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Primary Sources: Berry, Leonidas H. I Wouldn't Take Nothin' for My Journey: Two Centuries of an Afro-American Minister's Family. Chicago, IL: Johnson Pub., 1981. N. pag. Print. This is a book written by Leonidas Berry. The purpose of this book is to provide information about his personal and medical life. This book will help with my research because it is a primary source and it’s very detailed. It helps build the historical background and provide information about Leonidas Berry’s work and help to improve medical care for African Americans. "Our History." About the American Medical Association (AMA). American Medical Association, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-history.page>. This document is a brief history of the American Medical Association posted on the AMA’s official website in the “about us” section where it gives information about the AMA. The purpose of this document is to talk about the American Medical Association and how it has promoted scientific advancement, improved public health, and invested in the doctor and patient relationship since 1847. This document provides a timeline to follow the association’s history and provides information on the founder, Nathan Smith Davis. This article has value in that it gives lots of information about the AMA and provides a timeline to the history of the AMA. In addition, it gives information to the founder of this association. This value, however, has limitations. Due to the fact that this document is posted in American Medical Association’s official website it can include bias by only viewing the white’s point of view and leaving the Black community's point of view away. The reason that the NMA was created was because the AMA did not provide medical care for the Black community. "History." National Medical Association. National Medical Association, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nmanet.org/index.php?option=com_content>. This document is a brief history of the National Medical Association posted on the NMA’s official website in the “about us” section where it gives information about the NMA. The purpose of this document is to talk about how the National Medical Association (NMA) is the nation’s oldest and largest organization representing African American physicians and health professionals in the United States. Established in 1895, the NMA is the collective voice of more than 30,000 African American physicians and the patients they serve. This document goes into great detail of the founders, the late years, and early years of the NMA. This document has value in that it was published on the official website of the NMA and gives great detail about its history. This document gives information about the National Medical Association providing its readers with historical background. This value, however, has a limitation. Because this document is about the NMA’s history it’s most likely written by an African American and can include bias. The website takes the Black community’s point of view and leaves out the white people’s point of view.

Archives: Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #5, Folder #9), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Provident Hospital, 1960-1968

This document is a letter from C.L. Reynolds, Ph.D to Dr. Berry. The purpose of this letter is to thank Dr. Berry for his commitment to the Provident Hospital. This would help with my research because it provides advocates that supported Berry’s works. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #8), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.National Medical Association, 1939-1995 This document is a pamphlet that’s entitled “The Doctor looks into the living stomach”. The purpose of this document is to provide information of Leonidas Berry work in the medical field. This would help with my research because it provides background information for Dr. Leonidas Berry. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #2), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Leonidas H. Berry Society for Digestive Diseases,1981-1992 This document is a letter written by leonidas Berry to the Leonidas Berry society for Digestive diseases. The purpose of this letter is to show the commitment and compassion that Leonidas Berry is showing to all his supporters.This would help with my research because it implies Berry’s works. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #2), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Leonidas H. Berry Society for Digestive Diseases, 1981-1992 This document is “an open letter to Membership” for the Leonidas Berry society for Digestive diseases. The purpose of this document is to show the involvement of different doctors that contributed to helping Dr. Berry.This would help with my research because it shows the advocates of Leonidas Berry’s fight for African American rights in the medical field. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #2), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Leonidas H. Berry Society for Digestive Diseases, 1981-1992 This document is a primary sources of the Bylaws of the Leonidas Berry society for Digestive diseases. The purpose of this document is to explain what the Leonidas Berry society for Digestive diseases is all about. This would help with my research because it provides information about the organization. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #2), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Leonidas H. Berry Society for Digestive Diseases,1981-1992 This document is entitled “The Digestive Disease Research Center is proud to honor..” which recognizes Dr. Berry for his work in the Digestive Diseases Center. The purpose of this document is to show advocates/ supporters of Leonidas Berr. This would be helpful to my research to build up the advocates and the commitment that Leonidas Berry had. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #3), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library. Medical Counseling Clinics for the Prevention and Follow-Up Care of Young Narcotic Drug Users, 1958-1973 This document is a pamphlet of the Medical Counseling Clinics for the Prevention and Follow-Up Care of Young Narcotic Drug Users. The purpose of this is to give information about these Clinics. This would help my research because Leonidas Berry was a part of this and helped counsel and treat young

