skd_mptk
Content
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
OD;puú ;puú dE´E´ \ tw¬ KyÜwå w då t&SifpuúdE´onf &ckdifvlrsKd; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfygonf/ 1936 ckESESpfpfwG wifiG f tb tb OD;xG ;xGe;atmif ;f atmif&S&S?D trd a':cs a':csif;r,fw d YkrSrS arG arG;zG m;oefYpif pifcJc hJygonf ygonf/ 1955 ckESpfpfrSrSpí pmaye,fxJ xJo Yk d 0ifa&mufcJcJhygonf ygonf/ t&Sififpuú puú dE´E´trnf trnftjyif OD;ygu#toQ ;ygu#toQiBf uD;?;? ewfjrpfpef pef;atmif ;atmif ewfjrpf armifaus ausm D&S&f S? trnf JcGcGrs rsm;jz fihvnf vnf; &ck difi df½k½k;&m ;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;uk d a&;om;avh a&;om;avh d&S&Syg yg onf/ t&Sifpuú dE´a&;om;jyK &;om;j yKpkcJhaom pmtk yfyfpmwrf;rsm;rS ;rsm;rSm 1/ &ckdifobm0aw;uAsmrsm; (1 961) 2/ &ckdifvufa&G;pifykHjyifrsm; (1 966) 3/ &ckdifykHjyifqef;rsm; (1 967) 4/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;(1) (1 969) 5/ ip ipifif ½kifid ;acsmi ;f acsmiff ;orkdifif;ESihf ax&marmfuG uGe;f (1 975) 6/ &ckdifjynfwcGifykHjyifrsm; (1 990) 7/ jynfwGif;rukd#f"mwfOD;&mZforkdif; (1 993) 8/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;(2) (1 993) 9/ &ckdififykHao0w¬ ao0w¬Krsm; yxrwGJ (1 994) 10/ &ckdi,Of , f Ofaus;r us;rIIrsm; m; trSwf(3) (1 994) 11// vu0J0f Jovk 11 ovkH;awmf"mwf "mwfo drkifESihihf ppfawGNrdKUtaMumif; (1 994) 1 2/ &c &ckdifbmompum;vrf;ñTef (1 994) 1 3/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;trSwf(4) (1995) ESihf 14/ ,ckrif;jym;wpf ym;wpfcGifusdefef;awmf ;awmf&Sifw dYjk zpfNyD; tjcm;pmtk m;pmt kyfrsm; vnf;xkwfa0&ef pDpOf pOfxm;&S dNyD;jzpfygonf / ,cktcg tcg t&Sififpuú puú dE´E´onf onf touf touf(60)ES (60)ESpfp df&S&SNyDjzpf&m &ck dififjynfe,f armif awmNrdKUe,fü NrdKUOD;aus ;ausmif;uk ;uk d xlaxmif axmifí omoemhwm0ef wm0efrs rsm;uk d aqmif aqmif&G&uf u G ae af e qJjzpfygonf/
2
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
OD;;0go0 0go0 \ tw¬ Kywå d toQif 0go0onf 0go0onf &ck &ck dififvl vlrsK;&[ef ;d &[ef;awmf ;awmfwpf wpfyg;j yg;jzpfygonf ygonf/ 1292 ckESEpfpS f wGifif ewfjrpfurf;ajcNcHaus ausmif;aus;&GmwGif tzv,form;B orm;BuD; OD;armifvS v dSckckif? trda':tk a':tk H;M;MumZHwk w d YkrSrS rD rD;½I ;½I;oef ;oef Ypif pifzGz m;j G rifygonf ygonf/ i,frnfrSrSm armifEkEk[k [ac:wG ak c:wGif ygonf/ 1962 ckESESpfprSrf Spí pí pmaye,fxJ xok o J d Yk 0ifvmcJ vmcJ honf onf/ ewfjrpf-OD -OD;0go0? ;0go0? ewfjrpf rmvm? ewfjrpfarmif armif0PÖ trnfrsm;jz fih pmayrsm;a&;om;vmcJ ;a&;om;vm cJ hygonf/ t&SifpuúdE´ESihfyl;wGJí (1)ig;pif d½k if;acsmif; orkdif; (2) ax&marm ax&marmffuGef; (3)jynfwG wGifif;ruk ;ruk d#f "mwfOD;&pfo drkifif; (4) &ck dififa0g[m& a0g[m& tbd"mef "mef (5)Oyrmpk H &ck dififpum;yk pum;yk H paom pmtkyfyfrsm;uk d yg0ifa&;om;cJ a&;om;cJ hNy;D rif;j;jym;wpfcGcifiG f us usefed ;awmf ;f awmf &Sifif pmtkyfyfuk uk d a&;om;jyKpkcJc hJonf onf/ omoemhwm0ef aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSmrdrdrwk w d d Y\ k r[m'G g&*k dPf P;qk ;f qk difif&m &m tEk&u© &u© dwtj wtjzpfjz fihvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? &ck difijf ynf e,f? ppfawG awGNrKd Ue,f? r[m'G g&(oD;j;jcm;)*k dPf P;qk ;f qk difi&m &f m NrdKUe,foH oCem,utzG C H em,utzG J Y OuúX tjzpfvnf vnf;aumif;?;? 1980 ckESESpfpfrSrSpí pí (1996ckESESpfp ),ck f xd omoemhwm0efuk u dk xrf;aqmif ;aqmifvs vsuf&S&SdaeqJ aeqJ jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg tcg toQif0go0onf 0go0onf &ck &ck dififjynfe,f? ppfawGNrKd Ue,f? &G mBuD;aj ;ajrmuf? aeylcH&yfuGuf? od'¨dum½kHausmif;wGif oDwif;okH;vsuf omoemhwm0efukd xrf;aqmifvQ vQuf &SdaeqJ aeqJyif yifjzpfygonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
rmwdumpOf umpOf 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/ 19// 19 20/ 20/ 21/ 22/
*kPfjyK0rf;ajrmufvTm tzGifuAs u h Asm&wk NrdKUolBuD;atmif ;atmifaus ausmfZHZH trSmpm ed'gef;oG,fcsif vQm&if;awmf"mwfapwDbk&m;&Sdckd; ZD0S0 gawmf S jrwf"mwk "mwkylylZm Zm (&pe*gxm) tOöeajr usefed f;awmfom om umvay:omjcif; umum&&d&D d (a&Tus usdefef;awmif ;awmif ) usdef;uRef;wkdifif;\ ;\ rif;j;jym;NrdKU qif;oufpOfvmomoem/ usdef;awmf ;awmf&Sif yGJjyifqif qifEGJ ylaZmf aZmfyGJ rysufpOf pOfquf quf jyKjyifvsuf/ OD;xyfyd fvufwif wif usdefef;awmf&S&SAif usdefef;awmif ;awmifwef wef;\ ;\ ta&S Utaemuf0J0,mwpf , J mwpfavQmuf d&S& xif S xif &S& m; S aoma&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm;/ NrdKUe,fwcGifif zl;ajrmfOD;ñT ;ñTwf wf tbder0r*FvmEId;aqmfpmwrf; &ckkdifjynfrif;jym; &c y m;Nrd rKd U usdef;aw ; awmf&Sif i bk b f k&m;taMumif;a[m ;a[m ajymcsuf/ usdef;awm ; awmff&Sif ibk b f &k m; m;or orkkdif i;tus ;f tusOf O;f csKyf K yf t*Fvdyfbmomjyef/ usdef;wk ;wkdif;ta&muf&S&SmykHawmf awmfikdcsif;&Snf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
ed*kH; (u) (c ) (* ) (C) (i)) (i (p)) (p (ps)s) (p
bk&m;ork m;orkdi;jzpf ;f jzpfajrmuf jrmufa&; y"me y"meem,uq em,uq&mawm &mawmffBuD;rsm;/ ;rsm;/ bk&m;ork &m;orkdifif;j;jyKpkxkwfa0a&; a0a&; aumfrwD rwDem,utzG YJ / usdef;awmf ;awmf&S&Sif bk&m;ork &m;orkdifif; jyKpkxk xkwfa0a&;aumfrwD rwD/ orkdif;jyKpkvk vkyfief;qyfaumfrwD rwD/ b@ma&;qyfaumfrwD/ pm&if;pp ; ppfaum a umfrwD/ usrf r;uk ;f ukd;pm& ; pm&if if;/ ;/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tzGi h&f wkuAsm yknvSLaqmif? r,fE fSiharmifonf? tk datmifom? qHw>rmr,Gif;cG? om;vS onf;csm? xk dESpfjzmuk d? wifum&ifE fSih rí? csDw Hjk im; ,k,um? Muif&mESpfyg;? cspo f em;onf? a&S UuoHo&mwnf;? csufjr§Ky&f mrdE fSihb? Xme[kawG? usdef;NrKd Uajr uk d? ½I acsjrifcsiv f í S ? csDo m;M G uBupH nfcg? &xm;qifjrif;? ,mOfcyif;uk d? pD ;eif; aqmif,yl gí? armifMuif&moufv H;k rQ? ajcmufjypfvw G pf if? ewftoGio f d Y?k ig;tif nDñw G v f o S m;? tmuewfraemf? okZmodMum;? yrmvm;ok d Y? Ekx m;qif G ;½ky0f gwnf;? r,fESpfjzm i,farsmufom;? vufzsm;ukdif,l? csD<uxlí? twleHyg;xm;vsuf? orD;om;yG m;rsm;pG m? 0ef;umNcH&H? azmifavSysHE fSih vQifjrefpD;wufygí? wl&d,m pnfacgif;ñ§i;f ? omjcif;uAsm? armif;wky gES Ü fi h c&mAk Hvif;uGi;f uk d? nHruif;wD;rIwf um? e'Drnf&? upäyuk d? qef<ucwfo m;ygu? G vuf0rJ mS qwf d½;k us? rif;uefyv k ?D uRe;f iNyu D d?k aemufqyD ,fveG fxm;í? okH;vl YbjrwfarGawmf? OD;&mZfawmf"mwf? apwDjrwfukd? w&yfa&S;0,farQmfu? rsm;ylaZmf½kdñGwfc? jzm;vnf;wufaxG? avoif hayí? cwfavwk HNy;D rSvQif? &yfa'ojym;uRef;om? vufyefjym;armf? [if;c a&mf[k? [pfaMumfaomif;aomif;jzmí? armifc&mAkHvif;uGif;? omjcif;{oH? wD;rIwfjyefonf? a&TusHavS0if;0if;ES fih? avSwufjcif;qk dMucg? 0rf;omaysmfyg;? a>c&Hrsm;ESih f aomufpm;wufo m;ygu? G vuf0rJ muk S vm;ykef;? uRef;vk;H ywfveG f &G mqifNcu H d?k usL;vGeyf ,fc hq J H;k rS? wtk H;tk H; cwfMuum? oli,fawmfuRe;f ? uRNJ cu H rf; uk d? ajzmifwef;cwfo m;ygvs G u?f rif;uefom0ifavajrmuf? pd rf;jrñk da&mif? icl awmifu d?k r,f harmifaeYcsif;a&mufu? yef;aygufayguf Jpu G dik u f m? Muif,majrmuf om;? i,fr,m;ES fih? csD<uwufo m;ygu? G jrwf &Sifawmf icl"mwf? rsm;rsm;ruG m? pmwk dio f mwGif? yg;awmfapwDjrwfu d?k ylaZmfñw T fw HNk y;D cg? aovmwpfavQmuf? jzm;qDa&mufaomf? 0rf;ajrmuf&TifjrL;umESih f a&xJome'Djrpf? ul ;vk dufcwfum? a&S;jyKy m0,f Ü ? uRef;rS mXmejzpfom;? [kwfpifppf,*k ef Yacsmif;? usdef;awmifñ dkñ d?k &Te;f dpk dpo k nf? drk Y dr Yx k #G jf r fihacgifü? ok H;vlabmif dEiI f;wkvw G ?f "r®ocif? usdef;awmf&iS f onf? &SifyifapwDjrwfu d?k arQmfjrifvufwkaH omcg? o'¨ gydw?D *Grf;qDxdo d Y?k a0;bd jrifMurS mu? wk d YESpfjzm armifESr? [wåq,fjzm? y'k HrmMumuk d?acgif;xufr mS wif
4
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xm;MuvQu?f OD ; dESrfc d s½ñ k Twu f m? uRefomavSxuf? jrpfwbufu? ESpo f uf d&Syl aZmfí? wD;rIwu f m a>c&Haygif;? a'oXmae? Muufoa&[k? &G majrxk donh f acsmif; uk d? waomif;aomif;[pfaMumfjim? vQifp mcwf G ajrmuf? tdrfu dak &mufu? acsmuf acsmufuRef;vk H;ausmf\/ &Ti0f rf;om&Siv f rl sm;? aqG0g;wum? armif hxrH mü? S rsm;pG m a&mufvmMuí? oGe;f avmif;csbm0em? arwå majzmif hrwf? d½kcñTwv f su?f wkyf0yf d&S dck;vSmí? dzk;o@mqufoGif;Mu? 'De'DeH? arhruseaf tmif? rnHhatmif JyGjyvsu?f jynh f Hpkxig;tifn?D 0wDrnfrSef;? usdef;NrdKUuRe;f 0,f? rD;yef;rsm;pk Hpduk?d Munh fw HkNy;D armifESr? aeMuygonf? usdef;ome*&av/ e*&yk&H? awmif,k*efonf? aemufrSefom? xk d&yf& mus G ed f;a'o? pdrf;jrñkd a&mif? usdef;jrif hawmifonf? jrihfacgif yAÁwu? Munf hacsMuwk Haomcg? MoZme&G J? yify JdEEé fSih? csKdat;o&ufomwnf;? rmvumi½kyfaumif;? carmif;axmufMum? awmAvmonf? rmvmopfriS f awmifE fiS ?h uaomif;0g;? Mucwfom? rñ§i;f rSiu f ?l oD;yGifh[lonf? xefrlydwfwumwnf;? ejE´myifarQmufvkyf? opfykwfEG,fcsKd? Zmwd drÁKvf[?k a&S mufcsKcd sO'f jyKwfE fSih? opfcvkyfvufyHom;? wrm&ifcwf? opfu 0ufonf? o'Gw?f orÇ&mwnf;? rusn;f om? tk H;avnif;? 'l;&if;oajy? yifanmif a&ES fi?h rsm;awGopftñ§i;f wnf;? opfyifcsif;? pnfum;um? opfuepk d;? opfuwk d; [k? &J d½;k yawmufr mvnf S ;? yGi ht f H;k tmqef;rjym;? oQpf& m;N S yKd ipf if? NydKi;f uef;usi[ f ?k yifv,fozef;rsm;ESihf? yifaqmif;&G moD;csKdcsOf? anmifcsKdifaAm"d d? csKdvStDonf? "eD;&nft H;k yDom;? oD;tck dit f vGev f ?S OD;&pfveG yf if? iSuaf ysmyif[?k ac:wGiOf ;D &Sn hf pom;? csKdat;jroD;wum? oD;uyGm;yk H? yifrsKd;pkHonf? &*kHyAÁwü? ½I Yacsaomf pm;bG,w f nf h? yGi ho f nf hwum;? yifw d Yrk mvnf S ; csdeu f mtukef ñk dñ do k ;D yGi h?f ZD;tjzm jzm? &moDOwk? csed fukv d í k ? arQmf½IriH hygwnf;? ok H;vl Ycsmjrwfbk&m;? ud k,pf m;"mwf vQi?f usde;f awmf&iS o f nf? &Sifyifwef dc;k tm;aMumif h? oD;yG fijh im;? yifwum? olawmf taygif;? aebG,faumif;onf? csrf;aqmif;&dyfqm,mES fih? rsKd;av;jzm&Sifvlrsm;? a&mufjim;aysm&f Tif? uk d,f&h yfcGifo dYk? jyef&Sifyifr d&Sjim;wnf;? vGefqef;jym;rsm;&Sif vl? a&rlaomufcsKd;? {jr dEk;onf? aoG; d½k UEk d YE fSihw\ l /? dESi;f dckif,*k E¨AÁ? pdwå&auvm? ukoEd g[k é ? yrmr,Gi;f rlwnf;? &Ti&f Tiv f ef;vlwum? yef;eHomvdr;f usjH im;? 0wfpm; wefqm? BuKd uo f nf hi muk S d? a&S;uqif0wfpm;í? vifr,m; armif HE HpS ?k om;ES fio h rD;? csprf nD;uk d? ayGUNyD;cs&D Guw f Hkvsu?f rsm;Akdv Hyf kwaomaom? avS JyGusif&if? ,ifjrL; qifonf? obifvufzGD;rsm;uk d? ½I UMunh fjim;wk Haomcg? aygufaygufyef;rmvf?
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
xD;wHcGefE fSih? ausmif ;uefo m;M G uygvQuf? vlrsm;zsif a&upm;? aomif;uRef; ZrÁLjr&dyif l0,f? xd e Yfqal usm HEf YSMum;\/ drk ;<u,fy m;&wem? G vkd &morQ csifw dkif;& onf? rmC0wðomok d Y? jynh Hfppk mG vGefqef;jym;? ajrmufyif&yfr m?S ya'omwGif qGwfum,lí pm;ok Yd? &Tifaysmfyg;? usdef;NrdKUajr? bkr®d eufoef? ajrrsKd;rSefonf? *grHMuufoa&ES fi h rsKd;MuifaqG r,ftvS? ESrESpjf zm? qif;uvQmESi h?f vSLumay;pGe Yf iSvQuf? aemufyknaemifoHom? qHrTmrjym; wlESpfyg;onf? jzpfjim;&vk dyg[k? orÁK' gpd ¨ aEÅ,s? vlb&Spf&iS f? usdef;awmf&Sifonf? "mwfvQifa&S Ukr'k f0ü? OD;ESrd fcsyef; yGi hfwif? Munfvif&Tifvef;? a&TouFe;f uk d? &H0ef;uyfvLS ygvQu?f aeYw dik f;yif &ufr jywf? 'geukokv d f? r*f dzkvfvkí d ? Munfñ dktvSL0wfu dk? ay;apmih frSwfarmifE HSHpk? &yfb Hek *&? usdef;a'o0,f? okcvGefyGm;yk HE fSih? aysmf&iT fw HkarmifESr? aeMuygonf? &yf&GmwkdYXmaeav/ XmaeMuufoa&? usdef;NrKd Uajronf? tH hb, G o f m? nmwdumrdE fiS hb? tvS ewfoiG f? &moufMuifonf? ,if;wGif zG m;jrifMu\/ xk da'oawmifu dak y? uRe Yfr mS oufxm;? i,farsmufom;S fih? vnfvm;Munhyf gacsu? tH hMobG,v f Gefqef;jym;? oD;um;yGm;pk H? yef;rsK;d Hpkonf? &*k Hawmifxyd fzsm;ü? qwfo m;zl G ;ta0,m? BudKipf mG usuf½kH;? oD;arQmfukef;onf? *rkef;oBudKif{pGmESihf? yef;aemfZmyef;xif&Sm;? uGrf;zJ;qifqif0D? Hik D&Tyef;cs&m;ES fih? yef;a'gecsyfw&m? cwå mñI d;yef;? yGi hfeDvGe;f onf? acguf&rf;ZDZ0gES fih? yef;a&TMumrk d;ZDyef;? ESif;yef;a&TavQm?f omEk d;ac:onf? uHaumfem&Dyef;[k? pdefyGihfyef;o&zD? aZmfusDonf yef;pHum;? yef;a'geonf? xl;pGaumufp&DE fiS ?h yef;ESi;f ZDtifMuif;? yke;f ñ§i;f a&Tw?l rOÆLyef;cyif;wk d Y? tyifcsif; DrSMucg? &mrmik H;yef;? BudKi{f ysHYonf? arT;vGef;pvwå mES fih? yifjr fihr mS oZifyef;? NrdKiyf ef;vnf;[l? rtlñ mpd § r;f yef;wnf;? aygufyef;yGifjh zLteD? Hpk pdr d½k;? yef;wrsK;d onf? rñI d;yef;yDyDE fiS h? yef;eDeDonf yef ;jrifwkid f;? yifw dik f;oif;acG? yef;py,f[?l yGihfonfjzLrI dif; drIif;wnf;? yef;yifw dkif;½IzG,o f m? r[mavSu? jrwfav;ponf? jzLqGy'krfrmMumES fih? <uufem;omyef;c0J? yef;&if;rsm;[l? arT;ysHMuLonf? MumjzL pG,fawmfyef;wnf;? yGi hfvef;vef;yifwum? oJawmf&ifcwf opfu0wfE fiS h? yef; jrwfykef;nufomwnf;? oif;ykef;ac:BudKif{{? rkwåmoeD? vSrsKd;nDonf? 'ef;nDyifcsi;f pDí? yG fihw HkNy;D ½I b, G o f m? MumykP&Ö dwf? MumwHqyd fonf? vQHzdwf a&mif0if;0gES fih? ql;yef;omMumacgif;avmif;? yef;acgif;ac:qk d? atmufr hJñ d[ k k? ac:qk dx dyk ef;aygif;wk d Y? yGi hfw Hka&S mif;pdrf;a&mifjzm? jzL? jym? eD ? ñk d? &Tef;&Te;f dpkonf?
5
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ESpv f dk ½Ib, G o f mwnf;? &JepD mG awmifMuufarmuf? yGi haf jrmufw Hyk g? yef;wumonf? csdecf gOwka&mufu? jynf& mrs G m; {BudKifBudKi?f *Ek difomarm? usdef;awmifawm0,f zsiaf ygcufcsi;f qk difí? yifcsi;f qk difa&r&? yGifMh ursm;pG m? awmifjrwfomü ? ocsFm teEÅ wnf;? uk H;odxm;enf;twl? &moDajymif;<u? csdeu f mv[k? rmotm;uk d,í l ? yG fihMurl xk dawmifyg;? ruG mwlNydKi?f eHcsi;f ,SOfvQu?f ñTwfu dik fqw G f,jl im;í? jrwf bk&m;used f;awmf&iS f? &SifyifAk'¨x&H if;? conf? *lxo J Yk0d ifvQu?f acgif;xuf wif d&S wkyu f ?G yknorÇ m? aemifoo H monf? usifvnf&m wk d Yb0ü? wlwuG armif HE HpS ?k vl Yb Hk ewf& m?G qufrsm;pG m0,f? csrf;om okcbk HE fiS ?h pHMuwk HarmifErS ? jzpf&ygvk d? pdwMf unf ñk djz fih? yefq dq k ak wmif;Muí? a&pufcsw HkNy;D cg? oufaojyKxm;? ewfw d Yt k m;vQif? wkdifMum;jyKcJhygrS? NcH&Hum azmfa&Trsm;? oefvQm;xrf;pif? jrif;ESihfqifukd? ,mOf&SifpD;wufjim;í? &Tifaysmfyg;wD;rIwfum? Xme&yfrSef? tdrfAdrmefokdY? vSnhfjyefvmavygvQuf? qkdufa&mufcg&Gm*gr? aysmfyGJobif? yGJBuD;qifí aeYyifruif;Muwnf;? 0oEÅy ZÆLvGef? oDvapmih frSw?f v0guRwfonf? qef;x a&mufvwfjyefuxD;wef; cGefrlav;yG m;? bk&m;vufaqmif? xrif; axmifE fSih? rsm;ajrmif tjzmjzmuk d? uk di, f jl im;avaomcg? i,fvifr,m; orD;om;ES fih 0wfpm; qif,ifygí? wlpkHom&Tifaysmfyg;? w&m;ukokdvf? qnf;yl;vkdí? Munfñ dkvGef qyG m;vQu f ausmif;uefo m;&wem? G qDr;D waxmif? ok H;vl Yabmif0,f? ajymifajymif ñ§ dxeG ;f ygvsuf? om"kac:0guRwfv? {oHou d mvobm0wGi?f aMumfjimvufcw k f cwfí? nOf hv H;k jywfrtdyyf g? vl&iS ftrsm;? usde;f NrKd Uom;wk d Y aomaom½I½IqmvQu?f wl&, d mtoG,o f , G ?f ayga>yvif;cGi;f ? pnf;apmih fñi§ ;f uk d? wD;jcif;tH hMobG,v f nf;? &ck difjynftv,fqdy?f pdrf;jrñk da&mif? usdef;jrif hawmif0,f? "mwfa&mifvQH Nrdwf Nrw d Ef fiS ?h jynfreG &f yd o f m,m?olawmf? olaumif;? oljrwfavmif;wk d Y? ude;f atmif;arG U avsmyf gom;? usde;f NrdKU&G m usdef;a'o? emr*gar? usufoa&[k? atmifajrwk dif; &u©wnf;? xk dXmersKd;&Siv f ?l qmyluif;aysmuf? csrf;oma&mufonf? JpGajrmufov D [lí? uREkfyfrlarmifESr? jynhf vSig;tif? vGefrsm;zsifonf? vkdcsifwwkdif;&í? wlwuGjrL;&Tipf H? ovGefb Hx k J? vnfcsif;wG Jí? &if JcG&mouf HESE fSih? wyifqrH ,Gif;cG? tvSMuif&m? r,fESpfjzmESifh? [oF marmifESrwk d Y? cspfMuifMuwlruG m? onf;csm ESpfyg;? orD;om;ES fih? aysmfyg;aeMuonf/ NrdKU&G musdef;a'orSmwnf hav/ (NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmfZHqkd&wk-aumZm (1200 cefY)
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
a&Tus usdefef;;awmf awmf oQ oQif (ZD (ZD0S0 m) Sm) "mwfawmf a wmf ork a jrmuf B Bu K;yrf dK;yrf;a&;tzG ; a&;tzG J Y\ ddifi;j;f jzpfaj trS mpm a&Tus usefed f;awmf ;awmfoQ oQif bk&m;ac: &m;ac: ZD0S0 m"mwf S awmf wnf d&S&Sonf awmf onf hae&ma'oonf ae&ma'oonf um; rif;j;jym;Nrd KU\ taemufawmif awmifbuf buft&yf t&yf usefed ;awmif ;f awmif awmif awmifwef wef;aywnf ;aywnf;/;/ þawmifwef wef;\ ;\ vuf,mbuf ,mbufus usaom awmifxG x#f#G jf rif hay:wG ay:wGifi ,aeY f ,aeYtxd txd ZD0S0 m"mwf S awmfwpf awmf wpfql qu l txifu&wnf u&wnf d&S&Saeayonf aeayonf/ &ckdifijf ynf&yf &yfa0;rS a0;rSvnf vnf; aumif;?;? &yfeD;rS ;rSvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? Ak'¨'¨bmom0if bmom0if? bk&m;zl &m;zl;{nf ;{nf honf onfwk w d Ykonf þZD þZD0 mS "mwfawmf awmftm; vma&mufí zl;arQmfcJc hJMuonfrSr mS ESpfpOf pOfESESpfpwk w f dkifif; pnfum;vs um;vsuf Yyif yif d&Saeonf aeonf/ ok dYaomf aomf ,if ,if;ok ;ok d Yvma&mufMuukefefaom aom &yfa0;&yf a0;&yfeDeD;bk ;bk&m;zl &m;zl; {nf honf onfwk w d Yk onf ZD0Sm"mwfawmf awmfjrwfBuD;tm; ;tm; o'¨gw&m;½kñT ñ d TwwG w f Gm;vQuf ylaZmfcJhMuNyD; þapwDuk u dk a&S;a[mif ;a[mif;apwD ;apwD? ork dif;0if ;0if"mwf "mwfawmf awmf? Ak'¨'¨arG arGo&D o&D&"mwf &"mwf ponf ponfjz fih om rSwf w,l , f xm;M x l m;MuNyD; ZD0S0 m"mwf S awmfuk awmf u dk wnfcJc hpOf pJ OfrSrpNpS NyD; acwftquf tqufquf qufork o drkifi;f pOfvmuk vmukdum; um; od&S&SdcGcGififh r&&S dcJcJhMuay/ þZD0 m"mwf S awmfESE fSihihywf awmf ywfouf oufí td dE´E,omoemj , ´ omoemjyKq&mawmfBu;D OD;ud ;udwå w då u (1319)ckESEpS fwG wGifif or®wyk w Hyk dESESyfyfwk w du k f &efuk ukefefrSrS d½ku dfESESyfyfí pmtkyfyfi,fwpf wpftk tyfyk fuk ukd jzef Ya0cJ a0cJ honf onf/ ,if;pmtk ;pmtkyfyüum; üf um; usdefef;awmf ;awmf&S&SifiESEf fihiS h ywfouf oufí ork difif;uk ;uk d tus tusOf; rQomawG U&S d&onf/ ,cktcg tcg ,if;pmtk ;pmtkyfyi,f if ,frSr mS ESpfptwef t f wefMumjr fihcJc hjJ cif;ES ;ES fihitwl t h wl zwf½I½avh aI vhvm vm &efrSrSm &S m;yg;íaeavNyD/ txl;ojzihf &yfa0;rS a0;rSvma&mufMuukefefaom bk&m;zl;{nh ;{nhfonfw dYo k nf þZD0S0Sm"mwfawmf awmfESESihih ywf f ywfouf oufí ork difif;pOf ;pOfrs rsm;uk d od od dvk vkMd uonf/ pmtkyfy df&S&SvQ vQif 0,f,l ,lzwf½Ivk vkdMuonf Muonf/
6
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
a'ocHwk w Ykuvnf u d vnf; ork dif;pOf ;pOfvmuk vmuk d wd wdwd wus u d susrajymjy dEkifif? pmtkyfyfpmwrf pmwrf; uk dvnf; rjzef Ya0ay;Ek a0ay;Ek difi?f xk d YaMaMumih f bk&m;zl &m;zl;{nh ;{nh fonf onfwk w d YrSrk mS vk dtif tifqE´ qE´jynh f0j 0jcif; um; r&S dcJc hJMuay/ þonfuk ukd taMumif;jyKí a'ocHpma&;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom rif;jym; rif;od ;odrfrf;xG ;xGP;?;f ? rif;j;jym;rif;od ;odefef;ZH ;ZHESESihih armif f armifaus ausmZHZf H(rif (rif;j;jym;)wk dYu a&Tus usdefef;awmf ;awmf &Sifiywf yf wfouf oufaom aom pmtkyfywpf w f pftk tyfyk uk u f dk xkwf wa0&ef af 0&ef qE´ d&S&cJcS hMJ u&m vk dtyf tyfaom aom ork difi;f tcsutvuf t f vufrs rsm;uk d okawoD awoD toQ toQifpuú puú dE´ExH x ´ cs H csnf;uyf ;uyf&,l &,lí uGifi;qif ;f qif;ok ;okaw aw oejyKrrs rI sm;? tjcm;taxmuftxm;rs txm;rsm;? a*gyutzG J Y0if 0ifrsrsm;rS &&S daom aom rSwf wwrf w f rf; rsm;ukd tajccHí? 1985 ckES pfpfu avQmufvTmpuúL (120)rsufESmcefY&Sdaom usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQ oQif bk&m;ork difif; pmtkyfyfuk uk j d jyKpkcJc hJMuonf[ k od d&S&onf &onf/ ,if;uk ;uk dvnf vnf; ajrmufODO;N;D NrdK d U&S q&mB q&mBuD; OD;omxG ;omxGe;f (&ck dififjrefrm rm y@dwf w )xH f oG m;a&mufum um wnf;j;jzwfay;&ef ay;&efawmif awmif;qk ;qk doj ojzif h q&mB q&mBuD;uwnf ;uwnf;j;jzwfípmtk ípmtkyfyf xkwf wa0&mü af 0&mü azmfjyEkdifi&ef &f ef trS trS mpmwpfckckuk u dvnf v k nf; a&;ay;cJ haMumif;od ;od&ygonf &ygonf/ xk dyky d*¾*k K¾ vwk w f d Yuyif u k yif j jyKpkcJc hNJ y;aom ;D aom pmtkyfyuk u f dk xkwf wa0&ef af 0&ef pDpOf pOfonf onf htcgaiG tcgaiGa&; a&; aMu;a&;tcuftcJ tcJwk w d YkaMaMumih f xk xkwf wa0j af 0jcif;rj ;rjy d KEifik fyJyJ xk xk dol ors rl sm;vufxJ xüJ jr§KyfuG u,f , G f aecJh&ayonf/ ,cktcgum; tcgum; rif;j;jym;NrKd Uay:ok d Y Ek dEkififiHiHwm0ef wm0efjzih xrf f xrf;aqmif ;aqmif&ef &ef aj ajymif;a&T ;a&T U vmcJ hMuaom Xmeqk difif&mtcs &mtcs UrS Kd ork ork difif;uk ;uk d pd pdwf0if 0ifpm;ol pm;ol ork ork difif;uk ;uk d avh avhvmazmf vmazmf xkwf wvk v f dol o k tcs l tcs Uu Kd aygif;qk ;qk Hrdravaomtcg ad vaomtcg a&Tus usefed ;awmf ;f awmfoQ oQif bk&m;ork &m;ork difif;xG ;xGuf uf ay:vma&; tmoDoonf oonf dyk drkrkjyif;vmcJ hMu&avonf/ ,if;od ;od k Y Xmeqk Xmeqkdifif&mtcs UrS Kd tB tBuD;tuJ ;tuJwk w d Y\ k pdwf0if 0ifpm;rI pm;rI? Munf lEl;o'¨ ;o'¨ gw &m;vTrf;rkd;rI? rjzpfjzpfatmif vkyfrnf qk qkdaom tiftm;jznhfwif;rIw YkdaMumihf 1995 ck 'D 'DZif Zifbmv(17)&uf bmv(17)&ufaeY aeYrSrSpí pí rif;j;jym;NrdKUe,f w&m;½kH;ü ;ü pwifí bk&m; &m; ork dif;j;jyKpkjzpfajajrmufBudK;yrf;a&;tzG ;a&;tzG J Yuk u dk atmif atmifjrifp mG JzGYpnf pnf;Ek ; dEkififcJcJMh uonf/ (tzG JY 0ifpm&if pm&if;uk ;ukd aemufpmrsufESmü azmfjyxm;ygonf/) þtzG YJrSrSyif yifvQ vQif OD;pD;OD ;OD;aqmif ;aqmifjyKí ,cifa&;N a&;NyD;cJ ;cJhaom aom ork dif;pmtkyfyfu dk jyefvnf vnfjyKptopf t k opf a&;om;j a&;om;jznh fpGpGuf u dEkEf kififap&ef ap&eftwG twGuf u ok f okawoD awoDtoQ toQifpuú puú dE´E´ESESihihf OD;0go0wk ;0go0wk d Ytm; tm; yihfzdzwf w d fjcif;?;? q&mawmfESEpS fyg;wk yg;wk d Yonf onf rqk rqk difif;rwG ;rwG<ua&mufvmcJh MuNyD; ork difi;j;f jyKpk j jzpfajajrmufa&;ta&;tzG a&;ta&;tzG J YESE fihiS h awG Uqk Humvk umvk dtyf tyfonf onfrsrsm;uk d ñ§ d dEIEifiI ;f aqG;aEG ;aEG;cJ ;cJ hMuygonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
ork difif;j;jyKpk&mü vk dtyf tyfaom aom taxmuftxm;rsm;twGuf uf ork ork difif;½k ;½kyfyf<uif; rsm; wnfae&mok ae&mok d Y þtzG þtzG J YESE fSihitwl t h wl avhvmuG vmuGifif;qif ;qif;j;jcif;?;? "mwf Hyky d½k½k kuf uí f rSwf wwrf w f rf; wifjcif;?;? a*gyutzG J Y0if 0ifwk w d Yktm; tm; zdwf wac:í af c:í ar;jref;j;jcif;rs ;rsm; jyKvkyfyfcJcJMh uygonf/ wpfzef zefus usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQ oQif bk bk&m;ork &m;ork difif;j;jyKpk&mü &mü dyk drkrkjynh f Hpkp dkEkEkififa&;twG a&;twGu &ck f &ck dif jynfe,f e,f d&S&S N NrKd UtoD;oD ;oD;rS ;rS ork orkdifi;ok ;f okawoD awoDrs rsm;? ork difif;uk ;uk avh d avhvmaeM vmaeMuolrs rsm;xHrSrS usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQ oQifESE fihiS hywf ywfouf oufaom aom pmrlawmif awmif;vT ;vT m aMumfjimuk dvnf; aMujimcJ hMu onf/ ok d Yaomf pmrl pmrltcs tcs Uom Kd a&mufcJcJNh y;D a&muf d&S&Saom aom pmrltcs tcsKdUrSm xl;qef ;qef;rI ;rI r&SdcJhay/ txl;oj ;ojz fih q&mawmfBuD;ESpfpfyg;uyif yg;uyifvQ vQif rif;j;jym;NrdKU Z,sokcaus causmif; wk duf uüf wpfvcef vcef Y oD oDwif wif;ok ;ok H;aexk dififNy;D aeYnrj nrjywf a&T a&Tus usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQi bk f bk&m;o &m;o drkifi;uk ;f uk d a&;om;cJ a&;om;cJ hjcif;onf ;onfum; um; þtzG J YtwG twGuf u rs f rsm;pG m *kPf P,l , f rqk rl qk H; jzpfcJc h&ygonf &J ygonf/ vufa&;pmrl a&;pmrlrs rsm;ukd vuf dESESyfyfpuf d½k½u k fay;cJ ay;cJMh uonf/ NrdKUe,fynma&;Xme? ynma&;Xme? NrdKUe,f dpkpkufys ysKd;a&;bPf? NrdKUe,fuk ukefo,f , G fv,f v,f,mES fihih jyef^quf ^quf OD;pD ;pD;Xmewk ;Xmewk d YrSrS yk d*¾Kvfw Ykdtm; txl;yifaus;Zl;wif ;wif d&Sygonf/ xkwfa0a&;tykdifif;wGifrlrl &efuk ukefNrdKUrS rif;jym;NrdKUokdY acwåa&muf a&muf&SdvmcJ vmcJ h aom &ck dififom;B om;Bu;pmayrS ;D pmayrS uk uk dvSjrif hu þtzG J YESE fSihih awG awG Yqk qkcJcH hNJ yD; tm;wufoa&m oa&m xkwf wa0rI af 0rItyk t dykifif;uk ;uk d vk vk H;0wm0ef ;0wm0ef,aMal Mumif; ajymjyonh ftwG twGuf u þtzG f þtzG J YrSrS aus aus;Zl; wifrqk H;jzpf&ygonf ygon f/ tcsKyftm;j tm;jz fih ,ck ,ckxk xwf w k a0vk af 0vk duf uNf y;j;D jzpfaom aom pmtkyfyfwpf wpftk tyfyk f xG xGuf uay:vm af y:vm jcif;onf ;onfum; wpfO;aumif ;D aumif;?;? wpfa,muf a,mufaumif aumif;\ ;\ nDñG ñwf w G aom af om tiftm;j tm;jzpf ajrmufatmif atmif vkyfyfrnf rnfqk q dkaom aom &nf&G&G,f ,cs cf su?f rck druyf ruyfaom aom pdwf wf"mwf "mwf? ponfwk w d Yk \ tusKd;oufa&muf a&mufrIrIrs rsm;onfyif trSefjzpfayownf ayownf;/;/ usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;orkdif; jzpfajrmufBudK;yrf;a&;tzGJY qyfaumfrwD rif;jym;NrdKU
7
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
rysuf pOf pOfquf q v suf uf j jyKjyifvs
usdefef;awmf ;awmf&S&Sififuk u dk "n0wDacwf acwf ol&d&d,puú ,puúrif rif;rS ;rS wnfxm;apcJ xm;apcJ hNy;aemuf ;D aemuf &ckdifrif;tqufqufwkdY xyfrHjyKjyifwnfxm;cJhMuavao;onf/ xkdaMumihf a0omvDaus ausmufavS avSum; um; bk&if &ifr[mpE´ r[mpE´&m;rif &m;rif;uvnf ;uvnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? oD&d&dpE´ pE´&m;rif &m;rif; uvnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? qufcHcjH yKvyfyk fMuao;onf/ xk daeuf aeuf yk&d&defeNf rKd Uawmf&S&ifiS f aumvd aumvd, rif;onf ;onfvnf vnf;aumif;?;? 'o&mZmrif;onf ;onfvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? avmif;M;Muufacwf acwfwG wGifif rif;xD ;xD;onf ;onfvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?aj ;?ajrmufODOD;acwfwG wifiG f rif rif;apmrG ;apmrGefef? bapmjzLrif;?;? rif;yif ;yif BuD;?;? rif;zavmif ;zavmif;?;? rif;&mZmB ;&mZmBu;?;D ? pE´0d0dZ,&mZmrif;wk ;wk dYonf onfvnf vnf;aumif;?;? qufcHcH jyKvkyfycJcf hMJ uonf/ ,ckvuf vuf d&S& "mwf S "mwfawmf awmfapwD apwDrSr mS rif;zavmif ;zavmif;\ ;\ vufxuf xufaemuf aemuf qk H;rGrf;rHwnfxm;j xm;jcif;j;jzpfonf onf[k [k od&onf &onf/
jrefrmN r mNr KU0ef d acwf a cwf(aumZm ( aumZm 1146-1186) &ck difxD;eef ;eef;ys ;ysufokefef;N;NyD;í ;í jrefrmN rmNrdKU0efrs rsm;tkyfyfcs csKyfaom acwfwG wGivnf v f nf; "mwfawmf awmfukd apwem&Sififrsm;u rsm;u okwf wfoif&Sif;vif ;vif;j;jcif;? jyKjyif rGrGrf;rHjcif;? xkH; ouFe;uyf ;f uyfvSLjcif;rsm; jyKEkd ififcJc hJay&monf/ &ifjyiftaemuf taemufbuf&Sd ysufpD;ae aom apwDrSrSm xk dacwf acwfu wnfaqmuf aqmufavh avh d&aom aS om apwD HykykpHpjH zpfonf onf/ rk cfcf0ukd tkXfXftqif tqif hqif qifcHch Hí jyKvkyfyfcJcJhonf onfu xif&S&Sm;aeonf/ ajrmufOD;N;NrdKU bk&m;ay: &m;ay: bk&m;BuD;&S ;&Sd jrefrmNrdKU0ef wk w dkY jyKvkyfcJcJhMuaom apwDrcfck fE fSih wnfaqmuf Hykcsif; wlnDaeayonf/
t*Fvd vyfyd acwf af cwf(1826 ( 1826 rS 1947) 1947) &ck dififonf onf t*Fvd vyfyd fwk w Ykvuf v d ufatmuf atmufod o kdY 1826 ckESESpfpf usa&mufcJc hJNyD;aemuf ;aemuf wpfpwpf pwpfpus pusdefe;wk ;f wk duf ue,f ef ,f wpfcGcifiG wG w f ifiG f &yf&G& mvl G aerI aerI pnfum;vmcJ um;vmcJ honf onf/ aumZm ouú&mZf &mZf 1190 1190 ta&mufwG wifiG f yk dykípnf ípnfum;pj um;pjzpfvmN vmNy;D axmifuvG uvGwf wvmaom v f maom NrdKUolBu;D atmifaus ausmZHZf Honf onf Zmwde,f e,fajajr Muufoa&&G oa&&G mod kY vma&mufcJcJ&m &h m arG UaysmfrIr dI&S&ScJc hJonf onf/ aumZm 1229 ckESESpfpfwG wGi rif f rif ;j;jym;NrKd Utjzpf owf owf rSrSwf wvmN v f mNyD;
8
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
wGifium; u f m; ykdí pnfum;vmcJ h&onf &onf/ xk daMaMumih f rif;j;jym;NrdKUuk d tkyfyfcs csKycJcf hJMuaom tBu;tuJ ;D tuJwk w d Yubk u k bk&m;wuf &m;wufvrf vrf;uk ;uk d wnfaqmuf aqmufay;cJ ay;cJ hMuonf/ ouú&mZf &mZf 1270 1270 jynh fESESpfpfu e,f dykykifif0ef 0efaxmuf axmuf OD OD;vSazmf azmfZHZH? NrdK d Uykifif OD OD ;omyef ;omyef; (w½kyfyf trs trsKd;om;) ;om;) O,smOfrL;?LS ;? aps;acgif;B;BuD;?;? NrdKUrolBuD;? ajrwk difif;tif ;tifpyawå pyawå mf OD OD;vSazmf azmfODOD;?;? ykvd vyfyd f tifpyawå pyawå mfODO;zaxmf ;D zaxmfODO;wk ;D wk d Yu acgif;aqmif ;aqmifí "mwfawmf awmftoif toif;uk ;uk d xlaxmif axmifcJc hJMu onf/ xk dtoif toif;rS ;rS xD;awmf ;awmfwif wifjcif;?;? a&Tcscsjcif;uk ;uk d aqmif aqmif&G&Guf u dEkEf kificJcf hMJ uonf/ bk&m; &m; \awmifbufwpfrkdifausmf&Sdaom ig;wHysif;q&mawmfBuD; toQifaomru Bu;rS ;D rSL;cJ L;cJ honf onf/ bk&m;wuf &m;wufvrf vrf;opf ;opfrsrsm;vnf; wk d;yG ;yG m;vmcJ h&mum;? &mum;? bk&m;zl &m;zl;om;rs ;om;rsm; vnf; wk d;yG ;yG m;vmcJ h&onf &onf/ xk daemuf aemuf trI duf uod o f rfrd ;f toif;ay:ayguf ;ay:aygufvmí vmí jyKjyifrIr?I wnfaqmuf aqmufr us I us,fjyef YvmcJ vmcJ honf onf/ tm½k HcHcHod orfrd f wef wefaqmif aqmif;rs ;rsm;uk d 1272 1272 ckESEpfpS f wGifivnf v f nf;aumif ;aumif;?;? xk djyif aM aMu;qif;wk ;wk? ausmufovif;j;jzL? ukod oem½k ed m½k Hwef wefaqmif aqmif;?;? r[maAm"dyif? wpfyJodrf? xkdifawmfrl? avsmif;awmfrl?aMu; acgif;avmif;? tkXfXa&uef af &uef? &ifuG u JZ&yf ZG &yf? txufod orfrd f? atmufod odrfrf? wefaqmif aqmif; jyom'fwk w d Yk wk d;yG ;yGm; vmcJ honf onf/ ES pfpfpOf pOfrys rysufvnf; bk &m;yG &m;yG Jawmf awmfuk u dk pnf pnf um; um; ok duf ufNrKd ufpGpGm jyKvmcJ h Muonf/ c&pf 1942 ck(aumZm 1313) 'k wd w,urÇ , d urÇmppftwG twGi;wG ;f wGifi wef f wefaqmif aqmif;j;jy om'f paom paom taqmuftOD tOD;rs ;rsm; rsm;pG m ysufpDpD;cJ ;cJ h&onf &onf/ *syefacwf acwfwG wifiG f;vnf ;vnf; rNidrfrfrouf roufrIaMumih f awm&G mrsm;ok d Y wdrfrf;a&S ;a&SmifaecJ hMu&mum; jyKjyif dEkEkififrIrItm; tm; enf;cJ ;cJ hMuavonf/ xk daemuf aemuf 1306 1306 ckESESpfpfrSrSpí pí rGrf;rH ;rHjyKjyifvmEk vmEk dififcJc hJonf onf/ ukod od em½kH? tm½k HcHcHodrfwef wefaqmif;wk ;wk dYuk uk d wpfpwpfp jyKjyifvmEkd ififcJcJhMuonf/
vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;acwf a &;acwf vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;acwf a&;acwfwG wifiG f 1309 1309 ckESEpfpS frSrpí pS í tm½k HcHcod o H rfrd frs rsm;uk d wk d;cs ;cs UjJ yKjyifvm vm dEkificJcf honf o J nf/ oHxD x;uk ;D uk dvnf vnf; 'kwd w,tB , d tBurfrd 1312 f 1312 ckESEpfpS jf yKjyifvmcJ vmcJ h&onf &onf/ xk daemuf aemuf oHxD x;topf ;D topfwif wifjcif; xd aqmif aqmif&G&uf u G vmEk v f mEk dificJcf honf o J nf/ rD;xG ;xGefef;toif ;toif;?;? r[m&HwH wwd w H kifid ;f toif;? Ak'¨'¨a0,s a0,sm0pötoif toif; paom toif;wk ;wk d Y ay:ayguf ay:aygufvm&um; vm&um; jyKjyifrGrGrfr;f rHrIr?I wk d;cs ;cs Uaqmuf J vyfyk frIr?I wnfxm;rI vk xm;rIrs rsm; wpfpwpf pwpfpB pBu;yG ;D yG m;vmcJ honf onf/ JyGawmf awmfrSr mS vnf; 1318 ckESESpfprf Spí pí awmifay:wG ay:wGifi B f BuD;us ;us,pGpf mG usif ;yvmEk ;yvmEkifid cJcf hJavonf avonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
bmoma&;toif ;tzG J Yr sm; aqmif &u G rf I usdef;awmif "mwfawmftoif; (1270-1341) usd ef;awmf&Siftm; jyKjyif dEkif&ef t*Fvyd facwfazmfjyyg 1270 ck ESpf(c&pf1908) ckESpfwiG f pwif Jz YGpnf;cJ h onf/ tapmqk H;toif;jzpfNyD; &ckdifjynfwGifvnf; tapmqk H;zG YJpnf;cJ hMuaom bk&m;toif;wk YdwGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,f dykif 0efaxmuf FOD;vSazmfpH? NrdK d Uykif OD;omyef;? OD;csi;f atmif (O,smOfrSL;) OD;xG D;atmif (aps;acgif; BuD;) OD;ykvJatmif (NrdKUrolBuD;) OD;zoaxmf (ajrwk dif;tifpyufawå mf) OD;Ek&m ac: OD;vSazmfOD;wkdY acgif;aqmifvsuf tzG JY0ifaygif; (69)OD;yg0ifcJh Muonf/ yxrtBudrf a&Tcsí oHxD;wif JyGu dkvnf; jyKjyifEkdifc hJMuavonf/ *syefacwf 3-ESpftwGif; vkyfu dik faqmif&Gu dEf kifrI rjy d KEkifc hJacs/ xk daemuf toif;xyfr H JzG Ypnf;cJ hMuavonf/ Ouú| OD;armifjrom? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;apm omwk d Yyg0ifNyD; tzG J Y0if 84 OD; d&Sc hJonf/ xk dt JzG Yonf bk&m;"mwfawmfE fSih awmif awmftaqmufttk Hrsm;uk d aqmif&Guv f mcJ havonf/ ¤if;wk d YE fSih (1296)ckEpS f acwfNydKifay:aygufvmaom trIdufodrf;toif;(1294)? ñGefYaygif;toif; (1308)ck ESpfw dkYE fSihvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEkd ifcJhavonf/ xk daMumihf 1312 ckESpf oHxD;awmfjyKjyif&müvnf;aumif;? 1330 ck ESp f topfwifaqmifc hJMu&m üvnf;aumif;? OD;armifjrom (Ouú|) yg0if c hJonf/ aumZm 1341 (1980)ckEpS fwiG f OD;aqmifc hJMuaom OD;i^rJBu;D (qk difonf ) twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;apmomwk d Y tvSLarwå m&yfcí H "mwfawmfu d k jyefvnfrrG f;rHc hMJ u onf/ toif;taejz fih oBuFef? 0guRwf paomtcgBuD;aeYrsm;ü a&oyÜ m,fjcif;? "mwfawmfylaZmf JyBG u;D uk d Bu;D Muyf&jcif; paomvkyif ef;wm0efrsm;uk d aqmif&u G cf hJ Muonf/ xk dtoif;onf azmfjyyg 1341 ck EpS f jymok dvwGif &yfq dik f;cJ h&NyD;aemuf JzGYpnf;vk dufaom a*gyutzG Yo J pfu qufvufaqmif&Gufc hJ&onf/
9
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(14-1-80)aeY rif;jym;NrKd U txu ausmif;ü tpnf;ta0;jz fih atmufygtwk di;f a&G;cs,fzGJYpnf;ay;cJhMuavonf/ (tzG J Yig;zG J Yr mS "mwfawmftoif;? trI duo f rd ;f toif;? rD;xGef;toif;? a0,sm 0pö toif;? ESpfaxmif hig;&mjynh f toif;wk d YjzpfMuonf/)
em,utzG J Y 1/ OD;armiftkef; (uyptvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY) 2/ OD;touf&Snf 3/ OD; ausmx f eG f;-vrf;rawmf 4/ OD;bwl H½k;wufvrf; 5/ OD;jratmifZH 6/ OD;atmifausmfaZm 7/ OD;armifapmvS 8/ OD;i^a,mif; 9/ OD;xGef;vS? odrfawmif& mG 10/OD;ausmfvSOD; i^wefysif;&Gm 11/OD;armifa&TxGef; onfuef&Gm
tv,fykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU
aps;a[mif;ykdif; atmuf&Gmykdif; aps;a[mif;ykdif; tv,fykdif; aps;a[mif;ykdif; / atmuf&Gmykdif;
/ / / / / / rif;jym;NrdKU rif;jym;NrdKUe,f / /
b@mxdr;f tzG J Y 1/ OD;zkd;,Of 2/ OD;a0omatmif 3/ OD;armifa&Tausmf
Nr KUe,f d a *gyutzG J Y (1980-91 ckESpf xd) aumZm 1341 ckESpf(c&pf 1980)jymok dvwGi f bk&m;toif; (ig;)zG J Yaygif; pkHukd zsufodrf;NyD;aemuf ygwD? aumifpDrS wpfaygif;wpfzGJYwnf; jzpfap&ef aqmif&u G f ay;cJ hMuonf/ xk daMumih f 1341 ckESpf wef cl;vqkw f 2 &uf t*F g
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
tv,fykdif; / aps;a[mif;ykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU / /
tvkyt f rIaqmift JzG Y 1/ OD;omEkd;atmif
Ouú|
vrf;rawmf
rif;jym;NrdKU
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
OD;i^rJBuD; pufq&m 'kOuúX tv,fykdif; OD;yef;vSatmif / / OD;xdefvif; twGif;a&;rSL; / OD;pdefñGefYatmif / OD;pkd;wifh OD; armifo mausmf wGzJ uft wGi;f a&;rSL; aps;a[mif;ykdif; OD;atmifZHjzL / tv,fykid f;
/ / / / / /
tzG J Y0 if 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/ 19/ 20/ 21/
OD;zavmif;jzL OD;atmifbef; OD;xGef;jratmif OD;apmvSOD; OD;armifat;om OD;atmifjrpdef OD;vkH;armif OD;armifyk OD;apmom OD;armifjratmif OD;armifausmfxif OD;teDarmif OD;pHatmifausmf OD;ausmfjzL (i,f ) OD; ausmx f Ge;f OD;OD;omZH OD;armif<uif; OD;atmifvSpdef OD;pdefvSatmif OD;xGD;omatmif OD;zkd;apmvS
trIxrf;&yfuGuf tv,fykdif; / / / / / aps;a[mif;ykdif; / / / / / / / / *efYaumfNrdKif jynfawmfat; atmuf&Gmykdif; vrf;rawmf OD;pkd;wifh
rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
10
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0 22/ OD;pHatmifjzL 23/ OD;armifzkd;pdef 24/ OD;eDatmif
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Ncdwfawmif axmifhacsmifBuD; yefZif;armf
/ / /
pm&if; ppft JzG Y 1/ 2/
OD;pHa&TOD; OD;w½kyfjzL
3/ 4/
OD;vSazmf OD;ausmjf zL
tv,fykdif; bk&m;wumvrf; aps;a[mif;ykdif; / /
rif;jym;NrdKU rif;jym;NrdKU / /
aqmif& u G cf suf þtzGJYonf "mwfawmfukd tBudrfBudrfrSefpDa&Tcsjcif;? taqmufttkH a[mif;rsm;uk d jyKjyifjcif;? vrf;rsm;uk d jyKjyifjcif;? trI dufo d½kuEf fSih awmawmif rsm;uk d &Si;f vif;ckwx f iG jf cif;? vQyfppf"mwfr;D aumf dyak &;&Si;f wk d YE fiS h qufo, G ñ f d dE§ iI ;f í rD;vk dif;rsm; wyfqifjcif;? tkXfa&uefjyKjyifjcif;? orHwvif;cif;jcif;? wHw dkif; um&Hjcif;? oHZumum&Hjcif;? vlaygif; 493 OD;xHrS aiG aygif;av;aomif;ausmf uk d xm0&aiG ya'omyif dpkufvSLcJhjcif;? pwk'DomqGrf;csu Hf½kaqmufvkyfjcif;? rD;puf H½u k d k jyKjyifaqmufvyk jf cif;rsm;uk d aqmif&u G cf hMJ uonf/ ESppf Ofb&k m;yG Jawmf usif;yjcif;? cgoBuFeftwGif;ü pwk'Dom(4)&ufauR;arG;jcif;? wefaqmifrek f;v jynh faeYqGrf;awmfBu ;D avmif;? uxdefuyfyGJawmf usif;yjcif;? wm0wdefomyGJ? 0uF mbmyG Jusif;yjcif; paom vk dtyfaom udpöt00uk d wm0ef,al qmif&Gucf hJ Muonf/ 1981? 1982? 1984? 1987 ckESpfwkdYü tkXfa&uefa[mif;BuD;ukd jyKvkyfcJhonf/ a&S;wyfrSL;AkdvfrSL;BuD; ol&ausmfpGm (Ouú| ppfukdif;wkdif; jynfo Yal umifp )\ D ulnDyHyh k;d rIjz fih bdvyfajrtdwf 100 tukefcHí bk&m;rsm;uk d jyKjyifaqmif&Gucf hJonf/ &SifOy*kw(å ausmufovif;jzL)? &[EÅ m½k yw f ku dv k nf; wnfxm;cJ honf/ ppfawGNrKd U ½lyajrmufacsmif;em;pk&yfuGurf S a':ratmif om FOD;aqmifí avQmif;awmfrb l &k m;wGi f rsufE mMS uufpeG ;f awmfu dk uyfv d LS Ekicf hJonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rD;puf H½ku dk azmifa';&Sif;topfjyKvyk fMuonf/ puf H½ktvsm; 25 ayausmf? teH 20 ayausmf d&SNyD; oGy dfrk; dEkifc hJonf f/ 1984 ckESpf qkawmif;jynh fbk&m;? r[maAm"db&k m;wk d Ytm; rSefpDouFe;f uyfvLS 'gef;&müvnf;aumif;? qkawmif;jynf hb&k m;wGif ueuú'ef xD;jzLawmfBu;D vSL'gef;jcif; ponfw d Yük vnf;aumif;? BuD;Muyfvyk af qmifay;cJ hMuonf/ tvSL&Sif rsm;rS m ppfawGNrdKU ½ly&yfrS a':ratmifomuyif OD;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;jyif a*gyutzGJYrS bk&m;rsm;uk d vkHNcHKap&ef oHZumrsm; um&efjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ qkawmif;jynf hbk&m;wGif ppfwGif;u vuf0Jzufyg;wGif tajrmufqHxdc hJ&mukd rGrf;rHjyKjyifcJhonf/ 1985 ckESpf {NyDvwGif avsmif;awmfrl odrfu dk tk Xfx&Hum&Hc hJonf/ xk d ckESpfwiG f r[m&Hww H dik f;uk d axmufo Hk;ck jyKvkyfuefay;cJ hMuonf/ 1986 ckESpf wGif ta&S Utm½k HcHodraf b;&S d Z&yfukd OD;aqmifrGrf;rHjyKjyifc hJonf/ txuftXk f a&uefu dkvnf; rGrf;rHjyKvkyfc hJonf/ 1980 rS 1991 ckxd (1341 rS 1353)xd azmfjyyg a*gyutzG J Y\ 12 ESpfw dik f vkyfaqmifcsufjzpf&m xkdvyk fief;uk d atmifjrifcsut f jzpf rSww f rf;wif dEkifc hJonf/ 1991 ckEpS f Mo*kwv f 10 &ufwiG f xkda*gyutzG JYrS usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;ork dif;ES fih apwD? ykxkd;? taqmufttk Hvkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd rSwfwrf;wif orkid f;jyKpkcJh Muonf/
1991 ckEpS fx Bl Bu;D rsm; trnfp m&if; d trIaqmifv em,utzG J Y 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/
OD;bwl OD;armifZH OD;zkd;om OD;a&TvS OD;zavmif;jzL OD;yef;omxGef;
aps;a[mif;ykdif; / NrdKUopf&yfuGuf / trIxrf;&yfuGuf tv,fykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / /
11
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
Ouú|tzG J Y 1/ 2/ 3/
OD;touf&Snf OD;ausmharmif OD;a&TomOD;
Ouú| 'k-Ouú| 'k-Ouú|
twGi;f a&;rS L;tzG J Y 1/ 2/ 3/
OD;atmifZHjzL OD; armifo mausmf OD; pd efñGefaY tmif
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; twG if;a&;rS L; twG if;a&;rS L;
b@mxde;f tzG J Y 1/
OD;vSxGef;pdef
pm&if; ppft JzG Y 1/ 2/
OD;vSazmf OD;armifjrom
ypön;f xde;f tzG J Y 1/ 2/
OD;atmifjrpdef OD;OD;pdef
aumfr wDrsm; 1/ 2/
OD;OD;omxGef; OD;teDarmif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
OD;ausmfjrOD; OD;ausmfom OD;a*gif;aZmuf OD;OD;pdef OD;xGefeDarmif OD;atmifausmfaZm OD;atmifjrifpdef
Nr KUe,f d a *gyutzG J Y( 1994-) NrdKUe,f a*gyutzG YJu dk 1994 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif topf JzGYpnf;cJ h onf/ Mo0g'p&d,tzG J Y? vlem,utzG J Y? tvkyftrIaqmift JzG Yrsm;? owfrS w df&S avonf/ tqihfqifw h ifjyñ§Ed Idif; Mo0g'cH,lí usdef;awmf&Sif"mwfawmfukd aqmif&GufvmcJ hMuonf/
(u) Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmf 9 yg; (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
OD;"r® dumbd0Ho (t*¾r[my@dw) "r® dum½kHausmif;? rif;jym; OD; ok E¨&(Ouú| -Nrd KYe,foHCem,u)NrdKUrawmifausmif;? rif;jym; OD;aCmodw &rÇ('kOuú| oHCem,u)NrdKUrajrmufausmif ; rif;jym;Nrd KU OD;aombP (rif;uefajrmufausmif;) rif;jym;NrdKU OD;OmP(Ouú | jynfe,foHCem,u r[m'¨g&)Z,okcausmif;? rif;jym;NrdKU OD;0gpu (bk&m;BuD;ausmif ;? rif;jym;NrdKU) OD;ZedE´(twGif;a&;rSL;? jynfe,foC H em,u) &wemAdrmefausmif;? rif;jym;NrdKU OD; aomr (&wemrG efausm if ;) rif;jym;Nrd KU OD;aumov’ (od*kw F å&ausmif;opfausmif;-rif;jym;Nrd KU)
12
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
em,utzGJY(vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
wyf&if;rSL; rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / Ouú|? (NrdKUe,fNid rf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG JY) OD;pD;rSL;(omoema&;OD;pD;Xme) Nrd KU e,frLS ;(jr ef rm&J wyfzJ)GY OD;ouf&Snf(ukefonfBuD;) aps;a[mif; dykif;? OD;w½kyfjzL (tNidrf;pm;pma&;BuD;) OD;zkd;apmvS (aq;q&mBuD;) OD; awmusm ;Akdvf OD;pkd;wifh OD; i^aysm(h ukeo f nf) OD;pkd;wifh OD;i^pdefaoQ(ukefonf) atmuf&Gmykdif; OD;zkd;om(qkid fonf)aps;a[mif;ykdif; OD;MumxGef;(ajrmif;bG,fvrf;) OD; armif ZH(qkid o f nf) aps; a[mif;ykdif;
rif;jym; rif;jym;NrdKU rif;jym; rif;jym; / / / / / / /
tvkyt f rIaqmifa umfr wDrsm; (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
OD;OD;armif Ouú| (ukefoG,v f ,f,m) OD;pdefomatmif 'kOuú|(ukefonf ) OD;ausmharmif (qkdifonf) OD;jzLat; 'kOuú| (v,form;) NrdKUe,fudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; (usdef;wk dufe,frS) OD; teDa rmif? twGi;f a&;rSL;(tNi l d rf;pm;opfawmOD;pD;) OD;armifpdefat; wG Jbuf(qk difonf) OD;armifjrpdef (em&Djyifqkdif) OD; OD; a&To m(qkdio f nf) NrdKU e,fuk, d fpm;vS,w f pfOD;(usdef;wkdufe,f )
rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / / / / / /
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aqmif& u G cf surf sm; bk&m;&ifjyifukd wHrsupf nf;vSn;f oef Y&iS f;jcif;? awmifwufqif;vrf;rsm; jyKjyifjcif;? oef Y&Sif;jcif;? vQyfppfrD;xGef;ñ§ djcif;? ESpfpOf pOfvmrysuf JyGawmfukd usif ; yjcif ; jyKcJ h M uonf / bk & m;wef a qmif ; twG i;f ü Ak ' ¨ 0 if u m;csyf r sm;? bk&morkdif; yef;csDum;csyfrsm;uk d a&;qG Jvsuf csdwfq JcG hJMuonf/ (1) uk d;e0if;apwDu dk jyefvnfrGrf;rHí wnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ ukeu f saiG ok H;odef;/ (2) a*gyu½kH;ukd usdef;awmifay:wGif topfwnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ ukefusaiG wpfaomif;ig;axmifusyf/ (3) ukoed m½kw H efapmif;wGif jyefvnfrGrf;rHjcif;? ½kyfwrk sm;uk d jyefvnfrrG f; rHjcif;? wefaqmif;/ eH&?H wHu?J acgif dr;k ? umjcif;uk d aqmif&u G cf hMJ uonf/ ukefusaiG ESpfode;f / (4) tkXfa&uefu dk wk;d cs UrG J rf;rHjcif;? jyKc hJMuonf/ tok H;jyKaiG wpfode;f ausmf zkd;jzpfonf/] (5) "mwfawmfwiG f vQyfppfr;D xGe;f &mü a&mif Hprk ;D qwf? rD;oD;rsm;uk d tok H;jyK cJ hMuonf/ bk&m;y&0kPt f wGi;f üvnf; a&mif Hp?k rD;oD;? rD;acsmif;? xGe;f ñ§ d ay;cJ hMuonf/ ukefusaiG wpfodef;cefYjzpfonf/ (6) apwDE fSih xD ;awmfu dk a&T csjcif;? &ifjyifu dk a<ujym;cif;jcif;rsm; jyKc hJMu onf/ (u) a&Tq dik f; 50000 (1994 ckESpf) (c) a&T&nf 30000 (1994 ckESpf) (*) &ifjyifcif;a<ujym; 10000 (1994 ckESpf) (C) a&Tq dik f; 50000 (1995 ckESpf) (i) a&T&nf 40000 (1995 ckESpf) (p) &ifjyifcif;a<ujym; 10000 (1995 ckESpf) (7) tm½k Hcw H efaqmif;trsm;uk d jyKjyifrGr;f rHjcif;? aomufa& ok H;a&wnfxm; jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ ukefusaiGwpfaomif;usyfjzpfonf/ (8) a&avmif;tdrfom ESpfcef;wG J wnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ ukefusaiG ESpfaomif;jzpfonf/
13
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(9)
ouú&mZfavSum; wpfavQmufwefaqmif;rsm;uk d jyefvnfrrG f;rHjyKvyk fc hJ Muonf/ ok H;jyKNy;D aiGESpfaomif;usyfjzpfonf/ qufvufí aqmif&Guf &efrsm;uk d cef YrSef;xm;onf/ ouú&mZfavSum;wk d;cs UjJ cif;ES fih rlvbk&m; wufvrf;rBuD;uk d jyKjyif&ef pDpOfxm;&S donf/ xk kdjyif vQyfppfrD;puf topfwpfvkH;&&S da&;twGuf vnf; BudK;yrf;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ bk&m;&H HykaiGtjzpf xm0&aiGya'omyifu dk pkdufxlí xm;&SdvmcJ h onf/ ,ckxd aiGya'om aiGpk& d&Sxm;onfr mS wpfode;f cef YjzpfacsNyD? NrdKUe,fa*g yutzG J Yonf 1991 ckESpfu OD;touf&Sn(f Ouú|)OD;pD;í usdef;awmf&iS f bk&m; ork di;f jyKpka&;aumfrwD Jz YpG nf;cJ hMuonf/ xk dt JzG YwiG f yk d*K¾ vt f vk du f jyKpkxw k af 0a&; aumfrwDü a*gyutzG J YrS 'kOuú| OD;pdefomatmif yg0ifcJo h nf/ vkyfief;qyf aumfrwDü OD;atmifjrpdef(em&Dq&m) yg0ifc hJonf/ b@ma&;qyfaumfrwDü a*gyurS 'kOuú| FOD;pdefomatmif? OD;teDarmif? OD;armifpdefat;? OD;atmifZHjzL wk d Y yg0ifc hJMuonf/
r[maAm"dtoif; (1276) r[maAm"dtoif;uk d 1914 (aumZm 1276)wG if wnfxm;cJ honf/ &ckdif r&rmBu;D trsKd;om;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;½Ibd? trSL;jyKí JzG Ypnf;cJ honf/ OD;aumif; vSjzL(a'gufwm) td dE, ´ dEkifirH S r[maAm"dtoif;ES fih qufo, G v f suaf qmif&Guf vmcJ honf/ rlvr[maAm"dyifrS rsKd;uk d,í l aAm"dyifwpfyifu kd usdef;awmifü dpkuyf sKd;cJ honf/ r[maAm"dtXk fwefaqmif;aqmufí aumZm 1308 ck ESpf?bk&m; wpfqyl al Zmfxm;cJ honf/ xk db&k m;rS m tck d;cHc h&J ojz fih aemufxyf(aumZm1320) ckESpfu rEÅa v;rS yih faqmifí bk&m;wpfql uk d;uG,x f m;&S dc hJMuavonf/ aAm"dyifu dk uqkefvjynh faeYw dik f; anmifa&oGe;f JyGu dk pnfum;pG musif;ycJ h onf/ ES pq f ef;wpf&ufaeYw dik f; q&muefawmh JyG? oufBuD;ylaZmfyGrJ sm; usif;ycJh onf/ oBuFet f BudKaeYa&mufw dik ;f bk&m;a&oyÜ m,f Jyu G dk twD;trIw f tutckef wk d Yjz fih qif,ifusif;ycJ honf/ bk&m;yG Jawmfü bk&m;zl;vmorQw Ykt d m; tazsmf ,rumwk d Yjz fih wk duaf uR;cJ honf/ owå0gtaygif;at;csr;f apaMumif;iSm BudKwif qkawmif;Ny;D ab;rJ htvSLuk d jyKc hJonf/ xk dtvSLwGif ZD0dw'getjzpf dckiSurf sm; uk d vTwcf hJMuonf/ 0guRwfo Hk;&ufw dik fwkid f &uf&SnOf ykoaf pmih fjcif;? 0guRwfv?
