, or= the Present Interglacial) to that of the previous interglacial, beginni= ng about 130,000 years ago (The Eemian Interglacial), suggests that the = next glacial would likely begin in about 3,000 years.</p> <h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycles">Oxyge= n isotope ratio cycles</span><span class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D= "mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleisto= cene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;section=3D7" title=3D"Edit section: Oxygen is= otope ratio cycles">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">]</sp= an></span></h4> <div class=3D"rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=3D"/= wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle" title=3D"Oxygen isotope ratio cycle">Ox= ygen isotope ratio cycle</a></div> <p>In <a href=3D"/wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle" title=3D"Oxygen isoto= pe ratio cycle">oxygen isotope ratio</a> analysis, variations in the rat= io of <span class=3D"chemf" style=3D"white-space:nowrap;"><span style=3D= "display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-= height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">18<br /></span>O</span> t= o <span class=3D"chemf" style=3D"white-space:nowrap;"><span style=3D"dis= play:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-heig= ht:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">16<br /></span>O</span> (two = <a href=3D"/wiki/Isotopes" title=3D"Isotopes" class=3D"mw-redirect">isot= opes</a> of <a href=3D"/wiki/Oxygen" title=3D"Oxygen">oxygen</a>) by <a = href=3D"/wiki/Mass" title=3D"Mass">mass</a> (measured by a <a href=3D"/w= iki/Mass_spectrometer" title=3D"Mass spectrometer" class=3D"mw-redirect"=

>mass spectrometer</a>) present in the <a href=3D"/wiki/Calcite" title=3D= "Calcite">calcite</a> of oceanic <a href=3D"/wiki/Core_sample" title=3D"= Core sample">core samples</a> is used as a diagnostic of ancient ocean t= emperature change and therefore of climate change. Cold oceans are riche= r in <span class=3D"chemf" style=3D"white-space:nowrap;"><span style=3D"= display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-h= eight:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">18<br /></span>O</span>, w= hich is included in the tests of the microorganisms (<a href=3D"/wiki/Fo= raminifera" title=3D"Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>) contributing the ca= lcite.</p> <p>A more recent version of the sampling process makes use of modern gla= cial ice cores. Although less rich in <span class=3D"chemf" style=3D"whi= te-space:nowrap;"><span style=3D"display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.= 3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:= left;">18<br /></span>O</span> than sea water, the snow that fell on the= glacier year by year nevertheless contained <span class=3D"chemf" style= =3D"white-space:nowrap;"><span style=3D"display:inline-block; margin-bot= tom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text= -align:left;">18<br /></span>O</span> and <span class=3D"chemf" style=3D= "white-space:nowrap;"><span style=3D"display:inline-block; margin-bottom= :-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-al= ign:left;">16<br /></span>O</span> in a ratio that depended on the mean = annual temperature.</p> <p>Temperature and climate change are cyclical when plotted on a graph o= f temperature versus time. Temperature coordinates are given in the form= of a deviation from today's annual mean temperature, taken as zero. Thi= s sort of graph is based on another of isotope ratio versus time. Ratios= are converted to a percentage difference from the ratio found in standa= rd mean ocean water (SMOW).</p> <p>The graph in either form appears as a <a href=3D"/wiki/Waveform" titl= e=3D"Waveform">waveform</a> with <a href=3D"/wiki/Overtones" title=3D"Ov= ertones" class=3D"mw-redirect">overtones</a>. One half of a period is a = <a href=3D"/wiki/Marine_isotopic_stage" title=3D"Marine isotopic stage" = class=3D"mw-redirect">Marine isotopic stage</a> (MIS). It indicates a gl= acial (below zero) or an interglacial (above zero). Overtones are stadia= ls or interstadials.</p> <p>According to this evidence, Earth experienced 102 MIS stages beginnin= g at about 2.588 <a href=3D"/wiki/Megaannum" title=3D"Megaannum" class=3D= "mw-redirect">Ma</a> <a href=3D"/wiki/Before_Present" title=3D"Before Pr= esent">BP</a> in the Early Pleistocene <a href=3D"/wiki/Gelasian" title=3D= "Gelasian">Gelasian</a>. Early Pleistocene stages were shallow and frequ= ent. The latest were the most intense and most widely spaced.</p> <p>By convention, stages are numbered from the Holocene, which is MIS1. = Glacials receive an even number; interglacials, odd. The first major gla= cial was MIS2-4 at about 85=E2=80=9311 ka BP. The largest glacials were = 2, 6, 12, and 16; the warmest interglacials, 1, 5, 9 and 11. For matchin= g of MIS numbers to named stages, see under the articles for those names= .</p> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Fauna">Fauna</span><span class=3D"= mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href=3D= "/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;section=3D8" tit= le=3D"Edit section: Fauna">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket= ">]</span></span></h2> <div class=3D"rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href=3D"/wiki/Ne= w_World_Pleistocene_extinctions" title=3D"New World Pleistocene extincti= ons" class=3D"mw-redirect">New World Pleistocene extinctions</a></div> <p>Both marine and continental faunas were essentially modern and many a= nimals, specifically, mammals were much larger than their modern relativ= es .</p> <div class=3D"thumb tright">

<div class=3D"thumbinner" style=3D"width:222px;"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:I= ce_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" class=3D"image= "><img alt=3D"" src=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/= e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Ice_a= ge_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" width=3D"220" heig= ht=3D"107" class=3D"thumbimage" srcset=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped= ia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%= B3n.jpg/330px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg = 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_= of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Ice_age_fauna_of_north= ern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class=3D"thumbcaption"> <div class=3D"magnify"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_S= pain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" class=3D"internal" title=3D"Enlarge"><im= g src=3D"//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf21/skins/common/images/magni= fy-clip.png" width=3D"15" height=3D"11" alt=3D"" /></a></div> Pleistocene of <a href=3D"/wiki/Northern_Spain" title=3D"Northern Spain"= class=3D"mw-redirect">Northern Spain</a> showing <a href=3D"/wiki/Wooll= y_mammoth" title=3D"Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki= /Cave_lion" title=3D"Cave lion">cave lions</a> eating a <a href=3D"/wiki= /Reindeer" title=3D"Reindeer">reindeer</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Equus_ferus= _ferus" title=3D"Equus ferus ferus" class=3D"mw-redirect">tarpans</a>, a= nd <a href=3D"/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title=3D"Woolly rhinoceros">wooll= y rhinoceros</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class=3D"thumb tright"> <div class=3D"thumbinner" style=3D"width:222px;"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:P= leistocene_SA.jpg" class=3D"image"><img alt=3D"" src=3D"//upload.wikimed= ia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pleistocene_SA.jpg/220px-Pleistocene= _SA.jpg" width=3D"220" height=3D"157" class=3D"thumbimage" srcset=3D"//u= pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pleistocene_SA.jpg/330p= x-Pleistocene_SA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum= b/b/b8/Pleistocene_SA.jpg/440px-Pleistocene_SA.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class=3D"thumbcaption"> <div class=3D"magnify"><a href=3D"/wiki/File:Pleistocene_SA.jpg" class=3D= "internal" title=3D"Enlarge"><img src=3D"//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2= 2wmf21/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width=3D"15" height=3D"11" = alt=3D"" /></a></div> Pleistocene of <a href=3D"/wiki/South_America" title=3D"South America">S= outh America</a> showing <i><a href=3D"/wiki/Megatherium" title=3D"Megat= herium">Megatherium</a></i> and two <i><a href=3D"/wiki/Glyptodon" title= =3D"Glyptodon">Glyptodon</a></i>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The severe climatic changes during the ice age had major impacts on t= he fauna and flora. With each advance of the ice, large areas of the con= tinents became totally depopulated, and plants and animals retreating so= uthward in front of the advancing glacier faced tremendous stress. The m= ost severe stress resulted from drastic climatic changes, reduced living= space, and curtailed food supply. A <a href=3D"/wiki/Holocene_extinctio= n_event" title=3D"Holocene extinction event" class=3D"mw-redirect">major= extinction event</a> of large <a href=3D"/wiki/Mammal" title=3D"Mammal"= >mammals</a> (<a href=3D"/wiki/Megafauna" title=3D"Megafauna">megafauna<= /a>), which included <a href=3D"/wiki/Mammoth" title=3D"Mammoth">mammoth= s</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Mastodon" title=3D"Mastodon">mastodons</a>, <a h= ref=3D"/wiki/Machairodontinae" title=3D"Machairodontinae">saber-toothed = cats</a>, <a href=3D"/wiki/Glyptodon" title=3D"Glyptodon">glyptodons</a>= , <a href=3D"/wiki/Ground_sloth" title=3D"Ground sloth">ground sloths</a= >, <a href=3D"/wiki/Irish_elk" title=3D"Irish elk">Irish elk</a>, <a hre=