drug users. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #4), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Medical Forum Group, 1962-1963 This document is a Medical Forum group letter. The purpose of it is to show the physicians and doctors that are involved in this group. This would help with my research because Leonidas Berry was a part of this group. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #4), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Medical Forum Group, 1962-1963 This document is a newspaper that’s entitled “Southside interracial hospital proposed”. The purpose of this document is to show that situations that are happening in the south in the medical field. This would be helpful with my research because it helps me build the historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #4), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Medical Forum Group, 1962-1963 This document is a newspaper entitled “Interracial Hospital plan offered for south side”. The purpose of this document is to show the improvements in the medical field in the south. This would help with my research because it helps me build me historical background. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #8), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.National Medical Association, 1939-1995 This document is a letter from King S. Jones, Ph.D. to Dr. Leonidas Berry. The purpose of this letter is to thank him for his marvelous job at the NMA. This is helpful for my research because it shows the advocates. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #8), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.National Medical Association, 1939-1995 This document is a newspaper picture that has Dr. Leonidas Berry along with other physicians. The purpose of this document is to show the “Mighty Medicos” which Leonidas Berry was a part of amazing physicians. This would be helpful for my research because it shows how Leonidas Berry was an important person in the medical field. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #5, Folder #9), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Provident Hospital, 1960-1968 This folder provides information about Provident Hospital. The purpose of this is to give more information and background to the Provident hospital. This would help my research because of the historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #8), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.National Medical Association, 1939-1995 This is a letter from president board of trustees of the National Medical Association to Leonidas Berry. The purpose of this letter is to recognize Berry’s marvelous job. This would help with my research because it shows how Leonidas Berry’s work have an impact on others.

Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #5, Folder #9), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Provident Hospital, 1960-1968 This folder provides information of Dr. Berry contribution in the Provident hospital. The purpose of this is to show the help that Leonidas Berry’s lend to the Provident hospital. This would help with my research because it helps build the historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #5, Folder #9), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Provident Hospital, 1960-1968 This document is a pamphlet providing information on Provident Hospital. The purpose of this document is to give background information for the Provident Hospital. This would help with my research because it gives information about the Provident Hospital that Leonidas Berry was a part of. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #7, Folder #9), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library. Flying Black Medics, 1969-1970 This document is a newspaper about the Flying Black Medics project. The purpose of this document is to give more information about this project. This would help with my research because it will show one of the most proud of works of Dr. Berry. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #7, Folder #9), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library. Flying Black Medics, 1969-1970 This document is a newspaper entitled “ Health care poor for Cairo blacks”. The purpose of this document is to provide information about health care in Cairo. This would help with my research by building the historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #7, Folder #3), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library. Discrimination in the Medical Profession, Black Physicians, 1955-1970 This folder has several articles about Discrimination in the Medical Profession. The purpose of this folder is to give information about discrimination in the medical profession. This would help my research because it helps build my historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #7, Folder #14), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Segregation, 1964 This document is a newspaper about the segregation going on in the United States. The purpose of this document is to give information about segregation in the USA. This would help with my research because it helps build the historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #12, Folder #6), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library. American Medical Association, 1942-1947 This folder provides information about the American Medical Association. The purpose of this folder is to give background information about the American Medical Association. This would help with my research because it will help me build my argument. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #13, Folder #8), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.National Medical Association, 1939-1995

