Reporting
Content
Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT + clause with SHOULD + infinitive advise, agree, demand, insist, prefer, propose, recommend, request, suggest, urge etc. Geoffrey: I think you should visit a specialist. Geoffrey advised that I should visit a specialist. Susan: Yes, Harry, you are right. You’d better accept that offer. Susan agreed that Harry should accept that offer. Custo er: I !ant you to give e a full refund" #he custo er de anded that the co pany should give hi a full refund. Geoffrey: You really ust try the ne! $pel. Geoffrey insisted that I should try the ne! $pel. Ho!ard: I’d rather you ca e to y party, Susan, and not to %ulie’s. Ho!ard preferred that Susan should go to his party. %ill: &hat about going to the sauna tonight' %ill proposed that they should go to the sauna. %ill: &hat about going to the sauna tonight' %ill reco ended that they should go to the sauna. ( ployees: Could !e have the staff eeting on #uesday instead, )oss' #he e ployees re*uested that the staff eeting should be on #uesday. %ill: &hat about going to the sauna tonight' %ill suggested that they should go to the sauna. Secretary to the +resident: ,o!, it’s really high ti e that you handed in your resignation, Sir. #he secretary urged that the president should hand in his resignation.
The doctor said
(that)¹ I should to get some rest.
get some rest.
The doctor
told me
to get some rest. not to get near other people. (that) I shouldn't not to smoke.
The doctor said
smoke.
The doctor told
me
to stop smoking. not to smoke. (that) I should call him to call immediately.
The doctor said
immediately.
The doctor said
to call him immediately. not to delay.
imperative verb is one that expresses an order or strong obligation for someone to do something. A that-clause tends to be used in more formal contexts. The verb in the that-clause includes the subjunctive
An verb form, the plain form of the verb. (No -s is added for 3rd person singular.) ¹ ncluding that in a that-clause is optional !ith verbs such as say and think. "e tend to leave it out in speech and include it in !riting. That is re#uired in more formal contexts. ($$%& '(3) ()a&%* +(3) ()o&%* ,-.) Also see/ 01rder0 2 Noun 2 nfin 3 45non5ms for 04aid0.
Said
Synonyms said (that) walking was good exercise. told me (that) walking was good
• say (v.) 6 spea7 or pronounce !ords8 He
• tell (v.) 6 spea7 or pronounce !ords (to someone) 8 She
exercise.
Subordinate Imperatives Infinitive or Infinitival lause
Infinitive & Negative Infinitive
INFINITIVE
The verb in the main clause is (mostl5) say or infinitival clause.
9A N )*A$4%
tell and the verb in the subordinate clause is an infinitive verb form or
4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
(;emove punctuation.)
The doctor said
!"et some rest.!
#$% subord. mar7er¹ #&% !ord order [S-V] #'% person > number #(% tense ? verb form
=
=
=
to get some rest
=
#)% time ? place
The doctor said
The doctor told me
NE"*TIVE INFINITIVE
to get some rest.
The verb in the main clause is (mostl5) say or verb form or infinitival clause.
9A N )*A$4%
tell . The verb in the subordinate clause includes not and an infinitive
4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
The doctor said
!+on't smoke.!
#$% subord. mar7er #&% !ord order [S-V] #'% person > number
=
#(% tense ? verb form
not to smoke.
#)% time ? place
The doctor said
The doctor told me
not to smoke.
¹subordinate mar7er 6 that (not used !ith an infinitival clause)
Subordinate Imperatives That!clause with should or sub"unctive verb
Should
T,*T - .,/01+ 2 VE34
or Subjunctive Verb
The verb in the main clause is (mostl5) say or
tell and the verb in the subordinate clause is a modal verb form !ith
4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
should. (Tell re#uires an indirect ob@ect.)
9A N )*A$4%
(;emove punctuation.)
The doctor said
!"et some rest.!
#$%subordinate mar7er #&% !ord order [S-V]
that (5ou) get
some rest
=
#'% person > number
that I get some rest
#(% verb form !should!
that I should get some rest
=
#)% time ? place
The doctor said
The doctor told me
T,*T - .0450N6TIVE VE34
that I should get some rest.
The verb in the main clause is verb !ith an imperative meaning (0command verb0) and the verb in the subordinate clause is plain form (base form).
9A N )*A$4% 4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
The doctor advised
!6ome to my o77ice today.!
#$% subordinate mar7er #&% !ord order [S-V] #'% person > number
that (he) come
to my o77ice today
that he come to his o77ice today
#(% sub@unctive verb form
that he come to his o77ice today that he go to his o77ice that same day that he go to his o77ice that same day.
#)% time ? place The doctor advised
¹subordinate mar7er 6 that
.ubjunctive 4ome languages have special verb forms called subjunctive, !hich are used especiall5 to tal7 about
unreal situationsA things !hich are possible, desirable or imaginar5. 1lder %nglish had sub@unctives, but in modern %nglish the5 have mostl5 been replaced b5 uses of should, would and other modal verbs, b5 uses of past tenses, and b5 ordinar5 verb forms. %nglish onl5 has a fe! sub@unctive forms left/ third-person singular present verbs !ith out -s (e.g. she see, he have) and special forms of be (e.g. be, he !ere). %xcept for ?he?she?it !ere after if, the5 are not ver5 common. = 9ichael 4!an. Practical English se age ((,B)
Subjunctive Verb #plain 7orm verb%
$.T 8E3./N &N+ 8E3./N '3+ 8E3./N
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
The doctor advised that I get some The doctor advised that you rest. some rest. The doctor advised that I be The doctor advised that you careful. careful.
get be
The doctor advised that she ? he get some rest. The doctor advised that she ? he be careful.
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
The doctor advised that 9e some rest. The doctor advised that 9e careful.
get be
The doctor advised that you get some rest. The doctor advised that you be careful.
#all% #all%
The doctor advised that they some rest. The doctor advised that they careful.
get be
Verbs with Imperative Meaning
advise
leave. "e advised that he
ask
"e as7 that the5 give us a beg Ce begged that the5 leave chance. him alone.
command
Ce commanded that the5 go.
demand
"e demanded that he stand up.
desire
succeed..