f=3D"/wiki/Cave_bear" title=3D"Cave bear">cave bears</a>, and <a href=3D= "/wiki/Arctodus" title=3D"Arctodus" class=3D"mw-redirect">short-faced be= ars</a>, began late in the Pleistocene and continued into the Holocene. = <a href=3D"/wiki/Neanderthal" title=3D"Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> als= o became extinct during this period. At the end of the last ice age, <a = href=3D"/wiki/Poikilotherm" title=3D"Poikilotherm">cold-blooded</a> anim= als, smaller mammals like <a href=3D"/wiki/Wood_mouse" title=3D"Wood mou= se">wood mice</a>, migratory birds, and swifter animals like <a href=3D"= /wiki/Whitetail_deer" title=3D"Whitetail deer" class=3D"mw-redirect">whi= tetail deer</a> had replaced the megafauna and migrated north.</p> <p>The extinctions were especially severe in <a href=3D"/wiki/North_Amer= ica" title=3D"North America">North America</a> where native <a href=3D"/= wiki/Horse" title=3D"Horse">horses</a> and <a href=3D"/wiki/Camel" title= =3D"Camel">camels</a> were eliminated.</p> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Asian_land_mammal_ages" title=3D"Asian land mammal = ages" class=3D"mw-redirect">Asian land mammal ages</a> (ALMA) include <a= href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DZhoukoudianian&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;redli= nk=3D1" class=3D"new" title=3D"Zhoukoudianian (page does not exist)">Zho= ukoudianian</a>, <a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DNihewanian&amp;action=3D= edit&amp;redlink=3D1" class=3D"new" title=3D"Nihewanian (page does not e= xist)">Nihewanian</a>, and <a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DYushean&amp;a= ction=3Dedit&amp;redlink=3D1" class=3D"new" title=3D"Yushean (page does = not exist)">Yushean</a>.</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/European_land_mammal_ages" title=3D"European land m= ammal ages" class=3D"mw-redirect">European land mammal ages</a> (ELMA) i= nclude <a href=3D"/wiki/Gelasian" title=3D"Gelasian">Gelasian</a> (2.5=E2= =80=941.8 <a href=3D"/wiki/Mya_(unit)" title=3D"Mya (unit)" class=3D"mw-= redirect">Ma</a>).</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/North_American_land_mammal_ages" title=3D"North Ame= rican land mammal ages" class=3D"mw-redirect">North American land mammal= ages</a> (NALMA) include <a href=3D"/wiki/Blancan" title=3D"Blancan">Bl= ancan</a> (4.75=E2=80=931.8), <a href=3D"/wiki/Irvingtonian" title=3D"Ir= vingtonian">Irvingtonian</a> (1.8=E2=80=930.24) and <a href=3D"/wiki/Ran= cholabrean" title=3D"Rancholabrean">Rancholabrean</a> (0.24=E2=80=930.01= ) in millions of years. The Blancan extends significantly back into the = Pliocene.</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/South_American_land_mammal_ages" title=3D"South Ame= rican land mammal ages" class=3D"mw-redirect">South American land mammal= ages</a> (SALMA) include <a href=3D"/wiki/Uquian" title=3D"Uquian">Uqui= an</a> (2.5=E2=80=931.5), <a href=3D"/wiki/Ensenadan" title=3D"Ensenadan= ">Ensenadan</a> (1.5=E2=80=930.3) and <a href=3D"/wiki/Lujanian" title=3D= "Lujanian">Lujanian</a> (0.3=E2=80=930.01) in millions of years. The Uqu= ian extends significantly back into the Pliocene.</li> </ul> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Humans">Humans</span><span class=3D= "mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href=3D= "/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;section=3D9" tit= le=3D"Edit section: Humans">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracke= t">]</span></span></h2> <div class=3D"rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href=3D"= /wiki/Human_evolution" title=3D"Human evolution">Human evolution</a>, <a= href=3D"/wiki/Paleolithic" title=3D"Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, and <= a href=3D"/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_New_World" title=3D"Models of= migration to the New World" class=3D"mw-redirect">Models of migration t= o the New World</a></div> <p>Scientific evidence<sup id=3D"cite_ref-13" class=3D"reference"><a hre= f=3D"#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> indicates t= hat <a href=3D"/wiki/Human" title=3D"Human">humans</a> evolved into thei= r present form during the Pleistocene.<sup id=3D"cite_ref-14" class=3D"r=

eference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></= sup> In the beginning of the Pleistocene <i><a href=3D"/wiki/Paranthropu= s" title=3D"Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i> species are still present= , as well as early human ancestors, but during the lower Palaeolithic th= ey disappeared, and the only hominid species found in fossilic records i= s <i><a href=3D"/wiki/Homo_erectus" title=3D"Homo erectus">Homo erectus<= /a></i> for much of the Pleistocene. The Middle and late Palaeolithic sa= w the appearance of new types of humans, as well as the development of m= ore elaborate tools than found in previous eras. According to mitochondr= ial timing techniques, <a href=3D"/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title=3D"Homo sapi= ens">modern humans</a> migrated from Africa after the <a href=3D"/wiki/R= iss_glaciation" title=3D"Riss glaciation" class=3D"mw-redirect">Riss gla= ciation</a> in the middle Palaeolithic during the <a href=3D"/wiki/Eemia= n_Stage" title=3D"Eemian Stage" class=3D"mw-redirect">Eemian Stage</a>, = spreading all over the ice-free world during the late Pleistocene.<sup i= d=3D"cite_ref-15" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-15"><span>[<= /span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=3D"cite_ref-16" class=3D"referen= ce"><a href=3D"#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><s= up id=3D"cite_ref-17" class=3D"reference"><a href=3D"#cite_note-17"><spa= n>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> A 2005 study posits that humans in = this migration interbred with archaic human forms already outside of Afr= ica by the late Pleistocene, incorporating archaic human genetic materia= l into the modern human gene pool.<sup id=3D"cite_ref-18" class=3D"refer= ence"><a href=3D"#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup>= </p> <table border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"2" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"800" st= yle=3D"font-size:smaller; clear:both;"> <caption style=3D"font-size:larger;"><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Hominini" title= =3D"Hominini">Hominin</a> species during Pleistocene</b></caption> <tr> <td> <p><map name=3D"timeline_2f59052c64d87d93f5297661e06a059f" id=3D"timelin= e_2f59052c64d87d93f5297661e06a059f"> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_(genus)" coords=3D"331,324,422,3= 45" title=3D"Homo (genus)" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Paranthropus" coords=3D"395,93,531,11= 4" title=3D"Paranthropus" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" coords=3D"459,= 109,556,130" title=3D"Paranthropus robustus" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" coords=3D"459,12= 5,545,145" title=3D"Paranthropus boisei" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_sapiens" coords=3D"74,324,165,34= 5" title=3D"Homo sapiens" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" coords=3D"83,3= 08,225,329" title=3D"Homo neanderthalensis" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" coords=3D"202,2= 92,338,313" title=3D"Homo heidelbergensis" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_erectus" coords=3D"587,276,679,2= 97" title=3D"Homo erectus" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" coords=3D"40,260,1= 59,281" title=3D"Homo floresiensis" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_georgicus" coords=3D"587,260,690= ,281" title=3D"Homo georgicus" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Homo_habilis" coords=3D"459,244,551,2= 65" title=3D"Homo habilis" /> <area shape=3D"rect" href=3D"/wiki/Pliocene" coords=3D"572,33,652,54" ti= tle=3D"Pliocene" /></map><img usemap=3D"#timeline_2f59052c64d87d93f52976= 61e06a059f" src=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/2f59052c= 64d87d93f5297661e06a059f.png" /></p> </td>

</tr> </table> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Deposits">Deposits</span><span cla= ss=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a = href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;section=3D= 10" title=3D"Edit section: Deposits">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-editsecti= on-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Pleistocene non-marine <a href=3D"/wiki/Sediment" title=3D"Sediment">= sediments</a> are found primarily in fluvial <a href=3D"/wiki/Deposit_(g= eology)" title=3D"Deposit (geology)" class=3D"mw-redirect">deposits</a>,= lakebeds, slope and <a href=3D"/wiki/Loess" title=3D"Loess">loess</a> d= eposits as well as in the large amounts of material moved about by glaci= ers. Less common are <a href=3D"/wiki/Cave" title=3D"Cave">cave</a> depo= sits, <a href=3D"/wiki/Travertine" title=3D"Travertine">travertines</a> = and volcanic deposits (lavas, ashes). Pleistocene marine deposits are fo= und primarily in shallow marine basins mostly (but with important except= ions) in areas within a few tens of kilometers of the modern shoreline. = In a few geologically active areas such as the <a href=3D"/wiki/Southern= _California" title=3D"Southern California">Southern California</a> coast= , Pleistocene marine deposits may be found at elevations of several hund= red meters.</p> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"See_also">See also</span><span cla= ss=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a = href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;section=3D= 11" title=3D"Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-editsecti= on-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Abbassia_Pluvial" title=3D"Abbassia Pluvial">Abbass= ia Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title=3D"Geologic time scale">= Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title=3D"Glacial hist= ory of Minnesota">Glacial history of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ice_age" title=3D"Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title=3D"List of fossil sites= ">List of fossil sites</a> <i>(with link directory)</i></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Mousterian_Pluvial" title=3D"Mousterian Pluvial">Mo= usterian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Paleontological_Museum_in_Tocuila" title=3D"Paleont= ological Museum in Tocuila">Paleontological Museum in Tocuila</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" title=3D"Pleistocene megafau= na">Pleistocene megafauna</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Pleistocene_Park" title=3D"Pleistocene Park">Pleist= ocene Park</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Terasecond_and_longer" title=3D"Terasecond and long= er">Terasecond and longer</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"References">References</span><span= class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">[</span= ><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&amp;secti= on=3D12" title=3D"Edit section: References">edit</a><span class=3D"mw-ed= itsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class=3D"reflist columns references-column-count references-column-= count-2" style=3D"-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-= count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class=3D"references"> <li id=3D"cite_note-1"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#c= ite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text"><span class=3D= "citation web"><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http:= //pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-430/of99-430_sec38.pdf">"Geologic Age Symbo=

l Font (StratagemAge)"</a>. USGS. 99-430<span class=3D"reference-accessd= ate">. Retrieved 2011-06-22</span>.</span><span title=3D"ctx_ver=3DZ39.8= 8-2004&amp;rfr_id=3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleistocene&amp;rft.= btitle=3DGeologic+Age+Symbol+Font+%28StratagemAge%29&amp;rft.genre=3Dboo= k&amp;rft_id=3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F1999%2Fof99-430%2Fof99-= 430_sec38.pdf&amp;rft.pub=3DUSGS&amp;rft_val_fmt=3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Ake= v%3Amtx%3Abook" class=3D"Z3988"><span style=3D"display:none;">&#160;</sp= an></span></span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b>= <a href=3D"#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"r= eference-text"><span class=3D"citation web"><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D= "external text" href=3D"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=3DPleis= tocene&amp;allowed_in_frame=3D0">"Pleistocene"</a>. <a href=3D"/wiki/Onl= ine_Etymology_Dictionary" title=3D"Online Etymology Dictionary">Online E= tymology Dictionary</a>.</span><span title=3D"ctx_ver=3DZ39.88-2004&amp;= rfr_id=3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleistocene&amp;rft.btitle=3DPl= eistocene&amp;rft.genre=3Dbook&amp;rft_id=3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.= com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DPleistocene%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&amp;rft.pub=3D= Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Am= tx%3Abook" class=3D"Z3988"><span style=3D"display:none;">&#160;</span></= span></span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-Gibbard-3"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a hr= ef=3D"#cite_ref-Gibbard_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-t= ext"><span class=3D"PDFlink"><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text"= href=3D"http://www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/people/gibbard/GTS2004Quat.pdf">G= ibbard, P. and van Kolfschoten, T. (2004) "The Pleistocene and Holocene = Epochs" Chapter 22</a></span><span style=3D"font-size:smaller;">&#160;PD= F&#160;(3.1&#160;<a href=3D"/wiki/Megabyte" title=3D"Megabyte">MB</a>)</= span> <i>In</i> Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, James G., and Smith, A. Gilbert (= eds.), <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i> <a href=3D"/wiki/Cambridge_Univ= ersity_Press" title=3D"Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University = Press</a>, Cambridge, <a href=3D"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521781426" c= lass=3D"internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-78142-6</a></span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-4"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#c= ite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">For the top o= f the series, see: <span class=3D"smallcaps" style=3D"font-variant:small= -caps;">Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D= .</span>, (2004) "The Neogene Period". In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith= , A.G. (Eds.), <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge U= niversity Press.</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-5"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#c= ite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Riccardi, Alb= erto C. (30 June 2009) <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D= "http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/IUGS%20Ratification_Q%20&amp;%20Plei= stocene.pdf">"IUGS ratified ICS Recommendation on redefinition of Pleist= ocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary"</a> International Uni= on of Geological Sciences</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-6"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#c= ite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Svensson, A.,= S. W. Nielsen, S. Kipfstuhl, S. J. Johnsen, J. P. Steffensen, M. Bigler= , U. Ruth, and R. R=C3=B6thlisberger (2005) "Visual stratigraphy of the = North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last gl= acial period" <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i> 110: (D02108)</span= ></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-Gradstein-28-7"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b>= <a href=3D"#cite_ref-Gradstein-28_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"r= eference-text">Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G. and Smith, A. Gilbert = (eds.) (2005) <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i> Cambridge University Pre= ss, Cambridge, UK, p. 28, <a href=3D"/wiki/Special:BookSources/052178142= 6" class=3D"internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-78142-6</a></span></l=

i> <li id=3D"cite_note-Rio-8"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D= "#cite_ref-Rio_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Rio,= D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D. and Di Stefano, E. (1998) "The Gelasi= an Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostrat= igraphic scale" <i>Episodes</i> 21: pp. 82-87</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-9"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#c= ite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text"><a href=3D"/w= iki/National_Geographic_Channel" title=3D"National Geographic Channel">N= ational Geographic Channel</a>, <i>Six Degrees Could Change The World,</= i> Mark Lynas interview. Retrieved February 14, 2008.</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-RichmondOther1-10"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink">= ^ <a href=3D"#cite_ref-RichmondOther1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></= a> <a href=3D"#cite_ref-RichmondOther1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup><= /a></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Richmond, G.M. and D.S. Fuller= ton, 1986, <i>Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States o= f America</i>. Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 183-196.</span></= li> <li id=3D"cite_note-RoyOther20041-11"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><= b><a href=3D"#cite_ref-RoyOther20041_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D= "reference-text">Roy, M., P.U. Clark, R.W. Barendregt, J.R., Glasmann, a= nd R.J. Enkin, 2004, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D= "http://geo.oregonstate.edu/files/geo/Royetal-GSAB-2004.pdf"><i>Glacial = stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-c= entral United States</i></a>, PDF version, 1.2 MB. Geological Society of= America Bulletin.116(1-2): pp. 30-41; <a href=3D"/wiki/Digital_object_i= dentifier" title=3D"Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel=3D"nofollo= w" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://dx.doi.org/10.1130%2FB25325.1"= >10.1130/B25325.1</a></span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-12"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#= cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Aber, J.S. = (1991) "Glaciations of Kansas" <i>Boreas</i> 20(4): pp. 297-314 - (conta= ins a summary of how and why the Nebraskan, Aftonian, Kansan, and Yarmou= thian stages were abandoned by modern stratigraphers).</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-13"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#= cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Rogers, A.R= . and Jorde, L.B. (1995) "Genetic evidence on modern human origins" <i>H= uman Biology</i> 67: pp. 1=E2=80=9336</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-14"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#= cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Wall, J.D. = and Przeworski, M. (2000) "When did the human population start increasin= g?" <i>Genetics</i> 155: pp. 1865=E2=80=931874</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-15"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#= cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Cann, R.L.;= Stoneking, M. and Wilson, A.C.(1987) "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolu= tion" <i>Nature</i> 325: pp. 31=E2=80=9336</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-16"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#= cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Stringer, C= .B. (1992) "Evolution of early modern humans" <i>In</i>: Jones, Steve; M= artin, R. and Pilbeam, David R. (eds.) (1992) <i>The Cambridge encyclope= dia of human evolution</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, <a hre= f=3D"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521323703" class=3D"internal mw-magiclin= k-isbn">ISBN 0-521-32370-3</a>, pp. 241=E2=80=93251.</span></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-17"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#= cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Templeton, = A. (2002) "Out of Africa again and again" <i>Nature</i> 416: p. 45</span= ></li> <li id=3D"cite_note-18"><span class=3D"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href=3D"#= cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class=3D"reference-text">Eswarana, V= inayak; Harpendingb, Henry and Rogers, Alan R. (2005) "Genomics refutes =

an exclusively African origin of humans" <i>Journal of Human Evolution</= i> 49(1): pp. 1=E2=80=9318 <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" h= ref=3D"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.02.006">Abstract</a></spa= n></li> </ol> </div> <ul> <li>Ogg, Jim; June, 2004, <i>Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sect= ions and Points (GSSP's</i>, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text"= href=3D"http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm">Stratigraphy.org</a>, Acc= essed April 30, 2006.</li> </ul> <h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"External_links">External links</sp= an><span class=3D"mw-editsection"><span class=3D"mw-editsection-bracket"= >[</span><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleistocene&amp;action=3Dedit&a= mp;section=3D13" title=3D"Edit section: External links">edit</a><span cl= ass=3D"mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class=3D"metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style=3D"border:1px soli= d #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class=3D"mbox-image"><img alt=3D"" src=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wik= ipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width=3D= "30" height=3D"40" srcset=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4= /4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.= org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2= x" /></td> <td class=3D"mbox-text plainlist" style=3D"">Wikimedia Commons has media= related to <i><b><a href=3D"//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pleis= tocene" class=3D"extiw" title=3D"commons:Category:Pleistocene">Pleistoce= ne</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>The <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://digit= alcollections.smu.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=3D/sit">SMU-in-Taos Resea= rch Publications</a> digital collection of anthropological and archaeolo= gical monographs contains <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" hr= ef=3D"http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/u?/sit,23">Late Pleistocene envi= ronments of the southern high plains</a>.</li> <li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.foram= inifera.eu/querydb.php?age=3DPleistocene&amp;aktion=3Dsuche">Pleistocene= Microfossils: 50+ images of Foraminifera</a></li> </ul> <table class=3D"toccolours" style=3D"margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto= ;"> <tr> <th style=3D"background:rgb(254,246,145);" colspan=3D"3"><a href=3D"/wik= i/Quaternary" title=3D"Quaternary">Quaternary</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th style=3D"background:rgb(254,239,184)"><strong class=3D"selflink">Ple= istocene</strong></th> <th style=3D"background:rgb(254,241,224)"><a href=3D"/wiki/Holocene" tit= le=3D"Holocene">Holocene</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"background:rgb(254,239,184);text-align:center;font-size: 90= %;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title=3D"Early Pleistocene">Earl= y</a> | <a href=3D"/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" title=3D"Middle Pleistocene= ">Middle</a> | <a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title=3D"Late Pleistoc=

ene">Late</a></td> <td style=3D"background:rgb(254,241,224);text-align:center;font-size: 90= %;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Preboreal" title=3D"Preboreal">Preboreal</a> | <a h= ref=3D"/wiki/Boreal_(period)" title=3D"Boreal (period)" class=3D"mw-redi= rect">Boreal</a> |<br /> <a href=3D"/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title=3D"Atlantic (period)">Atlantic= </a> | <a href=3D"/wiki/Subboreal" title=3D"Subboreal">Subboreal</a> | <= a href=3D"/wiki/Subatlantic" title=3D"Subatlantic">Subatlantic</a></td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"navbox" style=3D"border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style=3D"padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocoll= apse navbox-inner" style=3D"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;colo= r:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"col" class=3D"navbox-title" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"backgrou= nd:#ee9;;"> <div class=3D"noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class=3D"nv-view"><a href=3D"/wiki/Template:Geological_history" titl= e=3D"Template:Geological history"><span title=3D"View this template" sty= le=3D";background:#ee9;;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</sp= an></a></li> <li class=3D"nv-talk"><a href=3D"/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history"= title=3D"Template talk:Geological history"><span title=3D"Discuss this = template" style=3D";background:#ee9;;background:none transparent;border:= none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class=3D"nv-edit"><a class=3D"external text" href=3D"//en.wikipedia.= org/w/index.php?title=3DTemplate:Geological_history&amp;action=3Dedit"><= span title=3D"Edit this template" style=3D";background:#ee9;;background:= none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style=3D"font-size:110%;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" tit= le=3D"Geologic time scale">Geologic history of Earth</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navb= ox-subgroup" style=3D"border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"col" class=3D"navbox-title" colspan=3D"2" style=3D";backgro= und:#dd9;background:rgb(254,91,113);;"><span style=3D"float:left;width:6= em;">&#160;</span> <div style=3D"font-size:110%;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Precambrian" title=3D"Pr= ecambrian">Precambrian supereon <small>(4.567 Gya =E2=80=93 541.0 Mya)</= small></a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr>

<tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background:rgb(25= 4,91,113);;"> <div><small>In left column are <a href=3D"/wiki/Eon_(geology)" title=3D"= Eon (geology)" class=3D"mw-redirect">eons</a>; right column: <b>bold</b>= are <a href=3D"/wiki/Era_(geology)" title=3D"Era (geology)">eras</a>; n= ot bold are <a href=3D"/wiki/Period_(geology)" title=3D"Period (geology)= ">periods</a>:</small></div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"width:10em;;background= :rgb(203,3,129);;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Hadean" title=3D"Hadean">Hadean</a><= br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(4.567 =E2=80=93 4 Gya)</span= ></small></th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Chaotian_(geology)" title=3D"Chaotian (geology)"= >Chaotian <small>(4.567 =E2=80=93 4.4 Gya)</small></a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b>Zirconian<small>(4.4 =E2=80=93 4 Gya)</small></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td>

</tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"width:10em;;background= :rgb(254,0,124);;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Archean" title=3D"Archean">Archean</= a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(4 =E2=80=93 2.5 Gya)</span><= /small></th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;= "> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Eoarchean" title=3D"Eoarchean">Eoarchean <small>= (4 =E2=80=93 3.6 Gya)</small></a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Paleoarchean" title=3D"Paleoarchean">Paleoarchea= n <small>(3.6 =E2=80=93 3.2 Gya)</small></a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Mesoarchean" title=3D"Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean <= small>(3.2 =E2=80=93 2.8 Gya)</small></a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul>

<li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Neoarchean" title=3D"Neoarchean">Neoarchean <sma= ll>(2.8 =E2=80=93 2.5 Gya)</small></a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"width:10em;;background= :rgb(254,76,104);;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Proterozoic" title=3D"Proterozoic">= Proterozoic</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(2.5 Gya =E2=80=93 541.0 Mya)= </span></small></th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title=3D"Paleoproterozoic">Pal= eoproterozoic <small>(2.5 =E2=80=93 1.6 Gya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D= "/wiki/Siderian" title=3D"Siderian">Siderian <small>(2.5 =E2=80=93 2.3 G= ya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Rhyacian" title=3D"Rhyacian">Rhyacian <small>(2.3 =E2= =80=93 2.05 Gya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Orosirian" title=3D"Orosirian">Orosirian <small>(2.= 05 =E2=80=93 1.8 Gya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Statherian" title=3D"Statherian">Statherian <small>= (1.8 =E2=80=93 1.6 Gya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title=3D"Mesoproterozoic">Mesop= roterozoic <small>(1.6 =E2=80=93 1 Gya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wik= i/Calymmian" title=3D"Calymmian">Calymmian <small>(1.6 =E2=80=93 1.4 Gya= )</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ectasian" title=3D"Ectasian">Ectasian <small>(1.4 =E2= =80=93 1.2 Gya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Stenian" title=3D"Stenian">Stenian <small>(1.2 =E2=80= =93 1 Gya)</small></a></li> </ul>

</div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title=3D"Neoproterozoic">Neoprot= erozoic <small>(1 Gya =E2=80=93 541.0 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/= wiki/Tonian" title=3D"Tonian">Tonian <small>(1 Gya =E2=80=93 850 Mya)</s= mall></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Cryogenian" title=3D"Cryogenian">Cryogenian <small>= (850 =E2=80=93 635 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ediacaran" title=3D"Ediacaran">Ediacaran <small>(63= 5 =E2=80=93 541.0 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background:rgb(25= 4,91,113);;"> <div><small><a href=3D"/wiki/Mya_(unit)" title=3D"Mya (unit)" class=3D"m= w-redirect">Mya</a> =3D millions years ago. <a href=3D"/wiki/Gya" title=3D= "Gya">Gya</a> =3D billions years ago.</small></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed na= vbox-subgroup" style=3D"border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"col" class=3D"navbox-title" colspan=3D"2" style=3D";backgro= und:#dd9;background:rgb(111,218,237);;"><span style=3D"float:left;width:= 6em;">&#160;</span> <div style=3D"font-size:110%;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Phanerozoic" title=3D"Ph= anerozoic">Phanerozoic eon <small>(541.0 =E2=80=93 0 Mya)</small></a></d= iv> </th>

</tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background:rgb(11= 1,218,237);;"> <div><small>In horizontal bars are <a href=3D"/wiki/Era_(geology)" title= =3D"Era (geology)">eras</a>; in left column are <a href=3D"/wiki/Period_= (geology)" title=3D"Period (geology)">periods</a>; right column: <b>bold= </b> are <a href=3D"/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" title=3D"Epoch (geology)">epo= chs</a>; not bold not italic are <a href=3D"/wiki/Age_(geology)" title=3D= "Age (geology)">ages</a>; <i>italic</i> are <a href=3D"/wiki/Chron" titl= e=3D"Chron" class=3D"mw-redirect">chrons</a>:</small></div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navb= ox-subgroup" style=3D"border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"col" class=3D"navbox-title" colspan=3D"2" style=3D";backgro= und:rgb(146,195,160);;"><span style=3D"float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</sp= an> <div style=3D"font-size:110%;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Paleozoic" title=3D"Pale= ozoic">Paleozoic <small>(541.0 =E2=80=93 252.17 Mya)</small></a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(129,170,114);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Cambrian" title=3D"C= ambrian">Cambrian</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(541.0 =E2=80=93 485.4 Mya)</= span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>

<table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Terreneuvian" title=3D"Terreneuvian">Terreneuvia= n <small>(541.0 =E2=80=93 521 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/For= tunian" title=3D"Fortunian">Fortunian <small>(541.0 =E2=80=93 529 Mya)</= small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_2" title=3D"Cambrian Stage 2">Age 2*= <small>(529 =E2=80=93 521 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title=3D"Cambrian Series 2">E= poch 2* <small>(521 =E2=80=93 509 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki= /Cambrian_Stage_3" title=3D"Cambrian Stage 3">Age 3* <small>(521 =E2=80=93= 514 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_4" title=3D"Cambrian Stage 4">Age 4*= <small>(514 =E2=80=93 509 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Cambrian_Series_3" title=3D"Cambrian Series 3">E= poch 3* <small>(509 =E2=80=93 497 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki= /Cambrian_Stage_5" title=3D"Cambrian Stage 5">Age 5* <small>(509 =E2=80=93= 504.5 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Drumian" title=3D"Drumian">Drumian <small>(504.5 =E2= =80=93 500.5 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Guzhangian" title=3D"Guzhangian">Guzhangian <small>= (500.5 =E2=80=93 497 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;=

padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Furongian" title=3D"Furongian">Furongian <small>= (497 =E2=80=93 485.4 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Paibian" tit= le=3D"Paibian">Paibian <small>(497 =E2=80=93 494 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Jiangshanian" title=3D"Jiangshanian">Jiangshanian <= small>(494 =E2=80=93 489.5 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_10" title=3D"Cambrian Stage 10">Age = 10* <small>(489.5 =E2=80=93 485.4 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(0,169,138);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Ordovician" title=3D= "Ordovician">Ordovician</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(485.4 =E2=80=93 443.4 Mya)</= span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;= "> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title=3D"Early Ordovician" cla= ss=3D"mw-redirect">Early Ordovician <small>(485.4 =E2=80=93 470.0 Mya)</= small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Tremadocian" title=3D"Tremadocian">Trem= adocian <small>(485.4 =E2=80=93 477.7 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Floian" title=3D"Floian">Floian <small>(477.7 =E2=80= =93 470.0 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" title=3D"Middle Ordovician" c= lass=3D"mw-redirect">Middle Ordovician <small>(470.0 =E2=80=93 458.4 Mya= )</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Dapingian" title=3D"Dapingian">Dapin=

gian <small>(470.0 =E2=80=93 467.3 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Darriwilian" title=3D"Darriwilian">Darriwilian <sma= ll>(467.3 =E2=80=93 458.4 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title=3D"Late Ordovician" class= =3D"mw-redirect">Late Ordovician <small>(458.4 =E2=80=93 443.4 Mya)</sma= ll></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Sandbian" title=3D"Sandbian">Sandbian <sma= ll>(458.4 =E2=80=93 453.0 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Katian" title=3D"Katian">Katian <small>(453.0 =E2=80= =93 445.2 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Hirnantian" title=3D"Hirnantian">Hirnantian <small>= (445.2 =E2=80=93 443.4 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(166,223,197);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Silurian" title=3D"S= ilurian">Silurian</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(443.4 =E2=80=93 419.2 Mya)</= span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Llandovery_epoch" title=3D"Llandovery epoch" cla= ss=3D"mw-redirect">Llandovery <small>(443.4 =E2=80=93 433.4 Mya)</small>= </a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Rhuddanian" title=3D"Rhuddanian" class=3D"mw-= redirect">Rhuddanian <small>(443.4 =E2=80=93 440.8 Mya)</small></a></li>= <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Aeronian" title=3D"Aeronian" class=3D"mw-redirect">= Aeronian <small>(440.8 =E2=80=93 438.5 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Telychian" title=3D"Telychian" class=3D"mw-redirect=

">Telychian <small>(438.5 =E2=80=93 433.4 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Wenlock_(Silurian)" title=3D"Wenlock (Silurian)"= >Wenlock <small>(433.4 =E2=80=93 427.4 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"= /wiki/Sheinwoodian" title=3D"Sheinwoodian" class=3D"mw-redirect">Sheinwo= odian <small>(433.4 =E2=80=93 430.5 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Homerian" title=3D"Homerian" class=3D"mw-redirect">= Homerian <small>(430.5 =E2=80=93 427.4 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Ludlow_epoch" title=3D"Ludlow epoch" class=3D"mw= -redirect">Ludlow <small>(427.4 =E2=80=93 423.0 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a= href=3D"/wiki/Gorstian" title=3D"Gorstian" class=3D"mw-redirect">Gorsti= an <small>(427.4 =E2=80=93 425.6 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ludfordian" title=3D"Ludfordian" class=3D"mw-redire= ct">Ludfordian <small>(425.6 =E2=80=93 423.0 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Pridoli_epoch" title=3D"Pridoli epoch" class=3D"= mw-redirect">Pridoli <small>(423.0 =E2=80=93 419.2 Mya)</small></a></b><= /li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;">

<td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(221,150,81);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Devonian" title=3D"D= evonian">Devonian</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(419.2 =E2=80=93 358.9 Mya)</= span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;= "> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Early_Devonian" title=3D"Early Devonian" class=3D= "mw-redirect">Early Devonian <small>(419.2 =E2=80=93 393.3 Mya)</small><= /a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Lochkovian" title=3D"Lochkovian" class=3D"mw-r= edirect">Lochkovian <small>(419.2 =E2=80=93 410.8 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Pragian" title=3D"Pragian" class=3D"mw-redirect">Pr= agian <small>(410.8 =E2=80=93 407.6 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Emsian" title=3D"Emsian" class=3D"mw-redirect">Emsi= an <small>(407.6 =E2=80=93 393.3 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title=3D"Middle Devonian" class= =3D"mw-redirect">Middle Devonian <small>(393.3 =E2=80=93 382.7 Mya)</sma= ll></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Eifelian" title=3D"Eifelian" class=3D"mw-r= edirect">Eifelian <small>(393.3 =E2=80=93 387.7 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Givetian" title=3D"Givetian">Givetian <small>(387.7= =E2=80=93 382.7 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Devonian" title=3D"Late Devonian" class=3D"=

mw-redirect">Late Devonian <small>(382.7 =E2=80=93 358.9 Mya)</small></a= ></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Frasnian" title=3D"Frasnian">Frasnian <small>(38= 2.7 =E2=80=93 372.2 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Famennian" title=3D"Famennian">Famennian <small>(37= 2.2 =E2=80=93 358.9 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(63,174,173);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Carboniferous" title= =3D"Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(358.9 =E2=80=93 298.9 Mya)</= span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Mississippian" title=3D"Mississippian">Mississip= pian <small>(358.9 =E2=80=93 323.2 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wik= i/Tournaisian" title=3D"Tournaisian">Tournaisian <small>(358.9 =E2=80=93= 346.7 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Vis%C3%A9an" title=3D"Vis=C3=A9an">Vis=C3=A9an <sma= ll>(346.7 =E2=80=93 330.9 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Serpukhovian" title=3D"Serpukhovian">Serpukhovian <= small>(330.9 =E2=80=93 323.2 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Pennsylvanian" title=3D"Pennsylvanian">Pennsylva= nian <small>(323.2 =E2=80=93 298.9 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wik= i/Bashkirian" title=3D"Bashkirian">Bashkirian <small>(323.2 =E2=80=93 31= 5.2 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title=3D"Moscovian (Carb= oniferous)">Moscovian <small>(315.2 =E2=80=93 307.0 Mya)</small></a></li=

> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kasimovian" title=3D"Kasimovian">Kasimovian <small>= (307.0 =E2=80=93 303.7 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Gzhelian" title=3D"Gzhelian">Gzhelian <small>(303.7= =E2=80=93 298.9 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(247,88,60);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Permian" title=3D"Pe= rmian">Permian</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(298.9 =E2=80=93 252.17 Mya)<= /span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;= "> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Cisuralian" title=3D"Cisuralian" class=3D"mw-red= irect">Cisuralian <small>(298.9 =E2=80=93 272.3 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a= href=3D"/wiki/Asselian" title=3D"Asselian">Asselian <small>(298.9 =E2=80= =93 295.0 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Sakmarian" title=3D"Sakmarian">Sakmarian <small>(29= 5.0 =E2=80=93 290.1 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Artinskian" title=3D"Artinskian">Artinskian <small>= (290.1 =E2=80=93 283.5 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kungurian" title=3D"Kungurian">Kungurian <small>(28= 3.5 =E2=80=93 272.3 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Guadalupian" title=3D"Guadalupian" class=3D"mw-r= edirect">Guadalupian <small>(272.3 =E2=80=93 259.8 Mya)</small></a></b>:= <a href=3D"/wiki/Roadian" title=3D"Roadian">Roadian <small>(272.3 =E2=80= =93 268.8 Mya)</small></a></li>

<li><a href=3D"/wiki/Wordian" title=3D"Wordian">Wordian <small>(268.8 =E2= =80=93 265.1 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Capitanian" title=3D"Capitanian">Capitanian <small>= (265.1 =E2=80=93 259.8 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Lopingian" title=3D"Lopingian" class=3D"mw-redir= ect">Lopingian <small>(259.8 =E2=80=93 252.17 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a h= ref=3D"/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title=3D"Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian <small= >(259.8 =E2=80=93 254.14 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Changhsingian" title=3D"Changhsingian">Changhsingia= n <small>(254.14 =E2=80=93 252.17 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background:rgb(63= ,174,173);;"> <div><small><a href=3D"/wiki/Kasimovian" title=3D"Kasimovian">Kasimovian= </a> and <a href=3D"/wiki/Gzhelian" title=3D"Gzhelian">Gzhelian</a> comp= rise <b><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Pennsylvanian" title=3D"Late Pennsylvanian= " class=3D"mw-redirect">Late Pennsylvanian <small>(307.0 =E2=80=93 298.9= Mya)</small></a></b> subepoch.</small></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navb= ox-subgroup" style=3D"border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"col" class=3D"navbox-title" colspan=3D"2" style=3D";backgro= und:rgb(7,202,234);;"><span style=3D"float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span=

> <div style=3D"font-size:110%;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Mesozoic" title=3D"Mesoz= oic">Mesozoic <small>(252.17 =E2=80=93 66.0 Mya)</small></a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(153,78,150);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Triassic" title=3D"T= riassic">Triassic</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(252.17 =E2=80=93 201.3 Mya)<= /span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Early_Triassic" title=3D"Early Triassic">Early T= riassic <small>(252.17 =E2=80=93 247.2 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"= /wiki/Induan" title=3D"Induan">Induan <small>(252.17 =E2=80=93 251.2 Mya= )</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Olenekian" title=3D"Olenekian">Olenekian <small>(25= 1.2 =E2=80=93 247.2 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title=3D"Middle Triassic">Middl= e Triassic <small>(247.2 =E2=80=93 235 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"= /wiki/Anisian" title=3D"Anisian">Anisian <small>(247.2 =E2=80=93 242 Mya= )</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ladinian" title=3D"Ladinian">Ladinian <small>(242 =E2= =80=93 235 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td>

</tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Triassic" title=3D"Late Triassic">Late Tria= ssic <small>(235 =E2=80=93 201.3 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/= Carnian" title=3D"Carnian">Carnian <small>(235 =E2=80=93 228 Mya)</small= ></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Norian" title=3D"Norian">Norian <small>(228 =E2=80=93= 208.5 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Rhaetian" title=3D"Rhaetian">Rhaetian <small>(208.5= =E2=80=93 201.3 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(0,187,231);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Jurassic" title=3D"J= urassic">Jurassic</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(201.3 =E2=80=93 145.0 Mya)</= span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;= "> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title=3D"Early Jurassic">Early J= urassic <small>(201.3 =E2=80=93 174.1 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/= wiki/Hettangian" title=3D"Hettangian">Hettangian <small>(201.3 =E2=80=93= 199.3 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Sinemurian" title=3D"Sinemurian">Sinemurian <small>= (199.3 =E2=80=93 190.8 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Pliensbachian" title=3D"Pliensbachian">Pliensbachia= n <small>(190.8 =E2=80=93 182.7 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Toarcian" title=3D"Toarcian">Toarcian <small>(182.7= =E2=80=93 174.1 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr>

<tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title=3D"Middle Jurassic">Middl= e Jurassic <small>(174.1 =E2=80=93 163.5 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D= "/wiki/Aalenian" title=3D"Aalenian">Aalenian <small>(174.1 =E2=80=93 170= .3 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Bajocian" title=3D"Bajocian">Bajocian <small>(170.3= =E2=80=93 168.3 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Bathonian" title=3D"Bathonian">Bathonian <small>(16= 8.3 =E2=80=93 166.1 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Callovian" title=3D"Callovian">Callovian <small>(16= 6.1 =E2=80=93 163.5 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title=3D"Late Jurassic">Late Jura= ssic <small>(163.5 =E2=80=93 145.0 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wik= i/Oxfordian_(stage)" title=3D"Oxfordian (stage)">Oxfordian <small>(163.5= =E2=80=93 157.3 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title=3D"Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian <= small>(157.3 =E2=80=93 152.1 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Tithonian" title=3D"Tithonian">Tithonian <small>(15= 2.1 =E2=80=93 145.0 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(111,200,107);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Cretaceous" title=3D= "Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(145.0 =E2=80=93 66.0 Mya)</s= pan></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>

<table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title=3D"Early Cretaceous">Ear= ly Cretaceous <small>(145.0 =E2=80=93 100.5 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a hre= f=3D"/wiki/Berriasian" title=3D"Berriasian">Berriasian <small>(145.0 =E2= =80=93 139.8 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Valanginian" title=3D"Valanginian">Valanginian <sma= ll>(139.8 =E2=80=93 132.9 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Hauterivian" title=3D"Hauterivian">Hauterivian <sma= ll>(132.9 =E2=80=93 129.4 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Barremian" title=3D"Barremian">Barremian <small>(12= 9.4 =E2=80=93 125.0 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Aptian" title=3D"Aptian">Aptian <small>(125.0 =E2=80= =93 113.0 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Albian" title=3D"Albian">Albian <small>(113.0 =E2=80= =93 100.5 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title=3D"Late Cretaceous">Late = Cretaceous <small>(100.5 =E2=80=93 66.0 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D= "/wiki/Cenomanian" title=3D"Cenomanian">Cenomanian <small>(100.5 =E2=80=93= 93.9 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Turonian" title=3D"Turonian">Turonian <small>(93.9 = =E2=80=93 89.8 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Coniacian" title=3D"Coniacian">Coniacian <small>(89= .8 =E2=80=93 86.3 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Santonian" title=3D"Santonian">Santonian <small>(86= .3 =E2=80=93 83.6 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Campanian" title=3D"Campanian">Campanian <small>(83= .6 =E2=80=93 72.1 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Maastrichtian" title=3D"Maastrichtian">Maastrichtia= n <small>(72.1 =E2=80=93 66.0 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>

<tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed na= vbox-subgroup" style=3D"border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"col" class=3D"navbox-title" colspan=3D"2" style=3D";backgro= und:rgb(246,236,57);;"><span style=3D"float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</spa= n> <div style=3D"font-size:110%;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Cenozoic" title=3D"Cenoz= oic">Cenozoic <small>(66.0 =E2=80=93 0 Mya)</small></a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(254,161,99);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Paleogene" title=3D"= Paleogene">Paleogene</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(66.0 =E2=80=93 23.03 Mya)</s= pan></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Paleocene" title=3D"Paleocene">Paleocene <small>= (66.0 =E2=80=93 56.0 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Danian" titl= e=3D"Danian">Danian <small>(66.0 =E2=80=93 61.6 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Selandian" title=3D"Selandian">Selandian <small>(61= .6 =E2=80=93 59.2 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Thanetian" title=3D"Thanetian">Thanetian <small>(59= .2 =E2=80=93 56.0 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr>

<td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Eocene" title=3D"Eocene">Eocene <small>(56.0 =E2= =80=93 33.9 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Ypresian" title=3D"Yp= resian">Ypresian <small>(56.0 =E2=80=93 47.8 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lutetian" title=3D"Lutetian">Lutetian <small>(47.8 = =E2=80=93 41.3 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Bartonian" title=3D"Bartonian">Bartonian <small>(41= .3 =E2=80=93 38.0 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Priabonian" title=3D"Priabonian">Priabonian <small>= (38.0 =E2=80=93 33.9 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Oligocene" title=3D"Oligocene">Oligocene <small>= (33.9 =E2=80=93 23.03 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Rupelian" t= itle=3D"Rupelian">Rupelian <small>(33.9 =E2=80=93 28.1 Mya)</small></a><= /li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Chattian" title=3D"Chattian">Chattian <small>(28.1 = =E2=80=93 23.03 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(254,221,45);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Neogene" title=3D"Ne= ogene">Neogene</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(23.03 =E2=80=93 2.588 Mya)</= span></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;= "> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul>

<li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Miocene" title=3D"Miocene">Miocene <small>(23.03= =E2=80=93 5.333 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Aquitanian_(stag= e)" title=3D"Aquitanian (stage)">Aquitanian <small>(23.03 =E2=80=93 20.4= 4 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Burdigalian" title=3D"Burdigalian">Burdigalian <sma= ll>(20.44 =E2=80=93 15.97 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Langhian" title=3D"Langhian">Langhian <small>(15.97= =E2=80=93 13.82 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Serravallian" title=3D"Serravallian">Serravallian <= small>(13.82 =E2=80=93 11.62 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Tortonian" title=3D"Tortonian">Tortonian <small>(11= .62 =E2=80=93 7.246 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Messinian" title=3D"Messinian">Messinian <small>(7.= 246 =E2=80=93 5.333 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Pliocene" title=3D"Pliocene">Pliocene <small>(5.= 333 =E2=80=93 2.588 Mya)</small></a></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Piacenzian" t= itle=3D"Piacenzian">Piacenzian <small>(5.333 =E2=80=93 3.600 Mya)</small= ></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Zanclean" title=3D"Zanclean">Zanclean <small>(3.600= =E2=80=93 2.588 Mya)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:12em;;background:rgb(254,246,145);;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href=3D"/wiki/Quaternary" title=3D= "Quaternary">Quaternary</a><br /> <small><span style=3D"font-weight:normal;">(2.588 =E2=80=93 0 Mya)</span= ></small></div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;"= > <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"width:100%;= padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;">

<ul> <li><b><strong class=3D"selflink">Pleistocene <small>(2.588 Mya =E2=80=93= 11.7 kya)</small></strong></b>: <a href=3D"/wiki/Gelasian" title=3D"Gel= asian">Gelasian <small>(2.588 =E2=80=93 1.806 Mya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" title=3D"Calabrian (stage)">Cala= brian <small>(1.806 Mya =E2=80=93 781 kya)</small></a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" title=3D"Middle Pleistocene">Mi= ddle Pleistocene (Ionian) <small>(781 =E2=80=93 126 kya)</small></a></li= > <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title=3D"Late Pleistocene">Late P= leistocene (Tarantian) <small>(126 =E2=80=93 11.7 kya)</small></a>: <i><= a href=3D"/wiki/Oldest_Dryas" title=3D"Oldest Dryas">Oldest Dryas* <smal= l>(18 =E2=80=93 14.67 kya)</small></a></i></li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/B%C3%B8lling_oscillation" title=3D"B=C3=B8lling = oscillation">B=C3=B8lling* <small>(14.67 =E2=80=93 14 kya)</small></a></= i></li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/Older_Dryas" title=3D"Older Dryas">Older Dryas* = <small>(14 =E2=80=93 13.7 kya)</small></a></i></li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/Aller%C3%B8d_oscillation" title=3D"Aller=C3=B8d = oscillation">Aller=C3=B8d* <small>(13.7 =E2=80=93 12.8 kya)</small></a><= /i></li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title=3D"Younger Dryas">Younger D= ryas* <small>(12.8 =E2=80=93 11.7 kya)</small></a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=3D"2" class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"width:100%;p= adding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Holocene" title=3D"Holocene">Holocene <small>(11= .7 =E2=80=93 0 kya)</small></a></b>: <i><a href=3D"/wiki/Preboreal" titl= e=3D"Preboreal">Preboreal* <small>(11.7 =E2=80=93 9 kya)</small></a></i>= </li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/Boreal_(age)" title=3D"Boreal (age)">Boreal* <sm= all>(9 =E2=80=93 8 kya)</small></a></i></li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title=3D"Atlantic (period)">A= tlantic* <small>(8 =E2=80=93 5 kya)</small></a></i></li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/Subboreal" title=3D"Subboreal">Subboreal* <small= >(5 =E2=80=93 2.5 kya)</small></a></i></li> <li><i><a href=3D"/wiki/Subatlantic" title=3D"Subatlantic">Subatlantic* = <small>(2.5 =E2=80=93 0 kya)</small></a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background:rgb(25= 4,246,145);;">

<div><small><b><a href=3D"/wiki/Paleogene" title=3D"Paleogene">Paleogene= </a></b>, <b><a href=3D"/wiki/Neogene" title=3D"Neogene">Neogene</a></b>= and early <b><strong class=3D"selflink">Pleistocene</strong></b> compri= se former <b><a href=3D"/wiki/Tertiary" title=3D"Tertiary">Tertiary* <sm= all>(66.0 =E2=80=93 1.8 Mya)</small></a></b> period. <a href=3D"/wiki/Ge= lasian" title=3D"Gelasian">Gelasian</a> and <a href=3D"/wiki/Calabrian_(= stage)" title=3D"Calabrian (stage)">Calabrian</a> comprise <b><a href=3D= "/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title=3D"Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene = <small>(2.588 Mya =E2=80=93 781 kya)</small></a></b> subepoch.</small></= div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background:rgb(11= 1,218,237);;"> <div><small><a href=3D"/wiki/Tya" title=3D"Tya" class=3D"mw-redirect">ky= a</a> =3D thousands years ago. <a href=3D"/wiki/Mya_(unit)" title=3D"Mya= (unit)" class=3D"mw-redirect">Mya</a> =3D millions years ago. * Not off= icially recognized by the <a href=3D"/wiki/International_Commission_on_S= tratigraphy" title=3D"International Commission on Stratigraphy">I.C.S.</= a></small></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"background:#dd9;;= "> <div><small>Source: <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"= http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2013-01.pdf">Intern= ational Chronostratigraphic Chart (January 2013)</a>. <a href=3D"/wiki/I= nternational_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title=3D"International Commissi= on on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>. Retrie= ved 27 March 2013. <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"h= ttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3015/fs2007-3015.pdf">Divisions of Geologic = Time=E2=80=94Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units</a> USGS= Retrieved 10 March 2013.</small></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"navbox" style=3D"border-spacing:0;">

<tr> <td style=3D"padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapse= d navbox-inner" style=3D"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:i= nherit;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"col" class=3D"navbox-title" colspan=3D"2" style=3D"backgrou= nd:#abdb75;;"> <div class=3D"noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class=3D"nv-view"><a href=3D"/wiki/Template:Continental_Glaciations"= title=3D"Template:Continental Glaciations"><span title=3D"View this tem= plate" style=3D";background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:= none;;">v</span></a></li> <li class=3D"nv-talk"><a href=3D"/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_Glaciat= ions" title=3D"Template talk:Continental Glaciations"><span title=3D"Dis= cuss this template" style=3D";background:#abdb75;;background:none transp= arent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class=3D"nv-edit"><a class=3D"external text" href=3D"//en.wikipedia.= org/w/index.php?title=3DTemplate:Continental_Glaciations&amp;action=3Ded= it"><span title=3D"Edit this template" style=3D";background:#abdb75;;bac= kground:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style=3D"font-size:110%;">Continental glaciations</div> </th> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"background:#bbeb85;;">= General</th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title=3D"Canadian Shield">Canadian= Shield</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title=3D"Glacial hist= ory of Minnesota">Glacial history of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title=3D"Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</= a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title=3D"Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</= a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lake_Tight" title=3D"Lake Tight">Lake Tight</a></li= > <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title=3D"Last Glacial Maximum= ">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title=3D"Laurentide ice sheet= ">Laurentide ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_lakes" title=3D"List of prehist= oric lakes">List of prehistoric lakes</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title=3D"Post-glacial rebound= ">Post-glacial rebound</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title=3D"Proglacial lake">Proglaci= al lake</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Teays_River" title=3D"Teays River">Teays River</a><= /li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title=3D"Timeline of glacia=

tion">Timeline of glaciation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"background:#bbeb85;;">= Landforms</th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:7.0em;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;">Erosional</div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25= em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Fjord" title=3D"Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Glacial_striation" title=3D"Glacial striation">Glac= ial striae</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ribbon_lake" title=3D"Ribbon lake">Ribbon lake</a><= /li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Roche_moutonn%C3%A9e" title=3D"Roche moutonn=C3=A9e= ">Roche moutonn=C3=A9e</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title=3D"Tunnel valley">Tunnel valle= y</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title=3D"U-shaped valley">U-shaped= valley</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:7.0em;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;">Depositional</div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25e= m 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Drumlin" title=3D"Drumlin">Drumlin</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Drumlin_field" title=3D"Drumlin field">Drumlin fiel= d</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title=3D"Glacial erratic">Erratic = block</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Moraine" title=3D"Moraine">Moraine</a></li>

<li><a href=3D"/wiki/Pulju_Wilderness_Area" title=3D"Pulju Wilderness Ar= ea">Pulju moraine</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Rogen_moraine" title=3D"Rogen moraine">Rogen morain= e</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title=3D"Terminal moraine">Termin= al moraine</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Till_plain" title=3D"Till plain">Till plain</a></li= > <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Veiki_moraine" title=3D"Veiki moraine">Veiki morain= e</a></li> </ul> </div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:7.0em;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;">Glacifluvial</div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25= em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Diluvium" title=3D"Diluvium">Diluvium</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Esker" title=3D"Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Giant_current_ripples" title=3D"Giant current rippl= es">Giant current ripples</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kame" title=3D"Kame">Kame</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kame_delta" title=3D"Kame delta">Kame delta</a></li= > <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title=3D"Kettle (landform)">Kett= le hole</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Outwash_fan" title=3D"Outwash fan">Outwash fan</a><= /li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Outwash_plain" title=3D"Outwash plain">Sandur</a></= li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"background:#bbeb85;;">= North American<br /> places</th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=3D"= border-spacing:0;"> <tr>