This folder provides information on the National Medical Association. The purpose of this folder is to give background information about the National Medical Association. This would help with my research because it will help me build my argument. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #7, Folder #8), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Discrimination in Medical Schools, 19571970 This folder has many articles that show discrimination in Medical Schools. The purpose of this document is to provide information about the discrimination that was occurring in medical schools. This would help with my research because it helps build my historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers(Box #7, Folder #19), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.African Americans in the Civil War, 1960 This folder provides many articles of the African Americans in the Civil War. The purpose of this is to give information about the Civil war. This would help with my research because it helps build my historical context. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #1, Folder #1), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Biography, including “Who’s Who in America,” 1965-1995 This document is biography of Leonidas Berry. The purpose of this document is to give more detailed account of Dr. Leonidas Berry. This would help with my research because it gives a lot of information about Leonidas Berry. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #15, Photo#043), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Leonidas Berry, 1993 This document is a photo of Leonidas Berry. The purpose of this photo is to show how he looks like. This would help with my research to show how Dr. Berry looks like. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #16, Photo#064), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Flying Black Medics trip to Cairo, IL, 1969 This photo is a picture of the Flying Black Medics trip to Cairo. The purpose of this photo is to show how many people were involved in this event and the people treated. This would help my project because it’s a visual and has Dr. Berry in it. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #16, Photo#067), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Flying Black Medics trip to Cairo, IL, 1969 This photo is a picture of the Flying Black Medics trip to Cairo. The purpose of this photo is to show how many people were involved in this event and the people treated. This would help my project because it’s a visual. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #16, Photo#088), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Flying Black Medics, Cairo,IL

This photo is a picture of the Flying Black Medics trip to Cairo. The purpose of this photo is to show how many people were involved in this event. This would help my project because it’s a visual. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #17, Photo#167), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.First Aid Clinic, 39th A.M.E. General Conference This is a picture of the First Aid Clinic. The purpose of the First Aid Clinic is to provide help to poor blacks; this clinic was formed by Dr. Berry and many other physicians. This would help my research because it’s a visual. Leonidas Berry Papers (Box #17, Photo#168), Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library.Free Chest X-Ray, A.M.E. Convention, Philadelphia This is a picture of posters that show the Free Chest X-Ray. The purpose of this photo is to show that Dr. Berry, with the help of other physicians, help poor African American This is helpful for my project because it is a visual. "DR. BERRY: World-renown Expert on Endoscopy." Chicago Public Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec.2013.<http://web.ebscohost.com.covers.chipublib.org/ehost/detail?sid=a7b65f0252ca-4 4b2-9641b6d4e105134c%40sessionmgr113&vid=1&hid=127&bdata=#db=f6h&AN=48770114> This article profiles Dr. Leonidas H. Berry, a world-renown expert on endoscopy. Dr. Berry is an internationally recognized doctor on internal medicine and digestive diseases. He is also a world known expert on endoscopy, an examination involving a special instrument of various parts of the digestive canal. This article was written and published on June 1, 1975. The purpose of this article is to give information on Dr.Berry and his specialty in Endoscopy. This article talks about the books he wrote, the patients he helped, and how it impacted his career, the medical/science fields, and other people. This article has value in that it documents what an impact Dr.Berry was and how he helped many people with diseases. He also discussed, with the NMA president in a convention, about racism in the medical profession. This document gives details of what Dr.Berry did and how many people he treated and helped. This document, however, has limitation. Since this document is a secondary source published in a newspaper in the 20th century, it can have bias or no first-hand accounts. This document is an opinion and shows one side, which is what Dr.Berry did impacted people in a good way. "Dr. Leonidas H. Berry Receives Distinguished Service Award for 1958." Journal of the National Medical Association, n.d. Page 462. Web. This is a page from the Journal of the National Medical Association. The purpose of this page is to show that Dr. Leonidas H. Berry Received Distinguished Service Award for 1958. This would be helpful for my research because it shows how Leonidas Berry was an inspirational person and how he won awards for recognition. "Dr. Leonidas H. Berry Receives Distinguished Service Award for 1958." Journal of the National Medical Association, n.d. Page 479. Web. This is a continues page from the Journal of the National Medical Association. The purpose of this page is to show that Dr. Leonidas H. Berry Received Distinguished Service Award for 1958. This

would be helpful for my research because it shows how Leonidas Berry was an inspirational person and how he won awards for recognition.

