Surface Monitoring Instrumentation for Carbon Sequestration
Rod Madsen RECS 2011
1
6/13/11
Leaks?
Why Surface Monitoring?
• To demonstrate that storage is a permanent sequestration option • Help refine the field deployment technologies for large scale injections • Track migration over time for validation and calibration of model predictions and monitoring tools • Assure the public that human health and the environment are high priorities
– Establish baseline conditions – Refine early warning tools of storage leaks and diagnosis of why storage may leak
Requirements for a good measurement
FCO2 ∝ (CO2soil - CO2chamber) + mass flow
1. 3. 5. 6. CO2soil not disturbed CO2chamber = CO2air Good mixing No disturbance to soil moisture, temperature or radiation
2. Pbench ~ Pambient 4. Pchamber = Pambient
6
6/13/11
Requirement: Minimal Soil Disturbance
CO
• Slowly close & open the 2 chamber
soil
not disturbed
Requirement: Pbench~Pambient Flow Control
7
6/13/11
Requirement: Pbench~Pambient Flow Control
If no pressure controller, Pbench~ -10 kPa at 3 LPM
8
6/13/11
Requirement: Pcham=Pambient Key features: New pressure vent design
Requirement: Good Mixing
Current LTC, 5.6 cm offset, flow=1.5 LPM
800
Requirement: No disturbance to soil moisture, temperature or
radiation
Key features: Move the chamber away when not in measurement
mode
ted fora Per eplate Bas
Mead corn field testing 2005
10
6/13/11
Results: 2005 Mead corn field
4
Within Row Between Row Temperature 3.3 mm rain event
40
Soil CO2 flux (µmol m s )
-2 -1
3
30
2
20
1
Frost event (-2oC)
10
0
266
270
272 Day of Year
274
276
0
a. FCO2 higher within row than between rows b. Rain event enhanced FCO2 c. Diurnal variation in FCO2 became smaller after a frost
“Sniffing” CO2 with the LI-8100A
Temperature ( C)
o
11
6/13/11
500 450 400
12
6/13/11
13
6/13/11
SECARB
Site Monitoring Activity SECARB
14
6/13/11
SW Partnership
SW Partnership
15
6/13/11
Midwest Regional
Midwest Regional
16
6/13/11
Midwest Regional
MVA Conceptual
Eddy Covariance Tower
Soil CO2 Flux
17
6/13/11
Monitoring Table
Technique
Reservoir Pressure and Fluid Composition
Equipment
Pressure dataloggers and sample bombs in both injection and deep monitoring wells Visual Monitoring
Parameters
Formation and injection pressure CO2, TDS, ph
Application
Injectivity and heterogeneity Tracking CO2 migration and leakage through formations Surface Seepage
Surface Vegetation
Vegetation Stress
Soil Gas and Eddy Covariance
Carbon Isotopes
LI-8100/LI-7500
CO2 Flux
Surface Seepage
Modified LI-8100 sampling with off site analysis or NETL portable Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer (CRDS) Well sampling with peristalic pumps for both purge and sample with off site analysis Hydrostatic pressure gauge Wire line tool (acoustic log)
Indentify source of CO2
Surface Seepage
Groundwater Quality
Ph, TOC/TIC, soluble metals
Shallow Groundwater
UIC Integrity Testing
Hydrostatic Pressure Test (HPT) Cement Bond Log (CBL)
Internal integrity of well casing External integrity of casing cement and borehole
Conclusions
• Surface CO2 measurements can be an important part of a MVA protocol • A baseline understanding of the ecosystem CO2 flux is essential for any type of leak detection • A combination of diurnal and spatial measurements can answer the background questions fast and effectively • Public perception is key