<th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:7.0em;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;">Canadian</div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25e= m 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Arrowhead_Provincial_Park" title=3D"Arrowhead Provi= ncial Park">Arrowhead Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Big_Rock_(glacial_erratic)" title=3D"Big Rock (glac= ial erratic)">Big Rock (glacial erratic)</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title=3D"Cypress Hills (Can= ada)">Cypress Hills (Canada)</a>, Saskatchewan</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Eramosa_River" title=3D"Eramosa River">Eramosa Rive= r</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Eskers_Provincial_Park" title=3D"Eskers Provincial = Park">Eskers Provincial Park</a>, British Columbia</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Foothills_Erratics_Train" title=3D"Foothills Errati= cs Train">Foothills Erratics Train</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lion%27s_Head_Provincial_Park" title=3D"Lion's Head= Provincial Park">Lion's Head Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Origin_of_the_Oak_Ridges_Moraine" title=3D"Origin o= f the Oak Ridges Moraine">Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine</a>, Ontario<= /li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ovayok_Territorial_Park" title=3D"Ovayok Territoria= l Park">Ovayok Territorial Park</a>, Nunavut</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"padding-left:0em;paddi= ng-right:0em;width:7.0em;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.75em;">United States</div> </th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25= em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Chippewa_Moraine_State_Recreation_Area" title=3D"Ch= ippewa Moraine State Recreation Area">Chippewa Moraine State Recreation = Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title=3D"Coteau des Prairies">= Coteau des Prairies</a>, South Dakota</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Devil%27s_Lake_State_Park_(Wisconsin)" title=3D"Dev= il's Lake State Park (Wisconsin)">Devil's Lake State Park</a>, Wisconsin= </li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title=3D"Glacial Lake Wisco= nsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Glacial_Lakes_State_Park" title=3D"Glacial Lakes St= ate Park">Glacial Lakes State Park</a>, Minnesota</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Horicon_Marsh" title=3D"Horicon Marsh">Horicon Mars= h State Wildlife Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ice_Age_Floods_National_Geologic_Trail" title=3D"Ic=

e Age Floods National Geologic Trail">Ice Age Floods National Geologic T= rail</a>, Idaho, Oregon &amp; Washington</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ice_Age_National_Scientific_Reserve" title=3D"Ice A= ge National Scientific Reserve">Ice Age National Scientific Reserve</a>,= Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ice_Age_Trail" title=3D"Ice Age Trail">Ice Age Trai= l</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Interstate_Park" title=3D"Interstate Park">Intersta= te State Park</a>, Minnesota &amp; Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kelleys_Island,_Ohio" title=3D"Kelleys Island, Ohio= ">Kelleys Island</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Kettle_Moraine_State_Forest" title=3D"Kettle Morain= e State Forest">Kettle Moraine State Forest</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title=3D"Lake Bonneville">Lake Bon= neville</a>, Utah</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lake_Lahontan" title=3D"Lake Lahontan">Lake Lahonta= n</a>, Nevada</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lake_Missoula" title=3D"Lake Missoula">Lake Missoul= a</a>, Montana</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Mill_Bluff_State_Park" title=3D"Mill Bluff State Pa= rk">Mill Bluff State Park</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Oneida_Lake" title=3D"Oneida Lake">Oneida Lake</a>,= New York</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Two_Creeks_Buried_Forest_State_Natural_Area" title=3D= "Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area">Two Creeks Buried Forest S= tate Natural Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Withrow_Moraine_and_Jameson_Lake_Drumlin_Field" tit= le=3D"Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field">Withrow Moraine an= d Jameson Lake Drumlin Field</a>, Washington</li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title=3D"Yosemite National = Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, California</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"background:#bbeb85;;">= Eurasian and<br /> Antarctic places</th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-odd" style=3D"text-align:left;border-lef= t-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Antarctica" title=3D"Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li= > <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Hardangerfjord" title=3D"Hardangerfjord">Hardangerf= jord</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Killary_Harbour" title=3D"Killary Harbour">Killary = Harbour</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Lambert_Glacier" title=3D"Lambert Glacier">Lambert = Glacier</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Monte_Rosa_Massif" title=3D"Monte Rosa Massif">Mont= e Rosa Massif</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title=3D"Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice S=

helf</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Svalbard" title=3D"Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"background:#bbeb85;;">= Time periods</th> <td class=3D"navbox-list navbox-even" style=3D"text-align:left;border-le= ft-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style=3D"padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title=3D"Illinoian (stage)">Illi= noian Stage</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Interglacial" title=3D"Interglacial">Interglacial</= a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Stadial" title=3D"Stadial">Interstadial</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Last_glacial_period" title=3D"Last glacial period">= Last glacial period</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title=3D"Little Ice Age">Little Ice= Age</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Older_Dryas" title=3D"Older Dryas">Older Dryas</a><= /li> <li><strong class=3D"selflink">Pleistocene</strong></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title=3D"Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoia= n Stage</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title=3D"Quaternary glaciati= on">Quaternary glaciation</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Sangamonian_(stage)" title=3D"Sangamonian (stage)">= Sangamonian Stage</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title=3D"Wisconsin glaciation= ">Wisconsin glaciation</a></li> <li><a href=3D"/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title=3D"Younger Dryas">Younger Drya= s</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"navbox-abovebelow" colspan=3D"2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt=3D"Category" src=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thu= mb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" wi= dth=3D"16" height=3D"14" srcset=3D"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/t= humb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1= .5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Ico= n.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" /> <a href=3D"/wiki/Categor= y:Glaciers" title=3D"Category:Glaciers">Category</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr>

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<h3 id=3D'p-coll-print_export-label'>Print/export</h3> <div class=3D"body"> <ul> <li id=3D"coll-create_a_book"><a href=3D"/w/index.php?ti tle=3DSpecial= :Book&amp;bookcmd=3Dbook_creator&amp;referer=3DPleistocene">Create a boo= k</a></li> <li id=3D"coll-download-as-rl"><a href=3D"/w/index.php?t itle=3DSpecia= l:Book&amp;bookcmd=3Drender_article&amp;arttitle=3DPleistocene&amp;oldid= =3D570472114&amp;writer=3Drl">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id=3D"t-print"><a href=3D"/w/index.php?title=3DPleis tocene&amp;pr= intable=3Dyes" title=3D"Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey=3D= "p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class=3D"portal" role=3D"navigation" id=3D'p-lang' aria-labelledby=3D= 'p-lang-label'> <h3 id=3D'p-lang-label'>Languages</h3> <div class=3D"body"> <ul> <li class=3D"interwiki-af"><a href=3D"//af.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= seen" title=3D"Pleistoseen =E2=80=93 Afrikaans" lang=3D"af" hreflang=3D"= af">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ar"><a href=3D"//ar.wikipedia.org /wiki/%D8%A8%= D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title=3D"=D8=A8=D9=84=D9= =8A=D8=B3=D8=AA=D9=88=D8=B3=D9=8A=D9=86 =E2=80=93 Arabic" lang=3D"ar" hr= eflang=3D"ar">=D8=A7=D9=84=D8=B9=D8=B1=D8=A8=D9=8A=D8=A9</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ast"><a href=3D"//ast.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Pleis= tocenu" title=3D"Pleistocenu =E2=80=93 Asturian" lang=3D"ast" hreflang=3D= "ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-bn"><a href=3D"//bn.wikipedia.org /wiki/%E0%A6%= AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%= 8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title=3D"=E0=A6=AA=E0=A7=8D=E0=A6=B2=E0=A6= =BE=E0=A6=87=E0=A6=B8=E0=A7=8D=E0=A6=9F=E0=A7=8B=E0=A6=B8=E0=A6=BF=E0=A6= =A8 =E2=80=93 Bengali" lang=3D"bn" hreflang=3D"bn">=E0=A6=AC=E0=A6=BE=E0= =A6=82=E0=A6=B2=E0=A6=BE</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-map-bms"><a href=3D"//map-bms.wik ipedia.org/wi= ki/Pleistocen" title=3D"Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Basa Banyumasan" lang=3D"ma= p-bms" hreflang=3D"map-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-bg"><a href=3D"//bg.wikipedia.org /wiki/%D0%9F%= D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title=3D"=D0=9F=D0= =BB=D0=B5=D0=B9=D1=81=D1=82=D0=BE=D1=86=D0=B5=D0=BD =E2=80=93 Bulgarian"= lang=3D"bg" hreflang=3D"bg">=D0=91=D1=8A=D0=BB=D0=B3=D0=B0=D1=80=D1=81=D0= =BA=D0=B8</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-br"><a href=3D"//br.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= sen" title=3D"Pleistosen =E2=80=93 Breton" lang=3D"br" hreflang=3D"br">B= rezhoneg</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ca"><a href=3D"//ca.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plistoc= %C3%A8" title=3D"Plistoc=C3=A8 =E2=80=93 Catalan" lang=3D"ca" hreflang=3D=

"ca">Catal=C3=A0</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-cs"><a href=3D"//cs.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= c%C3%A9n" title=3D"Pleistoc=C3=A9n =E2=80=93 Czech" lang=3D"cs" hreflang= =3D"cs">=C4=8Cesky</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-cy"><a href=3D"//cy.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= sen" title=3D"Pleistosen =E2=80=93 Welsh" lang=3D"cy" hreflang=3D"cy">Cy= mraeg</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-da"><a href=3D"//da.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= c%C3%A6n" title=3D"Pleistoc=C3=A6n =E2=80=93 Danish" lang=3D"da" hreflan= g=3D"da">Dansk</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-de"><a href=3D"//de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= z%C3%A4n" title=3D"Pleistoz=C3=A4n =E2=80=93 German" lang=3D"de" hreflan= g=3D"de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-et"><a href=3D"//et.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= tseen" title=3D"Pleistotseen =E2=80=93 Estonian" lang=3D"et" hreflang=3D= "et">Eesti</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-el"><a href=3D"//el.wikipedia.org /wiki/%CE%A0%= CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title= =3D"=CE=A0=CE=BB=CE=B5=CE=B9=CF=83=CF=84=CF=8C=CE=BA=CE=B1=CE=B9=CE=BD=CE= =BF =E2=80=93 Greek" lang=3D"el" hreflang=3D"el">=CE=95=CE=BB=CE=BB=CE=B7= =CE=BD=CE=B9=CE=BA=CE=AC</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-es"><a href=3D"//es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= ceno" title=3D"Pleistoceno =E2=80=93 Spanish" lang=3D"es" hreflang=3D"es= ">Espa=C3=B1ol</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-eo"><a href=3D"//eo.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plejsto= ceno" title=3D"Plejstoceno =E2=80=93 Esperanto" lang=3D"eo" hreflang=3D"= eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-eu"><a href=3D"//eu.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= zeno" title=3D"Pleistozeno =E2=80=93 Basque" lang=3D"eu" hreflang=3D"eu"= >Euskara</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-fa"><a href=3D"//fa.wikipedia.org /wiki/%D9%BE%= D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title=3D"=D9=BE=D9=84=DB=8C=D8= =B3=D8=AA=D9=88=D8=B3=D9=86 =E2=80=93 Persian" lang=3D"fa" hreflang=3D"f= a">=D9=81=D8=A7=D8=B1=D8=B3=DB=8C</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-fr"><a href=3D"//fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pl%C3%A= 9istoc%C3%A8ne" title=3D"Pl=C3=A9istoc=C3=A8ne =E2=80=93 French" lang=3D= "fr" hreflang=3D"fr">Fran=C3=A7ais</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-fy"><a href=3D"//fy.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= seen" title=3D"Pleistoseen =E2=80=93 Western Frisian" lang=3D"fy" hrefla= ng=3D"fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-gl"><a href=3D"//gl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plistoc= eno" title=3D"Plistoceno =E2=80=93 Galician" lang=3D"gl" hreflang=3D"gl"= >Galego</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ko"><a href=3D"//ko.wikipedia.org /wiki/%ED%94%= 8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B8" title=3D"=ED=94=8C=EB=9D= =BC=EC=9D=B4=EC=8A=A4=ED=86=A0=EC=84=B8 =E2=80=93 Korean" lang=3D"ko" hr=

