Primary Sources Bibliography
Content
Works Cited
Books Beecher, Henry K. "Ethics and Clinical Research." Biomedical Ethics and the Law (1966): 215-27. New England Journal of Medicine. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. The New England Journal of Medicine proved effective in identifying a pessimistic opinion on the historic and barbaric methods of deceptively gathering data. "The Surgical Treatment of Cancer of the Cervix Uteri." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 24 Oct. 1948. Web. 2 Jan. 2016. This primary source written by attending Surgeon Dr. Brunschwig in 1948 allowed me to understand the "modern" procedures patients endured around the time of Henrietta Lacks. Brunschwig's article regarding the surgical treatment of cervical and uterine cancers by radium supplied background information for what Henrietta Lacks had been treated with. A photo of the is present on the "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association, Adopted May 1847. Philadelphia, May 1847. PDF. An electronic version of an original copy of the AMA's Code of Ethics book. This source gave insight on the ethics early physicians wanted in society, but failed to achieve. Pages from this electronic file were used as photos in the "Medical Ethics" page. Fromageot, Claude, and George O. Gey. The Harvey Lectures: Delivered under the Auspices of the Harvey Society of New York, 1953-1954. New York: Academic, 1955. Print. A section of this book written by researcher George O. Gey regarding the scientific ambitions for his Tissue Culture Lab were shown in the text, and a quote written by Gey was used in a portion of the website (George
Gey). "Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association, Adopted May 1847 : American Medical Association : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive." Internet Archive. American Medical Association. Web. 27 Dec. 2015. This primary source is a scanned copy of the original Code of Ethics written by the American Medical Association. I used this source as an example for what medical professionals valued at the time. Because of this, I learned that ideals in the past were actually quite similar to the morals doctors hold themselves up to today. In the website, this document provides the chapter names/main topics of the code. Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown, 2010. Print. Skloot's book was essential in my project. This primary source was the inspiration for to start an NHD project on this topic, and was also biggest source of background information I had acquired over my time of research. Skloot explained Henrietta's situation in its entirety and included the ethical repercussions of every aspect of the case. I considered this source as primary because Skloot interviewed the children of Henrietta Lacks, who had firsthand experience of their mother's situation, and the many instances where they too were asked to "donate" cells.
Reports Carrel, Alexis. On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism. New York City, 1911. PDF. This document was an online version of Alexis Carrel's experimental research reports, while he looked for a way to prolong life. Using
this source, I was able to further understand Carrel's methods, as to how he created the "immortal" chicken heart. The PDF was also used for a photo of the first page, on the "Encounter" page. Gey, George O., William F. Scherer, and Jerome T. Syverton. STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION IN VITRO OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES. Rep. Europe PMC. National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. This document was a medical report discussing the reactivity of the poliomyelitis virus strain towards the newly found HeLa cell. The report was in part, written by HeLa researcher, George Gey, which is why I considered it to be a primary source. The article was used for a quote on the encounter of the polio vaccine. Gey, George O. "An Improved Technic for Massive Tissue Culture." Cancer Research. American Journal of Cancer. Web. 20 Jan. 2016. This primary article on George Gey's roller tube contraption written by Gey himself, allowed me to differentiate between Gey's method and the traditional cell culture approach. I also used his writing to demonstrate the model.
Interview Jones, Howard W., Jr. "How IVF Got Started in Norfolk." Interview. Print. Interview of Howard W. Jones Jr. by Eastern Virginia Medical School, on the beginning of IVF in Norfolk, VA. This video was embedded in the "Howard W. Jones" page.
Website
"Lacks Family." The Lacks Family. Lacks Family. Web. 2016. The Lacks familys' personal website allowed me to view their perspective on the treatment of their mother. I now understand that the family no longer feels hate, but is grateful for their mother's indirect accomplishments in science. This primary source also allowed me to view the Lacks on a more personal level, as there is a portion included in the site introducing each family member. A quote from this source was also used on the Henrietta Lacks page, regarding her death.
