Refining Crude Oil
Content
REFINING OF CRUDE OIL
CONTENT • Characteristic of crude oil • Refining process of crude oil • Technologies for achieving “clean fuels” • How fuel is distributed?
WHAT IS CRUDE OIL?
Crude oil, also known as black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which is found in the upper strata of some regions of the Earth's crust. It is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, (mainly, alkanes), along with traces of other chemicals and compounds. Crude oil can be categorized as either "sweet crude" ( sulphur content less than 0.5%) or "sour crude," ( sulphur content is at least 2.5%)
HYDROCARBONS IN CRUDE OIL • Alkane (Paraffin’s) – methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc. • Aromatics – benzene, naphthalene • Naphthenic or Cycloalkanes – cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane • Alkenes – ethylene, butene, isobutene • Dynes and Alkynes – acetylene, butadiene's
COMPOSITION OFCRUDE OIL – – – – – – –
Carbon – 84% Hydrogen – 14% Sulfur – 1 to 3% Nitrogen - <1% Oxygen - <1% Metals - <1% (nickel, iron,vanadium, etc.) Salts - <1%
What is Oil Refining ? In oil refining process crude oil is converted in to more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline(petrol), diesel oil, asphalt base, fuel oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas by fractional distillation. -
REFINING PROCESS • Distillation separates crude oil into various components (fractions) using the difference in boiling temperatures • Chemical processing breaks longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter ones – makes diesel into gasoline, for example.
DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL • Separate the components of crude oil by the differences in their boiling points. This is done by simply heating up crude oil, allowing it to vaporize, and then letting the vapor to condense at different levels of the distillation tower. This process is called fractional distillation and the products of the fractional distillation of crude oil is called fractions. • A fraction from crude oil can be categorized into two categories: – Refined Product: A crude oil fraction which contains a lot of individual hydrocarbons (e.g. gasoline, asphalt, waxes, and lubricants) – Petrochemical Product: A crude oil fraction which contain one or two specific hydrocarbons of high purity (e.g. benzene, toluene, and ethylene).
PRODUCTS FROM REFINING • Petroleum Gas – used for heating, cooking, making plastics • Naphtha – an intermediate product used to make gasoline • Gasoline – motor fuel • Kerosene – fuel for jet engines and tractors and a starting material for making other products
PRODUCTS FROM REFINING • Gas Oil or Diesel – used for diesel fuel and heating oil and a starting material for making other products • Lubricating Oil – used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants • Heavy Gas or Fuel Oil – used for industrial fuel and a starting material for making other products • Residuals – coke, asphalt, tar, waxes, and a starting material for making other products
Chemical process • There are two types(1) The thermal conversion processes (2) Catalytic conversion process • (1)The thermal conversion processes -The larger hydrocarbons are decomposed at elevated temp. to form material of lower molecular weight. • Thermal cracking– heat large hydrocarbons at high temperature until they break apart.
THERMAL CRACKING
(2) Catalytic conversion processes It is a catalytic conversion processes for converting heavy gas oil, into more valuable products such as LPG, gasoline, cycle oil etc. - Fluid catalytic cracking -Hydro cracking
Fluid catalytic cracking
REFINING CAPACITIES
World Oil Consumption
World Oil Consumption (millions of barrels per day) -2013 >10
7-10
4-7
2-4
1-2
<1
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
WHY UPGRADE AN OIL REFINARY ?
Oil refining releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Response to changing market demands for certain products Government regulations Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA90) Changing consumer demand for better and different products Decrease the number of non-hydrocarbons, impurities, and other constituents Potential physical, mechanical, chemical, and health hazards are recognized in air
CONTENT • Characteristic of crude oil • Refining process of crude oil • Technologies for achieving “clean fuels” • How fuel is distributed?
WHAT IS CRUDE OIL?
Crude oil, also known as black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which is found in the upper strata of some regions of the Earth's crust. It is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, (mainly, alkanes), along with traces of other chemicals and compounds. Crude oil can be categorized as either "sweet crude" ( sulphur content less than 0.5%) or "sour crude," ( sulphur content is at least 2.5%)
HYDROCARBONS IN CRUDE OIL • Alkane (Paraffin’s) – methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc. • Aromatics – benzene, naphthalene • Naphthenic or Cycloalkanes – cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane • Alkenes – ethylene, butene, isobutene • Dynes and Alkynes – acetylene, butadiene's
COMPOSITION OFCRUDE OIL – – – – – – –
Carbon – 84% Hydrogen – 14% Sulfur – 1 to 3% Nitrogen - <1% Oxygen - <1% Metals - <1% (nickel, iron,vanadium, etc.) Salts - <1%
What is Oil Refining ? In oil refining process crude oil is converted in to more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline(petrol), diesel oil, asphalt base, fuel oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas by fractional distillation. -
REFINING PROCESS • Distillation separates crude oil into various components (fractions) using the difference in boiling temperatures • Chemical processing breaks longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter ones – makes diesel into gasoline, for example.
DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL • Separate the components of crude oil by the differences in their boiling points. This is done by simply heating up crude oil, allowing it to vaporize, and then letting the vapor to condense at different levels of the distillation tower. This process is called fractional distillation and the products of the fractional distillation of crude oil is called fractions. • A fraction from crude oil can be categorized into two categories: – Refined Product: A crude oil fraction which contains a lot of individual hydrocarbons (e.g. gasoline, asphalt, waxes, and lubricants) – Petrochemical Product: A crude oil fraction which contain one or two specific hydrocarbons of high purity (e.g. benzene, toluene, and ethylene).
PRODUCTS FROM REFINING • Petroleum Gas – used for heating, cooking, making plastics • Naphtha – an intermediate product used to make gasoline • Gasoline – motor fuel • Kerosene – fuel for jet engines and tractors and a starting material for making other products
PRODUCTS FROM REFINING • Gas Oil or Diesel – used for diesel fuel and heating oil and a starting material for making other products • Lubricating Oil – used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants • Heavy Gas or Fuel Oil – used for industrial fuel and a starting material for making other products • Residuals – coke, asphalt, tar, waxes, and a starting material for making other products
Chemical process • There are two types(1) The thermal conversion processes (2) Catalytic conversion process • (1)The thermal conversion processes -The larger hydrocarbons are decomposed at elevated temp. to form material of lower molecular weight. • Thermal cracking– heat large hydrocarbons at high temperature until they break apart.
THERMAL CRACKING
(2) Catalytic conversion processes It is a catalytic conversion processes for converting heavy gas oil, into more valuable products such as LPG, gasoline, cycle oil etc. - Fluid catalytic cracking -Hydro cracking
Fluid catalytic cracking
REFINING CAPACITIES
World Oil Consumption
World Oil Consumption (millions of barrels per day) -2013 >10
7-10
4-7
2-4
1-2
<1
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
WHY UPGRADE AN OIL REFINARY ?
Oil refining releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Response to changing market demands for certain products Government regulations Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA90) Changing consumer demand for better and different products Decrease the number of non-hydrocarbons, impurities, and other constituents Potential physical, mechanical, chemical, and health hazards are recognized in air