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
wef;aqmifrek f;vwk d YwiG f qdwq f Hb k k&m;ü uxde Jyf Gusif;yjyKvkycf hJMuonf/ usdef; awmf&Sifb&k m;wGifvnf; tzG J Ytoif;wk d YESi hf yl;aygif;ítppuk d aqmif&Gucf hJMu onf/
used ;f awmfb &k m;&Si\ f trI du f rd ;f toif; ( 1294) d o trI duford f;toif;uk d aumZm 1294 ckESpfu uqkefvqef; 9 &ufaeYu pí q&mawmfoC H mawmfrsm;\ Mo0g'uk dc, H v l suf wnfaxmifMuonf/ toif; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pwiftBuHay;wnfaxmifcJholrSm refatmifNrdKUe,frS OD;armifusmjzpfonf/ þtoif;onf bk&m;zl;olrsm;twGuf uk d,fpdwfEpS fjzm usrf;rmcsr;f ompG mwufa&muf&ef BudK;pm;cJ hMuonf/ xkad Mumif h ysufpD;,k d,Gi;f aom bk&m;awmifwufvrf;rsm;ES fih bk&m;&ifjyifuek ;f wGif a&wGi;f Bu;D wrQ HAk;BuJ csjcif;cH&aomacsmufrsm;uk d ñ§ d dz Yjk cif;jyKc hJMuavonf/ "mwfawmfapwDE fiS b h &k m;yk xk d;rsm;uk djyKjyifc hJMuonf/ bk&m;odrfwefaqmif;rsm;uk d aqmufvkyfc hJMuonf/ odrfwefaqmif;twGif;tjyifw d Ykü tkXft*Fawcif;jcif;rsm;uk d jyKvkyfc hJMuonf/ t&dyf tm0go dckv H&I ef? bk&m;zl;om;rsm;em;ae&ef tpOfaqmif&u G fvmcJ honf/ &yf& mwd G kif;uk d OyoumvSn fv h nf dEI;aqmfí tvSLcHum tppt&m&m jyKjyifc hJ onf/ toif;\yk HrSefvyk fief;tjzpf trI duo f d½kufvn S ;f jcif;? awmckwf? vrf;wGif? ajrñ§ d? ajr dzkYjcif;jyKc hMJ uonf/ xk djyif wpfywfwiG f wpfBudrf tzdwaf eYw dik f; NrdKUuk d vSn fv h nfí tvSLarwå m&yfcHc hJMuonf/ xk daiGjzif h taqmufttk Haqmufjcif;? "mwfawmfu d k ywfvnfox H &Humjcif;? ysufpD;aeaom rD;xGef;ñ§ dylaZmf&m *li,f rsm;uk d jyKjyifaqmif&u G fcJMh uonf/ þtoif;rS OD;aqmifí oBuFefwiG f &ifjyif ukef;ü tvSLtwef;ay;í trQa0um om"kac:avh&SdMuonf? a&SU,cifu awmifatmufü usif;yavh d&cS hJaom bk&m;yG Jawmfu dk 1318 ckESpfupí oBuFef vGefNy;D &uftenf;i,ftwGif; usif;ycJ honfr mS ,ckw dik f&SnMf umvmcJ hNyD; jzpfyg onf/ þtoif;rS bk&m;&ifjyifo d Yk wufa&mufo m;vmaeM G uaom tkXaf vSum; apmif;wef;uk d 1323 ckESpfrSpí jyKjyifrGrf;rHc hJ&m 1331 ckESpfx d wk difc hJavonf/ tkXaf vSum;rS m wpfaxmif hwpf&mcef Y ay&Snv f sm;onf/ tm;vk;H xd apmif;wef; rrk d; dEkifc haJ omfvnf; uk d;e0if;apwDawmftxd ayaygif; 387 ayuk d drk; dEkifc ho J nf/
14
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jymom'fwpf ckukdvnf; aqmufvkyfEkid fc hJonf/ avsmif;awmfrlbk&m;ESi hf odrfu d k 1330 jynh fESpf topfjyKjyifc hJonf/ ¤if;wk d Y\aqmif&GuNf y;D pD;rIuk d 1332 ckESpfu a&pufcstrQa0 om"kac:Ek difc hJonf/ ajcqif hx dik fawmfrlb&k m;uk dvnf; aqmif&u G fay;cJMh uonf/ ukoed m½k Hord fwGi f Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif;ESi hf yl;aygif;í aqmufvyk fvmcJ honf/ 1320 rSpwifí aqmufvyk fc hJ&m 1326 ckEpS fwGifNy;D pD; atmifjrifc hJavonf/ tm½k HcHord fw d Yu k kv d nf; 1309 ckESpfupí aqmufvkyv f m dEkifc hJonf/ r[m&Hww H dik f;? tkXaf &uef? aqmufvyk f&müvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifc hJ onf/ tcsKyfwifjy&vQif þtoif;\aqmif&GufrIrSm trsm;tjym;jzpfav onf/ þtoif;taejz fih raqmif&Gufb;l aom t&m[líum; r&S donfom wnf;/
ukoed m½k HtrsK;d orD;toif; (1307) xk dtoif;uk d 1307 ckESpfu NrdKUay:rS bk&m;wumr a':rJr? a':pdefñ dk? a':vSapm? a':bm;ñk dw d Yu k JzG Ypnf;jcif;jzpfonf/ ppftwGi;f ysu Fpf D;oG m;cJ h&aom ½kyfv H;k rsm;ESifo h drd fwefaqmif;uk d jyKjyif dEkif&ef BudK;pm;cJ hMuavonf/ 1318 ckESpf xdaqmif&Guv f yk fu dik fay;cJ hMuonf/ xk daemuf tzG J Ywm0efu dk trI duford ;f toif; ok dY0ifí xk dtoif;onf Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif;ES fih ylaygif;vsuf wm0efrsm;uk d cH,cl Jhí aqmif&Gufay;cJhMuavonf/
ñGe Yaf ygif; 'l&, D mtzG J Y( vQypf pfr ;D xGe;f toif; 1308) rD;xGef;toif;uk d 1947 ckEpS f(aumZm 1308 ck )"mwfawmfE fSih awmifay: awmifatmuford f? wef;awmif? Z&yf? wufvrf;/ qif;vrf;rsm;wpfavQmufw d Yük vQyfppfr;D ylaZmf dEik &f ed f BuKd ;pm;aqmif&u G cf hMJ uavonf/ rD;puf H½u k d k 1314 ckEpS u f aqmufvky dEf kifc hJMuonf/ rD;pufu d k 0,f,&l ef 3 BudrfprD Hudef;jz fih aiG& mazG S cJMh u onf/ &&S daom aiGusyfckESpfaxmif hig;&mjz fih t*FvefjynfrS rS m,lc hJavonf/ &wntrwf OD;armifOD;ausm?f e,f dykif OD;ausmZf H? wk dufpma&; OD;vSxGef;ausmf wk d Yu rS may;í 1314 ckEpS u f a&muf d&v S mcJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ xk dpufBu;D jz fih ,ckw dik f rD;ylaZmfvsuf &Sv d mcJo h nf/ puf\jrif;aumifa&rS m 12 aumiftm;&S donf/rD; xGe;f dEkifonfu h v D dak jcmufuv D kjd zpfonf/ puftrnfr mS &mpwefac:onf/puf H½k
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ES fihrD;pufu d k xk dpOfu toif;Ouú| tpk d;&vQyfppfpufq&mBuD; OD;apmvSatmif? OD;armifomvS? OD;armifbBuKd i?f OD;xGe;f omZH? OD;armifaysm?h OD;pdex f eG ;f OD;? OD;ausmf xGef;OD;? OD;armifa&Tausmfw Ykdu OD;pD;íaqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ ¤if;onf 1312 ckESpfu 'kwd,tBudrfxD;awmfu dk a&TcsrGrf;rH&mü BuD;rSL;yg0ifcJhavonf/ rD;xGe;f toif;rS m 1980 ck ESpfx d aqmif&GufvmcJMh uonf/ xkad emuf dykif; wGif NrdKUe,fa*gyutzG J Yo dkY vTJtyfay;cJ h&avonf/ xk Yad Mumih f a*gyutzG YJu NrKd Ue,fvQypf pf"mwftm;aumf dyak &;&Si;f ES fih ñ§ d dEiI f;NyD;vQif rD;vk di;f rsm;uk d qufo, G f wyfqifjcif;jyKc hJavonf/ 1982 ckESpfwiG f rD;puf½kHuk d jyefvnfrGrf;rHc hJonf/ pufazmifa';&Si;f uk dvnf; topfjyefvnfjyKvyk cf ho J nf/ 1991 ckEpS w f iG f rD;puf H½k uk dvnf; topfjyKvkyfvmcJhonf/ puf½kHrSm tvsm; 25 ayausmf ? teH 20 ayausmf oGy dfrk;jzpfonf/
r[m&HwHwkdif;toif;(1301) xk dtoif;uk d 1313 ckESpu f JzG Ypnf;cJ hMuonf/ OD;a&TaoG;OD;aqmifí JzG Ypnf; cJ honf/ 1313 ckESpfx d aqmif&Gucf hJavonf/ toif;onf "mwfawmf&ifjyif rNyKd ysuaf p&ef wHw dik f;uk d t"duxm;í aqmif&Gujf cif;jzpfonf/ tvsm; 73 ay? 7vufr? 'kwpfay 3 vufr? tjrihf 13 ay 5 vufr? (&ifjyifx d tjr fihwH wk dif; 3 ay 3vufrxd ) aqmif&GufEkid cf hJonf/ aemuf dykif;wGif tzG J Y(5)zG JY yl;aygif; í axmufuefrsm;uk d qufvufjyKc hMJ uavonf/
ukd;e0if;apwDtoif; (1306) xk dtoif;uk d 1954 (aumZm 1316)ck ESpfu JzGYpnf;cJ honf/ bk &m;apwD uk d xk dckESp f Ncdwfawmif& mol G BuD;u tjr fihOmPfawmf 11 ay? 10 vuf r? wd k;cs UJ onf/ apwDawmfajcwGif &Spfajr§mifah zmfvsuf bk&m;wpfqluspD wnf d&Sonf/ apwDv H;k ywfr mS 36 ay? 8 vufr d&Sonf/ t&yf&SpfrsuEf mtvk S duf N*dK[feH½yk f rsm; xkvkyfxm;onf/ xk dapwDu dv k nf; &Spfajrmif h od drftaqmifjyKvky dfrk;xm; vsu d&f o S nf/ tm½k HcHord v f nf; d&S&m tvsm; 20 awmif ? teH 12 awmifoyG drf ;k jzpf onf/1341 ckESpf acgif; drk;ysupf D;cJ h&onf/ 1347 ckESpf ok duq f &mrsm; zsufqD;cJ h í apwDE fSih½kyfv H;k rsm; ysufpD;cJ h&onf/ ,ck HykpHtopfjzihf rGrf;rHjyKjyifxm;onf/ þtoif;um; ukd;e0if;apwDjzpfay:½kH rQom aqmif&GufEkdifc hJonf/
15
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
omoemESpfawmifig;&mtoif;(1318) þtoif;onf 1956 ckESpf omoemESpfaxmif hig;&mjynh f (1318ckESpf) JzG Ypnf;cJMh uonf/ txdrf;trSwt f jzpf r[maAm"dapwDo@mefapwDwpfqu l dk 1956 ckESpf 'DZifbmv wwd,tywfu tkXfjrpfcsc ho J nf/ OD;aqmifc hJolrsm;rS m acsmif;EG,&f mG ZmwdOD;pHx D;G atmifE fSih rif;jym;wk di;f &if;aq;q&mBu;D FODatmifom vSw d Yjk zpfMuonf/ tjr fih 18 awmif&S d apwDwpfqu l dk wnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ av;ajr§mihfjzpf\ wpfrsufESmvQif bk &m;ckESpfqlyg&Sdonf/ 28ql[kvnf;ac: onf/ ESpfaxmihfig;&mjynhfbk&m;[lívnf; trnfwGifonf/ xkdbk&m;teD; awmifbufwiG f tvsm; 26 awmif? teH 12 awmif&n S f "r® m½k HBu;D wpfaqmifu dk vnf; aqmufvyk dfEkicf hJonf/ oGy drf k;í orHwvif;cif;xm;onf/ tkXfavSum; wufvrf;qif;csi;f þbk&m;uk d zl;&onf/ bk&m;ES fihtXk favSum;Mum;wGif xef; yifpOf? anmifyifwef;rsm;jzihf oyÜm,fom,mvSayonf/
ckepfaxmifjynhftoif;(1318) ckepfawmifjynh fbk&m;uk d wnfxm;Ek dif&ef aqmif&Gucf hJMuonf/ bk&m;uk d 1318 ckESpfwnfxm;vmEk difcJhonf/ bk&m;tzG YrJ mS oufwrf;r&Snfc hJay? ,ck bk&m;wum^rwk d Yuyif jyKjyifay;cJ honf/ ,ck bk &m;wum^r trnfu d k JpG í rMunfrdbk&m;? rMunfrdbk&m;[lí ac:wGi df&SaeMuNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif; (1318) aumZm 1318 ckESp Jzf YGpnf;cJ hMuonf/ OD;qHe(D Ouú|)tonf& m?G OD;a&Tausmf OD;('kOuú|) OD;csr;f at; (twGif;a&;rSL;) xkdaemuf OD;eDxGef; paomyk d*¾Kvfrsm; OD;aqmifyg0ifc hJonf/ usdef;wk dufr S 32 &G muk d tajccHí JzG Ypnf;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufu dx k dx k uf&yf& mrs G m;pG m yg0ifc hMJ uonf/ Ouú| OD;a&TausmOf ;D ? twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;eDxGef;? OD;qHeDwkdYu xkd&Gmrsm;rSaqmfMoaumufcHvsuf awmifay:üjyKjyif aqmufvyk v f mcJ honf/ 0guRwfa&Tcsjcif;? JyGawmfusi;f yjcif;? bk&m;yG Jawmf usi;f y a&;ü wufwuf<u<uaqmif&Guv f mch Jonf/ ukodem½k Hord fawmfBu;D jzpf ajrmuf a&;twGu f 1320 ckESpf 26 ckESpf trIduo f rd f;toif;ES fih lyl;aygif;Ny;D yg0ifaqmif &Gucf hJonf/ tvsm;ay 315 ay? teH 226 ay 6vuf r xd? taqmufttk Hay: vmcJonf do frd ef H tvsm; 145 ay? teH d Hco H rd f wefaqmif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
*kP jf yK0rf; ajrmuf v mT &ckdifjynfe,f\ usufoa&aqmifjzpfaom usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;onf bk&m;&Sif\ vQmawmf&if;"mwfjzpf aMumif;ukd ork dif;&mZ0if w Ykdu wnDwnf; jyqkNd y;D jzpfygonf/ Asm'dwaf wmfE fiS havQmn f Dp mG omoemawmf(222)ckESpfu oD&d "r®m aomurif;BuD;\ a0iS dy Ykaqmifwnfxm;aprIaMumihf &ck difb&k if "n0wD jynf h&Sif ol&d,puúrif;Bu;D u þae&mü wnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨\EkpOfum vaus;rif;jzpfc h&J m Xmewnfxm;udef;atmif;cJhjcif;jzpfí usdef; awmf&Sif [k ac:rSwfvmcJh&jcif;jzpfavonf/ þrQorkdif;usOf;ukdum; usdef;wkdif;om;rsm;omru &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdif;u odMuonf/ xk d YaMumih f xif& m;vS S aom þ"mwfawmfo drki;f uk d a&S;ab;bk d;wk d Yvuf xufuyif bk&m;&S d dck;trsK;d rsK;d pyfq dyk al Zmfí ae&mwk dif;rS tm½k HjyKuo k dv k yf m;rs G m; cJ hMuaMumif;uk d owd &ayvdr hrf nf/ od Y kaomf "mwfawmfta&muf zl;ajrmf&efom BudK;pm;í vma&muf&ef qE´jzpfb d Y k ta&mufvmzk dY vkdtyfayvdr hfrnf/ uk d,w f dkif a&mufrdMurSomvQif "mwfawmf\a&SUarSmufwGi f w0tm;&zl;jrifrdMu&vQif pdwfqE´jynh f0? wpfoufv H;k tm½k H,l trSw&f dEkifMurnf jzpfayonf/ bk&m;ork dif;uk d od MuvQiu f m; bk&m;&Sif\ *kPfu d dkykí Munfñ d dEk kif&m\/ xk d YaMumih f a&S;tcguyif bk&m;orkid ;f onf Ak'¨bmomtwGuf vk dtyfvmcJ hav onf/ þork dif;wGiv f nf; bk&m;pwnfpuyif ,ckxdrnfo d Y k apmih fa&S mufvmcJ h onfu d k taxmuftxm;rsm;t& awG UEk difonf/ ork dif;a&pD;aMumif;onfum; tNrJwef;ajzmifrh wfvo S nfum; r[kwaf cs/ ppfab;ppf&mab;''Pfrsm;aMumih f qk H; H½I;&jcif;rsm;ES fih ruif;vSojzifh xdef;odrf;vmcJ hMu olrsm;uk dvnf; rsm;pG m aus;Zl;wif&ayrnf/ a&Tused f;awmfawmifum; ork dif;uk d &ifq dik fc hJ&onfomwnf;/ awmifawmf wpfavQmuf 0J,mvSnhfywfvQuf omoemjyefYy m;rI G ukd ay;vmonfrSmvnf; Mumanmif;cJah vNyD/ acwftqufqufvufqifu h rf;vmcJ h&aom usdef;awmif &Sif\ yx0Dom;? ajr;? jrpf rsm;vnf; vufrvGw dEf kifp&m vufurf;&rnf jzpfay onf/ dyk drkBudK;yrf;vm&rI? uG if;qif;avhvmxm;&Srd ?I NrdKUe,fwcGifESih f quf pyfrI
16
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
rsm;uk dyg wG Jac:ay;xm;&m dykí Hpkvifjynh f0p&m&S dacsonf/ taxmuftxm;rsm; om"ursm;ygEkid v f Qifum; aumif;onfxuf aumif;rnfjzpfí ork dif;aemufcH vnf;jzpf\/ bk&m;ork dif;ü tqufqufrw S w f rf;rsm;? avhvmxm;csurf sm;? awG Uqk Har; jref;csufrsm;? okawoejyKcsurf sm;? tawG UtBu d HK&MS uolrsm;ES fih vk yfaqmifavh d&Solrsm;\ enf;pepfñeT fMum;csu?f vkyfenf;vky[ f efu dk erlem,lí tcef;vk duf a&;om;wifjyxm;onh ftwGuf odcsifp&m zwfcsifp&mrsm; pkHvifvSayonf/ a&S;acwf &ck dio f drki;f uk d tajccHí a&ajryx0DNrKd UjyvlaerIupí ,aeYxd ork dif; uGi;f qufu d k qufoG,v f rf;cif;ay;xm;&S dojz fih ork dif;tpqk;H uk d cHpm;Mu&rnf omwnf;/ xk d YaMumih f wm0efodí? wm0ef d&SMuolrsm;u wm0ef,jl yKpkc haJ omaMumih f ork dif;wpfck\ twd frf;tapmif;uk d xdef;odrf;ay;Ek difMuNyjD zpf&mum; pmjyKolrsm; uk d vnf; csD;usL;0rf;ajrmufoif hMuonf/ jynfov l x l t k aygif;vnf; trs fKd;bmom? omoemtusK;d uk d arQmfu d;k vmEk difaomaMumih f *kPf,lp&m vkyf&yfjzpfaMumif; *kPfjyKpum;urf;vifh BudKqkdv dkuf&ayownf;/ q&mawmf OD;okE´& Ouú | NrdKUe,foHCem,u? rif;jym;NrdKU
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ed'gef ;oG,cf sif used ;f awmf&iS fu d?k OD;wif d½ñ k w T v f Quf bk&m;ajcawmf&if;ü 0yfpif;cJ h&jyefav onfr mS ightwGuf tcGi hfcgaumif;yifq dck sif\/ rif;jym;NrdK d U&S usdef;awmf&iS fu dk ,cktBurd fygqk dvQif zl;jrif&rI renf;vSNy/D zl;jrif dEkifav? uko dv k rf sm;av? &ck dif omoemrlvblwuk d atmufarh&? owd&í tEkówdyGm;rsm;vmEkdifavyif jzpfayonf/ rif;jym;Nrd KUok d Y yxrtBudr f a&mufc h&J onfr mvnf S ; tcGi ht f cgES fih BuKH íjzpf ygonf/ od*kFwå&a&wHcGefausmif;opf q&mawmfBuD;oufawmf&Snf(96)ESpf psmyeyG Jawmftcg umvwnf;/ xk dpOfajrmufOD;NrKd Uok d Y avh vma&;c&D;a&mufae onfjzpf&m tqifoif hí JyGBuHKv dkuv f m&onf/ av;NrKd Uacsmif;rS eef;usm;q&m awmf OD;aqmifaomoHCmrsm;psmyeyGJ o Ydk avSBuD;jz fih <uMu&m uHaumif ;vS aom igvnf; tcef Yoifv h du k yf gvmcJ h&av\/ xk d YaMumih f aumZm 1321(1959) ckESpfwiG f tpOD;a&muf&jcif;jzpfí usdef;awmf&Sifukv d nf; zl;jrif&jcif;OD;pG mjzpf av&onf/ xkdYaemuf 'kwd,tBudrf(21-11-63)aeY a&mufcJh&onf/ xkt d BudrfwGif vnf; bk&m;&Sifu dk 'kw, d drÜzl;jrifc hJ&onf/ þtBudrfwGifq dv k Qif r&nfrSef;bJ &efuek frS tNyD;tyk dif pGe Yfc mcJ G h&jcif;vnf;jzpfc hJavonf/ vm&if;rS mqk dvQif Oy ZÑm,fq&m&if;ysHveG í f JyGjyifwiG f uln&D ef psmyemuk d jymcsylaZmf&ef jzpfavonf/ xk dpOfrif;jym;NrdKUü Z,okcausmif;uk d rif;uefteD;wGi f aqmufvyk Nf y;D pjzpfae\/ OD;&D;awmfoDwif;ok H;aexk dif&m XmejzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? OD;0go0? OD;rked"Z wk d Yuvnf; arQmfvif haeMuíwpfaMumif;? c&D;BuHKíqk Hwek ;f jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? 0ifjzpfa&mufjzpfcJh&jcif;yifwnf;/ xk dpOfu usdef;awmf&iS fukzd ;l í Ncdwfawmifx d c&D;vSn fch hJbl;onf/ a'oEÅ A[kow k tjzpf oG m;a&muf&jcif;twGuf rSww f rf;jyKxm;rd ygao;\/ xk drw S w f rf; wGif rSwo f m;rdc ho J rd Qonfvnf; ,aeYwiG f usde;f wpfywfc&D;ñTeftjzpf azmfñeT ;f p&mjzpfvmcJh&ay\/ xkdaemuf wwd,tBudrfqkdvQif rif;jym;om;ESihfrjcm; awmhNyD/ 1327 (1965)rS 1332 (1971-ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 26-&uf)xd (6-ESp?f 6-rk d;)aeaysmjfzpfc h&J avonf/ xk d Yaemuf armifawme,fa&mufo m;N G y;D wGif
17
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
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18
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
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19
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
oGe;f jyKvLS NyD;? (8) vSLpm&T D;}} vQu?f "mwfBuD; ZD0Sm? jyKjyifv m\/ S aemifcgbD;vS? aumvd,ES fih? 'o&mZm? wjzmrif ;xD;? bkef;aerD;wk d Y? rnD; xk dcg? omoemES fih? &wemok H;yg;? rjcm;edn? yG m;rsm;&aMumif;? tm;tif avmif;í? ñGwaf ysmif;tH hz, G ?f jyef Y0Sef;us,o f m;? rsKd;yG m;oef Ypif? w&m;cifv, G f? csrf;om<u,fí? axGaxGylaZmf? ,ckarQmrf eS ;f ? &Tiaf ysmx f eG ;f y? vk dw dik ;f &onf h okcjynh fvQrf;? edALÁ eef;ryGi haf paomf0/f (11-vkH; tmom0wD0wfqHcs) 1/ "n0wD& dckifjynfodkY bk&m;&Sif<ua&mufawmfrljcif;? 2/ &ckdif&mZ0ifvuFm? 3/ arm*¾vdykwåwdóax&f? 4/ &Sifr[mwdó"mwfawmfrsm;uk d &ckdifjynfo Ydk yihf,lvmonf? 5/ 'kwd,tBurd f&u© dKifjynfo Ykd omoema&muf &Sdvmjcif;? 6/ ynmar"garmfuGef;? wwd,tBudrf omoema&muf d&v S mjcif;? 7/ yOöro*F g,em(ok d Y ) &ck difjynfwiG f pwkwa¬ jrmufo*Fg,em? ynmar"g armfueG f;ESihf &Spfaomif;bk&m;rsufE mM S uufpm 8/ omoemawmfarmfueG f;? vufa&;rI? 0wDxeG f;? &ck difjynftoQifpuú dE´\ &ck difjynfrif;jym;NrdKU usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;taMumif; a[majymcsufu kd DrSí a&;om;ygonf/ (0wDxGef; 3-2--96)
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ZD0 mawmf S j jrwf "mwkylZm (&pem*gxm) (vu©Pmawmfjrwf 32 yg;rS y[lwZD0Sg jA[®ó&vu©PmawmfbGJY) y[m, z½ko0H gpH? ayred,H A[ku HEÅ? y[lwZDa0S g jA[®óa&m? 0aES ´ tma',s0gpDaem? (2) Amwå ðo0&vu©aPm? toDwdtEkAsOöaem? ok|Kyak PÖ m? oAÁykaPÖ m? wdXEÅK oAÁo d'd ¨um/ (1)a,mb*0g? tMuifjrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ rElóblawmormaem? vlZmwf xif& m;? S vlom;pifppf? {uefjzpfí? aAm"doawå m? a,0rmaem? bk&m; tavmif;awmfjzpfíomvQif? wwåwwåba0? yg&rD jznf hpOfumv? xk dx do k d Yak om b0ü? z½koH0gpH? vTo m;uJ G ho Y k d tawG U&S daom? Murf;wrf;aompum;uk d? y[m,? y,fpGefYí? ayred,H? cspfcsifz, G fjzpfaompum;ukv d nf;aumif;? A[kuEÅH? rsm;pG maom vltaygif;wk d Y ESpfoufz, G jf zpfaompum;uk dvnf;aumif;? bmodw?H tNrJraoG? ajymqk dawmfrlwyf gay\/ (uk o k d v f u H ) aweuar®e? xk do d Yak umif;rGe?f uko dv k u f aH Mumih f? y[lwZDa0S g? Ekn h&H n S v f Qm; í us,fjyef Yaom vQmawmf&Sad wmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;? jA[®óa&m? toH t*F g &Spyf g;ES fijh ynh f Hpí k ? jA[® mrif;\toHE fiS w h al om toH d&aS wmfrjl cif;onfvnf; aumif;? a[mwd jzpfawmfrl\/ (aumif;usKd;) aweur®edoaE´e? xk duko dkvfuHtaMumif;cHí? wzefrysuf?tusKd;quf aMumih f? tma',s0gpdaem? av;pm;½k daoxk duaf om/ pum;ES fijh ynf h Hpkawmfrlaom jrwfp mbk G &m;ukd? 0g? xk djrwfp mbk G &m;\ vQm&if;rnfac:ZD0 gawmf S "mwfu dk/ (1)
20
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(tusKd ; quf ) t[Hu f REyk fonf (r,H? uR fEkyf? tuR fEkyfrwk d Yonf )0aE´-0E´ mrd?MunfpG o'¨ g? cgcgjrwf dEk;? vuf Hp dkrk;um? &S ddc;k yg\ jrwfp mbk G &m;/ (2)Amwðåo0&vu©aPm? EknHh&SnfvQm;? us,fjyefaY om? vQmawmf tp&S daom? ok H;q,h f ESpyf g;aom jrwfaomvu©PmawmfBu;D ES fiv h nf; jynh f Hpak wmf rlxaom/todwt d ElAsOaö em? &Spfq,faom vu©Pmawmfi,fE fSiv h nf; jynh f Hpk awmfrlxaom? okXKykaPÖm? jznfhusihfawmfrltyfaom yg&rDorÇm&wkdYESihf aumif;pG mjynh fpkHjcif;vnf; d&Sawmfrlxaom? oAÁykaPÖ m? jznhfu f sihawmfrltyf aom? yg&rD orÇ m&wk dY\? tvk H; Hpkjynh f Hpkjcif;vnf; d&Sawmfrx l aom? oAÁo ¨ dd'u ´ m? avmuD avmukw&å m? NyD;pD;atmifjrifjcif;? t&m&mwk d YEiS hf? jynh f Hpak wmfru l ek af om jrwfp m;bk G &m;wk Yo d nf ? aruR fEkyf\ (r,S H tuREkfyf? tuR fEkyfrwk dY\) oDao? cE¨ muk d,fwGif? tjrwfwGifac:? OD;xdyfyv’ifay:ü? wdXEÅK? a&Tausmif;wEIef;? NrJ&TifNyHK;vQuf? oDwif;ok;H awmfrlygukef? jrwfp mbk G &m;? bk&m;/ (t&Siaf wZoko&d ad rm|d ) tmusyf a wmf u k e f ; ppf a wG N rd K U rS w f c suf vQmEkn h=H vQmyg;vT mjcif;aMumih f ao;oG,pf mjG yKí ES macgif;awmfo d Yk oGif;jy awmfrlEkdif\/ vQm&SnfvQm;=vQmus,fjyef Yjcif;wk d YaMumih f ezl;jyifu dk Hzk;vTrf;í ok H;oyfjy awmfrlEkdif\/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
21
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
tOöeajr
**F gtif;ok d Y pD;vmonf/ xk duqufí yef;ajrmif;BuD; acsmif;0? 0ufjzLuRef;rSayguf xGufcaJh vonf/
&ck diw f iG f jrpfBu;D ok H;oG, d&f o S nf/ tOöe'D? *päye'D? rv’[ek 'D[í l trnft oD;oD d ;&Sc hMJ uonf/ xk djrpfw d Yo k nf ajrmufbufr S awmifbufo d Yk pD;oG,v f su d&f aS v onf/ tOöee'Djrpfuk d ta&S Uyk dif;&ck di df½k;rrS jzmxGuv f maom awmifpG,af wmif wef;rsm;jz fih um&Hxm;onf/ taemuf dykif;wGif "n0wD 99 awmifrSqufí ocsFyfawmif? ajrmufOD;awmif0Srf;? armif;qG Jawmif? aAmif;'Gwfawmif? r[mxD; awmif? rkcsmawmif? vufoef;acsawmif? yg;awmfawmif? iclawmif? used ;f awmif wk djzY fih um&Hxm;&S donf/ taemufbufurf;ajrmifwiG f tv,fykid f;ü awmifpOf awmif d½;k rsm; quf oG, d&f Sonf/ xk d Yjyif jrpfacsmif;uRef;urf;wk f d Yjz fih awmif d½k;ud k tajccHí jzpfay:jynh fESuaf eNy;D *päye'Djrpfo Y kd qufoG,v f su d&f Sonf/ ta&S U buf& dckif½k;d rwpfavQmufwGiv f nf; awmifusacsmif;rsm;? tif;tk difrsm;? uRef; urf;rsm;jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/ Oyrm-Ncdwfacsmif;? yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;? zkHomacsmif;wkdYjzpf Muonf/ jrpf0wGifvnf; uRef;urf;rsm;jynhfESufí yifv,fESihf pyfvQuf &Sdonf/ azmfjyygacsmif;wk d YrS a&rsm;onf av;NrdKUjrpfBuD;ok d Y pD;0ifvQu d&f Sonf/ rif;jym;NrKd U e,fo k Ydta&mufwiG f &marmifjrpf[kac:onf/ eef;usm;teD;wGif eef;usm;jrpf? avmif;MuufteD;wGif avmif;Muufjrpf? yef;ajrmif;teD;wGi f yef;ajrmif;jrpf? ajrmif;bG,t f eD;wGif ajrmif;bG,jf rpf[í l tyk dif;tvk dut f rnftac: jzpfo m;cJ G h &onf/ rif;jym;NrKd Uawmifbufjrpf0wGif MuyfpifuRe;f ? auovmuRe;f qD;vQuf d&Sonf/ xk duRe;f \ta&SUtaemufw d Yrk S av;NrdKUjrpfa&onf yifv,fo d Yk pD;0ifo m; G avonf/ av;NrdKUjrpfE fSih ukvm;wef jrpfonf tmoHr S jrpfzsm;cHNy;D aemuf rD ;acsmif; zsm;tvGefraS eí ESp>f rmuG Jqif;vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ xk d YaMumif h tmoHwiG f jrpfzsm; qk Havonf/ jrpfEpS f>rmwk d YwiG f vus mrT f monf ukvm;wefjrpftjzpf? pD;0ifoGm; avonf/ vuf0Jr monf T av;NrdKUjrpftjzpf pD ;0ifo m;avonf G / xkdav;NrKd Ujrpf onf vl;acsmif;? oHacsmif;? 0yfacsmif;wk d Yr S txyfxyf jrpfvufwufcHvmonf/ xk du Ncdwaf csmif;uk djzwfvsu f yifv,fxJo d Y k pD;qif;oGm;avonf/ rlv av;NrdKU jrpf pD;oG m;&monf tif;awmfBuD;rS jzpfonfqk\ d / xk drS NydKi;f "mwfawmifteD;
tk dirf sm; av;NrdKUjrpfaMumif;wGif tkdirf sm; rsm;pG mjzpfxeG f;vsu d&f Sonf/ yef;ajrmif; teD;wGif o&uftif;ESi hf **F gtif;? e*&mtkyfpük pnfywå&mtif;ES fih 0&'wftif; ukvm;rawmifteD;ü wHcsdwt f if;? t0&G mtkyfpkü ajymif;&Snftif;? om,mukef; aus;&G mtkyfpktif;? ptif;&G ma[mif;? aus;&G mtMum;&S d ptif;tif;? þtif;wk d Y onf emrnfxif& m;aomtif S ;rsm;jzpfavonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fwiG f tif;tk difrsm; \ pkpkaygif;{&d,m (17255){u&Sdonf/
jrpfa csmif ;rsm;oG,pf ;D yk H av;NrdKUjrpfonf b*Fvm;yifv,fxo J d Y k jzwfoef;pD;0ifo m;avonf G / ta&S U ajrmufbufrS pD;qif;vmMuaom yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;ES fih Hzkomacsmif;wk d Yonf H'kBu;D ewfarmft dik w f iG f yl;aygif;NyD; pD;qif;vmMuaom xk djrpfw d Yo k nf av;NrKd UjrpfE fiS h aouHaus;&G mteD;wGif aygif; HpkMuonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,ftwGif;ü av;NrdKUjrpf\ yxrjrpfq Hjk zpfNyD; yxrjrpfus,[ f v k nf; ac:qk d dEkifonf/ ,if;\tv,fwiG f ykxk;d wpfqEl fSih uRef;i,fwpfuRe;f d&SNy;D ,if;uRef;uk d 0ufjzLuRef;(&marmifuRef;) [kvnf; ac:onf/ xk dae&monfyif jrpfq HEk fSih yxrjrpfus,t f ñTe;f vu©Pm oabm jzpfaeonf/ ,if;rS qufvufpD;qif;vmaom av;NrKd Ujrpfonf rif; aMumif;jrpf ESihf ZD;yifBuD;teD;wGif aygif;qkHMuonf/ ,if;ukd 'kwd,jrpfq Hk[k ac:qk d f dEkifonf/ (rif;BuD;jrpfü >yefwpfc dk&Sonf/ ,if;>yefonf auovm>yefrS pwif JcGxu G fNy;D ? ausmufiEG m;teD;wGif rif;aMumif;jrpfxJo d Y k jyefvnfpD;0ifvm onf ) 'kw, d jrpfus,[ f v k nf; qk d dEik o f nf/ ¤if;teD;Muyfpifawmifarmfü Muyfpif jrpfE fSih o*FeufjrpfESpfjzmcG JxGupf D;qif;Muonf/ ,if;wGif av;NrdKUjrpf trnfjz fih qufvufpD;qif;vmaomjrpfr mS o*Feufjrpfjzpfonf/ xk djrpfESpo f , G u f dk rif;jym; rS a&vrf;(12)rk difcef Yu ma0;onf G hae&mü ig;owpfayguf>yefE fSih ul;vl;oG m;vm dEkifonf/ qufvufpD;qif;oG m;aom av;NrdKUjrpfonf uRJwufaus;&G mteD;wGif anmifajcaxmufjrpf trnfjz fih pD;qif;onf/ aygufqed u f sjrpfE fiS h aygif;qk Honf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aygfufawmNrKd UteD;wGif pGef&JjrpfESih f aygif;qk Honf/ þae&monf wwd,jrpf us,fjzpfonf/ av;NrdKUjrpfonf &ck difjynfe,fwGif 'kwd,tok H;0ifqkH;jrpfjzpf onf/ av;NrdKUjrpfo d Yk vma&mufaygif;qk HMuaom acsmif;rsm;rS m ajrmif;bG,fteD; ü ajrmif;bG,facsmif;? aemfaemf&GmteD;ü aemfaemfacsmif;? "rÜavacsmif;ESihf qufpyfvsu d&f o S nf h oJwef;acsmif;wk d Yjzpfonf/ ,if;acsmif;wk d Yonf ajrmufO;D NrKd U e,fo d Yk wk du d½f kufoGm;vmEk difMuonf/ (rif;jym;NrdKUe,f\ rSwfwrf;orkdif;rS)
22
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ajrrsuf E mtoG S it f jyif av;NrdKUjrpfonf ta&S UbufwGif awmifpG,fawmifwef;wk Yjd z fih jynhfESuf vsuf&Sdonf/ ta&S Ubuf d&S &ckdif½kd;rawmifwef;BuD;rS jzmxGufvmjcif;rsm;jzpf onf/ ajrmufbufESi hftaemufbuf? awmifbufw d Yrk mS ajrjyef YvGifjyifrsm;jzpf vsu d&f Sonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,f\ tv,fA[ku d d k jzwfoef;í ajrmufrSawmifo d Yk av;NrdKUjrpfpD;qif;vsu df&Sonf/ awmifbufwGif jrpfcGJrsm;&S d&mum; jrpf0ajrEk uRef;ay:rsm; ay:xGef;vsu d&f Sonf/ ajrrsufE mjS yifonf qifuek f;avQmjzpf d&aS e onf/ ajrmufbufrSmjrifhí awmifbufokdY wjznf;jznf;edrfhqif;oGm;onf/ awmif dyik ;f jrpf0wGif used ;f awmifwef;? Muyfpifawmifwef;? auovmawmifwef; wk dY wnf d&Sonf/ auovmuRef;ta&S UbufrS rif;aMumif;jrpfo dkY pD;qif;oG m; onf hrif;aMumif;jrpf0? aumovm>yef0wGif >yef&Sno f nf ajr Hykjrpfo d Y k pD;0ifo m; G avonf/ MuyfpifuRef;taemufbufwGif o*Feufjrpf? &ufckef;wk dif;jrpfonf iref;&JuRef;? ajr Hykjrpfo d Yk pD;0ifo m;avonf G / o*FeufjrpfrSig;owpfayguf>yef azmufxiG f;í iwefysif;? usm;&JjyifrSpD;vmaom av;NrKd UjrpfaMumif;ES fih qk Hum aygufqdefusjrpf? wref;qnfjrpf? pGef&Jjrpfo d Yk pD;oG m;vsuf ukvm;wefjrpf? iref; &Jjrpf? z½k Humjrpfw d Yko d Y k pD ;0ifo m;avonf G / aumZm 1210 u uif ;q&monf a&aMumif; c&D;oGm;vmcJhonf/ &rf;NAJrS c&D;pwifxGufcJh&m MuyfpifuRef;ok Yd a&mufí ig;owpfaygufrx S u G v f suf *päye'Djrpf0 ppfawGNrKd Uok d Y a&mufavonf/
used ;f &marmif rS *päya&muf a&aMumif ; JzG Y iNrKd wufrukid ?f yJ hx dkifa&TarmifOD;? OD;pD;,ufo haJ tmif? awmifNrKd Uanmifyif vS? cwfumyJhcsdwf? ndwfumndwfum? avSrSma&yuf? xrif;csufaMumifacs? rif;aeaygif;pD;? bke;f BuD;vlxu G ?f OD;wufvufavS mf? xGe;f ay:ça&TarmifO;D ? 0rf;El; ylavmif? &Spaf ,mufarmifw d Y?k tdrfaxmifoufarG;? tvSLay;vsu?f arwå mqk Hcsif? Opö mcif&m? 0rf;wGif&q H D;? drk;oDewfawmif? ukefatmifavmif;'&pf? xm;vSpfnm wif? NrdKicf Gifc&D;? vlreD;om;? nnf;BuD;qdwfn?H ylusif;>yefu d?k wufysyH pfvsu?f a&mifev D majrmuf? ausmufE m;ayguf G u? ajrmufu dak &S Uaqmif? a&S muf Hyak wmifu d?k
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
a&mufatmifu;l oef;? tajzmifhwef;vsuf? urf;uRef;uefom? Muyfpif&Gmukd? vus mwif f NrJ? iref;&Ju d?k vuf0Juypf? &marmifjrpfu dk? uspfumrufum? vk ducf hJ vmom;? npmrk d;csKyf? wjzm;ukyfí? jyKAÁ0Da'? uRef;a&mifa0om;? jrKawajymif ajymif? usdef;awmfawmifu d?k &G,af qmifO;D ñTw?f zl;Ny;D vwfu? tm;&arG UaoQmif? usde;f &marmifu d?k a&S mifc haJ emufypf? ig;owpfu d?k usdwí f xGuNf y;D ? a&S UuqD;onf jrpfBuD;rwref;qnf? ombdaownf;? &Gmjynfausmif;uef? bkHArd mefESih?f wHceG f uku m;? ú rav;zG m;ESihf? jrpfem;ukef;wef;? ajrmufbufuRef;u? wref;qnf& m?G yef;0g0guk d? vuf smwifNy;D ? xk duqD;onf? woD;pGef&J? jrpfvuf0Ju? oJoJaysm&f Tif? a'gejyifu? vl&Siftyk fusu?f dpkif;wwfbufu? &u©r@dKif? &ck difñ dak &mif? awmif twnfwnf? jynftuRef;uRef;? t0Srf;0Srf;uk dd? vSn fhpef;'Dom? ESif;jzmjzmES fih? vus mvuf f 0J? ½IumeJom;? o&G Jvus m?f awmif;zl;&mwGi?f npmxrif;? npm[if; uk d? wif;wif;pm;aomuf? JyGNy;D aygufu? a&mufvak &mufcsi?f pdwcf &GiEf fiS ?h yifv,f t0? *päy[k? drIi;f ys&&D ?D prf;oDprf;oyf? dESr hí f cwfu? csnf;uyfppfawG? a&mufav atmifjrif? rsufvif;pifu ppfawGatmifw dik f? &ck dif&m½I? arQmfv dku½f Iom;? pwk'D om? av;rsufE m0,f S ? yifv,fawmifu? qyf d½k;usajrmuf? taemuf r,k? a&S Url *päy? tif;ayguf0[k? jrjrñk d Yñ d Y?k ppfawGNrKd Uvnf; ewfw d Yak ysm&f m? 0wðomok d Y?jrpfr mS Munf hav? tjynh favSwuf? 0ifxu G rf pJ? oHw J?G &rf;NAJ? oDjcif;at;ES fih/ ]]uif;q&mOD;yef;OD ; (OD;0&vlxGu )f (aumZm 1210)
tOÆee,fa jr tOÆee,fajronf &ck difv Yt l JzGytpnf;wk d Y aexk difvmcJ&h m tcsuftcsm Xmersm;jzpfacs\/ &ck difvrl sKd;rsm;\ toufaoG;aMumrsm;vnf; jzpfacs\/ NrdKUjy XmetajcjyK&mvnf;jzpfc hJ\/ xk d YaMumif hvrl Ia&;? vl Y,Ofaus;rIrsm;yg tajcjzpf vmcJ h&onfomwnf;/ av;NrdKUjrpfzsm;onf ukvm;wefjrpfE fSih jrpfzsm;qk H;onhf twk di;f "n0wDacwf? a0omvDacwfw d Yu k ork di;f aMumif;qufo, G rf rI uif;Mu acs/av;NrKdUacwfajrmufO;D acwfum; t"dutcsut f csm jzpfc h&J monfomwnf;/ tOÆee,fajronf ork di;f &SnMf umvmcJ hNy;D jzpf\/ xk d YaMumih f vlrsKd;EG,pf w k pf ck\ tajccsaexk difaysmfarGU&mXmerSm trSefomwnf;/ &ckdiforkdif;wpfacwf? bDpD (6000)cefYxufrenf;uyif? vlaerI&yf&Gma'otajcusNyD;jzpfonf[k ,lq&\/ &ck difo drki;f wGif a&S UOD;a0omvDacwfonf ESpfqufaygif; (1990)&Snf
23
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
MumcJhonf/ rif;(29)quftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ c&pfawmfray:cif bD pD(5315)rS (3325)xd umv&SnMf umcJ honf/ xk d Yaemufr mS rm&,konf yxr"n0wDacwf uk d wnfaxmifonf/ "n0wDacwfonf bDpD(3325)rS at'D (326)xd umv &SnMf umonf/ xk Ydaemuf rm&,konf yxr"n0wDacwfu dk wnfaxmifonf/ "n0wDacwfonf bDp(D 3325)rS at'D (326)xd umv&SnMf umonf/ ESpfaygif; (3649)xdjzpfavonf/ xk Yad Mumihv f eG fc hJaom ESpf(7000)ausmu f yif &ck difa&S UOD; a0omvDacwfu d k pwifEkdifc hJonf/ NrdKUjyxD;eef;wnfcs tkyfcsKyfrIw Ykyd g jzpfcJh& onf/ bDpD(3326)wGif yxr"n0wDonf qlrm&D,w H Ykad y:csed fE fSih acwfNyKd ifus a&mufaeonf? xk dacwfNrKd UjywnfcsrrI mS omref&yfpk taqmufttk H rQom&S ddEik f rnf[k cef YrSef;cJMh uonf/ ,if;wk d Yu dkaxmufí urÇ mho drkif;ESi hf csdefqum &ck dif tpOD; vlaerIu dv k nf; awG;qEk difavonf/ ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKUonf rD;acsmif;zsm;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ "n0wDNrdKU onf oD d&drme'Dac: o&Dacsmif;zsm;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ a0omvDausmufavS um;NrdKUonf &rf;acsmif;? tnmaovme'Dacsmif;em;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ rD;acsmif; zsm;rS av;NrdKUacsmif;okdY qufoG,fonf/ &rf;acsmif;zsm;onf rD;acsmif;zsm;? ul0acsmif;zsm;? ysOf0acsmif;zsm;wGif acgif;cHonf/ 0ufowk d;awmifx d ayguf a&mufo m;onf G / xk dawmifuausmu f m acsmif;zsm;od Y k pkefoGm;aomf vl l;acsmif;? av;NrdKUacsmif;? armf&Gma&mufonf/ rD;acsmif;zsm;rS 0g;½kHawmif? aygif;ay:0? 'g;oG D;ausmuf? csif;vuf0acsmif;? yvuf0ok d Yqufavonf/ yvuf0u?ukef; awmf? 'vufar? w&Get f dik ?f Oóvif;? uvuf0acsmif;uk d ausmfvQif td dE, ´ e,f od Y k qufavonf/ xk do Y kd &ck difajrmufy kdif;acsmif;zsm;rS b*Fvm;e,f? td dE´,? tmoHrPdyl&? Bwyd &l e,fE fiS h ajrcsif;pyfvsuf d&Saeonfomwnf;/ xk da'orS ausmfjzwfítd dE, ´ ta&SUajrmufykdif;a'orSvnf;aumif; ajrmufbufrPdyl&rSvnf;aumif;? MopaMw;vstEG,f0ifrsm; &ck difo Yk d pwifa&mufvmMuonf/ ¤if;wk d Yu dk bDv;l [k ac:qk dMu&mum; aemifwGif &u©oQ-&u© dKuf-&ck dif[lí vlrsKd;trnfjzpfvmcJ h& onfq d\ k / td dE, ´ rS0ifa&mufvmaom &ck di\ f tpOD;qk H;vlrsm;jzpf c ho J nf/ "n0 wDaES mif;acwf c&pf-at'D(1)&mpktxd vlrnf;rsm; (&u©oQ)[k ,lq&ol d&Sae ao;onfq d\ k / rm&,konf &u©oQw d Yu k d k awmfveS í f "n0wDu dk wnfaxmif dEik f cJ honf/ rm&,kw d Ykq dv k Qif td dE´,rS 0ifa&mufc hJMuaom tm&d,ef rGe df*kv dKG ufrsm;?
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
**Fgjrpf0J,m-rm*"e,frS 0ifvmaom arm*fac:vlrsKd;rsm;? tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKuf (cD&m#)ac: ousw d Ykjz fihvnf;aumif; a&m,Suaf e&monf/ ok Yad omfvnf;&u© (&ck di )[l f aomtrnfonfom tac:NrJvmMuonf/ &ck diw f iG f a'ouk d Jpí G tnm om;? acsmif;om;? r½k d Uom;? &BudKifom;? paom rsKd ;EG,fpkrsm; jzpfvmcJ honf/ ,aeY tm&uef[kac:aeonfrSm tm&d,efrSvnf;aumif;? tm&urSvnf; aumif;? a&T Uajymif;vmEk dio f nf[q k d\ k / tm&umyl&&f[í l rm*"jynf d&aS vonf/ ,ckbD,me,fajrmuf dykif;wGif usa&muf\/ xk du d Jpk Gí &ck difu dk tm&fuefarm*f [lí dEkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u ac:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
av;Nr KUe,f d Nr KUjd yrsm; av;NrdKUjrpf0Srf;0J,mwGif "n0wDacwfaESmif;ü a0omvDacwfvlaerI jyKvmcJ hMuonf/ xk d Yaemufav;NrKd Uacwf? ajrmufO;D acwfw d Yw k iG f dykíus,fjyef YvmcJ h onf/ a0omvDplVpE´&m;rif;\om; irifw Ho k nf prÜ0ufNrKd U(c&pf 794-818)uk d wnfc hJonf/ av;NrdKUjrpf taemufbufurf; pif;AGufu dik f;&G mteD;wGif jzpfonf/ xk dESi hfreD;ta0;awmifxufwGif yxryOöNrdKUukd (c&pf 818-1103) wnfav onf/ xk d Yaemuf jrpftaemufbufwiG f yk &defNrKd U(c&pf 1103-1142)uk d wnf c hJ onf/ Ncdwaf csmif;zsm;wGif rif;zkef;pm;onf NcdwNf rdKUuk d (at'D 1142-1154)? xk d Yaemuf 'kwd,prÜ0uf-yOöNrKd U 1154-1163)uk d wnfc hJonf/ jrpfta&S Ubuf urf; awmifwef;uRe;f wGif ae&Oö&(awmifilNrKd U)uk d (at'D 1163-1251) wnf c hJ onf/ xk dNrKd UrS m avmif;MuufNrdKUES fih wpfbufwpfurf;usonf/ yk&defNrKd U awmif bufaygif;wkwaf csmif;jcm;wGif avmif;Muuf(c&pf 1251-1430)NrdKUwnf d&Sonf/ ,ckq dkvQi f jrpf0taemufbufurf;wGif rif;jym;NrKd U (c&pf- 1867)wnf d&Svm onf/ av;NrdKUacwfwiG f used ;f uRe;f wk dif;NrdKU[k wGicf haJ vonf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uta&S U bufwGif yef;ajrmifNrdKU&Sdonf/
yef; ajrmif N r KUd þNrKd UrS m av;NrKd Ujrpf\ ta&S Ubufurf;em;? yef;ajrmif;aoQ acsmif;urf;yg; wGif wnf d&Sonf/ a&S;uajrmif;acsmif;ESpcf k ESpf>rmpD;oG m;vQuf d&Sc hJonf/ av;NrdKU jrpfrS jzmxGuv f maom acsmif;yifjzpfav\/ acsmif;urf;yg;wGif opfcGyef;rsm;
24
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jzif h yGi hfvef;aeonfu dkpGí J yef;ajrmif;[k trnfwiG fvmcJ h&onf/ a&S;uaus;&G m rsm;omjzpf&m &G mwnfpuwnf;u wnfxm;cJ haom &G mrapwDukd yef;ok;H dckif apwD[ k ac:wGif&Sad e\/ yef;ajrmif;aoQr mS a&S;uyef;ajrmif;Bu;D t0xd av;NrdKU jrpfo Y kd vSn fyh wfp;D oG m;avonf/ xk d YaMumih f ywfajrmif;[kac:&mrS ,ckyef;ajrmif; aoQ[ k ac:vmonfq d\ k / a&S;uxk dvrf;rS awmufavQmufo m;Ek G difc hJaomfvnf; ,ckausmif;awmif iSuaf wmf&teD;rS aomif dy Yw k rd af umí vrf;qk d Yyw d cf o H m;&av G onf/ ,cktcg av;NrdKUjrpfaMumif;om c&D;oG m;vmae&onf/ yef;ajrmif;NrKd UrS m a&S;u&yf& mtj G zpfom d&ScJhaomfvnf;? t*Fvdyaf cwfwGi f aps;owfrSwfcHvm& onf/ wpfywfvQif t*F g? paeESp&f ufr mS aps;&ufjzpfavonf/ xk duwpfpwpfp NrdKUjzpfvmum tdrfajcaxmifausmx f d pnfum;vmcJ honf/ vufaxmufNrKd Uykid H½f k; ES fih &Jpcef;rsm;? opfawmXmersm;paom tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKvmcJ honf/ rif;jym;NrdKUrS a&vrf;c&D;rkid f(30)uGma0;onf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKU (c&pf 1430-1784)onf av;NrdKUjrpf\ta&S Ubuf urf;pyfwiG f wnf&Sad ejcif;jzpfavonf/ azmfjyygNrdKUt rsm;rS m av;NrdKUjrpf0J,mwGifcsn;f jzpf\/ ae&OöNrKd UwpfNrKd Uwnf;om ta&S Ubuf urf;wGifjzpfNyD; taemufbufwGif NrdKUtrsm;wnfc hJonf/ NrdKUwnfrsm;onfu dk axmufíNrKd U\ taemufbufurf;onf ajrjyefYviG fjyifrsm;í vlaerI? vkyfu dik f pm;aomufrIrsm;&mjzpfc hJ&avonf/ ajrjyef Yvnf; yifv,fa&rsuEf mjS yifrS (50) ay txufwiG jf zpfavonf/ awmifov l ,form; (95 &mck diEf eI f;)trIxrf;t&m &Sd (5 &mckdifEIef;)oufarG;vkyfukdifpm;aomufaeMuonf/
used ;f wk di;f Nr KUd usdef;uRe;f awmifajrmufu d k trnfjyKum ac:qk dxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ usdef; awmifwpf d0u k fu d k trS DjyKí vlaerIrsm;&muk d used f;wk dif;? usdef;NrKd U[lí owfrSwf xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ NrdKUwnfcs&mXme[líum; rlaor&S fdacs/ NrdKUpm;? e,f pm;? uRe;f pm;wk d Y\ tkycf sKyrf t I ajccs&muk d JpGíac:vmjcif;omjzpf\/ xk d YaMumih f used ;f awmifwpf0kduf eef;&mrsm;u xif&Sm;aejcif;ukd odomEkdifonf/ pE´0dZ, wk H;ñk drif; rwk difrDuyif usd ef;wk dif;trnfwiG fNy;D jzpf\/ ¤if; dAkvfrif;tjzpf aecJ h &pOf Nird f;csr;f rI d&S&m þa'ook d Y a&T Uajymif;aecJ hMuojz fih pnfum;cJ h &jcif;vnf; jzpf\/ ajrmufOD;teD; abmif;'Gwfpaom &yf&Gmrsm;yifvQif aumZm 1068
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ckESpfu a&TUajymif;vmcJhavonf/ aps;urf;em;rsm;vnf; wnfcif;cJ h&mum;? jynforl sm;jz fih pnfum;cJ h&onf/ ok H;axmifacsmif;? ok H;axmifuef? bk&m;aygif; [laomtrnfrsm;uyif xif&Sm;aeNyD;jzpf\/ xk dYaMumih f usdef;awmifwpf 0kduf vlaerIwnfcif;jyKc hJ&muk d usdef;wk dif;NrKd U[lí trnfwiG fjcif;[k ,lq&ayonf/
eef; &mrsm; usdef;awmifwef;ay:wGif e&rdwv f S (rif;apmrGe )Nf rdKUpm; jzpfpOf aecJ haom ae&muk d NrdKUawmif[v k nf;aumif;? awmifNrKd U[kvnf;aumif; trnfwiG fc ho J nf/ xk d Ytjyif used ;f awmif ywf0ef;usifwpf d0u k f used ;f wk duef ,ftwGi;f NrdKUpm;? uRef;pm;? e,fpm;rsm;wk d Y\ aexk difc h&J m Xmewk d Yu dk ,ckw dik f eef;&m[lí ac:aecJ hao;onf/ ¤if;wk dYq dkvQif... 1/ a&TZif;cgeef;&m NcdwfawmifteD; a&TZif;cgESi hf uyfvsu )f 2/ tdrfa&SUrif;eef;&m(orifNcD&mESihu f yfvsufawmifuke;f ay:wGif) 3/ usm;&J jy ift eD; eef ; &m 4/ axmifah csmif;acsteD;eef;&m 5/ okH;axmif&GmteD;eef;&m(bk&m;aygif;acsmif;awmifbuf) 6/ Nrd KU ol Bu;D &G m(ig;pif d½kif;acsmif;uRe;f ? ukvm;wef;pm;? 'g;yk difBu;D ioHawG aecJh&m) 7/ wyif wdkief ef; &m 8/ ppfu dAJ v k rf if;&JabmfaecJ haom MuyfpifuRe;f ta&S Ubuf? auovmuRe;f wGif&Sdonf/
av;Nr KUjd rpft rnf& yk H tOöee'Djrpfonf av;NrdKUjrpfu kad c:onf/ rsufpOf;ñk dtqif;ES fi h wl aom a&&S daom jrpf[q k kv d do k nf/ xk d YaMumih f ñk daoma&pD;qif;&mjrpfu dk tOöee'Djrpf[k ac:onf/ xk djrpfukdrSDí NrdKUjyxD;eef; wnfcJh&mum;? tOöee'Dacwf umv[k wifpm;owfrSwcf hJMuonf/ wcs Uu Kd avmif;Muuf? yk&def? Ncdwf? prÜ0uf(yOö m) [laom NrdKUav;NrdKUrS m jrpf\taemufbufwGif wnf d&S&mum; av;NrdKUjrpf[k
25
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
wGi\ f / þtqk dt& NcdwfNrKd UrS m a&wGu&f mü rygcJ hav&macs/ ae&Oö&mNrdKUwk d Y vnf;rygav/ xk d YaMumih f yOö m? avmif;Muuf? yk&ed f? ae&Oö&m[laom NrdKUav;NrKd U uk dom trSef,&l rnf/ xk dav;NrdKUuk dompG Jí av;NrdKUjrpf? av;NrdKUXme? av;NrdKU a'o? av;NrdKUe,fajr? av;NrdKUacwf[laom trnfemr jzpfvmcJo h nfq dk\/ tcs Uu Kd &Snv f sm;ao;oG,af om jrpfjzpfívnf; vnfacsmif;ESihw f o l nf/ jrpf0 wGif ZD0 m"mwf S r mS vQm&if;jzpfonf/ jrpfzsm;wGif vufr"mwfr mS vQmzsm;jzpf onf/ av;NrdKUjrpf0tqkH;aygufawmNrdKU*D0g"mwfrsm vnf&GJawmf(vnf&GJwef qm)qifjref;onf h ae&mrS "mwfawmfjzpfonfu dk axmufqajymqk dMuonf/ xk d Yjyifav;jrdKUjrpftaemufbufurf;wGif aygif d½k;awmf"mwf d&Sonf/ NydKif; wk difawmifwiG f yg;½k d;awmf"mwf d&Sonf/ armif;qG JawmifwGi f vus marmif f ;awmf "mwf? yg;awmfawmifwiG f vuf 0Jyg;½k d;awmf"mwf? vufr"mwf? yk&de&f mG ta&S U rsuEf m?S yg;&Gwaf wmf (yg;ta&jym;)? vufoef;awmf? vuf H½;k awmf? rsufv H;k awmf? ES macgif;awmf f? 0rf;awmf? wifawmf? ausmuf d½k;awmf? vufñ d;I awmf? eH d½k;awmf? rsufcrf;awmf? yck H;awmf? ajcñk d;awmf? tmacgifawmf? vufzsaH wmf? ausmuft Hk awmf? uefaumufawmf? z0g;awmf? aMumom;awmf? rsufarS mifawmf? rsuf&pfawmf? rsu df½;k awmf? ovk H;awmf? ukwfqufawmf? &ifawmf? tonf;awmf? ausmufuek f; awmf? ausmufilawmf? tp&S daom "mwfawmfrsm;vnf; uk d,cf E¨ mrS qufpyf&m o&D&tpdyftykdif;rsm;om jzpfMuav\/ av;NrdKUjrpf onf om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuaom awmawmif? acsmif ;ajrmif;? tif;tkdifwkdYukd yGm;pD;avcJhonfomru vlaerIjzpfyGm;rI NrdKUjyXmewnfcsrI? tkyfcsKyfrIpaom vlaerIt00? ,Ofaus;rI? pD;yG m;a&; paom toufarG;0rf; ausmif;rIjzpfc h&J onf/ ,ckq dv k Qif þa'oonf rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f\ tcsuftcsm jzpfaebd&mum; ( )ckEpS f vl0ifrEI fiS h jynfo Yt l iftm; OD;pD;Xme aumufcHcsufpm &if;t& NrdKUe,fvlOD;a&pkpkaygif;( )&SdcJhavNyD/ xkdwGif aus;vufvlOD;a& ( )&ckdiEf Ief;? NrdKUe,fvOl D;a& ( )&mck difEIe;f d&Sonf/ bmomtrsKd;rsK;d uk d;uG,af om vltrsKd;rsKd; d&S &m &ckdifrSmtrsm;qk H;jzpfonf/
rif; jym;Nr KUe,f d av;NrdKUjrpf0Srf;wGif jrpf0us&m taemufbufurf; usdef;awmifajc&if;? ,ckrif;jym;NrKd Uwnfvsu d&f Sonf/ aumZmouú&mZf(1229)ckESpf waygif;vjynh f
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ausm f (1)&uf (1867)ckES pf wnfcJo h nf[k rSwfwrf;awG U&onf/ rif;jym;NrdKUrS NrdKUe,f H½k; dpkufvsu f tkyfcsKy d&f Saeonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fonf {&d,m (169305) {u us,f0ef;onf/ pwk&ef; drkiftm;jzih f (264.63)pwk&ef; drki df&Sonf/ awmifrS ajrmufo Y k d (41.50)rk dicf ef Y &Snv f sm;onf/ taemufbufwiG f aygufawmNrKd Ue,f awmifbufü ajr HykNrdKUe,f? ajrmufbufü ajrmufOD;NrKd Ue,f? ta&S Ubufü apwk wå&mNrdKUe,fw dkYESifh e,fedrdwfqufpyfvQuf&Sdonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fonf ajrmufvwå DwG'f 20H;5;30/ rS 20H; 55;10/ xd&Snf vsm;Ny;D ta&S Uavmif*sw D G'f 93H;6;43 rS 93H;20 txd us,f0ef;ygonf/ NrdKU wnf&mrS ajrmufvwå Dw'G f 20H;23;30 rsOf;ES fih ta&S Uavmif*sDw'G f 93H;27;16 rsOf;wk Y d jzwfoef;oGm;onf hae&mwGif wnf d&Sygonf/
tz&ck diaf jrud k apmih fx ed ;f avmh av;NrKd Ujrpf0Srf; vlaerIonf rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f\ ork dif;(&ck di )ork f di;f uk d pwif cJ haom umvuyif tajcwnfvmcJ hNy;D jzpf\/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fo drki;f uk d azmfxw k f &efr mS &ck dijf ynfo drki;f ES fi h tusKH;0ifvQu d&f o S nf/ xk d YaMumih f &ck diNf rKd Uonf rif;rsm; tqufqufjzpf&yfqufoG,rf I? obm0yx0Dtaetxm;rsm;ukd qufpyfavh vm azmfxkwf&ef vkdtyfrnfyifjzpf\/ "n0wDacwfrS ajrmufOD;acwfwpf avQmuf vGecf hJaom bDpD (6000)aomumvuk d rSef;arQm&f efr mS vG,fuo l nf r[kwaf y/ ok d Yaomfav;NrdKUjrpf\ yx0Dom;ajr;rsm;jzpf Muaom &ck dio f m;? av;NrdKU om;? acsmif ; om;? tnmom;? &Bud K if o m;? awmif p Of o m;? uRef ; om;? oHaxmifom;tjyif rif;jym;om;? Muyfpifom;? jym;acsmif;om;? e&rf;om;? aemfemom;? usdef;om;? armf&Gmom;? [lorQonf orkdif;ay;wm0eft&tz &ck difajruk d apmihfa&Smufxdef ;odrf;Mu&onfomwnf;/
used ;f awmif om- umvay:omjcif; tpdaEÅ, sm....*kPaf ygif;teEÅ....jynh f0yga&? ZDoQiyf ifb*0g... &[EÅ mig;&mN cH&HAsm,f...wk dif;cxGif rZÑdrmu? "n0wD D&Tjynfu dk&m ...psmef ,mOfc&D;vrf; <ujref;vDa&cg...