Images Photo of Syphilis Experiment Headline. Digital image. Talk Real Solutions. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. I used this site to fact check the credibility of facts from other sources, which provided similar information on the Tuskegee Syphilis Trial. I also used a photo from this website, of a newspaper clipping after the experiment had been revealed. Photo of Alexis Carrel. Digital image. BBC News Magazine. BBC, 26 May 2008. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. Photo of Alexis Carrel working in laboratory, used in "Encounter" page. Photo of Crownsville State Hospital. Digital image. Capital Gazette. Baltimore Sun Media Group, 05 June 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. Photo of Crownsville State Hospital, where Elsie Lacks was admitted. Used in the "Henrietta" page. Rudolf Virchow. Common Science. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Digital image, photo of Rudolf Virchow, used in the "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Karl Brandt on Trial at Nuremberg. Digital image. Corbis Images. Corbis Corporation. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Photo of Karl Brandt on trial in Nuremberg. Photographed
August 20, 1947. The image was used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Letter to subjects of Tuskegee Study, and other documents related to the study. Digital image. Faces of Tuskegee. Michigan State University. Web. 01 Feb. 2016. Photo of the letter many test subjects received, offering free treatment. African Americans would be receiving uninformed spinal tap tests. Also multiple digital copies of original documents, showing the length of the Tuskegee Study. Photo of Elsie Lacks. Digital image. Find A Grave. 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of young Elsie Lacks, used in the "Henrietta" page. Edwin Smith Papyrus, Oldest Surgical. 1601. Luxor. Fine Art America. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. Digital image, Edwin Smith Papyrus used in "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Photo of Karl Brandt. Digital image. Hedy Epstein: Holocaust Survivor and Speaker. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. Digital copy of photo of Karl Brandt, lead defendant of the Nuremberg Trial. Used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Helber, Stever. Photo of Howard W. Jones Jr. at Press Conference. Digital image. Daily News. NYDailyNews. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. This source provided a photo of Dr. Howard W. Jones Jr. explaining the IVF process at a news conference. Used in the "Howard W. Jones" page. Dr. John H. Gibbon, Jr. and the Heart-lung Machine He Invented. 1953. Philadelphia. Hoeber - A Family Over Three Centuries. By Frank Hoeber. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of John H. Gibbons and his Heart-Lung Machine by Gibbons's summer intern. Hughes, Timothy. Cancer Now Cured by Radium. Digital image. History's Newsstand
Blog. 13 Dec. 2013. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Newspaper clipping photo regarding benefits of radium cancer treatment. Used in "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Howard A. Kelly. Digital image. Images from the History of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Autographed photo of surgeon Howard Kelly. Used in the "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Jones, Howard W., Jr. Photo of Dr. Howard W. Jones Jr. Digital image. The Yale Journal for Humanities in Medicine. 13 Mar. 2011. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Photo of Howard W. Jones Jr., accompanied by an article on longevity, written by Jones Jr. Photo Used in "Howard W. Jones" page. Photo of patient receiving spinal tap procedure. Digital image. Mental Health. 16 Jan. 2012. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Digital copy of image of an African American patient receiving a spinal tap, for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. $140,000.00 in Radium for the U.S. Digital image. Modern Mechanix. 19 July 2012. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Photo of newspaper clipping describing the brilliance of radium. Photo of Hermann Goering on Trial. Digital image. Mountain View Mirror. 27 May 2014. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. This source provided a photo of Nazi politician, Hermann Goering on trial, used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Dr. Jonas Salk Administers a Trial Polio Vaccine to David Rosenbloom of Pittsburgh. Digital image. NJN Network. Web. 07 Feb. 2016. Photo of Salk administering polio vaccination, used in the "Exchange" page. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Digital image. Oxford University Press Blog. Oxford University Press, 12 Oct. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Photo of the AMA 1847
Code of Ethics. Used in "Medical Ethics" page. Pierre and Marie Curie. Digital image. Physicians in Stamps. Web. 01 Feb. 2016. Image of French Stamp with the Curies exploring cancer treatment with radium. Photo of Mass HeLa Production. Digital image. Purdue Liberal Arts. Spring 2012. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Photo of 1950's HeLa Mass Production at the Tuskegee Institute, used in the "Encounter" page. Multiple photos related to Henrietta Lacks. Digital image. Rebecca Skloot. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Rebecca Skloot's site provided multiple digital copies of original photos related to Henrietta Lacks, including her home house, pictures of Henrietta and a picture of Henrietta with David. Rerras, Teresa. Photo of Jones Jr. with Elizabeth Carr Comeau and her husband. Digital image. The Virginian Pilot. 25 July 2008. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Photo of Dr. Jones Jr.'s and Elizabeth Carr Comeau reunion. Used in "Howard W. Jones" page. Reynolds, Joshua. John Hunter. 1786. History Today. Feb. 2005. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Digital image, originally painting of John Hunter, Scottish surgeon. Used in "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Cancer Cell Growth. Science Museum, London. Science Museum. Web. Digital image of cancer cell growth in comparison to normal cell growth. Used in Medicine in the 1900s page. Photo of Henrietta Lacks. Digital image. Science Photo Library. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. This source provided a photo of Henrietta with her hands on her hips, used in the "Henrietta" page.