eflang=3D"ko">=ED=95=9C=EA=B5=AD=EC=96=B4</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-hi"><a href=3D"//hi.wikipedia.org /wiki/%E0%A4%= 85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%= A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title=3D"=E0=A4=85=E0=A4=A4=E0=A5= =8D=E0=A4=AF=E0=A4=82=E0=A4=A4=E0=A4=A8=E0=A5=82=E0=A4=A4=E0=A4=A8 =E0=A4= =AF=E0=A5=81=E0=A4=97 =E2=80=93 Hindi" lang=3D"hi" hreflang=3D"hi">=E0=A4= =B9=E0=A4=BF=E0=A4=A8=E0=A5=8D=E0=A4=A6=E0=A5=80</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-hr"><a href=3D"//hr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cen" title=3D"Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Croatian" lang=3D"hr" hreflang=3D"hr"= >Hrvatski</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-id"><a href=3D"//id.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= sen" title=3D"Pleistosen =E2=80=93 Indonesian" lang=3D"id" hreflang=3D"i= d">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-is"><a href=3D"//is.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleist%= C3%B3sent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title=3D"Pleist=C3=B3sent=C3=ADmabili=C3=B0= =E2=80=93 Icelandic" lang=3D"is" hreflang=3D"is">=C3=8Dslenska</a></li>= <li class=3D"interwiki-it"><a href=3D"//it.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cene" title=3D"Pleistocene =E2=80=93 Italian" lang=3D"it" hreflang=3D"it= ">Italiano</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-he"><a href=3D"//he.wikipedia.org /wiki/%D7%A4%= D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title=3D"=D7=A4=D7=9C=D7=99=D7= =A1=D7=98=D7=95=D7=A7=D7=9F =E2=80=93 Hebrew" lang=3D"he" hreflang=3D"he= ">=D7=A2=D7=91=D7=A8=D7=99=D7=AA</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ka"><a href=3D"//ka.wikipedia.org /wiki/%E1%83%= 9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%= 94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title=3D"=E1=83=9E=E1=83=9A=E1=83=94=E1=83=98=E1=83= =A1=E1=83=A2=E1=83=9D=E1=83=AA=E1=83=94=E1=83=9C=E1=83=98 =E2=80=93 Geor= gian" lang=3D"ka" hreflang=3D"ka">=E1=83=A5=E1=83=90=E1=83=A0=E1=83=97=E1= =83=A3=E1=83=9A=E1=83=98</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-kk"><a href=3D"//kk.wikipedia.org /wiki/%D0%9F%= D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title=3D"=D0=9F=D0= =BB=D0=B5=D0=B9=D1=81=D1=82=D0=BE=D1=86=D0=B5=D0=BD =E2=80=93 Kazakh" la= ng=3D"kk" hreflang=3D"kk">=D2=9A=D0=B0=D0=B7=D0=B0=D2=9B=D1=88=D0=B0</a>= </li> <li class=3D"interwiki-la"><a href=3D"//la.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= caenum" title=3D"Pleistocaenum =E2=80=93 Latin" lang=3D"la" hreflang=3D"= la">Latina</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-lv"><a href=3D"//lv.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= c%C4%93ns" title=3D"Pleistoc=C4=93ns =E2=80=93 Latvian" lang=3D"lv" href= lang=3D"lv">Latvie=C5=A1u</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-lb"><a href=3D"//lb.wikipedia.org /wiki/%C3%84i= sz%C3%A4italter" title=3D"=C3=84isz=C3=A4italter =E2=80=93 Luxembourgish= " lang=3D"lb" hreflang=3D"lb">L=C3=ABtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-lt"><a href=3D"//lt.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cenas" title=3D"Pleistocenas =E2=80=93 Lithuanian" lang=3D"lt" hreflang=3D= "lt">Lietuvi=C5=B3</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-hu"><a href=3D"//hu.wikipedia.org

/wiki/Pleiszt= oc%C3%A9n" title=3D"Pleisztoc=C3=A9n =E2=80=93 Hungarian" lang=3D"hu" hr= eflang=3D"hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-mk"><a href=3D"//mk.wikipedia.org /wiki/%D0%9F%= D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title=3D"=D0=9F=D0= =BB=D0=B5=D0=B8=D1=81=D1=82=D0=BE=D1=86=D0=B5=D0=BD =E2=80=93 Macedonian= " lang=3D"mk" hreflang=3D"mk">=D0=9C=D0=B0=D0=BA=D0=B5=D0=B4=D0=BE=D0=BD= =D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-mzn"><a href=3D"//mzn.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/%D9%B= E%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title=3D"=D9=BE=D9=84= =D8=B4=DB=8C=D8=B3=D8=AA=D9=88=D8=B3=D9=86 =E2=80=93 Mazanderani" lang=3D= "mzn" hreflang=3D"mzn">=D9=85=D8=A7=D8=B2=D9=90=D8=B1=D9=88=D9=86=DB=8C<= /a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ms"><a href=3D"//ms.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= sen" title=3D"Pleistosen =E2=80=93 Malay" lang=3D"ms" hreflang=3D"ms">Ba= hasa Melayu</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-nl"><a href=3D"//nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= ceen" title=3D"Pleistoceen =E2=80=93 Dutch" lang=3D"nl" hreflang=3D"nl">= Nederlands</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ja"><a href=3D"//ja.wikipedia.org /wiki/%E6%9B%= B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title=3D"=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0=E4=B8=96 =E2=80=93 Jap= anese" lang=3D"ja" hreflang=3D"ja">=E6=97=A5=E6=9C=AC=E8=AA=9E</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-frr"><a href=3D"//frr.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Pleis= toz%C3%A4n" title=3D"Pleistoz=C3=A4n =E2=80=93 Northern Frisian" lang=3D= "frr" hreflang=3D"frr">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-no"><a href=3D"//no.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cen" title=3D"Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Norwegian (bokm=C3=A5l)" lang=3D"no" = hreflang=3D"no">Norsk bokm=C3=A5l</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-nn"><a href=3D"//nn.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cen" title=3D"Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Norwegian Nynorsk" lang=3D"nn" hrefla= ng=3D"nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-oc"><a href=3D"//oc.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= c%C3%A8n" title=3D"Pleistoc=C3=A8n =E2=80=93 Occitan" lang=3D"oc" hrefla= ng=3D"oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-nds"><a href=3D"//nds.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Pleis= toz%C3%A4n" title=3D"Pleistoz=C3=A4n =E2=80=93 Low German" lang=3D"nds" = hreflang=3D"nds">Plattd=C3=BC=C3=BCtsch</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-pl"><a href=3D"//pl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plejsto= cen" title=3D"Plejstocen =E2=80=93 Polish" lang=3D"pl" hreflang=3D"pl">P= olski</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-pt"><a href=3D"//pt.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= ceno" title=3D"Pleistoceno =E2=80=93 Portuguese" lang=3D"pt" hreflang=3D= "pt">Portugu=C3=AAs</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ro"><a href=3D"//ro.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cen" title=3D"Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Romanian" lang=3D"ro" hreflang=3D"ro"= >Rom=C3=A2n=C4=83</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-ru"><a href=3D"//ru.wikipedia.org

/wiki/%D0%9F%= D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title=3D"=D0=9F=D0= =BB=D0=B5=D0=B9=D1=81=D1=82=D0=BE=D1=86=D0=B5=D0=BD =E2=80=93 Russian" l= ang=3D"ru" hreflang=3D"ru">=D0=A0=D1=83=D1=81=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8=D0=B9</a= ></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-stq"><a href=3D"//stq.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Pleis= toz%C3%A4n" title=3D"Pleistoz=C3=A4n =E2=80=93 Seeltersk" lang=3D"stq" h= reflang=3D"stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-simple"><a href=3D"//simple.wikip edia.org/wiki= /Pleistocene" title=3D"Pleistocene =E2=80=93 Simple English" lang=3D"sim= ple" hreflang=3D"simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-sk"><a href=3D"//sk.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= c%C3%A9n" title=3D"Pleistoc=C3=A9n =E2=80=93 Slovak" lang=3D"sk" hreflan= g=3D"sk">Sloven=C4=8Dina</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-sh"><a href=3D"//sh.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cen" title=3D"Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Serbo-Croatian" lang=3D"sh" hreflang=3D= "sh">Srpskohrvatski / =D1=81=D1=80=D0=BF=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=BE=D1=85=D1=80=D0= =B2=D0=B0=D1=82=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-fi"><a href=3D"//fi.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= seeni" title=3D"Pleistoseeni =E2=80=93 Finnish" lang=3D"fi" hreflang=3D"= fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-sv"><a href=3D"//sv.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= cen" title=3D"Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Swedish" lang=3D"sv" hreflang=3D"sv">= Svenska</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-tl"><a href=3D"//tl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleisto= seno" title=3D"Pleistoseno =E2=80=93 Tagalog" lang=3D"tl" hreflang=3D"tl= ">Tagalog</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-tr"><a href=3D"//tr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buzul_%= C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title=3D"Buzul =C3=87a=C4=9F=C4=B1 =E2=80=93 Turkish= " lang=3D"tr" hreflang=3D"tr">T=C3=BCrk=C3=A7e</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-uk"><a href=3D"//uk.wikipedia.org /wiki/%D0%9F%= D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title=3D"=D0=9F=D0= =BB=D0=B5=D0=B9=D1=81=D1=82=D0=BE=D1=86=D0=B5=D0=BD =E2=80=93 Ukrainian"= lang=3D"uk" hreflang=3D"uk">=D0=A3=D0=BA=D1=80=D0=B0=D1=97=D0=BD=D1=81=D1= =8C=D0=BA=D0=B0</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-vi"><a href=3D"//vi.wikipedia.org /wiki/Th%E1%B= A%BF_Pleistocen" title=3D"Th=E1=BA=BF Pleistocen =E2=80=93 Vietnamese" l= ang=3D"vi" hreflang=3D"vi">Ti=E1=BA=BFng Vi=E1=BB=87t</a></li> <li class=3D"interwiki-zh"><a href=3D"//zh.wikipedia.org /wiki/%E6%9B%= B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title=3D"=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0=E4=B8=96 =E2=80=93 Chi= nese" lang=3D"zh" hreflang=3D"zh">=E4=B8=AD=E6=96=87</a></li> <li class=3D"uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href=3D"#"></a></li> <li class=3D"wbc-editpage"><a href=3D"//www.wikidata.org /wiki/Q25546#= sitelinks-wikipedia" title=3D"Edit interlanguage links">Edit links</a></= li> </ul> </div> </div>

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