Psych Disorders and Treatment Outline
Content
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS I. What is abnormal behavior? a. Atypical- not enough in itself b. Disturbing- varies with time and culture c. Maladaptive- harmful d. Unjustifiable- there isn¶t a good reason II. Explaining Psychological Disorders a. Medical Model i. assumes that these ³mental´ illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital ii. Limitations- critics argue that psychological problems are not illnesses, but rather behaviors and experiences that are morally or socially deviant b. Bio-Psycho-Social Model i. assumes that biological, socio-cultural, & psychological factors combine & interact to produce psychological disorders c. Predisposition i. inherited biological characteristics and early experiences can create a predisposition, or diathesis, to develop a disorder, but the actual appearance of the disorder depends on what stressors are encountered in life d. Psychoanalytic i. abnormal behavior was due to unresolved, mostly unconscious clashes between desires of the id and the demands of society; such conflicts were presumed to have begin in childhood e. Humanistic i. suggests that behavior disorders appear when a person is too sensitive to criticisms and judgments of others; unable to accept their own nature; when this happens, the persons perceptions or reality become distorted f. Cognitive i. views abnormal behavior as the result of faulty or illogical thoughts; distortions in cognitive process lead to misconceptions or misinterpretations of the world; lead to abnormal behavior g. Behavioral i. based on the notion that all behavior, including abnormal behavior, is learned; abnormal behavior has been rewarded or reinforced at some point h. Biological i. views abnormal behavior as a manifestation of abnormal brain function, due to either structural or chemical abnormalities in the brain; supports medication as treatment i. Socio-cultural i. holds that society and culture help define what is acceptable behavior j. Labeling i. Positives- most clinicians believe that diagnostic labels help in prescribing, treating and researching the causes of psychological disorders
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
ii. Negatives- critics says that these labels are arbitrary value judgments that create preconceptions that can bias our perceptions and interpretations; labels can also affect people¶s self-images; labels can serve as self-fulfilling prophecies III. Classifying Psychological Disorders a. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM- IV) is what psychologists and psychiatrists use to diagnose psychological disorders b. Uses multi-axial system of classification, there are five axes i. Axis I records patient¶s primary diagnosis 1. major disorders such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, delirium, dementia, eating disorders, sleeping disorders, substance-related disorders ii. Axis II includes personality problems or mental retardation iii. Axis III is concerned with physical disorders that have an impact on behavior iv. Axis IV assesses the level of psychosocial and environmental stress the person is experiencing v. Axis V represents an overall assessment of the person¶s level of functioning; includes rating from 1-100 of person¶s psychological, social and occupational functioning c. Serves as a guide to psychologists as they attempt to classify abnormal behavior patterns d. Major criticisms: overly reliant on medical aspect; reliability and validity; labeling people instead of describing problems IV. Anxiety Disorders a. Types i. Generalized Anxiety Disorder- persistent and excessive anxiety, worry or dread that lasts at least six months ii. Panic disorder- recurring, unexpected panic attacks, as well as the constant worry of another panic attack occurring 1. During panic attacks, a person has symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, dizziness, etc iii. Phobia- persistent, irrational fears of common objects or events 1. Agoraphobia is the fear of being in open spaces or public places or other places from which escape is perceived to be difficult iv. OCD- anxiety disorder characterized by involuntary persistent thoughts or repetitive behaviors 1. Obsessions are ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are persistent and cause anxiety or distress 2. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that help to prevent or relieve anxiety v. PTSD- caused by exposure to trauma, leads to recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the trauma b. Causes i. Biological- hereditary; evolutionary factors ii. Psychological- poor stress-coping techniques, Type A personality; catastrophic thinking iii. Social- observational learning; high levels of pressure and responsibility V. Somatoform Disorders
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