Photo of Gey Lab. Digital image. Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Photo of Margaret Gey and worker in the Gey Lab, used in the "George Gey" page. Photo of Henrietta Lacks. Digital image. The Guardian. 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of Henrietta Lacks, used in the "Henrietta" page. Beginning of the Nuremberg Trials. Digital image. Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers. Web. 02 Feb. 2016. Photo of newspaper clipping from the beginning of the Nuremberg Trial. Used in the "Medical Ethics" page. "The Tuskegee Experiment." Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Digital photo of a comic, ridiculing the Tuskegee Study. Used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Photo of Newspaper Headlines from Nuremberg Trial. Digital image. Vintage Airsoft. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Photo of newspaper headline of Nazi executions, used in the "Medical Ethics" page. First Version of the Oxygenator, Completed in 1949. 1949. Texas Heart Institute Journal, Philadelphia. Wired. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Digital Image, first version of John H. Gibbons's Heart-Lung machine.
Books Beecher, Henry K. "Ethics and Clinical Research." Biomedical Ethics and the Law (1966): 215-27. New England Journal of Medicine. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. The New England Journal of Medicine proved effective in identifying a pessimistic opinion on the historic and barbaric methods of deceptively gathering data. "The Surgical Treatment of Cancer of the Cervix Uteri." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 24 Oct. 1948. Web. 2 Jan. 2016. This primary source written by attending Surgeon Dr. Brunschwig in 1948 allowed me to understand the "modern" procedures patients endured around the time of Henrietta Lacks. Brunschwig's article regarding the surgical treatment of cervical and uterine cancers by radium supplied background information for what Henrietta Lacks had been treated with. A photo of the is present on the "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association, Adopted May 1847. Philadelphia, May 1847. PDF. An electronic version of an original copy of the AMA's Code of Ethics book. This source gave insight on the ethics early physicians wanted in society, but failed to achieve. Pages from this electronic file were used as photos in the "Medical Ethics" page. Fromageot, Claude, and George O. Gey. The Harvey Lectures: Delivered under the Auspices of the Harvey Society of New York, 1953-1954. New York: Academic, 1955. Print. A section of this book written by researcher George O. Gey regarding the scientific ambitions for his Tissue Culture Lab were shown in the text, and a quote written by Gey was used in a portion of the website (George
Gey). "Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association, Adopted May 1847 : American Medical Association : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive." Internet Archive. American Medical Association. Web. 27 Dec. 2015. This primary source is a scanned copy of the original Code of Ethics written by the American Medical Association. I used this source as an example for what medical professionals valued at the time. Because of this, I learned that ideals in the past were actually quite similar to the morals doctors hold themselves up to today. In the website, this document provides the chapter names/main topics of the code. Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown, 2010. Print. Skloot's book was essential in my project. This primary source was the inspiration for to start an NHD project on this topic, and was also biggest source of background information I had acquired over my time of research. Skloot explained Henrietta's situation in its entirety and included the ethical repercussions of every aspect of the case. I considered this source as primary because Skloot interviewed the children of Henrietta Lacks, who had firsthand experience of their mother's situation, and the many instances where they too were asked to "donate" cells.
