Independent media in the Chinese-speaking societies
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong 文Question Legitimacy crisis Malaysia Changes in political leadership
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong 文Question Legitimacy crisis Malaysia What are the relationships between independent media, NewChanges in political information Mainland China and New media technology leadership environment? Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia It refers to those media outlets which are independent of government and corporate Changes in political groups and mostly engaging in social, cultural Mainland China leadership and political issues or advocacy. Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia It refers to those media outlets which are independent of government and corporate Changes in political groups and mostly engaging in social, cultural Mainland China leadership and political issues or advocacy. 本 Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia New Information technology Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Internet Technologies aroundcrisis Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Internet Technologies aroundcrisis Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China Multiple media outlets leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Internet Technologies aroundcrisis Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China Multiple media outlets leadership Synergy of multimedia本 本 Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
New Information Technology
Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
New Information Technology
Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
New media environment
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
New Information Technology
Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
New media environment
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
New Information Technology
Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
New media environment
Changes in political The rise leadershipof
independent media
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Any intervening Legitimacy crisis factor? Malaysia
New Information Technology
Mainland China
New media environment
Changes in political The rise leadershipof
independent media
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Any intervening Legitimacy crisis factor? Malaysia
New Information Technology
Mainland China
New media environment
Changes in political The rise leadershipof
independent media
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Against technological determinism Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership are The political movements triggered off by Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership are The political movements triggered off by legitimacy crisis of the authoritarian regime. exception: Taiwan as an independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership are The political movements triggered off by legitimacy crisis of the authoritarian regime. exception: Taiwan as an independent media under nonchanges inauthoritarian regime political leadership.
Hong Kong
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s)
Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s)
Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis Independent media had been strong in the Changes in 1970s (the late colonial period) political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s)
Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis Independent media had been strong in the Changes in 1970s (the late colonial period) political Mainland China leadership It was overwhelmed by the rise of media conglomerates since the 1980s. Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s)
Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis Independent media had been strong in the Changes in 1970s (the late colonial period) political Mainland China leadership It was overwhelmed by the rise of media conglomerates since the 1980s. Taiwan bubble (1995-2001) led to a The dot-com as an exception: independent media under nonfever in the commercial sector. authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities
The Kong Hong rise of independent media did not Legitimacy crisis regain Malaysia its momentum until 2003.
Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities
The Kong Hong rise of independent media did not Legitimacy crisis regain Malaysia its momentum until 2003.
Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political opportunities Tung Chee Wah's post-colonial regime
Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political opportunities Tung Chee Wah's post-colonial regime
Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis Economic recession (since 1997) Changes in political leadership
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political opportunities Tung Chee Wah's post-colonial regime
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political Mainland China leadership Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political opportunities Tung Chee Wah's post-colonial regime
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political opportunities Tung Chee Wah's post-colonial regime
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political opportunities Tung Chee Wah's post-colonial regime
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership The public anxiety spread Taiwan as an exception: from economy and independent media under non- media governance to authoritarian regime Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan as an exception: to politically commercially run independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan as an exception: to politically commercially run independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan as an exception: to politically commercially run independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
Mainland China
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian crisis Legitimacy meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian crisis Legitimacy meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian crisis Legitimacy meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes in along with was crushed political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian crisis Legitimacy meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes in along with was crushed political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989 The sector of information technology and the investment in IT have been booming since thean exception: Taiwan as mid 1990s. independent media under non-
authoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian crisis Legitimacy meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes in along with was crushed political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989 The sector of information technology and the investment in IT have been booming since thean exception: Taiwan as mid 1990s. independent media They did not lead to the under nonrise of authoritarian regimeindependent media until 2003
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao The SARS outbreak and apolitical series of Changes in Mainland China civil right issues in 2003 leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao The SARS outbreak and apolitical series of Changes in Mainland China civil right issues in 2003 leadership Ascendancy of people's Taiwan as an political expectation for a exception: loose and nonindependent media underfree environment authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia zuola.com Mainland China
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes onpolitical in speed in internet Mainland China leadership
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes onpolitical in speed in internet Mainland China leadership Non-government-affliated Taiwan as an exception: NGO publications independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes onpolitical in speed in internet Mainland China leadership Non-government-affliated Taiwan as an exception: NGO publications independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Malaysia
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
Barisan Nasional (sincecrisis 1957): Hong Kong Legitimacy Media ownership and cooperating Malaysia with media tycoons (such as Tiong Hiew-King) Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
Barisan Nasional (sincecrisis 1957): Hong Kong Legitimacy Media ownership and cooperating Malaysia with media tycoons (such as Tiong Hiew-King) Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: printing and Tight control over independent media under non- and ISA broadcasting licenses authoritarian regime (Internal Security Act)
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Reformasi and its aftermath (1998) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Reformasi and its aftermath (1998) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership Anonymous websites posing Taiwanchallenges to the ruling partyas an exception: independent owned under non- and TV media newspaper authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia Changes in political leadership
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia Changes in political Malaysiakini (launched in leadership 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia Changes in political Malaysiakini (launched in leadership 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia Changes in political Malaysiakini (launched in leadership 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: Merdeka Review (launched independent media under nonin 2005, Chinese) authoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia Changes in political Malaysiakini (launched in leadership 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: Merdeka Review (launched independent media under nonin 2005, Chinese) authoritarian regime
Taiwan
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Before 1987 Political opportunities when the Martial Law was lifted, Taiwan was dominated by the authoritarian regime of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis KMT Malaysia Changes in political leadership
Mainland China
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Before 1987 Political opportunities when the Martial Law was lifted, Taiwan was dominated by the authoritarian regime of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis KMT Malaysia From the China late 1980s to theChanges in political early 1990s: Mainland leadership Democratization and the rise of independent media
-Independent magazine and newspaper -Video Taiwan as an exception: -Pirate radio and TV independent media under non-E-newsletter
authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes institution -academicin political Mainland China leadership -NGO Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes institution -academicin political Mainland China leadership -NGO Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes institution -academicin political Mainland China leadership -NGO Blog and online activist media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Concluding remarks
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia Legitimacy crisis
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime