Research Methods in Education
Content
ASSIGNMENT 1 JANUARY 2014 SEMESTER
SUBJECT CODE
:
ESM641
SUBJECT TITLE
:
RESEARCH METHODS IN EDUCATION
LEVEL
:
MASTER OF EDUCATION
:
LILY PREMALA MICHAEL
MATRIC NO.
:
E6010114009
PROGRAMME
:
MASTER OF EDUCATION
ACADEMIC FACILATATOR
:
PUAN NORYATI ALIAS
LEARNING CENTRE
:
ONLINE
STUDENT’S NAME
Article Critique Volume 4, Number 1 Fall 2013 Riveros, A., Newton, P., P., Costa, !. "2013#. From $eac%ers $eac%ers to $eac%er&'ea(ers) $eac%er&'ea(ers) A Case *tu(+
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$%is review criticall+ reviews t%e article From $eac%ers to $eac%er&'ea(ers- b+ Auusto Riveros, Paul Newton an( !ose (a Costa w%ic% a//eare( in nternational !ournal o $eac%er 'ea(ers%i/. $%e review will critique t%e article, evaluatin its ocus on t%e stu(+, t%e researc% questions or %+/ot%eses, t%e met%o( an( instrument use(, t%e /roce(ure, t%e in(ins an( t%e conclusion at t%e en( o t%e article. verall, t%e article was well written, clear an( relevant. I. S")"*+ S")"*+*! *!"" $, "-* P#$ P#$/* /*+ + a.
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$%e to/ic o t%e stu(+ is to ocus attention on t%e teac%ers- e/eriences o lea(ers%i/. $%e aut%ors state, teac%er lea(ers%i/ %as been /ositione( as a central com/onent in (iscourses on e(ucational c%ane an( im/rovement.5 $%is sets t%e contet or more s/eciic researc% /roblem. . R** R**)# )#''- P#$ P#$/* /*+ +
As t%e title o t%e article suests, teac%er lea(ers%i/ is rom teac%ers to e/erience( teac%er&lea(ers. n t%is stu(+, t%e aut%ors oer an anal+sis o a /rovince&wi(e teac%er lea(ers%i/ initiative t%at was a(ministere( b+ 2'earn.ca *ociet+. $%e /ur/ose is to intro(uce t%e innovation an( tec%nolo+ inusion in 6&12 curricula. $%e conce/t o teac%er lea(ers%i/ is t%e central to t%is initiative. $'7 or $eac%er&'ea(er 7o(el is built on t%e /otential o teac%ers w%o %a( interest in tec%nolo+ an( lea(ers%i/ in t%eir own sc%ool (istricts. '. R**) R**)#' #'- &*"( &*"($! $! 3 H$"H$"-** **
No s/eciic researc% questions or %+/ot%esis is note(, but t%e aut%ors (o a((ress t%e overall contet or t%eir qualitative stu(+. $%e+ state t%at we arue t%at t%ese t%emes are o central im/ortance in t%e (evelo/ment o ormal an( inormal teac%er lea(ers.5 $%e aut%ors (escribe t%at t%ere are emerences o our t%emes, state( un(er t%e met%o(olo+ sub%ea(in "/artici/ant (emora/%ics#, (urin t%e /rocess o con(uctin t%is stu(+. $%e sam/le "n# is nonran(om, over 280 teac%ers t%at involve( as teac%er lea(ers t%rou% 2'earn.ca *ociet+ an( $eac%er&'ea(er 7o(el "$'7#. $%e researc%es (i( not state t%e eact number o teac%ers involve( wit%in t%e sam/le. $%ere is no s/eciic numbers iven or t%e male or emale teac%ers involve( in t%e stu(+. 9esi(es en(er, t%e ae or marital status o t%e teac%ers involve( seem not to be questione(. $%is s%ows t%at all t%e c%aracteristics above are not require( in t%e stu(+ as t%e+ are not correlate( wit% t%e /ur/ose o t%e stu(+. :ence, t%e researc%ers are ivin t%eir ocus on t%e e/eriences, roles an( s;ills o a teac%er lea(er. t%ere is a larer sam/le wit% rear( to all cateories or c%aracteristics, it will %ave ai(e( in t%e (ata anal+sis, /articularl+ w%en loo;in or /ossible interactions between t%e variables. $%e aut%ors state t%is set o criteria illustrate( %ow t%e *ociet+ rame( t%e conce/t o teac%er lea(ers%i/ or t%e $'C /roram.5 t claims t%at t%e /roram will beneit t%e teac%ers w%o /artici/ate as it is a /rocess&oriente( in(ivi(ual, wit% classroom e/erience an( ;nowle(e o Alberta core curriculum.5 $%e last /arara/% o 'iterature %ea(in, t%e aut%ors (escribe a ew attributes t%at a teac%er&lea(er %as till t%e en(. Four out o t%e ei%t attributes state( are relate( to t%e teac%er-s e/eriences in teac%in, in t%e classroom wit% t%eir stu(ents. II. II. M*"M*"-$% $%$/ $/$5 $5