Ce desires that he
7orbid
out late.
4he forbid that he sta5
insist
earl5.
insisted that he come
order
Dou ordered that he propose "e proposed that re:uest "e re#uest that 5ou clean it up. the5 come too. !or7 there.
re:uire
complete it.
"e re#uire that he
suggest
"e suggest that he prepare !ell.
urge
"e urged that the ;ed recommend )ross proceed. that he stop.
"e recommend
9ish
free.
!ish that he be set
The above verbs are complemented b5 a that-clause !ith a sub@unctive verb Also see infinitives used after these verbs/ 01rder0 2 Noun 2 nfin
Common Mistakes #rrors an$ Solutions
E33/3
./10TI/N
EFac7 shouted to
let's go.
Fac7 shouted, 0*etGs goH0 (*et us go.) Fac7 shouted at us to go. in!ormal Fac7 shouted that 9e should go. The counselor recommended that he go to a communit5 college.
IThe counselor recommended that he goes to a communit5 college.
Enot used ? Iused b5 some spea7ers and not others (less formal)
Grammar Notes Tra$itional an$ Linguistic Description
Advanced
T3*+ITI/N*1 ; /T,E3 +E.63I8TI/N.
1IN"0I.TI6 +E.63I8TI/N
;eported speech J!ith imperativesK 6 $$%& .'-B
• •
0 should !atch TL.0 4he said that she should? ought to !atch TL.
A sub@unctive verb uses the simple form of a verb. it does not have present, past, or future formsA it is neither singlular nor plural. 4entences !ith sub@unctive verbs generall5 stress importance or urgenc5. A sub@unctive verb is used in that-clauses that follo! verbs and expressions/ advise, as7, demend, insist, propose, recommend, re#uest, suggest t isM critical, essential, imperative, important, necessar5, vital $$%& (N(O)
JThere isK No subordinate imperative construction = )a&%* .O P+.0 mperatives normall5 occur as main clauses/ there is no grammaticall5 distinct construction that can properl5 be regarded as the subordinate counterpart of a main clause imperativeM0 ;eporting directives/
• • •
*eave her alone JimperativeK Ce ordered? told ? as7ed ? advised him to leave her alone. JinfinitivalK Ce as7ed that leave her alone. Jmandative sub@unctiveK
subjunctive (ad@.) 6 expressing a condition that is uncertain or contrar5 to fact (e.g., i! " were you), including doubt, !ishfulness, possibilit5, demand, and the li7e (e.g., the crowd demanded that she #e heard). = .ubjunctive is restricted to the follo!ing clause &arner +.content/ mandative 6 occurs in construction !ith/ various verbs 9ichael 4!an. Practical English se age ((,B) )<= .ubjunctive 4ome languages have special verb forms called • $e insist that she be ke%t in!ormed. subjunctive, !hich are used especiall5 to tal7 about unreal situationsA things !hich are possible, desirable or imaginar5. 1lder %nglish had • $e insisted that they be ke%t sub@unctives, but in modern %nglish the5 have mostl5 been replaced b5 in!ormed. Jnot bac7shifted for tenseK uses of should, would and other modal verbs, b5 uses of past tenses, and b5 ordinar5 verb forms. %nglish onl5 has a fe! sub@unctive forms left/ third-person singular present verbs !ith out -s (e.g. she see, he have) and special forms of be various adjectives> t isM advisable, (e.g. be, he !ere). %xcept for ?he?she?it !ere after if, the5 are not ver5 appropriate, crucial, desirable, essential, fitting, common. imperative, important, necessar5, obligator5, preferable, proper, urgent, re#uired, vital, etc.
• •
"t is essential that he Jsub@unctiveK "t is essential that he JdeclarativeK
stay here. stays here.
various nouns> advide, agreement, arrangement, decision, intention, motion, preference, proposal, recommendation, re#uirement, suggestion, etc. &he re'uirement that he be
here #y &uesday is non-negotia#le.
various prepositions> if, in case, on condition, unless, provided, for fear, lest, in order, so, etc.
•
•
•
(ee% a straight !ace lest anyone (should) disco)er your intentions. 6onditionals> $e ga)e him the car keys on condition that he not accept any %assengers. 8urposives> E)ery #it o! caution was taken so that no one should enter without #eing
*dversatives>
searched.
)a&%* .. PB...' E?haustive conditional adjuncts. $e will ha)e to !ace the challenge whether it #e here in our country or a#road. )a&%* .. PB...3
esources
• AQar, :ett5 4chrampfer, and 4tac5 A. Cagen. nderstanding and sing English *rammar (UUEG) .
"hite Rlains, Ne! Dor7/ Rearson *ongman, 'OO+. Rrint.
• Cuddleston, ;odne5 and &eoffre5 S. Rullum, et A*. &he +am#ridge *rammar o! the English ,anguage
(CaGEL) . )ambridge/ )ambridge $niversit5 Rress, 'OO'. Rrint.
• 4!an, 9ichael. Practical
Rrint.
English
sage (PEU). Nth ed. 1xford/ 1xford $niversit5 Rress, 'OO+.
!ractice " %rothers
Change #uoted commands to infinitive c$auses%
.. 2. 4elect the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
!check $-$@! button at the bottom, or clic7 the "Check" button to the le t as 5ou go.
)ompare 5our response to the ans!er b5 clic7ing the
$.
Fac7 shouted 0&et 5our bac7pac7 and lunchH0
Fac7 told his brother
bac7pac7 and lunchH
Feedback 1
&.
Fac7 said 0<onGt ma7e me late again.0 Fac7 told his brother late again.
Feedback 2
'.
Fac7 said to his brother, 0Curr5 upH0 Fac7 told his brother .
Feedback 3
(.
Cis brother said, 0*eave me aloneH0 Cis brother told him .
Feedback 4
).
01S then0, Fac7 said, 0"al7 aloneH0 Fac7 told his brother .
Feedback 5
<.
Fac7Gs mother said, 0:e 7ind to 5our brother.0 Fac7Gs mother said that .
