Primary Sources

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Gorman, Jaqueline Laks. Pearl Harbor: A Primary Source History. Stevens Publishing, 2009

Pleasantville, NY: Gareth

Jaqueline Laks Gorman is an author of many non-fiction, informational books in a wide variety of topics who graduated from Columbia University in 1983. She published “Pearl Harbor: A Primary Source History” in 2009 as a general released novel. Gorman intended the book to be for middle and high school kids looking for quick information on the bombings at Pearl Harbor. The main idea of this document is that it is summarizing what happened before, during and after the bombings, how it took place, and the aftermath. This document uses a textbook - like format to display detailed images from the time as well as brief, but straight - forward information.

Gunnison, Royal Arch. “No Bombing of Manila.” New York Times, December 8, 1941, Frontpage, Northeast edition. http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document?set=search&&rendition=xarticleimage&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-artic le-image%3B105167958

This source is an article written by Royal Arch Gunnison, and he published this article on the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and he published it in Manila, Philippines to the famous New York Times newspaper. This article was published as a piece on the frontpage of that day’s paper and issued across the whole country for everyone to read. The intended audience of this article is the adults of the country, hoping to give them information about how the U.S. planned to respond to attacked. During the time of this article being published, the U.S. had just been surprise attacked by Japan. Japan had taken fighter planes and attacked the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The main idea of this article is that the U.S. is planning to retaliate on Japan immediately , as they decided n having their planes head for Japan from Manila. A quote from the article that supports this main idea is, “Army Planes roar North.” The bias of this author is that he is not actually in America, so he does not know what the decisions being made by the military really are. He has not included information about anything the President, who is the overall decision maker, has said about retaliation as a result of the bias. We, as a group, have a better understanding of our topic as a result of reading this article because it helped give an idea of the plans the U.S. had for retaliation. We plan to use this document to answer one of our RTQ’s and use that answer in our website as part of the immediate effects.

Lawton, Clive A. "Unconditional Surrender." Hiroshima: The Story of the First Atom Bomb. Cambridge: Candlewick, 2004. Print.

Clive A. Lawton is a British author, as well as an educator and broadcaster. He is most famous for educating the youths of today on the events that happened during the holocaust. A popular website that was reviewing his book “The Story of the Holocaust” said about his book, “Young readers will come away with a better understanding of the relationship between the events and the devastation." Lawton’s book, Hiroshima: The Story of the First Atom Bomb, is one that gives a detailed description to the event that ended World War II. Not only does it provide pictures from the attacks, it also gives events that led up to Hiroshima, as well as the immediate and long term effects the bombs being dropped had on both Japan and the world we live in today with the invention of the atomic bomb Lawton’s main idea about the bombs being dropped on Hiroshima is that it was the definite end to the war. An example from the source that backs up this main idea is on page 30, “Even after the devastation caused by the two atom bombs,some members of the Japanese government still could not agree to a surrender...Finally, on August 15, the emperor told the Japanese people in a radio broadcast that the war was over.” Lawton is saying that the surrender is a direct correlation to the droppings of the two atomic bombs. Another example that backs up the author’s main idea is when he says, “To surrender seemed to them an insult to their ruler, and an end to their 1,000 year-old culture...Only after Emperor Hirohito was persuaded of the need for it did the government accept unconditional surrender.” The demand by the U.S. for the Japanese to surrender was right after they dropped the bombs, so the fact that Japan accepted it surrender means that they knew the bombing was the end of the war, backing up Lawton’s thesis. The bias of this source is that the author was not actually aware of the conversations and debating that went on between the Japanese government about the decision to surrender. The Japanese could have been planning to surrender anyways or might have thought that Hitler’s suicide or a different battle marked the end of the war for them. Actual quotes from the emperor or members of the Japanese government are not included due to this bias. We better understand our topic from this source because it helps us to know how the U.S’s involvement in the war changed the outcome. We plan on using this information as part of our long term affects of our turning point when creating our website.

Oravecz, Frank Thomas. Interview with Thomas A. Swope. Printed Interview. Curtland, Ohio, September 11, 2003. Library of Congress http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc200100 1.09510/.

On September 11, 2003, Thomas A. Swope went to Curtland, Ohio to interview Navy veteran Frank Thomas Oravecz at the rightful age of 88, who was on the island of Hawaii during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Thomas A. Swope is the author and publisher of this interview and it was published on October

26, 2011 to the Library of Congress databases. Swope chose, in this interview, to first record it and then transcript it, allowing people to access it for free in multiple versions. The intended audience of this source is a person of any age who wants a better and firsthand understanding of what happened during the attack of Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. The main idea of this interview is that the morning, as well months after the attack, was hectic and chaotic, not just a quick sneak attack that killed a few people. Oravecz allows everyone to see how it impacted him, as well as every other person on the island, both mentally and physically. The bias of this interview is that Swope only gets the sides of the attack that were negative. Although it was a horrible attack, it did bring the nation closer together as each person felt sympathy towards those involved with the attack, it did provide a wake-up call for the United States, showing that our nation was not invincible, and it did change the outcome of World War II in a good way. The information about how our country came together and how our involvement in the war changed the outcome is not included in this interview due to the bias.This source better helped us understand what specifically happened during the attacks, and we plan on using this source for to give a firsthand description of the attack, via quotes, on our website.

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. "Declaration of War against Japan." Washington, DC. 8 Dec. 1941. Address. http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/fdr-infamy.htm

Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s address urging Congress to declare war on Japan was delivered on December 8th, 1941 in front of Congress. More specifically, he was addressing the Vice President, the Speaker of the House, and members of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The day before, on December 7th, Japanese military forces suddenly attacked Pearl Harbor Naval Base, located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. FDR, as commander-in-chief of the United States military, is stating that the defense of the nation is the military’s highest priority. Roosevelt also claims that the attack was premeditated by the Japanese government, which at the same time was falsely maintaining it desired peace throughout countries in the Pacific Ocean. As President of the United States, Roosevelt obviously had the best intentions for his country in mind. However, when addressing the public, the President did not want to say anything rash or unnecessary; he made his case against Japan, yet did so concisely and efficiently. As support to the nation, Roosevelt expressed his belief in the people by assuring that America would achieve absolute victory no matter what adversities they faced.

American History, s.v. "Naval dispatch announcing attack on Pearl Harbor," Image, Library of Congress, accessed January 2, 2013. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.

This primary source is an image of the Naval dispatch from Pearl Harbor to Washington, D.C., written by the Commander In Chief of the Pacific Fleet to the Commander of the Atlantic Fleet, making the latter the intended audience. It was written on December 7th, 1941, the day Pearl Harbor was attacked. It was published as a telegram, which was the only method of long distance communication at the time. The document reads: "Air raid Pearl Harbor. This is no drill." Short and to the point, it can be inferred that the Commander in Chief wrote this very hastily. There is not much to the document; those 8 words explain the whole meaning of the message being conveyed. There is definitely a bias, however. If the Commander in Chief had enough time to write a telegram during the attack, then writing more would not have taken very much time. Later, we know he was the one responsible for the lack of readiness of his men. He could have left this out, which may have bought him innocence for a short period of time. Other than that, the only bias is fear due to the fact that the base was under attack.

World History: The Modern Era, s.v. "Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)," accessed December 17, 2012. http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/.

This document, known as the Kanagawa Treaty, was a key factor in pre-WWII relations between the United States and Japan. The document was written by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, a rather well-known Naval officer at the time. As the document's name implies, the treaty was established at Kanagawa, Japan. It was written on March 31st, 1854. The intended audiences were both the American and Japanese governments. At the time that the document was written, Japan was a very isolated country. This treaty began a new era in Japan, one influenced by other nations. The main idea of the treaty is to establish American trade in Japan, and also to establish a U.S. embassy in Tokyo. The key bias in the source is that of Commodore Perry. The President explains how he trusts Perry infinitely. Both the President and the Commodore's goals are to help the United States prosper; besides opening trade up with the United States, Japan got hardly anything from this treaty. This source helped us understand our topic because maybe the Japanese were angry they got nothing from this treaty.

Adamczyk, Joseph. "Pearl Harbor Speech: World War II." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 15 Jan. 2013.

The author of this source was Joseph Adamczyk, a German writer who was a part of the Nazi party from 1931-1935. This piece was published as a book sometime between 1941 and 1946. The intended audience was people who had not heard about President FDR’s speech after Pearl Harbor or people who just wanted more analysis on his famous speech. The purpose of this document is to give people a deeper analysis of his speech and what he meant when he said what he said. The huge bias in this source is that the author is from Germany who, at that point in time, was in war with the United States.

"Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013.

The author of this document is the Supreme Court justice system of the United States of America. This law was published and went into effect in May of 1943. The intended audience was Japanese Americans in the United States. They were now supposed to know that they had a curfew for being out of their homes. When this law was created, Japanese Americans were being persecuted in the United States by the government out of fear that they were spies for the Japanese in World War II. About 120,000 Japanese Americans were taken from their homes and put into concentration camps out in the western part of the country. The purpose of this document is to let these people know that they should be inside their homes by 8:00 PM every night. A major bias is that this was created by the United States, who was at war with the Japanese at the time. So they were obviously very biased when making this law, and that was its intent.

"Ex parte Endo (1944)." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013.

The author of this source was the Supreme Court justice system of the United States of America. This document was created in July of 1944 and was issued as a government release form for a prisoner. The intended audience is the citizens of the United States of America. At the time of this document, Japanese Americans were being persecuted in the United States by the government out of fear that they were spies for the Japanese in World War II. About 120,000 Japanese Americans were taken from their homes and put into concentration camps out in the western part of the country. The purpose of this document is to explain the release of Japanese American, Mitsuye Endo, from the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California. She was treated “unconstitutionally” at this camp and has been given her freedom. The key bias is that this was created by the United States, who was at war with the Japanese at the time. So they were obviously very biased when making this law and that was its intent.

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