Secondary Sources: Heise, Kenan. "Dr. Leonidas Berry, 93, Digestive Disease Expert." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 09 Dec. 1995. Web. 07Dec. 2013. This document is a newspaper article about the death of Dr. Leonidas Berry, digestive disease expert, and also what Dr.Berry had done/ accomplished. This article was written on December 09, 1995 by Kenan Heise and published in a the Chicago Tribune Newspaper. The purpose of this article was to talk about the accomplishments that Dr. Berry made. It talks about how he was the first African American physician in 1946 and the awards and honors he received. The author goes into detail about what the awards/ honors were and talks about where the funeral of Dr. Leonidas Berry will be held. This article has value in that it is written in a newspaper that people read everyday. The author gives specific and detailed information about Dr. Berry about his accomplishments and how he was one of the first African American physicians. This value, however, can also act as a limitation. The author describes Dr.Berry as doing good for patients and since he earned lots of honors and awards that he had done good. But maybe there had been other physicians that were African American that also had helped so they can be recognized. Saxon, Wolfgang. "Leonidas H. Berry Is Dead at 93; Medical Expert Helped Blacks."New York Times 12 Dec. 1995. Student Resources in Context. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. This document is an article that talks about Dr. Leonidas Berry’s death and how he impacted society for the African Americans. This article was written by Wolfgang Saxon and published on December 12, 1995 in The New York Times. The purpose of this article is to talk about Dr. Leonidas Harris Berry, a specialist in diseases of the digestive tract who dedicated himself to bringing medical care to black communities that had none, died on Dec. 4 at his home in Chicago. He was 93. The author gives a biography about Dr. Berry and what he had done to the Chicago community.This article has value in that it talks about Leonidas Berry’s history and how he helped the African American community. It goes into great detail about the timeline or the series of events Dr. Leonidas Berry had been through. This value, however, can also act as a limitation. Because this is an article not a first hand-account about the events that happened to Dr. Berry, so the author may have not known the whole story behind Leonidas Berry. This article is about the good things that Leonidas Berry had done for the African American community, but maybe it impacted others in a negative way or there might be a different point of view about Dr. Berry Leonidas. "Rush Medical College sets up scholarship fund for minorities in honor of Dr. Leonidas Berry." Jet 13 Dec. 1993: 24+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. This document is an article about a new scholarship fund in the name of renowned gastroenterologist Dr. Leonidas H. Berry, a graduate of Rush Medical College in Chicago, had been created at the institution to support recruitment of minority students. The article was written on December 13, 1993 and published in the Jet newspaper. The purpose of this article is to show how due to Dr. Leonidas Berry the Rush Medical College is setting up scholarship funds. The author talks about Dr. Berry’s inventions and achievements. The author also talks about the books that Dr. Berry wrote which chronicled a lifetime of achievements. This article has value in that it describes the honors and achievements that Dr. Leonidas Berry succeeded in. The author goes into great detail about this program that Rush Medical College is setting up. Also, it describes what Dr.Berry had invented and the roles that Dr. Berry played in society, especially