Reports Carrel, Alexis. On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism. New York City, 1911. PDF. This document was an online version of Alexis Carrel's experimental research reports, while he looked for a way to prolong life. Using
this source, I was able to further understand Carrel's methods, as to how he created the "immortal" chicken heart. The PDF was also used for a photo of the first page, on the "Encounter" page. Gey, George O., William F. Scherer, and Jerome T. Syverton. STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION IN VITRO OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES. Rep. Europe PMC. National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. This document was a medical report discussing the reactivity of the poliomyelitis virus strain towards the newly found HeLa cell. The report was in part, written by HeLa researcher, George Gey, which is why I considered it to be a primary source. The article was used for a quote on the encounter of the polio vaccine. Gey, George O. "An Improved Technic for Massive Tissue Culture." Cancer Research. American Journal of Cancer. Web. 20 Jan. 2016. This primary article on George Gey's roller tube contraption written by Gey himself, allowed me to differentiate between Gey's method and the traditional cell culture approach. I also used his writing to demonstrate the model.
Interview Jones, Howard W., Jr. "How IVF Got Started in Norfolk." Interview. Print. Interview of Howard W. Jones Jr. by Eastern Virginia Medical School, on the beginning of IVF in Norfolk, VA. This video was embedded in the "Howard W. Jones" page.
Website
"Lacks Family." The Lacks Family. Lacks Family. Web. 2016. The Lacks familys' personal website allowed me to view their perspective on the treatment of their mother. I now understand that the family no longer feels hate, but is grateful for their mother's indirect accomplishments in science. This primary source also allowed me to view the Lacks on a more personal level, as there is a portion included in the site introducing each family member. A quote from this source was also used on the Henrietta Lacks page, regarding her death.
Images Photo of Syphilis Experiment Headline. Digital image. Talk Real Solutions. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. I used this site to fact check the credibility of facts from other sources, which provided similar information on the Tuskegee Syphilis Trial. I also used a photo from this website, of a newspaper clipping after the experiment had been revealed. Photo of Alexis Carrel. Digital image. BBC News Magazine. BBC, 26 May 2008. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. Photo of Alexis Carrel working in laboratory, used in "Encounter" page. Photo of Crownsville State Hospital. Digital image. Capital Gazette. Baltimore Sun Media Group, 05 June 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. Photo of Crownsville State Hospital, where Elsie Lacks was admitted. Used in the "Henrietta" page. Rudolf Virchow. Common Science. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Digital image, photo of Rudolf Virchow, used in the "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Karl Brandt on Trial at Nuremberg. Digital image. Corbis Images. Corbis Corporation. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Photo of Karl Brandt on trial in Nuremberg. Photographed
August 20, 1947. The image was used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Letter to subjects of Tuskegee Study, and other documents related to the study. Digital image. Faces of Tuskegee. Michigan State University. Web. 01 Feb. 2016. Photo of the letter many test subjects received, offering free treatment. African Americans would be receiving uninformed spinal tap tests. Also multiple digital copies of original documents, showing the length of the Tuskegee Study. Photo of Elsie Lacks. Digital image. Find A Grave. 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of young Elsie Lacks, used in the "Henrietta" page. Edwin Smith Papyrus, Oldest Surgical. 1601. Luxor. Fine Art America. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. Digital image, Edwin Smith Papyrus used in "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Photo of Karl Brandt. Digital image. Hedy Epstein: Holocaust Survivor and Speaker. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. Digital copy of photo of Karl Brandt, lead defendant of the Nuremberg Trial. Used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Helber, Stever. Photo of Howard W. Jones Jr. at Press Conference. Digital image. Daily News. NYDailyNews. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. This source provided a photo of Dr. Howard W. Jones Jr. explaining the IVF process at a news conference. Used in the "Howard W. Jones" page. Dr. John H. Gibbon, Jr. and the Heart-lung Machine He Invented. 1953. Philadelphia. Hoeber - A Family Over Three Centuries. By Frank Hoeber. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of John H. Gibbons and his Heart-Lung Machine by Gibbons's summer intern. Hughes, Timothy. Cancer Now Cured by Radium. Digital image. History's Newsstand