Feedback 6
=.
Fac7 !hispered to his brother, 0Rlease be read5 on time ever5 morning.0 Fac7 !hispered that he on time ever5 morning.0
Feedback 7
A.
Fac7Gs brother said, 0"arn me ten minutes before 5ou leave.0 Cis brother told him ten minutes before he left.
Feedback 8
B.
Fac7 said, 04et 5our alarm before 5ou go to bed.0 Fac7 told before he !ent to bed.
Feedback 9
$@.
Fac7 said, 0$se t!o cloc7s if necessar5. Fac7 said to him t!o cloc7s if necessar5.
Feedback 10
$$.
Fac7Gs brother said, 0&o ahead !ithout me.0 Fac7Gs brother told him .
Feedback 11
$&.
0 !ill.0 Fac7 said, 0<onGt forget 5our headH0 Fac7 told him his head.
Feedback 12
R es et
!ractice & Reco&&en$ations an$ Or$ers
Se$ect the verb form that comp$ements the verb in the main c$ause%
• •
f the verb is imperative, select a sub@unctive verb (plain form verb). f the verb is declarative (declares or states a fact or opinion), select a verb !ith normal tense agreement.
.. 2.
4elect the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
!check $'-&&! button at the bottom, or clic7 the "Check" button to the le t as 5ou go.
)ompare 5our response to the ans!er b5 clic7ing the
$'.
The 8resident told the oil company !.top the oil spill.! The Rresent ordered that the oil compan5 the oil spill.
Feedback 13
$(.
The Environmental 8rotection agency
issued a re:uirement to 48 /il 6ompany>
!Improve e:uipment inspections.
The %nvironmental Rrotection agenc5 re:uired that :R 1il )ompan5 so that .0
inspection (n.)
6 a careful loo7 for safet5 standards
Feedback 14
$).
The 7ishermen told the oil-cleaning cre9 !8rotect our 7ishing grounds #areas%.! The fishermen insisted that the oil-cleaning cre!
cre9
their fishing grounds.
(n.) 6 group of !or7ers or athletes
Feedback 15
$<.
The 7ishermen said !Ce hope that the oil 9ill stay 7ar o77shore.! The fishermen hoped that the oil offshore.
Feedback 16
$=.
.cientists proposed to the group o7 7ire 7ighters !Try e?plosives to close the oil 9ell.! 4cientists proposed that the group of fire fighters explosives to close the oil !ell.
Feedback 17
$A.
The oil company says !4e patient!. The oil compan5 suggests that ever5one patient.
Feedback 18
$B.
The company has told us !Ce understand your 7rustration.! The compan5 assured us that it our frustration.
Feedback 19
&@.
* cro9d shouted !No more o77shore oil drillingD! A cro!ded demanded that there no more offshore drilling.
Feedback 20
&$.
.cientists say !This is a huge disaster.! 4cientists claim that this a huge disaster.
Feedback 21
&&.
The government announced !The oil company is responsible 7or the clean-up costs.! The government insisted that the oil compan5 the clean-up costs.
Feedback 22
R es et
;elated practice/ mposition of "ill/ )hanging an nfinitive Rhrase to a That-clause
!ractice ' Treating Ha' (ever
ead
(he best treatment for hay fever is to avoid the thing you are a$$ergic to% If it is po$$en) use an air conditioner to keep it out of your house% *or dust mites) put dust+proof covers on your mattress and pi$$ows% If you are a$$ergic to pets) keep your furry friends out of the bedroom% ,ear wrap+around sung$asses when you go out to protect your eyes from po$$en% -se coo$ compresses on your eyes% (hese are just a few things you can do to treat a$$ergies% .ou can a$so try antihistamines) decongestants) nasa$ sprays) and eye drops%
/$$ergy shots or immunotherapy gradua$$y he$p your body get used to your a$$ergy triggers% (hey are usua$$y recommended for peop$e who have symptoms more than three months each year% (hey can he$p $ower your need for medication to contro$ your symptoms%
allergen (n.) 6 the source or cause of an allerg5, such as pollen, dust, cat hair, etc. allerg5 (n.) 6 a condition in !hich someone reacts to something such as dust, food, mold, pollen, or cat hair. The reaction ma5 be itch5 e5es, runn5 nose, !heeQing, s7in antihistamines (n.) 6 medicine that reduces allergic reaction avoid (v.) 6 7eep a!a5 from compress (n.) 6 a cold cloth that is placed on red, itch5, or s!ollen e5es dust mites (n.) ver5 small (microscopic) insects found in bedrooms. Allergens from mites cause asthmas and other nighttime allergies dust-proof (ad@.) 6 dust cannot go through or get into (the pillo! e5e drops (n.) medicine that is put into e5e furr5 (ad@.) 6 having fur (0hair0 of a dog or cat) ha5 fever (n.) 6 being allergic to the pollen of common plants and grasses immunotherap5 (n.) 6 a treatment that !or7s !ith the bod5Gs natural defense s5stem, !a5 of fighting illness nasal spra5 (n.) 6 medicine that is released into the nose directl5 s5mptoms (n.) 6 the signs or !a5s that a bod5 sho!s illness (runn5 nose, sneeQing, fever, etc.) treat (v.) 6 care for, cure, reduce illness or pain treatment (n.) 6 the care that is given to help someone get better (improve health) or feel less pain trigger (n.) 6 something that sets off, starts an allerg5.
"eb9<.com Allergies
0dit for 0rrors
.. 2. %dit the sentence(s) in the text box.
!check &'-'@! button at the bottom, or clic7 the "Check" button to the le t as 5ou go.
)ompare 5our response to the ans!er b5 clic7ing the
&'.
The doctor told m5 sister avoid allergens.
Edit 23
Feedback 23
&(.
Ce recommended that she used an air conditioner to 7eep pollen out of the house.
Edit 24
Feedback 24
&).
Ce advised her that she uses special pillo! and mattress covers.
Edit 25
Feedback 25
&<.
Ce also told her she is not getting a cat.
Edit 26
Feedback 26
&=.
Ce suggested her !ear !rap-around glasses outside.