a. Psychological disorders characterized by physical symptoms without any actual physical causes b. Types i. Conversion Disorder- a psychological problem manifests itself as a deficit in physiological function; the person appears to be, but is not, blind, dead, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain in parts of the body; also called hysteria ii. Hypochondriasis- the person is irrationally concerned with having a serious disease iii. Pain Disorder- involves complaints of severe, often constant pain with no physical cause (typically in neck, chest or back) c. Causes i. Biological- none ii. Psychological- pay too much attention to bodily sensations iii. Social- enjoy being center of attention, reinforced for being sick VI. Dissociative Disorders a. Disorders that involve dysfunction or memory or an altered state of identity b. Types i. Dissociative Amnesia- sudden loss of memory, usually precipitated by a traumatic event ii. Dissociative Fugue- sudden and complete loss of identity, sometimes caused by severe stress, followed by assumption of a new identity iii. Dissociative Identity Disorder- formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is the appearance of two or more distinct identities in one individual c. Causes i. Biological- none ii. Psychological- poor coping with childhood abuse (overuse of defense mechanisms); inability to unite id, ego, and superego; fantasy prone personality iii. Social- psychologist¶s suggestions; media hype VII. Mood disorders a. Extreme disturbances of emotional balance b. Types i. Major Depressive Disorder- characterized by depressed mood, general lack of interest in things that were once enjoyable, low sense of self-worth, low energy and possibly thoughts of death or suicide 1. symptoms last at least two weeks ii. Bipolar Disorder- can appear in a number of forms: 1. the most common form exhibits severe depression similar to major depression but with infrequent manic episodes 2. primarily manic-characterized by extreme talkativeness, increased self-esteem, excessive pleasure seeking, and lack of sleep; this form is quite rare 3. this form cycles from normal to manic to depressive c. Causes i. Biological- hereditary, low levels of Serotonin ii. Psychological- pessimistic explanatory style, learned helplessness, catastrophic thinking iii. Social- few or no friends, series of bad events with which one has no control of
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
VIII. Schizophrenia a. A family of disorders of thought and behavior b. Symptoms i. Delusions are false beliefs that are strongly held despite contradictory evidence ii. Hallucinations are sensory or perceptual experiences that happen without any external stimulus 1. Auditory 2. Visual iii. Inappropriate or disturbed emotional responses and behaviors c. Types i. Paranoid- characterized by auditory hallucinations and feelings of persecution, delusions are grandeur ii. Catatonic- is marked by stupor and rigid body postures for extended periods of time; unnatural speech patterns like absence of speech or parroting of other people¶s speech iii. Disorganized- characterized by incoherent speech and flat or inappropriate emotional affect 1. World salads iv. Undifferentiated- schizophrenics who do not fit easily into one category d. Causes i. Biological- hereditary, viral infection during pregnancy, high levels of dopamine ii. Psychological- poor stress-coping techniques iii. Social- disturbed communication in family IX. Personality Disorders a. Characterized by pervasive expression of extreme, abnormal personality constructs which interfere with normal social functioning b. Types i. Narcissistic- characterized by self-preoccupation and the need for other to focus on oneself ii. Dependent- characterized by a need to be cared for iii. Paranoid- characterized by extreme distrust and suspicion of others iv. Borderline- characterized by impulsive behavior and unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image v. Anti-social (Psychopathic)- characterized by disregard for the rights or interests of others vi. Histrionic- characterized by attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotional reactions and excitability X. Organic Disorders a. caused by damage to brain tissue; most are result of disease or chemicals b. Dementia, Alzheimer¶s disease, drug/alcohol dependence XI. Behavior Disorders a. Types i. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- a condition in which there is evidence of inattentiveness, which includes difficulty paying attention in class, trouble listening,
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
difficulties in organization, forgetfulness and distractability. Fidgeting, constant movement, constant need for attention characterize hyperactivity and impulsivity ii. Autism- children have severe deficits in communication, impaired social relationships and often, repetitive behaviors or ticks iii. Oppositional Defiance Disorder- affects student performance at home and at school XII. Intersection between Psychology and the Legal System a. Confidentiality- laws and rules protect people with severe psychological disorders in two ways: i. They may be protected from persecution if they cannot understand the charges against them; they are declared mentally unstable to stand trial ii. Severe mental illnesses can sometimes shield one from punishment for a crime even if brought to trial; not guilty by reason of insanity b. Insanity rules have been criticized on many grounds: i. Some critics argue that everyone should be held accountable for their actions ii. There are significant problems in the implementation of insanity rules iii. Even severely impaired people have some rational decision making and control some aspects of their behavior
TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR I. Treatment Approaches a. Insight Therapies- insight into the cause of the problem is the primary key to eliminating the problem i. Psychoanalysis- focuses on probing past defense mechanisms of repression and rationalization to understand the unconscious cause of a problem 1. Free association- the patient reports any and all conscious thoughts and ideas, sometimes while under hypnosis 2. Manifest content- the images and occurrences in dreams; Freud believed that the manifest content of dreams were actually symbols representing the latent, or truly meaningful, content of dreams 3. Transference- occurs when the patient shifts thoughts and feelings about certain people or events onto the therapist because the therapist stayed detached from the patient; thought to help reveal the nature of the patient¶s conflicts 4. Counter-transference- occurs when the therapist transfers his or her own feelings onto the patient; in order to avoid this, therapists usually undergo psychoanalysis themselves ii. Humanistic- treats the individual as a client instead of a patient 1. Client-centered therapy- invented by Carl Rogers and involves the assumption that clients can only be understood in terms of their own reality a. Non-directional approach- allows the focus to be on client¶s perception of the world and how that conception affects them
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
b. Self-actualization- the goal of therapy is to help the client realize full potential through this c. In order to accomplish self-actualization, the therapist is open, honest, and expressive of feelings with the client, this shows genuineness; the therapist shows unconditional positive regard; and accurate empathic understanding is critical to successful communication between the therapist and client 2. Gestalt Therapy- combines both physical and mental therapies, developed by Fritz Perls to blend an awareness of unconscious tensions with the belief that one must become aware of and deal with those tensions by taking personal responsibility b. Behavioral Therapy- short-term process, whereas insight approaches are extended over long periods of time; treats symptoms because in this school of thought, there is no deep underlying cause of the problem i. Behavior therapist believe if past learning experiences can produce problems, systematic new learning experiences can help alleviate them. Based on the works of Skinner ii. Counter-conditioning- a technique in which a response to a given stimulus is replaced by a different response; Mary Cover Jones was the first to demonstrate this; it can be accomplished in a few ways: 1. Aversion therapy- an aversive stimulus is repeatedly paired with the behavior that the client whishes to stop 2. Systematic desensitization- involves replacing one response, such as anxiety, with another response, such as relaxation;
a. Joseph Wolpe believed that if clients remain calm while facing gradually more intense versions of something they fear, the learned associations between anxiety and the feared object will be weakened, and the fear will disappear.
iii. Extinction procedures- are designed to weaken maladaptive responses 1. Flooding- involves exposing a client to the stimulus that causes the undesirable response 2. Implosion- client imagines the disruptive stimuli rather than actually confronting it iv. Modeling- a therapeutic approach based on Bandura¶s social learning theory; clients watch someone act in a certain way and then receive a reward c. Cognitive Therapy- changes the way people think about situations in order to change behavior i. RET (rational-emotive therapy)- formulated by Albert Ellis, is based on the idea that when confronted with situations, people recite statements to themselves that express maladaptive thoughts; the goal of RET is to change the bad thoughts by confronting the irrational thoughts ii. Cognitive Therapy- formulated by Aaron Beck, focuses on maladaptive schemas; theses schemas cause the client to experience cognitive distortions, which in turn lead them to feel worthless or incompetent 1. Negative triad- Beck asserted that there is a negative triad of depression that involves a negative view of self, world and future 2. Maladaptive schemas include arbitrary inference, in which a person draws conclusions without evidence, and dichotomous thinking, which involves all-ornone conceptions of situations d. Biological Therapy- medical approaches to behavioral problems; usually used in conjunction with any of the above therapies
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
i. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- form of treatment in which fairly high voltages of electricity are passed across a patient¶s head ii. Psychosurgery- brain surgery; best known form is prefrontal lobotomy, in which parts of the frontal lobes are cut off from the rest of the brain iii. Psychopharmacology- treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptations with drugs 1. Antipsychotics- reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking neural receptors for dopamine; ex: Clozapine, Thorazine, Haldol 2. Antidepressants- typically prescribed for depression, anziety, phobias, and ocd; there are three types: a. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) b. Tricyclics c. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 3. Anxiolytics- depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety while increasing feelings of well-being and reducing insomnia 4. Lithium- effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder II. Modes of Therapy a. Group- clients meet together with a therapist as an interactive group i. Advantages- less expensive than individual therapy; group dynamic may be therapeutic in itself; clients learn from one another b. Family- focuses on family problems i. Advantages- has distinct advantages in that it allows family members to express their feelings to each other and to the therapist simultaneously; encourages family members to listen to each other c. Couples- focuses on communication between partners; sessions revolve around learning the rules for talking