26
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
aovm*D&dawmifxdyfAGDcsm...wefY&yfa&umvcgrSm ...t,ifb0 a[mif;uk d&m? atmuf DrG;vGr;f qGwrf ad &cg...,if;twdwu f d?k atyk f dizf Gi h[ f ñTejf y yg... nDawmftmeE´...igbk&m;rS m0g....atpcef;awmifcsm...us;D rif;jzpfc a&cg...oif;yif;azmf &TDtkyfeefY...bmombm0 usdef;aysmfygvD&m... b*0g...&Siaf pmxG#rf [m...,if; dykit f wdu dak qmifv d Y.k ..usde;f awmif orkwfac:c&m...trnf wifhqef;awmifwef;om,m ...Ak'¨Asm'dwfaqmif [dwf usde;f awmifom/ (jrefrmhtoH &ckdifwkdif;&if;om; tpDtpOfrS toHvGifhxkwfcJhbl;\/)
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tcef;(2)
umum*D&(d a&Tused ;f awmif ) umum*D&dac: a&Tusde;f awmifonf tOöee'D(av;NrKd Ujrpf )jrpf0taemuf bufurf;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ ,ckrif;jym;NrdKU\ taemufbufwiG f usa&mufonf/ awmifE fiS ah jrmufo, G w f ef;aeum (2)rk diaf usm&f Snv f sm;onf/ yifv,fa&rsuEf mS jyifrS (414)ayjrif honf/ usde;f awmif? NrdKUawmif? tvif;awmif? vGr;f awmif? Ncw d af wmif? bdwaf wmif? oydwaf wmif? pHum;awmif? zDvmawmif? ipnfawmif ponfjz fih cif dpik ;f ? uke;f wef;? awmif dy Y?k awmifxw G pf onfw d Yük awmiftvk H;aygif; (99)vk H;qufo, G df&Sonf[k tqk d d&Sonf/ þawmifonf "n0wD(99)awmifrS oG,favQmufqufo, G v f mjcif; jzpf avonf/ "n0wD(99)awmifr S ocsFyaf wmfawmifwef;uk davQmufí ajrmufOD; ok d Yqufonf/ xk du abmif;'Gw?f armif;qG Jawmif? r[mxD;awmifwef; wk d Yo d Yq k uf onf/ r[mxD;rSikyfí txkyfonfrewfawmif? ,if;rSikyfvQKd;í orufqif; awmifwef;? nHuRef;? uku&ú m;axmih f? xk drSyg;awmfawmif? ig;clawmif wk dYu dk qufonf/ ,if;rSikwjf yefNy;D awmif&if;uRe;f ? jym;uRef;? 0if;uRef;wpfavQmuf? awmif0Srf;rsm;jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ yg;awmfawmifrSiyk fí rif;jym;usde;f awmifokdY qufavonf/ usdef;awmifrSikwNf y;D Muyfpifawmifwef;ok d Y qufum yifv,fxJ ok d Y a&mufo m;avonf G / usdef;awmifonf tOöee'Djrpf0Srf;ü ay:xGef;aeaom awmifvnf;jzpf onf/ þawmifwef;uk d tajccHí ukef;ajrrsm; ay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ jrpf acsmif;rsm;vnf ; awmifwef;ukd tajccHíay:vm&jyefonf/ jrpfacsmif;wk YdrS tenfx dik dyf Yck sí awmawmifpdr h0f rS f;jzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ xk d YaMumih f tcsif;csi;f trS Do[Jruif;Muacs/ vGefc haJ om ESpfoef; (30)uyif yifv,fa&qkwv f mrI aMumih f awmifwef;uk d rSv D Qu f ukef;ajrjzpfvm&onf/ &ck difjynfe,f\ ukef;ajr oufwrf;rSm ESpfaygif;oef; (100)cef Y d&SNyD[kq dkMuonf/ xkdo Ykdausmufwef ;? vTmwGe Yfwef;wk Yd qif;vmjcif;jz fih jrpfrsm;tenf dykdY cs rIaMumifh uRef;urf;rsm;qufum qufumjzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonfqkdayonf/
27
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
aemifu dq k dv k Qif a&vufMum;rsm; wdraf umaysmufum uRe;f urf;ajrrsm; wpfquf wnf; jzpfayawmhrnf/ þawmifwef;onf oufwrf;tm;jzih f ESpfumvoef;uk dcsí D &SnfMumvm cJ hNyDjzpfonf/ xk d YaMumih f &ck dif&mZ0ifw Yküd vlw d Yt k ESpfwpfaomif; oufwrf;&Snf aom umvu uóybk&m;&Sifonf þawmifwiG f acwåusdef;atmif;cJ hbl; cJhaMumif; ¤if;tjyif a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;vnf; EkpOfumvu aus;rif; wpfZmpftjzpf þawmifwiG fyif usifvnfaexk difc hJb;l onf[ k azmfjycJ hMuav onf/
awmif\ trnf a&S;&ckdifo drkif;&mZ0if? vuFmwk Yd wGif þawmifukd umum*D&dawmif umvm*D&dawmif [líjyqk dayonf/ aus;iSufowå0gwk dYu dk &ckdifw Ykdu (usD;) [lí ac:Muonf/ aus; ac: Muufwal &G;? Muufawmuk dvnf; &ck div f d(k us;D )[lí yif ac:jyefonf/ wpfc Uu sKd bk&m;avmif;aus;rif; (Muufwal &G;rif;jzpfc ho J nfu dk axmufí ]]aus;awmif(ok0*D& )omj d zpfo fihonf/ umum*D&d ac: usD;awmif (usD;uef )awmif rjzpfo fihacs}} [k a0zefr d&I cS hMJ uonf/ q&mirnf &mZ0ifüvnf; þuJ ho Y kdyif a0zefc hJonf/ rif;jym;NrdKU usD;jzL&G mom; ynm&S dBuD; wpfOD;uvnf; xk d Ytwl a[majymcJ hbl;aMumif; tqk d d&Savonf/(1) þü umuo'´ gonf us;D uef;uk da[monf[o k m odMuonf/ ouú#wGif iSu[ f lorQu d k (umumwk,m)[k 0daootxl;jyKum jyqk dxm;onf/ xk d YaMumih f (umum) o'´ gonf tawmif d&S yso H ef; dEkiaf om iSut f aygif;uk d ac:qk d&mjzpfav onf/ iSuftaygif;aysmfarGU&m usufpm;&maMumifh ]]umumwk,m*D&d}}[k qk d dEik o f nf/ wk,mo'´ gaysmufí (umum*D& )[k d twk dac:a0:ok H;vmjcif;jzpfacs &monf/ trSefrSmvnf; a&S;usaom trnfemrwk dYrSm ouú#? rm*"paom a0g[m&rsm;omjzpf&monf/ xk d YaMumih f usD;uef;awmif? aus;om;(Muufwal &G;) awmifomr[kwrf lbJ aus;iSuo f m&umrsm;pG mESi hf qk difaom iSuw f umwk d Y\ aysmfpH&mawmif tjzpf [k tod&iS ;f vif;oih fMuonf/ umuo'´ grS umvmo'´ god Y kajymif;Ny;D pdr;f ñk d Yawmif? drIi;f ñk d Yawmif? ñk darS mifawmiftjzpf ajymEk di&f mum umvm*D&[ d v k nf; a&G Uajymif; vmEkdifayonf /
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
used ;f awmif azmfjyyg umum*D&d? umvm*D&u d dk tcktcg usdef;awmif [líom vlod rsm;Muonf/ usdef;awmifac:&jcif;ukdvnf; t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonf/ vlwkdYoufwrf; tESpfwpfaomif;u uóybk&m;&SifyGihfawmfrlpOf? xkdbk&m; &Sifonf þawmifü acwåusdef;pufem;aecJ hbl;onfq dk\/ xk dYtjyif a*gwr bk&m;tavmif; aus;rif;onf þawmifü udef;atmif;cJ hb;l onf/ xk dtaMumif; aMumihf usdef;awmif[laom tac:wGifrSwfc hJ&avaMumif; jyqk dMuonf/ tavmif;awmfaus;rif;onf rpÆ sdra'oü EkpOfuaus;rif;wpfZmpfjzpfc hJ bl;onf/ aus;om;ig;&mNcH&Hvsuf aysmfyg;pG maecJ hNy;D [dr0EÅ mrS onf vloel D;pyf &G m? Nrd KU? &G m? Zeyk 'fw d Yo k Ykv d nf; oG m;vmusufpm;avh d&Sc hJb;l onf/ tcgwpfyg;ü ta&SUawmft&yf &ck dif("n0wD )(2)od Yk OD;wnfysHoef;a&muf d&Svmonf/ xk dwGif usupf m;aumif;&muk d &S mvQuf awmawmiftxyfxyfuk d ausmfveG fjzwfoef;cJ h MuNy;D a&muf&mXmewk d Yü aysm dfykufarGUavsm f ESpfNcKd ufjcif; d&SMuavonf/ tpm;t pmtoD;tESHrsm;vnf; aygrsm;rcef;? okH;pm;rukef&SdcJhMuacsonf/ xkdYaMumih f &ck dif("n0wD )wGi f aysmfarG UcJ hMuvsu f taeMumcJ honf/ wpfpwpfpES fih aeom; wustjzpf awmifwef;wpfcku dk DrS dckum aexkid cf hJMuavonf/ awmifwef;rS m tk H drIif;a0qm? om,mrk Ydarmufv&S mum;? aexk difaysmaf rG U ESpfNcdKufp&mwkdYjzihf jynhfESufojzihf bk&m;avmif;aus;rif ;ESihf iSuftaygif;wk Yd aomif;aomif;tkwaf tmf aysmfarG Yp mG aexk difc hMJ uavonf/ t&yfxuf0ef;usirf S vltrsm;vnf; jrifMu&vQi f 0rf;ajrmuf T&Gifvef;jcif; jzpfc hJMuavonf/ þuJ ho d Yk iSuftaygif;wk dY aysmfarG Uusdef;atmif;cJ h&muk d taMumif;jyKí þawmifu d k (usdef; awmif )[k ac:vmcJ h&jcif;jzpfavonf[k qk dMu\/ a*gwrjrwfp mbk G &m;&Sifvnf; "n0wD& dckifjynfo d Y k <ua&mufpOf Asm'dwf pum;>rufMum;ch Jb;l ayonf/ xk dtaMumif;uk d &ckdipf mqk d&Sifrsm;uvnf; þod Y k a&;pyfcJhMuayonf/ ]]a&S UawmifcGifo Ydk ? MunfhvQif½Iw? arQmf½IUurl? w,lZem? &Sdav&mwGif? umum*D&d? awmif0,f d&S\/ ZmwdusD;om;? ig;&mtm;vQif? a&mufavusiaf omf? tkwftifcyif;? DrS;wif;aearG U? ozef;aywnf;? pm;onfrsm;pG m? ukefvwf&mvQi?f iwfonfyifwnf;? r&Tifaomtm;? wjcm;Xmae? a0;&yfajrod kY? ESpfvk0d rf;om?
28
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
0pG m&Smpm;? oG m;tH havm[k? ajyma[mwk difyif? aus;rif;&Sifu? pdwfawmf&Tiftm;? roG m;rvk duf? þawmifüvQi?f ESpfNcKd ufaysmfy ku d f? usefw Hv k du k fu? aoav&\/ xku d wvI du?f aemifESpef m*gwf? þae&yfü? usdef;vwfc hJ&m? usdef;awmifomwGif}} (O*¾ g pH )
oG,w f ef; awmift rnf usde;f awmifonf opfyifawmtkyfrsm;jzih f vTrf;umrIdif;ñkdYa0qmaeay onf/ &moDtvk duzf l;yGi hf? oD;rSn fu h m yifv Hk;&JrQ wif hw,fvaS eayonf/ awm yef; awmifyef;tvSw d Yjk z fihvnf; wefqmqifvQu&f So d nf/ aus;iSuo f m&umwk dY tdyfpm;em;ae aysmfjrL;zG,fum; tvGeaf umif;ayonf/ ta&S Ubuf&Sd EG,fcsKd zkd;acgif d½k;rawmifukd vSrf;arQmftm½k Husufpm;Ek difonf/ jrpfacsmif;tif;tk difE fSih vnf; eD;onf/ prf;acsmif;pD;uso?H a&wHceG fw d Yu k vnf; tjzmjzmoG,q f if;ae&m? a&rk d; rylyef&acs/ v,f,muk dif;uRe;f wpfavQmuf oD; HESrsm;uk dvn;f vufvrS f;rD aeonf/ awmifwef;wpfckv H;k onf aus;iSuo f Hw d YEk fSih om,mrpJonf omru awmawmifw d Yük vnf; vlol rqdwfnaH cs/ vlw d Yak exk difc hJonf h NrKd U&m&S donfu d k taMumif;jyKí NrdKUawmif[kac:onf/ xk drSajrmufbufuek fjrif hwpf d0kuu f dk tvif;awmif[ k ac:onf/ xk drS taemuf ajrmufuke;f qif;wpfavQmufu dk jrawmif[ak c:jyefonf/ ]]usdef;awmifvus m?f jrawmifvuf0}J }[lí pmqk dd&Sonf/ xkad wmif\ ta&SUajrmufarmfwef;vsuf qif;&mwGif vGrf;awmif d&aS vonf/ Ncdwfawmif& mt0if G vus mbuf f awmifu dk oydwaf wmif[ak c:onf/ xk dawmifrS ajrmufbufu dk zDvmawmif[ k ac:onf/ xk dawmif\ta&S Ubufu d k pHum;awmif[ak c:onf/ ajrmufbufu d k Ncw d af wmif [kac:onf/ Ncdwaf wmifr S ta&S UbufwiG f bdwaf wmif d&o S nf/ tk d;onf& mG ta&S U bufwGi f ta[mif;awmif&Sdonf/ awmifykwfBuD;&GmajrmufbufwGif ipnf awmif d&o S nf/ awG Urqkw&f mG (,ckw d Yrk qdw&f m[k G ac:Muonf/) ajrmufbufwiG f awmifykwBf u;D awmifE fSih 0efo dak wmif d&Sonf/ tonf& mwG G i f av;rsufE mawmif S d&Sonf/ xk Ydjyif vufzefawmf awmif&Sdonf/ ESpfql&Sifyifawmif? ig;ql&Sifyif awmif? NydKif;awmifawmf? r,fawmfawmif? qifBuD;jyifawmif? bl;yifawmif? bm;blawmif? qdwq f Hak wmif? &JwaJ wmif? olaX;ukef;awmif ? wif;r&G mawmif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ponfjz fih awmifrsm;pG m&S donf/ awmif&Hawmifxyfrsm;jz fih oG,fqif;ae&um; vlaeNrKd UjyXmersm;yif d&Sc hJonf/ a&S;uþawmifwpf d0kuw f Gif us ddef;NrdKUwnfc hJav onf/ ,ckawmifNrKd Uawmif[ k ac:wGi d&f aS e\/ NrdKUapmih fb&k m; [kvnf; xif& m;&S S d aeao;\/
ajrmifE fiS h a&wHceG rf sm; usde;f awmifwef;rS m &ck dijf ynf\ tv,fww H dik ;f Bu;D vnf;jzpfonf/ jynf\ yuf Hck;(yck H;)ES fihvnf; wlonf[\ l / ,if;aMumih f? jynfwHw dik f;? jynfy Hck;jzpfaom þusdef;awmifwef;um; a&S;uvGepf mom,mcJ G hayonf/ ,ckyif tk H Y drIif;a0qm pdrf;vef;jzmvsu f om,mzG, f twd d&Sonf/ opfyifBuD;i,f NcHKE, G yf dwfaygif;wk d Y vnf; pnfyifvo S nf/ ]]wef;wif}}ac: a&wHcGefw d Yrk S tNrJpD;usaeaom ajrmif; rsm;vnf;renf;ay/ awmifwef;vus mwG f ifvnf;aumif;? vuf0JbufwiG fvnf ;aumif;? a&wHcGefp;D us&majrmifrsm; tES H Ytjym;&S donf/ ta&S Uvuf smbufwGif qk dvQif usdef;awmif&Sif ta&SUu a&wHcGe df&Sonf/ xkduajrmufbufvmvQif Muaomif;(0g;yk d;) 0g;awm&dyfNrKd iBf uD; d&Sayonf/ ¤if;0g;awmawmifuek f;avQmrS pD;usvmaom rif;uefajrmifE fSih qifBu;D jyifausmv f rf; awmifbufu wef;wif ajrmifw d Y k jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;ausmfvrf;ajrmufbufu bD;vl;rajrmif pD;usaeonf/ xk dajrmifuoG m;aomf ,ckqw d fausmif;ajrmif (qdwfacsajrmif )&S donf/ ta&S Uukd qufo m;vQ G if &Jwb J &k m;awmifcs f Kdi hfE fiS h vGrf;awmifcs f KdihtqufrS pD;usaomwef; wif a&ausajrmifwpfc d&k o S nf/ þajrmifr mS tvGex f ;l qef;vSonf/ a&aMumrS m Muyfpifawmifarmfjrpfa&aMumESihf qufpyfaeonf[kqkdMuonf/ xkdYaMumihf xk djrpfr S a&iHvmvQi f ajrmif;a&vnf; iHawmhonfq dMk u\/ wefcl;? uqkev f wk d Yü tnmjrpfa&iHonf h umvwGif xk dajrmifa&uk d jrnf;prf;ygu iHaMumif;uk d odom vSonf[ k ajymprSwfjyKMuonf/ awmifwef;taemufvuf0JbufwpfavQmufwGifqv kd Qif usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;taemufbufü rD;ausmif;ajrmif d&o S nf/ xk duajrmufbuf d& S ausmif;awmif csKdi hfMum;ajrmifu d k ,ckyef;csi;f ajrmifac:aeonf/ yef;csi;f ajrmifr mS jrawmift eD;wGif;yif d&S&monf[k pmayork dif;t& ,lqMuonf/ ok d Yaomf xk dajrmifu du k m; ,ck& mr&Ek S difyg/ opf0g;ckwfaomolrsm; xif&Sm;aomolrsm;onf yef;csif;yif (aomfuav;)rsm; jynh fvsuf xk dajrmifu d k tcgtm;avsmfp mawG G UMu&onf/ wrif
29
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
oG m;&S molrsm;um; &S mr&Ekdijf zpf&onf[\ l / qifBuD;jyif& mtxuf G u dk iawmuf wlajrmif(tcs Uvnf Kd ; yef;jcif;ajrmif[k ,lqMu\)ES fih ¤if;vuf0JbufwiG d&f Saom ajrmifr mS wvif;Bu;D ajrmifjzpfonf/ þwvif;Bu;D ajrmifteD; awmifajc&if;wGif opöAE¨0rax&f\ ajc&mcsc hJ&m ausmufv Hk;Bu;D d&Sonf/ Aa"gajc&m[k ,ckwkid f ac:a0:vsu df&Saeao;onf/ xkad jrmifrSajrmufbufu dk iNyDtif;ajrmif d&Sonf/ þajrmifw dYkum; &moDra&G;pD;usaeí aomufcsKd;jcif;rsm;jz fih tok H;jyKMuonf/
carmif; a&Munf carmif;yif(ysOf;r)rsm;rSm tES H Ytjym;aygrsm;onf/ uRef;ES fihysOf;uwk d;yif rsm;uk d tpkd;&u BudK; d0kif;jyKvkyNf yD; dpkufysK;d xm;&So d nf/ ay(20)rS (50)cef Ytjr fih d&S aeMuavNyD/ txl;ojz fih carmif;yif&Sjd cif;aMumih f a&Munfat;jr woGio f Gif pD;usavoavm[k cef YrSef; dEkifonf/ carmif;yifrsm;rS m tat;uk d Bud Kufonf/ a&uk dq JiG if"mwftm;&S donf/ tat;"mwfrsm;&mwGif carmif;yifw d Yak ygufa&muf rIrsm;onf/ tat;"mwf&&efvnf; carmif;yifu dk dpkuyf sKd;avh d&MS uonf/ &ck dirf if; rsm;vufxuf]]carmif;usD ;jzL oQdoQm;ukvm;tum}}[lí NrdKUe,fedrdwfw YdkwGif carmif;,Mwm tumtuG,ftjzpfvnf; tok H;csavh d&ScJhonf/ tif;csíjrK§ yfESx H m;aom ,Mwmtum ausmufcsyjf ym;m;wk d Yukv d nf; ,ck& d&S xm;avonf/ tzl;? trsuf? tacgif;cHvsuf ESpfaygif;&SnfMumoefrm&if hNyD;? carmif;yif BuD;wk d Yr mS aus;iSuo f mvdumwk d Yt dzk Y Adrmefeef;yifwnf;/ tok dut f tk H Jz Yí G aeMu &ef rsm;pG mobm0usonf/ xk d YaMumih f a&S;&cd kiw f d Yu k ]]carmif;rsupf ?G urÇ mvk H;rS m? jcuf(jcif )vk h YdeD? rsufpGcarmif;? tyifoefau? vusf mbufrSm? usD;wpfacgif;}} [líyif pmzG J Yjcif;jyKcJhMuavonf/ opfcGpaom yef;rsm;\tk JHzGYayguf&efvnf; tvGefaumif;onf/ ]]usdef;awmifausmfvrf;? carmif;yifr m?S oZifyef;}} [lí pmqk d d&aS vonf/ opfo;D ? opfO? tzl;tyGi hw f d Yu k vnf; usde;f awmifwef;\ tvS obm0qif,ifxm;&myifwnf;/ &moDtvk duf zl;yGi hBf uKd iv f diI v f aS om yef;rmvm rsm;um; usdef;awmifwef;\ cspfp&mtvSu dk jc,forGrf;rHxm;ouJo h Y kad ywnf;/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
&moDtvk duzf ;l yGi haf 0a0 þusde;f awmifwef;wGi f oZifyef;onf awmf0ifc ho J nf/ ]]usde;f awmifausmf vrf;? Muuf d½k;yifr mS oZifyef;}}[lípmzG J Yc hJonf/ a[rEÅe wfawmfvwk Yüd ajrmuf av tjyefwiG f a*:oZifyef;wk d Y arT ;&eH YBudKiv f diI favh d&Sonf/ oZifjzL? oZifeD? a*:oZifwkdYum; ewfawmfvrS wykdYwGJvtxd zl;yGifh&m tcsdefaywnf;/ xk d YaMumif]h ]oZifwiG fay:p? ewfawmfv? oZifvnf;yG?J wyk d Yw JG}}[kvnf; &moDu dk yef;u ajymjycJ hayonf/ used ;f awmifwef;rS oZifyef;wk d Yr mS opfyifwumwk d Yü Hpkp mG yGi hfonfxif\/ carmif;yifwiG f oZifyef;omrubJ]]used f;awmifaemufu? ukef ykwfauausmv f rf;? Muuf d½k;yifr mS oZifyef;}}[lí pmqk d d&Savonf/ pifppfoZif yef;onf used f;awmifwef;wpf d0u k f tvStyrsm;om r[kwb f J &ck difwjynfv H;k \ usufoa&aqmif awmf0ifyef;vnf; rnfay\/ ]]oZifyef;ckdif/ wNrdKifNrdKif? &ck dib f &k m;aygif ;}}[k jrwf de;k &m txG#w f if JcMh uonf/ ]]awmifyw k af u? usm;ajc&m vnf; ausmfvrf;? ausmif;yg;awmifr mS oZifyef;ukd vlerf;vm;Asm,f(,m)[k &ck difysKdarwk d Yuyif cspfoal rmifu d k oZifyef;ES fio h m dEIi;f um Zrf;pum;zG J Yc hMJ uonf/ oZifyef;rsK;d HpkNyD;? a&Tw?l aiGwl? vufwHw d?k vufw&H Sn?f ñ§ mpdrf;? Z&uf Ekwfcrf;? (quf&ufEkwcf rf;)? drk;Z&Dyef;ponf h opfcGyef;wk d Yvnf; vGrf;qGwcf sif p&myif jr fihabGr mS vef;pGi hfa0um zl;yGi hfaeMuayonf/ vjymok dr mS cG mñk dyef; yGi hfMuonf/ at;pd frhNyD; dcku dcf kufwek fonf h jymokdvwGif cG mñk du oif;ys Uvs H u df&S onf/ &moDajymif;í aqmif;tukefaEGtul;wGifrl qdwfzvl; (½k d;vSoEÅ m)yef ;/ o&zD? ZvyfeD? Zvyf0g? drk;wdrfjympaom yef;wumwk dY a0qmvsu f yG i hfMujyef awmhonf/ aEG&moDa&mufjyefvQiu f m;? usdef;awmifwef;wpfavQmuf 0ga&Ta&mifoef; Ny;D ? &eH Yx Hv k rT ;f aeonh f? ika&T0g? ydawmuf? a&T&ifcwf? uHaumfw d Yrk mS &ck dio f BuFeu f dk vSrf;vif hBudKum owd&apbdawmhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; *syefppfpcef;tjyif? ppf NyD;aemufykdif;wGifvnf; þus fed f;awmifwef;onf ppf'Pfcwfjcif;cH&onf/ ppfaMumif h awme,ft&yf&yf rS dck0ifvmolrsm;\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf awm&Sif;atmif xif;rD;opf 0g;tok H;csjcif;? ,mvkyfu dkifjcif;? c&rf;? ocG m;? ajymif;? yJpaom oD HE dSpkufysKd;jcif; rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ xk Yad Mumih f opfyifBuD;rsm; wrlajymif;vsu f vGifw;D acgifeD;
30
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Munh favwk dif; jymESr;f aoG Uajcmufc h&J onf/ ,ckum; oufq dik &f mu wm;qD;xm; ojzihf jyefvnfpdrf;vef; dpkajyp jyKvmcJh ayonf/ awmifajc&if;cs f Kid h0rS f;? ukef;wef;? cifp kid f;? qifajcavsmwk d YwiG f oD; HESO,smOf cif;rsm;? pD;yGm;jzpf uGrf;&Gufcif;rsm; tpDt&DpkdufysKd ;&S daeMuonf/ xGufjyKp carmif;? uRef;? ysOf;uwk d; paom opfrmrsm;vnf; NydKi;f &½kid ;f d&Svmonf/ emrnf ausmMf um; vlBuKd urf sm;aom usde;f tnif;("nif;)oD;yifrsm;vnf; awmifv H;k tES H Y jynh faebdonf/ a&S;uusm;&Jw&d dp mef ä rsm; rif;rlc hJ&m awmNrdKiBf uD;ozG, f jzpfc hJ aomfvnf;? ,ckum; ae&mwum vlolrjywf aysmfp&mjzpfaeonf/ EG m;ausmif; om;wk d Y\ ykavGo?H uRJE m;wk G d Y\ cavmufow H d Yw k iG f avcwfoH w&S J J&Su aygif;pyf ay;vk duaf omtcg? oH Hpw k &l , d muJ ho Y kd ESv H;k pdw0f rf;MunfE;l at;jrom,memaysmf p &m aumif;vSayawmhonf/
aq;aygif; pk HvaS om awmifw ef; usdef;awmifwef;um; aq;0g;rsm;vnf; pkHvaS yonf/ arGawmfpufwnf d&S &mvnf;jzpfojz fih &mZ0ifo drki;f wk d Yu ewfaq;yifrsm;&S daMumif; azmfjycJ hMuonf/ &ckdifrif;orD; aq;0dZÆmusrf;ayrlt& aq;yifpkHvif&mawmifrsm;rSm usdef;awmif? iclawmif? ocsFyfawmifw Ykjd zpfonf/ usdef;awmifwef; d&S jrawmifESihf yef;csif;ajrmifw YkdwGifq dkvQif ZvyfeDE fSih aq;eD? aq;jzL? aq;0g? aq;rnf? wdrfyef;ajcpaom ewfaq;tjyif? a*gv*D&d [laom aq;yifvnf; d&Sonfq d\ k / xif& m;aptH S h/ / jrawmif0ifavvQif yef;csi;f ajrmif[lí d&S\/ xk dyef;csif; ajrmifvus mbuf f u awmifarmfwiG f Zvyfeo D Hk; H½k d&S\/ Zvyfeo D @mefum;?t½k d; t&GuftyGi hfw d Yo k nf [oF mjy'g;uJo h Y ked D\/ xk dZvyfeDuk d vufjz fihu dkifvQi f ud k,f aysmuf\/ aoG;írsuaf phwiG f uGif;vQif ewfrsKd;wk d Yu djk rif\/ ewfaq;wk d Yu dv k nf; jrif\/ aeuk dvnf;jrif\/ t*¾ d,wfvnf;jzpf\/}} ]]aq;eD? aq;jzL? aq;0g? aq;rnf ; þaq;(4)yg;um;? yef;csi;f ajrmifwGif d&S\/ aq;eD[o l nfum; j*ef Ypmyifu ho J Y k d a&muf\/ tyGi h?f toD;? t0ga&mif d&S\/ tO y,if;a&mifu ho J Y kd &S\ d / t&omcsKd\/ aq;jzLtyifum; wpfyifv H;k jzL\/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
t½k d;? t&G uf? tyGifh? tO? tjrpfwkdY tukefr<uif;jzL\/ aq;0gtyifum;= t½k d;? t&Gu?f tjrpf a&Ta&mifu ho J d Y dk&S\/ aq;rnf;[lonfum; =a>rpdrf;uJ ho Y kd d&S\/ EG,v f dt k yifwnf;/ t&Gujf zL\/ tjrpftoD; tap; tk d;uJ ho Y kd d&S\/ tyifjr uJ ho d dkY&S\/}} a&TwHw dik f;? a&Twrm? aq;ynm&S d? wdrfyef;ajc? aq;jzL ponh faq;wk d Yum; jrawmifwGi df&S\/ wd drfyefajcaq;um; rkd;cgaysmuf\/ aEGcgaygufa&muf\/ usD;tmoD;uJ ho Y k d&d S\/ a*gvm*D&daq;yifrnfaom aq;yif d&&S mt&yfum; ZvyfeD yifE fSih rsm;pG mruG mwGi f df&S\/ tkwfww H kid f;ausmufww H dkif;wk d YwGifom ayguf\/ tqif;um; tyifeDvmtqif;ES fihw\ l / tap;a&uJ ho k Yd xGu\ f / þaq;yifukd ewfw d Yk0Sux f m;Muonf/ wef; dck;BuD;aom aZmf*sD? 0dZ mwk Æ d Yom pm;&wwfonf/ xk d YaMumih f ¤if;wk Yo d nf rjywfvmvsu f pm;avh d&SMuonf[\ l / oDwma& ewf ausmufcu G fausmufysOw f iG f Budwcf g pm;Muonf[l\/
obm0ausmufv uf& mqef; rsm; þused f;awmifwef;ü ausmufw H;k Bu;D rsm;? ausmufaqmifausmufapmif;wk d Y rSm ausmufjzpfobm0vuf&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ awmifwef;wpfckvkH;onf ausmufpyfrsm;í rd k;&G moGe;f vk dufvQiv f nf;aumif;? qD;ESi;f usvQiv f nf;aumif;? jrLck f d;? jrLaiGUrsm; d frIif; HrIqifum? avupm;aebdtvm; Munh faumif;p&m wpfrsKd; yifjzpf\/ jrawmifü awmifuGif;jyifwGif armif;o@mef? aevo@mef? vdyf? EG m;? Hckavmufo@mef ponfw d Yak wG U&\/ aevo@mef d&o S nfu d k aepuf? vpuf [k ac:a0:Muonf/ NrdKUpm;ae&meef;&muk d tdrfa&S Urif;eef;&m[k ac:aeMuonf/ wHcg;0armf zsm;wGifvnf; ausmufw Hk;Bu;D ü orifajc&mrsm; jzpfay:vsu d&f Sonf/ ppfurJ if; apwDtxufwGif ausmufqif½kyfwpfckvnf; d&Sonf/ wvif;ajrmif;teD;wGif opömAE¨d&[EÅmajc&mcscJh&m ausmufwkH;wpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;ukd Aa'gajc&m ausmuf[ k ac:aeMu\/ þobm0 ausmufvuf&mwk d Yu d k jrifawG Y&vQif tH hrcef; bG,v f rl sm; tqef;wMu,fxv k yk x f m;bdo d Yk xif&wwfonf/ trSeu f m; obm0 tavQmufjzpfay:aeMujcif;rQomwnf;/ used ;f awmifwef;wpfciG rf S ausmufrsm;uk d xk Jc, G v l suf vrf;pcef;? wk duw f m? ausmif;uef? tdrf&mwkdYü tokH;jyKaomfvnf;? ukefcrf;ekdifzG,f&m r&Sday/
31
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
awmawmif? acsmuf? ajrmifw d Yük Bu;D av;vSaom ausmufw H;k Bu;D rsm; jyef YBuv J su d&f S onf/ vl trsm; o,f,cl sxm;bdtvm; awmifajc&if;? v,fuiG f;jyif? awmif uke;f ponft HES Y wk H;vk H;? apmif;axmif? zDvm? uef Yvef Ytcef Yom; ae&mwumwk di;f jrifawGUEkdifayonf/
awmif N r KUd usdef;awmifwef;um &Snfvsm;oavmuf? cs f Kdih0rS f;rsm;vnf; aygrsm;onf/ nDnmajzmih fjzL;vSaom awmifuek f;? cifwef;wk d Yvnf; rsm;pGm d&Sayonf/ csKdi hf0Srf; us,rf sm;ü Muaomif;(0g;yk d;)0g;awmBu;D rsm;? oD; HESO,smOfcif;BuD;rsm; jyKvkyx f m; d&Savonf/ vGrf;awmiftaemufbufcsKdi hu f dk ajrmifacsmif;[k ac:a0:Muonf/ xk dcsKdif0rS ;f acsmifxufBu;D onf (*&ifcsKdi )f d&Sonf/ xk dajrmifacsmif;u awmifbuf ok d Y oG m;NyD; awmifcif dpkif;uk d ausmfjzwfo m;&onf G / awmifBuD;tv,fwiG f ¤if; *&ifcsKdi d&f &S mv,fajr(12){uausmf ausm f us,f0ef;rI d&o S nf[k qk dMu\/ iSuaf ysmf *&if (oD;arT;)yifrsm;uk d dpkuyf sKd;cJ hbl;ojz fih *&if*sKdif[ k ac:wGifonf/ pyg;rsm; vnf; dpkuyf sKd;cJ hMuonfq dk\/used f;awmiftaemufbufE fiS h awmifbufwiG f csKdi hf 0Srf;rsm;? awmifjywfrsm;? trsm;yif d&Sonf/ yJ? ESrf;paom [if;cif;rsm; jyKvkyfpm; aomufvsu d&f MS uonf/ awmifuek ;f d½k;vnf; ajzmif hjzL;vsu d&f &S m? usdef;awmif&Sif bk&m;rS jrawmifw dkifatmif vrf;avQmufo m;Ek G difonf/ xk d YaMumif h a&S;&ck difrif; rsm; vufxufuyif? ,ckNrdKUawmifac: ae&m ukef;jrif hus,w f iG f NrKd U&G mwnfcs aecJ hMuonf[k ,lqMuonf/ xk dae&mwk d YwGif tk d;cGuu f JrG sm; tES H Ytjym;&&S dMu onf/ qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf;ajrmufbuf t&yfum; awmifNrdKUwnfcJh&m NrdKUawmif[lí ,ckac:vsu d&f Sao;\/ bk&m;tavmif;aus;rif;jzpfpOf aus;NrdKU awmf csucf smjzpfc hNJ y;D aemuf? bk&ifrif;wk d YvufxufwiG f aetdrw f d Yjk z fih wnfaxmif cscJhay&monf/ rif;apmrGefb J YüG vnf;? usdef;awmifvus m?f jrawmifvuf0w J iG f tdrfBu;D wpf aqmif aqmufvkyfay;cJhMujcif;ESihf tdrf\BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIukdyg xkdbGJYwGif txift&Sm;pyfq dx k m;csuf awG U&ayonf/ xk dtrd fBuD; aqmufvyk fay;cJ hojz fih xk dae&muk d NrdKUawmif? awmifNrKd U[lí ac:avoavm[k atmufarh&onf/ tcsKdUu ysOfaxmifNrdKU[lívnf; ac:wGifaMumif;jzihf ajymqkdMuonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
þawmifNrdKUü rif;apmrGefonf ESrjzpfoltm; aysmfyg;ap&ef eef;tdrfaqmuf vkyfay;cJhykHu dk xif&Sm;ap&ef rif;apmrGefb JGYrS xkwfEIwfazmfjyvk donf/
vS jim;Muifw ef? aysmyf g;pH ]]---av----vGrf;wnf holonf? vG r;f oluaqG;? &if JE YGMuifwef? rif;apmrGef um;? usdef;awmifvufsm? jrawmifvuf0J? EG,f½kd;oefYpif? tdrfa&SU&Sifu? vGr;f wnf hyq l m? aysmyf gESr? ok H;aqmifajymifonf? awmifa,mifjywif;? jrqG Jvif; eef Y? ig;aqmifajymifonf? w-wwvnf;? ½IwrNy;D ? 0if;q,fxyfr m?S ywfv d YkeaD &? cG mjzLa,mifwrf ;? usD;a,mif0ef;a&? usD;a,mifvnf;tm? eef;av;axmifhr m?S armifr[dcg? rsufpd& mvk S dY? pdrf;jrvnf;csrf;? wk dufaqmifxJr m?S vGrf;vJvGrf;vk dY? wHyufauy0g? dyk;cgomuk d? rsuf&nfvnf;yGw?f ok H;axmif hpw G o f nf? rjywfMuifem? 0goemaMumih f? ylqmESv H;k ? drk;ES,t f H;k d½k U? tdrfBuD;ok H;aqmif? okH;yg;arQmifv Yk?d tdrf arQmifv dkY? tdrfarQmifacgifqpf? ZrÁL&pf[k e*g;&pfqif0if? ig;aqmifajymifukd? cG mjzL0ifavS muf? xufywif;rS m? qG Jvif;aygufu kd? jyLazmufNyND yD? jrADwmefrSm? oQpfq,fpDv dYk? arQmf½Iwifau? OuúifomrS m? eDvwfaw----av}} (rif;apmrGefbGJY tJjcif;rS)
tm½k Hc½H pI m;p&m usdef;awmifwef;onf obm0om,monf tavQmuf pdwv f ufcsr;f om Munfvif&Tifjyjcif;uk dvnf; jzpfapEk difayonf/ olawmfaumif;wk dY r*fvrf; dck&m ukodkvfw&m;qnf;yl;tm;xkwfMu&m? w&m;"r®jzihf arGUaysmfzG,f&m? awm&yf aqmufwnf&mvnf; aumif;bdonf/ wnfMunfvaS om pdr hpf rf;NrKd iw f d Yv k nf; wdwq f w d Nf ird o f ufvo S nf/ opfusm; paom awm&Jowå0gab;rSvnf; uif;vSonf/ wnfMunfaom orm"djzpfz, G f &m twd d&o S nf/ ur®|mef;bm0emES fi h aysmaf rG UMuaom awmpcef;&dyo f m ausmif; ocFe;f wk d Yvnf; d&Sonf/ awmaeax&ftoQifrsm;vnf; wif hw,faeMuonf/ usde;f awmif? jrawmif? tvif;awmif? &JwaJ wmif? vGrf;awmifw d Yu k dk awm&yfaysmf rDS; t&n0goDa,m*Dax&foQifawmfw Ykd bm0empcef ;&dyfomXmewk Ydwnf;/ ta0;rSyif OD ;ñTwMf unfñ dkzG, f xif & m;aeaom S usd ef;awmf&Sif bk &m;rS m
32
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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us;D jzL&G mES fi h arxG D;a,yk H0w¬ K usD;jzL&GmykH0w¬KrSm &ckdifjynfrS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpf\/ a'oEÅ&jzpf &yfpOfu dk wDxGifajymqk drI 0w¬Kvnf;jzpfonf/ &ck difw dYk\ yifu kd,fb0 o½kyf azmfajymqk dvmcJ haom a&S;tusq Hk;0w¬K[k qk d&rnfjzpfonf/ þyk H0w¬Kjzpfay:vm&ef Zmwfvrf;uk drlum; usdef;wk dif;u zefw;D í ay;cJ h avonf/ usdef;wk dif;twGif; wnf d&Saom usdef;awmifwef;wGif bk&m;tavmif; awmf us;D rif;(Muufwal &G;)tjzpfrpS í aus;iSurf sm;aecJ haMumif;uk d azmfjycJ hayNy/D xk dpOfumvwGi f bk&m;tavmif;\ aus;azmfrsm;rS m awmifNrdKUwGi f om,maysmf arGU&m tcsuftcsmXmejzpfNy;D bk k&m;tavmif;aus;rif;rl usdef;awmf&Sifxdyfü usdef;atmif;&m XmejyKc hJonf/ tcgwpfyg;ü bk&m;avmif;aus;rif;\f aus;azmfig;&mwk dYonf tpm&Sm Mu&ef wpfae&mod Yk ysHoef;a&mufo m;M G uavonf/ vlol&yf&Gm eD;pyf&mwd k Yü tpm;tpmwk d Yukd vSn hfvnf& mazG S pm;aomufc hMJ u\/ xk dpOf umva0omvDNrKd U teD; qif;&Jaom arxG d;a,om;trd tdrfteD;od Y k a&mufavvQi f aevSr;f xm; aom ESr;f wpfzsmuk d jrifMuavonf/ rdcifonf orD;i,ftm; ESrf;rsm;uk dtapmih f xm;cJ hNy;D ? awmok d Yxif;acGo m;aeonf G / tapmif huseaf evd kuaf om orD;i,ftm; aus;iSurf sm; wpfaphrQrpm;ap&ef vnf; aumif;pG mrS mxm;ajymqk do m;cJ G havonf/ xk d YaMumif h rdef;uav;onf trdr mcJ S honf htwk dif; *½k dpkufíaumif;pG m apmih fMuyf aecJhavonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
,if;od Y kapmif hae&if;yif aus;rsm;onf ESrf;zsmteD;od Y k wpfpwpfp tkycf sDí rsm;jym;pG m a&mufvmMuonf/ ESr;f zsmwpfcv k H;k uk d aus;rsm;u csD,o l m;vk G rwwf 0ef;&HaeMuNy;D jzpfonf/ jyif;jyaom aea&mifjcnf oef;aeonh f tyl d&SeftaiY G aMumih fvnf;aumif;/ aeylwiG f apmif hae&onf h twGuv f nf;aumif;? rde;f uav; \ rsufaphr mvnf S ; &Dww D HDr0I g;0g;&S daeonf/ od Y ktwGuaf Mumih f usa&mufvm aom usD;(Muufwal &G;)rsm;uk d azG;azG;jzLvsu d&f o S nf[o k m jrifa,mifawmhonf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; aus;rsm;um; twif;t&if; rvkyfMu/ ESrf;&SifrxHrSyif pm;cGi hfjyK &ef tomt,m ajymqk dawmif;cHvmMuav\/ ESrf;&Sifri,fvnf; ]]rpm;ygES fih tara&mufvmvQif t½k ducf H&rnf dpk;& onf}} [k acsiHpGm ajymíxm;avonf/ aus;rsm;u xyfrí H ]]tm;vk H;rpm;yg/ tenf;i,fompm;ygap}}[k qk daomfvnf; ol rucGi hfrjyK/ od Y kaomf aus;rsm;rSm tmomqE´jyif;jyaeMuonf htwk dif; rpm;&vQif rjzpf? xk d YaMumif h ]]wpfaumif vQif wpfaphusaomfvnf; pm;cGifhay;yg}}[k oem;cHum ajymMujyefonf/ rdef;ri,fvnf; ]]toifaus;jzLwkdY rdcifciG fhjyKjcif; r&Sdc hJ ojzihf onf;cHMuyg}} waphu kd rqk dxm;bd? wpf dyik ;f uspyD if uRefray;cGi hrf d&Syg}}[k tqk H;pGeaf om pum; uk d ajymavonf/ od Y kaomfvnf; aus;om;wk Yu d ]]rpk d;&drfygES fih trdqJq djk cif;jz fih d½kufESuu f zcifxH0ifajy;yg/ zcifuvnf; ckdcGifhray;bJ ½kdufESufjyefu OD;av;? OD;BuD;? baxG;? rdaxG;rsm;xH 0ifajy;yg? ¤if;wk dYxHuvnf; 0ifcGifrh &vQif vGw&f mod Y k xGuaf jy;yg/ ajy;írvGwu f rwwfomonftqk H;wGi f trsKd;taqGw d Yx k H 0ifajy; yg/ ¤if;wk d Yuvnf; dcku d;k &mray;bJ xk d YtwljyKu f sihygu rvGwo f mEk div f Qif igwk d YxH ar;jref;í ajy;vmcJhyg/ a&mufygvdrfhrnf}}[k ajymqkdMuavonf/ xkdaemuf wpfa,mufwpfaphusyif pm;oGm;ygrnf}}[k qkdNyD; 0kdif;0ef;í pm;Muawmh &m zsmwpfckv Hk; d&S ESrf;rsm;rS m ajymif&Sif;avawmhonf/ xk dtcg rdef;uav;vnf; rdrdt d½kucf H&awmhrnf[k dika<u;avonf/ xk daMumih f aus;om;wk d Yonf azsmif; azsmif;zszs oufom&m&apNyD; rdrdw dkYae&mok d Y ysHoef;vmcJ hMuavonf/ nae wGif rdcifxif;acG&mrS jyefa&mufvQi f ESrf;rsm;uk d pdppfar;jref;av &m aus;om;wk Yd pm;íukecf hJNyDjzpfaMumif;ajymavvQi?f rdcifvnf; orD;i,ftm; a'gotrsuf ajcmif;ajcmif;xGufí jyif;pG m½k dufESufav\/ rdcif½kdufavvQif wpfa,mufrSwpfa,mufxH vTwf&majy;í toem;cHygaomfvnf; rvGwf&Sm av/ tm;vkH;uyif 0kdif;0ef;½kdufESufMuavojzihf rcHomEkdifawmh&mum;?
33
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
aemufqkH;wGif aus;om;wkdYxHyif ajy;&&Smavonf/ aus;om;wkdY rSmxm; onh ftwk dif; vrf;wGifawG U&aom EG m;ausmif;om;? uRJausmifom;? bJ? Muuf? qif? jrif;? qdwfausmif;om;wkdYukd wpfaxmufwpfaxmufjzihf tqifhqifh ar;jref;í ajy;cJ h& monf S /f xk do d Ykajy;pOf ar;&mü EG,fBudK;wpfcGD? EGm;wpf D&GeefY tarmifa,musfm;? EGm;ausmif;om;½k Ud wHcGef,yf,yf? vDooGwfeefY Z&yfauom,m? usD;jzL&G mum; ZmrS m avh - --armif ½ k d U ---[k rd e f ; uav;u ar;avvQif EGm;ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ]]EGm;BudK;wpfyif? uspfcOD; EGm;csD;wpfAuf? ypfcOD; xrif;wpfvkwf? pm;vDOD; &Dwpfrw I f? aomufvOD D; tarmtyef;vnf; NzDcOD; usD;jzL&G mum;? ajrmufpl;pl;rS m [dvD,if h}}[k ñTefMum;av\/ xk drSwpfqif h uRJausmif;om;wk d Yx H ñTeMf ujyefav\/ ,if;ok d Y qufumqufum tpOftwk dif; ar;jref;oG m;avaomf aemufq Hk; qdwfausmif;om;wk d YxH a&mufo m;cJ G h\/ ¤if;wk dYtm;vnf; ar;jref;avjyef ojzih f]]awmifvnf; ok H;awmif? ausmfvDOD; uGif;vnf; ok H;uGif;? oef;vDOD; aemufwpfawmifay:u arQmfMunh fukdufauusD ; jzL&G m uk d jrif & vd r f h a r}}[k ajymqk d M uav\/ xkad emufqdwfausmif;om;wk dYu vrf;ñTefjyvk dí]]t&S dzufu? Budrfwef;a& taemufzufu? pl;wef;a& t&S f dvrf;uk dvnf;? rvk dufvaD uh taemufvrf;ud kvnf;? rvk duv f Dauh tv,fajzmihfxkd;? vrf;r½kd;ukd vkdufygvD}} [k ñTefjyvkduf avonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
xk dtcg aus;om;ES fihawG U&íajy;vmaMumif; ajymavvQif tm;vk H;u w,kw,jyKí ac:,lo m;M G uavonf/ usD;jzLNrKd Uok d Y a&mufaomtcg]]a&TavSum;eef Y wufz Ykdvm; aiGavS Sum;eef Y wuf dz Ykvm;}}[k ar;Muavonf/ oli,fru d½k;om;ajzmif h rwfpGmjzihf jyefajymonfum;]]a&TavSum;eefYvnf; rwufyg aiGavSum;eef Yvnf; rwufyg rdzxkH;pH 0g;avSum;eefYwufygzkdY}}[k qkdav\/ xkdtcg usD;jzLwkdYu a&TavSum; axmifay;Ny;D wufapavonf/ tdyfrnf d&Saomtcg aus;om;wk d Yu ]]a&ToabmufeefY tdyfz Ykdvm; aiGoabmufeef Y tdy dzf Yv k m;}}[k ar;Mujyef&m? pdwBf u;D olr[kwb f J d½k;ajzmif h aom rdef;uav;jzpf&mum; drdzxk H;pH oabmufpm oabmufeef Y tdyfygzk d Y}} [kq dak vaomf? usD;jzLwk d Yu a&ToifjzL;zsmuk d cif;ay;í tdyfapav\/ xrif;wnfcif;pOfvnf;]]a&TavmifyGef;eefY pm;zk dYvm; aiGavmifyGef;eef Y pm;zk Ydvm;}}[k ar;Mujyefavojzihf oli,fruav;u vnf; oabmxm;½k d;pGmjzifh yif]]rd dbxk H;pH? NrDavmifyGe;f eef Y&m pm;ygzk d Y}} [k ajymav\/ xk dtcg a&Tvifyef;? aiGvifyef;ES fi h tjynh fxnf hí aumif;pG mauR;arG;Muav\/ a&aomuf&ef ar; aomtcgüvnf;]]rdzxk H;pH? rmvmcG HE fSih aomufygar}}[k ajymav\/ ,if;ok Y d ususee jyKpkvkyfauR;vsuf aeY&ufMumpG m xm;&S daevmcJ hav onf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; umvMumaomtcg oli,fronf rdcifBu;D uk d owd&vm \/ atmufarhwçovGrf;qGwjf cif;aMumih f jyefcsirf IjzpfvmcJ h&av\/ xk YdaMumih f rsuf&nfrsm; w&T J J&Tjzpfum dik, dkc hJavawmhonf/ xk dtcg aus;om;wk d Yu ]]rpm;&vk d Y&m dika&vm;? raysmfv dkY&m dika&vm;}} [kar;Muav\/ oli,frum;]]raysmfv d Yv k nf; r[kwyf g? rpm;&vk d Yvnf; r[kwfyg? vGrf;wvk d Y&m dikp myg}} G [k ajymavvQif aus;om;wk Yo d nf a&T? aiG? pde?f ausmuf? ywåjrm;paom &wem rsKd; Hpkw d Yu k dk txkyw f pfcjk yKvyk í f zmcsKyf txyfxyfwiG f xnf f humay;vTwv f du k Mf u avonf/ vrf;c&D;wGif pm;aomuf&efvnf; tpm;tpmwk d Yu dk jyifqifxnf hay;
34
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
vk duMf uonf/ vrf;wGif rnfot l m;rQvnf; txkyfu d k zGi hfrjybJ? tdrfu dak &mufrS om;trdESpfa,muf vlrod? &Sifrjrif vk HNcKH aom tdrfcef;xJü nOf htcg wdww f qdwf zG fihMunh fygav}}[k rS mMum;vku d af vonf/ oli,frvnf; vmvrf;c&D;pOftwk dif; qd waf usmif;om;? uRJausmif;om; rsm;uk d awG UíEIwq f ufum? aus;Zl;wifaMumif; 0rf;omtm;&ajymav\/ tdro f d Yk a&mufaomf om;trdESpfa,muf zGi hfMunhMf uav\/ xk dtcg wpfoufpm pm; aomufruke dfEkifaom a&T? aiG&wemrsm;uk d awG UMu&avojzih f aeYwiG f;csi;f yif xif;acGtvkyfMurf;wk d Yr S vGwu f if;í tpOfcsr;f om<u,f0cJ h&av\/ &yf&Gmom; rsm;u olw d Yt k jzpfu d k jrifMu&ojz fih ]]edcsif;<u,fr}} [k ac:Muav\/ ,if;wk d Ytjzpfu do k jd rifaom trsK;d orD;wpfa,mufonf ESr;f wpfzsmuk d vSr;f av\/ usD;jzLuk d a&mufvmí pm;aomufapum? c&D;pOftwk dif; xGuaf jy;[ef jzihf vmcJhav\/ yxroli,f rdzxkH;pHukdrvkdufbJ pdwfaejrihfaomaMumihf tqif hedr hfjzihfom jyKpk{nf hcHc hJMuavonf/ umvtwefaeapNy;D vQi f jyefcgeDü? txkyfjyKvyk fí ay;vkduMf uav\/ tdro f d Ykjyefa&mufavaomf xk dtxkyfu d k wpftrd fom;vk H;0kid ;f í zG fihMuav\/a&T? aiG &wemrsm; r&S dygbJ? tqdyfjyif;xefaom a>rcsnf;xnh fygvmojz fih wpftrd f om;vk H;a>raygufí aoqk H;Mu&av\/ þusD;jzL&G m(1)0w¬KwiG f usD;jzLwk d Yx H ajy;vma&mufcJo h rl mS &ck difa0omvD rSjzpfonf[k qk dMuavonf/ tcsKdUvnf; usdef;awmiftaemufzuf d&Saxmif h ausmif;&G m t&yforl [kvnf; ajymaeMu\/ rif;jym;NrKd Ut0if wef;wifajrmifE fiS h bDv;l rajrmif\ ta&S UuGif;jyifu dk ,ckx d us;D jzL&G m[k owfrSwaf c:wGi f vsu df&S onf/ oli,frvrf;wGi f ar;jref;cJ haom qdwaf usmif; om;? uRJausmif;om;wk d Y\ uRJ? EG m;ausmif;&mXmeuk dvnf; uRJausmif;ukefykw f (ukefy Y )?kd EG m;ausmif;ukeyf kwf ponfjz fih ,ckx d ae&mtrSwt f om; usef&Sad o; onfu dk awG U&\/ usD;jzLwk d Y a&TavSum;axmifí ac:wifaqmif,o l m;onf G h Xmevnf; ,ck wef;wifajrmifyifjzpfonf[k qk dMu\/ xk dajrmifapmif;um; jrif hrm;rwfapmuf vSayonf/ ,ckyif avSum;rJ hawmifay:od kY rwufa&muf dEkifacs/ usD;jzL&G m0w¬K um; rnfo Y kq d dak p &ck dijf ynfwiG f a&S;usvsuf vlw d Yak jymvmcJ hMuaom Hyk0w¬Kwpfck tjzpf ,aeYwkid f xif& m;aeygawmh S onf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tcef; (3)
used f; uRef; wk did f; \ rif; jym;Nr KUdKU rif;jym;NrdKUonf ppfawGc d½kiftwGif; t0iftyg NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfavonf/ ppfawGNrdKU\ ta&S Ubuf drik f(30)tuGm? tOÆee'Dav;NrdKU jrpf0usaom &marmif jrpfurf; taemufbuf vuf0u J rf;em;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ ppfawGNrKd Ur a&aMumif; rD;oabF mjz fih drkiaf v;q,fcef Y oG m;vmckwaf rmif;&avonf/ a&S;tcguyifused ;f uRef;wkdif; t0iftygjzpfí vuf,m(99)NrdKUwGif pm&if;0ifjzpfavonf/ xkdY aMumih f a&SUusp muyif G wnf&St d rnfjzpfxeG f;vmcJ haMumif;rS m xif& m;avonf S / ok d Yaomf rif;jym;Nrd KUwnfrif;ES fih NrKd Uwnf&mXmewk d Yu du k m; taotcsmrod dEik facs/ &ck difrif; dykifeufajrae&mvnf;jzpf? qm;iHa&rd&mvnf; jzpfaomXmewGif &ckdif rif;wk d Y tqufqufNrKd Ujywnfí vm&jcif;aMumih f rif;jym;NrKd U[lí ac:vm&jcif; yifjzpfonf/ tpOfajymvmMuonfum; rif;jyNrdKU[l\/ pjE´m;rif;vufxuf wk dif;cef;vSn fhvnfpOf avS azmifonf prÜ v,faomifuRe;f ü wifrd&m 0J,muk d ½I p m;avpOf rif ; jym;Nrd K Uwnf v wå H Y r nf h a e&muk d jrif a vonf / xk d t cg þae&mwGif NrKd U&G mwnfcsrI jzpfayvwå H Y[k rif;rde Yñ f eT jf cif;jyKc hJaomaMumih fwnf;/ tcs Uuvnf Kd ; rif;apmrGeu f m; usdef;awmifvuf,m? jrawmifvuf0J? EG, df½;k oef Y pif? tdr df&S&Sif NrdKUpm;b0jzihf eef;tdrfaqmufvkyfaecJ havonf/ xk d Yjyif pE´0dZ,rif;wk;H ñk donf used f;uRe;f wkid f;rS aeí ajrmufOD;xD;eef;uk d qufcHc h&J onf/ xk d YaMumif h þuRef;rS rif;ay:xGuo f nf htwGu f rif ;ay:NrKd U[k wGio f nf[\ l / rif;apmrGefaecJ haomae&muk d awmif d NrKd Y[í l vnf;aumif;? ysOf axmifNrdKU[lívnf;aumif; ac:onf/ usdef;awmifwef;tv,favmufwGif d&Sonf/ tcs Uuvnf Kd ; bk&m;avmif;aus;rif;jzpfpOf aus;NrdKUawmfcsufcsmjzpfcJh NyD;aemuf usD;jzL0w¬K&Gm usD;jzL&Gmwnfc hJonf/ xk du bk&ifrif;rsm;vufxuf NrKd Ue,fpm;rsm; aecJ honftwGuf NrKd Uawmif[í l vnf;aumif; awmifNrKd U[lívnf; aumif; ac:wGifrIjzpfonf[kvnf; qk dMuonf/ xk Ydjyif ,lqcsu df&Sonfum; t*Fvdyrf if;BuD; &myodefowfac: a&mbmqifvufxuf NrdKUcs&ef oif hrnfh
35
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ae&m[lí ñTefjycJhaomaMumifh rif;jy[lívnf; ac:Mujcif;jzpfonfqkd\/ avmif;Muuf? yk&ed f? ajrmufOD;acwfw d YkwiG fum; xk drif;jyrif;ay:[laom trnf onf rxif&Sm;cJ hacs/ usdef;awmifwef;uk d trSDjyKí usdef;uRe;f wkid ;f usdef;wk dif;NrdKU [laom trnfjz fihom ork dif;wifvmonf/ xk dusdef;uRef;wk dif;NrdKUum; usdef;awmifwpf d0kufvlaerI wnfcif;rsm;jyK&m &yf&Gmrsm;ukdyif pkaygif;í ac:qkdjcif;jzpfrnf[ k ,lqrdonf/ trSeftm;jzihf NrdKU[lí oD;jcm;wnf d&jS cif;um; rjzpfE kid af cs/ NrdKUpm; e,fpm; uRef;pm;wk dY cef Ytyf xm;jcif;uk d tpG JjyKí ac:qk dvmjcif; jzpfrnfxifonf/ &mZ0ifwiG f xif& m;aom S Muufoa&&G mrS m ipnfawmif& mteD G ;wGif wnf d&S zl;onf/ ,ckNydKysufoGm;cJ havNyD/ Ncdwfawmif&GmteD; a&TZif;cgESihf uyfvsuf eef;&m&G m (,cktrd af &S Urif;&G m) usm;&JjyifteD; eef;&m/ axmif hacs& mteD G ; eef;&m/ awmifNrKd U? NrdKUawmifae&mwk d Yum; usdef;uRe;f wkid ;f \ NrdKUpm;? e,fpm;? uRef;pm;? rSL;rwfw d Yt k yk cf sKyfaecJ haom ae&mXmea[mik f;rsm;yif jzpfonf[k qk d dEik af vonf/ þusde;f uRef;wk dif;um; rnfonf humvupí vlaerIwnf&Sv d monf[k twdtusrajymqk dacs/ t*Fvdyo f kawoDwpfOD; c&pf (1887)ckEpS f a&muf d&Savh vmrSwfwrf;t& wifjy&vQi f yk&defacwf aum,rif; rwkdirf Duyif NrdKUvlrsKd;rsm; aexk difjcif;jzpfc h&J m\[k qk davonf/ ¤if;okawoD\ rSww f rf;wGif usde;f awmif \ ajrmufbufxyd w f iG f NrKd vrl sKd;rsm;? d½k;&mxk H;pHt& jr§Ky HEf x S m;cJ haom t½k d;tk d;rsm; uk d awG Y&onf/ ¤if;wk d Yonf tavmif;aumifu d k rD;oN*dK[í f usaomjymrsm;uk d ajrtk d;i,fwiG f xnf hí jr§Ky HEf x S m;cJ haom ocsKØi;f &mwGif *li,frsm;uk d wl;azmfawG Y d&S &onf/ ocsKiØ f;*lwpfckpDwiG f t½k d;jymES fih oJajrrsm;a&mí xnf hxm;onf h HykpHtrsK;d rsKd;? t&G,ftpm;tk d;i,f trsm;tjym; awG Y d&S&m tcs Utk Kd d;i,frsm;rS m &S pfvufrS wpfaycG Jtxd tjrif h&SNd yD;? vk H;ywft0ef;rSm wpfaycG JrS ok H;aycef Y d&Sonf/ xko d csKiØ f;&muk d rnfonf hacwfuyif jyKvkyfc ho J nfu dk twdtus rajymEk dif aomfvnf; NrdKvrl sKd;wk d Yr mS wpfcsed fu &ck dirf if;wk d Y\ e,fjynfawmfrsm;tm; rsm;pG m taES muft,Sufw du k dfckufzl;ayonf/ Oyrmyk&defNrdKUacwfu ouú&mZf (495511) c&pfat'D (1133-1153)aumvd,rif;onf NrKd Uawmfu d k aES muf,u S v f m cJ honf h NrdKvrl sKd;rsm;tm; wk dux f w k cf hJ&ojz fih av;NrdKUacsmif;zsm;ok d Y qkwfajy;cJ h&zl; onf/ xk d YaMumih f NrdKvrl sKd;wk d Yr mS xk dpOfrwk difru D þae&mwGif t½k d;tk d;jrK§ y HEf Sxm;cJ h
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
avonf[ k qk donf/ ¤if;okawoDrSww f rf;ü usdef;awmifuk d a&S;tcgu a&Ekpm&yAÁw[lonh f aemufwGif NrdKUawmif? ok d Yr[kw f a*gwr&Sif\ yg;arG;awmf"mwfu dk Xmyemí apwDwnfxm;cJ haomaMumih f wk d Yu d taMumif;jyKí yg;arG;awmif[ k trnfajymif; vJvsu f ac:vmMuayonf/ ¤if;aemuf ¤if;awmifwef;\ awmifbufpGe;f xdyf wGi f usef;awmf&Sifb&k m;apwDu d k trS DjyKí usdef;awmif[k ,cktcg ac:Muav awmhonf[k rSwfwrf;a&;xm;cJ havonf/ &ck dif&mZ0ifE fSih bk&m;ork di;f tjyif tpOf,q l csut f &qk dvQif used f;awmif ukd umvm*D&dawmif? ok dYr[kwf umu *D&dawmif[k ac:aMumif; Ak'¨onf usD;rif;(aus;rif;)wpfZmpfjzpfc hJzl;onf htwGu f vQm&if;awmf(ZD0 mawmf S )"mwfu dk apwDwnfxm;í ZD0 m"mwf S apwDom wnf d&Savonf/ &ck difw d Yt k ,lt& aeEkpm& ok d Yr[kwf a&ekom&awmifr mS usdef;awmif\ ajrmufbuf (rif;uefjrpfwbufjcm;)wGif wnf d&Saom yg;awmfawmifyifjzpf onf/ xkad wmifü Ak'¨\ yg;½k d;awmf"mwfwnf d&XS myemí apwDwnfxm;ojz fih yg;arG;&Siaf pwD? yg;½k d;arG;&SifapwD[k xif& m;onf S / ¤if ;okawoDu a&ekom& awmifE fiS h umvm*D&dawmifu d k aygif;vQu f a&Ekpm&awmif[k wpfcw k nf;trnf uk dom,lNyD; rSwfwrf;a&;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf[k xif&onf/ ¤if;okawoD\rSwfwrf;wGif prÜ0ufNrdKUuk d þusdef;awmifteD;wGif wnfc hJ aMumif;jz fih xl;jcm;pG mazmfjyxm;csufwpfcu k dkawG Y&&m xl;qef;aom tcsufjzpf acsonf/ ¤if;rSmazmfjyonfum; ]]ouú&mZf (538)c&pfat'D 1176 ESpfeef; wufaomNcdwNf rKd U wwd,qufajrmufjzpfonf h "ek½al ygrif;onf Ncw d Nf rKd UrS ESpEf pS f tMumwGif zJc mcJ G hí ouú&mZf (540)(c&pfat'd-1178)ckESpfwiG f prÜ 0ufNrKd Uukd usdef;awmifwef;\ ta&S Uajrmufbuf awmifajc&if;wGif wnfaxmifc hJonf/ xk dNrKd Yü "e½laygrif;rSpí ¤if;"e½laygrif;\om;awmf rOöLoifonf wk dif;csprf if; trnfcHí c&pfat'D 1178 rS 1182 wk difatmif qufcHzl;onf/ ¤if;wkid f;cspf vufxufro S mvQif c&pfat'D 1182 ck? aumZmouú&mZf (542)wGif NrKd Ua[mif; awmifio l d Yk ajymif;a&T UoGm;avonf/ prÜ0ufNrKd Yonf &ck dif&mZ0ifwiG f ta&;BuD; aomfvnf; rnfonf h tptersm;ukdrQ rawG Y d&S&awmhay[l\/ þtcsufukd pOf;pm;avhvmoihfonf xif\/ okawoejyKoifhonf xif\/ &ck dif&mZ0ifwGiu f m; prÜ0ufNrKd Uwnfae&muk d azmfjyjcif;r&S dyg/ ok d Yaomf
36
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
&ckdifoak woDrsm;u tOöee'Dac: av;NrdKUjrpfurf;yg;t&yf (,ckajrmufOD;NrdKU ac: NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUrS ta&S Uajrmufaxmif h oH k; drkifausm d&f S acsmif;opfajrmufbuf jyif ) drk;BuD;jyifwiG f wnfc ho J nf[k ,lqMuonf/ yOö mNrKd UES fih prÜ0ufNrKd UrS m teD;pyf xufatmufrQom jzpfoihfonf[l\/ ¤if;okawoDu rif;jym;NrdKU\acsmif ;0 (prÜv,facsmif;) trnfu dkvnf;aumif;? prÜv,faomifuRef;uk dvnf;aumif;? awG Y d&Sojz fih ,lqjcif;jzpfrnf[k xif&onf/ prÜ0ufNrKd Utjyif ]]¤if;awmifwef; (usdef;awmifwef;)\ taemufajrmuf buf awmifwef;tqk H;wGif aumZmouú&mZf (689)c&pfat'D 1328) ckEpS f avmif;Muufrif;quf uk d;qufajrmufjzpfaom bk&ifrif;xD;wnfaxmifc hJaom NrKd U&ma[mif; d&Sayonf/ xk dNrKd UwnfNy;D rMumrDtwGi;f &ck dijf ynfu dk &Sr;f rsm;zsufq;D avojzihf ysufpD;oGm;avawmhonf/ ¤if;ae&mwGif jrefrm(c&pf1788) rif;vufxuf NrdKUpm;wnfaqmufaecJhao;onf/}}[lí a&;om;cJhavonf/ usdef;awmiftaemufbuf tdrfa&S Urif;&G mteD; eef;&mES fih eef;OD;apwD? OD ;awmf aq;uefpaom &mZ0ifjzpf&yfXmersm;um; d&Saeao;onf/ tdraf &S Urif;eef;&m[k ac:onf/ awmifajrmuftvsm;ay (770)&Snaf om ausmufwHw dik f;jz fih awmif eHyg;ajrñ§ dvsuf jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wHwkid f;0ifxGuf&ef rkcfaygufckESpfck vnf; d&Sonf/ wHw dkif;rS m tjr fihqk;H ig;ay&S donf/ teHus,ef ef;&mjyifum; ay (40)ausmf&Sdonf/ pE´0dZ,\om;awmf tdrfa&S Urif;om; &Jabmfonf NrdKUpm;tjzpf pHaecJzh l; onf[k ,lqMuonf/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ aqGrsKd;rsm;xJrv S nf; usdef;wk di;f u rif;t jzpfqufc dEH kicf hJjcif; ponfrsm;? usdef;wk dif;uk d tkyfcsKycf hMJ uolrsm; qufvuf d&aS ecJ h ao;onf/ xk d Yjyif &ck difor®wrif;\ td frfa&S Urif;om; ppfuJ&aJ bmfonfvnf; jrefrm rif;odrf; dykupf Of usdef;t&yfü tapmih fcsxm;aom jrefrmppfwyfu d k wk duaf v&m zrf;qD;jcif;cH&ojzihf usdef;t&yfwGifyif towfcHoGm;&&Smavonf/ þeef;&mum; t*Fvyd o f ak woDazmfjyaom oJNrKd Uawmf&ma[mif;jzpfc hJ[ef rwlacs/ ¤if;rSww f rf;üum; xk dNrKd U&ma[mif;rS m tkXfaqmufttk Hw dYkom ysufpD; vsuf d&Saejcif;uk d awG Y&onfq d\ k / xk d Yjyif ¤if;ae&mü a&S;a[mif;ork di;f taejz fihvnf;aumif;? tEkynmvuf &mtaejz fihvnf;aumif;? pdw0f ifpm;zG, f rawG Y d&&S ay[kvnf; azmfjyxm;onfu dk
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
axmufq dEkifavonf/ ork dif;qk dif&mXme? okawoeXme? &mZ0ifokawoDrsm; wk d Yu ,ckeef;&muk d avhvmNyD; xdrf;odrf;jyKjyifxm;&ef aumif;vSayonf/ þoJNrdKUtrnfu d k rif;e,fjynfawmfNrKd U trnfrsm;ü rawG Y d&S&ay/ vuf0J vuf,m (99)NrdKUpD NrdKUtrnfw Ykw d Gifum; rvmacs/ ok dYaomf rif;jym;prÜv,f acsmif;rSqufvsu f azmufxu G o f m;onf G h oJwef;acsmif;onf Ncdwaf wmifrSaeí rif;uefjrpfo Y k d pD;0ifo m;onf G / oJwef;acsmif;em;wGif wnf d&Saom oJwef;&G m[l onf h taejz fihum; &G mwpf& mG ,ckxd wnf d&Sacsao;onf/ rif;jym;NrdKUrS ajrmufbufEpS drf ik o f m uG ma0;avonf/ usde;f awmifu ta&S U ajrmuf cyf,Gef;,Gef;omusonf/ þoJNrKd Utjyif bdwNf rKd U? e*&mompnfNrKd U[lí av;NrdKUjrpfurf;yg;ü rif;xD;vufxufwnfcJhaMumif;jzihf yg;pyf&mZ0ifwGif ajymqk d d&SaeMuonf/ xk d& dckifw d Yt k ajymuk d DrSí a&;jcif;avavm[lívnf; ,lq dEkifygonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ifwGifum; rif;xD;eef;pH (15)ESpfajrmufwGif &Srf;wkdYav;NrdKU acsmif ; uk d wk d u f z suf v monf / ysuf p D ; avNyD ; aom awmif i l N rd K Uuk d v nf ; rif;xD;bk&if wnfawmfrlonf[í l om jyqk dxm;csufvmonf/ rif;xD;rwk difrD Ncd wNf rKd Uonf 'o&mZmrif;\ om;awmf aumvd,rif;\ ajr;awmfjzpfaom rif;zkef;pm;vufxufwpfBudrf &Srf;wk dYppfjyKvmzl;onf/ xk d tBurd fu dk vk dufvw H du k fcku d í f &&S dc hJaom ok H Yyef;&Srf;rsmuk d usdef;uRe;f wk dif;t0if jzpfaom odrf;uyguRe;f ? rif;ruRe;f wk d Yü &G mwnfcsay;cJ haMumif; &ck dif&mZ0ifü jyqkdxm;onf/ xk duRe;f rsm;rS m ,ckusdef;taemufzufy kid ;f (a&ylord fawmifE fSih yefZif;armf teD;)wk YdwGif &SdMuacsonf/rif;&mZmBuD;vufxuf yJcl;rS,v l maom rGefw d Yku kd vnf; wnfcsay;cJ h&m wvk dif;uGif;[lí trnfxif& m;&S S daeao;onf/ usdef;wk dif;um; awmifzufu dk wref Yqnfjrpf? pGef&Jjrpfjzif hvnf;aumif;? ta&SUbufu dk av;NrdKUjrpf? &marmifjrpfjzif hvnf;aumif;? dykif;jcm;xm;aom y&d apä'twGif; jzpfonf/ pGef;&JuRe;f ? odrf;uyguRef;? rif;ruRe;f ? AsKdif;uRe;f ? zuf&HuRe;f ? prÜv,f uRef;? xd def; wk dif;uRef;rsm;onfvnf; usdef;wkid ;f \t&HuRe;f rsm;tjzpf yg0ifMu onf/ &ckdifbk&ifacwfwGif avmif;Muuf? yk&def? ajrmufOD;NrdKUaejynfawmf\ ta&;Bu;D aom awmifbuft dykif;tjcm; y&dapä'wGifvnf; usa&mufavonf/
37
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
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38
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rsm; ? twdwef drdwx f l;rsm;? rif;jym;teD;w0k duf bmoma&;yG Jvrf; usif;ycJ hjcif; rsm;? pyg;qefa& aps;BuD;vmjcif;? toD;tES H& m;yg;vmj S cif;? owif;rsm;yg wk dpw D dpk rSww f rf;awG Y&ao;onf/ þrSww f rf;t& t*Fvyd v f ufxuf (1229)ck waygif; vjynhfausmfwpf&ufaeYu wnfcsvmaom rif;jym;NrdKUonf (1329)ckESpf waygif;vjynf hausmfwpf&ufaeYwGif NrdKUoufwpf&mESpfjynhfc hJNyD; jzpf&monf/ rnfokdYqkdap usdef;uRef;wkdif;NrdKUrS qufvsuf &ckdifrif;vufxufuyif xif&Sm;vmaom rif;jym;NrdKY&yftygt0if usdef;uRef;um; &mZ0ifwacwfwGif ork dif;0ifxif& m;rI S jzpf&yfrsm; d&Sc hJojz fih tao;pdwf avhvmokawoejyKvsuf rSwfwrf;wifrS jynf HhpkEdkifayrnf/ aumZm (1229)ck ESpfrwk difrD (vGefc hJ aom tESpfwpf&m\ a&S Uyk dif;umv) jzpf&yfrsm;uk d ed H*k;csKyfvsu f t*Fvdyv f ufxufrS (1229 ckESpfrSpí) owfrSww f nfcsvmaom rif;jym;NrdKU ork dif;uk dom odoif hay &m wifjy&ef &nf&G,fayonf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufrif;jym;NrKd Uuk d aumZm(1229)ck ESpfNrKd Uwnfcsvsu f e,f dykif H½k ; dpku&f m NrdKUtjzpf ,ckxdw dik fvmcJ honf/ rif;jym;NrdKUwGif t*Fvdyfacwfu trsm;qk H;tdrfajcig;&mxdom d&ScJhonf/tkyfcsKyfa&;qk dif&m ykvdyf&JXmepcef;rS m ,ckrD;owfwnfaomae&mwGif jzpfonf/ aumZm(1270)ckESpfNrdKUtkyfom yef;vufxufavmufrS &JXmeuk d ,ck H½;k BuD;teD; d&S ]*g&mwef;} wnf d&&S mok d Y ajymif; a&TUvsuf rlvae&ma[mif;(yD? 'AvsLtufpf)(zT--q)taqmufttkH;½kH;udk aqmufvkyfavonf/ xk dESpfwiG frS e,f dyki Hf½k;uk dvnf; ,ckae&mwGif tkwfw du k fjz fih aqmufvkycf hJ avonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUtkyw f d YkwiG f csif;ysjH rpf (rpöwma*smah umfz )\ f ajr;awmf ol OD;yef;vSonfvnf; aumZm(1249)ckEpS f? c&pf(1887)ck ESpaf vmufu dk NrdKUtkyjf zpf cJhavonf/ ¤if;t*Fvyd fNrdKUtkyf vufxufrif;xuftkXfavSum;ukd jyKc hJonf/ NrKd Utkyo f myefaumZm (1270)vufxuf used ;f awmf&iS u f dk a&TcsxD;wifc hMJ uonf/ *syefppfajy;Ny;D aemuf t*Fvyd jf yefvnftyk cf sKypf Of (1306)ck OD;xGe;f atmifausmf qk dolr mS NrdKUtkyfjzpfavonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUü bkef;BuD;ausmif;[lí rif ;uefta&SUbufü uyfvsuf,ck H½k;BuD;0if;wGif wpfausmif;wnf;om&S dc hJonf/ xk dausmif;&mES fih wpfqufwnf; apwDysurf sm;vnf; d&Sc ho J nf/ usef&pfaom apwDysuw f pfcu k du k m; (6-4-1967) aeY aumZm (1328)ck SEpf waygif;vqkw f (12)&uf Mumoyaw;aeYeHeufwGif
39
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
NzdKzsuí f rif;jym;NrdKUe,f ESpfwpf&mjynh f (1229 rS 1329)txdrf;trSwt f jzpf ESpfw&mapwDtrnfjz fih (1329)ckESpf wyk Ydw Jv G uG,af eY (27-2-1968)aeY rSpí abmvk H;uGif;taemufawmifaxmif h vQyfppfrD;puf H½ka&S Uü xyfrHwnfvyk fvsu?f &mjynht f xdrf;trSwf yGaJ wmfukv d nf; xk dESpfwaygif;vjynf haeYwGif usif;ycJ hMu avonf/ ,ckbek ;f Bu;D ausmif; ok H;q,fcef Y d&SvmNy;D vlO;D a&rS mvnf; ok H;aomif; cefYESi hf tdrfajcokH;axmifausmfxd rsm;jym;vmcJhavonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f edrdwrf mS a&S U,cif ,ckumawmuefrS taemufbufu dk usdef;awmifajc&if;xd awmtxd jzpfaecJ honf/ ,ckoabFmqdyfykdif;usaom jrpf0ES fih acsmif;0wpfavQmuf Bud K;MumrQom vlaerI d&Sonf/ ppfNyD;aemufykid f;rS pí ,ckxq d dv k Qif Ouú mysH? oHawmif? bmcH? uif;qdyf? oJwef;xdvnf;aumif; awmifbufukd Murf;r&Gmac: urf;r&Gm? awmifarmf? bl;yif&Gmponfxd wkdif vnf;aumif;? taemufukd usde;f awmifajc&if;xd us,fjyef Yvsuf ys UES H H Y d&aS eavNy/D vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufykdif;wGif usD;jzL&Gm (NrdKUopf&yfuGuf) wkdif;rif;BuD; OD;pkd;wifhvufxuf (1953-1956)ckESpf wnfcscJhaom OD;pkkd;wifh&yfuGuf? 1329(1967)ckEpS fwnfcsaom &G mopfau&yfuu G f used f;&yf& mrs G m;rS m a&T Uajymif; vsu f oabF mqdyaf emuf dyik ;f aumfumeDprk S qufpyfum jynfawmfom? jynfawmf vS? jynfawmfat;? jynfawmfñeG Ypf aom &yfuu G rf sm;onf wk d;cs UjJ zpfxeG ;f cJ h&onf/ ,ckjrifawGY&aom NrdKUtajctaerSm 1954-ckESpf wpfNrdKUvkH;uJhodkY avmifuRef;cJ h&aom tBu;D tus,rf ;D avmifNy;D aemuf dyik ;f rS jyefvnfwnfaqmuf um emvefxlvsuf wpwpBuD;yGm;vmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,ckq dv k Qif rif;jym;NrdKU um; tOöee'Djrpfurf;rS usdef;awmifajc&if;xd wkd;csJUvmcJhNyDjzpfavonf/ pD;yGm; ukefoG,frItcsuftcsmwkdYaMumifhvnf; qd y f u rf ; Nrd K Ujzpf v mojzih f ta&mif ; t0,f uk e f o G , f u l ; oef ; ol r sm; trsm;qk H ; aexkid f a om Nrd K Utjzpf pnf y if v mcJ h & jcif; vnf ; jzpf a yonf / &yfuGuf[lívnf;aumif;? vrf;tvk dufvnf;aumif;? &yfuGuf? tpk? tyk dif;? vrf;ponfjzif h ac:a0:aom vlaeXme(30)cef Y d&Sonf/ atmuf& myk G dif;? tv,f dykif;? aps;a[mif; dykif;[lívnf;aumif;? a'otpkt dykif;vrf;uk d wzeft dykif;BuD; (3)ykdif; JcGvsuf wpf dykif;vQif ,cktcg &yfuGuNf idrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&; tzGJYzGJYpnf;&Sdonf/ tajccHq,ftdrfpktzGJY vlrIa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm; cefYcGJvsuf pDpOfxm;&Sdonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
,ckjrifawGY&aom tpkd;&½kH;? uem;rsm;ESihf jynfolYtkd;tdrfrsm;um; ppftwG twGifif; aumZm 1303 ck ESEpfpS f wyk dwG w JGvqef vqef; (8)&ufaeY aeY eHeuf euf (10)em&D (10)em&Dtcs tcsdefef u HAk;'Pf ;'PfaMaMumih f ys ysupDpf ;cJ ;D cJ hNy;aemuf ;D aemuf j jyefvnf vnfwnf wnfaqmuf aqmufvs vsu j f jyKvkyfyxm;j x f m;jcif;wk ;wk d Y aMumifomj o h mjzpfMuonf/ ppftwG twGifif;u ;u ysufpDpD;oG ;oG m;&aom e,f dykifi Hf½k½k;B;BuD;(wpf ;(wpfxyf)ukvnf v d nf; aumZm (1324)ck ESEpfpS fupí upí (ESpfpxyf x f yf )aqmufvk vyfyk &m &f m (1325)ckESESpfpwG w f ifiG rSrf S Ny;pD ;D pD;onf ;onf/ aq;½k H BuD;uk ;uk dvnf; 1965 (aumZm 1326)ck ESESpfprf S ,ck ,ckae&mok ae&mok Y aj d ajymif;a&T ;a&T Uaqmufvk vkyf cJ honf onf/ c&pf 1955 1955 ckESESpfpfrSrS pwif pwifí vQyfppfrDrD;xG ;xGefef;cJ ;cJ h&aom &aom vQyfppf ppfpuf puf H½k½kBuD; uk dvnf vnf; rif;uef ;uefteD teD;ok ;ok d Yajajymif;a&T ;a&T Uwnfaqmuf aqmufvs vsu (15-1-1963)ck f (15-1-1963)ck ESEpfpS f rD;vif ;vif; apcJhavonf avonf/ t*Fvd vdyfyfvuf vufxuf xufum; um; rif;jym;wGifif vQyfppf ppfrDrD;xG ;xGefef;ñ§ ;ñ§ dE kdicJcf hJjcif; r&S dcJc hJay/ ay/ t*Fvd vyfyd vuf v f ufxuf xufu ,ckuk uefek oG o f ,f , G a&; af &; d*ka'gif a'gifxm;&S xm;&S d&m &m ae&mwGifi aps f aps;BuD;aqmuf ;aqmuf vkyfycJcf honf o J nfuk u dk vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;&N a&;&NyD;aemuf ;aemufrSrS ,ckaps aps;opfae&mok ae&mok d Y a&T Uajymif;aqmuf ;aqmufcJc hJ onf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufu aq;½kHBuD;rSm ,ckaq;½kHa[mif;taemufbuf abmvk H;uG ;uGifif;wG ;wGifif wnfaqmuf aqmufcJc honf o J nf/ ppfNy;aemuf ;D aemuf t*Fvd vyfyd tk t f yfyk cscf sKyfa&;j a&;jyefcscspOf ,ckukefoG oG,f ,fa&; a&; d*ka'gifae&mwG ae&mwGifif (3)ESpfpfcef YzGifi hfvSpfNyD;rS aq;½kHa[mif a[mif;ae&m teD;okdY a&TUajymif;vsuf xkdrS,ckaq;½kHopfukd wzefaqmufvkyfEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfvufxuf ynma&;rSm ckESESpfwef;ausmif;yif vIyfyfvI vIyfyfv JSv JSom zGifi h dfEkEkififcJc hJonf onf/ c&pf,mef ,mefomoemj omoemjyKrsm;u zGifi hv f Spfpfaom aom aq;ay;XmeES fihih pmoif pmoif XmewkdYwGifif pmoifMum;jcif;jyKc hJ aomfvnf; &ckdifuav;vli,f i,frs rsm;rSm ¤if;wk ;wk Yd ausmif;ü ;ü oifMum;jcif;vk ;vk H;0r&S ;0r&S doavmuf oavmuf enf enf;yg;avonf ;yg;avonf/ vGwf wfvyfa&; &NyD; aemufum; um; txufwef wef;aus ;ausmif;rs ;rsm;? upm;ckefefpm;qk pm;qkifid &m &f m tm;upm;rIrs rsm;? A[k okwES fihih ,Ofaus aus;rI ponh ponh ftus tusK;j;d jyK&ef pmzwf pmzwftoif toif;rs ;rsm;? &ck difi d½k½f k;&m ;&m ,Ofaus aus;rI tzG JYrs rsm; ponfjz fih tbufbufu wk;wuf ;d wufvmcJhavonf avonf/ vQyppf pf pfrD;vnf ;vnf; ppfawG awGc½k c d½kififwG wifiG f ppf ppfawG awGNrKd U atmuftrs trsm;qk H; tok H;jyKavonf/ xk d YaMaMumih f ,ck ,ck tcg aeYvk v H;ayguf ;k ayguf xG xGef;ñ§ ;ñ§ dEkEd ik f&ef &ef BudK;pm;aeMuonf[k [k od&onf &onf/ vrf;yef ;yef;quf ;qufoG o,f , G a&;[l af &;[lí ppfawG awGrSr a&vrf S a&vrf;omt"d ;omt"du&S u d&Sonf onf/ rif;j;jym;ok d Y rD;oabF ;oabFmonf aumZm 1250 ausmf 1260 cef YwG wGififrSrS ckwf warmif af rmif;oG ;oG m;vmrI pwif dEkE kkififcJc hJonf onf/ ukefef;vrf ;vrf;qk ;qkí d rif;j;jym;rS (5)rk (5)rk dififxd x?d xk drSrS aj ajrmif;bG ;bG,f ,fxd x (5)rk d (5)rk difif?