$%e aut%ors state we at%ere( (ata t%rou% an iterative&in(uctive a//roac% base( on our interaction wit% t%ese ormer an( current teac%er lea(ers.5 $%e+ use( semi&structure( interviews amon t%e e/erience( teac%er lea(ers%i/ /artici/ants as t%e+ are li;el+ intereste( to (escribe t%e correlation between t%e e/eriences t%at t%e /artici/ants elt an( t%eir rowt% as teac%ers an( e(ucational lea(ers. $%e aut%ors a((e( t%at rom t%e as/ect o (ata anal+sis, t%e+ em/lo+e( an inter/retivist ramewor; as t%ere is (iicult+ in un(erstan(in t%e social realit+ o (ail+ lie a/art a/a rt rom conversation an( interaction.
n t%is stu(+, t%e aut%ors mentione( t%at t%e+ are able to revise t%e (esin o t%e researc% as t%e /atterns emere( rom t%e (ata t%at t%e+ %ave collecte(. $%is allowe( t%em to i(enti+ our ;e+ t%emes. $%e irst ;e+ was relate( to t%e /rocesses t%at le( to emerence o teac%er lea(ers. *econ(l+ was relate( to t%e wa+s in w%ic% teac%er lea(ers (evelo/e( t%eir un(erstan(in o lea(ers%i/. $%ir(l+ was t%e role o /roessional interest an( motivations in recruitin teac%er lea(ers. 'astl+ was t%e /rocess t%at relate( to t%e orani<ational arranements t%at acilitate t%e emerence o teac%er lea(ers. 9+ ;nowin t%is, t%e researc%ers woul( be able to stu(+ t%e case (ee/er an( reine( questions t%at to be inclu(e( in t%eir semi&structure( interviews. *electe( re/utational sam/lin or also ;nown as a t+/e o /ur/oseul sam/lin is use( b+ t%e researc%ers to collect (ata. $%is t+/e o sam/lin was sai( to be recommen(e( b+ t%e ;nowle(eable e/erts. n t%e selection o t%e /artici/ants, 21 ormer lea(ers w%o been invite( to /artici/ate in t%e stu(+, are nominate( b+ 2'earn.ca *ociet+. t is also mentione( t%at t%e researc%ers inclu(e( a re/resentative sam/le o more t%an 280 ormer /artici/ants, w%ereb+ t%e+ are rom variet+ o ormal an( non&ormal lea(ers%i/ /ositions, an( eora/%ic area o t%e /rovince. $%us, t%e in(in will not be b e too broa(l+ enerali<able enerali<able an( are suicientl+ to /rovi(e insi%ts into t%e nature o becomin a teac%er lea(er. =ata collection met%o( is (escribe( in consi(erable (etail as one woul( e/ect wit% a qualitative stu(+. $%e semi&structure( interviews inclu(e t%e ace&to&ace interviews or vi(eo conerencin or (istance /artici/ants, wit% o/en&en(e( questions con(ucte( towar(s t%e en( o t%e interviews. interviews. $%e interviews interviews wit% o/en&en(e( o/en&en(e( questions questions are in t%e /ur/ose o allowin allowin t%e /artici/ants to tal; about t%eir e/eriences an( /erce/tions, besi(es s%arin t%eir own o/inions or un un(er (erst stan an(i (in n o t%e t%e e/er e/erie ienc nces es wi wit% t% 2'ea 2'earn rn.c .caa te teac ac%e %err le lea( a(er ers% s%i/ i/ in init itia iati tive ve.. Fu Furt rt%er %er investiation or (etaile( res/onses to i(eas, w%ic% emere( (urin t%e interviews, is con(ucte( too. =urin t%e ace&to&ace interviews, iel( notes are also bein ta;en b+ t%e researc%ers, as t%e+ state t%e im/ortance o %i%li%tin t%e as/ects o t%e conversations. t is sai( t%at t%e em/%asis an( estures are unable to recor(. $%e notes are also ta;en in t%e /ur/ose o reisterin t%e t%emes an( to/ics t%at a//eare( (urin t%e conversations between t%e researc%ers an( t%e /artici/ants.
9+ t%e last /arara/%, in t%e irst %ea(in ntro(uction, t%e aut%ors state over 20,000 /aes o curriculum&relate( resources are create( b+ t%e /artici/ants as t%e /ro(uct o t%eir /artici/ation in t%e initiative. $%e resources are sai( sai( to be %el/ul to t%e researc%ers as t%is %el/e( t%em to %ave t%e abilit+ to (escribe t%e contets wit%in w%ic% /artici/ants wor;e(. 9+ usin t%is met%o( in t%is stu(+, it is sai( to become more reine( as t%e ;nowle(e o t%e researc%ers rew an( t%e questions or t%e interviews are also reine( over time.5 As state( earlier b+ t%e researc%ers, t%e main /ur/ose o t%is stu(+ is to investiate t%e ormer orm er /artici/ant /artici/antss- e/eriences e/eriences an( t%eir (evelo/ment (evelo/ment as teac%er lea(ers, lea(ers, in 2'earn.ca 2'earn.ca > $'C. $%e aut%ors e/lain t%at t%e+ manae( to interview onl+ 21 out o t%e 280 /artici/ants, (ue to time an( bu(etar+ constraints. $%e+ /re/are( t%e (etails o t%e res/on(ents in a orm o a table o two columns, w%ic% t%e irst column is t%e role o t%e /artici/ants an( t%e secon( column is t%e number o /artici/ants? written as N "sam/le#. All t%e interviews, iel( notes an( resources were (iitall+ au(io&recor(e(, transcribe( an( eamine( or t%emes. III. R*&/" )!% C$!'/&($! C$!'/&($!
$%e aut%ors bein b+ relatin t%eir in(ins bac; to t%e overall /ur/ose o t%e stu(+, to investiate teac%ers- e/eriences o lea(ers%i/5. $o t%at en(, t%e+ i(enti+ several t%emes. t%e mes. $eac%er $e ac%er lea(ers enerall+ emere t%rou% t%rou% inormal inormal /rocesses /rocesses o lea(ers%i/ lea(ers%i/ in t%eir sc%ools an( sc%ool (istricts5 is t%e irst t%eme w%ereb+ t%e teac%ers commente( %ow t%e+ un(erstan( teac%er lea(ers%i/ an( t%eir e/eriences (urin t%e 2'earn.ca tenure. $%e aut%ors state t%ere is an arument b+ t%e res/on(ent o t%is stu(+ rear(in t%e concern o teac%er lea(ers%i/ lea(er s%i/ in t%e e(ucation e(ucation s+stem an( suestion suestion is ma(e about t%e im/ortance im/ortance o teac%er lea(er lea (ers%i s%i/ / as a mec%an mec%anism ism55 an( its its (evelo/ (evelo/men mentt or better better stu(ent stu(ent learni learnin. n. t%ers t%ers are suestin teac%er lea(ers%i/ is a set o s;ill5, state t%e two orms o teac%er lea(ers%i/? ormal an( inormal. $%e aut%ors also state t%e (ierences o c%aracteristics an( roles between t%ese two orms, or better un(erstan(in. $eac%er lea(ers (evelo/ a broa(er un(erstan(in o e(ucational lea(ers%i/ an( /olic+ w%en t%e+ wor; across @uris(ictions an( sc%ool contets5 is t%e secon( t%eme note(. $%e aut%ors
state one o t%e questions as;e( to t%e res/on(ent rear(in %is role o bein classroom teac%er to a larer lea(ers%i/ role wit%in t%e s+stem. :is res/onses, %e is more /roessional as %e c%anes rom t%e as/ect o mannerism. $%e aut%ors state t%e e/eriences o bein a teac%er to %i%er lea(ers%i/, broa(er t%e /ers/ective w%at is t%e meanin o lea(ers%i/ an( t%e /rocesses o t%e /olic+ /olic+,, w%ic% w%ic% un(erli un(erliee teac%i teac%in n /racti /ractices ces.5 .5 $%is $%is brins brins better better un(erst un(erstan(i an(in n