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS I. What is abnormal behavior? a. Atypical- not enough in itself b. Disturbing- varies with time and culture c. Maladaptive- harmful d. Unjustifiable- there isn¶t a good reason II. Explaining Psychological Disorders a. Medical Model i. assumes that these ³mental´ illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital ii. Limitations- critics argue that psychological problems are not illnesses, but rather behaviors and experiences that are morally or socially deviant b. Bio-Psycho-Social Model i. assumes that biological, socio-cultural, & psychological factors combine & interact to produce psychological disorders c. Predisposition i. inherited biological characteristics and early experiences can create a predisposition, or diathesis, to develop a disorder, but the actual appearance of the disorder depends on what stressors are encountered in life d. Psychoanalytic i. abnormal behavior was due to unresolved, mostly unconscious clashes between desires of the id and the demands of society; such conflicts were presumed to have begin in childhood e. Humanistic i. suggests that behavior disorders appear when a person is too sensitive to criticisms and judgments of others; unable to accept their own nature; when this happens, the persons perceptions or reality become distorted f. Cognitive i. views abnormal behavior as the result of faulty or illogical thoughts; distortions in cognitive process lead to misconceptions or misinterpretations of the world; lead to abnormal behavior g. Behavioral i. based on the notion that all behavior, including abnormal behavior, is learned; abnormal behavior has been rewarded or reinforced at some point h. Biological i. views abnormal behavior as a manifestation of abnormal brain function, due to either structural or chemical abnormalities in the brain; supports medication as treatment i. Socio-cultural i. holds that society and culture help define what is acceptable behavior j. Labeling i. Positives- most clinicians believe that diagnostic labels help in prescribing, treating and researching the causes of psychological disorders
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
ii. Negatives- critics says that these labels are arbitrary value judgments that create preconceptions that can bias our perceptions and interpretations; labels can also affect people¶s self-images; labels can serve as self-fulfilling prophecies III. Classifying Psychological Disorders a. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM- IV) is what psychologists and psychiatrists use to diagnose psychological disorders b. Uses multi-axial system of classification, there are five axes i. Axis I records patient¶s primary diagnosis 1. major disorders such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, delirium, dementia, eating disorders, sleeping disorders, substance-related disorders ii. Axis II includes personality problems or mental retardation iii. Axis III is concerned with physical disorders that have an impact on behavior iv. Axis IV assesses the level of psychosocial and environmental stress the person is experiencing v. Axis V represents an overall assessment of the person¶s level of functioning; includes rating from 1-100 of person¶s psychological, social and occupational functioning c. Serves as a guide to psychologists as they attempt to classify abnormal behavior patterns d. Major criticisms: overly reliant on medical aspect; reliability and validity; labeling people instead of describing problems IV. Anxiety Disorders a. Types i. Generalized Anxiety Disorder- persistent and excessive anxiety, worry or dread that lasts at least six months ii. Panic disorder- recurring, unexpected panic attacks, as well as the constant worry of another panic attack occurring 1. During panic attacks, a person has symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, dizziness, etc iii. Phobia- persistent, irrational fears of common objects or events 1. Agoraphobia is the fear of being in open spaces or public places or other places from which escape is perceived to be difficult iv. OCD- anxiety disorder characterized by involuntary persistent thoughts or repetitive behaviors 1. Obsessions are ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are persistent and cause anxiety or distress 2. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that help to prevent or relieve anxiety v. PTSD- caused by exposure to trauma, leads to recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the trauma b. Causes i. Biological- hereditary; evolutionary factors ii. Psychological- poor stress-coping techniques, Type A personality; catastrophic thinking iii. Social- observational learning; high levels of pressure and responsibility V. Somatoform Disorders
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