Edit 27
Feedback 27
&A.
The doctor recommended her to use e5e drops.
Edit 28
Feedback 28
&B.
The doctor urged that she tried some antihistamine tablets as !ell.
Edit 29
Feedback 29
'@.
f necessar5, he told her come bac7 for some allerg5 shots.
Edit 30
Feedback 30
R es et
Index Grammar-Qui e! "re#i$u! %e!&'$ Que!ti$n ()au!e! 'ext *tatement ()au!e!
Also see/ 01rder0 2 Noun 2 nfin (sub@unctive verbs) 4a5 ? Tell
6 %4* ? %T* ? T%T* 6 %nglish &rammar ;eference ? ;esource 6 Rractices > %xercises 6 Ralo Alto, )alifornia $4A = .- Fun 'O.3
+u)ie *e#a!t$,$u)$!
Reporting sentence structure: verb + TO + infinitive agree, claim, decide, demand, hope, offer, prefer, promise, refuse, threaten etc. Geoffrey: -ll right, I’ll do it. Geoffrey agreed to do it. -l.*aida: &e have captured t!o /S arines. -l.0aida clai s to have captured t!o /S 1arines. Custo er: &ell, I think I’d rather not buy this car. #he custo er decided not to buy that car. %udge: I !ant to see the docu ents. #he 2udge de anded to see the docu ents. Susan: I hope I’ll get to the airport in ti e. Susan !as hoping to get to the airport in ti e.
%oe: I can take you ho e if you !ant. %oe offered to take e ho e. Spokes an: &ell, I !ould rather not say anything at the o ent #he spokes an preferred not to say anything. %ill: I !ill be on ti e, I pro ise. %ill pro ised to be on ti e. Geoffrey: ,o, I !on’t ans!er any *uestions about y private life. Geoffrey refused to ans!er *uestions concerning his private life. Young an on the bridge: 3on’t co e any closer, or else I’ll 2u p. #he disturbed young an threatened to 2u p off the bridge.
Reporting sentence structure: verb + so&ebo$' + TO + infinitive ask, advise, allow, beg, command, encourage, forbid, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn, want etc. Custo s officer: +lease, e pty your pockets, ada . #he officer asked the !o an to e pty her pockets. Geoffrey: I think you should visit a specialist. Geoffrey advised e to visit a specialist. +rofessor +ect: You ustn’t use a dictionary !hile !riting the test. +rofessor +ect did not allo! us to use a dictionary !hile !riting the test. Chris: +lease, please, tell e !hat really happened. Chris begged her to tell the truth. Sergeant: 4ire" #he sergeant co anded the firing s*uad to shoot. /ncle: Have you ever thought of starting scuba diving' I guess you’d love it. 1y uncle encouraged e to take up scuba diving.
1other to Cecil: You ust not talk to %ulie again. Cecil’s other forbade hi to talk to %ulie again. 3octor to patients: You should e5ercise at least 67 inutes a day. #he patients !ere instructed to e5ercise at least 67 inutes a day. I: &hy don’t you co e in for a coffee' I invited hi to co e inside and have a cup of coffee. +olice to photographers at an accident scene: ,o pictures" #he police ordered the photographers not to take any pictures of the accident scene. College regulation: #eachers are not to use corporal punish ent in the classroo . #he rules don’t per it teachers to beat students at this college. Geoffrey to %ulie: )e a vegetarian8 it’s better for your health. %ulie: )ut I like bacon" Geoffrey: You don’t kno! !hat those pigs have been eating. %ulie: Yuck" You’re right. I have never thought about it that !ay. I !on’t eat eat any ore. Geoffrey persuaded %ulie to beco e a vegetarian. Health specialist: I think it !ould be better if people consu ed uch less fat and sugar. #he health specialist !ould prefer people not to consu e so uch fat and sugar. #hesis consultant to student: You should read the #hesis Guide before you start your research. #he thesis consultant reco ended the student to read the #hesis Guide before starting the research. 3avid: 3on’t forget to buy so e ilk. 3avid re inded e to buy so e ilk. Sign: 3o not take photographs, please 9isitors are re*uested not to take photographs. #eacher to pupils: $pen your books at page :7. #he teacher told the pupils to open their books at page :7. 1other to child: 3on’t tease that dog" It !ill bite you" #he other !arned her child not to tease the dog. Secretary to the +resident: ,o!, it’s really high ti e that you handed in your resignation, Sir. #he secretary urged the president to hand in his resignation. )oss to secretary: ;e!rite this letter. #here are far too any istakes in it. #he boss !anted her secretary to re!rite the letter.
Reporting sentence structure: verb + noun ) gerun$ *!I+,accuse sy of, admit (to), apologise for, boast about, confess (to), complain (to sy) about, deny, insist on, prohibit, suggest, warn sy about etc. %ulie: Geoffrey, it !as you !ho stole y gra ar book. %ulie accused Geoffrey of stealing her gra ar book. Geoffrey: Yes, I broke the !indo!. Geoffrey ad itted <to= breaking the !indo!. Groo to bride: I a e5tre ely sorry for being so late. #he groo apologised <to his bride= for being so late. )oy to his friend: &ell, I a such a cool guy that I’ve s!u across >ake )alaton t!ice. #he boy boasted about s!i ing across >ake )alaton t!ice.
%ulie to her neighbour: Yes, it !as e !ho started that ugly ru our about your past. Can you forgive e' %ulie confessed <to= starting an ugly ru our about the past of her neighbour. Student to his friend: I hate having to !rite t!o essays every !eek. #he student co plained <to his friend= about having to !rite t!o essays every !eek. Geoffrey: ,o, I didn’t break the !indo!. Geoffrey denied breaking the !indo!. &ife to husband: I do !ant to invite the %oneses as !ell. #he !ife insisted on inviting the %oneses as !ell. 1useu sign: ,o s oking #hey prohibit s oking in the useu . S oking is prohibited in the useu . %ill: &hat about going to the sauna tonight' %ill proposed going to the sauna. %ill: &hat about going to the sauna tonight' %ill suggested going to the sauna.