o t%e /artici/ants on t%ese matters an( t%e im/act in classroom /ractices. /ractices. $%e net t%eme state b+ t%e aut%ors is teac%er lea(ers can be recruite( into broa(er lea(ers%i/ roles b+ atten(in to t%eir /roessional interests an( /assions.5 From t%e t%eme, it is t%e interest an( /assion o t%e teac%ers to be involve( in 2'earn initiative. $%e aut%ors a((e( it is not t%e a(vancement o lea(ers%i/ an( career becomes t%e main oals o t%e teac%ers as t%e /rocesses o teac%er lea(ers%i/ t%at emere( (urin t%e 2'earn.ca /ro@ect as ;e+ mec%anism or t%e (evelo/ment o t%eir lea(ers%i/ s;ills an( as/irations.5 $%is t%eme also reerre( to in t%e irst t%eme, t%e im/ortance t%eme, im/ortance o teac%er lea(ers%i/ lea(ers%i/ as a mec%anism.5 mec%anism.5 $%is s%ows t%ere is correlation correlation emeres between t%e im/ortance o teac%er lea(ers%i/ an( t%e /assion or interest wit%in t%e teac%ers. $%e last t%eme o t%is stu(+ is teac%er lea(ers require leible structures in t%e sc%ool t%at acilitate t%e (evelo/ment o trust an( colleialit+ wit% t%eir /eers.5 $%ere is a siniicant (ier (i erence ence on t%e buil(i buil(in n an( collab collabora oratio tion n o $ea eac%er c%er&'e &'ea(e a(ers. rs. $%e arume arument nt r rom om t%e res/on( res /on(ent entss is t%e evi(ent evi(ent on t%e colle colleial ial relati relations ons%i/ %i/ wit% wit% ot%er ot%er teac%e teac%ers rs w%ic% w%ic% teac% teac%er er lea(ers%i/ is more about ever+bo(+ an( not @ust about me.5 t is about en%ancin ot%ers to (o somet%in new an( (ierent (urin t%eir teac%in /rocess. 9ut, t%e aut%ors state t%ere is an issue o trust (evelo/ment5 (evelo/ment5 amon t%e teac%ers. ven so, t%ere is a suestion suestion ma(e t%at $eac%er $eac%er&& 'ea(er nee(s cre(ibilit+ as teac%er in or(er to successull+ buil( relations%i/ an( inluence ot%er teac%ers.5 $%us, t%e establis%ment o trust wit% one an( an ( anot%er t%rou% t%e colleial relations%i/ are base( on sense o s%arin o /roessional i(entit+ is t%e evi(ent rom t%e interviewe( teac%ers. n conclusion, t%e aut%ors state t%at t%e belies an( e/eriences o sc%ool teac%ers (o correlate( wit% teac%ers lea(ers%i/. $%e+ assert t%eir case stu(+ also s%ows t%e establis%ment o t%e lea(ers%i/ roles t%rou% t%e /roessional initiative (evelo/ment. $%e+ also conclu(e t%at t%is
casee stu(+ cas stu(+ oer oerss useul useul si%ts si%ts into into /racti /ractical cal str strate ateie iess to i(enti i(enti+ + an( motiva motivate te teac%e teac%ers rs intereste( in lea(ers%i/ roles in sc%ool5 even t%is is not t%eir /rimar+ /ur/ose. :owever, t%e+ also reconi<e t%eir conclusions require caution in inter/retation (ue to suc% variables as t%e teac%er-s e/erience an( roles. n t%is stu(+, t%e researc%es state t%e+ use( a qualitative met%o(, %a( (rawn t%eir conclusion to limit, in terms o enerali<ation. Finall+, overall o t%is stu(+ (oes s%ow conruenc+ between t%e researc% questions, t%e met%o(olo+ an( t%e in(ins o t%e stu(+. As a((itional, t%ere is no uture researc% sueste( b+ t%e aut%ors in t%is stu(+ b+ t%e en( o t%e conclusion.