in Chicago. This article, however has limitations. This source is not a primary source so there might have been events that had been left out about Leonidas Berry. In addition, this article talks about the point of view that shows what good Dr. Berry had done in the community but there are no other point of views that shows if he had done something wrong or impacted the society in a different way. "Backstage." EBSCO, 1 Sept. 1981. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://web.ebscohost.com.covers.chipublib.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4a3df938dbca-45ec-98ca-cdc6be96acc6%40sessionmgr114&vid=4&hid=114> This document is an article published in a newspaper on september 1, 1981. The article offers information on the creation of the book "I Wouldn't Take Nothing For My Journey," by Leonidas H. Berry. The purpose of this article is to inform the readers about Dr. Berry’s book. He was the author of a genealogical history of his family I Wouldn't Take Nothin' For My Journey: Two Centuries of an AfroAmerican Minister's Family published in 1982. A highly successful doctor and an internationally recognized pioneer and expert in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy, Berry spent more than 12 years putting together his book. The value of this article is that it talks about what Dr.Berry’s book is all about. The author of this article gives great detail on the book such as what is in the book, why Leonidas Berry wrote it, also the price of it. This value, can also have limitations. This article was posted in a newspaper and many people that read it might not be interested in the book. The author does not include the significance of the book or how Leonidas Berry impacted the medical profession. "EBONY Book Shelf." EBSCO. N.p., 1 Sept. 1981. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://web.ebscohost.com.covers.chipublib.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=8ccee8e7 -551b-4a81-9d1b-dc463f2eb3d6%40sessionmgr113&vid=6&hid=114> The article reviews several books including "I Wouldn't Take Nothin' For My Journey," by Dr. Leonidas Berry, "To Disembark," by Gwendolyn Brooks and "I Hear Them Calling My Name: A Journey Through the New South," by Chet Fuller. This article was written on September 1, 1981. The purpose of this article is to give reviews and talk about the origin of each book. The author goes into great detail of how Dr.Berry’s book starts and what it is all about. Dr. Berry believes that it reflects the struggles of "tens of thousands of Black families [who] have climbed the same mountains.” and “fought the same battles against racial prejudice unequal opportunity and poverty.” This article has value in that it gives information and reviews about the books. The author goes into great detail describing Dr. Leonidas Berry’s "I Wouldn't Take Nothin' For My Journey,". This value, however, can act as a limitation. The author is giving a review about a book, it might be considered bias because many people have different point of view on the early times of when African Americans did not have rights and were not treated good. "50 Years of Blacks in Medicine." EBSCO. N.p., 1 July 1995. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://web.ebscohost.com.covers.chipublib.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=8826df11c11b-4f5f-8cd0-01aa34ab3262%40sessionmgr112&vid=6&hid=114> This article talks about the 50 years of African Americans in the medical profession. The article was written on july 1, 1995 and published in a newspaper/ magazine. The purpose of this article is to talk about Chronicles the achievements of African-American medical pioneers, History of African-Americans' involvement in medicine, struggle to gain access to mostly white medical schools, banishment and abuse of medical students, Leonidas H. Berry's contributions to the study of digestive diseases and endoscopy, and other medical pioneers' involvement in national organizations. This article has value in that it gives great detail about the struggles that the African Americans had to go through in the medical fields. The author talks about Leonidas H. Berry's contributions to the study of digestive diseases and endoscopy, which shows Dr. Berry’s dedication. This value, however, has a limitation. This article is taking sides to the African Americans point of view but leaving out other point of view such as whites about the Medical fields and how people were impacted by what their nationality was.