40
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
xk du (NrdKUa[mif;)aj ;)ajrmufODOD;N;NrKd U? ausmufawmf awmfxd x aj d ajrvrf; d&Sonf onf/ awmif dykykifif;uk ;uk d rif;j;jym;rS pG pGef&J&Jtxd txd &S d&S onf/ ¤if;aj ;ajrvrf;uk ;uk d t*Fvd yfyfvuf vufxuf xuf armf armfawmf awmfum; um; vk H;0rayguf ;0raygufcJc hJ/ vGwf wfvyf vyfa&;&N a&;&NyD;aemuf rif rif;j;jym;rS aemf aemfaemf aemftxd txd vnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? aemfaemf aemfrSrSwqif wqif h ajrmif;bG ;bG,txd t f xdvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;? um;toGm;tvmjyKvyfyk dfEkEkififcJcJh avonf/ ppfawG awGrSrS rif;j;jym;? ajrmif;bG ;bG,f ,f yef;aj ;ajrmifxd x we*F d we*FaEG aEG? Ak'¨'[l [ ¨ ;?;l ? aomMum aeYwk w dkifif; (&ufowå owåywf ywfvQ vQi 3B f 3Bu fdrfr )?f oabF moG m;vmaeonf/ 1968 ckESEpfpS frSrSpí pí rif;jym;rS Ncdwfawmif (3)rk difausmf ausmfo kdY ajrvrf;rBuD;wpfck xyfrHrHjyKvkyfvsuf d&Sayonf/ t*Fvd vyfyd vuf v f ufxuf xuf yxrqk yxrqk H;aom ;aom oabF mqdyfyrSrf mS ,cifygwD ygwD,l ,epf el pf H½k½;k wnfcJc hJ aomae&mjzpf onf onf/ xk d Yaemuf aemuf acs acsmif;0yk ;0yk difi;f (,ck bDtk t dpDpk ae&m) aD e&m) xk daemuf aemufjrpfurf urf; ab;ae&m (qdyfurf urf;abmj ;abmjz fih )ok d Y wpwpqk wpwpqk dufuyf uyf&yf &yfem;rI em;rIjyKc honf o J nf/ t*Fvd vdyfyf vufxuf xufu rif;jym;acsmif ;jym;acsmif;rSm Muyfpifawmifarmf rmfykdif; uRef;urf;eHab;u pwift0cHí prÜv,fuRef;ukd jzwfvsufvnf;aumif;? oJwef;Ncdwfawmif rif;uef ;uefjrpfwk w difik fvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? aygufa&muf a&mufoG o m;vmcJ G honf onf/ oabF mrS m rif ;j;jym; acsmif;(uif;acsmif;vnf;ac:\/ prÜacsmif;vnf; [l\/)rS prÜv,fuRef;ukd jzwfvsuf av;NrdKUjrpftwkdif; ckwfarmif;oGm;vm jyKcJh&onf/ ,ckum; acsmif;rsm;? uRef;rs ;rsm;? wdrfrfaumNy;D aomifwef wef;tj ;tjzpf dyk Yvmojz fih j jrpfaMaMumif; twkdifif;yif ;yif oGm;vmae&avonf/ ,cifoabF oabF murf;rS ;rS m aumZm 1290 jynf hESEpfpS f tmoH tmoHayguf aygufí (a&rif;xG ;xGuf uf onf[k [ ac:onf k ac:onf )awmifus ustnm a&vTrfrf;rk ; drk;j;jcif;j;jz fih xk duJ u hod o J k Ywd w d rfrd aum&onf af um&onf[k [k \/ NrdKUjyqk difif&m &m vrf;yef ;yef;j;jyKjyifrIrIuk u d t*F k t*Fvd vdyfyfvufxuf xufrSrS pí,cktxd txd 'D 'DpB pBuwf w d f aumifpDrSrSvnf vnf;aumif;? NrdKUvlxktm;j tm;jzif hvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifvk vkyfyfaqmifcJc hJav onf/ ,cktcg tcg tnma±jcif;'Pf ;'PfaMaMumih f rif rif ;j;jym;jrpfurf urf;em;yk ;em;yk dif;rS ;rS m wpf p wpfpyk p dyk Yvmojz fih &Gmopfaupaom aupaom &yfuG uGuopf o f pfrs rsm;csí a&T Yajajymif;aevmcJ ;aevmcJh& & onf/ aomufok o H;a&[l ;k a&[lí &ck difirif rf if;vuf ;vufxuf xufu wl;azmf ;azmfxm;cJ xm;cJ haom aom rif;uef ;uefuk u dyif yk if t"dutm;ukd;okH;vmaecJh&m vlxkrsm;jym;vmojzihf jynfawmfomacwf? jynfawmf awmfomuef omuef[l [lívnf ívnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? ,ck 1968 1968 ck azazmf azazmf0g&D 0g&Dv (1329)ckESEpfpS f wyk dYwG w JGvwGifif &G mopfauteD;uefBuD;uk dvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? wk d;cs UjJ yKvkyfay;vmcJ ay;vmcJ h& onf/ xk Ydjyif rif;j;jym;teD; *&if*s *sKdifuk u dk prf;oyfí 6-1-68 aeY)1329-ckES pfpf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
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41
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
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42
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
t*Fvyd rf [m(136)ESi hf qufo, G í f wzefawmfveS fa&;vkyif ef;rsm;uk d pwifjcif; jyKcJh&jyefonf/ xk daemuf c&pf(1944)(1306)ckESpf *syefu d k pwifawmfveS f&ef avxD;jz fih qif;cJ hMuavonf/ ,if;od Y kBuKd ;yrf;csujf z fih rif;jym;NrdKUe,f paom &ck dijf ynft&yf &yfu tpOD;pG m pwifí *syefawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;uk d jyKvky df Ekifc hJavonf/ xk d YaMumif h aumZm (1306)ckESpf *syefrsm; qkwcf mxG G ufajy;cJ h&jcif;? t*Fvdyfrsm; wzef tpm;0ifa&muf dEkifjcif; jyKcJh&avonf/ t*Fvdyjf yefwufvQif rif;jym;NrKd Uuk d tkyfcsKyaf &;cs&ef e,f dyik ftjzpf rpöwm rwfbuf? NrdKUtkyftjzpf xGef;atmifausm?f ykvdyftifpyufawmf OD;em;aygufau paom tkyfcsKyfa&;yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf aumZm(1306)ckESpfwGif a&muf&SdvmMu onf/ ¤if;wk d Yonf rif;jym;Nrd KUuk d 'kw, d tBurd t f jzpf JyGjyifuEé m;vkyí f NrdKUwnfcs zG fiv h pS jf cif; jyKc hJMuavonf/ e,f dyik H½f k; dpku&f m[lí ]bmcH}t&yf d&S ,ckt&ufq dik f ta[mif;wGif aqmif&u G cf haJ vonf/ rif;jym;Nrd KUtygt0if &ck difjrefrmwjynfv H;k wGif c&pf(1948)ck aumZm (1309)ck jymok dvjynh fausm(f 9)&uf? we*FaEGaeY rsm;wGif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhojzihf t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfrI vk H;0Zmwfodrf;oG m;cJ hjcif; cHcJh&avonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&onfh txdrf;trSwftjzpfjzihfvnf; rif;jym;Nrd KU v,fuiG f;jyifus,w f iG f vGwv f yfa&; txdr;f trSw f ausmufw dik fu dk dpkufxv l suf 0ihf0gpGm wnf&Sdaeayonf/ vG w f v yf a &;&NyD ; csd e f r pS í rif ; jym;NrdK Uum; wk d ; wuf B uD ;yG m ;a&;? pnfyifom,m0ajyma&; ponfrsm;uk d wpfaeYwjcm; aqmif&Guv f mEk difc hJojz fih a&S Uuk dtrsm;Bu;D arQmfvif hp&m tvm;tvm aumif; d&S dEkirf nf h NrKd UwpfNrKd U[k qk d dEkif ayonfwum;/ (toQif puúdE´ (&ck difjynf )&ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;) (trSwf (2)1993-ckEpS f)
43
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
qif; ouf pOfv m omoem urÇ mOD;vlom;wk Yo d nf uk d;uG,rf Iu d k &S mazGc hMJ uonf/ tm;xm;tm;uk d;&m tjzpf ae v? eu©wf? wm&m? N*dK[?f awm? awmif? a&? ajr? ewf? e*g;? *VKef ? ukrP Ç ?f ,u©? odMum;? ol&mwk d Yu dk t&Sio f ciftjzpf OD;wifvmcJ hMuonf/xk d YaMumif h emxrS emxf[al om uk d;uG,rf t I rnf d&v S monf/ emxonf uk d;uG,&f m? ,k HMunf &muk d ac:qk davonf f/ ,ckx d jA[®PwGif tm'demwf? &m0djEe´ mwfponfjz fih ewft&Sifw Yk\ d trnfemruk d uif;yGef;wyfxm;vsuf &Sad e\/ [dEL´ ? jA[®Pt,l d&MS uolrsm;qk dvQif rD;? ae? ajrBuD;? ork'´&m? opfyif? awm? awmif? t&mrfO,mOf? ewfueG f;wk d Yu dk uk d;uG,Nf rJ d&SaeMuao;\/ &ck difw d Yk onf a&S;OD;acwfuyif awmawmifu d k jzwfoef;0ifa&mufaevmcJ hMuolrsm;jzpf c hJ Mu\/ xk d YaMumif h tEÅ& m,fE fiS h BuKH c h&J ? tcuftcJEiS hf &ifq dik cf hMJ uonh ftavQ muf h aMumufvefYjcif;? pkd;&drfjcif;? tm;ukd;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhMuonfomwnf;/ xkdukd awmfveS fckcHc hJ&jcif;? a&S mifuiG f;z,f& m; S xGufajrmufc&Jh jcif;wk d Yjz fih ESpfv&Snfp mG umvMumcJh&\/ vlom;onf aMumuf H& Uruif G ;onf htavQmuf csrf;omjcif;uk dvnf; vk dvm; onf h owå0grsm;jzpfMu\/ xk dtcg aMumufvef Yjcif;rS vGwfap&ef tm;uk d;&muk d wrf;warQmfrSef;cJh&rnfr mS trSefwnf;/ qif;&Jjcif;uk d vlwkid f;rESpfNcdKufwuf& onf htavsmuf csrf;omjcif;udk awmif hwvkdvm;NrJ "r®wmwnf;/ xk dYaMumif h azmfjyyg emx(tm;ukd;rI)uk d rvkdolr&S ddEkifMuacs/ tm;uk d;rIr d&Su rcsrf;om? tm;uk d;rI d&rS S csrf;om&m&onf[lí Ak'¨uvnf; qk H;rcJ hb;l onfwum;/ rdrdw Y kd vkdvm;tm;ukd;cJhMuolrsm;wGif a'0(t&Sifocif)emx(tm;ukd;&m) wkdYonf zefqif; dEkifo lrl sm;? wef dc;k d&Sorl sm;? jzLpifjrif hjrwfo(l jA[®P)xm0& (raorysuf) rsm;? zefqif;&Si f £ó&rsm;[kyif pGy drf w S í f ,k HMunf, HMk unfvmjcif;? toufay; JpGNrv J mjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmcJ hMuay\/ vlom;\pdwu f dk vlom;u tm;xm;rJ hvsuf wpfjcm;wpfyg;uk dom tm;xm;cJ hjcif; jzpfonf/ vlom;\pGr;f tifu dk r,k HMunf&m vnf; a&mufayonf/ xk d YaMumih f vlaerI vl Yb0onf rvGwfvyfaom t&Sifocifu dk tyf HEx S m; onf tdrf&m? ae&m? Nrd KUjynf& mwnf G axmifru I tp dyki dpf k;cHewfrsm;? d&Svm& onf/ ewfrsm;jz fih jynh fvsuaf eaom vlom;tzk d Y vl YpGrf;tif? ukd, ht f m;tifu dk
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
44
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
zefw;D EkdiftHhavm/ &ck difw d Yak e&m jzwfoef;&maemufu f dv k du k fí ewfw d Yo k nf vk duí f aecJ hMu\/ awm? awmif? acsmif;ajrmif;? opfyif? v,f,m tdrfa*[mwk Yüd ewfa'0wmrsm; rnfac:pG JvQuf &Sad e\/ ynwfrnfac:pG Jvmaom ewfw d Yu k m; ra&rwGu dEf kif acsNyD/ þtOöeajrwGifyifvQif iNcdwf? ijyKwf? iNydKif;wd if? ivufp paom bDv;l ? prÜ0ufNrdKUapmif he*g;? aZmf*sD? *E¨ m&D? oQifi,f? &aoh? ewftrsK;d rsKd; d&SvmcJh ay\/ xif& m;aom S ewfw d Ykq dv k Qif **F gewf (**F gtif;) r[defewf(acsmif;0jrpf0 apmihfewf) pE´Dewf(uRef;apmihfewf)/ &marmifewf? jroGifewf? iarmifewf? MumZHewf? rusm;ewfw d Y k jzpfMu\/ ¤if;wkdYonf eef;pOfewf? AvdauR;ewftjzpf umv&Snf MumcJhNyDjzpf\/ bk&iftqufquf drk;OD;rk;d aES mif; umvwk Yüd ewf JyGvrf;obifay;í csD;ajr muf § yl aZmfNr dJ&cS hJav\/ NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmZf Honf axmifuscaH epOfu ewfw d Yku dk wk diw f nfc h&J mü ewftrnfrsm;pG m yg&S davonf/ ¤if;\zG J Yq dak om &wkwiG f awG Y dEik f \/ pdwpf Grf;tifu dk tm;uk d;Muolrsm;vnf; ewfu dkarQmí f pdwf"mwfu d k taoG; ta&mifwifc hJMuonf/ orm"dprG f;tif txk dut f avsmuf aumif;vmMuaom tcg aq;0g;rEÅ mef w Ykdu dk zefwnf;cJ hMuonf/ xk d&Sifi,f&aoh? aZmf*sDrsm;um; umvMumuyif d&Sc hMJ uonf/ ewfE fiS w h wef;wnf;xm;í ylaZmfc hcJ v H mcJ hMuonf/ oD&yd g½kP&aoh? wdupd o ä m&aq;0dZ m&aoh Æ ? tmvHuyÜ&aoh? a0omuyÜ&aoh/ oDwma'0&aoh? em*dE&´ aoh? uPS m'dyg,e&aoh? uvd*F&aoh? ponfw d Yjk zpfMu \/ xk d&aohaZmf*sw D d Ykq dv k Qif a,m*tusi hfu dk usi hfc hJMu\/ avmuDtusi hfwGif a,m*Dtusi ho f nf tjrif hqk;H uk d &&S dap&ef tus fihjzpfc hJ\/ *E¨ m&Dtwwfynm rsm;ukdvnf; tm;ay;cJhMu\/ xkdtwwfum; ewfaq;? ewf0g;ukd &SmrSD;í touf&Sn?f od d'¨ayguf? pGrf;tifu dk jzpfvmjcif;yifwnf;/
&Hppfaygufcs? q0ó0a&m? £aE´ mig;a,muf? apmif ha&S mufwpfOD;? bDvl;tmVm 0u? a'0uk d;rnf? wef; dck;pnfom;? xufjynfok' g?¨ jA[® mig;a,muf? uRef;wk dif; aemufonf? ESpfa,mufpuú0wf? jrwfxG#fxif&Sm;? &Spfyg;&[EÅm? þurÇmü? e0gawmfrSL;? aygif;ig;OD;uk d? MunfEl;tifjynf h uk d;uG,\ f }} rSefaomuk d;uG,rf I? rrSefaom uk d;uG,rf Iom JcGjcm;&monf? uk d;uG,rf Ir d&S [líum; vk H;0r&S dacs/ Ak'¨&iS fawmfonf rS efuefaom uk d;uG,fru I dk or® m'dXd[k (tjrifrSe )trnf f ay;cJ honf/ rrSefruef ,k Hr m;p&mrs S m;uk d rdp m'd ä X(d tjrifr m;)[k S trnfay;cJ honf/ xk d YaMumihf rSefaom uk d;uG,f&muk dom vkv d m;í trS m;uk d a&S mif& m;wwf S &rnfjzpf\/ rSefaom uk d;uG,rf Iu d k jyKrSomvQif ab;uif;rnf? jrif hjrwfrnf? qif;&JrS vGwfrnf[k bk&m;a[m\/ uk d;uG,rf Iu dk ,Of aus;rIwpfct k jzpf ,aeYavhvmaeMuNyDwnf;/ vlaerI "avhxkH;pOfvnf ; jzpf&mum;? ¤if ;ESifhywfoufaom a0g[m& tok;H tEIef;? ylaZmfenf;pepf? tcef;tem;? ujyqkdwD;rIrsm; jyKcJhjcif;rsm;? aq;a&;yef;csD? ½kyfx½k yk v f H;k ? tEkynm&yfrsm;? ,aeYxd a&S mifMunfavh? vk duef mavhjyKaeMuao; aom d½k;&mewfu d;k uG,frI ruif;aom "avhponfrsm;uk d ewfu d;k uG,rf Io drkif;? ,k HMunfrIbmom&yftjzpf avhvmaeMuvsuf d&SaeMu\/ ewfu kd wl&, d mpnfjz fih ylaZmfyocJ hMuouJ ho Y kd Ak'&¨ iS af wmfu dv k nf; wl&, d m jz fih ylaZmfvmcJ hMuonfu d k ,aeYxd awG Y&rnfjzpf\/ Ak'0¨ E´empOfot H jzpf &ck diw f d Yk wD;cwfylaZmfaeonfudk wifjy&aom]]tbdOmPfa&mif? xdefvif;ajymif? tacgif d½k;&Sdef? rm&Zdef? avmuxG#fxm;? jrwfbk&m;? 0wfx m;0E´ G em? &Sdckd;yg\/ OD;OD; OD;csyg/ [lí aw;*DwtoHyif jzpfavonf/
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
t,lonfyif NrJonf[ k rqkdEkid af o;/ t&d,mtjzpfo d Y k a&mufro S mvQif Ak'¨u dk ,k HMunfrI dckiNf rrJ nfjzpf\/ xk d YaMumih f d½k;&mpG Jewfu d;k uG,rf v I nf; uif;Muonfum; r[kwfacs/ rluvxuf tm;uk;d rIrcH&awmhNy;D &mum;? ewfu d;k ewfMoZmpk d; drk; jcif; enf;yg;qdwfokOf;vmcJh&ay\/ "n0wDacwfxt d a&muf ewfuk;d uG,rf INrv J m&aom &ck difrsm;tzk d Y ckESpf 6500 ausmfumvwk di?f ewfE fiS t h ppt&m&m vTr;f drk;cHc h&J onftjzpfu dk arh dEik Mf u rnfr[kwfacs/ vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;&Spfaxmifausmfumvu vufcHc hJ&aom uk d;uG,rf IyifvQif ESpo f ufwmuk d arhMu&rnfum; r[kwaf o;/ tpm;0ifa&mufc hJ aom Ak'0¨ g',k HMunfrI ESprf enf;awmhNy/D ESpfaygif;ESpaf xmifausmaf om umvuk d ausmv f eG fvmcJ h&avNy/D ok d Yaomf ,aeYx d Ak'¨bmom ppf[efavNyw D um;[lí um; 0efrcH dEkifao;/ d½k;&mAk'b ¨ mom? vuf d&AS k'¨bmom? Ak'¨bmoma&;&mtjzpf jz fih zmodzmomaevmMuol rsm;vnf; d&SaeMuao;onfomwnf;/
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45
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(bDp\D 527-480)rif;vufxuf armufolZmNrKd Upm;jzpfc hJorl mS xk drif;\nDawmf ol&, d ukr mqk ® d\/ ol&d,auwk(at'D 273-327)rif;vufxufwGifq dv k Qi f xk d rif;\nDawmfo&l d,umoDonf armufoZl mNrKd Upm;jzpfavonf/ xk d YaMumih f **F g jrpf0Srf; (b*Fvm;e,f )xd &ck dif"n0wDacwfwiG f &ck difE fiS h e,fajrqufpyfvQuf &SdaeonfrSm xif&Sm;ay\/ &ck dijf ynfe,ferd dwrf mS a&S;acwfuqk dvQif taemufb*Fvm;e,fb[ D me,f ES fih Mo&doQe,fxu d s,0f ef;cJ havonf/ **F gjrpf0Srf;rS A½kupäqdyfurf;wr’KwfrS umr&vdyq D yd u f rf;qk dvQif &ck dio f d Y k a&vrf;qufo, G cf h&J mXmejzpfacsonf/ ukef; vrf;qkv d Qif armufolZmNrKd UrS b*Fvm;e,fo d Ykvnf;aumif;? tmoH? rPdyl&rS upäye'Djrpfnm "n0wDXmaeok Yv d nf;aumif;? w&dyl& NrHKjynfrS oufjynf d ?Akvf rif;axmif(uHom&DMunfaxmif ) xkdrS &ckdife,fxJo Ykv d nf;aumif;? qufoG,f aygufa&mufavonf/ xk daMumih f &ck diEf Si hf rZÑdra'oonf **F gjrpfomuG mjcm;í ajcwpfvrS f;cef Yom c&D; d&Saeonf/ a'ocsif;qufpyfrI? vlraI &;0ifa&mufo m; G vmrI? ul;vl;qufqHaygif;oif;rI? c&D;oG m; pD;yGm;a&&Scd J&h rIw d YkE fSih ruif;cJhacs/ xk d YaMumih f &ck difE fSih tdE´, d \owif;qufo, G fr?I owif;jyef Y HE YSrI? owif;Mum;od& rIr mS cufc hrJ Ir d&S dEik fay/ e,fpm;NrdKUpm;? wyfp;D wyfeif;rSvnf; Mum;odaygufa&muf ausmfvTrf;apcJ hav&monf/ Ak'a¨ *gwronf ousw dik ;f ? uydv0wfZmwdjzpf\/ xk dwiG f (bDp D 610)arG; zG m;í BuD;jyif;cJ honf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; touf (29)ESpw f iG f awmxGuí f us fihBucH hJ onfr mS rZÑdra'owGif jzpfayonf/ (bDpD 574 ckESp )(touf f 35ESp )wG f if bk&m;jzpfí 0gawmf(20)twGif; (6)Budrf xd0gqk dcJah vonf/ &mZN*dK[jf ynfonf r*"EkdifiH\Nrd KUawmfjzpf&m ,ckbD[me,fjzpfacs\/ pE´mol&d,rif;onf 4ESpf ESi hf 8-vi,fonf/ pE´mol&d,rif;onf bDp D 580(touf25 ESpf)wGif xD;eef; dpk;pHc hJonf/ eef;oufq dv k Qif bDpD 580 rS 528 xd 53 ESpf&SnMf umcJ hav onf/ oufawmfr mS bDpD 605 r\S 528 xd 77 ESpf&Sncf hJonf/ &ck dif"n0wDjynf&iS f pE´ mol&d,bk&ifonf &ck difxD;eef;uk d bDpD 580wGif dpk;pHvsu d&f aS eonf/ bk&m;avmif;rS m xk dpOf 'ku&ú p&d,mus fihaewk H; umvjzpfacs \/ bk&m;yGi hfonfr mqk S dvQif bDpD 574 wGifjzpfojz fih bk&m;ryGi hfrD 6 ESpfapmí eef;pHvsuf&Sdaeavonf/ Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlaMumif;ukd xkdrif;oufawmf 51 ESpf eef;pH 26 ESpfta&mufwiG frS owif;pum; Mum;odc hJ&avonf/ xk dpOfb&k m;&Sif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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46
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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47
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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48
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jzihf jr§KyfESHxm;cJ havonf/ bk&m;y&dedAÁmefpH0ifonfrS ESpfwpf&mtMumwGif umvaomrif;onf a0omvDjynfü 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifavonf/ &Spfvwkdifwdik fMumavonf/ xk do*F g,emESi hf pifNydKi0f ZÆ mwk d dif;om; &[ef;wpfaomif;wk d Yvnf; JcGxGuí f d*kPf opfjyKMuonf/ r[moHCdu d*kPf;[kac:wGifí aemiftcg r[m,et,l0g' wk d Y\ rsKd;aphysKd;cs&m jzpf av&onf/ xk d d*kPf;rESpfckrSonf d*kPf; JcG(18)*k dPf;xd aygrsm;cJ hav&m? ax&0g'*kdPf; (12)*k dPf;? r[moHCdu d*kPf;yGm; 6 *kdPf;wk d Yjzpfc hJ&av\/ xk daemuf eE´rif;quftukef ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmu f mvwGif 18 d*kPf;rS 24 d*kPf;? 35 d*kPf;txd uG Jjym;vmonf/ ok d Yaomf tcs U*k Kd dPf;wk d Yr mS rwnfw hb H J (4*kdPf;) tenf;i,faom*k dPf;om xGef;um;wnf&pfonf/ arm&d,eef;qufjzpfaom taomurif;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifrif;jzpfvm onf/ ¤if;onf omoemawmfu dk xGe;f um;pnfyifapcJ honf/ "mwfawmfwiG ;f uk d zG fihvSpí f t&yf&yfo Yk d a0iSjzef YcsdapcJ honf/ arm*¾vyd kwåwó d rax&fESihf £E´ *kw&å [EÅ mt&S ifw d Y\ k tpDtrHjz fih Asm'dwaf y;cJ haom Xmewk di;f wk d Yo d Yk qufoG,cf hJ avonf/ wwd,o*F g,emwnf; wifc haJ vonf/ dEkiif &H yfjcm;wk d Yo d Yv k nf; omo emjyKvsuf jzefYcsdapcJhavonf/
Nr KUe,f d o moemjyef Y y m;j G cif; þused f;wk dif;uRe;f ? rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fonfvnf; "n0wDacwfrS omoemjyef Y HES YvmcJ h&rnfomjzpf\/ taMumif;aomfum; r[mrkedrS qufo, G v f maom ½kyf yG m;qif;wkawmfrsm;? ajc&mawmf? qHawmf? zaemif hawmf? pwlygapwDrsm;? &[EÅ m wk d Y oDwif;ok H;cJ haomae&mrsm;? (Aa'g*lbdwaf cgif;) xk d Yjyif ewfw d Yky fihaqmifí ylaZmfc hMJ uaom arGawmf? qHawmf? vufonf;awmf? ajconf;awmf? oG m;awmfrsm; vnf; d&S dEkif&monf/ &[ef;? oHCm? ausmif;uef? ½kyfyGm;? apwD? uk d;uG,frrI sm;rS vnf; vlaerI d&&S m Xmewk d Yü uk d;uG,rf dI&Sc hJMurnfomwnf;/ Amukvrax&fE fiS h uRww f rf;0if t&d,t&Sifw d Yrk S qufíqif;oufc hMJ uaom &[EÅ m&S pf&mxdum; NrdKUajrmufOD;? prÇ0uf? yOömacwfwGif ay:xGef;cJh Muonfqkd\/ xif& m;aom S &[EÅmrsm;rS qkdvQif opöAE¨0? aum@n? eE´d,? y'kr OwåroD &d? t&[H? b'´ d, paom t&Sifjrwfw d Yjk zpfMuonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
plVpE´&m; (teEÅpE´&m;)onf yOöro*F g,emwifc hJ\/ oD&dpE´&m;onf omoem 1169 ckESpfü qXro*F g,emwifc hJ\/ yOö macwfwiG f rif;&ifjzLvuf xuf wpfq,f hwpfBudrfajrmuf o*Fg,emwifavNyD;jzpf\/ 0#ö*grPDrif;wifcJh aom pwkwo ¬ *F g,emrlu dk vufcv H mcJ hMu\/ &ck difwiG f t&d,oHCmwpfoed f;xd ude;f cJ honfq d\ k / opö mA'¨0rax&fonf vufr*l? bdwaf wmif* k?l Ncdwaf wmifteD;? (bdwfawmif )*lw d Ykü udef;atmif;cJ honf/ wvif;Bu;D ajrmif0xdyf ausmufv Hk;BuD; ü ajcawmf&mcsc hJonf/ ,ckAa'gajc&mawmf[lí ac:wGifaeMuonf/ pE´&m;rif;vufxufw d Yük pwkygrsm; awG U&onf/ ,ckptif;wGif d&Sao; onf/ usde;f awmifajc&if;rS a,"r® ma[wkyba0g*gxm ygaom em*&dausmuf pmuk d awG Y&onf/ at'Dig;&mpku[k FOD;pHomatmifu cef YreS f;cJ honf/ 0d&pjE´ &m;rif ; '*F g ;pmvnf ; &&S d o nf / av;Nrd K Uacwf a usmuf p mrsm; pr® c H r sm;? ,ckppfawGacgif;avmif;ausmif;&S d bk&m;pr®cH? ajrmufOD;acwfrif;wk d Y\ '*F g;pm? yg&SpH mxk d;'*F g;pmrsm;vnf; &&S daeonf/ ouú&mZf 900 ausmfcef Y[ k rxifr&S m; a&;xk;d pmyg&S donf h c½kacGqHawmf Hyk vuf&mbk&m;wpfqu l kv d nf; &S m;&S m;yg;yg; awG U&onf/ avmif;Muufacwf rPdawmfpv k pfw d Yük a&mifvQjH zmaom qif;wkawmfrsm;? psmefuok dPf; pnf;xm;aom bk&m;rsm;? psmef0ifpm;aeykH rkj'rsm;? ajrBuD ;uk d oufaoñTe;f aeyk H? atmifawmfrcl ef Yb&k m;? tjcm;tjcm; vufajcxk difaeyk Hrkj' rsm;? pE´0dZ,rif;oGef;vkyaf om ausmufqif;wkawmfrsm;vnf; jyef YE YS&H Sad eonf/ txl;ojzihf "n0wDacwf "mwkapwDtjyif? a0omvDacwf apwDykx dk;rsm;? av;NrdKUacwfESihf ajrmufOD;acwfbk&m;apwD trsm;tjym; &SdaeMuavonf/ rormolrsm;vufcsufaMumihfvnf;aumif;? tapmifhta&Smufuif;rJhrI aMumif hvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifrI pepfrus em;rvnfrIaMumif hvnf;aumif;? rlv vuf&mysupf ;D cs U,G Kd if;jcif;ok d Y a&mufc h&J avonf/ xk djyif ppfab; ppf'PfaMumih f vnf;aumif;? zsufq;D cH&ojz fihvnf;aumif;? pD;yG m;&S m ok duw f ;l a&S;a[mif;ypön;f &SmazGrIw d YkaMumihfvnf;aumif;? epfemrIrsm;pGm &SdcJhMuonf/
"mwkomoejyef Yy m;j G cif; taomurif;ESi hf &ck difjynf&Sif ol&d,puúrif;wk d Yonf xD;NydKif? eef;NydKif?
49
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
acwfNyKd icf hMJ uonf f/ xk d YaMumih f bk&m;&Siu f d, k w f dik f &ck dio f d Y<k uvmpOfu Asm'dwrf ed Yf Mum;cJ haom "mwfawmf 248 qlu dk &Sif£E´*kw?å t&Sifarm*¾vyd kww å dYk\ JcGcefaY y; rI? pD pOfay;rIaMumih f &ck difo Yd k a0pk& d&Sc hJonf/ ol &d,puúrif;onf a&T ayvT muk d csufcsi;f 0rf;omtm;&jz fih t&Sifr[mwdó? t&SifAmukvwk dYu d k yif haqmifapcJ h onf/ xk dt&Siw f d Y k "mwfawmfyif haqmifí &yfwef YaecJ h&mae&muk d Am[kvawmif [lí ac:wGifc hJonf/ ,ckajrmufOD;ü Am;Alawmif[ k ac:aeonf/ MuyfpifuRef; ü &ufckef;0wk difatmif[lí d&S\/ xk dae&mok d Yvnf; xk dt&Siw f d Yk a&mufc hJonf[k tpOfajymqkdaeMu\/ rax&fw d Yk yif hvmcJ hMuaom "mwfawmfw d Yo k nf omoemouú&mZf 222ckESpf(bDpD 307)tcgaumif;aom wef;aqmifrkef;vjynhaf eYwiG f <ua&mufc hJav onf/ xkdvjynh fausmfwpf&uf uyif wef;cl;vjynhfaeY xd Asm'dwf0ifXmewk dYü (bk&m;EkpOfumv usifvnfc h&J mXme) Asm'd wft&yfw d Ykü apwDwnfxm; ylaZmf cJ havonf/ tcs Uuk Kd dum; a&Tuvyfwifí a&Ttyk t f wGi;f udef;0yfvsuf eef;OD;a0 ,Hü ylaZmfxm;cJ honf/ 0guRwfí drk;&moDuif;aom wef;aqmifrke;f vjynf hausmf wpf&ufaeYuyifpí usefAsm'dwf0ifXmewk Ydo Ykd wnfxm;apcJhavonf/ xk daemuf bkef;Bu;D aom rif;wk d Yvufxufvnf; uk d;uG,v f du k ewfw d Yo k nf ulnyD ifah qmifay;cJMh uonfq d\ k / xk daMumih f rif;AmBuD;? rif;&mZm? pE´0dZ,rif; vufxufw d Yük vla,mifaqmifaom omoemawmfapmih f ewfw d Yku "mwfawmf wk d Yu dk yif haqmifa0iS ay;vmcJ hMuavonf/ xk Yjd yif r[maAm"d paomt&yf? oufjynf? NrHKjynfw Ykrd S rif;rsm;qufojcif;jz fihvnf; "mwfawmfrsm;uk d &&S dylaZmf dEkifc hJMuavonf/ &ck difjynfo kdY "mwkomoemonf bk&m;&Si<f ua&mufí &ifaiG Uawmfxnf f h oGif;ay;jcif;? ajriluRef;ü e*g;&SpOf D;tm; ajc&mawmfcsay;jcif;? qHawmf"mwfESpf qlu dk uk d;uG,&f ef ay;cJ hjcif;wk d Yu pwifvmonf/ xk daemuf taomurif;u jzef Ya0apcJ hí jyef Y HE YSa&muf d&S&jcif;jz fihvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨Asm'dw"f dXmefcsuftwkid f; ewfw d Yku yif haqmifay;vmívnf;aumif;? bkef; d&Saom rif;wk d Yvufxuf "mwf awmfapwDwnfv dak om pdwfraem"dXmefjz fihvnf;aumif;? awmif;wvQif omo emawmfapmif hewfw d Yu k yifh,al qmifMunfay;cJ h&onfjzpfívnf;aumif;? Ak'A¨ sm 'dwfay;cJ haom EkpOfb0usifvnfc hJ&m 248 Xmewk dYü Munfñ dkzG,&f m arGoD&d& "mwkapwDrsm; wnfxm;jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmcJh &avonf/ xk d"mwfawmfrsm;uk d &ck dijf ynft HES Ytjym;wGif zl;jrif dEik jf cif;um;? tvGeaf us;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
Zl;rsm;jym;? uko dv k faumif;rIvnf; jzpfy m;apcJ G h&onf/ "mwkomoemxGef;um;cJ h aMumif;? xGe;f um;&S daeaMumif;? xif& m;aom S taxmuftxm;yif jzpfavonf/ wk di;f jynfE fiS hvlrsKd;twGu f bmomomoem\ Muufoa&aqmif *kPaf &mifu dk xGef;ajymifapcJ honfom jzpfayownf;/ "mwfawmfonf ruG,fraysmufao; y&dedA mef Á rjyKao;orQ aemufxyf bk&m;&Sif yGi hx f eG ;f rvmEk diyf g/ bk&m;&Sirf yGi hx f eG ;f orQ "mwf fawmfonf bk&m;uk d,f pm;yifjzpfacsonf/ "mwfawmfwnf&o Sd a&G U bk&m;&Sif&aSd ernfom/ xk d YaMumih f ]]"mwko[ k d XdwmokA'k gyd ¨ Xdwm0a[mEÅK }} [lí ("mwfawmfwnforQ bk&m;wnf d&Sonf )[lí tXuxmusrf;wk Yüd jyqkdxm;cJ hayownf;/
used ;f awmf& iS f ]]aAGcsufjrif hbD? *D&dyAÁwm? xk dawmifr mü/ S a&T0gwEk? aus;ol0rif? r,Gif;wZmpf? jzpfavaomcg/ aoav&m0,f? aemifvmusdef;0yf? vQm&if;"mwfvQif? wnfvwfusifu? a&mifxifvif;vif;? ajymifajymif0if;í? cyif;rsm;zQif ? usdef;awmif&Sif[k? ac:wGifemr? bG J Yrnf&í? xk dupOfvm? ckw dik fomvQif? wGiv f mjzpfvdrfh/}} ([l; &m;wuf-O*¾ gpH )
used ;f awmf &iS f (ZD0 g"mwk S apwD) usdef;awmif awmifwef;ac: umvm*D&ad wmifü wnf d&Sonf/ awmif\ awmifbufq H;k ukef;jrif homwGif jzpfavonf/ Ak'¨EkpOfb0u usifvnfc hJ&m Xme/ Asm'dwf0iftjzpf rdefY>rufc hJ&mXmevnf; jzpf\/ usD;rif;(aus;rif;)wZmpftjzpf used f;atmifc h&J m Xmeü wnf d&aS omaMumif h used ;f awmif&iS f "mwfapwD[ k ac:wGiv f mcJ honf/ bk&m;&Sif\ vQm&if;awmf fued ;f atmif;&m wnfxm;Xmyem&m apwDjzpfojz fih ZD0 m"mwk S apwD[k "mwfawmfpOf orkdif;ü vm&Sdonf/ arm&yAÁwaovm*D&d (ausmufawmfawmif)üvnf; Asm'dwfrde Yf>rufc hJNyD;&mum;? Asm'dwft& rnfwGifvm&jcif; jzpfavonf/
50
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xk daMumif; ork dif;&mZ0ifvuFmü þod Ykpyfqkcd hJMuonfu dk awG U&\/ ]]jrwfzsm;a&S;cg? ok0gus;D rif;? aysmfcif;pH&m? umum*D&d? rnf[dawmifrSm ZD0 mapwD S ? ac:nDrnfwGif}} (a&S ; xk H ; vuF m ) ]]þomrS mü? umvm*D&?d awmifBu;D xdyzf sm;? aus;om;jzpf\/ vS Qm&if;"mwf awmf? ynwfZD0 m?S aemifwGi&f mvdr hf....}} (OD;pHwifh? NrdKUwnfvuFm) þ"mwfawmfr mS omoemouú&mZf (222)ckESpf (bDpD 307-529)wGif ude;f 0yfvmcJ hav\/ rlvu "n0wDbk&if? ol&d,puúrif;\ (bDpD 316-272) eef;OD;a0,Hawmifü? a&Tuvyfjz fih yl aZmfxm;jcif;cHc hJ&\/ xkdaemufrS tpDtrH t& bk&ifrif;jrwfonf uk, d af wmfw kdif OD;xdyfwifí eef;&a0rS yif haqmifc hJav \/ a&eef;qdyfo dYka&mufaomf a&Tazmifawmfjz fih yif haqmif&ef rSL;BuD;rwfrGefw d Yk tm; vT Jtyfc haJ v\/ t&SifAmukv? t&Sifr[mwdó? t&Si£ f E´*w k rå ax&fw d Y\ k cef Y JcGay;rIaMumih f Asm'd wf0ifXmeod Y k cef;em;Bu;D us,pf mG yihfaqmifrIjyK&av\/ Munf;a&ESpfzufñSyfí "mwfawmfu dk a&Tazmifawmfjz fih yih faqmifc hJMuav\/ awmifay:a&mufvQi f uGefjY rL;&jcif;jzpfav&mum;? zl;Muolrsm; 0rf;omydwBd uD; pGmjzpfMu&av\/ tpDtpOft& awmawmifu dk okwo f ifvsu f ajruk dajymif&Sif;ap\/ &m armifuefrnfaom NrdKUvQm&if;a&uefu dv k nf; wl;ap\/ &marmifMum½k d; rñI d;ap &ef Mumuk dvnf; pkduyf sKd;av\/ xk duefa&wGif r[mrked½yk f&SifawmfrS qHa&awmf uk d "mwfiif,Mwmjz fih xnf hoGi;f av\/ xko d d Yt k pDtpOfjyNy;D vQif rSL;rwfrsm;u yEéufcsr*Fvmuk d jyKMuav\/ xk daemuft"dywd r@d Kiif g;&yfu dk dpkufxv l su f apwDu d k yef ;&Hq&mwk d Yu wnfxm;cJ honf/ "mwfawmfu du k m; r@dKiif g;&yf tv,fA[k dü Xmyemxnf hxm; íydwMf uav\/ Xmyemuk dyw d Nf y;D aemuf xD;awmfwifNy;D aomf Ny;D qk H;jcif;od Y ka&muf av\/ tNyD;wGif t"dXmefjyKvsuf qkawmif;ywåemjyKum om"kac:cJ hMu\/ "mwfawmfapwDr mS wnfpu rsm;pG mrBu;D vSacs/ EG m;warmhcef YrQomt&G,f tpm;&Sad yonf/ &ckdifjynfe,fpnf um;&efESihf omoemjyefYyGm;&ef omoemwk d;yGm;ap&ef t"dujzpfav\/ xkdYaMumif; wdwfwabmif edrdwaf qmifvsuf aemiftpOf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aumif;rnf hta&;jzpfacs\/ tpDtrHq&mrsm;uvnf; tif;tk dif? ,Mwm tum opfyifrsm;uk dyg jyKvkypf pD Ofí xm;cJ hMu\/ OD;&mZfawmif"mwfawmfE fiS h used ;f awmf &Sif"mwf? OD;uif;awmf"mwf? tHusdef;awmf"mwfw d Yrk mS av;NrKd Ujrpf? rv’ m,kjrpf? upäye'Djrpfrsm;rS &ef olrsm;r0if? rjyKvmEkd if&ef tcsuftcsmjzpfc hJ Muav\/ ZD0Sm"mwfawmfukdvnf; tpOf½kdusKd;vmcJhonf hftavsmuf arGawmf"mwf awmfu f d k qufc&H rnfum; trSefomwnf;/ xk d YaMumif; ]]raoqDrD;? rNidr;f ap&m}} [lí qDrD;rjywf xGef;cJh&av\/ ]]rjywfqDrD;? raoap&}}qDrD;raoap&efyg Mumoyaw;&ufom;uk d tapmif htESif;wm0efcsxm;cJ h&av\/ arGawmfig;&yf (OD;&mZf? a0omvD? ausmufawmf/ Oomvif;)t0ifused ;f awmf&iS t f jzpf tpOfav; jrwfvmcJ hMu&av\/ uk d,cf E¨ mü vnfyif;onf ta&;ygouJ ho Y k d þ"mwfawmfu dk vnf;yif;yrm owfrSwfvmcJ h&av\/ usdef;awmf&iS f\ tok H;jyK&m NrdKUvQm&if;uefvnf; usdef;awmfuefyifwnf;/ &marmifuef[í l vnf;aumif;? usde;f &marmifuef[í l vnf;aumif;? aemiftpOf wGicf hJ\/ &marmifuRef; ewf&Sifr\ usdef;awmf&Sifb&k m;uk d a&oyÜ m,f&muef vnf; jzpfcJh&ay\/ xkdYaMumihf orkdif;0ifuefBuD; ukd;uefwGif þuefvnf; yg0ifav\/ bk&m;ES fihuefu d k apmihfa&S mufMu&ef ta&;BuD;vS\/ &ck difjynfü wk d;wufpnfyif om,m0ajyma&;twGuv f nf;aumif;? rif;aumif;rif;jrwfjzpf xGef;í bkef;wefckd;BuD;us,f? ouf&Snfpkd;pH? &dyfNidrfcsrf;om cHpm;EkdifMuap&ef vnf;aumif;? tusKd;jzpfxGef;apvdr hfrnfqkd\/ ZD0 m"mwf S awmfonf upäye'Djrpf ta&S Uzufurf;ü wnf d&Saom "mwfawmf pm&if;0ifwnf;/ ta&S Ubufurf;wGif 177 qlwnf d&SNy;D taemufbufurf;wGif 71 qlwnf d&ScJah v\/ tm;vk H;aygif;"mwfawmf 248 qly UES s H H Yvsuf d&SvmcJ hMujcif; jzpf\/ xk daMumih f oD&"d r® maomurif;rS qufovmcJ h&onfupí &ck dijf ynfwiG f "mwfawmfrsm;pG m udef;0yfc hJ&\/ "mwfawmf&Spfp&Gwx f JrS 1/ torÇ dEé (t0dyÜ udP )ES Ö fih 2/ orÇ dEé(0dyÜuP d Ö)"mwfw dkYjzpfMu\/ ]]"r®maomu? xkd&mZonf? yknmjyefYyGm;? jzpfapcefYvsuf? xkdESHYvkH;nD? wnfapwDr/l o&D&"mwf? &Sppf &Gwrf nf? twnfwnfwnf;}}[lí 0g;ausmif;q&m y@dwu f rSww f rf;jyKc hJ\/ bk&m;&Si\ f o&D&ud k,cf E¨ mrS awaZm"mwfr;D avmif&m rS <uif;use&f pfMuaom? rysufrpD;use&f pfMuaom "mwkac: t&m0w¬Kyifwnf;/ "mwfawmfwnf d&aS eoa&G U omoemwnf d&Srnfomwnf;/ "mwfawmfum;
51
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Ak'u ¨ d, k pf m;jzpfacs\/ vlewfw d Yt k wGu f tusKd;iS m bk&m;&Sif t"dXmefjyKxm;cJ hjcif; vnf; jzpfay\/ xk d YaMumih fomvQif ]]&u©wGirf nf/ &ck difjynfü uk d;uG,fw Hv k wf? rSefrcRwfwnf;}} [lí qHawmfo drkif;wGif rSww f rf;wifc h\ J / ]]emr&,l? tqlqlwkdY igrljzpfzl;? &yfwkdif;ul;vsuf? a&mifjrL;uGefYjyefY? wbfvwå Y}H }[k 0g;ausmif;y@dwfu pmwifc hJ\/ &ck dife,fajrwGif "mwfawmfrsm; wnfxm;vwfojz fih ylZmapwD yPmnD rnfukv d nf;aumif;? ql,jl ynhaf p uk d;uG,Mf urnfu dv k nf;aumif;? "mwfawmf aMumihf xif&Sm;ausmfaZmEkdif&monfukdvnf;aumif;? þodkYpmzGJYcJhayonf omwnf;/ ]]þjynfonfum; ? bk&m;Asm'dwf? wHqdyfESi hfavQmf? ukd,fawmfr monf S ? emrnf&jzpf? OD;&mZfawmfjrwf? ocsFyaf wmfu ponf"mwfawmf? awmifñeG Yaf y:ü? a&mifazmfjy&m? rsm;pGm&Sifvl? ql,lukd;uG,f? oyÜ m,fv Hk;nD? apwDwnfonf? þonfjynfü? rnfrnfjym;jym;? ausmfxif& m;\/ S (0g;ausmif; OawevuFmrS)
"n0wDacwf rif; rsm; omoemh'g,umawmfjzpfaom ol&d,mpuúrif;onf eef;pH(44)ESp[f? oufawmf (74)ESpf &SnMf umcJ\ h / tZmwowfNzKd <uif; ouú&mZf (ZD0uudef;? AoQL;pwk½yk udef;? NzdK<uif;ouú&mZf ) 258 ck ESpf? c&mZf bDpD 272)wGif ewf& mG <uoG m;jcif;jyKavawmh\/ xkdrif;vGefvQif ¤if;om;awmf ol&d,emx (bDpD 272-230)on f omoemESpf 258rS 300 xd dpk ;cJ hav\/ ¤if;vufxufwGif usef&pf d&Sc hJaom "mwfawmfrsm;uk d qufvufwnfxm;cJ hav\/ xk dol&, d emx rif;ESihf rdb&k m; 0do dk'¨w d Ykonf omoemawmfjrwfu dk av;pm;½k daoMuav\/ omoemawmfxeG ;f um;jyef Yy m;wk G d;wufap&ef aqmif&u G cf hMJ uav\/ xk drif;vuf xufta&mufwiG f ppfawGuRe;f ü "mwfawmf(4 ql )wnfxm;cJ hav\/ omoem ouú&mZf 260 (bDpD 270)wGif ewfawmfvü udef;0yfc hJjcif;jzpfav\/
a0omvDpE´&m;acwfr if; rsm; ZD0 m"mwf S awmfu dk aumZm 634 ESpftMumwGif dpk;pHaom pE´&m;rif;wk d Y jyKjyifrGrf;rHc hJMuav\/ "mwfawmfw d Yrk mS ESpf(600ausm )Mf umanmif;&mum;? jyK jyifrIr hJvQuf ,k d,Gif;um awmawmif ydwfaygif; qD;vmcJh&\/ NcHKEG,f,Sufí
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rsKd0g;cH&ojz fih wdrfjrK§ yfrwwf d&Sc hJ&av\/ xk daMumih f a0omvDausmufavSum; NrdKUocif bk&ifr[mpE´&m;rif;onf jyKjyifc hJjcif;jzpfav\/ xk drif;onf touf (32)ESpfü eef;wufí 89 ESpfxd eef;ouf&Sncf hJ\/ eef;pnf;pdrfr mS ESpfaygif; 57 MumcJ hav\/ xk drif;onf wpfaeYoü wk dif;cef;vSn fv h nf&if; tylaZmfcH&ef xGufcsaD wmf rlav\/ av;NrdKUjrpfu dk a&Tazmifq du k favaomf used f;awmifrS ta&mifwvuf vuf xGufay:vmonfukd awG Ujrif&av\/ xk dta&mifr mS ZD0 m"mwf S awmfrS uGe YfjrL;aom "mwfawmfa&mifyifjzpfacs\/ ewfwumwk Ydtm; wk difwef;vsuf rSL;rwfw d Yu k d k Munh f½&I mazG S apav\/ xd ktcg xk dawmifwiG af eaom opfyifapmif h ewf ½ku dp© k;u uk d,fxifjyav\/ bk&ifrif;jrwftm; avQmufwifMuavaomf pMumvSHjzihf ½kdufowfí ac:,lav\/ rif;\trde YftmPmuk d rvGefqef rjiif;y,ftm;&m,um; ½ku d©p;k ewfjzpfaMumif; 0efcHajymqk dc hJav\/ bk&ifu aemufu dk rdrdu ho J Ykd bkef;uH&Sif rif;rsm; ay:ayguf dEkif&moavm[k ar;av\/ xk dtcg xk dewfu jyif;pG m&,f vsuf rdrdr mS bkef;BuD;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfvmaytH h[k ajymav\/ ok Ydaomf bk&ifu iguJ ho Y kd uk d,t f *F gjynh f Hpv k rd ht f hrH xif[k qk dí usdepf may;cJ hav\/ xk dewf rS m aemif wGif usdef;wk H;ñkjd zpfvmrnf how l nf;/ xk d Yaemuf ¤if;ESi hf pum;pyfq dkif ajymqk davvQif a&S;rif;wk d Y wnfxm;cJ haom "mwfawmfwnf d&o S nftjzpfu dk od d&S &av\/ xk djyif "mwfawmftm; jyKjyif&ef umvok d Ya&mufavNy[ D k oabmayguf vmav\/ "mwfawmfueG YfjrL;jcif;onf igh twGuf uHaumif;vSayonf/ zl ;&cJ h aomtjzpfu d k BuHKcJ&h onf[ k 0rf;omtm;&jzpfc hJ&onf/ xk daMumih f bk&ifvnf; azmifawmfu dq k du k í f tpDtrHjyKapcJ hav\/ xk daemuf &Si;f vif;okwo f ifNy;D aomf xk d"mwfawmfu dk rGr;f rHjyKjyif í wnfxm;jcif;jyKav\/ r[mwOöjE m;rif ´ ;\ jyKjyif cJhaom ckESpfrSm c-qyOöudef;? 250 ckESpf/ c&mZf 328 Ak'¨omoemESpof 857 wGif jzpfavonf/
oD&pd E´&m;(c&mZf 595-667) r[mpE´&m;rS ckESpfqufajrmufwiG f oD&dpjE m;rif ´ ;onf a0omvDausmuf avSum;NrKd Uukd dpk;pHc hJ&avonf/ c-qyOöued f; 517 rS aumZm 29 ckES pf xD;eef; pnf;pdrfuk d &&S dcHpm;cJ havonf/ xk drif;rS m xlvpE´&m; (tmeE´pjE m;)ES ´ i hf ½lyDeDw dYk
52
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
\ om;awmfjzpfonf/ ESrawmf uOöermvmonf rdb&k m;acgifjzpfawmfral v\/ Hv S HSys&H wemuk dvnf; &&S davojz fih tmPmpGrf;tm; bkef;wef dck;BuD;rm;cJ hav\/ &wemok H;yg;uk dvnf; tvGefjrwf f dEk;&mum; tvSLoDwif;usi ho f Hk;jcif;ü arG UavQmf av\/ xk drif;eef;pH 43 ESpfajrmufwGi f cqyOöude;f (560)ouú&mZfjynh frnfjzpf onf/ xk daMumif h [l;&m;aA'ifq&mwk d YE fSih wk difyifí xk douú&mZfu dk NzdKzsuaf v onf/ xk dued f;uk d &ck difu Owårudef;[kac:onf/ ArmwGif yk y g;apm&[ef Ü ;rif; NzdKonf[k qkdonf/ oD&dpE´&m;rif;onf ouú&mZfNzdKrnfh xkd 560 jynhfESpf (c&mZf 638)omoem 1167 ckESpf waygif;vjynh f paeaeYwiG f ,Mwmudef;cef; t& ZD0 m"mwf S awmfESi hf OD;&mZfawmf"mwf? OD;uif;awmf"mwf paom t"dywd "mwfawmfBuD;rsm;ukd rGrf;rHjyKjyifapcJhavonf/ xkdrif;um; eef;pH 72 ESpf oufawmf 89 ESpfa&mufqaJ umZm 29 ckESpf(c&mZf 667)wGif ewf & mpH G c hJav onf/ þrif;uk daxmufí ouú&mZfNzdKaom rif;wk d Yonf toufr&Sn[ f al om t,ltqrSm wxpfcsrrSef&macs/
av;NrdKUacwfrif;rsm;jyKjyifjcif; rif; &if j jzL (c&pf 843-873) rif;&ifjzLonf yOömNrdKUukd pkd;pHcJh&onf/ pE´oifrif;ESihf oD&dukr®m&D rdb&k m;wk d Y\ om;awmfjzpfonf/ plVpE´&m;rif;ES fih pE´ ma'0Drzd k&m;wk d Y\ ajr;awmf jzpfonf/ xk drif;on aumZm 205 ck ESpfta&muf touf 28 ESpfwiG f bk&if tjzpfukd &&S dc hJjcif;jzpfonf/ rif;&ifjzLonf rked½kyfy m;awmf G trsm;tjym;uk d xk dvyk fu k;d uG,af vonf/ ae&ma'otES YHtjym; uk d;uG,cf Gi hfjyKc ho J nf/ rif;&ifjzL \ 209 ckESpf (c&mZf 847)omoemESpf 1376)wGif oGef;vkyfaombk&m;uk d rif;jym;wGif awGU&onf/ ,ckppfawG acgif;avmif;ausmif;ok d Y a&muf d&SaeNyjD zpf onf/ "n0wDNrdKU r[mrkedb&k m;uk d Nc&H Hvsu f rkedig;qlu dk rif;&ifjzL Xmyemxm; í ude;f 0yfwnfc ho J nf[k qk donf/ wpfqrl mS ,cktcgajrmufO;D NrdKU AE¨Kvausmif; wGi d&f S&m pE´rek d[kac:wGi df&Saeonf/ rif;&ifjzLonf xk dESpf 209 wyk Ydw Jv G jynh f Muoyaw;aeY ZD0 m"mwf S awmfu dk okwfoif&iS f;vif;cJ honf/ xk drif;eef;ouf 30
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
oufawmf 58 ESpf aumZmouú&mZf 235 (c&mZf 873)ckESpf ewf& mpH G avonf/
aumvd,rif; (c&pf 1118-1123) aumvd , rif ; onf ous0if i ,f r if ; ESi f h apmvS B uD ; rd z k & m;wk d Y \ om;awmfjzpfonf/ r,fawmfrdzk&m;onf noef;acgif0,f oH&Sifjz fihNyD;aom vS H"m;oHvsuw f d Yu k d k ta&mift0gESi hw f uG tyf fEiS ;f vmonf[k td d frrf ufjrifcsed w f iG f uk d,0f ef& d&Sc hJavonf/ xk daMumif h tdrfrufu d k jrifí&aom om;jzpfí aumvd, rif;[k trnfrSn haf c:cJ honf/ aumvd,rif;onf rdbk&m;ukr®&ED fSih yk&defNrdKUxD; eef;uk d aumZm 480 wGif dpk;pHí r[mxD;bk&m;uk d wnfxm;uk d;uG,cf hJonf/ bke;f wef dck;vufeuftiftm; pGrf;yum; d&Savonf/ xkrd if;onf aumZm 485 wGif tema&m*gjyif;jyojzihf r[mxD;bk&m;ESihf dEkifiHawmf t0Srf;tumBuD; tumi,fw d Yku dk ylaZmfawmfrlavonf/ yk&defEkdifiHawmf\ awmifbuftqk H;ü wnf d&Saom us ddef;awmif&Sifu dv k nf; okwo f ifíjyKjyifapcJ havonf/ xk daemuf eef;pH 5 ES pfoufawmf 21 ESpf ouú&mZf 485 (c&pf 1123)wGif ewf& mpH G vGef avonf/
'o&mZm (aumZm 485-501) xk drif;onf yk&defacwf (aumZm 465 rS 504)xd tky dfpk;cJ haom rif;wpf yg;jzpfonf/ xk drif;um; r[mxD;bk&m; 'g,umaumvd,rif;ES fih rdb&k m;ukr m® &\wk d YrS aumZm 470 ckESpfwiG f arG;zG m;aom om;awmfjzpfonf/ oufawmf 15 ESpfwGif &mra'0dE fSih xD;eef;pnf;pdrfu fk aumZm 485 (c&pf 1123)ckwGif d cH, dlp;k pHc hJonf/ pE´&m;rif; 9 quf t&d fE´rmvS HysHu dk &&S dc hJonf/ þrif;vnf; 10 qufajrmuf t&dE´rmvS Hysu H dk &av&mum; 'o&mZmrif;[k ac:wGijf cif;jzpf avonf/ 'o&mZmrif;onf 5 qufwkid fwkid f (aumZm 465-485)ES pfaygif;(20) wkdifatmif uG,faysmufaecJhaom r[mrkedukd &SmazGcJhonf/ xkdbk&m;onf pE´ol&d ,rif; vufxufoGef;vkyfí "n0wDNrdKUtwGif; oD&d*kwfawmifü wnfxm;cJ h onf/ vuf,mrif;eefu dk eef;wifc hJMuolrsm;u bk&m;uk d dzkusifx d;k cJhMuavonf/
53
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xk dtcgrSpí bk&m;rS m yv’ ifrS aysmufq Hk;í wdrfjrKyaf ecJ h&jcif;jzpfonf/ tcs Uuyv’ Kd iaf tmufwiG f jrK§ y HEf v S su d&f Sonfq d\ k / trSerf mS vuf,mrif;eefvuf xuf bk&m;uk d 0ufowk d;awmifo Yk d ajymif;a&T U0Sux f m;cJ hjcif;jyKc ho J nf/ wk dif;jynf tiftm;&S dNyD;tcsed fo Yk d a&mufaom þrif;vufxufwiG frS jyef,ly fihaqmif dEik fc hJ onf/ xk djyifyv’iEf fiS w h w H dik ;f uk d aumif;pG m pD&ifvyk u f dik í f yv’io f d Yw k ifavonf/ q&m&Spfaomif;wk d Y\ tpD tpDjz fih eH Yo fihopfyifrsm;uk d tum,Mwmtjzpf dpk uf xm;cJ havonf/ 'o&mZmrif ;onf BuD;us,fcef;em;aom tpDtpOfjzihf &mZbdodufu dk cH,cl ho J nf/ xk dpOf&wemok H;yg;uk d qnf;uyfaom Oyoumtjzpfu dv k nf;aumif; 0efcHcJhonf/ xk do Ykad om omoemawmfukd ,k HMunfaom 'g,umtjzpfvnf; aumif; 0efcHc ho J nf/ xk do Y kd omoemh'g,umjzpfonf htwk dif; rif;jzpfí 5v&S d aomtcg edrw d jf yavaomaMumih f r[mrkeu d dk yih faqmif dEik cf hjJ cif;vnf; jzpfonf qk d\/ r[mrkeo d rd af qmufí yv’iw f ifyal ZmfNy;D aemuft&Hausmif;aygif; wpf&m uk d aqmufvyk af wmfrlc ho J nf/ vufaq;uef? acgif;aq;uefw;l í r[m&Ho H;k xyf ukd jyKvkyfc hJonf/ tapmif htae qGrf;wif? pnfwD;? rsufESmokwf? wHcGefq JG? wHjrufcwf? usD;ES fihpmajcmufyg bk&m;ü cef Yxm;cJ honf/ toD;oD;pm;aus;ajrae &mvnf; csay;cJ honf/ xk daemuf touf20 ajrmuf (ouú&mZf 490)wGif b*F gukvm;wk d YoufE fiS h aygif;í aomif;usef;onfu d k dESrfeif;apcJ havonf/ xk daemuf touf 31 ESpf a&muf(ouú&mZf 501)wGif wdwferdwrf aumif;acsí r&PN*dK[ftxGwfE fiS hBuHK avojz fih ze0&wfa&Tb Hu k mud G ef;Bu d HKEik fonf}}[lí yka&m[dw&f mZ*k½ak vQmuf xm;cHc h&J onf/ xk daMumih f bk&ifrif;onf N*Kd [af jymif;? N*dK[v f J?G N*dK[yf suf? N*dK[u f ;l ? pef;OD;tjywfu dk ,Mwmjz fih vGwfNidrf;ap&ef aqmif&Gucf Jhavonf/ xk do d Yak qmif&Guaf om touf 31 ESpfa&muf aumZm 201 ck waygif;v qef; 2 &uf Ak'¨[;l aeYwiG f usdef;awmf&Sif "mwfawmfu d k rGrf;rHylaZmfc hJavonf/ xk drif;onf touf 31-ESpf? eef;pH 16 ESpf ouú&mZf 501 (c&pf 1139)(omo emESpf 1668)wGifewf& mpH G vGefc hJ avonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rif; xD; (aumZm 645-751) rif;xD;bk&ifonf avmif;Muuf(aumZm 613-792)acwf bk&ifwpfyg;jzpf onf/ uk d;qufajrmufrif;jzpfí (aumZm 645 rS 751)xd dpk ;pHc hJonf/ 3 ESpf t&G,fwiG f OD;&D;awmf teEÅb ,\ &ifciG fay:wGif xk difí rif;yGcJ HvmcJo h nf/ w&m;apmif haomrif;tjzpf xif& m;onf S / eef;pHt&SnfE fiS h oufawmftBu;D qk;H rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ taemufb*F gpaom dEkiif Hrsm;uk d dyki dpf k; dEkicf hJonf/ bke;f wef dck;tmPmESv H;k &nf vuf H½k;&nf d&Saom rif;wpfyg;jzpfaMumif; &mZ0ifü armfueG ;f vuF ma&;xk d;cHvmcJ h&onf/ crnf;awmfr mS rif;bDvl;jzpfNy;D ? r,fawmfr mS okb'´ a'0Dtrnf d&Sonf/ xk drif;vufxuf wk dif;jynfjyKjyifrI trd e Yfawmfrsm; xkwfc hrJ I d&S&m tav;xm;vk duef mcJ h&onf/ trde Yfawmfu d k rvk dufemí OD;&D;t&if;jzpfol 'g*gNrdKUpm; teEÅ b,uk dyif oufomcGi hrf ay;bJ owfap[k trde Yaf wmfcsrSwaf v cJ havonf/ xk drif;onf jyLwpfoed ;f trnfjz fih td dE, ´ jynf Ak'*¨ g,mü aAm"dapwD uk d ouú&mZf (657)wGif jyKjyifc hJavonf/ rif;xD;onf omoemawmfu dk ,k HMunfav;jrwfojl zpfonf htwk di;f ? apwD? ykxk;d odrf? ausmif;? Z&yf? a&wGif;a&uef? r@yf? wHaqmif;pBueF f? wHwm;wk d Yu dk vnf; wnfaqmufvSL'gef;cJ havonf/ olwpfyg;tusK;d pD;yG m;&S datmifu do k m vkyaf qmifc ho J nf/ rdru d d, k w f dik v f nf; w&m;uk dv du k ef mí oDvrjywfaqmufwnfum ykw;D vuf JpGrysuaf evmcJ honf/ xkdokdYaevmpOf eef;ouf 15 ESpf ouú &mZf 660 wGif dEk ifiHawmfu dk xdyg;vmcJhaom &efolrsm;uk d &ifqkdifc hJonf/ &Srf;wk dYzsufqD;cH&aom av;NrdKU acsmif;zsm;uk d apmih fa&S mufay;cJ h&onf/ ysufavNyD;aom ae&Oö&mNrKd i f awmifil ukdvnf; jyefvnfwnfaxmifc hJonf/ aumZm 675 ckw dkifd zsufqD;cH&aom trf;? 'vuf? oHw JaG wmifciG w f d Yu k dv k nf; umuG,af y;cJ h&onf? t&yf&yfyek u f efol wk d Yukv d nf; r[mrkedwGif opömjyKNyD;aemuf csDwufw dku dcf kufc hJavonf/ 'geoDvbm0em w&m;wk d Yu dv k nf; tm;xkwfjznh fu f sihawmfrlcJah vonf/ ouú&mZf 675 ewfawmfvwGif csDwufw du k dfcu k favonf/ þoufjynf NrKH jynf uk dyg atmifjrifc hJavonf/ rif;xD;onf wk dif;jynft&yf&yfu dk Nidrf;csrf;atmif xdef;odrf;cJhNyD;aemuf av;NrdKU0J,mwpfavQmuf bk&m;apwDrsm;uk d rGrf;rHjyKvyk fc hJavonf/ yef;ajrmif; BuD;acsmif;t0if ae&Oö&m awmifilNrKd Ue,fwpfavQmuf awmwef;e,fwcGifu dyk g
54
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jyKpkysKd;axmifay;cJhonf/ xk do dkYwkid f;jynfu dk jyKjyifc hJaom umvwGif þusdef; awmif&iS fu dv k n;f jyKvkyfrrG f;rHapcJ havonf/ xk daMumih f rif;xD;bk&ifonfvnf; aumZmouú&mZf 675 ck c&pf(1213)wef;cl;vqef;(8)&uf aomMumaeYrGrf;rH cJ haMumif; odtyfayonf/ rif;xD;um; ouú&mZf 751 ckESpf c&pf(1389)ck (omoemESpf 1843) eef;pH 106-ESpf? oufawmf 123 ESpfajrmufwGif ewf& mpH G c hJavonf/
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
55
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ckESpfwGif uqkef vjynh f Mumoyaw;aeY "mwfawmfukd rGrf;rHjyKjyifc hJav\/ xk drif;onf touf 53 ESpf? eef;pH 7 ESpf aumZm 795 (c&mZf 1433)wGif ewf& mpH G avonf/
jyifjcif;? oef Y&Sif;jcif;? ylaZmfjcif;rsm;uk d NrdKUpm;? e,fpm;? Akdvrf SL; ppfurJ sm; vTJ tyfaqmif&u G fapcJ havonf/ xk drif;onf oufawmf 61 ESpf eef;pH 22 ESpf? aumZm 915 (c&mZf 1553)ckwGif ewf& mpH G awmfrlavonf/
bapmjzLrif ;(820-843)
rif; zavmif ;
rif;apmrGefaemuf rif;c&D (tvDcif )qufcHNy;D aemuf om;awmfbapmjzL rif;(1458-1481)vufxufta&mufwiG f bBuD;awmf apmrGeftpDtrHtwkid ;f pD&ifc haJ vonfq dk\/ xk d YaMumih f xk dbapmjzLrif;vufxuf? aumZm 843 ckESpf uqkefvjynh f Mumoyaw;aeY usdef;awmf&Sifu d k jyKjyifrGrf;rHrI &Scd hJav\/
rif; yif B u;D vufx uf j yKjyif j cif; bapmoD&drnfaom rif;yifBuD;onf rlvwGif oHwGJNrdKUpm;jzpfav\/ rif;vS&mZm (aumZm 862-884)\ om;awmf jzpfonf/ r,fawmfr mS qifuJ atmifxif\orD;awmfjzpfavonf/ oZmwrif;(aumZm 887-893)ewf& mpH G avaomf rif;yifonf ajrmufOD;\xD;eef;uk d qufcH&av\/ oD&dol&d,pE´ m r[m"r®&mZm[laom bGJYukd cH,lavonf/ aumZm 893 ckESpf (c&mZf 1531)ck ESpf bk&ifjzpfí xD;eef;pkd;pHavonf / tvk dawmfjynh fvQi f aumZm 897 ckESpw f Gif &Spfaomif;apwD? awmifjzL av;rsuEf mbk S &m;Bu;D uk d wnfav\/ r[mxD;qif;wkawmf? bk&m;tkyf? *lBu;D bk &m;/ oHw J?G &rf;NA?J ausmufawmfw d Ykü tES H Ywnfxm;av\/ ajrmufOD;NrKd Uawmfü vnf; rsm;pG mwnfxm;cJ hav\/ xk drSwpfyg;vnf; ab;avmif;awmf? bk d;avmif; awmf? crnf;awmfaemifawmfrif;wk d Yu wnfxm;jyKvyk fc hJaom apwDawmfrsm;uk d vnf; xyfrHjyKvyk fapavonf/ wyifa&Tx;D &efu dv k nf;aumif;? zavmif;&efu dk vnf;aumif; umuG,af p&ef wyfwmtck diftrm pnf;Muyfap&mü wk dif;jynf\ txG#ftxdyf bk&m;apwDw d Yu k dk jyKvyk fí rif;apmrGef\tpDtrHtwk dif; jyefvnf toufqufoGif;cJ havonf/ xk dYaMumih f aumZm 895 ck uqkefvjynh f paeaeY usdef;awmf&iS fE fSihwuG xk dav;NrdKUurf;arQmifw d Yw k Gif apwDyx k dk;rsm;tm; rGrf;rHjyK
ay:wl*Dzavmif;(zm&D* )wk sD d Yonf rif;yifBu;D vufxufuyif 0ifí tBudrf Budrf &ck difu dk usL;ausmfw du k dfckucf hJb;l onf/ aumZm 896 ck ESpfu yxrtBudrf &ck diu f dk 0ifíusL;ausmcf hb J ;l onf/ xk dpOf om;awmftaxG; zG m;awmfx G;D cspfaES mif; uk d xk dEpS faumZm 896 ckEpS fwiG f arG;zG m;cJ havonf/ xk d YaMumih f rif;zavmif;[lí rnfwGiv f mcJ h&avonf/ r,fawmfr mS apm&Sifapm(apm&Sifrvnf; vm\)jzpfNyD; crnf;awmfum; rif;yifBuD;jzpfavonf/ xk d YaMumih f rif;zavmif;[laom trnf rS m crnf;awmfrif;yifonf zavmif;&efu d k atmifjrifaomtcsed w f iG f arG;zG m;vm cJ h&jcif; edrdwfu d k aqmifí rnfwiG fc hJ&jcif;jzpfavonf/ i,fpOfu ppfwef;wif NrdKUpm;&mxl;ukd csD;jr§ifhcH&\/ rif;yifaemuf rif;wdu m?© rif;apmvS? rif;pMum0aw;wk d Y qufqMH uonf/ ajrmufOD;bk&if rif;pMum0aw;rif; (aumZm 926-933)ewf&GmrpHrDuyif rSL;rwfrsm;u xD;eef;tyf&ef tBuHjyKc hMJ uavonf/ xk dpMum0aw;rif;rS m rif;z avmif;xuftoufi,fonf/ om;awmfom awmfpyfNyD; rif;zavmif;qk dvQif zaxG;usavonf/ ok d Yaomf pMum0aw;rif;\ qE´t& r[mrked½yk f&iS af wmfwiG f usef;opö m&Gw&f onf/ om;ajr;qufw d Yku dk rES dyfpufyg[k tmrcH0ef usdefq djk yKcJh &avonf/ xkadY emuf aumZm 933 ckESpfwGif (c&pfat'd 1571)ckESpfwGif rif;pMumvGev f Qif xD;eef;uk d qufcHc hJ&av\/ bk&ifb J YGr mqk S dvQif ]]oD&do&l d, pE´r[m"r®&mZm}}jzpfav\/ b*F g 12 NrdKUuk d dyki dfpk;cJ h&aomaMumih f ukvm;bG JY ]]aoQmufu f dNd Eo ´ s&mZm}}uk dvnf; cH,cl h&J av\/ aiG'*F g;cyf dEyS &f müaqmvdyo f Qm[l í awG U&\/ bdou d cf Hrdzk&m;um; pMum0aw;orD;&Sif vwfwnf;/ rif;zavmif;onf 'kwd,ajrmufOD;acwfwGif tiftm;BuD;rif;wpfyg;jzpf avonf/ aumZm 936 ckESpfwGi f oufjynf? NrHKjynfu d k ppfcsDc h&J onf/tjyefwGif *wdxm;cJ honf htwkdif; om;awmfOD;&mZfpm;uk d wm0efjyKapvsuf OD;&mZf"mwf awmfu d k aumZm 941 ckEpS fwiG f pwifwnfaxmifonf/ 12 ESpt f Mum omoem