Blog. 13 Dec. 2013. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Newspaper clipping photo regarding benefits of radium cancer treatment. Used in "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Howard A. Kelly. Digital image. Images from the History of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Autographed photo of surgeon Howard Kelly. Used in the "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Jones, Howard W., Jr. Photo of Dr. Howard W. Jones Jr. Digital image. The Yale Journal for Humanities in Medicine. 13 Mar. 2011. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Photo of Howard W. Jones Jr., accompanied by an article on longevity, written by Jones Jr. Photo Used in "Howard W. Jones" page. Photo of patient receiving spinal tap procedure. Digital image. Mental Health. 16 Jan. 2012. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Digital copy of image of an African American patient receiving a spinal tap, for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. $140,000.00 in Radium for the U.S. Digital image. Modern Mechanix. 19 July 2012. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Photo of newspaper clipping describing the brilliance of radium. Photo of Hermann Goering on Trial. Digital image. Mountain View Mirror. 27 May 2014. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. This source provided a photo of Nazi politician, Hermann Goering on trial, used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Dr. Jonas Salk Administers a Trial Polio Vaccine to David Rosenbloom of Pittsburgh. Digital image. NJN Network. Web. 07 Feb. 2016. Photo of Salk administering polio vaccination, used in the "Exchange" page. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Digital image. Oxford University Press Blog. Oxford University Press, 12 Oct. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Photo of the AMA 1847
Code of Ethics. Used in "Medical Ethics" page. Pierre and Marie Curie. Digital image. Physicians in Stamps. Web. 01 Feb. 2016. Image of French Stamp with the Curies exploring cancer treatment with radium. Photo of Mass HeLa Production. Digital image. Purdue Liberal Arts. Spring 2012. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Photo of 1950's HeLa Mass Production at the Tuskegee Institute, used in the "Encounter" page. Multiple photos related to Henrietta Lacks. Digital image. Rebecca Skloot. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Rebecca Skloot's site provided multiple digital copies of original photos related to Henrietta Lacks, including her home house, pictures of Henrietta and a picture of Henrietta with David. Rerras, Teresa. Photo of Jones Jr. with Elizabeth Carr Comeau and her husband. Digital image. The Virginian Pilot. 25 July 2008. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. Photo of Dr. Jones Jr.'s and Elizabeth Carr Comeau reunion. Used in "Howard W. Jones" page. Reynolds, Joshua. John Hunter. 1786. History Today. Feb. 2005. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Digital image, originally painting of John Hunter, Scottish surgeon. Used in "Medicine in the 1900's" page. Cancer Cell Growth. Science Museum, London. Science Museum. Web. Digital image of cancer cell growth in comparison to normal cell growth. Used in Medicine in the 1900s page. Photo of Henrietta Lacks. Digital image. Science Photo Library. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. This source provided a photo of Henrietta with her hands on her hips, used in the "Henrietta" page.
Photo of Gey Lab. Digital image. Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Photo of Margaret Gey and worker in the Gey Lab, used in the "George Gey" page. Photo of Henrietta Lacks. Digital image. The Guardian. 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of Henrietta Lacks, used in the "Henrietta" page. Beginning of the Nuremberg Trials. Digital image. Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers. Web. 02 Feb. 2016. Photo of newspaper clipping from the beginning of the Nuremberg Trial. Used in the "Medical Ethics" page. "The Tuskegee Experiment." Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Digital photo of a comic, ridiculing the Tuskegee Study. Used in the "Medical Ethics" page. Photo of Newspaper Headlines from Nuremberg Trial. Digital image. Vintage Airsoft. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. Photo of newspaper headline of Nazi executions, used in the "Medical Ethics" page. First Version of the Oxygenator, Completed in 1949. 1949. Texas Heart Institute Journal, Philadelphia. Wired. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Digital Image, first version of John H. Gibbons's Heart-Lung machine.