Trice, Dawn T. "OPINION: Blacks' Own Groups Were Not a Choice." McClatchy - Tribune Information Services, 14 July 2008. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://search.proquest.com.covers.chipublib.org/abicomplete/docview/464720685/1425E8 908023B6A5B70/30?accountid=135622>. This document is an article written by Dawn Turner Trice on july 14, 2008 and published in the Chicago Tribune. This article is Trice’s opinions about the struggles that the African Americans had to face during discrimination in the Medical Field. By being denied entry into the AMA, black physicians had limited access to continuing education opportunities and to treatments to improve health care in the black community. The purpose of this article is for Dawn Trice to give answers to a lot of e-mails from white readers asking why African-Americans have separate groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Trice states that even a talented black physician such as Dr. Leonidas Berry, a renowned gastroenterologist who taught at Michael Reese Hospital, wasn't allowed attending status until 1963. This article has value in that the author goes into great detail about the Medical profession in Chicago and other areas during the early times. The author also mentions how Dr. Berry was denied and this leaves the reader thinking that Leonidas Berry had to face many challenges and denials as well as other black physicians. This value, however, has a limitation. Because Dawn Turner Trice is an African American, her opinion might be biased because she’s taking the African American’s side and not showing a point of view of white physicians. Wheaton, Nathalie, and Rene Ruzicka. "Remembering the Work of Dr. Leonidas Berry."Rush InPerson. Rush University Medical Center, 4 Feb. 2010. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://rushinperson.rush.edu/2010/02/04/remembering-the-work-of-dr-leonidas-berry/>. This document is an article about the works of Leonidas Berry. This article was written by Nathalie Wheaton and Rene Ruzicka on February 4, 2010 and published on Rush University Medical Center’s website. The purpose of this document is to give information about Dr. Berry’s works and his achievements. Berry was president of the National Medical Association in 1965. That same year, President Lyndon Johnson appointed him to the National Advisory Council for the Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Program. A society in Berry’s name, the Leonidas H. Berry Society for Digestive Diseases, was established in 1980. This article has value in that the authors gave information about awards that Dr. Berry had earned. Berry received many honors and awards, including the Rudolph Schindler Award from the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in 1977 and Rush’s Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1987. In 1989, the NAACP awarded him the Freedom Award for Public Service, and in 1991 he received the Trustee Medal of Honor from Rush Medical College. This value, however, has a limitation. The authors write stories from Rush University Medical Center which could be bias because they are on the University’s side and support everything that happened in the University such as Leonidas Berry earning his M.D. from Rush Medical College in 1929. "Leonidas Harris Berry." Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present. Ed. Brigham Narins. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Biography in Context. Web. 9 Jan, 2014. This document is a biography of Leonidas Harris Berry written by Brigham Narins and published in his book, World of Health. The most important details in this source are what impacts Leonidas Berry made to the people in Chicago and others around the world. Leonidas Harris Berry was an active force in the Chicago-area medical community for more than forty years. The first African American internist at Cook County Hospital and the first black doctor at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center. In 1955 Berry invented the gastro-biopsy-scope, a first-of-its-kind instrument for exploring the digestive tract, now part of the medical collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Berry made great impacts to the medical field, showing the significance that he made to physicians and doctors by creating a first-of-a-kind instrument that would explore the digestive tract. A long term effect was that he was an inspiration to minority medical students throughout his long career. Known for his long involvement in medical and civic affairs from the local to the international level, Berry organized and coordinated clinics for medical counseling on narcotics for the Illinois Department of Health, helped found the Council on Medical Careers, served as