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ouú&mZf 2122 ck aumZm 953 ck EpS fwGif XmyemoGif;í NyD;pD; dEkifc hJavonf/ (1)xkdrif;eef;pH(14)ESpf okdYta&mufuyifpí omoemawmfxGef;um;ap&ef BudK;pm;avonf/ 17 &yfaomae&mopfw d Ykü apwDrsm;uk d aumZm 937 ck ESprf mS wnfcJah vonf/ bk d;awmf? ab;awmf? crnf;awmfrif;wk d Y wnfxm;cJ haom a&S; a&S;apwDa[mif ;rsm;ukdvnf; jyKjyifrGrf;rHc hJavonfqkd\/ (yg;awmf"mwfo drkif;)(OD;udw d )pm-13? å ajrmufOD;NrdKUork dif; bk&m;pm 90) rif;zavmif;onf "mwkomoemjyKvyk fwnfaxmif&ef &nfoefawmif hw aepOf or® ma'0ewfw d Yku ,laqmifí qufovmMuonfq d\ k / xkdqufo&&S d aom "mwfawmfw d Yu k dk &ck difjynfwGif 17 &yfaom ae&mXmewk d Yü apwD XmyEÅ m awmfrlav\/ ouú&mZf 947 ckESpfwGif Ak'¨usifvnfcJh&mwkid f;ü Asm'dwft& y&dedA mef Á veG fNy;D aemuf wnfxm;cJah om o&D&"mwfawmfapwDw d Yu k m; 15 qljzpf acs\/ xk dapwDw d Yw k iG f ZD0 mawmf S "mwfvnf; tygt0ifjzpfavonf/ xk dapwDw d Yk onf umvMumí csKHEG,yf dwaf ygif; qk d Yvsuaf eMuonfw d Yku dk toifxyfrHow k f oifí omoemt&Snf wnfaptH h[ k jyKjyifwnfaqmufawmfr l &avonfq d\ k / tjcm;o&D&"mwfawmfrsm; t*¾om0uwkdY\ "mwfawmfrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm wnfxm;cJ havao;onf/ rif;zavmif;"mwf wnfcef;t& þZD0Smawmf"mwfum; yg0ifcJhonfom wnf;/ þ"mwfawmfr mS rif;zavmif;vufxuf xk drif;\ omoemt&Snw f nfw hH a&;? xGe;f um;a& aumif;aomuko dv k q f E´jzpfacs\/ xk d YaMumih f xk drif;vufxuf aumZm 947 ckEpS f wef;cl;vjynh f aomMumaeY aumif;pG mjyKjyifrrG f;rHc haJ vonf/ ,cifxuf "mwfawmfapwDr mS Bu;D cJ hav&m ,ckw dik f t&Snw f nfw hv H monfq d\ k / xk dtcg wnfvmcJ haom t&G,t f pm;twk dif; þtajctaexd vk H;ywf 53 awmif? apmuf 26-awmif? BuD;rm;cJ havonf/ wnfpuqk dvQi f EGm;warmh rQom&Sdonfqk\ d / rif;zavmif;onf tpDtrHt& usdef;&marmifuefu dkvnf; "mwfaqufay;cJ havonf/ raoqDrD;? rNidr;f ap&efvnf; tapmif hta&S mufxm; vsu f ylaZmfapav\/ bk&ifrif;onf OD;&mZfawmf apwDawmfü tvSLBuD;ay;í oufawmf 59 ESpf? eef;pH 22 ouú&mZf 955 ck(c&mZfouú&mZf 1593)wGif ewf&GmpHcJhav\/
56
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
rif;&mZmBuD;vufxufwnfxm;rGrf;rHjcif; crnf;awmfrif;zavmif; ewf& mpH G NyD;vQif om;awmfowk d; "r®&mZmac: rif;&mZmBu;D onf arsmufom;awmfrdz&k m; 0dZvmESih f aumZm 955 ck ESpf at'D ouú&mZf (1593)ckEpS f ajrmufO;D NrdKUwGif eef;wnfavonf/ þrif;um; bke;f wef dck;tvGefBu;D rm;aomaMumih f cyford f;aom jynfaxmifcsi;f rif; taygif;wk d Yonf tmPmvuf H½;k bke;f wef dck; t&S deftapmfowif;uk d Mum;&avvQif vufaqmif y@ma&TayvT mrsm;ES fiw h uG dESr hcf ds½ñ k w T f qufuyfyal Zmf&ef vma&mufMuuke\ f / þrif;rSm Ak'¨omoemüvnf; tvGefMunfñkd o'¨gw&m;yGm;rsm;onfh tavQmuf bk&m;ay:ESi hf ½kyfxkukd;aomif;&Sd aom bk&m;ykxkd;wk dYukd apw0ef ausmif;awmf aqmufvyk v f suf vSL'gef;ylaZmfc haJ vonf/ wzefrif;&mZmBuD;onf b*F g12 NrdKUok d Y ppfcsDí atmifjrifawmfrlaomtcg aovm*D&dawmifü ausmuf awmfapwDESi hfwuG (47)qlaom apwDw d Yu k dk rGrf ;rHjyKvyk fc hJ&m ZD0 m"mwf S awmif vnf; yg0ifc hJavonf/ xk Yad Mumih f aumZmouú&mZf (966)ckESpf wyk d Yw JGvjynhf Mumoyaw;aeY (Ak'¨omoem 2134)wGi f þusde;f awmf&Sif ZD0 m"mwf S awmfu dk xk drif;vufxuf oufawmf? (46)ESpfajrmufü rGrf;rHjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfavonf/ xkdjyif tOöee'Dav;NrdKU jrpfurf;em;wGif BuD;us,faom Z&yf? jyom'f wef;aqmifw d Yu k d k aumif;pG maqmufvyk í f oHCmawmftaygif;wk d Yu dk yif hzw d af wmf rlvsu f ouú&mZf 969 ckESpfwiG f qGr;f auR;vSL'gef;cJ hbl;onf/ þrif;um; ouf awmf55 ESpt f MumwGif ewf& mpH G awmfral Mumif; &ck di&f mZ0ifrsm;ü azmfjyMuonf/ (&ckdif&mZ0ifopf)
ajrmufOD;NrdKUbk&m;orkdif; (OD;OD;omxGef;) pE´0Zd ,rif; (usde;f wk H Yñ d)k wkHYñ dkukd usdef;wk dif; axmifhacsmif;BuD; (ia0&Gm)wGif aumZm (1047) wGif arG;zG m;cJ honf/ zcifr mS rif;[m&D\om;awmf O*¾ gAvoD&o d k"r®&mZmjzpf avonf/ r,fawmfr mS ajrmufeef;rdz&k m; ok0PÖuvsmjzpfavonf/ crnf;awmf O*¾gAvukd Ncdwfacsmif;bk&m;wGif &JabmfoD[wk dYvkyfBuHí ewf &GmpHcJh&onf/ rdzk&m;rSm OD;&D;awmf ig;clawmifq&mawmfE fSih eD;&mia0&G mok dY a&S mifwdrf;aevm jcif;jzpfayonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tcef;( )
OD;xdyfa wmf wif usdef; awmf& Sif Ak'¨bmomrsm;twGuf bk&m;&Sifonf tEIdif;rJ hq Hk;jzpfonf/ zl;jrif&jcif; wumwGi f tjrwfq H;k uk d zl;jrif&jcif;vnf;jzpfavonf/ xk d YaMumih f "n0wDacwf uyif &ckdifXmae0,f d&SaeMuolreS forQw d Ykonf bk&m;&Sifu d k arQmfvif hwrf;w cJ hMuonf/ wrf;wonf htwk dif;yif bk&m;&Siu f dk zl;jrifc hMJ uonf/ Ak' g&r® ¨ PmyDwd jzpfí o&P*k Hwnfc hJMuonf/ oDvus fih0wfNrcJ hJMuonf/ t&d,ma,mufsm;? t&d,mrdef;rrsm;pGm jzpfxGef;cJ hMuonf/ rked½kyfyGm;oGef;vkyfjcif ;? apwDykxkd; pwlygrsm;wnfxm;jcif;? omoemjyKt&Sifrsm;rS wpfqif h&Sif&[ef;rsm; wk d;yG m; vmjcif;? &[ef;oHCmpOfvm uk d;uG,rf ?I tvSL'ge? yknaumif;rIrsm; wk d;yG m;vm jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;&Sifu dk zl;jrif&jcif\ 'óed,mEkwå&uko dv k ftusK;d yifjzpf avonf/ &ck difa'oü bk&m;zl;jcif;onf c&D;oG m;vmrI vkyf&yfwpfckvnf; jzpfav onf/ bk &m;zl;oG m;jcif;jz fih te,fe,fo dYk a&mufzl;jcif;? cspfMunfrI/ &if; DES;rI? rsKd;aqGjzpfrI? tcsif;csi;f tjyeftvSefem;vnfrI? A[kokwyG m;rsm;rIrsm; &&S dNy;D ? vlr"I avh,Ofaus;rI wk d;yG m;jcif;? rsm;vnf;jzpfc h&J onf/ oG m;vmrIc&D; d&SMurSom v?Qi f pDy m;quf G pyfrI? ukeo f G,af zmufum;rIyg tusKd;jzpfxGe;f vm&onfomjzpf ay&m\/ ukef;a&c&D;oGm;vkyfief;aMumihf todtjrifrsm;jym;vm&onfukd vufcH&rnfomwnf;/ &ck diw f d Yo k nf bk&m;zl;jcif;ü a&mif h&cJ hMJ uonfum; r[kw?f pE´o&l , d rif;qk d vQi f pHjyyk d*¾Kvftjzpf odoif hMu\/ r[mrked&iS fyifupí bk&m;½kyyf m;awmf G rsm;? Asm'dwf0if"mwfapwDawmfrsm;onf zl;jriftyf&m ylZed,0w¬Krsm;jzpfacs\/ xk daMumih f &ck difa&ajrü zl;jriftyf&mzl;jrifvm&mwk dYum; ESpfvMumanmif;cJ hacs Ny/D a&S;ubk&m;zl;rSww f rf;0ifq dkuvnf; rrsm;aom bk&m;zl; d&S dck;rsm; d&SvmcJ h onf/ uRef;pOfywf bk&m;&S d dck; armfawmfpOf bk&m;&S d dck;[lívnf; trnf&onf/ usdef;awmf&Sifvnf; zl;jrif&mü yg0ifNyD;? bk&m;zl;&S dcd k;cJ h&m bk&m;&Siftjzpf xif &Sm;vmcJhonf/ usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;ukd teD;tem;a'orSqkdvQif tcgrvyfzl;vG,fEkdif onf/ ok d Y&mwGif &yfa0;a'orSq dv k Qiu f m; bk&m;zl;oufouf&nfrw S í f vmMu
57
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
&avonf/ usdef;wk dif;wk duf usdefuRef;ajra'ocHrsm;tzk dY uHaumif;vSonf/ 0guRwf? oBuFepf aom tcgxl;ü rjywfz;l wwfayonfomwnf;/ oBuFe&f ufrsm; wGiq f dv k Qif &yfw dik ;f rStvSLjz fih auR;arG;{nf hcv H su f tm;yg;w& bk&m;zl;Mu&av \/ bk&m;zl;&ef ulnMD uaom a*gyursm;? a0,sm0pöjyKMuolrsm;vnf; uko dv k f yG m;rsm;Mu&av\/ usdef;awmf&Sifb&k m;yG Ju dv k nf; Ncdr hfNcrd hforJ Q ESpfpOfqif JETay; vsuf d&Saeonfr mS bk&m;zl; dEkifMu&efyif r[kwfygvm;/ bk&m;zl;avh&SdMuaom tcsdeftcgonf rkd;avuif;í aumufyJoD;ESH &dwo f dr;f NyD;aom umvjzpfav\/ aqmif;&moD? wef;aqmifrkef;? ewfawmfjym ok d? wyk Ydw JEG fSih aEG &moDwaygif;? wefcl;? uqkefvwk d Yonf bk&m;zl;v&moDrsm; yifjzpfav\f/ usdef;awmf&Sifu dv k nf; a&S Uuyif xkd&moDumvwk d Yü zl;jrifvmcJ h Muonfomwnf;/ ajcvsifwpfrsKd;? avmif;avSjzihw f oG,?f oabF mjz fihwpfenf;? vma&mufavh&SMd u\/ tazmfo[m? rsKd;aqGnmwum? rdbarmifErS rdom;pk &if;csmwk d Yjz fih vmMuonfu rsm;av\/ pmqk d&Sifrsm;uqk dvQif &G mpOfvSn fv h nf vsu&f myk S HawmfziG hfí bk&m;zl;oDcsif;uk d pyfq dzk l;cJ hMuay\/ tcs Uvnf Kd ; c&D;oGm; &if; tqifoif hí zl;cJ&h onf htjzpfuk d rSwfwrf;wif JchMu\/ pmayjz fiha&;om;í bk&m;zl;oGm;rSwfwrf;rsm;vnf; d&Sc hJMuav\/ usdef;awmf&Siu f kd zl;jrif&eftwGuf vrf;pcef;rsm; jyKvkyaf y;xm;&S dayonf/ ta0;rS vASr;f umzl;arQmfrnfq dyk guvnf; a&Ta&mifw0if;0if;ES fi h Munfñ dzk , G &f m zl;jrif dEkifMuay\/ c&D;vrf;pcef;rsm;twk dif; wufa&mufzl;jrifMuvQiv f nf; rNidK rjiif? ryifyrf;bJ zl;Mu&rnfjzpf\/ wufvrf;avSum;apmif;wef;rsm;ESi hf bk&m; zl;vrf;toG,o f , G f azmufvyk fxm;&S donf htjyif eD;pyf&m &yf& mtvk G u d f wuf a&mufz;l jrifc hJMuaom vrf;rsm;vnf; d&SNy;D jzpf&m o'¨ g[kefpdwt f m½k H d&Su vlwkid ;f wufa&mufzl;vG, dfEkifonfomwnf;/
awmifw ufb &k m;zl;vrf; rsm; bk&m;ta&mufawmifwufvrf;rsm;onf vrf;a[mif;? vrf;opf vrf;oG,f rsm;&SdMuay\/ rlvvrf;a[mif;qkdvQif acwfumvMumanmif;cJhNyD;jzpf\/ tqufqufaom bk&ifwufcJhonfrStpjyKvmcJ h&um; bk& fihwufvrf;? rif; wufvrf;[kyif trnf&Sdc hJ\/ acwfumvajymif;vJcJhí a'0DZHjrxGef;atmif wufvrf;[lí ac:wGifvm&jyefyg\/ jrxGef;atmifum; t*FvdyfacwfwGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
pp0fbufq dkif&mppfol&J( dAkv )wpf f OD;jzpf\/ jrif;pD;&J& fihvo S ljzpfonft h avQmuf xk drwfapmufaomvrf;rSyif w[kefx d;k dpkif;ESif wufjycJ hbl;onf[k ausmfMum;cJ h av\/ xk dvrf;uk d tkwaf vSum;vrf;[lívnf;aumif;? ta&S Uzufwufvrf;[lí vnf;aumif;? ac:wGifc hJMuav\/ xk dr S aemufwiG fum;? vrf;a[mif;b0a&muf um tok H;jyKenf;vmavonf/ tkwaf vSum;vrf;uk d wuú&mZfvrf;? ouú&mZf vrf;[lívnf; *kPfjyKrnfwGifavh &Sdayonf/ wufumqif;um &pfum? vSn hu f mqif;wuf&aomvrf;[k qk davrnfjzpf\/ wufvrf;rkc0f if0 awmifxyd f rkcfOD;0wk d Yü tvSL&Sifrsm;u avSum;jyKvyk faomckESpf? ouú&mZfa&;&mwGifvnf; jzpfacsonf/ xk d YaMumih f ouú&mZf[lí ac:prSwfjzpfzG, d&f SvS\/ rlvtkwaf vSum;vrf;rS m &ck dib f &k ifrsm;tqufqufjyKvkycf haJ om vrf;yif jzpf\/ xk daemufumvMumaomtcg tvSL&Sifrsm;u jyKvkyfvmcJ hMu&av\/ t*FvdyfacwfwGif uRef;tkyfrsm;? NrdKUtkyfrsm;? e,fykd ifrsm; jyKjyifcJh Muav\/ Oyrm yxrqk H; t*Fvdyfvrl sKd; NrdKUtkyf(trnfrod ) wpfO;D onf c&pfouú&mZf 1885 ckESpfrwk difrDu jyKjyifc hJbl;\/ ¤if;onf Ak'¨bmomr[kwaf cs/ ok d Y&mwGif a'oe,fy,fü vlrIa&; bmoma&;ukd ulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhjcif;omjzpf\/ xk dvyk if ef;onf ¤if;tzk d Y tkycf sKyfa&;? qufqaH &;uk d tusKd;jyKapcJ honfomjzpf\/ þa'oü ykeu f efrrI sm; d&Sc hjJ cif;aMumih f rsufE mjS zLrsm; vef YaMumufMu&\/ a'ocH rsm;u oabmusygrS ol \ ouf q k d ; &S n f r nf j zpf & m bmoma&;uk d brf;jyonfhoabm wpfenf;tm;jzihf bk&m;bufu dk tumtuG ,f,lopnfh oabmvnf; jzpfav&m\/ txifBu;D ap&efE fSi h av;pm;Munfñ dak p&ef vSn fph m; qG Jaqmifonfh vkyf&yfvnf;jzpfacs&m\/ xk dtkwfavSum;rsm; txpfaygif; (650)&S donf/ t&Snfr mS (930)ay&S d onf/ tus,(f 5-ay)&SNd y;D ab;wpfzufwpfcsuf eH&H(abmif )tjrif hr mS (2-ay)&S d onf/ abmifxkxnfr mS (1aycG J )&S d\/ ukefusaiG(wpfaomif;ESpfaxmifusyf)ukd ¤if;xHrS uscHc hJonfq dk\/ xk dwnfaqmufpumvqk dvQi f jrefrmjynfwiG f t&Snf qk H;avSum;jzpfc hJonf/ urÇ mwGifq dv k Qif tenf;i,frQaom ta&twGux f Jü yg0ifayonf/ avSum;t0ifwiG f *VKefu hJo k Yd acgif;ES fih jcaoF hu d, k df&aS om t½kyf ESpfcu k dk ab;ESpfzufü jyKvkyfxm;cJ h\/ xk dt½kyEf Spfcu k k d ygVdbmomjz fih *½kVoD[ [k ac:wGif\/ t*Fvyd fbmomjz fih ( )[k azmfjyxm;\/ jrifawG Uvk dufzl;Muol
58
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
rsm;u rEkó[ D t½kyo f @mefqifwo l nf[k qk dMu\/ xk dt½kyftjyif yef;tk d; vnf; wnfxm;&S daMumif; awG Uvk du&f onf[l\/ xk davSum;ysuNf ydKí qufcH tkyfcsKyfcJMh uaom t*Fv ddyfacwf rif;jym;NrdKUtkyfrsm;vnf; jyKjyifc hJMuay&m\/ ,ckum; xk dvrf;rS m tok H;rjyKojz fih awmjzpfvsu d&f aS e\/ tcgtm;avsmf pG m awm&S if;ckwfxiG fjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;Mu\/ tkwcf Jtw k u f sKd;rsm;um; z½k dz&J upOfhuvsm; jzpfaeMu\/ xkdvrf;um;rwfvnf; rwfapmufonhftavQmuf vrf;raumif;u wuf&efcufcJ\/ xk d YaMumih fyif þvrf;a[mif;qk dvQi f c&pfESpf 1900 cef Yxdom &SnfMumcJ h&\/ ,ckrlum; vlo m;vl G vm rjyKjcif;aMumih f vrf; aMumif;rwGif? vrf;rxiftjzpfo d Y k a&muf d&aS eayNy/D xk dvrf;rS ,cifu wufo m; G vQif bk&m;&Sifukd a&S UrS xifxif lzl;jrifMu&ay\/ bk&m;ES fiv h rf;rS m wnf hwnf h qk difq dik f a&S U½INyKd ifaeojz fih teD;qk H;wufvrf;? vrf;wk dvrf;ajzmif hq dkavmuf\/ xk dvrf;twk dif; wufa&mufavu awmifxyd fa&mufvQi f ,cift&HapwD i,f (6)qlu dk zl;jrifMu&\/ ,ckum; tjynh ft Hpkr d&S&mum; tNyKd tysuf apwDi,f wpfqlEpS fqlrQavmufom zl;awG UEk difacs\/ apwD&Hrsm;tpm; ,cktcg xef;yif rsm; pDwef;aygufa&muf d&SaeacsNyD / wHcGefwkdifxdyfzsm; tvHwpfvlvlvIyf&rf; aeonfu d k awGUjrif&\/ Ak'\ ¨ usufoa&uk d &nf &G,v f Gi hx f laom £wdydaom b*0g tpjzmonf h "Z*¾(wefcGefzsm;) okwf\ o½kyfazmfayvm;[k k atmufarh& ay\/
vrf; opfw ufv rf; rsm; vrf;a[mif;tjyif vrf;opfrsmukdvnf; azmufvkycf JhMu&mum;? usdef; taemufzuf&yf&Gmrsm;rS vloGm;vrf;rsm;vnf; &SdMuao;\/ (1)qifBuD;jyif &Gmom;rsm; azmufvkyfcJhMuaom qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf;&Sd usdef;awmifbk&m; ta&muf awmifzufawmif d½;k ukd jzwfavQmufvm&aomvrf;(2) rD;ausmif; ajrmifu dk uyfarQmifíwufvm&aom orifajc&m tdrfa&S Urif;&G mom;rsm; wuf vrf;? (3)Al;yif& m?G axmif hacsmif;&G mom;rsm; wufvm&aom "mwfawmftaemuf zuf wnf hwnf hausmv f rf;rsm;vnf; d&SMuavonf/ awmif d½k;uk dpD;í qifBuD;jyif ausmv f rf;ES fih qufvsu f jrawmifo d Y k aygufa&mufatmifx d jrawmifq&mawmf OD;nmP0Hou OD;pD;azmufvyk cf hJaom vrf;vnf; d&S\/ jrawmif ajrmufzufwiG f awmif dy YkBuD;ausmfvrf;? Ncdwfawmifausmfvrf;rsm;vnf; d&Sao;\/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
NrdKUolBu h D;atmifausmfZo H nf t*Fvyd fw d Yk tusOf;csxm;&mrS vGwfajrmuf vmNyD; usufoa&&G mok d Y a&muf d&SpOf? azmfjyyg taemufzufvrf;rSaeí qDrD; axmif? qGrf;axmif? yef;axmifw d Ykjzih f used f;awmft&Sifu dk wufa&mufzl;jrifc hzJ ;l ayonf/ tkwv f rf;? vrf;a[mif;\ ajrmufzufr S azmufvyk fc hMJ uaom vrf;opf rsm;vnf; d&Sc hJMuonf/ vrf;a[mif;uk d tok H;rjy dKEik fMuaomaMumih fyif jzpfonf/ "mwf a wmf r S ta&S U ajrmuf a xmif&h S d ,ck o d r f *w k å & Nrd K Urausmif ; opf t eD ; ajrmufzufwiG f vrf;opfwpfcak y:aygufvmcJ honf/ OD;ausmBf uD;ES fih auovm &mZ0wfacgif; OD;armifw dk;wk dYu jyKvkyfcJhMuaom bk&m;zl;wufvrf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wk Yd\ aumif ;rIawmfb&k m;rsm;rSm ,ckwdkifzl;arQmfcHvsuf&SdMu\/ tcs Uu Kd jromxGef;qk do\ l aumif;rIawmfbk&m;&S dí xkdb&k m;uk d zl;arQm&f ef wufvrf;jzpf aomaMumih f jromxGef;wufvrf ;[kvnf; ac:qk dMuavonf / rif;jym;NrdKU\ ta&S Uzufurf;ay:uRe;f wGif ¤if;\v,fajrvkyu f dik cf ho J jz fih jromxGe;f uRe;f [lí ac:wGifvsuf d&SaeMu\/ xk db&k m;rsm;od Y k oG m;a&mufzl;arQm&f mvrf;rsm;ES;if h qufoG,v f su f ajrmif EIwcf ef;uk davQmufí vrf;opfwpfcku d k azmufc hMJ uao;\/ xk daemuf aumZm ouú&mZf 1282ckESpf(c&mZf 1920 cef )wG Y if ,ckwufa&mufaeMuaom vrf;uk d azmufvyk cf hMJ uav\/ vrf;opfac:wGicf hMJ uav\/ þvrf;azmufNy;D aemufwiG f um; ,cifu vufavQmt h H½I;ay;cJ hMu&aom oufBu;D &G,ft drk sm;rS m 0rf;omtm; &jzpfc hJMu&onf/ a&S;uuJ ho Y kd awmifatmufraS eí zl;arQmaf e&ef rvk dawmhyJ BudK;pm;í wa&G Ua&G Uwufa&mufzl;jrifvmEk difcJMh uayawmhonf/ ,ckq dv k Qi f þ vrf;opfESi hf jromxGef;wufvrf;onf qufoG,v f su&f S&d m um;? BudKuf&mvrf;? eD;&mvrf;rS wufa&muf dEkifMuayonf/
OD;armif w d;k bk&m; (atmuf ord )f awmifwuftv,fvrf; ('kw, d vrf;)rS wufa&mufvQi f OD;pG mauovm &mZ0wfacgif; OD;armifw d;k ES fih ZeD;a':a&Tombkw H d Y\ k aumif;rIawmfbk&m;ESpfql zl;awG U&\/ wpfqrl mS aumZmouú&mZf 1271 ckESpfwiG f oGef;vkyfc hJaom aMu; qif;wkjzpfNy;D 5 ay 4 vuf rjrif honf/ þqif;wkawmf\ eHab;wGif ausmufo vif;bk&m;qif;wkwpfqu l dv k nf; ,SOv f suw f nfxm;NyD; OmPfawmf 5ay 8vufr jrifhonf/ odrfawmf r[m&HwHwkdif; 49 ay&S donf/ orkwo f drfjzpfNyD; tem;
59
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
16 aypD d&Sonf/ þbk&m;ESi hf odrfu d k atmufpodrfb&k m;[k ac:onf/
ausm Bf u;D bk&m;(txufo rd )f OD;armifw dk;bk&m;\ taemufzufwpf qifhwufvQif ausmfBuD;bk&m;ujkd zl;awG U&\/ OD;armifw d;k bk&m;rS m ay 20 cef YomtvSr;f uG m\/ aumZmouú&mZf 1273 ckEpS fwGif rif;jym;rS OD;ausmBf uD;u yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;zsm;rS yif haqmifc hJ jcif;jzpfonfq d\ k / aMu;qif;wk bk&m;jzpfNy;D OmPfawmf 5 ay 2 vufr d&Sonf/ þae&mok d Y ryif haqmifru D a'ocHcsif;trsK;d om; trsKd;orD;rsm; txl;av;jrwf ylaZmfavh d&SMuonfqkd\/ odrfawmfoD;jcm;jz fih tkwfwHwdkif;um&Hxm;&S donf/ wHw dik f;tus,t f 0ef;rS m awmifraS jrmufo dYk 37 ay? ta&S Utaemufo Y k d 36 ay 6vufr d&Sonf/ orkwo f drjf zpfonf/ od rftaqmuftOD;rS m awmifrSajrmufo Y kd 29 ay 2 vufr? ta&S UrStaemufo d Y k 18 ay 6 vufr d&S onf/ þbk&m;ES fih odru f dk txufb&k m;odrf[ k ac:wGifMuonf/
owk d;atmife wfu rG ;f OD;armifw d;k bk&m;? ausmfBuD;bk&m;rsm;ok d Y wufvrf;ajc&if;wGif ysOf;uwk d; yifewfurG f; d&S\/ &marmif&Sifr\ ajr;awmfol owk d;atmif eef ;pH&myifwnf;/ owk d;atmif um;jrif; JyG? (*k Hnif;xk d; JyG ) Muuf Jyw G f d Yjk z fih taysmfMuL;wwfaom ewfjzpf onfq dk\/ usdef;awmifay:wGif ol\ d'k;wvif;jyif &Sdayonf[kq d\ k / owk d; atmif ewfylaZmf JyGum; ESpfpOfusif;yavh d&Sonf h ewf JyGwpfckjzpf\/
t½k d;wk duaf pwD OD;armifwkd;bk&m;? OD;ausmfBuD;bk&m;rsm;ok dY wufvrf;/ vrf;ckvyfwGif NrdKUrausmif;opfq&mawmf? ODF;OmP(oufawmf 96)ESp f (aumZm 1225-1321) oufawmf&n S q f &mawmfE fiS h 'kw, d ajrmufausmif;opfq&mawmfw d Y\ k t½k d;wk duf ESpcf dk&\ S / wwd,vrf;opf wufvrf;ajc&if;awmfq dv k Qif NrdKUrausmif;q&mawmf OD;y'kr(aumZm 1259-1319)\ t½kd;wkduf*l&Sd\/ þodkY awmifajc&if; wufvrf;ESpcf kv Hk;wGif rif;jym;NrKd U usufoa&aqmif rax&fjrwfrsm;\ txd ffr;f
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
trSwf t½kd;wkdufapwDi,frsm;um; orkdif;rSwfwkdifrsm;jzpfvmrnf omwnf;/
awmifa jc&if ;apwDrsm; vrf;opfwufvrf; OD;y'kr apwDta&SUzufteD;wGi f apwDysufwpfql wnf d&aS e\/ xk draS jrmufzufqufo m;vQ G i f ausmufapwDwpfqu l dk zl;awG UEk diaf y ao;onf/ ,ckjynfawmfomausmif;taemufzufE fSi h uyfvsuf NcH0if;xJwiG f wnf d&Sjcif;jzpf\/ rif;uefapwD[v k nf; ac:wGifaeMu\/ ¤if;\ta&S UzufwGif 1327 ckESpfwnfxm;cJ haom wef dck;&Si f bk&m;wpfqv l nf; d&Sonf/ xk drS ajrmuf zufu dk wef;ajzmif híoG m;ygu NrKd Uapmif hbk&m;[lí d&S\/ usdef;awmf&iS f bk&m;ok Yd bk&m;zl;wufqif;&mwpfavQmuf zl;awG d UEkifaom bk&m;apwDrsm;yifwnf;/
vrf; opfw ufv rf; wpfa vQmufo m;aomf G xk dvrf;opf\twk dif; wufa&mufaomf prf;a&wGif;wpfcu k dk awG U&rnfjzpf \/ a&csKdaomufo H; d k Eki&f ef tkwaf &uefjyKvyk drf ;k umxm;\/ awmifajcrS awmif d½;k wpfavQmuf ysOf;uwk d;yifBu;D rsm; BudKMum;aygufa&mufvsu d&f Sae\/ vQyfppfr;D xGe;f ñ§ d&ef dpk ufxx l m;aom rD;wk dif;rsm;uk dvnf; BudK;oG,w f ef;vQu f awGU&\/ þvrf;qk dvQif c½kywfvdraf uG Uvsuf wuf&av\/ rwfapmufjcif; r&SdvSí bk&m;od Y kwuf&mü yifyef;jcif;r&S dacs/ vlBuD;vli,fra&G; wufqif;vG,fu\ l / tyef;ajzem;aep&mrsm; aomufa&tk d;rsm;vnf; vrf;wpfavQmufxm;&S dojz fih acwåem;aetyef;ajz a&csKdaomufo H;k dEkifMu\/ OD;aqmifvrf;azmufolrsm;rS m bk&m;vlBuD;rsm;jzpfMu\/ OD;&mausmf? OD;a&ToJ? OD;armifomyGifh? OD;a&TxGef;wk d Y OD;aqmifpwifum apwem&Sifrsm;\ vkyftm;jzihf azmufvkyfcJhMuonfq dk\/ vrf;wGi, f mcif;rsm; yg0ifo l armifomat; zcif OD;armifEG,u f MunfjzLpG m cGi hfjyKvSL'gef;cJh avonf/ 'kwd,tBudrfwGif OD;armifomEk? ODF;omEkd;atmif? OD;apmvSatmifwkdY ODaqmifí rGrf;rHcJhMu\/ aemifwGif trIdufodrf;toif;ESihf a*gyutzG JYw dkYu tqufqufjyKjyif vmcJ hMuav\/ tjcm;vrf;i,frsm;? jzwfvrf;rsm;um;? opfcs? -0g;csorm;rsm;? ,mcif;orm;rsm;u jyKvkyfcJMh ujcif;omjzpfav\/ c&D; dykíwGif atmifçvloGm;vlvm jrefqefatmif jzwfvrf;tjzpf tokH;jyKvmMuojzihf
60
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
vrf;rsm; vdrf,u S af eonfu dk awG UEk difayonf/
vrf; ckvyfr S ½I jjrifv Qif prf;a&wGi;f rSwufo m;aomf G owk d;atmifewfeef;? armifw d;k bk&m;?ausmBfu;D bk&m;? t½kd;*lapwDw d Yu k dk vuf0Jawmifay:wGi f vSrf;jrif dEkifay\/ xk drSwpfqifh auG UívSn fah omf rif;jym;NrdKUukd ½Ijrif&Ny;D jzpf\/ NrdKUtvSu dk yPmr½IarQmf&if; cP&yfem;tyef;ajz dEkiaf yrnf/ wpfzefrodromES fih &ifuefc&D;tenf;i,fwuf &Ny;D aemuf wpfauG UvSn fv h dkuv f Qif &marmifuefu dk jrif&\/ &ck difrif;tquf qufjzwfoef;vm&aom uefjzpfí rif;uef[w k Gi\ f / NrdKU\ toufaoG;aMum [k qk durrS m;acs/ wpfNrKd Uvk H;aomufo Hk;&ef zlv HkrQwa0iSay;aeonf h a&uefBuD; jzpfacs\/ awmifzufrS uyfvsu f jynfawmfomacwfu wl;azmfc hJaom [oF m uefBuD;wpfuefvnf; ,SOfwGv J suf&S&d m aemifnDyrmyPmwif hvSí ½Icsifp&m aumif;vS\/
Nr KUywf d 0 ef; usif tvS jrif xk drw S pfzefawmifzufo Y k d rsufE mrl S í vSn fw h ufo m;aomf G jrpf? acsmif;uRe;f ? urf;v,f,m? awmawmifygrusef tkHrIdif;vsuf jrif&ay\/ MuyfpifuRef;? &marmifuRe;f ? ipif½kid ;f acsmif;uRe;f ? awmwef;awmifpG,?f tOöee'DjrpfaMumif; pD;oG,af eaom obm0jrifuiG ;f uk d ½Ipm;Ed ki\ f / rsufpw d pfq H;k vSr;f arQmrf u d uRe;f ? urf;? &yf& mrs G m;uk dvnf; wef;írSef;Munh fu jrifomEk diaf y\/ ta&S UzufreD;ra0; rsufE matmuf S wGifrlum;? rif;jym;NrdKUonf usdef;awmifwef;&ifcGifatmuf0,f csppf zG,u f av;i,fwpfOD;uJ ho Yd k tjypfuif;pifp mG NyKH ;&TifMunfvif d&aS eayonf/
&ifu JZG &yf tawG;tm½kHukd jzwfawmufNyD; armp&myef;p&mukd pdwfrSmrawG;bJ ajcOD;vSn fu h m wpfqpfcsKd;wufjyefaomf &ifu JZG &yfo d Yak &mufav\/ xk dae&mwGif ajcqif;íajzqnf&m Hckwef;rsm;&S daeojz fih? tarmajzem;aeEkd iaf p\/ 1271ckEpS w f iG f rif;jym;Nrd KU aps;a[mif; dykif;ae OD;em;aygufau (taygifq f dik &f iS )f ukvm;
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rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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trsK;d om; Ak'b ¨ mom0ifu pwifwnfaqmufc ho J nf/ tvsm; 30awmif? tus,f 10 awmif d&Sí 1314 ckESpfwGif rif;jym;NrdKUtv,fykdif;&yfae OD;omxGef;ZeD; a':MumZHjzLwk d Yu jyKjyifc hJMu\/ 1968 ckESp f avrkew f dik f;Bu;D aMumif h xyfryH suNf yKd cJ h&m aumZm 1342 ck ESpfwiG f rif;jym;NrdKU a&Tyef;wdrq f &m FOD;atmifvpS defESifh ZeD;rdom;pkw d Yu k OD;aqmifc hMJ uonf/ a&T&ifat;Z&yf[lí urÜn;f wifc hJMuonf qk d\/ þae&mwGif oBuFef? 0guRwfw d Yük tvSL&Sifrsm;u bk&m;zl;wuf? qif;? Muolrsm;tm; a&T&ifat;ap&ef tazsmf&nfrsm;qD;í wk duaf uR;avh d&SMuonf/ þae&mum; awmifwufc&D;w0ufa&mufNyDjzpf\/
oD0vDt&Sif &ifu JZG &yfteD;uyf awmifzufuek f;jrif h awmifylZmwnf d&\ S / wefaqmif; trk d;? tum atmufwiG f oydwv f , G v f suf &yfawmfr[ l efxv k yk x f m;&S davonf/ vmbfvmbwk d;yG m; *kPfwufapvk dolrsm;onf oD0vdt&Siftm; 0ifa&mufzl; arQmfylaZmfrI jyKNrJjzpfacs\/ rif;jym;NrdKU ½kH;pma&;BuD; OD;yef;jratmifESifh ZeD; rdom;pkw Ykdu aumZm 1321 ckESpfwGif vSL'gef;jyKvkyfcJhMujcif;jzpf\/
omoem 2500 jynf hE pS u f syd &f pS q f b l &k m; xk drSqufí a&S Uok dY wl½lo m;N G yD; aemufwpfauGUywfrdaomf bk&m;apwD wpfqu l dk zl;&\/ r[maAm"dapwD Hyko@mefwnfxm;ay\/ omoem 2500 jynh f txdrf;trSwftjzpf 1956 ckESpf 'DZifbmv wwd,tywfwiG f tkwjf rpfcs í wnfc ho J nf/ apwDawmfr mS av;zufav;ajr mif § hjzpfNy;D rsufESmwpfzufwiG f rkcfOD;rkcf0ckESpfESi hf qif;wkawmfckESpfqpl DBuD;i,f qif hvsuf(pkpkaygif; ESpfq,f &Spq f )ud l e;f 0yfpyH g,fvsu d&f o S nf/ xk daMumif homoem 2500 jynh fb&k m;? ESpu f sw d f &Spfqlbk&m;[lí wGifcJhMuavonf/ bk&m;awmifzuf&ifjyifwGif wefaqmif; (Z&yf)wpfckaqmufvkyfxm;&Sd\/ bk&m;ukd tm;&yg;&zl;jrifí armyef;rIukd ajzEkid f\/ OD;aqmifaqmufvyk fcJMh uolrsm;um; acsmif;EG,&f mrS G bk&m;wpfum OD;pHx DG;atmifESi hf rif;jym;rS aq;q&mBuD; OD;atmifomvSw d Yjk zpfMuonfqk\ d /
61
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apmif; wef ;avSum;twuf zdeyfc Rwyf g xk drS wpfajy;nDp mwuf G o m;ygvQ G i f ajrvrf;c&D;tqk H; tkwaf vSum;tpok d Y ra&mufrD NydKifanmifyifBuD;ES fih awmBuD;&dyfNrdKif uGef;ckdEkdifp&m yif&dyf omü acwåem;aeEk difayonf/ tkwaf vSum;xdyw f iG fum; pmwef;xk d;owday;csut f & zdeyfcRwMf u&ygrnf/ ed0g'? *g&0? r*F vmxm;vsuf vk duef m&rnfjzpfygonf/ tkwaf vSum;uk d apmif; drk;vsuf bk&m;&ifjyifta&mufwufvrS f;Mu&onf/ xk d apmif;wef;ESi hf tkwfavSum;uk d aumZm 1272 (c&mZf 1901)ckESpfwGif NrdKUtkyf OD;xGef;OD;u BuD;rSL;í wpfe,fvkH;u jyKvkyfcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;awGU&Sd &\/ wefaqmif;rSm 1330ckESpfu rkefwkdif;'PfaMumihf ysufpD;cJhay&m ,cktcg wpfykdif;wpfprQom usef&Sdaeawmh\/ a*gyutzG YJu jyKjyif&efBud K;ysef ;vsuf d&Sayonf/
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62
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63
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64
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
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65
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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66
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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67
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
tcef; ( )
used f; awmif \ta&SUtaemuf 0J,m wpfa vQmuf d &Sd xif& m;aom S a&S;a[mif ;vuf& mrsm; usdef;awmifwef ;ukd A[kdjyKí ta&SUtaemuf 0J,mwpfavQmufw YkdwGif a&S;&ck difb&k ifrsm;vufxuftcgu wnfxm;uk d;uG,jf yKc hMJ uaom bk&m;? ykxk;d ? apwD? a&wGi;f a&uefE fiS h t&yfa'orsm;um; ,aeYtxdyif wnf d&aS eygbdonf/ ok d Yaomf tcs UrS Kd m xif& m;j S cif;r&S dbJ arS; drSefu, G faysmufo m;&aomf G vnf; tcsKdUum; ,aeYtxd rsuf0g;xifxif jrifawGYEkdifygao;onf/ ,if;wkdY\ taMumif;uk d þtcef;ü qufvufí azmfjyygtH h/
uef; r&G mapwDE fiS b h &k m; (jrbke;f ñk dapwD) rif;jym;NrKd UrS awmifbufo d Yx k Guv f Qif uef;r&G mok d Y a&mufonf/uef;r&G m (vrf;jy&Gm)rS m rif;jym;NrdKU\awmifbuftpwGif wnf d&Sonf/ xk duef;r&G m\ trnf&if;rS m (Murf ;r&G m)[k od&onf/ pE´0dZ,&mZm (wk H;ñk d )rif;\orD;awmf (jrbke;f ñk d )jzpfonf/ tajymta[mtoG m;tvmutp Murf;wrf;pG m d&SE fSio h nf h twGu f (Murf; Hykar)[k trnf&onf/ Murf; Hykar tyk dipf m;&aom &G mjzpfacsojz fih (Murf;r&G m) rS (*ef;r&G m)[k aemifwGif wGifvmcJ honf/ þ&G mESi hu f yfvsuf taemufbufwiG f awmifylpmi,fwpfcw k nf d&Sonf/ ,if;awmifylpmi,fwpfckxyd fürl bk&ifwpfyg;ES fi h apwDwpfqw l nf d&o S nf/ ,if; \aumif;rIawmf rSm Murf;ykHar(jrbkef;ñk d)\ aumif;rIawmf jzpfcJhaMumif; od& onf/ od rfedrdww f dik fw Ykrd mS vl wpfa,mufzufcef YrQ BuD;rm;\/ ,ckusK;d ysufae acsNyD/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
68
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Al;yif awmifa rmf& mES G i hf Al;yif" mwf
lAl;l yif& mG (Am&Jb)ESi h fh ipnft u
uef;r&Gmawmifbufo Y kd oG m;vQif Al;yifawmifarmf& mok G Yd a&muf d&S\/ ,if; &GmrSm usdef;awmfOD;pGef;armfzsm;wGif d&Sonf/ þ&G m\ &G mOD;awmif urkcfapwDwpfqw l nf d&Sonf/ þapwDi,fr mS ,ck acwfvuf&mjzpfonf/ xkt d xuf awmifxdyfwiG fum; Al;yif"mwfapwD wnf d&S onf/ þapwDu dk ajrmufOD ;acwf aESmif;ykdif;u bk&m;wpfyg;wnfc hJonf[k ,lq&onf/ apwDr mS anmifrsKdxm;í ysufpD;avNyD/
Al;yif& mG rS m Am&Jb\ arG;&yfajr aexGub f k&m;\ taemufbuf& myif G jzpfacsonf/ &ck dif&mZ0ifü ]]usde;f awmifvus m?f Al;yif& mu G Am&Jb}}[lí ork dif; xif&Sm;ol (iaomajz)ae&mwnf;/ &ck difipG,fig;(ig;&Sn h )&S f m[efZmwfvrf;uk d ujyEkid cf hJzl;í rif;[m&Du eef;awmfo d Y k ac:,lum ujyapcJ honf/ þZmwfvrf; uk d tcGi haf umif;,lí iukovtrwfBu;D u bk&ifu d k ,Mwmvkyaf vonf/ xk du pí eef;wGif;t½Iyfawmf Hykay:cJ h&onf/ Am&JbrS m ipG,f& m(ipG S ,t f u) tu aumif;oltjzpf xif&Sm;cJhavonf/
aexGub f &k m; (eef; OD;bk&m;)
r,fa wmfa wmif E fiS h r,fa wmf b&k m;
Al;yifawmifarmf&Gm\ taemufbufawmifOD;wGif aexGufbk&m;[lí wnf d&Sonf/ ,ckAl;yif& m\ G ta&SUbuf& mOD G F;wGif usa&mufonf/ bk&m;rS m ausmufqif;wkwpfqljzpfNyD; ausmufwHwkdif;jzihf oD;oefYylaZmf&Sdvmonf/ ESpaf wmifausmt f jrif h d&o S nf/ aexGu&f m ta&S UbufwiG f wnf d&o S nf/ xk d YaMumih f aexGub f &k m;[kac:onf/ eef;OD;u wnfc hMJ uaomaMumih fvnf; eef;OD;bk&m;[k vnf; wGifac:cJ\ h / bk&m;rSm ae0ifbk&m; a&S Uwl½o I d Yk rsufE mqk S difí wnf d&Sae \/ ,ck (1995)ckESpu f vrf;azmufvkycf hJojzih f teD; d&Sajrmufbufawmifay: ok d Y a&T Uajymif;wnfxm;vsuf d&Sae\/
usdef;awmf&Sif awmifbufuke;f wpf d0kufu d k ac:onf/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ r,f awmfok0PÖ uvsmaecJ h&m a'ovnf;jzpfonf/ pE´0Zd ,rif;eef;wufonf hEpS w f iG f r,fawmfo0k PÖuvsm uG,v f eG cf ho J nf/ þae&mü bk&ifu d, k fw dik f oN*ØK[ Jfyu G sif;ycJah vonf/ xk d Ytjyif r,f awmftm; &nfñeT f;í bk&m;ESio fh rd fu dk wnfaqmufc hJonf/ r,fawmfawmif? r,fawmf bk&m;odr[ f k ac:onf/ ,cifu odrfxüJ bk&m;ok H;qlwnfxm;cJ h&m ,ckEpS fql om&Sdawmhonf/
used ;f qdyu f rf; ES fiah ps;BuD;
tdraf &SUrif; &G mESi h f orifa jc&m
used f;awmf\ awmifbufwpfavQmufonf eef;&G mtdraf &S U rif;&G mwnf d&o S jz fih pnfum;cJ h&mXmejzpfonf/ xk d Yjyifqyd furf;us&mXmejzpfívnf; a&mif;0,f pcef;usavonf/ xk d YaMumih f a&S;uyif dEkiif jH cm;oabF mrsm; Al;yifawmifarmfwiG f qk duu f yfc hJ&onf/ td dE´, **F gjrpf b½kupäqyd furf;ESi hfvnf; a&mif;0,fjcif;jyKc hJ &jcif;uk d Jpí G oabF mqdycf sc hJ&m[k tpOfajymprSwf d&SaeMuav\/vufawG Uyx0D taetxm;t&vnf;aumif;? awmifarmfuefxrJ aS ES mif;acwfuefw;l pOfausmuf ql;BuKd ;tysurf sm; &&S dc ho J nh ftaxmuftxm; oufaot&vnf;aumif;?cef YreS f; p&mjzpfc hJavonf/ xk dae&mü a&uefr mwj S znf;jznf;ajr dykYí vmacsavNyD/
r,fawmfawmif\taemufbufwiG f tdraf &S Urif;&G mES fih orifajc&mwnf d&S onf/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ om;awmf&Jabmfonf NrKd Upm;aecJ&h mESi hfpyfí tdrfa&S Urif; &G m[kac:onf/ xk d& mrS G m (&Jabmf )onf eef; dpkucf h&J meef;&m teD;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ xk d& mteD G ;ü ausmufw H;k Bu;D wpfw H;k vnf; d&Sao;onf/ ausmufw H;k BuD;wpfw H;k wGif orifowå0gajy;oG m;aom ajc&mwpfcktjzpf ay:aeonf/ ,if;uk d orifajc&m [k ac:a0:NyD; ,cktcg wl;NzdKjcif;'Pfu dck H&í ryDrjyifawG U&S d&onf/ td rfa&S U rif;&Gm\ taemufbuf reD ;ra0;wGif a&jzL&G mwnfcscaJh om ae&m&S dayonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tdraf &SUrif; eef& m orifajc&mteD;wGif awmifuek f;i,fwpfavQmufu d k awG U&onf/ awmif ESifah jrmuf (770)ayESifh ta&S UESifhtaemuf (40)ayus,f0ef;onf/ tjr fifhr mS (5)ay&S donf/ xk dae&mwGif(&Jabmf )onf tdrfa&S Urif;om;b0jz fih NrdKUpm;tjzpf aexk difc ho J nf/ eef;&mok d Y 0ifvrf;ESpcf konf awmifpG,u f dk ausmuftkww f d Ykjzifh wHw dkif;um&Hí xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
&wemyk HapwD(eef; OD;apwD) tdrfa&SUrif;eef;&m &ifjyiftxuf awmifay:wGif wnf d&Sonf/ bk&m;½kyf wkawmfvnf; wpfql&o Sd nf/ wHw dik f;um&Hvsu df&SNyD; ausmufqpfvuf&mjzif h rGrf;rHxm;onf/ þapwDu dk tdraf &S Urif;u wnfxm;cJ hNy;D tNr0J wfjyKc hJonfq d\ k / apwDteD;wGif r,fawmf\t½kd;*lvnf; &SdcJhonf/ ta&SUzufcsKdifh0Srf;ukdum; OD;awmfaq;uef[í l d&Savonf/
ae0ifb &k m;(vxGub f &k m;) ae0ifb&k m;&S&d m Al;yif&GmrS taemufbuf e*g;pufuefteD;wGif wnf d&S \/ xk dbk&m;uk d vxGub f &k m;[kvnf; ac:onf/ ae0ifvsuf vxGuo f nfü zl;ajrmf&aomaMumihwnf f ;/ aexGufb&k m;xuf OmPfawmftenf;i,fBu;D Ny;D rsufE mawmf S r mS ta&S U zufo Y k d rsufE mrl S í wnf d&o S nf/ aexGub f &k m;ES fi h rsufE mcs S i;f qk dif wnf d&aS ejcif; jzpfonf/
Am;ylawmifa pwD ae0ifb&k m;rS awmifbufiwefysi;f &G mrS taemufbufusonf/ ,ckA;l yif& m\ G taemufbufAm;ylawmifteD;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ Am;yl d&, S ifhqef d&, S ifh? d'kif;us DD&S,if h-&D d&, S ifh}}[lí pum;yk H d&Sonf/ Am;ylqko d nfr mS vlcsr;f om pyg;qef a&aygrsm;olu dk qk donf/ usdef;awmifawmifbuf vlcsrf;omrsm; aecJ h&mXmejzpf onf/ usdef;uRef;wkdufrS awmifolaX;aecJh&m &Gm[kvnf; ajymqkdMuonf/
69
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xk d YaMumih f Am;ylawmif& m[k G ac:onf/ xk dae&mü a&S;uwnfc haJ om apwDESpfql uk dvnf; Am;ylawmifapwD[í l wGifac:cJo h nf/ csrf;omaom Am;ylrsm;wnfc hJ jcif;aywnf;/
rsucf H;k awmf" mwf used ;f awmiftaemufawmifbuf ,ckaxmif hacsmif;BuD; (ia0&G m)taemuf bufuyfvsuf dzk Yawmifukef;wGif wk H;ñk donf (pE´0dZ,rif;)tjzpf pk;d pHc hpJ Ofu wnfxm;cJ honf h rsu Hfc;k awmf"mwfwpfqu l dk awG U&onf/ tkwaf pwDjzpfNy;D ,ckjyK jyifvsu df &Sonf/ trf;om;&G mrS aq;q&marmifpdwfauu jyKjyifrGrf;rH c hJjcif; jzpfonf/
bk&m;aygif ;ES fib h &k m;uef axmifhacsmif;BuD;&Gmtaemufbufrkdif0ufcefYtuGmwGif pE´0dZ,rif;\ aumif;rIawmfr mS bk&m;aygif; bk&m;ES fi h a&uefjzpfacsonf/ þt&yfwiG f arG;zG m; cJ honfu dt k aMumif;jyKí wnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;ES fiyh wfoufí ]]Zmwdcsuf a<u? &G mia0wGi?f b*0gowå? vSL'geES fi h Munfvifat;jr? a&uefvu S d?k yknv,f ajr? xyfavmif;aví}}[k axmif hacsmif;Bu;D &G m avSNyKd it f oif;u oDq dck hzJ ;l onf/ þbk&m;rS m usde;f awmifawmifarmfr S taemufbufEpS drf ik af usmrf Qu mvS G rf; avonf/ ,cifausmufqif;wk ckESpfq dl&cS hJay&m ESpfqu l dk tdraf &SUrif;&G mok Yd yif hxm; jcif;jyKavojz fih ig;qlomuseaf wmhonf/ ausmufww H dik f;jz fih d0ki;f &Hí od drftxJ wGif udef;0yfvsu d&f Sonf/ wpfzefoD[kdVf(oD&dvuFmEkdifiH)rS yifh,lpkdufysKd;cJhonfq dk aom aAm"dyif wpfckvnf; d&Sao;onf/ a&uefr mS bk&m;teD;ajrmufbufü uyfvsuw f nf d&S onf/ a&uefBuD;rsm;rS m ,cktcg ysufpD;aeacsNy/D bk&m;aygif; acsmif;wpfbuf jcm;wGif ok H;axmif hacsmif;teD;ü ok H;axmif huefBuD;vnf; d&Sonf/ usm;&JjyifESifeh D; avonf/ pE´0dZ,rif; ajrmufOD;uk d odr;f dykucf hJpOfu i,farsmufom;uk d ia0&G m rStac:vTwfc hJ&m ig;oJhvsu df&S aepOf rSL;rwfw dk YE fSih awGUqkHc hJ&í trSwfw& ,if;ae&mü bk&m;wnfcJjhcif;jzpfonf/ aygif;qk Honfu d k taMumif;jyKí(bk&k m;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aygif;)[k wGifc hJonfq dk\/
70
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
crnf; awmfw du k Ef fiS h ig;ql&iS yf if
qH&pfa wmf" mwf usdef;awmifawmifbuf oufykef;acsmif;&Snfa'o acsmif;&Snf&Gm\ taemufwiG w f nf d&aS om apwDwpfqu l dv k nf; qH&pfawmf"mwf[ k trnf&onf/ bDt;D (1139-1144)rif;jzpfaom pE´iwdó&mP? ("r®&mZfatmif Hp )u k wnfc hJ onf/ t*Fvyd v f ufxufNyKd ysufaejcif;uk d r[m*D&rd nfaom ewfuawmfwpfO;D u jyefvnfxm;cJ honf/ xk Ydaemuf wpfzefNyKd usojz fih a*gpm 1304 ck ESpfu "mwf awmfu dk wl;NzKd í topfwnfc hJMuonf/
uRef ;OD;apwD(acgif ;rif ;apwD) þapwDrS usd ef;uRef;awmifbuf e,f ajrtqk;H pG ef&JuRe;f OD;ü wnfxm; ojzih uRef;OD;apwD[ kkac:wGifonf/ pGef&JuRef;aMumif &S naf csmif;&G mteD; jrpf urf;yg;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ vk;H ywfvufawmif 60 ESif h tjrihfapmufvufawmif 30 ausm df&Sí usdef;awmf&SifapwDxuf Bu;D avonf/ &ck difrif;vufxufuyif tkwfwHw dkif;um&Hvsuf wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xk daemuf NydKysujf cif;cHc hJ&ojz fih &ck difrif;\ wyfrSL;acgif;rif; dAkvfu jyKjyif cJ havojz fih ,ckacgifrif;apwD[ k ac:wGifvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckaMumif&Snf acsmif;q&mawmfE fiS h uRe;f vk H;omwk d Yu apmif ha&S mufjyKjyifvsuf orHwvif;cif;í aumifp mG ud k;uG,yf laZmfvsu df&SaeMuonf/
qif B u;D jyif & mG tdrfa&S Urif;&G m(tdraf &S Urif;eef;&m)rS ajrmufzufwiG f jzpfonf/ used f;awmif taemufzuf qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf;0wGif wnf d&Sonf/ a&S;ubk&ifrsm;onf qifrsm;uk d ½Ipm;&mjzpfí ]]qifMunh fjyif}}[k wGifac:cJ honf/ xk d& maj G rmufzuf ajrmif;urf;yg;wpfavQmufwiG f qifcsnaf omwk difikwrf sm; d&Saeonf/ qifMunf h jyifrS qifBuD;jyifjzpfvm&onfq dk \/
qifBu;D jyif& mG qifBu;D jyifausmv f rf;0 bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;a[mif;wnf d&S &m awmifpG,w f iG f bk&m;ig;ql d&o S nf/ b'´urÇ mwGif yGi haf wmfrv l wå H Yaom bk&m; ig;qlu dk &nf&, G w f nfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmufqpfvuf&myv’ifwiG f ude;f 0yfc hJ &m ,ckNydKysufo m;oj G zihf yv’iftopfjyKvkyfwnfxm;&S d\/ pE´0dZ,rif;onf crnf;awmftm; &nfreS f;jyKaom aumif;rIawmf[ k od&onf/ xk dbk&m;wnf&S&d m wpf d0u k u f dv k nf; crnf;awmftm; &nfreS ;f NyD; crnf;awmfw du k [ f o k wfrw S cf ho J nf/
Ny Kif d a wmf" mwf ig;ql&SifyifrS awmifzufawmifxdyfjrif hwGif wnf d&S\/ ,ckNydKysufo m; G onfu d k aumZm 1356 ckESpfwiG f cr& (380)rS wyf&if;rSL;ES fih t&m&S dt&mcH tMuyfwyfom;rsm; dEI;aqmfrIjyKNyD; apwDopfwpfqw l nfc hJMuonf/ wyfOD;apwD [kvnf;wGifvsu d&f S\/ xkdapwD\ awmifzufteD;wpf d0kuüf vnf; apwD 3ql d&S ao;onf/
ESpq f &l iS yf if qifBuD;jyif& mG ta&S Uajrmufaxmif h aomufa&uefteD; jrawmifE marmif S ; zsm;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ b'´urÇ mwGif yGi haf wmfral om bk&ifEpS q f u l dk &nfreS ;f cJ honf qk d\/ ausmufyv’ifwGif opö mEG,fyef;wk Yu d dk xkvyk fxm;&S d\/ a0omvDacwf od*pF E´&m;rif;\ tEG,jf zpfaom rE´0DjA[®PES fih Muif&mawmf twlruGrJ uG m usifvnf&vk d&vk d\[k qkawmif;vsuw f nfxm;cJ hjcif;[kvnf; twlruG musif vnf&vk d\[k qkawmif;vsuf wnfxm;cJ hjcif;[kvnf; qkdMuonf/}} ]]usde;f awmifausmv f rf; Muuf d½k;ay:rS m oZifyef;? ESrerf;wk H armiferf;wk H}} [laom uAsmonf þbk&m;uk d &nf&G,pf yfq djk cif;jzpfvm&onf[\ l / tcs Uu Kd a*gwrbk&m;ES fi h t&darwå,sb&k m;ESpfqu l d k &nfí wnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[q k dk Mu\/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
71
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
wvif; BuD;&G mES fih r*Fvmyl&wk duf
tonf& mav;rs G uEf mod S rf
qifBuD;jyif& mrS G ajrmufzufo d Yk oG m;awmfused f;awmif awmifwef;pOfwpf avQmufwGif&o Sd nf/ xk dawmifajc&if;teD; opfyift ddkrsm;? rusnf;yift drk sm;uk d awG U&onf/ uefysurf sm;vnf; d&Sonf/ xk dae&mwpf d0u k fu d k a&S;uvlaweXme jyKc hJMuonf/ wvif;BuD;&G m[lí ac:wGio f nf/ ,cifused ;f NrdKUawmfom,mcJ hpOfu wnf&SdEkdifcJh&monf/ ,ckwdwfqdwfokefzsif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ tkycf sKyfa&;e,fy,f owfrw S &f mwGif wk duef ,fwpfckjzpfc h&J onh f ]]r*Fvmyl&wk duf e,f}}[lí ac:onf/
iNyDtif;&G mrS ajrmufzufwiG f tonf& m&S G donf/ tonf& mbk G e;f BuD;ausmif; awmifuek f;ay:wGif wnf d&Sonf/ odrfu dkav;zufrkw0f if0jz fih jyKvkyx f m;onf/ odrferd w d w f dik Bf uD;rsm;vnf; taumif;yuwd d&aS eonf/ xk dord u f f d k taMumif;jyí awmifukdav;rsufESmawmif? ausmif;ukdav;rsufESmausmif;[k ac:wGif&Sdae onf/ a&S;uwk dif;&if;cH (tonfom;) rsm;wnf d&Sc hJ&m &G mjzpfonf/ xk d YaMumih f þodrfr mS a&S;usNyD; pE´0dZ,rif;rwkd ifcifrif;wk dY vufxufuko dk vfawmfjzpf &monf/
0ZD&"mwf( r*FvmOD;apwD) r*Fvmyl&wk du?f wvif;BuD;ajrmif &DrsufBu;D 0wGif wnf d&Sonf/ 0ZD&rif; tjzpf dpk;pH dckufwiG f tOD;tpwnfc hJaom apwDjzpfonfq dk\/ tcs fKdUu pE´0DZ, rif;jzpfNy;D aemuf aumZm 1073 wG if oufjynfu dk wk du dcf kupf Ofum oufrif;wk dY \ eef;pOfu d;k uG,x f m;aom "mwfawmfrsm;uk d yif haqmifí ppfatmifr*Fvmt jzpf wnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonfq d\ k / ausmuftkwjf z fih wnfxm;Ny?D; ES pfpOfrjywf xk H;ouFe;f qufuyfvmcJ hMu\/ pE´0Zd ,rif;\ xif& m;aom S aumif;rIawmfwpfck jzpfonf/
iNyDtif; ES fih Bu K;Md umtif; teD psmefu ok dPb f &k m; 0ZD&"mwfu ajrmufzufo d Y ko k m;vQ G i f iNyDtif;&G mukd a&mufonf/ iNyDtif; &G mta&S UzufwiG f BudK;Mumtif; d&Sonf/ iNyDtif;ausmif;awmifzufwiG fuyfvsuf tkwaf pwDBu;D wpfq d&l o S nf/ ¤if;teD;tkwaf pwDysurf sm; ausmufqif;wk tusKd; tyJ hrsm;&Sad eonf/ iNyD;tif;ES fih BudK;Mumtif;teD;awmifzufwiG f orkwo f dr d&f S onf/ xk dord x f üJ &ifpnf;vsu f psmefuok dP; J f zG Y[ef ausmufqif;wkwpfq d&l o S nf/ qkHo@mefausmufyv’ifwGif udef;0yfwnf&Sdonf/ iNyDtif;&Gm taemufzuf acsmif;em;wGif EG m;uke dfy Ykb&k m;[lí d&S onf/ bk &m;qif;wkawmfawmifzufteD; uyfvsu f ausmufE m;½k G yw f pfck d&Savonf/
r[museb f &k m;(tonf& m) G tonf& maus G mif;ac:av; rsuEf maus S mif;wGi f q&mawmftqufqufu d;k uG,cf haJ om bk&m;jzpfonf/ OmPfawmfwpfayausm d&f o S nf/ &wemjz fih oGe;f vkyf xm;ojzih f ta&mifajymifvufí oyÜ m,fvo S nf/ r[mrkeo d Qifyif oGef;pOfu <uif;useaf om &wemjz fih oGef;vkyfaom bk&m;jzpfonf[k owfrSw, f q l ae Muonf/
vufz efa wmf" mwf av;rsuEf mod S rf taemufawmifzufteD awmifxyd fü wnf&So d nf/ pE´0d Z,rif; tp yxroufjynf hr S yif h,l& d&Saom vuf zefawmf"mwfu d k wnf xm; jcif; jzpfonfq d\ k / "mwfawmfapwDr mS rsm;pG mrBu;D vSacs/ þ"mwfawmfawmif zuftqk H;awmif,mcif;xJü tkwaf pwDa[mif; wpfqv l nf; d&Savonf/
vufñ d;I apwD tonf& maj G rmufzufo Y ko d m;aomf G ausmufarmifErS d&Sonf/ armifausmuf ESrausmuf[k ac:aeMuonf/ xkad usmufvk;H &*S daom awmifurltxufwGif vufñ dI;awmf"mwfapwDwpfql&Sdonf/
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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72
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
wG Drqkw(f wk d Yr qdw)f apwD
0efo dt k rd f
tonf& maj G rmufzufwiG f wG Drqkw&f m&S G donf/ ok d;rqdw&f mG [kvnf; ac:qk d onf/ ppfol&Jrsm; aexkdifc hJ&m&G mjzpfonf/ xk do&l Jw dYkonf wpfzuf&efoEl fSih &ifq dik f&vQif aemufrqkwfwef;&Gw&f Gwf cRefcRefw dku dfckufcJhMuonfq dk\/ &efolEiS hfawG UvQif aemufrqkwfaomol&Jrsm; ae&m&Gm[kqkdvd\ k / xkd&Gm\ajrmufzuftxufawmif,HwGif apwDESpfqlEiS fh awmifeaH b;uefteDwiG f apwDESpfq d&l Sonf/ pkpkaygif; apwDav;qlwnfxm;&S d avonf/ 0ZD&rif;cwf wnfxm;cJ[ h ef d&Sonf/
0efo d*k l\ ajrmufzuf awmifzufausmv f rf;tpwGif d&Sonf/ 0efo do k rd f[k vnf;aumif;? awmif dyBk u;D odr[ f v k nf;aumif;/ ac:onf/ odru f dak usmuftw k w f d Yk jz fih um&Hxm;onf/ odrx f w J iG f ausmufqif;wkwpfq d&l o S nf/ yv’ifwiG f jcL;yef; jcL;EG,rf sm; xkqpfxm;&m vuf&majymifajrmufvo S nf/ ajrmufOD;acwfyef;qpf vuf&mjzpfrnf[ k ,lq&onf/
<u jD yif
0efo ko d drEf fSih 0efo dk*l\taemufzufwiG f d&Sonf/ a&ueftwGif;tjyifEiS hf awmifw d Yu k dk tkwjf z fih tck diftrm pDcif;jyKvyk fxm;onf/ tvsm;teH pwk&ef; Hyk jzpfonf/ tem;wpfzufvQif vufawmif 120 ausmfcef Y d&o S nf/ uefa&rS mvnf; oef Y&Si;f Munfvifvsu d&f o S nf/ tkwaf usmufjz fih ueftwGi;f ESi h f awmifywfvnf pDcif;jyKvkyx f m;aom uefrsKd;rS m þwpfuefwnf;om d&Sonf/ xk d*l? odrf? uef? tvSL&Sirf mS a&Tw du k dpf ;k tqif h d&o S [ l k od&onf/ bk&if htok H;taqmifypön;f ypö, rsm;tm; ok davS mifodr;f qnf;rIu d k wm0ef,al qmif&aom trwfjzpfonf/ 0ef ypönf;uk d ok d DrS&oljzpfí 0efo dktrwf[kac:wGifonf/
wGDYrqkwf&GmrS ajrmufzufawGif v,fuGif;jyifwpf ck&Sdonf/ ¤if;jyifukd <uDjyif[ak c:onf/ a&S;ua<uxnfjyKvyk cf h&J m XmejzpfE kdi&f monf/ a<uxnfajr xnf tvkyform;rsm,; aexk difc hJ&m a'o[k ,lq&onf/ ,ckoHawmif& mG ¤if;teD;tkd;xdef;&G mwk Ydvnf; ajrxnfvkyfudkifcJh&m Xmersm;jzpfacs\/
0efo d*k al pwD wk d Yrqdw&f mu G ajrmufzufu d k oG m;aomf awmify kYdBu;D &G mod Y ka&mufobnf/ xk d& mrS G ta&S Uzuf teD;cif dpkif;BuD;ausmv f rf; d f&Sonf/ xk dvrf;uausmv f Qi f usdef; awmifta&S Uzuf wif;r&G mrS xGuu f sonf/ cif dpkif;BuD;ausmfvrf;t0wGif *lBuD; wpfc dk&Sonf/ ausmufjz fihjyKvyk fxm;onf/ wHw dik f;vnf; ausmufjz fih um&Hxm; onf/ twGif;wGif ausmufqif;wk bk&m;wpfq d&l Sonf/ vus m&H f vuf0&H H bk&m; av;yg;ES fih *lBu;D ywfvnfwiG f OmPfawmftBu;D ti,f ausmufqif;bk&m;rsm;rS m eH&w H pfavQmufwiG f wnfxm;&S donf/ *lr mys S uNf yKd o m;N G yD; jzpfae&m tkwaf usmuf rsm;u upif hu&Jjzpf d&Saeonf/ þbk&m;ES fi h *lr mS 0efo dt k rwf\aumif;rIawmf jzpfí 0efokdY*l? 0efokdapwD[k ac:wGifaeonf/ awmifykdYBuD;bk&m;[kvnf; ac:onf/ ¤if;teD;wGif ykx d;k ok H;qlvnf; d&Savonf/
0efo du k ef
ppfu rJ if; odrf awmifykwfBu;D rS ajrmufbuf d*u k fwpf&mcef YtuGmwGif awmifuke;f xufü wHw dik f;um&Hí *l apwD d&Sonf/ ¤if;uk d ppfuJord f (ppfuJrif;odr )[k f ac:onf/ odrf\ausmufeH&Hrsm;wGif vuf&majymifajrmufaom yef;ykyef;qpfrsm; xGif;xkvsu d&f Sonf/ odrfwpfckvk;H uk d apwDu ho J Y kd ausmuftXk fw d Yjk z fih 0ef;&H drk;um vsu d&f Sonf/ trk d;tumt&Hw d Yw k fGi yef;ajymufç yef;EG,?f uEkyef;rsm;/ jcL;yef;? jcL;EG,rf sm;jz fih rGrf;rHjc,fvS,x f m;onf/ odrfxw J iG f ausmufqif;wk bk&m;wpf ql&So d nf/ odref H&HtwGif;tjyif 'k&ifw Ykw d iG fvnf; ausmufqpf½yk frsm;ç yef;qpf rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,cktcg tay:yk dif;ysufpD;aeNyD;jzpf\/ dckysHçckdeef;ç rkcfç 'k&ifç txGwfw d Ykjzifh wnfxm;cJ haom apwDjzpfí vuf&majymifajrmuf qef;Mu,fvaS yonf/ uawå mfodrfç jcifu dkufyd#uwfwku d f HykpHrsKd;jzpfonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
odrfa&SUbufawmifajc&if;wGif a&uefrsm; wl;azmfxm;&Sdonf/ uefr mS ESpfuefjzh pfNy;D awmifatmufteD;wGif wnf&So d nf/ apwDE fSih twlw;l azmfxm;cJ h jcif;jzpfí ppfuJ(ppfuJrif;)uef[k ac:wGifaeMuonf/ ,ckapwDukdcsKyfí wef;aqmif;aqmufvyk x f m;onf/ ausmufyef;vuf&mwk d Yjz fih wif hw,fv&S mum;? yef;aygif;odrf[í l vnf; trnfwiG faeMuonf/ 1993 ckESpfrpS í JyGjyifusif;y ay;vmvsu df&S onf/
ovl*sKid f ppfuu J efEiS hf odrf 0efo dk odrf\ta&S Ubuf,eG ;f ,Ge;f wGif used f;awmifwef; oG, f wef;vsu&f So d nf/ ¤if;awmifwef;ESi hf uefBuD;rsm;tMum;wGif ajrjyef YuGi;f us,jf zpf d&Saeonf/ ovl(pvl )awmrsm;jz fih zkH;tkyfae&mum; ovl*sKdif[ k ac: onf/ xk d*sKdit f xufawmif urf;yg;,HwiG f ausmufe&H BH u d ;D &Sonf/ xk dwiG f ausmuf pmrsm; a&;xkd;&SdcJhonf/ ,ckysufpD;oGm;avNyD/ awmBuD;xlxyf&mjzpfí vlrsm;ta&muftaygufenf;onf/ uRJE m;aus G mif;om;rsm; uRJç EG m;taysmuf& mS olrsm;om wpfcgwpfav a&mufzl;wwfMuonf/ þ*sKid frS Ncdwaf wmif& mok G d Y awmufavQmuf qufo, G af ygufa&mufonfq dk \/ þae&monf a&S;NrKd Ua[mif;ysuf wpfae&mjzpf dEkifonf[k cef YrSef;Muonf/ azmfcsefrm\rSwfwrf;yg prÜ0ufNrdKUwnfc hJ&m jzpfoifhaMumif; OD;atmifrif;\ a&Tusdef;awmifpmwrf;ü ,lqxm;onf/ þae&mwpf d0kuw f Gif tkX df½k;tkXfysuf rsm;? t½k d;tk d;rsm; vlo H;k ypön;f rsm; &&S donfq d\ k /
rif; w&m;uefb &k m; ppfuJodrfESihf uef\ta&SUajrmufaxmifhwGif wnf&Sdonf/ a&uefukd rif;w&m;uef[líac:wG ifonf/ a&uefteD;wGif ½kyfy m;awmf G wpfq dl&Sd onf/ om;jrwfplvsuf &Sdae&mum; EkdYplbk&m;[kac:aeMu\/ awmifykdY BuD; awm& ausmif;onf pE´0dZ,rif;\ omoemyk dif oDwif;okH ;cJh&mjzpfonf[k qk\ d / xk dq&mawmfq dv k Qif xk drif;vufxuf &ck difjynf\ omoemyk difvnf;jzpfNy;D vQif usde;f wpf d0u k w f iG f ax&f0gtBu;D tuJq H;k vnf;jzpfonf/ xk d YaMumif h q&mawmfu dk Munfñ kdav;pm;jcif; rsm;cJ hMuavonfq dk\/
73
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ipnfa wmifb &k m; awmifyw k Bf u;D rS ajrmufbufwiG f ipnfawmif& m&S G donf/ xk d& mta&S G Ubuf wpf0*lb&k m;teD;wGiv f nf &G ma[mif;ae&mrsm; d&SMuavonf/ ipnfawmif\ rlvtrnfr mS a&S;tcgu þawmifay:wGif yef;wsm; pnfobifonfw d Yktm; xm;&S djcif; &G mwnfcsay;cJ hjcif;/ pnfawmf,eG f;jcif;jyKc hMJ uonfq d\ k / rif;w&m; uefr mS þ&G mteD;wGif jzpfacs\/ ipnfawmifü *ljz fihude;f 0yfí bk&m;wpfq dl&S avonf/ ppfuo J rd ftaemufbufwGi f usa&muf\/
wpf0 *lac: a&T*al wmif (ta[mif; awmifv nf; [l\) Ncw d af wmifausmv f rf;0uk d jzwfo m;vQ G if tk d;onf& mok G d Y a&mufonf/ xk d& mG ta&SUbufawmifuke;f wGi f *ljzihfued f;0yfvsu d&f Sonf/ jrawmifq&mawmfbk&m; u aqmfMoí jyKjyifxm;cJ honf[k od&\/ bk&m;awmif atmufwiG f a&uefBu;D ESpfuef d&S\/ a&S;uMuufoa&&G m&Scd J&h m xk d&Gmom;wk d Y tok H;jyKc haJ omuefjzpf\/ þ&GmajrmufbufwGif av;0*lapwDwnf&Sd\/
rsupf ad wmf apwD (used ;f apwD) tk d;onf& muef G tjyifbuf wpfae&mwGi f ausmufBu;D ok H;vk H; d&Sonf/ ,ckt cg rormaom ok dufq&ma,mifw dkYu zsufqD;xm;cJ hMuavNyD/ ,if;ausmuf awmifxdyfwiG f rsufpdapwDac: usdef;rsufpdapwD[lí wnfxm;cJ honf/ tk d;onf& mrS G ta&S Ubufo d Y k ausmfvmvQif Ncw d af wmifo d Yak &mufonf/ Ncdwf awmifausmfvrf ;[k ac:wGio f nf/ xk dausmfvrf; vuf0JbufawmifurlwGif apwDwpfq d&l Sonf/ av;axmif hpwk&ef;ykjH zpfNy;D rkcfav;0yg&S donf/ xk dYaMumih f av;0*lapwD[kwGifonf/ ajrtkXfjzihf wnfvkyfxm;jcif;yifjzpfayonf/ atmufajcav;axmih fay:wGif jcaoF hav;aumifx dik faeyk Hxkvyk fxm;onf/ *lt jrif h 6-ay tus,f 5-ay&S donf/ *ltxufrsufE mwG S if oZifyef;wpfq,fEh pS f cufjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ *lapwDtjrif h 18 aycef dY&S onf/ apwDoydwfa rSmuf ywfvnfwGif oZifyef;wpfq,f hajcmufcufukd rGrf;rHjyKvkyfxm;&S donf/ ,if;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
74
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
txufwGif oZifyef;cufokH;q,fESpfcufw Ykdjz fih ywfvnfjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ ta&SUbufrkcf0xJwiG f OmPfawmfESpfay&S d ausmufqif;wkb&k m; wpfq d&l S onf/ þapwDrSm usdef;wpf0kdufapwDykHrsm;ESifh rwlxl;jcm;onf/ rkcfav;0 wyfqifxm;onh ftjyif rkcftxufE fiS h apwDywfvnfwGi f oZifyef;cufrsm;yg&S d aeonf/ tjcm;yef;&Guf? yef;cufrsm;vnf; ywfywfvnf jyKvkyfxm;&S donf/ apwD'g,umuk d &ck difpmqk dynm&Sif arS mufawmfpmcsi;f JzG Yu dk pyfq do k l &cd kifrif;\ orD;awmf {csif;q&m ]]twkrif;ñkd}}jzpfonf[l\/ a&Tusdef;awmifpmwrf;ü q&mOD;atmifrif;u þok d Y tpOftvmajymqk dorIjyKvmcJ haMumif; a&;om;xm; d&Sonf/ apwDr mS ,cktcg iSuaf ysmzl;u pí usKd;usvsu d&f SacsNyD/ rormolrsm; aMumih f bk&m;OD;awmfrsm;vnf; ysufpD;cHvsu df&aS e&onf/ þ*lapwDq dv k qif Muufoa&&G m (tk d;onf&Gm) om;wk dY\ ukd;uG,cf hJ&mrsm;jzpfacs\/
ajrmufausmif;onf q&mawmf OD;udw då\ oDwif;ok H;aecJ h&mausmif; jzpfav onf/ Ncdwaf wmif awmifausmif;txuf awmifu d k apwDawmif[ k ac:onf/ awmifausmif;ES fih pyfvsu d&f Sonf/ awmifuek f;wpfckv Hk; a&S;a[mif;apwDrsm; wnf d&Saeonf/ apwDaygif; 33 ql d&o S nf[ k od&onf/ rormolw d Y k vufcsuf aMumih f NyKd ysufcaH ecJ h&avNyD; tkXu f sKd;tkXyf sufrsm;vnf; upif huvsm; jzpf d&aS e\/
Ncw d af wmif
vdyaf wmif
bdwaf wmif &aoh&[ef;rsm; aZmf*sDrsm; *latmif;cJ honfukd ]]bdwfatmif;}}onf [k ac:qkdonf/ *latmif;wGif;&Sdaom awmifjzpfí ]]bdwfwmif}}trnf&onf/ eef;wufbk&m;ES fih uyfvsuf xk dawmifwnf d&Sonf/
Ncdw(f csdy )wG f if; d&Sonfjzpfí ]]Ncdwaf wmif}}[k ac:wGifMuonfq dk\/ tcs UKd url t&nfygaom a&TNcw d w f pfrsKd; d&Sonfq d\ k / Ncdw d&f &S muk d tpG JjyKí Ncdwaf wmif [k ac:cJ h&if;jzpfonf/ xk dawmifwiG df&aS om &G muk f dvnf; Ncdwaf wmif& m[k G trnf wGifavonf/
bdwfawmifESihf wqufwnf;aomawmifukd vdyfawmif[k ac:onf/ OD;udw dq å &mawmf oDwif;ok H;&mausmif; d&Sonf / oydwaf wmifay:wGi f apwDwpf ql&Sdonf/ ,if;apwDESihfuyfvsuf OD;udwådq&mawmf\ t½kd;wkduf* dl&o S nf/ taomuausmufpmwk dif HykpHi,f*u l dk wnfaqmufxm;onf/
ausmif ;awmf &m odraf wmf &mrsm;
oydww f mifa pwD
av;0*lb&k m;ajc&if;rS vSn fí h vmvQi f Ncdwfawmif& mG oG m;vrf;uk d a&muf onf/ xk dvrf;twk dif; ta&S Ubufo d Yak &mufo m;aomf G Ncw d af wmifo dYk a&mufav onf/ Ncdwfawmifr mS usdef;awmif\ ajrmufbuftqk H;wGif jzpfavonf/ Ncdwf awmif& maus G mif;ok d Y ra&mufr D vuf0JbufwiG f awmifurlrsm;&S donf/ xk dwGif ausmif;awmf&m odraf wmf&mrsm;&S donf/ apwDyx k d;k rsm;vnf; toD;oD; d&SMuonf/
Ncdwaf wmif& maj G rmufbufwGif wnf d&Sonf/ xk dawmif\ta&SUbufwiG f OD;udw d¬q&mawmf oDwif;ok;H &mausmif;&Sdonf/ oydwfawmifay:wGif apwD wpfq dl&o S nf/ ,if;apwDE fiS huyfvsu f Od;udw dq ¬ &mawmf\ t½k d;wk du*f dl&Sonf/ taomuausmufpmwk dif ykpHi,f*lu dk wnfaqmufxm;onf/
apwDawmif
OD;udw dåq&mawmf ausmif;Nc0H if;? Ncdwaf wmif& maj G rmufbuf awmifuek f; vGwfwGif wnf d&Sonf/ aumZm 1073 ckESpf pE´0dZ,rif;onf oufjynfrS &&S dc hJaom &ifaoG;awmf"mwfu d k Xmyemü apwDwnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ OD;udw då (td dE, ´ omoemjyK) q&mawmfOD;pD;í jyKjyifxm;cJ havonf/ OD;udw d(å aumZm
Ncw d af wmifwiG f rlvausmif;a[mif;uk d awmifausmif;[k ac:onf/ aemuf rS ajrmufbufwGif ay:vmaomausmif;ukd ajrmufausmif;[k ac:onf/
&ifa oG;awmfa pwD
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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76
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77
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78
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usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
awmausmif; rsm; bDvl;rajrmifESihf awmifbuf rif;uefwpfavQmufwGifvnf; awm& ausmif;rsm; ,ckwdik f qufc dH&SaeMuay\/ axmif hacsmif;Bu;D ausmif; q&mawmf onf atmifajrukef;awm&ausmif;okdY xlaxmifaevmcJhonf/ xef;wpfyif ausmif;? awm&ausmif;uk d q&mawmf OD;o'¨r®xal xmif d&Saeao;\/ xkt d eD; atmifajr&wemawm&ausmif;&Sí d xkdae&mwpf d0kuo f nf a&S;uokomefocsKØ if; jzpfc h&J mum; vlolo m;vmuif G ;qdwcf ho J nf/ olawmfaumif;wk d Yum; qdyNf ird fví S arGYavsmfc hJMujcif; jzpfayonf / atmifajrukef;awm&ajrmufzufteD;wGif atmifawmfrlawm&ausmif; &Sdonf/
rif; uef (usde;f &marmif uef) ,ckwpfNrKd Uom;vk H;\ aomufo H;k aeaom uefjzpfonf/ usde;f awmifajc&if; ta&S Ubuf Mumñk dtif;wGifjzpfí rif;jym;NrdKUES fih pyfvsuw f nf d&Sonf/ a&cef; ajcmufonf[lír&Sd/ usdef;a&rsufoprf;&Sdonf[k qkdMuonf/ a&S;rif;wkdY vufxufuyif tqufqufwl;azmfc hJMuaom uefjzpfí rif;uef[ak c:onf/ vQm&if;awmf"mwf&iS f(ZD0 mawmf S )"mwfu d k wnfxm;cJ hpOfuyif zG m;zufawmfuef jzpfayonf/ xk daMumih f vQm&if;uef[í l vnf; ac:wGi Jfc&h monf/ usde;f uRef;&m armifjrpfu dk tpG JjyKí usde;f &marmifuef[k uefBu;D t0ifwiG f wpfuefyg0ifonf/ awmifbufuqufí jynfawmfomacwfwiG f wpfuefw;l azmfc ho J nf/ ,ckEpS u f ef jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/
jr KUapmih d fb &k m; rif;uefBuD;taemufajrmufawmifajc&if;ES fih ESif;jzL,mwGif wnf&So d nf/ ausmufqif;wkawmfjzpfNy;D NrdKUapmih fbk&m;[k qk dMuonf/ a&S;uus;D jzL&G mom; rsm; aumif;rIjyKc hJjcif;[k tqk d&Sdonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
Nr KUrrif d ; uefb &k m; ,ckjynfawmfomuef\ taemufawmifaxmih fbufwiG f uyfvsuaf usmuf apwDwpfq d&l o S nf/ bk&m;rS m *ltwGi;f ude;f 0yfvsu df&o S nf/ r[m&Hww H dik ;f vnf; um&Hxm;&S donf/ rif;uefteD;ü wnf d&Sí rif;uefb&k m;[k ac:wGifaeonf/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ aumif;rIawmfjzpfEkdif&monf/
wef dc ;k oQif yifb &k m; NrdKUrrif;uefbk&m; ta&SUbuf jynfawmfomuefawmifbufteD;wGif orkwo f drfwpfv H;k &Sdonf/ xko d rd fwGif aumZm 1327-ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynh f paeaeYu OD;jr'gatmif wnfxm;cJ honf/ ajrmufO;D rS ausmufqpfq&m OD;ausmf at;u xkvyk cf ho J nf/ OmPfawmf 5 awmif wpfrw k af vsm d&h o S nf/ ykP m;uR Ö e;f NrdKU e,f wef dck;awmifwef;rS &&S daom ausmufjzif h xkvyk fxm;jcif;jzpfí wef; dck;oQif yif bk&m;[k trnfwiG favonf/
rif; jym;Nr KUwnf d b &k m; (&mjynh fa pwD) rif;uefBuD; ta&S Ubuf H½;k BuD;0if;wGif NrdKUwnfcspOfu bkef;BuD;ausmif; d&S cJ h&m apwDrsm;vnf; &SdcJo h nf/ ,ckapwDysu frf sm;uk d 1967-ckESpfu NzdKzsuí f rif;jym;NrdKUwnfEpS fwpf&mjynh fapwDtjzpf 1968-ckESpfu NzdKzsufí rif;jym;NrdKU wnfESpfwpf&mjynf hapwDtjzpf 1968-ckESpfwGif a&TUajymif;wnfxm;cJhMuav onf/
vrf; opfw ufv rf; teD;apwDawm&ausmif; vrf;opfwufvrf;twk dif;oG m;aomf usdef;awmf&Sifu dk zl;jrif dEkifonf/ xk d wufvrf;awmifajc&if ;wGif vuf,mzuf OD;y'krq&mawmft d½k;wk dufESihfuyf vsufapwDysufwpfv H; d k &Sonf/ wpfv H;k uk djyKjyifc haJ omfvnf; tNy;D tpD;ok d Y ra&muf cJ hMuacs/ azmfjyyg NrdKUapmih fapwD rif;uefapwD ,ckapwDw d Yq k dv k Qif used ;f awmf&iS f uk d zl;jrifo m;M G u&mü awmifwuftqif;wk dif; zl;jrifc hJMu&aom tBudKtarQmf
79
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
apwDrsm;aywnf;/ xk dapwD(t½k d;wku d )taemuf f ajrmuf,eG f;wGif tif;Muif;NrKd if awmausmif; wnf d&ScJah yonf/ aumZm 1307 ckESpu f q&mawmfOD;t*¾onf w&m;tm;xkwaf ecJ havonf/ wum^rrsm;vnf; tMunfñ drk sm;í pnfum;cJ h avonf/ qdwNf ird fNy;D vQif tvGeo f ef Y&Sif; om,mvSayonf/
rif; jym;Nr KU&S d dausmif ;uefr sm; a&wHceG f od F*kw&å awm&ausmif;onf ,ckausmif;opfwnf d&S&mjzpfonf/ xk dae&mok dY q&mawmf OD;OmPonf aumZm 1270 wGif a&T Uajymif;<ua&mufí aevmonf/ NrdKUrajrmufausmif;wGif ckESpfESpfaecJ hNy;D aemuf &Jpcef;rsm;aqmuf vkyfvmcJ h&m vlESifheD;uyfí em;rcsrf;omojz fih þae&mukd at;csrf;zG,f&m &S mcJ h&jcif;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfonf ysH veG fonfxd oD wif;ok H;cJ hNy;D wynf hom; ajr;rsm;vnf; ,ckx d qufcHaevmcJ hMuavonf/ xk dawm&ausmif;awmifzuf teD;wGif OD;awZq&mawmf w&m;tm;xkwaf ecJh&m awZ&mrawm&ausmif; d&Saeao;\/ rif;jym;NrdKUwGi f &[ef;oHCm oDwif;okH;&mausmif;uefrsm; &SdfMuonf/ usdef;awmifajc&if; ta&S UbufwpfavQmufwGif uef;r&G mausmif;? atmifr*Fvm awm&ausmif;? awZ&mrax&ausmif;? a&wHcGefawm&ausmif;opfausmif;? "r® d um½k Hausmif;? r*FvmwHcGefausmif;? "r®okcausmif;? Z,ocausmif;NrKd Urawmif ausmif;? bk&m;BuD;ausmif;? jynfawmfomausmif;? yknm&mrausmif;? &wem Adrmefausmif;? rif;ueftaemufausmif;? &wemrGefausmif;? pdwo å ck ur®|mef; ausmif;? pdwåokcur®|mef;(usdef;awmifay:)ausmif;? rif;uefajrmufausmif;? xef;wpfyifausmif;? atmifajr&wemawm&ausmif;? atmifajrukef;awm& ausmif;? atmifawmfrlawm&ausmif;? &ckdifrm&rmBuD;ausmif;? NrdKUrajrmuf ausmif;? oHawmif& dckifausmif;? oHawmifrm&rmBu;D ausmif;? OD; dpk;wifausmif; opfausmif;a[mif;ausmif;? uRef;ñk dausmif;? uif;qdyaf usmif;? O*¾ gysHausmif;? aZ,sr@dKiaf usmif;? &JwaJ wm&ausmif; ponfjz fih ausmif;aygif; (30)eD;yg;&S dMu onf/ ESpfpOfig;yg;oDvtoif;u wpfvwk diw f dik f "r®obif JyG qif,ifusif;yvm cJhonf/ bmomomoemwkd;wuf pnfyifxGef;um;rI rysuf&Sdvsufaeay ownf;/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
80
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Nr KUe,f d w pfc iG f zl;jrifO ;D ñTwf
a&Tazmifw ifb &k m;
rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fo d Yk "n0wDacwfuyif Ak'¨omoemqufo, G 0f ifa&mufjyef Y yG m;vmcJ haMumif;uk d trsm;todyifjzpfavonf/ omoemwpfavQmuf ,ckw dkif atmif Ak'b ¨ momwk d Y\ uk d;uG,cf h&J mbk&m;? ykx d;k apwDrsm;vnf; tES H Ytjym;wnf xm; zl;ajrmfc hJvmNy;D jzpfaMumif;vnf; xif& m;aeonf S / xk do d Yak cwftqufquf wnfxm;uk d;uG,v f mcJ h&aom bmoma&;taxmuftxm;tjzpf *k Pf,&l rnf jzpfayonf/ tysuftpD;,ckw dik f &Sad eao;onfu dk qufvufapmih fa&Smuf&ef ta&;Bu;D \/ usdef;awmifwpf d0kuf bk&m;? ykx d;k ? apwDrsm; vSn fyh wfzl;arQm dEf kiNf yD; aemuf þNrdKUe,ft HES Y c&D;qufí zl;ajrmf dEik &f ef pdwo f efMuolrsm;twGuf uko dv k f rsm; jy d KEkifMuao;\/ rdrdNrdKU&G m a'o&S d? &S dd&SorQ ylaZmfzl;ajrmf&mrsm;uk dvnf; tm½kx H ifxif zl;jrifav;jrwfEkdif Muayownf;/ xkdaY Mumih f þNrdKUe,ftwGif; vSn fyh wfzl;ajrmftyf&mrsm ;ukd vrf;ñTefjcif ;jyKvkduf&ayaMumif;/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f awmwef;awmifwku d Ef Sih f awmwef;ajrmufw du k ef ,f ajr twGif;rSmvnf; xif& m;aom S ork dif;0ifb&k m;rsm; d&Sayonf/ yef;ok;H dckifbk&m; (yef;ajrmif;)yg;ysO;f awmf"mwf(yef;ajrmif;) vufrZD0 mawmf S "mwf? jr0g"mwfawmf (a&Twrmtkyfp )k e*&mompnfeef;OD; (e*&mompnf& m) G rif;yl;&G m bk&m;BuD;ok H; ql? ykef;awmif"mwfawmf(tonfuav;) Muufpmodrb f &k m;(tonfumv) &G m awmif;jyif;bk&m;/ iSufawmf&bk&m;(iSufawmf&&Gm) Zkdifacsmif;aygufawm? ausmif;awmifbk&m;? arsmufBudrfeef;OD;bk&m;(jrif;urf;qdyf)? qifwG if;bk&m; (owk d;tkypf )k o&ufEpS x f yfb&k m; bk&m;ok H;qlb&k m;(ouftyk pf )k ckEpS Xf mebk&m; (o&uftkypf )yD k yif&if;bk&m;? csif;ysb H &k m;? odraf xmifb&k m;? qdwaf wmifb&k m;? aomif Hckarmf"mwfawmf? wufruk di"f mwfawmf? ovk H;awmf"mwf? rsufarS mifawmf "mwf? rsuf&pfapwD? auovmaus;awmbk&m;? ausm d½k;awmf"mwf? dpk;rJus;D "mwf? (zavmif;jyif )cs U"mwf J (urf;eD;&G m)wk d Yonf xif& m;aom S orkdif;0ifb&k m;rsm; jzpf ayonf/ (1)rif;jym;NrdKUe,f ork dif;rSwfwrf;(ygwD? aumifpD) þork dif;0ifbk&m;rsm;rS m &ck difacwftqufqufr S ,ck xw d kid f wnfxm; udk;uG,fcJhMujcif;jzpf ayownf;/
txufrSmvnf; bk&m;Bu;D ? t0rSmvnf; r[mxD;? yef;ajrmif;wpfcGif a&Tazmifwifbk&m;[lí xif&Sm;aom bk&m;BuD;jzpfNyD;/yef;ajrmif;acsNrdKUwGif wnf d&Sonf/ odrfjyó'fü udef;0yfum uk d;uG,v f suf d&SMuonf/ þbk&m;uk d ajrmufOD;NrKd Uta&S Uajrmufzuft&yf ipifawmifxyd frS yih f aqmif,lc haJ vonf/ xif& m;aom S bk&m;wpfyg;jzpfNy;D yGJawmfvnf; usif;yvsuf d&Sonf/ bk&m;uk d 1310 ckESp f acsmif;opf& mom;wk G Y d yif haqmifí acgif;jzLawmif wGi;f wGif wpf0guk d;uG,fc hMJ uavonf/ xk drSwpfzef acsmif;opf& mwH G wm;OD;ukef; ajrü ESpf0guk d;uG,fMucJhMuavonf/ 1313 ckESpfwGif xkd;&G mqdyfrS wpfqif h armfawmfjz fih yif haqmifí yef;ajrmif;a&Tazmifwifuke;f ü wnfxm;uk d;uG,cf hJMu jcif;jzpfavonf/
atmifr *FvmapwD yef;ajrmif;acsNrdKUtv,fawmifxyd af y:wGif wnf d&o S nf/ vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D aemuf wnfc hJjcif;jzpf&m vQyfppfr;D xGef;ñ§ djcif;jz fih tcgBuD;&ufBuD;rsm;ü tvGef pnfum;avonf/ tcgtm;avsmfp mG JyGawmfusif;yavonf/
ausmufa rmfa pwD(opö mwk diaf pwD) yef;ajrmif;acsNrKd Utaemufzuf qdyu f rf;½Icif;omaomae&m ausmufarmf jrif hwiG f wnf d&Saom ausmufapwDwpfqjl zpfonf/ opö mjyKcJhMuolrsm;&S dí opöm wk difapwD[v l nf;wGifonf/ urf;yg;ausmufarmfxyd w f iG f wnf d&Sí ausmufarmf apwD[ k ac:wGiMf uonf/ bk&m;yG Ju dv k nf; ESppf Ofu ho J Y k d usi;f yavonf/ þapwD uk d aumZm 1320 ckESpf a*gyutzG JY? JzG Ypnf;NyD; rG rf;rHjyKjyifjcif;? ohx;D topf wifjcif;? tm½k Hco H rd ?f wefaqmif;opfrsm; aqmufvyk jf cif;jz fih crf;em;pG m pnfum; vsu df&SaeMuonf/
yef; ok H; dckiaf pwD yef;ajrmif;&G ma[mif;xJwiG f d&Sonf/ ,ckapwDu d k a*gyutzG J YrS rGr;f rHjyKjyif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
xm;&S dayonf/ vus myg;½k f d;awmf"mwf (NydKi;f "mwfawmf? NydKi;f wk dif;apwD )yef;ajrmif;acsNrdKU awmifzufjrif harmufaom NydKif;wk d kid f;awmifxdyfay:ü wnf d&Sonf/ xk daMumih f trsm;u NydKif;"mwfawmf[ k ac:onf/ tcs Uuvnf Kd ; yg;ysOf;awmf"mwfwnf d&S í yg;ysOf;awmf"mwf[v k nf; ac:Muonf/ bk&m;ork dif;ü þawmifu dk rkOöyAÁw awmif[kqkdonf/ þawmifü bk&m;EkpOfb0u ykPÖm;wZmpfjzpfcJhzl;onf / Ak'¨\Asm'dwaf wmft& vufu myg;½k sF d;awmf"mwfwnfvwå H Y[lonftwk dif; udef; 0yfwnfvm\/ "mwfawmfueG YfjrL;ojz fih rif;zavmif;onf aumZm 977 ckEpS fwGi f wnf xm;cJ havonf/ xk daemuf rif;&mZmBu;D rGrf;rHc hJ\/ t"du&"mwfawmfjzpfíbk &m;tzG J Ytpnf;jz fih tpOfapmih fa&S mufvsuf ESppf Ofw dik ;f bk&m;yG Jawmfu dv k nf;usi;f ycJ hMuavonf/ od Y kaomfvnf; rormolo du k fq&m a,mifa,mifw d Y\ k azmuf xGif;zsufqD;jcif;cH&ojzif h ,ckysufNydKvsuf d&Sae&m jyKjyif&ef pD pOfaeMu\/
jrode;f wefb &k m; ae&Oö&mawmifial cwf rif;wpfyg;\ orD;awmfo H;k yg;wGif wpfyg;jzpf onf/ ¤if;orD; jrodef;wefaumif;rIrSm ,ckrusOf;yifpkausmif;wGif udef;0yfvsu df&S onf/ rlvoDwif;ok H;&m awmifilNrdKUa[mif;&mwGif jzpfonfq d\ k / usefrif;orD; ESpfyg;wk Yd\tvSLrS m ,ckysufpD;oGm;cJ h&avNyD/
ZD0*S "¾ mwf( vufr "mwf) av;NrdKUta&S Uzuf vufr&G mteD; awmifxdyfay:ü wnf d&Sonf/ Ak'¨EkpOf aus;rif;jzpfí þae&mok d Y vma&mufusupf m;cJo h nf/ aemifvQmzsm;awmf"mwf wnfvwfí ZD0F S*¾"mwf[kwGifvmonf/ rif;zavmif;u rGrf;rHí wnfxm;cJ h onf/ xk daemuf rif;&mZmBuD;vnf; jyKjyifc h\ J / rif;tqufquf jyKpkapmif ha&S muf cJ honf/ NydKysuv f mcJ h&mum; OD;awmxGuq f kad om olawmfpifwpfO;D u pwifjyK jyifavonf/ xk daemuf aumZm 1280 avmufwiG f vuf r&G mrS OD ;azmifom? OD;vSxeG f;OD;wk d Y OD;aqmifí tkwfzkwv f yk fum rGrf;rHc hJMuonf/ xk dESppf Gef&Jw du k fol BuD; OD;a&T dpk;(ausmfomtzk d;)u oHx;D 'g,dumcHí oHx;D wif JyGu dyk g BuD;us,cf rf;
81
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
em;pG m usif;ycJ hMuavonf/ 1330 jynf hEpS f avrkew f dik ;f aMumih f ysufp;D cHc hJ&onf rsm;ukd jyKjyif&ef pDpOfaeMu\/
jr0g"mwf xkd"mwf\ ajrmufzufteD;awmifxdyfwGif rkefYonfr"mwf wnf&Sd\/ vufr"mwf\ ta&S Uawmifbuf teD;vufrawmif,w H iG f jr0g"mwfwnf d&S\/ awmifbufwGif yg;awmf"mwf[í l d&S\/ ,ckysufpD;oG m;avNyD\/ e*&mompnfeef;OD;bk&m; (&wemyk Hbk&m;)jr0g"mwf\ awmifbufe*g; ywfawmifwef;tzsm;wGif *l0uk d;ayguf d&aS om apwDxw J Gifwnf d&Sonf/ &wem Hykeef;OD;bk&m;[k ac:wGifonf/ ,ckrif;jym;NrdKU &wemhAdrmef ausmif;odrfwiG f ajymif;a&TUxm;&S donf/
&wemaZ,sb&k m; &wemykHeef;OD ;bk&m; ta&S UbufteD;awmifukef;ay:wGif wnf&Sdonf/ rlvu *ljzihfwnf d&ScJhjcif;jzpf\/ ,ckrif;jym;NrdKU oHaxmif& mG &ck difrm&rmBuD; ausmif;ok Yd a&T Uajymif;ukd;uG,fvsu df&aS eonf/
vufr (Aa'g*l) vufrawmifwef; taemufbufajc&if;wGif wnf&So d nf/ ausmuf*lt aqmuftOD;rS m pwk&ef 13 awmif d&Sonf/ awmifbufE fiS h ta&S Ubufu 0ifrkcf d&Sonf/ xk d*lajrmufbuftwGif;ü apmuf 4 awmifrQ wl;azmfjyKvyk fxm;aom *li,fwpfck&Sdavonf/ taemufbufwGif tvif;ayguf(jyLwif;ayguf)ESihf tv,fwnf hwnf hü eH&HwiG f t½kyfuyfvsu f xm;cJ h&m csKdi hf0Srf; d&Saeonf/ awmif bufteD;ü *li,frsm;ESi hf *lacgif;vIid fapmufeufvnf; wpfc dk&Sao;onf/ þ *lBuD;rS m awmifecrf;uk d ausmufjzif hñ dí § aqmufvyk fxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ *syef acwfwiG f armifESrq&mawmfonf w&m;tm;xkwcf hJ\/ yifv,fewf fuGe;f jzpf jcif;? toH[pfatmfjcif;? bk&m;[kwrf;wjcif;? opöAE¨0ax&f aexk dif&mjzpfjcif; uk d Aa'g[kq dMk uonf/ ppfawGwiG f Aa'garmf? **F gjrpf0wGif Ak d' drk rk sm;&S d&m yifv,f
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
urf;us&mwk Yd ü tm;ukd;rIjyKc hJ&m Xmejzpfacs\/
avmifr ;D apwD(atmifa Z,sb&k m;) av;NrdKUjrpftaemufbufurf; avmifrD;&G m ta&S UbufwiG f d&Sonf/ rlv 'g,um&SifrSm ajrmufOD;acwf ukvm;wefpm;? trwfwpfOD;jzpfcJhonfqkd \/ xk daemuf wEÅ dA v k w f Hk;ñk drif;onf olyek f&efw d Yu k dk wkdu dcf u k í f tjyefwGi f þapwD uk datmifjrifjcif; txd dr;f trSwt f jzpf xyfrí H wnfxm;cJ honfq d\ k / ,ckavmif rD;&G mausmif;0if;ok d Y a&T Uajymif;wnfxm;vsu f atmifaZ,sb&k m;[lí trnfwiG f ae\/
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82
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83
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84
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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wufr uk diaf pwD
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85
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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ukvm;uefb &k m; bk&m;ok;H ql taemufawmifaxmih fwiG f d&Sonf/ *ljz fihwnf d&&S m? ,ckysuf pD;ae\/
bk&m;awmifb &k m;(o&uft yk b f &k m;) bk&m;okH;qlawmifESihfqufí? taemufajrmufaxmihft&yfü &Sdonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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86
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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rif; zl;&G m bk&m;ok H;ql rif;zl;&G m ta&S Uzuf uHhaumfawmifwGi f rlvwnfxm;cJo h nf/ ,ckrif;zl; &G majrmufzufo d Yk a&T Uajymif;í wnfxm;ud k;uG,v f su d&f SaeMu\/ uH haumfawmif rS m av;NrdKUacwf? ajrmufOD;acwfwGif uHhaumfopfwyf(cHwyf )csxm;cJh&mXme jzpfacsonf/
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87
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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0uf j zLuRe;f apwD(0rf ;om;awmf" mwf) yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;0a&vnf uRef;ay:xufü wnf&Sdonf/ bk&m; avmif;EkpOfu 0ufrif;wZmpfjzpfc hJzl;onf[\ l / bk&m;&Sif\ Asm'dwt f & 0rf; om;awmf"mwf wnfvwH h[lonf htwkdif; 0rf;om;awmf"mwf udef;0yfwnf&Sd avonf/ xk d YaMumih f bk&m;usiv f nf&mXmeuk d tpG JjyKí 0ufjzLuRef;? 0ufjzLuRef; apwD[ k ac:wGifvmjcif;jzpfonf/ rlvu rif;xD;bk&if wnfxm;cJ honfq d\ k / xk daemuf oMupf 1000jynh fü eef;wufaom e&ywdiukovrif;\ rdb&k m;ewf &Sifr,fac: 0gvSjzLu xyfrHwnfxm;cJhonf/ xk daMumihf xkdrdzk&m;trnfu d k JpGí 0gvSjzLuRe;f ? 0gvSjzLapwD[ k ac:wGicf h&J m umvMumí 0wfjzLuRe;f ? 0ufjzL uRef;apwDjzpfvmcJh&onfqkd \/ þapwDukd Muef;wkduf&GmrS vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 80 ausmfavmufu ouú&mZf 1270 ckES pfu armifv DS&Tqkdol jyKjyifcJhonf[k od&\/ xk daemuf ig;Zif d½ik f;acsmif ;uRef;rSvnf; apwem&Sifrsm;jyKjyifcJhMuavonf/xkdrSwpfzef aumZm 1320 ckESpfu aouefq&mawmfESihf 'g,umrsm;u jyKjyifNyD; oHx;D wifc hMJ uavonf/ þapwDwnfxm;&muRe;f um; xl;qef;tH hMozG,v f nf; d&SvSonf/ rnfonh ftcgrSvnf; a&epfjrK§ yí f a&vQHjcif; vk H;0r&S dacs/ xk dYaMumih f xl;jcm;aom uRef;jzpfí xif& m;aus S mfaZmvSayonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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88
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
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onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ Asm'dwfawmft& rsufarSmifawmf f"mwfu d k Xmyemwnfxm;cJ h onf/ þ"mwfawmfu d k aumZm 794 ckESpw f Gif rif;apmrGefac: e&rdwfvw S nf xm;cJhonf[k &ckdif&mZ0ifü yg&S donf/ þ"mwfawmfapwDr mS Asm'dw0f if"mwfawmfjzpfí wpfuRe;f vk;H *½kw dpkuf ylZmouú m& jyKvyk u f k;d uG,x f m;&S dMuonf/ apwD\t&G,rf mS rsm;pG mrBu;D vSaomf vnf; ,Ofaus;rIo drki;f twGuf wefb d d ;k &Svo S nf/ apwD\ a&S Uwnf hwnf hr S uvyf Hyko@mefu ho J Y k d ausmufqpfvuf&mrGejf z fih bk&m;ausmif;aqmif wpfcak qmufvyk f &Sdonf/ ,k d,iG f;ysupf D;onfrsm;uk d OD;nmP0Hoq&mawmfu pwifvsu f jyKjyifNy;D tkef;"ed drk;odrf csKyfaqmufc hJonf/ aumZm 1267 ckEpS f od rfcsKyfí oGy dfrk;um jyifqifvmcJah vonf/ ,ck bk&m;tzG J Ytpnf;jzih f vQyfppfrD;xGef;ñ§ djcif;? wef aqmif;rsm;jyKjyifjcif;? oBuFeftysHaeYrSpí okH ;&ufwkdifwkdif ESpfpOfyGJawmfukd usif;yay;vmojzifh txl;xifay:ausmfMum;aom apwDawmfwpfqltjzpf vlord sm;vsu d&f Sonf/ &marmifewf&Sirf qk dvQif þbk&m;wGif oDwif;ok H;vsuf aeavh d&Sonfq dk\/
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89
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
awmfwpfqu l k d 1328 ckESpf jyKjyifwnfxm;cJo h nf/ xkb d &k m;teD;wGif apwDBuD; wpfql? apwDysufrsm;vnf; d&SMuayonf/
cs;J "mwf( tonf; awmf" mwf) uEé Dcs;J &G mteD;ü wnf d&o S nf/ þ&G muk d JpGíwnf d&o S jz fih cs;J "mwf[ k ac:jcif; jzpfonfq d\ k / þ"mwfawmfu d k a>r? e*g;rsm; apmih favh d&&S m wcsJ;cs;J ES fih toH ay;vsu d&f Savonf/ xk dtoHu d k JpG í csJ;"mwf[k ac:aMumif;jz fihvnf; tqk djyK Muonf/ pE´ok"r®&mZm(aumZm 1014-1036)rif ;\ om;awmfu DEéNrdKUpm; Ouúm Avrif; (aumZm 1035)wnfxm;ukd;uG,fcJhonf/ xkdaemuf 0&"r®&mZm (1047-1054)rif;\ om;awmf uEé Dpm;u xyfrHjyKjyifc hJayao;\/ ¤if;aemuf aumZm 1298 ckESp f waygif;vwGif uEé Dq&mawmfBu;D rSL;í jyefvnfjyKjyif wnf xm;apmih fa&S mufvsuf&Sdonf/ xif&Sm;aom "mwfawmfapwDwpfqljzpfojz fih yGJvrf;obifrsm;uk dvnf; ESpfpOftNrJ usif;yvmcJ hMu\/ uEé Dausmif;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ rsu df½k;awmf"mwfu dk Xmyemwnf d&Sonf/ ysufpD;,k d,iG f;aeojz fih pE´ok"r®&mZmrif;\ om;awmf uEé DNrKd Upm; O*¾gAvu aumZm 1035 ckESpfwGif trwfawmfwpfOD;tm; jyKjyifapcJhonf/ aumZm 1287 ckESpf oDwif;uRwv f qef; 9 &ufaeY uEé Dq&mawmfu xyfrHwnfxm; cJ havonf/ xif& m;aom S "mwfawmfwpfqjl zpfí bk&m;yG Jrsm;uk dvnf; usi;f ycJ hMu avonf/
ydXad wmf" mwf (auovm"mwf) auovmuRef;vuf0g;cwf&Gm taemufawmifzufMuyfpifawmifwef; ta&S UzufawmifpG,w f Gif wnf&Sdonf/ bk&m;\ ausmufuek f;awmfrSjzpfaom "mwfawmfued ;f 0yfwnf d&aS vjcif;jzpfonf/ "mwfawmfu d k csKHE, G yf w d af ygif; ydwq f d Yk aeojzihf rzl;jrif&bJ &Sdae&m 1265 ckESpfwpfBudrf? 1270 ckESpfwpfBudrf? txift&Sm; uGe YfjrL;avojz fih &SmzG,frIjyKc hJMuonf/ "mwfawmfapwDukdum; (1273-ckESihf 1274)ckESpfwkdYü auovmacsmif;0rS aq;q&mOD;jrxGef;u
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
xk dawmifpG,u f k, d mckw, f if;awG U&avonf/ xk d YaMumih f ¤if;uk d ok H;ESpfw dik fw dkif jyKjyifvmcJ h&m rMumcP a&mifjcnfjrL;<uavojz fih wpfuRe;f vk;H om;ES fi h eD;em; &G mom;rsm;uyg yl;aygif;í 1278 ckEpS w f iG f wpfzefrrG ;f rHc hMJ uavonf/ xk daemuf 1278 ckESpfwGif r[m&HwHw dkif;ES fih odrfcsKy dfrk;jcif;uk dyg jyKvkyfc hJMuonf/ 1295 ckESpfwiG f auovmacsmif;0ausmif; q&mawmfOD;Zm*&D,\ trde Yf jzihf Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif;zGJYpnf;NyD; 1297 ckESpfrSpí aqmif&GufvmcJhMu&m JyGvrf;obifusi;f yEk dif&ef "r® m½k HBuD;ESpfcku d k ok;H ESpt f wGif; aqmufvyk dfEkifc hJav onf/ xk daemuf 'kwd,urÇ mppfBu;D twGif;wGif rjyKjyif dEkifb J 13 ESpfw dik fw dik f MumcJ h&onf/ wpfzef 1315 ckESpfrS pí toif;uk d jyefvnf Jz YGpnf;vsu f jyKjyif apmif ha&S mufu d;k uG,af eMuonf/ ESppf Of JyaG wmfu dv k nf; oBuFet f vGew f iG f usif;y vmcJ havonf/ "mwfawmfta&S Uajrmufzufü apwDBuD;wpfqlvnf; wnf d&Sc hJ onf/ auovmuRe;f &Jabmfeef;&m ta&S Uzuf ,ck& mOD G ;bk&m;[k wGifonf/ a&S;a[mif;odrftwGif; udef;0yfwnf d&Sonf/
dpk;rJusaD wmf (zavmif; jyif "mwf ) rif;AmBuD;vufxuf zm&if*sDac: zavmif;ay:wl*Dwyfcs&m zavmif; jyif&Gm taemufzufü wnf&Sdaom "mwfawmfapwDjzpfonf/ rif;zavmif; (1007-1014) \ rd zk&m;pk d;rJusw D nfxm;cJ honf/ dpk;rJusDwnfxm;cJ horQ "mwf awmf apwDrsm;wGif þ"mwfawmfrSm aemufq Hk;wnfjcif;jzpfonf[k od&\/ ¤if;apwDonf NyKd ysucf hJ&m zavmif;jyifaus;&G mrS toif;wpfc Jkz YGpnf;vsu f ¤if; &G mq&mawmfBuD;\ Mo0g'ES fihtnD wpfzefwnfxm;cJ hMuavonf/ ESpfpOfu ho J Y kd yif bk&m;yGJawmfu dv k nf; usif;yvmcJhMuonf/
owåXme (ckEpS Xf me)apwD zavmif;jyif& mrS G awmifzufwiG f wnf d&o S nf/ &ck difrif;rsm;vufxufu wnfxm;cJ haomapwDjzpfonf/ umvMumojz fih zsufq;D jcif;cHc h&J avonf/ ¤if; apwDysuu f dk wl;azmfMu&m XmyemESpfcef;jz fih wnfxm;cJ haMumif; awG U&onf/ xk d YaMumih f jyefvnfjyKjyifvsuf owåXme (ckESpfXme)apwD[lí ac:wGifu dk;uG,f vsu d&f SaeMuonf/ þbk&m;wGif a>rBuD;ywf&Hvsu f rsm;pG mzl;ajrmfaecJ hMuonf/
90
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ESppf Ofb&k m;yG Jawmfu dv k nf; usif;yay;cJ hMuojz fih vlox d if& m;aom S bk&m;vnf; jzpfavonf/ apwDajrmufzufteD;ü rMumcifwnfc haJ om bk&m;BuD;wpfqv l nf; d&Sonf/ zavmif;jyif& mG ta&S Uzuf Muyfpifawmifwef;wpfavQmufüvnf; NydKysuf aeaom trnfrod"mwfawmfrsm;? apwDrsm;uk d awG U&ao;onf/
opfy w k af wmif" mwfa pwD rif;jym;NrKd UrS 6rk difcef YtuG m t&ufcek f;wk difjrpf\ ta&S UzufMuyfpifawmif wef; (opfaygif;pkHaygufa&mufaom) opfykwfawmifxdyfü wnf&Sdonf/ "mwfawmftrnfESi hw f nfc hJaom olu drk awG U&acs/ ol&d,puúrif;xH "mwfawmf dyk Yvmaom AmukvES fi h r[mwdóax&fw d Yk wef Y&yfc hpJ Ofu txdr;f trSw&f ap&ef vnf; wnfxm;cJ hMuonf[k qk dxm;\/ jrif hwad cgifusL; wufa&mufz;l &ef rvG,f aomawmifxdyfwGif wnf&Sdonfjzpfojzihf jyKjyifolr&SdbJ &SnfMumvm&um; ysufpD;rIjzpfcJh&avonf/ xk daemuf &ufcek f;wk difjrpfurf;wpfzufrS aeMuolrsm;u "mwfawmfueG Yjf rL; aMumif; zl;awG U&ojz fih oMupf 1296 ckESpw f iG f tk di0f ef;&G mrS OD;csw d;k u OD;aqmif vsu f opfykwaf wmif&Gmom;rsm;yg topfwpfzefjyKvyk w f nfxm;cJ hMuavonf/ ok d Yaomf jyKvky Hfykraocsmojz fih r&SnfMumcJ hacs/ NzdKzsufjcif;cH&jyefav&mum; tiftm;rjynh fpkrH aI Mumih f tm;avQmhum ,aeYw dik f tysufyuwdyif ylaZmfr dI&S aeMu\/
ig;&H Yr if; "mwf (ptif; awmf ) ptif;&G mteD;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ MuyfpifuRef; tv,fA[kdwGif tvsm; wpfrkdif? teHwpfzmvkHcefYus,fjyefYaom tif;vsm;uefBuD;wpfcxk tpGJjyKí ptif;[kac:wGiaf vonf/ xk dtif;teDawmifp, G f awmifxw G üf þapwDwnf d&S aeavonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf EkpOfb0u aMumifhjzpfNy;D vQif þtif;ü usufpm;cJ h onf/ tcs Uu Kd þtif;ü pm;aomufí t½k d;rsm;uk d ypfcscJhavonf/ xk do Ydk bk&m;avmif; ig;&HUrif;usifvnfc&Jh mXmejzpfaomaMumi9hf aemifwGif rif;z avmif;\rdz&k m; dpk;rJusu D "mwfawmfapwDwnfxm;cJ hojz fih ig;&H Urif;"mwfapwD
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
91
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
[kac:wGirf IjzpfvmcJ h&avonf/ rysufrpD;ap&ef &ck dit f rsK;d om;? csif;trsK;d om; wkdYu bk&m;yGJjzihf ESpfpOfvnf; yGJawmfusif;yjcif;? apmifha&SmufjyKpkjcif;rsm; jyKvyk fvsu f uk d;uG,x f m;cJ hMuojz fih xif& m;vS S ayonf/ xk dwGif a0omvDpjE m; ´ acwf pwlygapwDi,frsm;uk d awG U&onf/
(u) usdef;awmif"mwfawmif bk&m;xD;wif&eftwGuf tbde0r*Fvm EId;aqmfwkdufwGef;pmwrf;
ausmuf fc w k "f mwf( apwD)
trsm;jynfoltaygif;wk d Ytm; EId;aqmfw dkufwGef;tyfygonf/ "mwkok? Xdwmok? Ak' gXd ¨ wm0---usr;f 0pe? rde Yfx H;k t&? "mwfawmfarGawmf rsm; wnf d&SorQ umvywfv H;k bk &m;&Sifw d Y k wnf d&Sawmfrlonfom jzpfygaom aMumih f uR fEkyfw dYkE fSihwuG trsm;jynfolvx l kwpf&yfv H;k wk d YtwGuf txl;ojz fih uHaumif;csufwpf&yfyif[k qk durS m;Ek f dirf nfr[kwyf gay/ xk d"mwfarGawmfw d Yo k nf vnf; jrwf dEk;aumfa&mfylaZmfyorIr d&Saom t&yfXmewk d YrSonf ylaZmfouú m&&Sd aom t&yfXmewk d Yo dYk <uoG m;awmfrlaMumif;uk d xk H;a[mif;om"u tm*r,kw då d&Svmonfjzpfygí rif;qufrsm;pG m wnfxm;jyKpv k mcJ haom usdef;awmf&iS f bk&m; apwDawmfü umv&Snfvsm;ojz fih a[mif;jrif haom xD;awmfu d k topfwpfzef rGrf;rHwif dz Yk&efta&;ES fih uRefawmfw d Yk"mwfawmftoif;aygif; HpkE fSih ppfawGNrKd Ue,f vlxkwpf&yfvkH;wkdY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;um þrnfaom tbde0r*FvmEId;aqmf wk duw f eG f;pmuk d trsm;aomvkyfom;jynfow l d Yktm; uko dkvyf m;&ef G &nfrSe;f vsuf urf;vSrf;a0iSv du k f&onfjzpfygaMumif;/ yk*¾vaoaom ZmedwaAÁ mt& xl;jrwfaom yk*¾dKvfw Yk\ d taMumif;uk d rnfolrqk doo d if h odx du k fonh ftavQmuf? þusdef;awmf&iS f bk&m;\ork dif;uk d vnf; odMuolw d Yek nf;vSrnf r[kwaf y/ ok d YtwGu f trsm;aomvkyfom;jynfol wk d Y\ todOmPfy m; G tMunfñ drk sm;NyD; av;pm;ESpford hfMuygap&ef tvk d Yi mS used f; awmf&Sif bk&m;orkdif;tusOf;csKyfESihfwuG tqufqufjyKpkudk;uG,fMuaom aumif;rI&Siftaygif;wk Ydu dkyg tusOf;csKH;í wifjytpD&ifcHv dkuf&ygonf/
ausmufckwf& ma[mif G ; tv,fbek f;BuD;ausmif; d0kif;twGi;f ü wnf d&Sonf? t&HapwDrsm;pGmjzih f tpOfrjywf ud k;uG,fvmcJMh u\/ JyGawmfrsm;uk dvnf; ESpfpOf ESpfw dik f; usif;yay;vmcJ hojz fih vload usmMf um;vSaom &DrsKdawmf"mwfawmfwpf qljzpfc h&J \/ wnfxm;aomtvSL&Siu f du k m; rod&acs/ þ"mwfawmfonf bk&m; &S i f \ zm;rif ; wZmpf j zpf c J h & m XmewG i f wnf c J h o nf q k d \ / xk d a Mumih f ]]ptif;ausmufckwf? aMumifzm;½kyf}}[lí pyfqkdcsu df&Saeao;\/
ay:awmfr I (bk&m;aygif; ) bk&m; rif;jym;Nrd KUe,fajrmuf dyik ;f uHay;(uHaz)wk duw f iG f wnf d&o S nf/ Muufraus (i&r)&Gm? H'k;acsmif;&Gmwk dy\ tv,fwiG f usa&mufonf/ avmif;Muufacwfukefq H;k NyD;aemuf ajrmufOD;a&TNrKd Uawmfu dk OD;pG m yxr zefqif;wnfaxmifawmfrlaom rif;apmrGefrSpí rif;qufaygif; 35 quf ajrmufwGi f ajrmufOD;a&Teef;odrf;jref; dpk;tkyf rif;vkyfawmfrlaom pE´0dZ,rif; (ouú&mZf 1072)u wnfxm;cJ honf/ rdrEd fiS t h wl ol&aJ umif;rsm;\ vk dtifqE´ jynf h0atmifjrifMuí atmifjrifjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf wnfaobk&m;jzpfí atmifawmfrlb&k m;aygif;bk&m;[k ac:Muonf/ bk&m;a*gyutzG Y JJzYGpnf;vsuf ESpfpOf& dcki d½f ;k &musi Jyf ?G Zmwf JyrG sm;jz fih JyGawmfu dk pnfum;pG m usi;f yvmcJ hMuonf/
(c) &ck di jf ynfr if; jym;Nr KUd used ;f awmf &iS b f &k m;taMumif ; a[majymcsuf usdef;awmfbk&m;a& &ck difjynfrSm xif& m;a& S txdu& bk&m;"mwfwpfql
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
jzpfyga&/ bk&m;&Siv f Qm&if;"mwf DrGawmf\ ude;f 0yf&mvnf; jzpfyga& ,if;"mwf DrGawmfr mS Ak'¨\Asm'dwaf wmf&? ZD0 m"mwk S apwDtjzpf wnfxm;uk d;uG,fvmcpG m jzpfyga&/ ,if;awmifawmfjrwf d½ UrS k m bk&m;&Sif\twdwb f 0EkpOfu tjzpftrsK;d rsK;d eefYusifvnf usufpm;cpG m Xme½kd;jzpfawtwkdif; aemufaemift pOftquf wnfvwfuwfaw "mwf DrGawmf d½ Uuk k d &ck difjynfe,ft&yf&yfr mS t*kxt d xift &Sm; zl;wG D dYEkifyga&/ t*kajymca& Asm'dwf&"mwfawmftygt0ifjzpfaw atZD0 m"mwk S (ac:) vQm&if;"mwfawmfrsm t*krif;jym;NrKd U usdef;awmifr mS wnfxm;a& "mwfpmwDyif jzpfyga&/ bk&m;ork dif; d½k UrS m umvm*D&dawmif? *D&dyAÁwawmifv d Y k tac:wG d&yg d&S d½k;pOfquf& dcki df½ Uk tac:u umu*D&ad wmifv d Y k qk dyga&/ aemufaemifcg usD; awmif? ,if;uwpfcg usdef;awmifv d Yt k rnftrsK;d rsKd;ac:vma&vk dYvnf; &ck dify nm&Si½f kdU rSwfwrf;pma[mif; ed'gef;½kdUrSm tqkdjyKxm;yga&/bk&m;orkdif;vm Asm'dwfcef;ukd zGJYqkdxm;a& &ckdif&SdxkH;&mZm0ifvuFmrSm ]]jrwfoQifvlb? >ruf[rdefrY m?S Asm'dw[ f mum;? umvm*D&dwiG f bdomacgif? xk donfawmifr m?S igtavmif;awmf? pHaysmfr,Gif;? azmfcyif;ESihf usD;rif;wZmpf &Sdujzpfí? wnfvpfrSefp m?G ZD0SmpmwD? ac:nDwGifom;}}vk Ydpyfq dkxm;yga&/ ,if; dykif bk&m;&Sifa& usD;rif;wpfZmpfjzpfawtcg usD;om;tazmfig;&meef Y vSn fv h nfv d Ykvmyga&/ ,if;tcg atusdef;awmifu d k a&mufvwfv d Y k toD;tES H Y jynh f Hpk? ab;&efv HNk cHKa&;twGuf? ,if;awmifr myif S pm;okH;eDx dkif uwfvyD ga&/ vlwum½k dUuvnf; usD;taygif;aysmfpHeDaMumif;uk d jrifuwf&vk dY &Tifvef;0rf; ajrmufvu D yfyga&/ a,Zkeef Y,if; dykif usD;iSufom&um½k Ud aysmfjrL;uwfca&t wGuf d&S& dckif½ Ua& kd umum*D&dawmifv d Yk ac:vmcuwfyga&/ umuo'´ gonf usD;iSuo f mru yJys0H aJ ysmyf g; oG m;vmuwfaw iSut f aygif;uk d a[ma&vk d Yvnf; odMupDcsifyga&/ wpfc U½k sKd d Uuvnf; umum*D&u d dk &ck difbmomeef Y us;D uef;awmifv d Y k ac:vm uwfp muk G d aemuftcg pum;&T Dajymif;NyD;au usdef;awmifjzpfvmyga&vk d Y ,l q uwfyga&/ tcs U½k Kd d Uuvnf; bk&m;oQifa& usD;rif;wpfZmpfeef Ytawmifr mS aysmf usdef;eDca&twGu f usdef;awmifv Yk d ac:vm;&pG m jzpfw,fv Yk d qk dyga&/ ,if; dykif emrnf trsKd;rsKd;eef Y jzpfvm&auavh t*kv d½l Uu k usde;f awmifv d Y&k m ac:vmol
92
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
rsm;yga&/ usdef;awmfbk&m; "mwfawmfu d k &mZ0ift& &ck di df&Srif;tqufqufwnf vmcuwfawvk d Y qk dyga&/ rif;zavmif;"mwfwnfcef;rS m taomurif;? ZrÁL 'dyfuRef;vk;H uk d "mwfawmfpmwDwnfpDa& tcguyif wnfvma&vk d Y qk dyga&/ trSefr mS taomurif ;xHrS a0pk&onf htjzpfu dk taMumif;Mum;vma&twGuf &ck dif"n0wDb&k if ol&d,puúrif;(bDpD 315-271)txd? &S ifAmukv? &Sirf [m wdó d½kUu yihfaqmifykdYqufv&D jcif;yifjzpfyga&/ omoemouú&mZf 222 ckESpf bDp D 307 rS m <ua&mufvmvk d Y ,if;ESpw f ef; cl;vrSm wnfvm;vD&pGm jzpfyga&? ,if;ykdif taomurif; wnfvmcpGmu tp? ol&d,puúrif;? r[mpE´&m;rif; (c&pf-328)? oD&dpE´&m;rif;(c&pf 638) av;NrdKUacwfwGif rif;&ifjzL (c&pf 847)? aumvd,rif; (c&pf 1123)? 'o&mzmrif;c&pf(1139)? rif;xD;(c&pf 1213)? xk daemuf rif;apmrGe f (c&pf 1431)u pE´0dZ,rif; c&pf (1700)xd? &ck difrif;½k Uzk d d ;zD;zpOfquf? qufum wnfca&vk dY od&yga&/ ,if;u qif;oufv d Y k tpOfrjywf? uk d;uG,fvmNy;D au (c&pf 1868)ckESpf rS m rif;jym;NrKd Uukd t*Fvyd df½ Uu k NrdKUtjzpfwnfcsvma&tcg e,f dykifNrKd d Uyki df½ Uvnf k ; jyKpkcuwfyga&/ awmifxyd u f awmifatmufta&muf wufvrf;teuf vS Dum; &Snw f pfcq k dkygau ay(930)[dyga&/ txpfaygif; (650)xpfyg&S da&/ vkyfcwef bkd;rS m wpfaomif;ESpfaxmif ukefusa&vk Yd a'gufwmzkdcsr m® (Forchammer. E. Arakan 1891)u rSwfwrf;rSm azmfjyxm;yga&/ aemufu dk rif;jym;NrdK d Uykif omyef;vufxuf bk&m;toif;wpfc Jkz YGv dYk c&pf (1908)rS m pmwDu d k xD;wif? txufatmufa&TcsNyD;um rGrf;rHvaD &vk d Y? xd;awmf wifz YGJrSm rSwfwrf;pyfq dkxm;yga&/ ,if;aemufNrdKU dykifrif; OD;vSxeG f;OD; (c&pf 1910)tjyif? NrdKUvlBuD;rsm;? wkdufe,fvlrsm;wkdYu apmif;wef;tkwfavSum; vrf;rsm;ukyd g jyKjyifvmuwfawtwGuf? rysufrpD;bJ t*kx d xif& m;pG S m wnf vm&yga&/ t*kq dkau apwDawmfr mS tjrif h (48)ay? 3 vufr? ywfvnf (80)ay 4 vufr? xD;u (10)ay 10 vufr[dedyga&/ usdef;awmifb&k m;uk d 414 ayjr fiha&? usdef;awmifxdyfzsm;rS m wnf d&Sa& twGuf wif hw,fyPÖ m&vSyga&? zl;jrif&olt dzk Yvnf; uko dv k x f ;l yga&? awmifr mS vnf; (3)rkdix f d &Snfvsm;oG,w f ef;Ny;D auobm0awmNrKd io f pfyifyef;rmvf d½ Uk
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
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KYINN-TAUNG PAGADA OF MINBYA One of the holiest sites in the whole of Rakhine State, Kyinntoung Pagoda is the one in which root of the tongue relic of Lord Buddha has been enshrined. The Pagoda has been built and worshipped according to fthe preordainment of the Blessed One during His sojourn in Dynayawady Rakhineland. Tradition hs it that the hill range on which the relic has beem enshrined in a pagoda is a sacred place where the Great Teacher in one of His former existences had lived. In historical annals, the hill range was known as ''Karlargiri" or ''Giripabhata" Traditional Rakhine name for the range is ''Karkagiri" Arterwards, it is changed into'Kyiitaung" or "Kyinn-Taung" Here is an extract of a Rakhine-traditional verse on its religious history describing the preordainment of the Lord during His stop over at Silagiri Hill. ''...The Blessed One, Great Teacher of Men Preordained oncef that Karlargiri, The sacred Hill, where lived The Master as King of Parrots Together with fellow birds. The said site be the location Whereupon the tongue root relic Of the Lord be enshrined In the Pagoda, Zihwar Ceti" During one of the Lord's fromer existences King of Parrots, he flew towards the present hill range together wiht five hendred fellow parrots. Being a place where security was assured and there were abundant of fruits and foods the flock of birds settled along the range. The people living around the area were also enjoyed to see them dwelling together harmoniously. So did the hill range become known as Karkargiri hill, meaning the hill where the holy parrots had lived. "Karka", in Pali, means not only parrots but birds of different feathers. Some believe that"Karkargin" which is translated into RaKhine as "Kyeekann-taung" (the hill where holy crows had lived) has changed into "Kyin-taung". Others ponder that as the holy King of Parrots had dwelled and slept there its name naturatly has been known
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as kyinn-taung. "Kyinn", in native language, means "to sleep". The present name of the range is "Kyinn-taung" According to our historical annals, many ancient Rakhine kings have renovated and restored the famous pagoda time and again. In the treatise on ''King Mong Phalaung's Religious Deeds Concerning Holy Relics of Lord Buddha" the "Kyinn-taung Pagoda" is one of the meritorious deeds of King Asoka of Pataliputta in India. As a matter of fact, King Asoka shared the sacred relics to King Suriya Sakka (315271 B.C) of Rakhine Dynyawady kimgdom sending a formal message. The relics were brought to Rakhing land by Bhikkhu Vakula and Bhikkhu Maha Tissa personally. In the Year 307 B.C. (Buddhist sasana era 222), The reverend Bhikkhus arrived at Dynyawady and the relics were duly enshrined including tongue root relics of the Great Teacher. Since its inception, Rakhine kings such as Suriya Sakka, Maha Taing Candra (A.D 328), Thiri Candra (A.D. 638), King Mong Runpru (A.D. 847), King Kawliya(A.D. 1123), King Dasaraja(A.D. 1139) and King Mong Htee had renovated and reconstructed the sacred edifice now again. King Saw Mwan(A.D 1431)and King Sanda Wizaya (A.D. 1710) of Mrauk-U period had also a hand in its upkeep. When Minbya town was founded in 1868, the township authorities restored and repaired the pagoda on many occasions. A brick flight of stairs 930 feet in length leading to the pagoda platform which has 650 stairs was added to it. It had cost ten thousand kyats, recorded in Dr. Forchammer's book entitle "Arakan, 1891." During his tenure as Township Administrative Officer, U Tha Pan set up a pagoda trustee board in 1908 gilded the edifice f rom top to bottom and a new "hti" (umbrella) was hoisted. It was mentioned in a poem for memorial of the event. In 1910, Township Adminsitrative Officer U Hla Tun Oo in collaboration with town elders and local populace built the covered stairway, a flight of stairs made of brick and roads to and around the religiouns monument. They all are still in use. The presetn measurements of the Pagoda is forty-eight feet and three inches in height, eighty feet and four inches in circumference at the basement and the height of the " hti"(umbrella), ten feet and ten inches. Being situated on a hillock four hundred and fourteen feet high, the Kyinn-taung Pagoda is definitely befitting to be observed. For those who happen to obsesrve it may gain merit. The hill range running for about three miles covered with natural forests and dotted
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with flowering trees appeal many a sight-seer. Villages all round the area go well with the pagoda and the fantastic range. Natural beauty surrounding the sacred pagoda is something like a painting of a great artist. Birds of various kinds and colours flying to and fro and resting here and there in groups or pairs, singing their lovely songs match the scenic beauty of the sacred place. To observe to the east from the hill top in clear weather, one may be over whelmed with admiration at the creation of Injananadi (Lemro River) and Minbya town situated on the left bank of it. Minbya locates about 30 miles to t he north-east of Sittwe as the crow-flies. Sprawling at the easterm foothill of the Kyinn-taung range, the town should be befittingly christened Kyinn-myo. Since ancient times places such as village-tract, administive area and the town inself had been named after the exotic mountain range. Kyimm-taung Pagoda has been the famous religious edifice since it has been built and worshipped long, long ago. The religious festival, Buddha Pujaniya, has been held at the site annually in memory of the Great Teacher. Especially on Warkywat (End of Buddhist Lent) and Thong-kran (New Year) celebrations, the local populace, in groups, can be seen coming in processing to worship the sacred zedi dancing and beating traditional Rakhine drums in tune with the religious occasions. One noted Rakhine author penned the following piece of verse on such occasion: ''...As many a man observe the shrine, Definitely be overwhelmed with with religious f ervour, All applaud on such religious occasions, Compounded with beating of drums. Echoed reaching far and wide So is held the festival annually At the sacred site of pagoda Kyinn-taw-shin" At present, the religious monument is illuminated with electric lights at night so that it looks more marvellous. The history of the pagoda has been recorded in a book written by Bikkhu U Kitti, a native of Minbya, who was a Buddhist missionary in India. The book was published in 1947 (1309 Rakhine Era). In that book, it is mentioned that the sacred relics of the Blessed One were conveyed to Rakhine King from King Asoka of India. A large number of ancient religious monuments throughout the length and breadth of Rakhineland in different ages prove that the Buddhistic culture has taken root in
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Rakhine State since long, long ago and without interruption. We, Rakhies, shoud, individually and in gruoups, preserve and develop every aspect of our culture handed down by our ancestors with our utmost efforts.