-.e teacher re*uested that she arrive on ti e for her piano lesson.
Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses: Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose .
• • • • • • • • • • •
She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" = She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car "It would be a good idea to see the dentist"! said my mother = "y mother suggested I see the dentist #he dentist said! "I think you should use a di$$erent toothbrush" = #he dentist recommended that I should use a di$$erent toothbrush "y manager said! "I think we should e%amine the budget care$ully at this meeting " = "y manager proposed that we examine the budget care$ully at the meeting "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said = She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house
.tt,/&&!,eak!,eak.c$m&en0)i!.-0rammar-exerci!e!&intermediate
The doctor said
(that)¹ I should to get some rest.
get some rest.
The doctor
told me
to get some rest. not to get near other people. (that) I shouldn't not to smoke.
The doctor said
smoke.
The doctor told
me
to stop smoking. not to smoke. (that) I should call him to call immediately.
The doctor said
immediately.
The doctor said
to call him immediately. not to delay.
imperative verb is one that expresses an order or strong obligation for someone to do something. A that-clause tends to be used in more formal contexts. The verb in the that-clause includes the subjunctive
An verb form, the plain form of the verb. (No -s is added for 3rd person singular.) ¹ ncluding that in a that-clause is optional !ith verbs such as say and think. "e tend to leave it out in speech and include it in !riting. That is re#uired in more formal contexts. ($$%& '(3) ()a&%* +(3) ()o&%* ,-.) Also see/ 01rder0 2 Noun 2 nfin 3 45non5ms for 04aid0.
Said
Synonyms said (that) walking was good exercise. told me (that) walking was good
• say (v.) 6 spea7 or pronounce !ords8 He
• tell (v.) 6 spea7 or pronounce !ords (to someone) 8 She
exercise.
Subordinate Imperatives Infinitive or Infinitival lause
Infinitive & Negative Infinitive
INFINITIVE
The verb in the main clause is (mostl5) say or infinitival clause.
9A N )*A$4%
tell and the verb in the subordinate clause is an infinitive verb form or
4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
(;emove punctuation.)
The doctor said
!"et some rest.!
#$% subord. mar7er¹ #&% !ord order [S-V] #'% person > number #(% tense ? verb form
=
=
=
to get some rest
=
#)% time ? place
The doctor said
The doctor told me
NE"*TIVE INFINITIVE
to get some rest.
The verb in the main clause is (mostl5) say or verb form or infinitival clause.
9A N )*A$4%
tell . The verb in the subordinate clause includes not and an infinitive
4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
The doctor said
!+on't smoke.!
#$% subord. mar7er #&% !ord order [S-V] #'% person > number
=
#(% tense ? verb form
not to smoke.
#)% time ? place
The doctor said
The doctor told me
not to smoke.
¹subordinate mar7er 6 that (not used !ith an infinitival clause)
Subordinate Imperatives That!clause with should or sub"unctive verb
Should
T,*T - .,/01+ 2 VE34
or Subjunctive Verb
The verb in the main clause is (mostl5) say or
tell and the verb in the subordinate clause is a modal verb form !ith
4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
should. (Tell re#uires an indirect ob@ect.)
9A N )*A$4%
(;emove punctuation.)
The doctor said
!"et some rest.!
#$%subordinate mar7er #&% !ord order [S-V]
that (5ou) get
some rest
=
#'% person > number
that I get some rest
#(% verb form !should!
that I should get some rest
=
#)% time ? place
The doctor said
The doctor told me
T,*T - .0450N6TIVE VE34
that I should get some rest.
The verb in the main clause is verb !ith an imperative meaning (0command verb0) and the verb in the subordinate clause is plain form (base form).
9A N )*A$4% 4$:1;< NAT% )*A$4%
The doctor advised
!6ome to my o77ice today.!
#$% subordinate mar7er #&% !ord order [S-V] #'% person > number
that (he) come
to my o77ice today
that he come to his o77ice today
#(% sub@unctive verb form
that he come to his o77ice today that he go to his o77ice that same day that he go to his o77ice that same day.
#)% time ? place The doctor advised
¹subordinate mar7er 6 that
.ubjunctive 4ome languages have special verb forms called subjunctive, !hich are used especiall5 to tal7 about
unreal situationsA things !hich are possible, desirable or imaginar5. 1lder %nglish had sub@unctives, but in modern %nglish the5 have mostl5 been replaced b5 uses of should, would and other modal verbs, b5 uses of past tenses, and b5 ordinar5 verb forms. %nglish onl5 has a fe! sub@unctive forms left/ third-person singular present verbs !ith out -s (e.g. she see, he have) and special forms of be (e.g. be, he !ere). %xcept for ?he?she?it !ere after if, the5 are not ver5 common. = 9ichael 4!an. Practical English se age ((,B)
Subjunctive Verb #plain 7orm verb%
$.T 8E3./N &N+ 8E3./N '3+ 8E3./N
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
The doctor advised that I get some The doctor advised that you rest. some rest. The doctor advised that I be The doctor advised that you careful. careful.
get be
The doctor advised that she ? he get some rest. The doctor advised that she ? he be careful.
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
4 N&$*A;
The doctor advised that 9e some rest. The doctor advised that 9e careful.
get be
The doctor advised that you get some rest. The doctor advised that you be careful.
#all% #all%
The doctor advised that they some rest. The doctor advised that they careful.
get be
Verbs with Imperative Meaning
advise
leave. "e advised that he
ask
"e as7 that the5 give us a beg Ce begged that the5 leave chance. him alone.
command
Ce commanded that the5 go.
demand
"e demanded that he stand up.
desire
succeed..
Ce desires that he
7orbid
out late.
4he forbid that he sta5
insist
earl5.
insisted that he come
order
Dou ordered that he propose "e proposed that re:uest "e re#uest that 5ou clean it up. the5 come too. !or7 there.
re:uire
complete it.
"e re#uire that he
suggest
"e suggest that he prepare !ell.
urge
"e urged that the ;ed recommend )ross proceed. that he stop.
"e recommend
9ish
free.