a. Psychological disorders characterized by physical symptoms without any actual physical causes b. Types i. Conversion Disorder- a psychological problem manifests itself as a deficit in physiological function; the person appears to be, but is not, blind, dead, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain in parts of the body; also called hysteria ii. Hypochondriasis- the person is irrationally concerned with having a serious disease iii. Pain Disorder- involves complaints of severe, often constant pain with no physical cause (typically in neck, chest or back) c. Causes i. Biological- none ii. Psychological- pay too much attention to bodily sensations iii. Social- enjoy being center of attention, reinforced for being sick VI. Dissociative Disorders a. Disorders that involve dysfunction or memory or an altered state of identity b. Types i. Dissociative Amnesia- sudden loss of memory, usually precipitated by a traumatic event ii. Dissociative Fugue- sudden and complete loss of identity, sometimes caused by severe stress, followed by assumption of a new identity iii. Dissociative Identity Disorder- formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is the appearance of two or more distinct identities in one individual c. Causes i. Biological- none ii. Psychological- poor coping with childhood abuse (overuse of defense mechanisms); inability to unite id, ego, and superego; fantasy prone personality iii. Social- psychologist¶s suggestions; media hype VII. Mood disorders a. Extreme disturbances of emotional balance b. Types i. Major Depressive Disorder- characterized by depressed mood, general lack of interest in things that were once enjoyable, low sense of self-worth, low energy and possibly thoughts of death or suicide 1. symptoms last at least two weeks ii. Bipolar Disorder- can appear in a number of forms: 1. the most common form exhibits severe depression similar to major depression but with infrequent manic episodes 2. primarily manic-characterized by extreme talkativeness, increased self-esteem, excessive pleasure seeking, and lack of sleep; this form is quite rare 3. this form cycles from normal to manic to depressive c. Causes i. Biological- hereditary, low levels of Serotonin ii. Psychological- pessimistic explanatory style, learned helplessness, catastrophic thinking iii. Social- few or no friends, series of bad events with which one has no control of
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
VIII. Schizophrenia a. A family of disorders of thought and behavior b. Symptoms i. Delusions are false beliefs that are strongly held despite contradictory evidence ii. Hallucinations are sensory or perceptual experiences that happen without any external stimulus 1. Auditory 2. Visual iii. Inappropriate or disturbed emotional responses and behaviors c. Types i. Paranoid- characterized by auditory hallucinations and feelings of persecution, delusions are grandeur ii. Catatonic- is marked by stupor and rigid body postures for extended periods of time; unnatural speech patterns like absence of speech or parroting of other people¶s speech iii. Disorganized- characterized by incoherent speech and flat or inappropriate emotional affect 1. World salads iv. Undifferentiated- schizophrenics who do not fit easily into one category d. Causes i. Biological- hereditary, viral infection during pregnancy, high levels of dopamine ii. Psychological- poor stress-coping techniques iii. Social- disturbed communication in family IX. Personality Disorders a. Characterized by pervasive expression of extreme, abnormal personality constructs which interfere with normal social functioning b. Types i. Narcissistic- characterized by self-preoccupation and the need for other to focus on oneself ii. Dependent- characterized by a need to be cared for iii. Paranoid- characterized by extreme distrust and suspicion of others iv. Borderline- characterized by impulsive behavior and unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image v. Anti-social (Psychopathic)- characterized by disregard for the rights or interests of others vi. Histrionic- characterized by attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotional reactions and excitability X. Organic Disorders a. caused by damage to brain tissue; most are result of disease or chemicals b. Dementia, Alzheimer¶s disease, drug/alcohol dependence XI. Behavior Disorders a. Types i. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- a condition in which there is evidence of inattentiveness, which includes difficulty paying attention in class, trouble listening,
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
difficulties in organization, forgetfulness and distractability. Fidgeting, constant movement, constant need for attention characterize hyperactivity and impulsivity ii. Autism- children have severe deficits in communication, impaired social relationships and often, repetitive behaviors or ticks iii. Oppositional Defiance Disorder- affects student performance at home and at school XII. Intersection between Psychology and the Legal System a. Confidentiality- laws and rules protect people with severe psychological disorders in two ways: i. They may be protected from persecution if they cannot understand the charges against them; they are declared mentally unstable to stand trial ii. Severe mental illnesses can sometimes shield one from punishment for a crime even if brought to trial; not guilty by reason of insanity b. Insanity rules have been criticized on many grounds: i. Some critics argue that everyone should be held accountable for their actions ii. There are significant problems in the implementation of insanity rules iii. Even severely impaired people have some rational decision making and control some aspects of their behavior
TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR I. Treatment Approaches a. Insight Therapies- insight into the cause of the problem is the primary key to eliminating the problem i. Psychoanalysis- focuses on probing past defense mechanisms of repression and rationalization to understand the unconscious cause of a problem 1. Free association- the patient reports any and all conscious thoughts and ideas, sometimes while under hypnosis 2. Manifest content- the images and occurrences in dreams; Freud believed that the manifest content of dreams were actually symbols representing the latent, or truly meaningful, content of dreams 3. Transference- occurs when the patient shifts thoughts and feelings about certain people or events onto the therapist because the therapist stayed detached from the patient; thought to help reveal the nature of the patient¶s conflicts 4. Counter-transference- occurs when the therapist transfers his or her own feelings onto the patient; in order to avoid this, therapists usually undergo psychoanalysis themselves ii. Humanistic- treats the individual as a client instead of a patient 1. Client-centered therapy- invented by Carl Rogers and involves the assumption that clients can only be understood in terms of their own reality a. Non-directional approach- allows the focus to be on client¶s perception of the world and how that conception affects them
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
b. Self-actualization- the goal of therapy is to help the client realize full potential through this c. In order to accomplish self-actualization, the therapist is open, honest, and expressive of feelings with the client, this shows genuineness; the therapist shows unconditional positive regard; and accurate empathic understanding is critical to successful communication between the therapist and client 2. Gestalt Therapy- combines both physical and mental therapies, developed by Fritz Perls to blend an awareness of unconscious tensions with the belief that one must become aware of and deal with those tensions by taking personal responsibility b. Behavioral Therapy- short-term process, whereas insight approaches are extended over long periods of time; treats symptoms because in this school of thought, there is no deep underlying cause of the problem i. Behavior therapist believe if past learning experiences can produce problems, systematic new learning experiences can help alleviate them. Based on the works of Skinner ii. Counter-conditioning- a technique in which a response to a given stimulus is replaced by a different response; Mary Cover Jones was the first to demonstrate this; it can be accomplished in a few ways: 1. Aversion therapy- an aversive stimulus is repeatedly paired with the behavior that the client whishes to stop 2. Systematic desensitization- involves replacing one response, such as anxiety, with another response, such as relaxation;
a. Joseph Wolpe believed that if clients remain calm while facing gradually more intense versions of something they fear, the learned associations between anxiety and the feared object will be weakened, and the fear will disappear.
iii. Extinction procedures- are designed to weaken maladaptive responses 1. Flooding- involves exposing a client to the stimulus that causes the undesirable response 2. Implosion- client imagines the disruptive stimuli rather than actually confronting it iv. Modeling- a therapeutic approach based on Bandura¶s social learning theory; clients watch someone act in a certain way and then receive a reward c. Cognitive Therapy- changes the way people think about situations in order to change behavior i. RET (rational-emotive therapy)- formulated by Albert Ellis, is based on the idea that when confronted with situations, people recite statements to themselves that express maladaptive thoughts; the goal of RET is to change the bad thoughts by confronting the irrational thoughts ii. Cognitive Therapy- formulated by Aaron Beck, focuses on maladaptive schemas; theses schemas cause the client to experience cognitive distortions, which in turn lead them to feel worthless or incompetent 1. Negative triad- Beck asserted that there is a negative triad of depression that involves a negative view of self, world and future 2. Maladaptive schemas include arbitrary inference, in which a person draws conclusions without evidence, and dichotomous thinking, which involves all-ornone conceptions of situations d. Biological Therapy- medical approaches to behavioral problems; usually used in conjunction with any of the above therapies
CHAPTERS 14-15 DISORDERS/TREATMENT
i. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- form of treatment in which fairly high voltages of electricity are passed across a patient¶s head ii. Psychosurgery- brain surgery; best known form is prefrontal lobotomy, in which parts of the frontal lobes are cut off from the rest of the brain iii. Psychopharmacology- treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptations with drugs 1. Antipsychotics- reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking neural receptors for dopamine; ex: Clozapine, Thorazine, Haldol 2. Antidepressants- typically prescribed for depression, anziety, phobias, and ocd; there are three types: a. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) b. Tricyclics c. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 3. Anxiolytics- depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety while increasing feelings of well-being and reducing insomnia 4. Lithium- effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder II. Modes of Therapy a. Group- clients meet together with a therapist as an interactive group i. Advantages- less expensive than individual therapy; group dynamic may be therapeutic in itself; clients learn from one another b. Family- focuses on family problems i. Advantages- has distinct advantages in that it allows family members to express their feelings to each other and to the therapist simultaneously; encourages family members to listen to each other c. Couples- focuses on communication between partners; sessions revolve around learning the rules for talking
