Respiratory
Content
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
Root – site of vascular and bronchial attachments Costal surface – anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs Apex – narrow superior tip Base – inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm Hilus – indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels
Control of Respiration: Medullary Respiratory Centers
Medullary Respiratory Centers
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema • Patients have a history of:
– Smoking – Dyspnea, where labored breathing occurs and gets progressively worse – Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
• COPD victims develop respiratory failure accompanied by hypoxemia, carbon dioxide retention, and respiratory acidosis
Pathogenesis of COPD
Asthma
Asthma
• Characterized by dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness • Active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms • Airway inflammation is an immune response caused by release of IL-4 and IL-5, which stimulate IgE and recruit inflammatory cells • Airways thickened with inflammatory exudates magnify the effect of bronchospasms
Tuberculosis
• Infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, a racking cough, and splitting headache • Treatment entails a 12-month course of antibiotics
Lung Cancer
• Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the U.S. • 90% of all patients with lung cancer were smokers • The three most common types are:
– Squamous cell carcinoma (20-40% of cases) arises in bronchial epithelium – Adenocarcinoma (25-35% of cases) originates in peripheral lung area – Small cell carcinoma (20-25% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
Root – site of vascular and bronchial attachments Costal surface – anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs Apex – narrow superior tip Base – inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm Hilus – indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels
Control of Respiration: Medullary Respiratory Centers
Medullary Respiratory Centers
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema • Patients have a history of:
– Smoking – Dyspnea, where labored breathing occurs and gets progressively worse – Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
• COPD victims develop respiratory failure accompanied by hypoxemia, carbon dioxide retention, and respiratory acidosis
Pathogenesis of COPD
Asthma
Asthma
• Characterized by dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness • Active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms • Airway inflammation is an immune response caused by release of IL-4 and IL-5, which stimulate IgE and recruit inflammatory cells • Airways thickened with inflammatory exudates magnify the effect of bronchospasms
Tuberculosis
• Infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, a racking cough, and splitting headache • Treatment entails a 12-month course of antibiotics
Lung Cancer
• Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the U.S. • 90% of all patients with lung cancer were smokers • The three most common types are:
– Squamous cell carcinoma (20-40% of cases) arises in bronchial epithelium – Adenocarcinoma (25-35% of cases) originates in peripheral lung area – Small cell carcinoma (20-25% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