!ish that he be set
The above verbs are complemented b5 a that-clause !ith a sub@unctive verb Also see infinitives used after these verbs/ 01rder0 2 Noun 2 nfin
Common Mistakes #rrors an$ Solutions
E33/3
./10TI/N
EFac7 shouted to
let's go.
Fac7 shouted, 0*etGs goH0 (*et us go.) Fac7 shouted at us to go. in!ormal Fac7 shouted that 9e should go. The counselor recommended that he go to a communit5 college.
IThe counselor recommended that he goes to a communit5 college.
Enot used ? Iused b5 some spea7ers and not others (less formal)
Grammar Notes Tra$itional an$ Linguistic Description
Advanced
T3*+ITI/N*1 ; /T,E3 +E.63I8TI/N.
1IN"0I.TI6 +E.63I8TI/N
;eported speech J!ith imperativesK 6 $$%& .'-B
• •
0 should !atch TL.0 4he said that she should? ought to !atch TL.
A sub@unctive verb uses the simple form of a verb. it does not have present, past, or future formsA it is neither singlular nor plural. 4entences !ith sub@unctive verbs generall5 stress importance or urgenc5. A sub@unctive verb is used in that-clauses that follo! verbs and expressions/ advise, as7, demend, insist, propose, recommend, re#uest, suggest t isM critical, essential, imperative, important, necessar5, vital $$%& (N(O)
JThere isK No subordinate imperative construction = )a&%* .O P+.0 mperatives normall5 occur as main clauses/ there is no grammaticall5 distinct construction that can properl5 be regarded as the subordinate counterpart of a main clause imperativeM0 ;eporting directives/
• • •
*eave her alone JimperativeK Ce ordered? told ? as7ed ? advised him to leave her alone. JinfinitivalK Ce as7ed that leave her alone. Jmandative sub@unctiveK
subjunctive (ad@.) 6 expressing a condition that is uncertain or contrar5 to fact (e.g., i! " were you), including doubt, !ishfulness, possibilit5, demand, and the li7e (e.g., the crowd demanded that she #e heard). = .ubjunctive is restricted to the follo!ing clause &arner +.content/ mandative 6 occurs in construction !ith/ various verbs 9ichael 4!an. Practical English se age ((,B) )<= .ubjunctive 4ome languages have special verb forms called • $e insist that she be ke%t in!ormed. subjunctive, !hich are used especiall5 to tal7 about unreal situationsA things !hich are possible, desirable or imaginar5. 1lder %nglish had • $e insisted that they be ke%t sub@unctives, but in modern %nglish the5 have mostl5 been replaced b5 in!ormed. Jnot bac7shifted for tenseK uses of should, would and other modal verbs, b5 uses of past tenses, and b5 ordinar5 verb forms. %nglish onl5 has a fe! sub@unctive forms left/ third-person singular present verbs !ith out -s (e.g. she see, he have) and special forms of be various adjectives> t isM advisable, (e.g. be, he !ere). %xcept for ?he?she?it !ere after if, the5 are not ver5 appropriate, crucial, desirable, essential, fitting, common. imperative, important, necessar5, obligator5, preferable, proper, urgent, re#uired, vital, etc.
• •
"t is essential that he Jsub@unctiveK "t is essential that he JdeclarativeK
stay here. stays here.
various nouns> advide, agreement, arrangement, decision, intention, motion, preference, proposal, recommendation, re#uirement, suggestion, etc. &he re'uirement that he be
here #y &uesday is non-negotia#le.
various prepositions> if, in case, on condition, unless, provided, for fear, lest, in order, so, etc.
•
•
•
(ee% a straight !ace lest anyone (should) disco)er your intentions. 6onditionals> $e ga)e him the car keys on condition that he not accept any %assengers. 8urposives> E)ery #it o! caution was taken so that no one should enter without #eing
*dversatives>
searched.
)a&%* .. PB...' E?haustive conditional adjuncts. $e will ha)e to !ace the challenge whether it #e here in our country or a#road. )a&%* .. PB...3
esources
• AQar, :ett5 4chrampfer, and 4tac5 A. Cagen. nderstanding and sing English *rammar (UUEG) .
"hite Rlains, Ne! Dor7/ Rearson *ongman, 'OO+. Rrint.
• Cuddleston, ;odne5 and &eoffre5 S. Rullum, et A*. &he +am#ridge *rammar o! the English ,anguage
(CaGEL) . )ambridge/ )ambridge $niversit5 Rress, 'OO'. Rrint.
• 4!an, 9ichael. Practical
Rrint.
English
sage (PEU). Nth ed. 1xford/ 1xford $niversit5 Rress, 'OO+.
!ractice " %rothers
Change #uoted commands to infinitive c$auses%
.. 2. 4elect the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
!check $-$@! button at the bottom, or clic7 the "Check" button to the le t as 5ou go.
)ompare 5our response to the ans!er b5 clic7ing the
$.
Fac7 shouted 0&et 5our bac7pac7 and lunchH0
Fac7 told his brother
bac7pac7 and lunchH
Feedback 1
&.
Fac7 said 0<onGt ma7e me late again.0 Fac7 told his brother late again.
Feedback 2
'.
Fac7 said to his brother, 0Curr5 upH0 Fac7 told his brother .
Feedback 3
(.
Cis brother said, 0*eave me aloneH0 Cis brother told him .
Feedback 4
).
01S then0, Fac7 said, 0"al7 aloneH0 Fac7 told his brother .
Feedback 5
<.
Fac7Gs mother said, 0:e 7ind to 5our brother.0 Fac7Gs mother said that .
Feedback 6
=.
Fac7 !hispered to his brother, 0Rlease be read5 on time ever5 morning.0 Fac7 !hispered that he on time ever5 morning.0
Feedback 7
A.
Fac7Gs brother said, 0"arn me ten minutes before 5ou leave.0 Cis brother told him ten minutes before he left.
Feedback 8
B.
Fac7 said, 04et 5our alarm before 5ou go to bed.0 Fac7 told before he !ent to bed.
Feedback 9
$@.
Fac7 said, 0$se t!o cloc7s if necessar5. Fac7 said to him t!o cloc7s if necessar5.