chairperson of the health committee for the Chicago Commission on Human Relations, and organized Flying Black Medics in Chicago and Cairo, Illinois. This note helps to understand the background of Dr. Berry and how he impacted the African Americans in the Medical field by fighting for their rights and being an inspiration to others. Overall the main idea of this biography was to show the works that Leonidas Berry had done and impacts he had made. This document has value in that it gives great detail about Leonidas Berry from the day he was born and events in his life till his death in his hometown, Chicago. This article has limitations. Because this is a biography about Dr. Berry, the author might have left out important key figures that helped Berry during his career or the ones that influenced him. The author might also have left out the failures or rejections that Leonidas have experienced as a doctor. This document connects to the theme “rights and responsibilities” because it shows the rights that African Americans have earned for their Medical profession and the responsibilities they hold once they get the rights. For example, Leonidas Berry fought for his rights and he was responsible for his career. Many people thought of him as a key figure for the African Americans because he was one of the first black doctors in Chicago Hospitals. This source will be helpful because it gives a background to what Leonidas Berry had done and people he influenced. The author’s main focus is to provide the key ideas or events about Leonidas Berry, special features were that it showed him impacting people outside of the states. This source falls under significance because of showing how Dr. Berry’s inventions and works have made life easier for doctors and African Americans in the long-term effect. This source was a secondary source because it was a biography written about leonidas Harris Berry. Webster, Raymond B. African American Firsts in Science & Technology. p.193 and 197. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Print. This Book is about African Americans in science and technology, it gives great detail about many scientists, inventors, doctors, physicians, etc. The first medical research presentation by an african american at an American Medical Association convention was given in 1941 by Leonidas Harris Berry. At that time of his invented AMA presentation, he had examined more patients with the gastroscope in the United States than any other doctor, and had also written more scientific papers on the use of the gastroscope than anyone except his co-worker, Rudolph Schindler. This is what was happening and this is important because he changed many people’s views about Black Americans, he had invented something to make life easier for physicians and patients. In the book it says that Berry developed the fiberoptic endoscope, a device that can detect cancers not seen by x rays. This shows the long-term effect and it’s significant because Berry had invented something that other Physicians can use to make sure they can treat their patients the right way or detect if they have cancer. This is a secondary source in which gives the important events that occurred in science and technology by the Black Americans. This source has limitation because it’s not giving the White people’s point of views or events that had to deal with any scientists, inventors, doctors, etc. This connects to the theme because it was Leonidas Berry’s right to create the endoscope and present it to the AMA and it was his responsibility for other physicians to use it for it to work and make life easier for patients. This source can help because it gives the important or main events that happened because of Leonidas Berry. Krapp, Kristine M. Notable Black American Scientists. Detroit: Gale Research, 1999. Print. This is a book written by Kristine Krapp about Black American scientists that had an impact on the sciences. The purpose of this book is to show the different doctors and scientists that made a change. This book will help me with my research because in the book there is information and a section for Leonidas Harris Berry. "Provident Hospital of Cook County." Cook County Health and Hospitals System. Cook County Health and Hospitals System, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.

The first Black-owned and operated hospital in America, was established in Chicago in 1891 by Dr. Daniel Hale Williams an African American surgeon during the time in American history where few public or private medical facilities were open to Black citizens. Though the historic Provident Hospital was forced to close in 1987 due to financial difficulties, it reopened in 1993 as part of Cook County's Bureau of Health Services to provide services to residents of Chicago's south side. It is now known as Provident Hospital of Cook County. Guzman, Richard R. "Leonidas Berry and the Strength of Black Families." N.p., 20 Apr. 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. This is an article by Richard Guzman that talks about Leonidas Berry and his successful work and the Book “ The Strength of Black Families”. The purpose of this article is to note what Leonidas Berry did for African Americans and his successful journey, also compares Leonidas Berry’s book and “The Strength of Black Families” by Herman Gutman and how they are alike. This would help my research because it provides other books about the African Americans and their journey through segregation times. Morais, Herbert M. The History of the Negro in Medicine. New York: Publishers Co., 1967 This is an article written by Herbert Morais that talks about the history of African Americans in the medical field. The purpose of this article is to provide information and detail of how African Americans’ history in medicine. This is helpful for my research because it helps me create the historical context. Ward. Thomas J., Jr. Black Physicians in the Jim Crow South. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003. This article by Thomas Ward provides information about Black physicians in the south. The purpose of this article is to show the conditions that black physicians in the south had to face during Jim Crow laws. This is helpful for my research because it helps me build the historical background. "Chicago's Provident Hospital Opens." Welcome To The Black Box, Personal Narratives in High Definition. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/chicagos-provident-hospital-opens> This is an article about Chicago’s provident hospital. The purpose of this article is to show why the hospital shut down, and how it opened again. This would be helpful for my research because I need information about Provident Hospital that Leonidas Berry was a part of. "Digital History." Digital History. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3178>. This is a website that provides information about the civil war that occurred in the United States. The purpose of this website is to find primary sources and events from the civil war to help the readers/audience understand the conditions during that time. This will help me with my research because it helps me understand how the civil war affected the medical field. Gates, Henry L. "Free Blacks Lived in the North, Right?" PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/free-blackslived-in-the-north-right/>

This is an article written by Henry Gates. The purpose of this article is to provide information on African Americans living in the South and North. This will be helpful for my research because it helps me know the conditions of African Americans in the South and North, this helps build my historical context.

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