Six Key Elements in Organizational Design
Organizational design is engaged when managers develop or change an organization's structure.
Organizational Design is a process that involves decisions about the following six key elements:
I. Work Specialization
Describes the degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into
separate jobs. The main idea of this organizational design is that an entire job
is not done by one individual. It is broken down into steps, and a different
person completes each step. Individual employees specialize in doing part of
an activity rather than the entire activity.
II. Departmentalization
It is the basis by which jobs are grouped together. For instance every
organization has its own specific way of classifying and grouping work
activities.
This section is
presented by:
Claudia Gardea
There are five common forms of departmentalization:
1. Functional Departmentalization. As shown in the Figure 2-1, it groups jobs by functions
performed. It can be used in all kinds of organizations; it depends on the goals each of them
wants to achieve.
Figure 2-1Functional Departmentalization example
Different aspects on this type of departmentalization:
Positive Aspects
o
o
o
Efficiencies from putting
together similar specialties
and people with common
skills, knowledge, and
orientations
Coordination within
functional area
In-depth specialization
Negative Aspects
o
o
Poor communication
across functional areas
Limited view of
organizational goals
2. Product Departmentalization. It groups jobs by product line. Each manager is responsible of
an area within the organization depending of his/her specialization
Figure 2: Product Departmentalization example
Source: Bombardier Annual Report
Different aspects on this type of departmentalization:
Positive Aspects
o
o
o
Allows specialization in
particular products and
services
Managers can become
experts in their industry
Closer to customers
Negative Aspects
o
o
Duplication of functions
Limited view of
organizational goals
3. Geographical Departmentalization. It groups jobs on the basis of territory or geography.
Figure 2-3: Geographical Departmentalization example
Different aspects on this type of departmentalization:
Positive Aspects
o
o
More effective and
efficient handling of
specific regional issues
that arise
Serve needs of unique
geographic markets better
Negative Aspects
o
o
Duplication of functions
Can feel isolated from
other organizational areas
4. Process Departmentalization. It groups on the basis of product or customer flow.
Figure 2-4: Process Departmentalization example
Different aspects on this type of departmentalization:
Positive Aspects
o
More efficient flow of work
activities
Negative Aspects
o
Can only be used with
certain types of products
5. Customer Departmentalization. It groups jobs on the basis of common customers
Figure 2-5: Customer Departmentalization example
Different aspects on this type of departmentalization:
Positive Aspects
o
Customers' needs and
problems can be met by
specialists
Negative Aspects
o
o
Duplication of functions
Limited view of
organizational goals
III. Chain of command
It is defined as a continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to the lowest
levels and clarifies who reports to whom. There are three important concepts attached to this theory:
Authority: Refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to
expect them to do it.
Responsibility: The obligation to perform any assigned duties.
Unity of command: The management principle that each person should report to only one
manager.
IV. Span of Control
It is important to a large degree because it determines the number of levels and managers an
organization has. Also, determines the number of employees a manager can efficiently and effectively
manage.
V. Centralization and Decentralization
More Centralization
Environment is stable
Lower-level managers are
not as capable or
experienced at making
decisions as upper-level
managers.
Lower-level managers do
not want to have say in
decisions
Decisions are significant.
Organization is facing a
crisis or the risk of company
failure.
Company is large.
Effective implementation of
company strategies
depends on managers
retaining say over what
happens.
More Decentralization
Environment is complex,
uncertain.
Lower-level managers are
capable and experienced at
making decisions.
Lower-level managers want
a voice in decisions.
Decisions are relatively
minor.
Corporate culture is open to
allowing managers to have
a say in what happens.
Company is geographically
dispersed.
Effective implementation of
company strategies
depends on managers
having involvement and
flexibility to make decisions
VI. Formalization
It refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which
employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.