Feedback 10
$$.
Fac7Gs brother said, 0&o ahead !ithout me.0 Fac7Gs brother told him .
Feedback 11
$&.
0 !ill.0 Fac7 said, 0<onGt forget 5our headH0 Fac7 told him his head.
Feedback 12
R es et
!ractice & Reco&&en$ations an$ Or$ers
Se$ect the verb form that comp$ements the verb in the main c$ause%
• •
f the verb is imperative, select a sub@unctive verb (plain form verb). f the verb is declarative (declares or states a fact or opinion), select a verb !ith normal tense agreement.
.. 2.
4elect the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
!check $'-&&! button at the bottom, or clic7 the "Check" button to the le t as 5ou go.
)ompare 5our response to the ans!er b5 clic7ing the
$'.
The 8resident told the oil company !.top the oil spill.! The Rresent ordered that the oil compan5 the oil spill.
Feedback 13
$(.
The Environmental 8rotection agency
issued a re:uirement to 48 /il 6ompany>
!Improve e:uipment inspections.
The %nvironmental Rrotection agenc5 re:uired that :R 1il )ompan5 so that .0
inspection (n.)
6 a careful loo7 for safet5 standards
Feedback 14
$).
The 7ishermen told the oil-cleaning cre9 !8rotect our 7ishing grounds #areas%.! The fishermen insisted that the oil-cleaning cre!
cre9
their fishing grounds.
(n.) 6 group of !or7ers or athletes
Feedback 15
$<.
The 7ishermen said !Ce hope that the oil 9ill stay 7ar o77shore.! The fishermen hoped that the oil offshore.
Feedback 16
$=.
.cientists proposed to the group o7 7ire 7ighters !Try e?plosives to close the oil 9ell.! 4cientists proposed that the group of fire fighters explosives to close the oil !ell.
Feedback 17
$A.
The oil company says !4e patient!. The oil compan5 suggests that ever5one patient.
Feedback 18
$B.
The company has told us !Ce understand your 7rustration.! The compan5 assured us that it our frustration.
Feedback 19
&@.
* cro9d shouted !No more o77shore oil drillingD! A cro!ded demanded that there no more offshore drilling.
Feedback 20
&$.
.cientists say !This is a huge disaster.! 4cientists claim that this a huge disaster.
Feedback 21
&&.
The government announced !The oil company is responsible 7or the clean-up costs.! The government insisted that the oil compan5 the clean-up costs.
Feedback 22
R es et
;elated practice/ mposition of "ill/ )hanging an nfinitive Rhrase to a That-clause
!ractice ' Treating Ha' (ever
ead
(he best treatment for hay fever is to avoid the thing you are a$$ergic to% If it is po$$en) use an air conditioner to keep it out of your house% *or dust mites) put dust+proof covers on your mattress and pi$$ows% If you are a$$ergic to pets) keep your furry friends out of the bedroom% ,ear wrap+around sung$asses when you go out to protect your eyes from po$$en% -se coo$ compresses on your eyes% (hese are just a few things you can do to treat a$$ergies% .ou can a$so try antihistamines) decongestants) nasa$ sprays) and eye drops%
/$$ergy shots or immunotherapy gradua$$y he$p your body get used to your a$$ergy triggers% (hey are usua$$y recommended for peop$e who have symptoms more than three months each year% (hey can he$p $ower your need for medication to contro$ your symptoms%
allergen (n.) 6 the source or cause of an allerg5, such as pollen, dust, cat hair, etc. allerg5 (n.) 6 a condition in !hich someone reacts to something such as dust, food, mold, pollen, or cat hair. The reaction ma5 be itch5 e5es, runn5 nose, !heeQing, s7in antihistamines (n.) 6 medicine that reduces allergic reaction avoid (v.) 6 7eep a!a5 from compress (n.) 6 a cold cloth that is placed on red, itch5, or s!ollen e5es dust mites (n.) ver5 small (microscopic) insects found in bedrooms. Allergens from mites cause asthmas and other nighttime allergies dust-proof (ad@.) 6 dust cannot go through or get into (the pillo! e5e drops (n.) medicine that is put into e5e furr5 (ad@.) 6 having fur (0hair0 of a dog or cat) ha5 fever (n.) 6 being allergic to the pollen of common plants and grasses immunotherap5 (n.) 6 a treatment that !or7s !ith the bod5Gs natural defense s5stem, !a5 of fighting illness nasal spra5 (n.) 6 medicine that is released into the nose directl5 s5mptoms (n.) 6 the signs or !a5s that a bod5 sho!s illness (runn5 nose, sneeQing, fever, etc.) treat (v.) 6 care for, cure, reduce illness or pain treatment (n.) 6 the care that is given to help someone get better (improve health) or feel less pain trigger (n.) 6 something that sets off, starts an allerg5.
"eb9<.com Allergies
0dit for 0rrors
.. 2. %dit the sentence(s) in the text box.
!check &'-'@! button at the bottom, or clic7 the "Check" button to the le t as 5ou go.
)ompare 5our response to the ans!er b5 clic7ing the
&'.
The doctor told m5 sister avoid allergens.
Edit 23
Feedback 23
&(.
Ce recommended that she used an air conditioner to 7eep pollen out of the house.
Edit 24
Feedback 24
&).
Ce advised her that she uses special pillo! and mattress covers.
Edit 25
Feedback 25
&<.
Ce also told her she is not getting a cat.
Edit 26
Feedback 26
&=.
Ce suggested her !ear !rap-around glasses outside.
Edit 27
Feedback 27
&A.
The doctor recommended her to use e5e drops.
Edit 28
Feedback 28
&B.
The doctor urged that she tried some antihistamine tablets as !ell.
Edit 29
Feedback 29
'@.
f necessar5, he told her come bac7 for some allerg5 shots.
Edit 30
Feedback 30
R es et
Index Grammar-Qui e! "re#i$u! %e!&'$ Que!ti$n ()au!e! 'ext *tatement ()au!e!
Also see/ 01rder0 2 Noun 2 nfin (sub@unctive verbs) 4a5 ? Tell
6 %4* ? %T* ? T%T* 6 %nglish &rammar ;eference ? ;esource 6 Rractices > %xercises 6 Ralo Alto, )alifornia $4A = .- Fun 'O.3
+u)ie *e#a!t$,$u)$!
Reporting sentence structure: verb + TO + infinitive agree, claim, decide, demand, hope, offer, prefer, promise, refuse, threaten etc. Geoffrey: -ll right, I’ll do it. Geoffrey agreed to do it. -l.*aida: &e have captured t!o /S arines. -l.0aida clai s to have captured t!o /S 1arines. Custo er: &ell, I think I’d rather not buy this car. #he custo er decided not to buy that car. %udge: I !ant to see the docu ents. #he 2udge de anded to see the docu ents. Susan: I hope I’ll get to the airport in ti e. Susan !as hoping to get to the airport in ti e.
%oe: I can take you ho e if you !ant. %oe offered to take e ho e. Spokes an: &ell, I !ould rather not say anything at the o ent #he spokes an preferred not to say anything. %ill: I !ill be on ti e, I pro ise. %ill pro ised to be on ti e. Geoffrey: ,o, I !on’t ans!er any *uestions about y private life. Geoffrey refused to ans!er *uestions concerning his private life. Young an on the bridge: 3on’t co e any closer, or else I’ll 2u p. #he disturbed young an threatened to 2u p off the bridge.
Reporting sentence structure: verb + so&ebo$' + TO + infinitive ask, advise, allow, beg, command, encourage, forbid, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn, want etc. Custo s officer: +lease, e pty your pockets, ada . #he officer asked the !o an to e pty her pockets. Geoffrey: I think you should visit a specialist. Geoffrey advised e to visit a specialist. +rofessor +ect: You ustn’t use a dictionary !hile !riting the test. +rofessor +ect did not allo! us to use a dictionary !hile !riting the test. Chris: +lease, please, tell e !hat really happened. Chris begged her to tell the truth. Sergeant: 4ire" #he sergeant co anded the firing s*uad to shoot. /ncle: Have you ever thought of starting scuba diving' I guess you’d love it. 1y uncle encouraged e to take up scuba diving.
1other to Cecil: You ust not talk to %ulie again. Cecil’s other forbade hi to talk to %ulie again. 3octor to patients: You should e5ercise at least 67 inutes a day. #he patients !ere instructed to e5ercise at least 67 inutes a day. I: &hy don’t you co e in for a coffee' I invited hi to co e inside and have a cup of coffee. +olice to photographers at an accident scene: ,o pictures" #he police ordered the photographers not to take any pictures of the accident scene. College regulation: #eachers are not to use corporal punish ent in the classroo . #he rules don’t per it teachers to beat students at this college. Geoffrey to %ulie: )e a vegetarian8 it’s better for your health. %ulie: )ut I like bacon" Geoffrey: You don’t kno! !hat those pigs have been eating. %ulie: Yuck" You’re right. I have never thought about it that !ay. I !on’t eat eat any ore. Geoffrey persuaded %ulie to beco e a vegetarian. Health specialist: I think it !ould be better if people consu ed uch less fat and sugar. #he health specialist !ould prefer people not to consu e so uch fat and sugar. #hesis consultant to student: You should read the #hesis Guide before you start your research. #he thesis consultant reco ended the student to read the #hesis Guide before starting the research. 3avid: 3on’t forget to buy so e ilk. 3avid re inded e to buy so e ilk. Sign: 3o not take photographs, please 9isitors are re*uested not to take photographs. #eacher to pupils: $pen your books at page :7. #he teacher told the pupils to open their books at page :7. 1other to child: 3on’t tease that dog" It !ill bite you" #he other !arned her child not to tease the dog. Secretary to the +resident: ,o!, it’s really high ti e that you handed in your resignation, Sir. #he secretary urged the president to hand in his resignation. )oss to secretary: ;e!rite this letter. #here are far too any istakes in it. #he boss !anted her secretary to re!rite the letter.
Reporting sentence structure: verb + noun ) gerun$ *!I+,accuse sy of, admit (to), apologise for, boast about, confess (to), complain (to sy) about, deny, insist on, prohibit, suggest, warn sy about etc. %ulie: Geoffrey, it !as you !ho stole y gra ar book. %ulie accused Geoffrey of stealing her gra ar book. Geoffrey: Yes, I broke the !indo!. Geoffrey ad itted <to= breaking the !indo!. Groo to bride: I a e5tre ely sorry for being so late. #he groo apologised <to his bride= for being so late. )oy to his friend: &ell, I a such a cool guy that I’ve s!u across >ake )alaton t!ice. #he boy boasted about s!i ing across >ake )alaton t!ice.
%ulie to her neighbour: Yes, it !as e !ho started that ugly ru our about your past. Can you forgive e' %ulie confessed <to= starting an ugly ru our about the past of her neighbour. Student to his friend: I hate having to !rite t!o essays every !eek. #he student co plained <to his friend= about having to !rite t!o essays every !eek. Geoffrey: ,o, I didn’t break the !indo!. Geoffrey denied breaking the !indo!. &ife to husband: I do !ant to invite the %oneses as !ell. #he !ife insisted on inviting the %oneses as !ell. 1useu sign: ,o s oking #hey prohibit s oking in the useu . S oking is prohibited in the useu . %ill: &hat about going to the sauna tonight' %ill proposed going to the sauna. %ill: &hat about going to the sauna tonight' %ill suggested going to the sauna.
-.e teacher re*uested that she arrive on ti e for her piano lesson.
Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses: Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose .
• • • • • • • • • • •
She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" = She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car "It would be a good idea to see the dentist"! said my mother = "y mother suggested I see the dentist #he dentist said! "I think you should use a di$$erent toothbrush" = #he dentist recommended that I should use a di$$erent toothbrush "y manager said! "I think we should e%amine the budget care$ully at this meeting " = "y manager proposed that we examine the budget care$ully at the meeting "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said = She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house
.tt,/&&!,eak!,eak.c$m&en0)i!.-0rammar-exerci!e!&intermediate