(Written by Ashun Sakkinda and translated by U Ah Lonn Maung)
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(ausmif;q&m? ,l dEkufwuf"mwfykHqkid f) / ('kBuD;Muyfa&;rSL;? dpkuf^bPf) / (BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;? pkdufysKd;a&;bPf ) / (NrdKUe,fOya't&m&Sd) / (usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;a*gyu) / (NrdKUe,fr efae*sm? pkdufysKd; a&;bPf) / ('kOD;pD;rSL;? jyef^quf) / (NrdKUe,fq&m0ef) / (&yfrd&yfz) / (ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;? tvu 2) / (&0w pma&;) / (usef;rma&;rSL;) / (&yfrd^&yfz) / (pm&if;ppfrSL;) / (pm&if;ppfrSL;) / (owif ;pmuk, d pf m;vS ,f) wG JbuftwGif;a&;rSL; (NrdKUe,fw&m;olBuD;) twGif;a&;rSL;
ork di;f jyKpka&;vkyif ef; qyfa umfr wD (1) OD;aZmfrif; (2) OD;OD;bodef; (3) OD; armifa usmf0 if; (4) OD; armifo ed ;f xG ef; (5) OD; pH ñGe Yf (6) ODausmfarmif (7) OD;armifodef;ZH (8) OD;bapm (9) OD;oef;jrifh (10) OD;armifa&Tausmf (11) OD;armifjratmif
(NrdKUe,fw&m;olBuD;) OuúX (ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;? tvu 2) 'kOuúX (trIa qmift &m&Sd? pnfyif) twGif;a&;rSL; (owif ;pmuk, d fpm;vS, )f wGJ-twGif;a&;rSLK; 1) (pkduf^bPf) wG J-twGif;a&;rSl; 2) ('kN rdK Ue,f Oya't&m&Sd) tzGJ0Y if (&0wpma&;) / (pkduf^bPf) / (ukefoG,fv,f,m) / (em&Dq&m) / (pufq&m0 /
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0 (12) OD;jrpdef (13) OD;apmaomif; (14) OD;bwif (15) OD;oef;xGef;
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
(em&Dq&m) (usef;rma&;rSL;) (a&cJpufykdif&Sif) ("mwfykH)
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
/ / / /
b@ma&;qyfa umfr wD (1) OD;pdefomatmif (2) OD ;atmif a usmf0 if; (3) OD;ausmfrif; (4) OD;teDarmif (5) OD;a&TjrxGef; (6) OD;armifomjr (7) OD;cifarmif (8) OD;armifpdefat; (9) OD;armifarmifxGef; (10) OD;oef;jrifh
(a*gyu) (trI a qmift &m&S?d pnfyif) ('kNrdKUe,f Oya't&m&Sd) (a*gyu) (v0u) (pkduf^bPf) (&JwyfzGJY) (a*gyu) (a&cJykZGef'kdif) (ukefoG,frefae*sm)
Ouú| 'k Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; tzGJY0if / / / / / /
pm&if; ppfa umfr wD (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
OD;ausmf&Sdef NrdKYe,fpm&if;½kH; a':cifo ef ;Munf OD; atmifo mjr OD; armifo mjr OD; wifa rmif vG if
usrf ;uk d;pm&if ; - &ckdijf ynf A sm 'dw f 0if" mwf a wmf bk& m;orkid ;f (trsK;d om; OD;pHa&Tb )k puúLrl? ayrl/ - 0ifo H;k q,fusrf; 0if 60 usrf;(ayrl )
98
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
- r[mrkedb&k m;orkdif;vuFma[mif; - NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHq dk&wk? (aumZm 1200 cef )(ayrl Y ) - r[mjrwfrek dbk&m;BuD;orkdif;ESi hf OD;&mZfawmfbk&m;BuD;orkd if;vuF m? (wef dck;q&mxGef;) 1293 ckESpf? r[m0dZ myk Æ dHESyfw dkuf? &efukefNrdKU/ - ajrmufOD;NrdKUbk&m;ork dif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dw )f 1940 ckESpf jynfawmfom pmyk H dESyfw dkuf &efukef - OD;&mZfawmfbk&m;BuD;ork dif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dw )f 1948 ckESpf? &ck difjynfe,f pmyk dHESyfwku d f? ppfawGNrdKU/ - OD;&mZfoQifcspf "mwfawmforkdif; (OD;armifabmf)vrf;rSepf mykHESdyfwkd uf? ppfawGNrdKU? 1323 ckESpf/ - qHawmf&SifapwDawmfo drkif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dw )f - ig;pif d½kif;acsmif;uRef;orkdif;ESihf ax&marmfuGef; (toQifpuúdE´) 1973 ckESpf &efukef? 1982 ckESpf &efukef/ - jynfwGif;rukd#f"mwfOD;&mZforkdif;(toQifpuúdE´) 1993 ckESpf od d'¨NrdKify dkHESyfwkduf? &efukeNf rdKU/ - &ck difr[mrk edbk&m;ork dif;/ (xGef;a&Tckdif ? r[m0dZÆm) 1991 ckESpf &efukefNrdKU/ - vuf0o J vkH;awmf"mwfo drkif;ESihf ppfawGNrdKUtaMumif; (toQifpuúdE´) 1994 ckESpf atmif0if;odef;yk dHESyfw dkuf? &efukefNrdKU/ - usdef;bk&m;ork dif;? (OD;udwå?d Ncdwfawmfrif;jym;NrdKU 1309 ck orpmyk dHESyf wku d ?f &efukefNrKd Y/ - r[mrked&mZ0iftusOf; (a&TapwDq&mawmf? ppfawGNrdKU) - a&TqHawmfapwDo drkif; (t&Sifaumov’) 1988 ck &efuek f/ - Ak'¨a*gwrES fih pE´ol&d,bk&if (OD;vSxGef;jzL) - at'Dwpfaxmif rwk difrDu &ckdifjynf\ Ak'¨bmom (OD;pHomatmif ) &ckdifjynfe,fpmapmiftwGJ(9) - &ck difjynfe,f Ak'¨omoem (a*g,majrapm0if;) 1994 ck &efuk ef/ - "mwkeD'ge'Dyuusrf;(ref;eD vmq&mawmf) 1303 ckESpf &efukef/ - &ck difE fSihq dkif&m r*¾Zif;rsm;? pmapmifrsm;? *sme,f rsm;/ - OD;puú dE´? rif;odef;xGef;? rif;odef;ZHw d Yk\ rSwfpkrsm;/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
- usdef;awmf"mwfawmfb&k m;&Sif\ a*gyutzG J Y rSww f rf;rSwf&m 1991 ck/ - a*gy utoif; tzG JY0if vlBuD;a[mif;rsm;ES fih NrdKUay:rS awG d U&Sar;jref;&&Sd csufrsm;(1996 ckESpf)/ - San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan - Forchammer, E, Arakan (1891) - Smart R.B, Akyab District Gagetteer Vol. A)
- &ckdifrif;\ orD;awmf{csif;(trwfBuD;twkrif;ñkd) - "n0wDta&;awmf Hykusrf; (u0dom&q&mawmf? oHw )GJ - &ckid fr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; (OD;omxGef;atmif) 1288 ckESpf &ckdifjynfowif;pmyk H dESyfw dkufBu FD;? ppfawGNrdKU - "n0wD&mZ0ifopfusrf; (OD;y@dwvuF m&? yJcl;rif;ausmif;) 1910 ckESpf/ - &ckdif&mZ0ifopf(y)('k) OD;pE´rmvmvuFm&q&mawmf 1293 ckESpf [Hom0wD yd#uwf Hy dkESyfwku d ?f rEÅ av;NrdKU/ - "n0wD&mZ0ifopfusrf; y-'k(OD;OmP? txufawmifausmif;) [Hom0wD Hy dkESyfw dkuf? &efukef/ - &ckdif&mZ0if (OD;atmifomOD;) jr&wemykHESdyfw dkuf? &efukef/ - &ckdifa&S;a[mif;Nrd KUawmfrsm; (xGef;a&T dckifppfawGaumvdy )f 1985 ckESpf od d'¨NrdKi f pmyk HESdyfw du k f? &efuek fNrdKU/ - &ckdifrif;quf (vufa&;rl )t&Sifpuúd E )/´ - &ckdifjynfe,fjzpfpOf(&ckdifjynfe,fjynfolYaumifpD)rdwåL/ - rif;jym;Nrd KUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf; (1968 ck ESpf evu)(rdwåL) - rif ;jym;NrKd Ue,fo drkif;rSwfwrf; (1980 ckESpf evu)ygwD? aumifpD? (rdwåL) NrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpD/ rif;jym;NrdKU/ - a&Tusdef;awmifbk&m;? rif;jym;NrdKU/ orkid f;rdwfquf rif;odPf;xGPf;ESih f (3)OD; (rdwåL)1988 ckESpf/ - rif;&mZmBuD;pmwrf;? (trsKd;om;pmMunhfwkduf)/ - &mZyk Husrf; ( / ) - &mZ0ifvuFmrsm;/ (0g;ausmif;irnf; OD;pHwif? a&S;xk H;ivuf H½k;)/
99
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0 -
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
&ckdifw dkif; yx0DtusOf; (OD;pdefa&Tatmif) &u©y&l Ak'¨omoema&mifjcnf(pmapmif)&efuke/f &u©y&l Ak'o ¨ moemtvif;a&mif(pmapmif)&efukef/ &ck dif,Ofaus;rIrsm; (1? 2? 3? 4)(OD ;puú dE )/´ a&Tu sde;f awmif (q&mOD;atmifrif;)/
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
OD;puú ;puú dE´E´ \ tw¬ KyÜwå w då t&SifpuúdE´onf &ckdifvlrsKd; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfygonf/ 1936 ckESESpfpfwG wifiG f tb tb OD;xG ;xGe;atmif ;f atmif&S&S?D trd a':cs a':csif;r,fw d YkrSrS arG arG;zG m;oefYpif pifcJc hJygonf ygonf/ 1955 ckESpfpfrSrSpí pmaye,fxJ xJo Yk d 0ifa&mufcJcJhygonf ygonf/ t&Sififpuú puú dE´E´trnf trnftjyif OD;ygu#toQ ;ygu#toQiBf uD;?;? ewfjrpfpef pef;atmif ;atmif ewfjrpf armifaus ausm D&S&f S? trnf JcGcGrs rsm;jz fihvnf vnf; &ck difi df½k½k;&m ;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;uk d a&;om;avh a&;om;avh d&S&Syg yg onf/ t&Sifpuú dE´a&;om;jyK &;om;j yKpkcJhaom pmtk yfyfpmwrf;rsm;rS ;rsm;rSm 1/ &ckdifobm0aw;uAsmrsm; (1 961) 2/ &ckdifvufa&G;pifykHjyifrsm; (1 966) 3/ &ckdifykHjyifqef;rsm; (1 967) 4/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;(1) (1 969) 5/ ip ipifif ½kifid ;acsmi ;f acsmiff ;orkdifif;ESihf ax&marmfuG uGe;f (1 975) 6/ &ckdifjynfwcGifykHjyifrsm; (1 990) 7/ jynfwGif;rukd#f"mwfOD;&mZforkdif; (1 993) 8/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;(2) (1 993) 9/ &ckdififykHao0w¬ ao0w¬Krsm; yxrwGJ (1 994) 10/ &ckdi,Of , f Ofaus;r us;rIIrsm; m; trSwf(3) (1 994) 11// vu0J0f Jovk 11 ovkH;awmf"mwf "mwfo drkifESihihf ppfawGNrdKUtaMumif; (1 994) 1 2/ &c &ckdifbmompum;vrf;ñTef (1 994) 1 3/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;trSwf(4) (1995) ESihf 14/ ,ckrif;jym;wpf ym;wpfcGifusdefef;awmf ;awmf&Sifw dYjk zpfNyD; tjcm;pmtk m;pmt kyfrsm; vnf;xkwfa0&ef pDpOf pOfxm;&S dNyD;jzpfygonf / ,cktcg tcg t&Sififpuú puú dE´E´onf onf touf touf(60)ES (60)ESpfp df&S&SNyDjzpf&m &ck dififjynfe,f armif awmNrdKUe,fü NrdKUOD;aus ;ausmif;uk ;uk d xlaxmif axmifí omoemhwm0ef wm0efrs rsm;uk d aqmif aqmif&G&uf u G ae af e qJjzpfygonf/
2
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
OD;;0go0 0go0 \ tw¬ Kywå d toQif 0go0onf 0go0onf &ck &ck dififvl vlrsK;&[ef ;d &[ef;awmf ;awmfwpf wpfyg;j yg;jzpfygonf ygonf/ 1292 ckESEpfpS f wGifif ewfjrpfurf;ajcNcHaus ausmif;aus;&GmwGif tzv,form;B orm;BuD; OD;armifvS v dSckckif? trda':tk a':tk H;M;MumZHwk w d YkrSrS rD rD;½I ;½I;oef ;oef Ypif pifzGz m;j G rifygonf ygonf/ i,frnfrSrSm armifEkEk[k [ac:wG ak c:wGif ygonf/ 1962 ckESESpfprSrf Spí pí pmaye,fxJ xok o J d Yk 0ifvmcJ vmcJ honf onf/ ewfjrpf-OD -OD;0go0? ;0go0? ewfjrpf rmvm? ewfjrpfarmif armif0PÖ trnfrsm;jz fih pmayrsm;a&;om;vmcJ ;a&;om;vm cJ hygonf/ t&SifpuúdE´ESihfyl;wGJí (1)ig;pif d½k if;acsmif; orkdif; (2) ax&marm ax&marmffuGef; (3)jynfwG wGifif;ruk ;ruk d#f "mwfOD;&pfo drkifif; (4) &ck dififa0g[m& a0g[m& tbd"mef "mef (5)Oyrmpk H &ck dififpum;yk pum;yk H paom pmtkyfyfrsm;uk d yg0ifa&;om;cJ a&;om;cJ hNy;D rif;j;jym;wpfcGcifiG f us usefed ;awmf ;f awmf &Sifif pmtkyfyfuk uk d a&;om;jyKpkcJc hJonf onf/ omoemhwm0ef aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSmrdrdrwk w d d Y\ k r[m'G g&*k dPf P;qk ;f qk difif&m &m tEk&u© &u© dwtj wtjzpfjz fihvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? &ck difijf ynf e,f? ppfawG awGNrKd Ue,f? r[m'G g&(oD;j;jcm;)*k dPf P;qk ;f qk difi&m &f m NrdKUe,foH oCem,utzG C H em,utzG J Y OuúX tjzpfvnf vnf;aumif;?;? 1980 ckESESpfpfrSrSpí pí (1996ckESESpfp ),ck f xd omoemhwm0efuk u dk xrf;aqmif ;aqmifvs vsuf&S&SdaeqJ aeqJ jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg tcg toQif0go0onf 0go0onf &ck &ck dififjynfe,f? ppfawGNrKd Ue,f? &G mBuD;aj ;ajrmuf? aeylcH&yfuGuf? od'¨dum½kHausmif;wGif oDwif;okH;vsuf omoemhwm0efukd xrf;aqmifvQ vQuf &SdaeqJ aeqJyif yifjzpfygonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
rmwdumpOf umpOf 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/ 19// 19 20/ 20/ 21/ 22/
*kPfjyK0rf;ajrmufvTm tzGifuAs u h Asm&wk NrdKUolBuD;atmif ;atmifaus ausmfZHZH trSmpm ed'gef;oG,fcsif vQm&if;awmf"mwfapwDbk&m;&Sdckd; ZD0S0 gawmf S jrwf"mwk "mwkylylZm Zm (&pe*gxm) tOöeajr usefed f;awmfom om umvay:omjcif; umum&&d&D d (a&Tus usdefef;awmif ;awmif ) usdef;uRef;wkdifif;\ ;\ rif;j;jym;NrdKU qif;oufpOfvmomoem/ usdef;awmf ;awmf&Sif yGJjyifqif qifEGJ ylaZmf aZmfyGJ rysufpOf pOfquf quf jyKjyifvsuf/ OD;xyfyd fvufwif wif usdefef;awmf&S&SAif usdefef;awmif ;awmifwef wef;\ ;\ ta&S Utaemuf0J0,mwpf , J mwpfavQmuf d&S& xif S xif &S& m; S aoma&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm;/ NrdKUe,fwcGifif zl;ajrmfOD;ñT ;ñTwf wf tbder0r*FvmEId;aqmfpmwrf; &ckkdifjynfrif;jym; &c y m;Nrd rKd U usdef;aw ; awmf&Sif i bk b f k&m;taMumif;a[m ;a[m ajymcsuf/ usdef;awm ; awmff&Sif ibk b f &k m; m;or orkkdif i;tus ;f tusOf O;f csKyf K yf t*Fvdyfbmomjyef/ usdef;wk ;wkdif;ta&muf&S&SmykHawmf awmfikdcsif;&Snf
3
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
ed*kH; (u) (c ) (* ) (C) (i)) (i (p)) (p (ps)s) (p
bk&m;ork m;orkdi;jzpf ;f jzpfajrmuf jrmufa&; y"me y"meem,uq em,uq&mawm &mawmffBuD;rsm;/ ;rsm;/ bk&m;ork &m;orkdifif;j;jyKpkxkwfa0a&; a0a&; aumfrwD rwDem,utzG YJ / usdef;awmf ;awmf&S&Sif bk&m;ork &m;orkdifif; jyKpkxk xkwfa0a&;aumfrwD rwD/ orkdif;jyKpkvk vkyfief;qyfaumfrwD rwD/ b@ma&;qyfaumfrwD/ pm&if;pp ; ppfaum a umfrwD/ usrf r;uk ;f ukd;pm& ; pm&if if;/ ;/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tzGi h&f wkuAsm yknvSLaqmif? r,fE fSiharmifonf? tk datmifom? qHw>rmr,Gif;cG? om;vS onf;csm? xk dESpfjzmuk d? wifum&ifE fSih rí? csDw Hjk im; ,k,um? Muif&mESpfyg;? cspo f em;onf? a&S UuoHo&mwnf;? csufjr§Ky&f mrdE fSihb? Xme[kawG? usdef;NrKd Uajr uk d? ½I acsjrifcsiv f í S ? csDo m;M G uBupH nfcg? &xm;qifjrif;? ,mOfcyif;uk d? pD ;eif; aqmif,yl gí? armifMuif&moufv H;k rQ? ajcmufjypfvw G pf if? ewftoGio f d Y?k ig;tif nDñw G v f o S m;? tmuewfraemf? okZmodMum;? yrmvm;ok d Y? Ekx m;qif G ;½ky0f gwnf;? r,fESpfjzm i,farsmufom;? vufzsm;ukdif,l? csD<uxlí? twleHyg;xm;vsuf? orD;om;yG m;rsm;pG m? 0ef;umNcH&H? azmifavSysHE fSih vQifjrefpD;wufygí? wl&d,m pnfacgif;ñ§i;f ? omjcif;uAsm? armif;wky gES Ü fi h c&mAk Hvif;uGi;f uk d? nHruif;wD;rIwf um? e'Drnf&? upäyuk d? qef<ucwfo m;ygu? G vuf0rJ mS qwf d½;k us? rif;uefyv k ?D uRe;f iNyu D d?k aemufqyD ,fveG fxm;í? okH;vl YbjrwfarGawmf? OD;&mZfawmf"mwf? apwDjrwfukd? w&yfa&S;0,farQmfu? rsm;ylaZmf½kdñGwfc? jzm;vnf;wufaxG? avoif hayí? cwfavwk HNy;D rSvQif? &yfa'ojym;uRef;om? vufyefjym;armf? [if;c a&mf[k? [pfaMumfaomif;aomif;jzmí? armifc&mAkHvif;uGif;? omjcif;{oH? wD;rIwfjyefonf? a&TusHavS0if;0if;ES fih? avSwufjcif;qk dMucg? 0rf;omaysmfyg;? a>c&Hrsm;ESih f aomufpm;wufo m;ygu? G vuf0rJ muk S vm;ykef;? uRef;vk;H ywfveG f &G mqifNcu H d?k usL;vGeyf ,fc hq J H;k rS? wtk H;tk H; cwfMuum? oli,fawmfuRe;f ? uRNJ cu H rf; uk d? ajzmifwef;cwfo m;ygvs G u?f rif;uefom0ifavajrmuf? pd rf;jrñk da&mif? icl awmifu d?k r,f harmifaeYcsif;a&mufu? yef;aygufayguf Jpu G dik u f m? Muif,majrmuf om;? i,fr,m;ES fih? csD<uwufo m;ygu? G jrwf &Sifawmf icl"mwf? rsm;rsm;ruG m? pmwk dio f mwGif? yg;awmfapwDjrwfu d?k ylaZmfñw T fw HNk y;D cg? aovmwpfavQmuf? jzm;qDa&mufaomf? 0rf;ajrmuf&TifjrL;umESih f a&xJome'Djrpf? ul ;vk dufcwfum? a&S;jyKy m0,f Ü ? uRef;rS mXmejzpfom;? [kwfpifppf,*k ef Yacsmif;? usdef;awmifñ dkñ d?k &Te;f dpk dpo k nf? drk Y dr Yx k #G jf r fihacgifü? ok H;vlabmif dEiI f;wkvw G ?f "r®ocif? usdef;awmf&iS f onf? &SifyifapwDjrwfu d?k arQmfjrifvufwkaH omcg? o'¨ gydw?D *Grf;qDxdo d Y?k a0;bd jrifMurS mu? wk d YESpfjzm armifESr? [wåq,fjzm? y'k HrmMumuk d?acgif;xufr mS wif
4
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xm;MuvQu?f OD ; dESrfc d s½ñ k Twu f m? uRefomavSxuf? jrpfwbufu? ESpo f uf d&Syl aZmfí? wD;rIwu f m a>c&Haygif;? a'oXmae? Muufoa&[k? &G majrxk donh f acsmif; uk d? waomif;aomif;[pfaMumfjim? vQifp mcwf G ajrmuf? tdrfu dak &mufu? acsmuf acsmufuRef;vk H;ausmf\/ &Ti0f rf;om&Siv f rl sm;? aqG0g;wum? armif hxrH mü? S rsm;pG m a&mufvmMuí? oGe;f avmif;csbm0em? arwå majzmif hrwf? d½kcñTwv f su?f wkyf0yf d&S dck;vSmí? dzk;o@mqufoGif;Mu? 'De'DeH? arhruseaf tmif? rnHhatmif JyGjyvsu?f jynh f Hpkxig;tifn?D 0wDrnfrSef;? usdef;NrdKUuRe;f 0,f? rD;yef;rsm;pk Hpduk?d Munh fw HkNy;D armifESr? aeMuygonf? usdef;ome*&av/ e*&yk&H? awmif,k*efonf? aemufrSefom? xk d&yf& mus G ed f;a'o? pdrf;jrñkd a&mif? usdef;jrif hawmifonf? jrihfacgif yAÁwu? Munf hacsMuwk Haomcg? MoZme&G J? yify JdEEé fSih? csKdat;o&ufomwnf;? rmvumi½kyfaumif;? carmif;axmufMum? awmAvmonf? rmvmopfriS f awmifE fiS ?h uaomif;0g;? Mucwfom? rñ§i;f rSiu f ?l oD;yGifh[lonf? xefrlydwfwumwnf;? ejE´myifarQmufvkyf? opfykwfEG,fcsKd? Zmwd drÁKvf[?k a&S mufcsKcd sO'f jyKwfE fSih? opfcvkyfvufyHom;? wrm&ifcwf? opfu 0ufonf? o'Gw?f orÇ&mwnf;? rusn;f om? tk H;avnif;? 'l;&if;oajy? yifanmif a&ES fi?h rsm;awGopftñ§i;f wnf;? opfyifcsif;? pnfum;um? opfuepk d;? opfuwk d; [k? &J d½;k yawmufr mvnf S ;? yGi ht f H;k tmqef;rjym;? oQpf& m;N S yKd ipf if? NydKi;f uef;usi[ f ?k yifv,fozef;rsm;ESihf? yifaqmif;&G moD;csKdcsOf? anmifcsKdifaAm"d d? csKdvStDonf? "eD;&nft H;k yDom;? oD;tck dit f vGev f ?S OD;&pfveG yf if? iSuaf ysmyif[?k ac:wGiOf ;D &Sn hf pom;? csKdat;jroD;wum? oD;uyGm;yk H? yifrsKd;pkHonf? &*kHyAÁwü? ½I Yacsaomf pm;bG,w f nf h? yGi ho f nf hwum;? yifw d Yrk mvnf S ; csdeu f mtukef ñk dñ do k ;D yGi h?f ZD;tjzm jzm? &moDOwk? csed fukv d í k ? arQmf½IriH hygwnf;? ok H;vl Ycsmjrwfbk&m;? ud k,pf m;"mwf vQi?f usde;f awmf&iS o f nf? &Sifyifwef dc;k tm;aMumif h? oD;yG fijh im;? yifwum? olawmf taygif;? aebG,faumif;onf? csrf;aqmif;&dyfqm,mES fih? rsKd;av;jzm&Sifvlrsm;? a&mufjim;aysm&f Tif? uk d,f&h yfcGifo dYk? jyef&Sifyifr d&Sjim;wnf;? vGefqef;jym;rsm;&Sif vl? a&rlaomufcsKd;? {jr dEk;onf? aoG; d½k UEk d YE fSihw\ l /? dESi;f dckif,*k E¨AÁ? pdwå&auvm? ukoEd g[k é ? yrmr,Gi;f rlwnf;? &Ti&f Tiv f ef;vlwum? yef;eHomvdr;f usjH im;? 0wfpm; wefqm? BuKd uo f nf hi muk S d? a&S;uqif0wfpm;í? vifr,m; armif HE HpS ?k om;ES fio h rD;? csprf nD;uk d? ayGUNyD;cs&D Guw f Hkvsu?f rsm;Akdv Hyf kwaomaom? avS JyGusif&if? ,ifjrL; qifonf? obifvufzGD;rsm;uk d? ½I UMunh fjim;wk Haomcg? aygufaygufyef;rmvf?
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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xD;wHcGefE fSih? ausmif ;uefo m;M G uygvQuf? vlrsm;zsif a&upm;? aomif;uRef; ZrÁLjr&dyif l0,f? xd e Yfqal usm HEf YSMum;\/ drk ;<u,fy m;&wem? G vkd &morQ csifw dkif;& onf? rmC0wðomok d Y? jynh Hfppk mG vGefqef;jym;? ajrmufyif&yfr m?S ya'omwGif qGwfum,lí pm;ok Yd? &Tifaysmfyg;? usdef;NrdKUajr? bkr®d eufoef? ajrrsKd;rSefonf? *grHMuufoa&ES fi h rsKd;MuifaqG r,ftvS? ESrESpjf zm? qif;uvQmESi h?f vSLumay;pGe Yf iSvQuf? aemufyknaemifoHom? qHrTmrjym; wlESpfyg;onf? jzpfjim;&vk dyg[k? orÁK' gpd ¨ aEÅ,s? vlb&Spf&iS f? usdef;awmf&Sifonf? "mwfvQifa&S Ukr'k f0ü? OD;ESrd fcsyef; yGi hfwif? Munfvif&Tifvef;? a&TouFe;f uk d? &H0ef;uyfvLS ygvQu?f aeYw dik f;yif &ufr jywf? 'geukokv d f? r*f dzkvfvkí d ? Munfñ dktvSL0wfu dk? ay;apmih frSwfarmifE HSHpk? &yfb Hek *&? usdef;a'o0,f? okcvGefyGm;yk HE fSih? aysmf&iT fw HkarmifESr? aeMuygonf? &yf&GmwkdYXmaeav/ XmaeMuufoa&? usdef;NrKd Uajronf? tH hb, G o f m? nmwdumrdE fiS hb? tvS ewfoiG f? &moufMuifonf? ,if;wGif zG m;jrifMu\/ xk da'oawmifu dak y? uRe Yfr mS oufxm;? i,farsmufom;S fih? vnfvm;Munhyf gacsu? tH hMobG,v f Gefqef;jym;? oD;um;yGm;pk H? yef;rsK;d Hpkonf? &*k Hawmifxyd fzsm;ü? qwfo m;zl G ;ta0,m? BudKipf mG usuf½kH;? oD;arQmfukef;onf? *rkef;oBudKif{pGmESihf? yef;aemfZmyef;xif&Sm;? uGrf;zJ;qifqif0D? Hik D&Tyef;cs&m;ES fih? yef;a'gecsyfw&m? cwå mñI d;yef;? yGi hfeDvGe;f onf? acguf&rf;ZDZ0gES fih? yef;a&TMumrk d;ZDyef;? ESif;yef;a&TavQm?f omEk d;ac:onf? uHaumfem&Dyef;[k? pdefyGihfyef;o&zD? aZmfusDonf yef;pHum;? yef;a'geonf? xl;pGaumufp&DE fiS ?h yef;ESi;f ZDtifMuif;? yke;f ñ§i;f a&Tw?l rOÆLyef;cyif;wk d Y? tyifcsif; DrSMucg? &mrmik H;yef;? BudKi{f ysHYonf? arT;vGef;pvwå mES fih? yifjr fihr mS oZifyef;? NrdKiyf ef;vnf;[l? rtlñ mpd § r;f yef;wnf;? aygufyef;yGifjh zLteD? Hpk pdr d½k;? yef;wrsK;d onf? rñI d;yef;yDyDE fiS h? yef;eDeDonf yef ;jrifwkid f;? yifw dik f;oif;acG? yef;py,f[?l yGihfonfjzLrI dif; drIif;wnf;? yef;yifw dkif;½IzG,o f m? r[mavSu? jrwfav;ponf? jzLqGy'krfrmMumES fih? <uufem;omyef;c0J? yef;&if;rsm;[l? arT;ysHMuLonf? MumjzL pG,fawmfyef;wnf;? yGi hfvef;vef;yifwum? oJawmf&ifcwf opfu0wfE fiS h? yef; jrwfykef;nufomwnf;? oif;ykef;ac:BudKif{{? rkwåmoeD? vSrsKd;nDonf? 'ef;nDyifcsi;f pDí? yG fihw HkNy;D ½I b, G o f m? MumykP&Ö dwf? MumwHqyd fonf? vQHzdwf a&mif0if;0gES fih? ql;yef;omMumacgif;avmif;? yef;acgif;ac:qk d? atmufr hJñ d[ k k? ac:qk dx dyk ef;aygif;wk d Y? yGi hfw Hka&S mif;pdrf;a&mifjzm? jzL? jym? eD ? ñk d? &Tef;&Te;f dpkonf?
5
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ESpv f dk ½Ib, G o f mwnf;? &JepD mG awmifMuufarmuf? yGi haf jrmufw Hyk g? yef;wumonf? csdecf gOwka&mufu? jynf& mrs G m; {BudKifBudKi?f *Ek difomarm? usdef;awmifawm0,f zsiaf ygcufcsi;f qk difí? yifcsi;f qk difa&r&? yGifMh ursm;pG m? awmifjrwfomü ? ocsFm teEÅ wnf;? uk H;odxm;enf;twl? &moDajymif;<u? csdeu f mv[k? rmotm;uk d,í l ? yG fihMurl xk dawmifyg;? ruG mwlNydKi?f eHcsi;f ,SOfvQu?f ñTwfu dik fqw G f,jl im;í? jrwf bk&m;used f;awmf&iS f? &SifyifAk'¨x&H if;? conf? *lxo J Yk0d ifvQu?f acgif;xuf wif d&S wkyu f ?G yknorÇ m? aemifoo H monf? usifvnf&m wk d Yb0ü? wlwuG armif HE HpS ?k vl Yb Hk ewf& m?G qufrsm;pG m0,f? csrf;om okcbk HE fiS ?h pHMuwk HarmifErS ? jzpf&ygvk d? pdwMf unf ñk djz fih? yefq dq k ak wmif;Muí? a&pufcsw HkNy;D cg? oufaojyKxm;? ewfw d Yt k m;vQif? wkdifMum;jyKcJhygrS? NcH&Hum azmfa&Trsm;? oefvQm;xrf;pif? jrif;ESihfqifukd? ,mOf&SifpD;wufjim;í? &Tifaysmfyg;wD;rIwfum? Xme&yfrSef? tdrfAdrmefokdY? vSnhfjyefvmavygvQuf? qkdufa&mufcg&Gm*gr? aysmfyGJobif? yGJBuD;qifí aeYyifruif;Muwnf;? 0oEÅy ZÆLvGef? oDvapmih frSw?f v0guRwfonf? qef;x a&mufvwfjyefuxD;wef; cGefrlav;yG m;? bk&m;vufaqmif? xrif; axmifE fSih? rsm;ajrmif tjzmjzmuk d? uk di, f jl im;avaomcg? i,fvifr,m; orD;om;ES fih 0wfpm; qif,ifygí? wlpkHom&Tifaysmfyg;? w&m;ukokdvf? qnf;yl;vkdí? Munfñ dkvGef qyG m;vQu f ausmif;uefo m;&wem? G qDr;D waxmif? ok H;vl Yabmif0,f? ajymifajymif ñ§ dxeG ;f ygvsuf? om"kac:0guRwfv? {oHou d mvobm0wGi?f aMumfjimvufcw k f cwfí? nOf hv H;k jywfrtdyyf g? vl&iS ftrsm;? usde;f NrKd Uom;wk d Y aomaom½I½IqmvQu?f wl&, d mtoG,o f , G ?f ayga>yvif;cGi;f ? pnf;apmih fñi§ ;f uk d? wD;jcif;tH hMobG,v f nf;? &ck difjynftv,fqdy?f pdrf;jrñk da&mif? usdef;jrif hawmif0,f? "mwfa&mifvQH Nrdwf Nrw d Ef fiS ?h jynfreG &f yd o f m,m?olawmf? olaumif;? oljrwfavmif;wk d Y? ude;f atmif;arG U avsmyf gom;? usde;f NrdKU&G m usdef;a'o? emr*gar? usufoa&[k? atmifajrwk dif; &u©wnf;? xk dXmersKd;&Siv f ?l qmyluif;aysmuf? csrf;oma&mufonf? JpGajrmufov D [lí? uREkfyfrlarmifESr? jynhf vSig;tif? vGefrsm;zsifonf? vkdcsifwwkdif;&í? wlwuGjrL;&Tipf H? ovGefb Hx k J? vnfcsif;wG Jí? &if JcG&mouf HESE fSih? wyifqrH ,Gif;cG? tvSMuif&m? r,fESpfjzmESifh? [oF marmifESrwk d Y? cspfMuifMuwlruG m? onf;csm ESpfyg;? orD;om;ES fih? aysmfyg;aeMuonf/ NrdKU&G musdef;a'orSmwnf hav/ (NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmfZHqkd&wk-aumZm (1200 cefY)
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6
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
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a'ocHwk w Ykuvnf u d vnf; ork dif;pOf ;pOfvmuk vmuk d wd wdwd wus u d susrajymjy dEkifif? pmtkyfyfpmwrf pmwrf; uk dvnf; rjzef Ya0ay;Ek a0ay;Ek difi?f xk d YaMaMumih f bk&m;zl &m;zl;{nh ;{nh fonf onfwk w d YrSrk mS vk dtif tifqE´ qE´jynh f0j 0jcif; um; r&S dcJc hJMuay/ þonfuk ukd taMumif;jyKí a'ocHpma&;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom rif;jym; rif;od ;odrfrf;xG ;xGP;?;f ? rif;j;jym;rif;od ;odefef;ZH ;ZHESESihih armif f armifaus ausmZHZf H(rif (rif;j;jym;)wk dYu a&Tus usdefef;awmf ;awmf &Sifiywf yf wfouf oufaom aom pmtkyfywpf w f pftk tyfyk uk u f dk xkwf wa0&ef af 0&ef qE´ d&S&cJcS hMJ u&m vk dtyf tyfaom aom ork difi;f tcsutvuf t f vufrs rsm;uk d okawoD awoD toQ toQifpuú puú dE´ExH x ´ cs H csnf;uyf ;uyf&,l &,lí uGifi;qif ;f qif;ok ;okaw aw oejyKrrs rI sm;? tjcm;taxmuftxm;rs txm;rsm;? a*gyutzG J Y0if 0ifrsrsm;rS &&S daom aom rSwf wwrf w f rf; rsm;ukd tajccHí? 1985 ckES pfpfu avQmufvTmpuúL (120)rsufESmcefY&Sdaom usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQ oQif bk&m;ork difif; pmtkyfyfuk uk j d jyKpkcJc hJMuonf[ k od d&S&onf &onf/ ,if;uk ;uk dvnf vnf; ajrmufODO;N;D NrdK d U&S q&mB q&mBuD; OD;omxG ;omxGe;f (&ck dififjrefrm rm y@dwf w )xH f oG m;a&mufum um wnf;j;jzwfay;&ef ay;&efawmif awmif;qk ;qk doj ojzif h q&mB q&mBuD;uwnf ;uwnf;j;jzwfípmtk ípmtkyfyf xkwf wa0&mü af 0&mü azmfjyEkdifi&ef &f ef trS trS mpmwpfckckuk u dvnf v k nf; a&;ay;cJ haMumif;od ;od&ygonf &ygonf/ xk dyky d*¾*k K¾ vwk w f d Yuyif u k yif j jyKpkcJc hNJ y;aom ;D aom pmtkyfyuk u f dk xkwf wa0&ef af 0&ef pDpOf pOfonf onf htcgaiG tcgaiGa&; a&; aMu;a&;tcuftcJ tcJwk w d YkaMaMumih f xk xkwf wa0j af 0jcif;rj ;rjy d KEifik fyJyJ xk xk dol ors rl sm;vufxJ xüJ jr§KyfuG u,f , G f aecJh&ayonf/ ,cktcgum; tcgum; rif;j;jym;NrKd Uay:ok d Y Ek dEkififiHiHwm0ef wm0efjzih xrf f xrf;aqmif ;aqmif&ef &ef aj ajymif;a&T ;a&T U vmcJ hMuaom Xmeqk difif&mtcs &mtcs UrS Kd ork ork difif;uk ;uk d pd pdwf0if 0ifpm;ol pm;ol ork ork difif;uk ;uk d avh avhvmazmf vmazmf xkwf wvk v f dol o k tcs l tcs Uu Kd aygif;qk ;qk Hrdravaomtcg ad vaomtcg a&Tus usefed ;awmf ;f awmfoQ oQif bk&m;ork &m;ork difif;xG ;xGuf uf ay:vma&; tmoDoonf oonf dyk drkrkjyif;vmcJ hMu&avonf/ ,if;od ;od k Y Xmeqk Xmeqkdifif&mtcs UrS Kd tB tBuD;tuJ ;tuJwk w d Y\ k pdwf0if 0ifpm;rI pm;rI? Munf lEl;o'¨ ;o'¨ gw &m;vTrf;rkd;rI? rjzpfjzpfatmif vkyfrnf qk qkdaom tiftm;jznhfwif;rIw YkdaMumihf 1995 ck 'D 'DZif Zifbmv(17)&uf bmv(17)&ufaeY aeYrSrSpí pí rif;j;jym;NrdKUe,f w&m;½kH;ü ;ü pwifí bk&m; &m; ork dif;j;jyKpkjzpfajajrmufBudK;yrf;a&;tzG ;a&;tzG J Yuk u dk atmif atmifjrifp mG JzGYpnf pnf;Ek ; dEkififcJcJMh uonf/ (tzG JY 0ifpm&if pm&if;uk ;ukd aemufpmrsufESmü azmfjyxm;ygonf/) þtzG YJrSrSyif yifvQ vQif OD;pD;OD ;OD;aqmif ;aqmifjyKí ,cifa&;N a&;NyD;cJ ;cJhaom aom ork dif;pmtkyfyfu dk jyefvnf vnfjyKptopf t k opf a&;om;j a&;om;jznh fpGpGuf u dEkEf kififap&ef ap&eftwG twGuf u ok f okawoD awoDtoQ toQifpuú puú dE´E´ESESihihf OD;0go0wk ;0go0wk d Ytm; tm; yihfzdzwf w d fjcif;?;? q&mawmfESEpS fyg;wk yg;wk d Yonf onf rqk rqk difif;rwG ;rwG<ua&mufvmcJh MuNyD; ork difi;j;f jyKpk j jzpfajajrmufa&;ta&;tzG a&;ta&;tzG J YESE fihiS h awG Uqk Humvk umvk dtyf tyfonf onfrsrsm;uk d ñ§ d dEIEifiI ;f aqG;aEG ;aEG;cJ ;cJ hMuygonf/
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rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
ork difif;j;jyKpk&mü vk dtyf tyfaom aom taxmuftxm;rsm;twGuf uf ork ork difif;½k ;½kyfyf<uif; rsm; wnfae&mok ae&mok d Y þtzG þtzG J YESE fSihitwl t h wl avhvmuG vmuGifif;qif ;qif;j;jcif;?;? "mwf Hyky d½k½k kuf uí f rSwf wwrf w f rf; wifjcif;?;? a*gyutzG J Y0if 0ifwk w d Yktm; tm; zdwf wac:í af c:í ar;jref;j;jcif;rs ;rsm; jyKvkyfyfcJcJMh uygonf/ wpfzef zefus usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQ oQif bk bk&m;ork &m;ork difif;j;jyKpk&mü &mü dyk drkrkjynh f Hpkp dkEkEkififa&;twG a&;twGu &ck f &ck dif jynfe,f e,f d&S&S N NrKd UtoD;oD ;oD;rS ;rS ork orkdifi;ok ;f okawoD awoDrs rsm;? ork difif;uk ;uk avh d avhvmaeM vmaeMuolrs rsm;xHrSrS usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQ oQifESE fihiS hywf ywfouf oufaom aom pmrlawmif awmif;vT ;vT m aMumfjimuk dvnf; aMujimcJ hMu onf/ ok d Yaomf pmrl pmrltcs tcs Uom Kd a&mufcJcJNh y;D a&muf d&S&Saom aom pmrltcs tcsKdUrSm xl;qef ;qef;rI ;rI r&SdcJhay/ txl;oj ;ojz fih q&mawmfBuD;ESpfpfyg;uyif yg;uyifvQ vQif rif;j;jym;NrdKU Z,sokcaus causmif; wk duf uüf wpfvcef vcef Y oD oDwif wif;ok ;ok H;aexk dififNy;D aeYnrj nrjywf a&T a&Tus usdefef;awmf ;awmfoQi bk f bk&m;o &m;o drkifi;uk ;f uk d a&;om;cJ a&;om;cJ hjcif;onf ;onfum; um; þtzG J YtwG twGuf u rs f rsm;pG m *kPf P,l , f rqk rl qk H; jzpfcJc h&ygonf &J ygonf/ vufa&;pmrl a&;pmrlrs rsm;ukd vuf dESESyfyfpuf d½k½u k fay;cJ ay;cJMh uonf/ NrdKUe,fynma&;Xme? ynma&;Xme? NrdKUe,f dpkpkufys ysKd;a&;bPf? NrdKUe,fuk ukefo,f , G fv,f v,f,mES fihih jyef^quf ^quf OD;pD ;pD;Xmewk ;Xmewk d YrSrS yk d*¾Kvfw Ykdtm; txl;yifaus;Zl;wif ;wif d&Sygonf/ xkwfa0a&;tykdifif;wGifrlrl &efuk ukefNrdKUrS rif;jym;NrdKUokdY acwåa&muf a&muf&SdvmcJ vmcJ h aom &ck dififom;B om;Bu;pmayrS ;D pmayrS uk uk dvSjrif hu þtzG J YESE fSihih awG awG Yqk qkcJcH hNJ yD; tm;wufoa&m oa&m xkwf wa0rI af 0rItyk t dykifif;uk ;uk d vk vk H;0wm0ef ;0wm0ef,aMal Mumif; ajymjyonh ftwG twGuf u þtzG f þtzG J YrSrS aus aus;Zl; wifrqk H;jzpf&ygonf ygon f/ tcsKyftm;j tm;jz fih ,ck ,ckxk xwf w k a0vk af 0vk duf uNf y;j;D jzpfaom aom pmtkyfyfwpf wpftk tyfyk f xG xGuf uay:vm af y:vm jcif;onf ;onfum; wpfO;aumif ;D aumif;?;? wpfa,muf a,mufaumif aumif;\ ;\ nDñG ñwf w G aom af om tiftm;j tm;jzpf ajrmufatmif atmif vkyfyfrnf rnfqk q dkaom aom &nf&G&G,f ,cs cf su?f rck druyf ruyfaom aom pdwf wf"mwf "mwf? ponfwk w d Yk \ tusKd;oufa&muf a&mufrIrIrs rsm;onfyif trSefjzpfayownf ayownf;/;/ usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;orkdif; jzpfajrmufBudK;yrf;a&;tzGJY qyfaumfrwD rif;jym;NrdKU
7
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
rysuf pOf pOfquf q v suf uf j jyKjyifvs
usdefef;awmf ;awmf&S&Sififuk u dk "n0wDacwf acwf ol&d&d,puú ,puúrif rif;rS ;rS wnfxm;apcJ xm;apcJ hNy;aemuf ;D aemuf &ckdifrif;tqufqufwkdY xyfrHjyKjyifwnfxm;cJhMuavao;onf/ xkdaMumihf a0omvDaus ausmufavS avSum; um; bk&if &ifr[mpE´ r[mpE´&m;rif &m;rif;uvnf ;uvnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? oD&d&dpE´ pE´&m;rif &m;rif; uvnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? qufcHcjH yKvyfyk fMuao;onf/ xk daeuf aeuf yk&d&defeNf rKd Uawmf&S&ifiS f aumvd aumvd, rif;onf ;onfvnf vnf;aumif;?;? 'o&mZmrif;onf ;onfvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? avmif;M;Muufacwf acwfwG wGifif rif;xD ;xD;onf ;onfvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?aj ;?ajrmufODOD;acwfwG wifiG f rif rif;apmrG ;apmrGefef? bapmjzLrif;?;? rif;yif ;yif BuD;?;? rif;zavmif ;zavmif;?;? rif;&mZmB ;&mZmBu;?;D ? pE´0d0dZ,&mZmrif;wk ;wk dYonf onfvnf vnf;aumif;?;? qufcHcH jyKvkyfycJcf hMJ uonf/ ,ckvuf vuf d&S& "mwf S "mwfawmf awmfapwD apwDrSr mS rif;zavmif ;zavmif;\ ;\ vufxuf xufaemuf aemuf qk H;rGrf;rHwnfxm;j xm;jcif;j;jzpfonf onf[k [k od&onf &onf/
jrefrmN r mNr KU0ef d acwf a cwf(aumZm ( aumZm 1146-1186) &ck difxD;eef ;eef;ys ;ysufokefef;N;NyD;í ;í jrefrmN rmNrdKU0efrs rsm;tkyfyfcs csKyfaom acwfwG wGivnf v f nf; "mwfawmf awmfukd apwem&Sififrsm;u rsm;u okwf wfoif&Sif;vif ;vif;j;jcif;? jyKjyif rGrGrf;rHjcif;? xkH; ouFe;uyf ;f uyfvSLjcif;rsm; jyKEkd ififcJc hJay&monf/ &ifjyiftaemuf taemufbuf&Sd ysufpD;ae aom apwDrSrSm xk dacwf acwfu wnfaqmuf aqmufavh avh d&aom aS om apwD HykykpHpjH zpfonf onf/ rk cfcf0ukd tkXfXftqif tqif hqif qifcHch Hí jyKvkyfyfcJcJhonf onfu xif&S&Sm;aeonf/ ajrmufOD;N;NrdKU bk&m;ay: &m;ay: bk&m;BuD;&S ;&Sd jrefrmNrdKU0ef wk w dkY jyKvkyfcJcJhMuaom apwDrcfck fE fSih wnfaqmuf Hykcsif; wlnDaeayonf/
t*Fvd vyfyd acwf af cwf(1826 ( 1826 rS 1947) 1947) &ck dififonf onf t*Fvd vyfyd fwk w Ykvuf v d ufatmuf atmufod o kdY 1826 ckESESpfpf usa&mufcJc hJNyD;aemuf ;aemuf wpfpwpf pwpfpus pusdefe;wk ;f wk duf ue,f ef ,f wpfcGcifiG wG w f ifiG f &yf&G& mvl G aerI aerI pnfum;vmcJ um;vmcJ honf onf/ aumZm ouú&mZf &mZf 1190 1190 ta&mufwG wifiG f yk dykípnf ípnfum;pj um;pjzpfvmN vmNy;D axmifuvG uvGwf wvmaom v f maom NrdKUolBu;D atmifaus ausmZHZf Honf onf Zmwde,f e,fajajr Muufoa&&G oa&&G mod kY vma&mufcJcJ&m &h m arG UaysmfrIr dI&S&ScJc hJonf onf/ aumZm 1229 ckESESpfpfwG wGi rif f rif ;j;jym;NrKd Utjzpf owf owf rSrSwf wvmN v f mNyD;
8
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
wGifium; u f m; ykdí pnfum;vmcJ h&onf &onf/ xk daMaMumih f rif;j;jym;NrdKUuk d tkyfyfcs csKycJcf hJMuaom tBu;tuJ ;D tuJwk w d Yubk u k bk&m;wuf &m;wufvrf vrf;uk ;uk d wnfaqmuf aqmufay;cJ ay;cJ hMuonf/ ouú&mZf &mZf 1270 1270 jynh fESESpfpfu e,f dykykifif0ef 0efaxmuf axmuf OD OD;vSazmf azmfZHZH? NrdK d Uykifif OD OD ;omyef ;omyef; (w½kyfyf trs trsKd;om;) ;om;) O,smOfrL;?LS ;? aps;acgif;B;BuD;?;? NrdKUrolBuD;? ajrwk difif;tif ;tifpyawå pyawå mf OD OD;vSazmf azmfODOD;?;? ykvd vyfyd f tifpyawå pyawå mfODO;zaxmf ;D zaxmfODO;wk ;D wk d Yu acgif;aqmif ;aqmifí "mwfawmf awmftoif toif;uk ;uk d xlaxmif axmifcJc hJMu onf/ xk dtoif toif;rS ;rS xD;awmf ;awmfwif wifjcif;?;? a&Tcscsjcif;uk ;uk d aqmif aqmif&G&Guf u dEkEf kificJcf hMJ uonf/ bk&m; &m; \awmifbufwpfrkdifausmf&Sdaom ig;wHysif;q&mawmfBuD; toQifaomru Bu;rS ;D rSL;cJ L;cJ honf onf/ bk&m;wuf &m;wufvrf vrf;opf ;opfrsrsm;vnf; wk d;yG ;yG m;vmcJ h&mum;? &mum;? bk&m;zl &m;zl;om;rs ;om;rsm; vnf; wk d;yG ;yG m;vmcJ h&onf &onf/ xk daemuf aemuf trI duf uod o f rfrd ;f toif;ay:ayguf ;ay:aygufvmí vmí jyKjyifrIr?I wnfaqmuf aqmufr us I us,fjyef YvmcJ vmcJ honf onf/ tm½k HcHcHod orfrd f wef wefaqmif aqmif;rs ;rsm;uk d 1272 1272 ckESEpfpS f wGifivnf v f nf;aumif ;aumif;?;? xk djyif aM aMu;qif;wk ;wk? ausmufovif;j;jzL? ukod oem½k ed m½k Hwef wefaqmif aqmif;?;? r[maAm"dyif? wpfyJodrf? xkdifawmfrl? avsmif;awmfrl?aMu; acgif;avmif;? tkXfXa&uef af &uef? &ifuG u JZ&yf ZG &yf? txufod orfrd f? atmufod odrfrf? wefaqmif aqmif; jyom'fwk w d Yk wk d;yG ;yGm; vmcJ honf onf/ ES pfpfpOf pOfrys rysufvnf; bk &m;yG &m;yG Jawmf awmfuk u dk pnf pnf um; um; ok duf ufNrKd ufpGpGm jyKvmcJ h Muonf/ c&pf 1942 ck(aumZm 1313) 'k wd w,urÇ , d urÇmppftwG twGi;wG ;f wGifi wef f wefaqmif aqmif;j;jy om'f paom paom taqmuftOD tOD;rs ;rsm; rsm;pG m ysufpDpD;cJ ;cJ h&onf &onf/ *syefacwf acwfwG wifiG f;vnf ;vnf; rNidrfrfrouf roufrIaMumih f awm&G mrsm;ok d Y wdrfrf;a&S ;a&SmifaecJ hMu&mum; jyKjyif dEkEkififrIrItm; tm; enf;cJ ;cJ hMuavonf/ xk daemuf aemuf 1306 1306 ckESESpfpfrSrSpí pí rGrf;rH ;rHjyKjyifvmEk vmEk dififcJc hJonf onf/ ukod od em½kH? tm½k HcHcHodrfwef wefaqmif;wk ;wk dYuk uk d wpfpwpfp jyKjyifvmEkd ififcJcJhMuonf/
vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;acwf a &;acwf vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;acwf a&;acwfwG wifiG f 1309 1309 ckESEpfpS frSrpí pS í tm½k HcHcod o H rfrd frs rsm;uk d wk d;cs ;cs UjJ yKjyifvm vm dEkificJcf honf o J nf/ oHxD x;uk ;D uk dvnf vnf; 'kwd w,tB , d tBurfrd 1312 f 1312 ckESEpfpS jf yKjyifvmcJ vmcJ h&onf &onf/ xk daemuf aemuf oHxD x;topf ;D topfwif wifjcif; xd aqmif aqmif&G&uf u G vmEk v f mEk dificJcf honf o J nf/ rD;xG ;xGefef;toif ;toif;?;? r[m&HwH wwd w H kifid ;f toif;? Ak'¨'¨a0,s a0,sm0pötoif toif; paom toif;wk ;wk d Y ay:ayguf ay:aygufvm&um; vm&um; jyKjyifrGrGrfr;f rHrIr?I wk d;cs ;cs Uaqmuf J vyfyk frIr?I wnfxm;rI vk xm;rIrs rsm; wpfpwpf pwpfpB pBu;yG ;D yG m;vmcJ honf onf/ JyGawmf awmfrSr mS vnf; 1318 ckESESpfprf Spí pí awmifay:wG ay:wGifi B f BuD;us ;us,pGpf mG usif ;yvmEk ;yvmEkifid cJcf hJavonf avonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
bmoma&;toif ;tzG J Yr sm; aqmif &u G rf I usdef;awmif "mwfawmftoif; (1270-1341) usd ef;awmf&Siftm; jyKjyif dEkif&ef t*Fvyd facwfazmfjyyg 1270 ck ESpf(c&pf1908) ckESpfwiG f pwif Jz YGpnf;cJ h onf/ tapmqk H;toif;jzpfNyD; &ckdifjynfwGifvnf; tapmqk H;zG YJpnf;cJ hMuaom bk&m;toif;wk YdwGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,f dykif 0efaxmuf FOD;vSazmfpH? NrdK d Uykif OD;omyef;? OD;csi;f atmif (O,smOfrSL;) OD;xG D;atmif (aps;acgif; BuD;) OD;ykvJatmif (NrdKUrolBuD;) OD;zoaxmf (ajrwk dif;tifpyufawå mf) OD;Ek&m ac: OD;vSazmfOD;wkdY acgif;aqmifvsuf tzG JY0ifaygif; (69)OD;yg0ifcJh Muonf/ yxrtBudrf a&Tcsí oHxD;wif JyGu dkvnf; jyKjyifEkdifc hJMuavonf/ *syefacwf 3-ESpftwGif; vkyfu dik faqmif&Gu dEf kifrI rjy d KEkifc hJacs/ xk daemuf toif;xyfr H JzG Ypnf;cJ hMuavonf/ Ouú| OD;armifjrom? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;apm omwk d Yyg0ifNyD; tzG J Y0if 84 OD; d&Sc hJonf/ xk dt JzG Yonf bk&m;"mwfawmfE fSih awmif awmftaqmufttk Hrsm;uk d aqmif&Guv f mcJ havonf/ ¤if;wk d YE fSih (1296)ckEpS f acwfNydKifay:aygufvmaom trIdufodrf;toif;(1294)? ñGefYaygif;toif; (1308)ck ESpfw dkYE fSihvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEkd ifcJhavonf/ xk daMumihf 1312 ckESpf oHxD;awmfjyKjyif&müvnf;aumif;? 1330 ck ESp f topfwifaqmifc hJMu&m üvnf;aumif;? OD;armifjrom (Ouú|) yg0if c hJonf/ aumZm 1341 (1980)ckEpS fwiG f OD;aqmifc hJMuaom OD;i^rJBu;D (qk difonf ) twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;apmomwk d Y tvSLarwå m&yfcí H "mwfawmfu d k jyefvnfrrG f;rHc hMJ u onf/ toif;taejz fih oBuFef? 0guRwf paomtcgBuD;aeYrsm;ü a&oyÜ m,fjcif;? "mwfawmfylaZmf JyBG u;D uk d Bu;D Muyf&jcif; paomvkyif ef;wm0efrsm;uk d aqmif&u G cf hJ Muonf/ xk dtoif;onf azmfjyyg 1341 ck EpS f jymok dvwGif &yfq dik f;cJ h&NyD;aemuf JzGYpnf;vk dufaom a*gyutzG Yo J pfu qufvufaqmif&Gufc hJ&onf/
9
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(14-1-80)aeY rif;jym;NrKd U txu ausmif;ü tpnf;ta0;jz fih atmufygtwk di;f a&G;cs,fzGJYpnf;ay;cJhMuavonf/ (tzG J Yig;zG J Yr mS "mwfawmftoif;? trI duo f rd ;f toif;? rD;xGef;toif;? a0,sm 0pö toif;? ESpfaxmif hig;&mjynh f toif;wk d YjzpfMuonf/)
em,utzG J Y 1/ OD;armiftkef; (uyptvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY) 2/ OD;touf&Snf 3/ OD; ausmx f eG f;-vrf;rawmf 4/ OD;bwl H½k;wufvrf; 5/ OD;jratmifZH 6/ OD;atmifausmfaZm 7/ OD;armifapmvS 8/ OD;i^a,mif; 9/ OD;xGef;vS? odrfawmif& mG 10/OD;ausmfvSOD; i^wefysif;&Gm 11/OD;armifa&TxGef; onfuef&Gm
tv,fykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU
aps;a[mif;ykdif; atmuf&Gmykdif; aps;a[mif;ykdif; tv,fykdif; aps;a[mif;ykdif; / atmuf&Gmykdif;
/ / / / / / rif;jym;NrdKU rif;jym;NrdKUe,f / /
b@mxdr;f tzG J Y 1/ OD;zkd;,Of 2/ OD;a0omatmif 3/ OD;armifa&Tausmf
Nr KUe,f d a *gyutzG J Y (1980-91 ckESpf xd) aumZm 1341 ckESpf(c&pf 1980)jymok dvwGi f bk&m;toif; (ig;)zG J Yaygif; pkHukd zsufodrf;NyD;aemuf ygwD? aumifpDrS wpfaygif;wpfzGJYwnf; jzpfap&ef aqmif&u G f ay;cJ hMuonf/ xk daMumih f 1341 ckESpf wef cl;vqkw f 2 &uf t*F g
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
tv,fykdif; / aps;a[mif;ykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU / /
tvkyt f rIaqmift JzG Y 1/ OD;omEkd;atmif
Ouú|
vrf;rawmf
rif;jym;NrdKU
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
OD;i^rJBuD; pufq&m 'kOuúX tv,fykdif; OD;yef;vSatmif / / OD;xdefvif; twGif;a&;rSL; / OD;pdefñGefYatmif / OD;pkd;wifh OD; armifo mausmf wGzJ uft wGi;f a&;rSL; aps;a[mif;ykdif; OD;atmifZHjzL / tv,fykid f;
/ / / / / /
tzG J Y0 if 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/ 19/ 20/ 21/
OD;zavmif;jzL OD;atmifbef; OD;xGef;jratmif OD;apmvSOD; OD;armifat;om OD;atmifjrpdef OD;vkH;armif OD;armifyk OD;apmom OD;armifjratmif OD;armifausmfxif OD;teDarmif OD;pHatmifausmf OD;ausmfjzL (i,f ) OD; ausmx f Ge;f OD;OD;omZH OD;armif<uif; OD;atmifvSpdef OD;pdefvSatmif OD;xGD;omatmif OD;zkd;apmvS
trIxrf;&yfuGuf tv,fykdif; / / / / / aps;a[mif;ykdif; / / / / / / / / *efYaumfNrdKif jynfawmfat; atmuf&Gmykdif; vrf;rawmf OD;pkd;wifh
rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
10
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0 22/ OD;pHatmifjzL 23/ OD;armifzkd;pdef 24/ OD;eDatmif
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Ncdwfawmif axmifhacsmifBuD; yefZif;armf
/ / /
pm&if; ppft JzG Y 1/ 2/
OD;pHa&TOD; OD;w½kyfjzL
3/ 4/
OD;vSazmf OD;ausmjf zL
tv,fykdif; bk&m;wumvrf; aps;a[mif;ykdif; / /
rif;jym;NrdKU rif;jym;NrdKU / /
aqmif& u G cf suf þtzGJYonf "mwfawmfukd tBudrfBudrfrSefpDa&Tcsjcif;? taqmufttkH a[mif;rsm;uk d jyKjyifjcif;? vrf;rsm;uk d jyKjyifjcif;? trI dufo d½kuEf fSih awmawmif rsm;uk d &Si;f vif;ckwx f iG jf cif;? vQyfppf"mwfr;D aumf dyak &;&Si;f wk d YE fiS h qufo, G ñ f d dE§ iI ;f í rD;vk dif;rsm; wyfqifjcif;? tkXfa&uefjyKjyifjcif;? orHwvif;cif;jcif;? wHw dkif; um&Hjcif;? oHZumum&Hjcif;? vlaygif; 493 OD;xHrS aiG aygif;av;aomif;ausmf uk d xm0&aiG ya'omyif dpkufvSLcJhjcif;? pwk'DomqGrf;csu Hf½kaqmufvkyfjcif;? rD;puf H½u k d k jyKjyifaqmufvyk jf cif;rsm;uk d aqmif&u G cf hMJ uonf/ ESppf Ofb&k m;yG Jawmf usif;yjcif;? cgoBuFeftwGif;ü pwk'Dom(4)&ufauR;arG;jcif;? wefaqmifrek f;v jynh faeYqGrf;awmfBu ;D avmif;? uxdefuyfyGJawmf usif;yjcif;? wm0wdefomyGJ? 0uF mbmyG Jusif;yjcif; paom vk dtyfaom udpöt00uk d wm0ef,al qmif&Gucf hJ Muonf/ 1981? 1982? 1984? 1987 ckESpfwkdYü tkXfa&uefa[mif;BuD;ukd jyKvkyfcJhonf/ a&S;wyfrSL;AkdvfrSL;BuD; ol&ausmfpGm (Ouú| ppfukdif;wkdif; jynfo Yal umifp )\ D ulnDyHyh k;d rIjz fih bdvyfajrtdwf 100 tukefcHí bk&m;rsm;uk d jyKjyifaqmif&Gucf hJonf/ &SifOy*kw(å ausmufovif;jzL)? &[EÅ m½k yw f ku dv k nf; wnfxm;cJ honf/ ppfawGNrKd U ½lyajrmufacsmif;em;pk&yfuGurf S a':ratmif om FOD;aqmifí avQmif;awmfrb l &k m;wGi f rsufE mMS uufpeG ;f awmfu dk uyfv d LS Ekicf hJonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rD;puf H½ku dk azmifa';&Sif;topfjyKvyk fMuonf/ puf H½ktvsm; 25 ayausmf? teH 20 ayausmf d&SNyD; oGy dfrk; dEkifc hJonf f/ 1984 ckESpf qkawmif;jynh fbk&m;? r[maAm"db&k m;wk d Ytm; rSefpDouFe;f uyfvLS 'gef;&müvnf;aumif;? qkawmif;jynf hb&k m;wGif ueuú'ef xD;jzLawmfBu;D vSL'gef;jcif; ponfw d Yük vnf;aumif;? BuD;Muyfvyk af qmifay;cJ hMuonf/ tvSL&Sif rsm;rS m ppfawGNrdKU ½ly&yfrS a':ratmifomuyif OD;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;jyif a*gyutzGJYrS bk&m;rsm;uk d vkHNcHKap&ef oHZumrsm; um&efjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ qkawmif;jynf hbk&m;wGif ppfwGif;u vuf0Jzufyg;wGif tajrmufqHxdc hJ&mukd rGrf;rHjyKjyifcJhonf/ 1985 ckESpf {NyDvwGif avsmif;awmfrl odrfu dk tk Xfx&Hum&Hc hJonf/ xk d ckESpfwiG f r[m&Hww H dik f;uk d axmufo Hk;ck jyKvkyfuefay;cJ hMuonf/ 1986 ckESpf wGif ta&S Utm½k HcHodraf b;&S d Z&yfukd OD;aqmifrGrf;rHjyKjyifc hJonf/ txuftXk f a&uefu dkvnf; rGrf;rHjyKvkyfc hJonf/ 1980 rS 1991 ckxd (1341 rS 1353)xd azmfjyyg a*gyutzG J Y\ 12 ESpfw dik f vkyfaqmifcsufjzpf&m xkdvyk fief;uk d atmifjrifcsut f jzpf rSww f rf;wif dEkifc hJonf/ 1991 ckEpS f Mo*kwv f 10 &ufwiG f xkda*gyutzG JYrS usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;ork dif;ES fih apwD? ykxkd;? taqmufttk Hvkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd rSwfwrf;wif orkid f;jyKpkcJh Muonf/
1991 ckEpS fx Bl Bu;D rsm; trnfp m&if; d trIaqmifv em,utzG J Y 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/
OD;bwl OD;armifZH OD;zkd;om OD;a&TvS OD;zavmif;jzL OD;yef;omxGef;
aps;a[mif;ykdif; / NrdKUopf&yfuGuf / trIxrf;&yfuGuf tv,fykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / /
11
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
Ouú|tzG J Y 1/ 2/ 3/
OD;touf&Snf OD;ausmharmif OD;a&TomOD;
Ouú| 'k-Ouú| 'k-Ouú|
twGi;f a&;rS L;tzG J Y 1/ 2/ 3/
OD;atmifZHjzL OD; armifo mausmf OD; pd efñGefaY tmif
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; twG if;a&;rS L; twG if;a&;rS L;
b@mxde;f tzG J Y 1/
OD;vSxGef;pdef
pm&if; ppft JzG Y 1/ 2/
OD;vSazmf OD;armifjrom
ypön;f xde;f tzG J Y 1/ 2/
OD;atmifjrpdef OD;OD;pdef
aumfr wDrsm; 1/ 2/
OD;OD;omxGef; OD;teDarmif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
OD;ausmfjrOD; OD;ausmfom OD;a*gif;aZmuf OD;OD;pdef OD;xGefeDarmif OD;atmifausmfaZm OD;atmifjrifpdef
Nr KUe,f d a *gyutzG J Y( 1994-) NrdKUe,f a*gyutzG YJu dk 1994 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif topf JzGYpnf;cJ h onf/ Mo0g'p&d,tzG J Y? vlem,utzG J Y? tvkyftrIaqmift JzG Yrsm;? owfrS w df&S avonf/ tqihfqifw h ifjyñ§Ed Idif; Mo0g'cH,lí usdef;awmf&Sif"mwfawmfukd aqmif&GufvmcJ hMuonf/
(u) Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmf 9 yg; (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
OD;"r® dumbd0Ho (t*¾r[my@dw) "r® dum½kHausmif;? rif;jym; OD; ok E¨&(Ouú| -Nrd KYe,foHCem,u)NrdKUrawmifausmif;? rif;jym; OD;aCmodw &rÇ('kOuú| oHCem,u)NrdKUrajrmufausmif ; rif;jym;Nrd KU OD;aombP (rif;uefajrmufausmif;) rif;jym;NrdKU OD;OmP(Ouú | jynfe,foHCem,u r[m'¨g&)Z,okcausmif;? rif;jym;NrdKU OD;0gpu (bk&m;BuD;ausmif ;? rif;jym;NrdKU) OD;ZedE´(twGif;a&;rSL;? jynfe,foC H em,u) &wemAdrmefausmif;? rif;jym;NrdKU OD; aomr (&wemrG efausm if ;) rif;jym;Nrd KU OD;aumov’ (od*kw F å&ausmif;opfausmif;-rif;jym;Nrd KU)
12
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
em,utzGJY(vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
wyf&if;rSL; rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / Ouú|? (NrdKUe,fNid rf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG JY) OD;pD;rSL;(omoema&;OD;pD;Xme) Nrd KU e,frLS ;(jr ef rm&J wyfzJ)GY OD;ouf&Snf(ukefonfBuD;) aps;a[mif; dykif;? OD;w½kyfjzL (tNidrf;pm;pma&;BuD;) OD;zkd;apmvS (aq;q&mBuD;) OD; awmusm ;Akdvf OD;pkd;wifh OD; i^aysm(h ukeo f nf) OD;pkd;wifh OD;i^pdefaoQ(ukefonf) atmuf&Gmykdif; OD;zkd;om(qkid fonf)aps;a[mif;ykdif; OD;MumxGef;(ajrmif;bG,fvrf;) OD; armif ZH(qkid o f nf) aps; a[mif;ykdif;
rif;jym; rif;jym;NrdKU rif;jym; rif;jym; / / / / / / /
tvkyt f rIaqmifa umfr wDrsm; (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
OD;OD;armif Ouú| (ukefoG,v f ,f,m) OD;pdefomatmif 'kOuú|(ukefonf ) OD;ausmharmif (qkdifonf) OD;jzLat; 'kOuú| (v,form;) NrdKUe,fudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; (usdef;wk dufe,frS) OD; teDa rmif? twGi;f a&;rSL;(tNi l d rf;pm;opfawmOD;pD;) OD;armifpdefat; wG Jbuf(qk difonf) OD;armifjrpdef (em&Djyifqkdif) OD; OD; a&To m(qkdio f nf) NrdKU e,fuk, d fpm;vS,w f pfOD;(usdef;wkdufe,f )
rif;jym;NrdKU / / / / / / / / /
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aqmif& u G cf surf sm; bk&m;&ifjyifukd wHrsupf nf;vSn;f oef Y&iS f;jcif;? awmifwufqif;vrf;rsm; jyKjyifjcif;? oef Y&Sif;jcif;? vQyfppfrD;xGef;ñ§ djcif;? ESpfpOf pOfvmrysuf JyGawmfukd usif ; yjcif ; jyKcJ h M uonf / bk & m;wef a qmif ; twG i;f ü Ak ' ¨ 0 if u m;csyf r sm;? bk&morkdif; yef;csDum;csyfrsm;uk d a&;qG Jvsuf csdwfq JcG hJMuonf/ (1) uk d;e0if;apwDu dk jyefvnfrGrf;rHí wnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ ukeu f saiG ok H;odef;/ (2) a*gyu½kH;ukd usdef;awmifay:wGif topfwnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ ukefusaiG wpfaomif;ig;axmifusyf/ (3) ukoed m½kw H efapmif;wGif jyefvnfrGrf;rHjcif;? ½kyfwrk sm;uk d jyefvnfrrG f; rHjcif;? wefaqmif;/ eH&?H wHu?J acgif dr;k ? umjcif;uk d aqmif&u G cf hMJ uonf/ ukefusaiG ESpfode;f / (4) tkXfa&uefu dk wk;d cs UrG J rf;rHjcif;? jyKc hJMuonf/ tok H;jyKaiG wpfode;f ausmf zkd;jzpfonf/] (5) "mwfawmfwiG f vQyfppfr;D xGe;f &mü a&mif Hprk ;D qwf? rD;oD;rsm;uk d tok H;jyK cJ hMuonf/ bk&m;y&0kPt f wGi;f üvnf; a&mif Hp?k rD;oD;? rD;acsmif;? xGe;f ñ§ d ay;cJ hMuonf/ ukefusaiG wpfodef;cefYjzpfonf/ (6) apwDE fSih xD ;awmfu dk a&T csjcif;? &ifjyifu dk a<ujym;cif;jcif;rsm; jyKc hJMu onf/ (u) a&Tq dik f; 50000 (1994 ckESpf) (c) a&T&nf 30000 (1994 ckESpf) (*) &ifjyifcif;a<ujym; 10000 (1994 ckESpf) (C) a&Tq dik f; 50000 (1995 ckESpf) (i) a&T&nf 40000 (1995 ckESpf) (p) &ifjyifcif;a<ujym; 10000 (1995 ckESpf) (7) tm½k Hcw H efaqmif;trsm;uk d jyKjyifrGr;f rHjcif;? aomufa& ok H;a&wnfxm; jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ ukefusaiGwpfaomif;usyfjzpfonf/ (8) a&avmif;tdrfom ESpfcef;wG J wnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ ukefusaiG ESpfaomif;jzpfonf/
13
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(9)
ouú&mZfavSum; wpfavQmufwefaqmif;rsm;uk d jyefvnfrrG f;rHjyKvyk fc hJ Muonf/ ok H;jyKNy;D aiGESpfaomif;usyfjzpfonf/ qufvufí aqmif&Guf &efrsm;uk d cef YrSef;xm;onf/ ouú&mZfavSum;wk d;cs UjJ cif;ES fih rlvbk&m; wufvrf;rBuD;uk d jyKjyif&ef pDpOfxm;&S donf/ xk kdjyif vQyfppfrD;puf topfwpfvkH;&&S da&;twGuf vnf; BudK;yrf;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ bk&m;&H HykaiGtjzpf xm0&aiGya'omyifu dk pkdufxlí xm;&SdvmcJ h onf/ ,ckxd aiGya'om aiGpk& d&Sxm;onfr mS wpfode;f cef YjzpfacsNyD? NrdKUe,fa*g yutzG J Yonf 1991 ckESpfu OD;touf&Sn(f Ouú|)OD;pD;í usdef;awmf&iS f bk&m; ork di;f jyKpka&;aumfrwD Jz YpG nf;cJ hMuonf/ xk dt JzG YwiG f yk d*K¾ vt f vk du f jyKpkxw k af 0a&; aumfrwDü a*gyutzG J YrS 'kOuú| OD;pdefomatmif yg0ifcJo h nf/ vkyfief;qyf aumfrwDü OD;atmifjrpdef(em&Dq&m) yg0ifc hJonf/ b@ma&;qyfaumfrwDü a*gyurS 'kOuú| FOD;pdefomatmif? OD;teDarmif? OD;armifpdefat;? OD;atmifZHjzL wk d Y yg0ifc hJMuonf/
r[maAm"dtoif; (1276) r[maAm"dtoif;uk d 1914 (aumZm 1276)wG if wnfxm;cJ honf/ &ckdif r&rmBu;D trsKd;om;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;½Ibd? trSL;jyKí JzG Ypnf;cJ honf/ OD;aumif; vSjzL(a'gufwm) td dE, ´ dEkifirH S r[maAm"dtoif;ES fih qufo, G v f suaf qmif&Guf vmcJ honf/ rlvr[maAm"dyifrS rsKd;uk d,í l aAm"dyifwpfyifu kd usdef;awmifü dpkuyf sKd;cJ honf/ r[maAm"dtXk fwefaqmif;aqmufí aumZm 1308 ck ESpf?bk&m; wpfqyl al Zmfxm;cJ honf/ xk db&k m;rS m tck d;cHc h&J ojz fih aemufxyf(aumZm1320) ckESpfu rEÅa v;rS yih faqmifí bk&m;wpfql uk d;uG,x f m;&S dc hJMuavonf/ aAm"dyifu dk uqkefvjynh faeYw dik f; anmifa&oGe;f JyGu dk pnfum;pG musif;ycJ h onf/ ES pq f ef;wpf&ufaeYw dik f; q&muefawmh JyG? oufBuD;ylaZmfyGrJ sm; usif;ycJh onf/ oBuFet f BudKaeYa&mufw dik ;f bk&m;a&oyÜ m,f Jyu G dk twD;trIw f tutckef wk d Yjz fih qif,ifusif;ycJ honf/ bk&m;yG Jawmfü bk&m;zl;vmorQw Ykt d m; tazsmf ,rumwk d Yjz fih wk duaf uR;cJ honf/ owå0gtaygif;at;csr;f apaMumif;iSm BudKwif qkawmif;Ny;D ab;rJ htvSLuk d jyKc hJonf/ xk dtvSLwGif ZD0dw'getjzpf dckiSurf sm; uk d vTwcf hJMuonf/ 0guRwfo Hk;&ufw dik fwkid f &uf&SnOf ykoaf pmih fjcif;? 0guRwfv?
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
wef;aqmifrek f;vwk d YwiG f qdwq f Hb k k&m;ü uxde Jyf Gusif;yjyKvkycf hJMuonf/ usdef; awmf&Sifb&k m;wGifvnf; tzG J Ytoif;wk d YESi hf yl;aygif;ítppuk d aqmif&Gucf hJMu onf/
used ;f awmfb &k m;&Si\ f trI du f rd ;f toif; ( 1294) d o trI duford f;toif;uk d aumZm 1294 ckESpfu uqkefvqef; 9 &ufaeYu pí q&mawmfoC H mawmfrsm;\ Mo0g'uk dc, H v l suf wnfaxmifMuonf/ toif; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pwiftBuHay;wnfaxmifcJholrSm refatmifNrdKUe,frS OD;armifusmjzpfonf/ þtoif;onf bk&m;zl;olrsm;twGuf uk d,fpdwfEpS fjzm usrf;rmcsr;f ompG mwufa&muf&ef BudK;pm;cJ hMuonf/ xkad Mumif h ysufpD;,k d,Gi;f aom bk&m;awmifwufvrf;rsm;ES fih bk&m;&ifjyifuek ;f wGif a&wGi;f Bu;D wrQ HAk;BuJ csjcif;cH&aomacsmufrsm;uk d ñ§ d dz Yjk cif;jyKc hJMuavonf/ "mwfawmfapwDE fiS b h &k m;yk xk d;rsm;uk djyKjyifc hJMuonf/ bk&m;odrfwefaqmif;rsm;uk d aqmufvkyfc hJMuonf/ odrfwefaqmif;twGif;tjyifw d Ykü tkXft*Fawcif;jcif;rsm;uk d jyKvkyfc hJMuonf/ t&dyf tm0go dckv H&I ef? bk&m;zl;om;rsm;em;ae&ef tpOfaqmif&u G fvmcJ honf/ &yf& mwd G kif;uk d OyoumvSn fv h nf dEI;aqmfí tvSLcHum tppt&m&m jyKjyifc hJ onf/ toif;\yk HrSefvyk fief;tjzpf trI duo f d½kufvn S ;f jcif;? awmckwf? vrf;wGif? ajrñ§ d? ajr dzkYjcif;jyKc hMJ uonf/ xk djyif wpfywfwiG f wpfBudrf tzdwaf eYw dik f; NrdKUuk d vSn fv h nfí tvSLarwå m&yfcHc hJMuonf/ xk daiGjzif h taqmufttk Haqmufjcif;? "mwfawmfu d k ywfvnfox H &Humjcif;? ysufpD;aeaom rD;xGef;ñ§ dylaZmf&m *li,f rsm;uk d jyKjyifaqmif&u G fcJMh uonf/ þtoif;rS OD;aqmifí oBuFefwiG f &ifjyif ukef;ü tvSLtwef;ay;í trQa0um om"kac:avh&SdMuonf? a&SU,cifu awmifatmufü usif;yavh d&cS hJaom bk&m;yG Jawmfu dk 1318 ckESpfupí oBuFef vGefNy;D &uftenf;i,ftwGif; usif;ycJ honfr mS ,ckw dik f&SnMf umvmcJ hNyD; jzpfyg onf/ þtoif;rS bk&m;&ifjyifo d Yk wufa&mufo m;vmaeM G uaom tkXaf vSum; apmif;wef;uk d 1323 ckESpfrSpí jyKjyifrGrf;rHc hJ&m 1331 ckESpfx d wk difc hJavonf/ tkXaf vSum;rS m wpfaxmif hwpf&mcef Y ay&Snv f sm;onf/ tm;vk;H xd apmif;wef; rrk d; dEkifc haJ omfvnf; uk d;e0if;apwDawmftxd ayaygif; 387 ayuk d drk; dEkifc ho J nf/
14
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jymom'fwpf ckukdvnf; aqmufvkyfEkid fc hJonf/ avsmif;awmfrlbk&m;ESi hf odrfu d k 1330 jynh fESpf topfjyKjyifc hJonf/ ¤if;wk d Y\aqmif&GuNf y;D pD;rIuk d 1332 ckESpfu a&pufcstrQa0 om"kac:Ek difc hJonf/ ajcqif hx dik fawmfrlb&k m;uk dvnf; aqmif&u G fay;cJMh uonf/ ukoed m½k Hord fwGi f Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif;ESi hf yl;aygif;í aqmufvyk fvmcJ honf/ 1320 rSpwifí aqmufvyk fc hJ&m 1326 ckEpS fwGifNy;D pD; atmifjrifc hJavonf/ tm½k HcHord fw d Yu k kv d nf; 1309 ckESpfupí aqmufvkyv f m dEkifc hJonf/ r[m&Hww H dik f;? tkXaf &uef? aqmufvyk f&müvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifc hJ onf/ tcsKyfwifjy&vQif þtoif;\aqmif&GufrIrSm trsm;tjym;jzpfav onf/ þtoif;taejz fih raqmif&Gufb;l aom t&m[líum; r&S donfom wnf;/
ukoed m½k HtrsK;d orD;toif; (1307) xk dtoif;uk d 1307 ckESpfu NrdKUay:rS bk&m;wumr a':rJr? a':pdefñ dk? a':vSapm? a':bm;ñk dw d Yu k JzG Ypnf;jcif;jzpfonf/ ppftwGi;f ysu Fpf D;oG m;cJ h&aom ½kyfv H;k rsm;ESifo h drd fwefaqmif;uk d jyKjyif dEkif&ef BudK;pm;cJ hMuavonf/ 1318 ckESpf xdaqmif&Guv f yk fu dik fay;cJ hMuonf/ xk daemuf tzG J Ywm0efu dk trI duford ;f toif; ok dY0ifí xk dtoif;onf Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif;ES fih ylaygif;vsuf wm0efrsm;uk d cH,cl Jhí aqmif&Gufay;cJhMuavonf/
ñGe Yaf ygif; 'l&, D mtzG J Y( vQypf pfr ;D xGe;f toif; 1308) rD;xGef;toif;uk d 1947 ckEpS f(aumZm 1308 ck )"mwfawmfE fSih awmifay: awmifatmuford f? wef;awmif? Z&yf? wufvrf;/ qif;vrf;rsm;wpfavQmufw d Yük vQyfppfr;D ylaZmf dEik &f ed f BuKd ;pm;aqmif&u G cf hMJ uavonf/ rD;puf H½u k d k 1314 ckEpS u f aqmufvky dEf kifc hJMuonf/ rD;pufu d k 0,f,&l ef 3 BudrfprD Hudef;jz fih aiG& mazG S cJMh u onf/ &&S daom aiGusyfckESpfaxmif hig;&mjz fih t*FvefjynfrS rS m,lc hJavonf/ &wntrwf OD;armifOD;ausm?f e,f dykif OD;ausmZf H? wk dufpma&; OD;vSxGef;ausmf wk d Yu rS may;í 1314 ckEpS u f a&muf d&v S mcJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ xk dpufBu;D jz fih ,ckw dik f rD;ylaZmfvsuf &Sv d mcJo h nf/ puf\jrif;aumifa&rS m 12 aumiftm;&S donf/rD; xGe;f dEkifonfu h v D dak jcmufuv D kjd zpfonf/ puftrnfr mS &mpwefac:onf/puf H½k
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ES fihrD;pufu d k xk dpOfu toif;Ouú| tpk d;&vQyfppfpufq&mBuD; OD;apmvSatmif? OD;armifomvS? OD;armifbBuKd i?f OD;xGe;f omZH? OD;armifaysm?h OD;pdex f eG ;f OD;? OD;ausmf xGef;OD;? OD;armifa&Tausmfw Ykdu OD;pD;íaqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ ¤if;onf 1312 ckESpfu 'kwd,tBudrfxD;awmfu dk a&TcsrGrf;rH&mü BuD;rSL;yg0ifcJhavonf/ rD;xGe;f toif;rS m 1980 ck ESpfx d aqmif&GufvmcJMh uonf/ xkad emuf dykif; wGif NrdKUe,fa*gyutzG J Yo dkY vTJtyfay;cJ h&avonf/ xk Yad Mumih f a*gyutzG YJu NrKd Ue,fvQypf pf"mwftm;aumf dyak &;&Si;f ES fih ñ§ d dEiI f;NyD;vQif rD;vk di;f rsm;uk d qufo, G f wyfqifjcif;jyKc hJavonf/ 1982 ckESpfwiG f rD;puf½kHuk d jyefvnfrGrf;rHc hJonf/ pufazmifa';&Si;f uk dvnf; topfjyefvnfjyKvyk cf ho J nf/ 1991 ckEpS w f iG f rD;puf H½k uk dvnf; topfjyKvkyfvmcJhonf/ puf½kHrSm tvsm; 25 ayausmf ? teH 20 ayausmf oGy dfrk;jzpfonf/
r[m&HwHwkdif;toif;(1301) xk dtoif;uk d 1313 ckESpu f JzG Ypnf;cJ hMuonf/ OD;a&TaoG;OD;aqmifí JzG Ypnf; cJ honf/ 1313 ckESpfx d aqmif&Gucf hJavonf/ toif;onf "mwfawmf&ifjyif rNyKd ysuaf p&ef wHw dik f;uk d t"duxm;í aqmif&Gujf cif;jzpfonf/ tvsm; 73 ay? 7vufr? 'kwpfay 3 vufr? tjrihf 13 ay 5 vufr? (&ifjyifx d tjr fihwH wk dif; 3 ay 3vufrxd ) aqmif&GufEkid cf hJonf/ aemuf dykif;wGif tzG J Y(5)zG JY yl;aygif; í axmufuefrsm;uk d qufvufjyKc hMJ uavonf/
ukd;e0if;apwDtoif; (1306) xk dtoif;uk d 1954 (aumZm 1316)ck ESpfu JzGYpnf;cJ honf/ bk &m;apwD uk d xk dckESp f Ncdwfawmif& mol G BuD;u tjr fihOmPfawmf 11 ay? 10 vuf r? wd k;cs UJ onf/ apwDawmfajcwGif &Spfajr§mifah zmfvsuf bk&m;wpfqluspD wnf d&Sonf/ apwDv H;k ywfr mS 36 ay? 8 vufr d&Sonf/ t&yf&SpfrsuEf mtvk S duf N*dK[feH½yk f rsm; xkvkyfxm;onf/ xk dapwDu dv k nf; &Spfajrmif h od drftaqmifjyKvky dfrk;xm; vsu d&f o S nf/ tm½k HcHord v f nf; d&S&m tvsm; 20 awmif ? teH 12 awmifoyG drf ;k jzpf onf/1341 ckESpf acgif; drk;ysupf D;cJ h&onf/ 1347 ckESpf ok duq f &mrsm; zsufqD;cJ h í apwDE fSih½kyfv H;k rsm; ysufpD;cJ h&onf/ ,ck HykpHtopfjzihf rGrf;rHjyKjyifxm;onf/ þtoif;um; ukd;e0if;apwDjzpfay:½kH rQom aqmif&GufEkdifc hJonf/
15
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
omoemESpfawmifig;&mtoif;(1318) þtoif;onf 1956 ckESpf omoemESpfaxmif hig;&mjynh f (1318ckESpf) JzG Ypnf;cJMh uonf/ txdrf;trSwt f jzpf r[maAm"dapwDo@mefapwDwpfqu l dk 1956 ckESpf 'DZifbmv wwd,tywfu tkXfjrpfcsc ho J nf/ OD;aqmifc hJolrsm;rS m acsmif;EG,&f mG ZmwdOD;pHx D;G atmifE fSih rif;jym;wk di;f &if;aq;q&mBu;D FODatmifom vSw d Yjk zpfMuonf/ tjr fih 18 awmif&S d apwDwpfqu l dk wnfaqmufc hJMuonf/ av;ajr§mihfjzpf\ wpfrsufESmvQif bk &m;ckESpfqlyg&Sdonf/ 28ql[kvnf;ac: onf/ ESpfaxmihfig;&mjynhfbk&m;[lívnf; trnfwGifonf/ xkdbk&m;teD; awmifbufwiG f tvsm; 26 awmif? teH 12 awmif&n S f "r® m½k HBu;D wpfaqmifu dk vnf; aqmufvyk dfEkicf hJonf/ oGy drf k;í orHwvif;cif;xm;onf/ tkXfavSum; wufvrf;qif;csi;f þbk&m;uk d zl;&onf/ bk&m;ES fihtXk favSum;Mum;wGif xef; yifpOf? anmifyifwef;rsm;jzihf oyÜm,fom,mvSayonf/
ckepfaxmifjynhftoif;(1318) ckepfawmifjynh fbk&m;uk d wnfxm;Ek dif&ef aqmif&Gucf hJMuonf/ bk&m;uk d 1318 ckESpfwnfxm;vmEk difcJhonf/ bk&m;tzG YrJ mS oufwrf;r&Snfc hJay? ,ck bk&m;wum^rwk d Yuyif jyKjyifay;cJ honf/ ,ck bk &m;wum^r trnfu d k JpG í rMunfrdbk&m;? rMunfrdbk&m;[lí ac:wGi df&SaeMuNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif; (1318) aumZm 1318 ckESp Jzf YGpnf;cJ hMuonf/ OD;qHe(D Ouú|)tonf& m?G OD;a&Tausmf OD;('kOuú|) OD;csr;f at; (twGif;a&;rSL;) xkdaemuf OD;eDxGef; paomyk d*¾Kvfrsm; OD;aqmifyg0ifc hJonf/ usdef;wk dufr S 32 &G muk d tajccHí JzG Ypnf;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufu dx k dx k uf&yf& mrs G m;pG m yg0ifc hMJ uonf/ Ouú| OD;a&TausmOf ;D ? twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;eDxGef;? OD;qHeDwkdYu xkd&Gmrsm;rSaqmfMoaumufcHvsuf awmifay:üjyKjyif aqmufvyk v f mcJ honf/ 0guRwfa&Tcsjcif;? JyGawmfusi;f yjcif;? bk&m;yG Jawmf usi;f y a&;ü wufwuf<u<uaqmif&Guv f mch Jonf/ ukodem½k Hord fawmfBu;D jzpf ajrmuf a&;twGu f 1320 ckESpf 26 ckESpf trIduo f rd f;toif;ES fih lyl;aygif;Ny;D yg0ifaqmif &Gucf hJonf/ tvsm;ay 315 ay? teH 226 ay 6vuf r xd? taqmufttk Hay: vmcJonf do frd ef H tvsm; 145 ay? teH d Hco H rd f wefaqmif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
*kP jf yK0rf; ajrmuf v mT &ckdifjynfe,f\ usufoa&aqmifjzpfaom usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;onf bk&m;&Sif\ vQmawmf&if;"mwfjzpf aMumif;ukd ork dif;&mZ0if w Ykdu wnDwnf; jyqkNd y;D jzpfygonf/ Asm'dwaf wmfE fiS havQmn f Dp mG omoemawmf(222)ckESpfu oD&d "r®m aomurif;BuD;\ a0iS dy Ykaqmifwnfxm;aprIaMumihf &ck difb&k if "n0wD jynf h&Sif ol&d,puúrif;Bu;D u þae&mü wnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨\EkpOfum vaus;rif;jzpfc h&J m Xmewnfxm;udef;atmif;cJhjcif;jzpfí usdef; awmf&Sif [k ac:rSwfvmcJh&jcif;jzpfavonf/ þrQorkdif;usOf;ukdum; usdef;wkdif;om;rsm;omru &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdif;u odMuonf/ xk d YaMumih f xif& m;vS S aom þ"mwfawmfo drki;f uk d a&S;ab;bk d;wk d Yvuf xufuyif bk&m;&S d dck;trsK;d rsK;d pyfq dyk al Zmfí ae&mwk dif;rS tm½k HjyKuo k dv k yf m;rs G m; cJ hMuaMumif;uk d owd &ayvdr hrf nf/ od Y kaomf "mwfawmfta&muf zl;ajrmf&efom BudK;pm;í vma&muf&ef qE´jzpfb d Y k ta&mufvmzk dY vkdtyfayvdr hfrnf/ uk d,w f dkif a&mufrdMurSomvQif "mwfawmf\a&SUarSmufwGi f w0tm;&zl;jrifrdMu&vQif pdwfqE´jynh f0? wpfoufv H;k tm½k H,l trSw&f dEkifMurnf jzpfayonf/ bk&m;ork dif;uk d od MuvQiu f m; bk&m;&Sif\ *kPfu d dkykí Munfñ d dEk kif&m\/ xk d YaMumih f a&S;tcguyif bk&m;orkid ;f onf Ak'¨bmomtwGuf vk dtyfvmcJ hav onf/ þork dif;wGiv f nf; bk&m;pwnfpuyif ,ckxdrnfo d Y k apmih fa&S mufvmcJ h onfu d k taxmuftxm;rsm;t& awG UEk difonf/ ork dif;a&pD;aMumif;onfum; tNrJwef;ajzmifrh wfvo S nfum; r[kwaf cs/ ppfab;ppf&mab;''Pfrsm;aMumih f qk H; H½I;&jcif;rsm;ES fih ruif;vSojzifh xdef;odrf;vmcJ hMu olrsm;uk dvnf; rsm;pG m aus;Zl;wif&ayrnf/ a&Tused f;awmfawmifum; ork dif;uk d &ifq dik fc hJ&onfomwnf;/ awmifawmf wpfavQmuf 0J,mvSnhfywfvQuf omoemjyefYy m;rI G ukd ay;vmonfrSmvnf; Mumanmif;cJah vNyD/ acwftqufqufvufqifu h rf;vmcJ h&aom usdef;awmif &Sif\ yx0Dom;? ajr;? jrpf rsm;vnf; vufrvGw dEf kifp&m vufurf;&rnf jzpfay onf/ dyk drkBudK;yrf;vm&rI? uG if;qif;avhvmxm;&Srd ?I NrdKUe,fwcGifESih f quf pyfrI
16
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
rsm;uk dyg wG Jac:ay;xm;&m dykí Hpkvifjynh f0p&m&S dacsonf/ taxmuftxm;rsm; om"ursm;ygEkid v f Qifum; aumif;onfxuf aumif;rnfjzpfí ork dif;aemufcH vnf;jzpf\/ bk&m;ork dif;ü tqufqufrw S w f rf;rsm;? avhvmxm;csurf sm;? awG Uqk Har; jref;csufrsm;? okawoejyKcsurf sm;? tawG UtBu d HK&MS uolrsm;ES fih vk yfaqmifavh d&Solrsm;\ enf;pepfñeT fMum;csu?f vkyfenf;vky[ f efu dk erlem,lí tcef;vk duf a&;om;wifjyxm;onh ftwGuf odcsifp&m zwfcsifp&mrsm; pkHvifvSayonf/ a&S;acwf &ck dio f drki;f uk d tajccHí a&ajryx0DNrKd UjyvlaerIupí ,aeYxd ork dif; uGi;f qufu d k qufoG,v f rf;cif;ay;xm;&S dojz fih ork dif;tpqk;H uk d cHpm;Mu&rnf omwnf;/ xk d YaMumih f wm0efodí? wm0ef d&SMuolrsm;u wm0ef,jl yKpkc haJ omaMumih f ork dif;wpfck\ twd frf;tapmif;uk d xdef;odrf;ay;Ek difMuNyjD zpf&mum; pmjyKolrsm; uk d vnf; csD;usL;0rf;ajrmufoif hMuonf/ jynfov l x l t k aygif;vnf; trs fKd;bmom? omoemtusK;d uk d arQmfu d;k vmEk difaomaMumih f *kPf,lp&m vkyf&yfjzpfaMumif; *kPfjyKpum;urf;vifh BudKqkdv dkuf&ayownf;/ q&mawmf OD;okE´& Ouú | NrdKUe,foHCem,u? rif;jym;NrdKU
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ed'gef ;oG,cf sif used ;f awmf&iS fu d?k OD;wif d½ñ k w T v f Quf bk&m;ajcawmf&if;ü 0yfpif;cJ h&jyefav onfr mS ightwGuf tcGi hfcgaumif;yifq dck sif\/ rif;jym;NrdK d U&S usdef;awmf&iS fu dk ,cktBurd fygqk dvQif zl;jrif&rI renf;vSNy/D zl;jrif dEkifav? uko dv k rf sm;av? &ck dif omoemrlvblwuk d atmufarh&? owd&í tEkówdyGm;rsm;vmEkdifavyif jzpfayonf/ rif;jym;Nrd KUok d Y yxrtBudr f a&mufc h&J onfr mvnf S ; tcGi ht f cgES fih BuKH íjzpf ygonf/ od*kFwå&a&wHcGefausmif;opf q&mawmfBuD;oufawmf&Snf(96)ESpf psmyeyG Jawmftcg umvwnf;/ xk dpOfajrmufOD;NrKd Uok d Y avh vma&;c&D;a&mufae onfjzpf&m tqifoif hí JyGBuHKv dkuv f m&onf/ av;NrKd Uacsmif;rS eef;usm;q&m awmf OD;aqmifaomoHCmrsm;psmyeyGJ o Ydk avSBuD;jz fih <uMu&m uHaumif ;vS aom igvnf; tcef Yoifv h du k yf gvmcJ h&av\/ xk d YaMumih f aumZm 1321(1959) ckESpfwiG f tpOD;a&muf&jcif;jzpfí usdef;awmf&Sifukv d nf; zl;jrif&jcif;OD;pG mjzpf av&onf/ xkdYaemuf 'kwd,tBudrf(21-11-63)aeY a&mufcJh&onf/ xkt d BudrfwGif vnf; bk&m;&Sifu dk 'kw, d drÜzl;jrifc hJ&onf/ þtBudrfwGifq dv k Qif r&nfrSef;bJ &efuek frS tNyD;tyk dif pGe Yfc mcJ G h&jcif;vnf;jzpfc hJavonf/ vm&if;rS mqk dvQif Oy ZÑm,fq&m&if;ysHveG í f JyGjyifwiG f uln&D ef psmyemuk d jymcsylaZmf&ef jzpfavonf/ xk dpOfrif;jym;NrdKUü Z,okcausmif;uk d rif;uefteD;wGi f aqmufvyk Nf y;D pjzpfae\/ OD;&D;awmfoDwif;ok H;aexk dif&m XmejzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? OD;0go0? OD;rked"Z wk d Yuvnf; arQmfvif haeMuíwpfaMumif;? c&D;BuHKíqk Hwek ;f jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? 0ifjzpfa&mufjzpfcJh&jcif;yifwnf;/ xk dpOfu usdef;awmf&iS fukzd ;l í Ncdwfawmifx d c&D;vSn fch hJbl;onf/ a'oEÅ A[kow k tjzpf oG m;a&muf&jcif;twGuf rSww f rf;jyKxm;rd ygao;\/ xk drw S w f rf; wGif rSwo f m;rdc ho J rd Qonfvnf; ,aeYwiG f usde;f wpfywfc&D;ñTeftjzpf azmfñeT ;f p&mjzpfvmcJh&ay\/ xkdaemuf wwd,tBudrfqkdvQif rif;jym;om;ESihfrjcm; awmhNyD/ 1327 (1965)rS 1332 (1971-ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 26-&uf)xd (6-ESp?f 6-rk d;)aeaysmjfzpfc h&J avonf/ xk d Yaemuf armifawme,fa&mufo m;N G y;D wGif
17
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
um; tcgtm;avsmpf mom G a&muf&awmh\/ a&mufw dik f; bk&m;&Sifu dak wmhzl;jrif rvGwcf Jhyg/ ajcawmf&if;ü 0yfpif;avh rysufjyKcJhonfomjzpfay\/ uR fEyk Ef fiS h rif;jym;onf JcGr&aom t0dembm0? t0D*woabm&S dc hJonfr mS trSefjzpf\/ b0ay;ukokdvfuH[líqkdqkd? rsKd;aqGqufpyfí yifajymajym? tusKd;jyKvakd om apwemuHypfcsavjcif;jzpfonfyJxm;xm; wpfcck kawmh trSD tuyftNidpyf d&SvmcJhonfrSm rjiif;omNyD/ rif;jym;used f;wk dif;om;onf uR fEkyfw dYk\ aqG;rsKd;rsm; jzpfc hJ&onfu dkawmh odcsiMf uayvdr hfrnf/ uR fEkyfw Yk\ d tZltZmrsm;onf ajrmufOD;xD;eef;aysmufq H;k NyD;aemufr&nf&G,b f J rif;jym;e,frS xGufc mcJ G h&bl;onf/ a&S mifwrd f;&if; upOfh u&Jjzpf&if; ,ckarmifawme,fo Y k d a&mufc hMJ u&onf/ armifawmNrKd Ut0if ESp dfrik f cef Yu NrdKUolBuD;&G m[lí &Sd yg\/ xk dwGif tajccscJhaomfvnf; taerusbJ a&T U ajymif;xGucf mcJ G h&jyefavonf/ aemufq H;k wGif pdwcf s&aom wpfae&muk d a&G; cs,fí acgif;cstajcpkdufavhcJh&onf/ xk dae&mum; zcspf&D& mrnf G \/ ,ckxkd&Gmtrnfajymif;vJí trnfopf wpfck a&mufaeNy;D jzpfay\/ xk d& muk G d wnfcsay;ol\ emrnfyifwnf;/ ¤if;onf dAkvfcsi;f ysw H yfrS csif;ys\ H vuf H½k; dAkvfwpfOD;jzpfavonf/ csif;ysw H Gif tvm;wl dAkvrf LS ;? wyfrLS ;? aemufv du k &f aJ bmfo H;k &m ESpu f syd rf d Q&Sonfq d\ k / ajrmufO;D xD;eef; uk d odrf; dyku&f ef BuKd ;pm;cJ h\/ eef;NrKd Uuk d pifNydKiw f nfaqmufc hJavao;\/ upäy e'D, d;k ilü aZ,s0wDNrdKU? r*FvmBu;D awmif? (ar,kawmifwef;)t&yfü wyfpcef; NrKd U? ewfjrpfa&S mufacsmif;zsm;wGi f o&ufcsKdNrKd Uwk d Yu dk wnfcsí wyfwnfc hJao;\/ csif;ysH aovQif(aumZm 1177)(c&pf 1815)wyfysufcJh&av\/ zcspf&Donf trsK;d om;u,fq,fjyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;jyKc haJ vojz fih xk dae&mwGif rif;jym;? ajrmufOD;? ykPÖm;uRef;? a'orS& dckifrsm; 'ku©onfpcef;b0rS ajr;? jrpf? wD? <uwf? aygufz m;j G zpfa&muf onfx d tqufrjywf acgif;cs&yfwnfvmcJ h &av\/ ,aeYtZltZmwk d Yr d&Saomfvnf; igwk d Y\ aqG;om;aygufz m;? G twlaezuf rsm;um; usef&Sdayao;\/ taMumif;oif hí xkduwpfpwpfp a&T Uajymif;vmcJ hMuolrsm;qk dvQif tZl tZmwk d Y Xmecsufa<u usde;f wk dif;e,fo d Y k a&mufvmcJ hMu&jyef\/ ork di;f wpfausmh vSn fch h&J csufr mS ESpaf ygif;ESp&f mwk diMf umcJ h&ayNyD/ NrdKUolBu;D ioHawGonf ig;pif d½ik ;f acsmif;uRe;f wGif wpf dAv k w f pfrif;aecJ h\/ ¤if;\om;icsif ;ysHonf dpki;f wifpm;b0 rS wyfxu G fppfcsjD yKjyefav\/ csif;ys\ H a,mufzrS m a';0ef;atmifu D sD&S(aomfw
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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vD )jzpf\/ csif;ysH\wlr mS Muufoa&&Gmom; Zmwd? NrdKUolBu;D atmifausmZf Hjzpf\ [k t*Fvyd frSww f rf;ü qk donf/ rsKd;pOfqufí od&onfum; pE´0dZ,wk H;ñk d\om;zoaxGjzpf\/ ¤if;\ om;ioHaxGjzpf\/ ioHaxGom; ausmfatmif? ouf HESa0? csif;ysHw Ykjd zpfMu\/ ausmaf tmifom;um; a';0ef;BuD;atmifausm D&f jT zpf\/ atmifausm D&f w T Gif om; jrOD;? d'k;atmifausm?f owkd;a0? (ppfuBJ uD;) armifausmx f eG f;[lí om;av;OD;? orD;ESpf OD;&SdcJhMuonf/ NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHukd ausmfatmif rdoEÅmrS ajrmuf O D ; Nrd K Uü aumZm 1140 wG i f arG ; zG m ;onf q k d \ / ¤if ; om;rS m "EkjzL0efaxmufrif;armif ausmfxGef;jzpfavonf/ ¤if;onf bcifyku H d k aumZm 1222 ckESpfykHwl a&;qGJxm; cJhonf/ &ckdifr*¾Zif; trSwf(16)wGif xkdykHukd jrif a wG U Ek d i f \ / atmif a usmf Z H o nf aumZm 1200 jynh f ü aoqk H ; í touf(60)rQom touf&Snfco Jh nf/ t*Fvdyf wk dYajr muf § pm;cHc hJ&aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;qifEGJcJhojzihf zrf;qD;axmifoGif;jcif; ukd cHvmcJh&ao;\/ a';0ef;ESi hNf rdKUolBuD;om;? orD;a,mufzusonf/ a'0ef;Bu;D ESrES fih NrdKUolBuD;rS m td r f a xmif z uf c J h M ujcif ; aMumih f jzpf a vonf / xk d o k d Y q k d v Qif csif ; ysH \ (tpfu dkom;)om;onf a';0ef;BuD; om;jzpfacs\/ a,mufzum;r[kwf acs/ csif;ys\ H wlrSm NrdKUolBuD;qk d&mü csif;ysH\tpfu dk (ausmfatmif) r,m;(rdoEÅm) om;qk du om;awmfpyfonf? wlrusacs/ wlq du k csi;f ysH\ ESrom;omjzpfo fih\/ xk d YaMumih f azmfjyyg t*Fvyd frw S w f rf;uk d trSef,q l í rjzpf dEik facs/ NrdKUolBu;D um; axmifrSvGwpf Of a'oXmaecsufjrK§ yaf jr Muufoa&&G mod Yka&mufí waysmfwyg; aexk dio f m;cJ G hayao;\/ xk d YaMumih f used ;f uRef;om;rsm;? usde;f wk di;f om;rsm; tquf tEG,w f d Yo k nf zcspf&D& mrS G jyefc hJ&oltrsm;&S dc haJ ví igwk d YE fSi&h yfom;csi;f ? &G mom; csif;? aqGrsKd;csi;f ? ruif;Mujcif;uk d ork dif;u oufaocHaernfomwnf;/ usdef;NrKd Uajrum; tH hzG, df&v S Sonf/ blrdeufoefajrrsKd;rSefonf fq d kk\/ ud k,f pm;"mwfvQi f usdef;awmf&Sifonf wef dck; f d&Say\/ usdef;awmfawmifq dv k Qif "mwf a&mifvQHNrw d Nf rdwEf fSih ylaZmfzG,af umif;vS\/ usdef;NrKd Ua'oonf okcvGefy m;í G tusKH;0iforQ wk d Yu dkun l DcJMh ujcif;jz fih NyD;ajrmufatmifjrif dEkifc hJMuonft h wGuf tm;vkH;uk d aus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufrIjyKygonf?
18
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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twljyKzuf? vufcsi;f ,Suv f Quf toufyrm? rsKd;bmomESifh omoemusKd;? o,f dyk;xrf;&Guf rysufMuap? &nfrSef;ayonf a&Tjynf& dckif? r@dKifwnf;/ t&S i f p uú d E ´ armifawmNrdKU &ckdifjynfe,f
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
vQm&if ;awmf "mwf ? apwDbk&m;&S d ddck;d Moumo? Moumo? Moumo? tpdaE´,s? tpdaE´,s? tyÜar,s? twk v[k? EIdif;q rxif? bk&m;oQifonf? rsm;jzihfAkdvfvl? uRwfxkdufolukd? MunfjzLoem;? cRwfacsmjf im;í? w&m;NrdKUufa&? qGwjf zef;avaomf? 0D;aearQmfvif h? o'¨gyGi hf¨ toih fx dkcg? pE´ mol&d,? yihfc,&m? ax&fig;&mjzihf ? aumif;pG m&G&G? ud k,w f dik f<uí? awmifrausmufawmf? a&S;jzpfarQmí f ? "mwfawmfc&m? Asm'dwfr mS aomf-]](1)umum*D&d? wGifbdomacgif? xk donfawmifrSm? igtavmif;awmf? pHaysmf r,Gif;? azmfcyif;ES fih? usD;rif;wZmpf? d&S ujzpf í? ]](2)wnfvpftHh&m? ZD0 mac:wG S if? usdef;oQifyifu dk? aemifwGifazmufjyef? rdp m&ef ä aMumihf? y,fvSef vQ U0S Kd u?f pDrcH sujf z fih? bke;f pufoC H m? r[muóy? tZmwowf? ESp&f yf,OS zf uf? wnfxm;csurf Gef? "mwfppfrSeu f dk? ,l jyefwpfcg? taomumES fih? (3)r[mwdó? pDrMH uaomf? wdó q&m? (4)Am[kvmwk d Y? aumif;pG myih fvm? ol&, d puú? wk d Y&mZm tm;? qufocJ hNy?D a'G;ok H;vDwGi?f r[Dv Yjl ynf? "nmajrok d Y? qufo, G fvma&muf? ESpcf gajrmuf us? (5)wef lc;l v0,f? tpapwD? "mwfo&Du d?k r[Dcsufcsm? DAGvus mü? f xk dcgwnfxm;? ausmif;uefy m;í? G rsm;jym;oHCm? nD;nD;jzm\/ xk dcgvQm&if; ZD0 mrif S ;ES fih? ac:jcif; usdef;awmif? "mwfxeG f;ajymifí? bkef;acgif"r®}} wwd,[k? "r®obif? o*F g,em? wif&m"dywd? arm*¾vyd kwå? wdóax&fausm?f trde Yfawmf jz fih? r[ðou? rnf&o drkif;? &ck difw dik f;ok d Y? pD; dckif;<uvm? r[ma&0? ax&ig;jzm? &[EÅ mwk d Y? ol&d,puú? wk Yd&mZmtm;? a'0'lwef? ewfwrefjzif h? a[mñTefoeG f avmif;? av;aomif;t&d,m? "r®pu©K? &rIval ygif;? av;aomif;&[ef;? uRwf wrf;qku d &f ? jrwfAk'¨\? "r®qufEG,?f qufo, G fy m;avQ G muf? xyfqif h avQmufí ]](6)aemufaemufcsdefcg? rif;o'¨g rGef? r[mpjE´m;? jyKjyifjim;\/ wyg; onD]]yOörDuyf? BuD;eDcsyv f Qi?f D&TuyG fwif hom;? ig;axmiftm;jz fih? D&Tjim;aocsm? ok H;ESpMf umvQif? aumif;pG moD;oD;? atmifjrifNy;D í? vlx;D cGeq f ?D dpk;rd k;csDo?oD&pd E´ m}} (7)wk d Y&mZmvnf;? ZD0 m"mwf S vQif? jyKqif,if\ ]]xk dwiG faemifcg? NrdKUyOö mü? opö m AE¨0? y'krçt&[H? ax&faum@n? OwåroD&d? ax&fb'´d,? tprsm;pGm? ax&f&Sp&f mjz fih? aumZmjzpf d½k;? ESp&f mhu d;k rl? rif;&ifjzL vnf;? {u'or? q,fhwpf rQjzpf? y&Ak du D&f ?T D&T;wifvrD ?S yOöavm[m? &wemjz fih? rsm;pG mzk d;xk du/f ESpu f syd &f pS q f ?l
19
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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oGe;f jyKvLS NyD;? (8) vSLpm&T D;}} vQu?f "mwfBuD; ZD0Sm? jyKjyifv m\/ S aemifcgbD;vS? aumvd,ES fih? 'o&mZm? wjzmrif ;xD;? bkef;aerD;wk d Y? rnD; xk dcg? omoemES fih? &wemok H;yg;? rjcm;edn? yG m;rsm;&aMumif;? tm;tif avmif;í? ñGwaf ysmif;tH hz, G ?f jyef Y0Sef;us,o f m;? rsKd;yG m;oef Ypif? w&m;cifv, G f? csrf;om<u,fí? axGaxGylaZmf? ,ckarQmrf eS ;f ? &Tiaf ysmx f eG ;f y? vk dw dik ;f &onf h okcjynh fvQrf;? edALÁ eef;ryGi haf paomf0/f (11-vkH; tmom0wD0wfqHcs) 1/ "n0wD& dckifjynfodkY bk&m;&Sif<ua&mufawmfrljcif;? 2/ &ckdif&mZ0ifvuFm? 3/ arm*¾vdykwåwdóax&f? 4/ &Sifr[mwdó"mwfawmfrsm;uk d &ckdifjynfo Ydk yihf,lvmonf? 5/ 'kwd,tBurd f&u© dKifjynfo Ykd omoema&muf &Sdvmjcif;? 6/ ynmar"garmfuGef;? wwd,tBudrf omoema&muf d&v S mjcif;? 7/ yOöro*F g,em(ok d Y ) &ck difjynfwiG f pwkwa¬ jrmufo*Fg,em? ynmar"g armfueG f;ESihf &Spfaomif;bk&m;rsufE mM S uufpm 8/ omoemawmfarmfueG f;? vufa&;rI? 0wDxeG f;? &ck difjynftoQifpuú dE´\ &ck difjynfrif;jym;NrdKU usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;taMumif; a[majymcsufu kd DrSí a&;om;ygonf/ (0wDxGef; 3-2--96)
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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ZD0 mawmf S j jrwf "mwkylZm (&pem*gxm) (vu©Pmawmfjrwf 32 yg;rS y[lwZD0Sg jA[®ó&vu©PmawmfbGJY) y[m, z½ko0H gpH? ayred,H A[ku HEÅ? y[lwZDa0S g jA[®óa&m? 0aES ´ tma',s0gpDaem? (2) Amwå ðo0&vu©aPm? toDwdtEkAsOöaem? ok|Kyak PÖ m? oAÁykaPÖ m? wdXEÅK oAÁo d'd ¨um/ (1)a,mb*0g? tMuifjrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ rElóblawmormaem? vlZmwf xif& m;? S vlom;pifppf? {uefjzpfí? aAm"doawå m? a,0rmaem? bk&m; tavmif;awmfjzpfíomvQif? wwåwwåba0? yg&rD jznf hpOfumv? xk dx do k d Yak om b0ü? z½koH0gpH? vTo m;uJ G ho Y k d tawG U&S daom? Murf;wrf;aompum;uk d? y[m,? y,fpGefYí? ayred,H? cspfcsifz, G fjzpfaompum;ukv d nf;aumif;? A[kuEÅH? rsm;pG maom vltaygif;wk d Y ESpfoufz, G jf zpfaompum;uk dvnf;aumif;? bmodw?H tNrJraoG? ajymqk dawmfrlwyf gay\/ (uk o k d v f u H ) aweuar®e? xk do d Yak umif;rGe?f uko dv k u f aH Mumih f? y[lwZDa0S g? Ekn h&H n S v f Qm; í us,fjyef Yaom vQmawmf&Sad wmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;? jA[®óa&m? toH t*F g &Spyf g;ES fijh ynh f Hpí k ? jA[® mrif;\toHE fiS w h al om toH d&aS wmfrjl cif;onfvnf; aumif;? a[mwd jzpfawmfrl\/ (aumif;usKd;) aweur®edoaE´e? xk duko dkvfuHtaMumif;cHí? wzefrysuf?tusKd;quf aMumih f? tma',s0gpdaem? av;pm;½k daoxk duaf om/ pum;ES fijh ynf h Hpkawmfrlaom jrwfp mbk G &m;ukd? 0g? xk djrwfp mbk G &m;\ vQm&if;rnfac:ZD0 gawmf S "mwfu dk/ (1)
20
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(tusKd ; quf ) t[Hu f REyk fonf (r,H? uR fEkyf? tuR fEkyfrwk d Yonf )0aE´-0E´ mrd?MunfpG o'¨ g? cgcgjrwf dEk;? vuf Hp dkrk;um? &S ddc;k yg\ jrwfp mbk G &m;/ (2)Amwðåo0&vu©aPm? EknHh&SnfvQm;? us,fjyefaY om? vQmawmf tp&S daom? ok H;q,h f ESpyf g;aom jrwfaomvu©PmawmfBu;D ES fiv h nf; jynh f Hpak wmf rlxaom/todwt d ElAsOaö em? &Spfq,faom vu©Pmawmfi,fE fSiv h nf; jynh f Hpk awmfrlxaom? okXKykaPÖm? jznfhusihfawmfrltyfaom yg&rDorÇm&wkdYESihf aumif;pG mjynh fpkHjcif;vnf; d&Sawmfrlxaom? oAÁykaPÖ m? jznhfu f sihawmfrltyf aom? yg&rD orÇ m&wk dY\? tvk H; Hpkjynh f Hpkjcif;vnf; d&Sawmfrx l aom? oAÁo ¨ dd'u ´ m? avmuD avmukw&å m? NyD;pD;atmifjrifjcif;? t&m&mwk d YEiS hf? jynh f Hpak wmfru l ek af om jrwfp m;bk G &m;wk Yo d nf ? aruR fEkyf\ (r,S H tuREkfyf? tuR fEkyfrwk dY\) oDao? cE¨ muk d,fwGif? tjrwfwGifac:? OD;xdyfyv’ifay:ü? wdXEÅK? a&Tausmif;wEIef;? NrJ&TifNyHK;vQuf? oDwif;ok;H awmfrlygukef? jrwfp mbk G &m;? bk&m;/ (t&Siaf wZoko&d ad rm|d ) tmusyf a wmf u k e f ; ppf a wG N rd K U rS w f c suf vQmEkn h=H vQmyg;vT mjcif;aMumih f ao;oG,pf mjG yKí ES macgif;awmfo d Yk oGif;jy awmfrlEkdif\/ vQm&SnfvQm;=vQmus,fjyef Yjcif;wk d YaMumih f ezl;jyifu dk Hzk;vTrf;í ok H;oyfjy awmfrlEkdif\/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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21
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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&ck diw f iG f jrpfBu;D ok H;oG, d&f o S nf/ tOöe'D? *päye'D? rv’[ek 'D[í l trnft oD;oD d ;&Sc hMJ uonf/ xk djrpfw d Yo k nf ajrmufbufr S awmifbufo d Yk pD;oG,v f su d&f aS v onf/ tOöee'Djrpfuk d ta&S Uyk dif;&ck di df½k;rrS jzmxGuv f maom awmifpG,af wmif wef;rsm;jz fih um&Hxm;onf/ taemuf dykif;wGif "n0wD 99 awmifrSqufí ocsFyfawmif? ajrmufOD;awmif0Srf;? armif;qG Jawmif? aAmif;'Gwfawmif? r[mxD; awmif? rkcsmawmif? vufoef;acsawmif? yg;awmfawmif? iclawmif? used ;f awmif wk djzY fih um&Hxm;&S donf/ taemufbufurf;ajrmifwiG f tv,fykid f;ü awmifpOf awmif d½;k rsm; quf oG, d&f Sonf/ xk d Yjyif jrpfacsmif;uRef;urf;wk f d Yjz fih awmif d½k;ud k tajccHí jzpfay:jynh fESuaf eNy;D *päye'Djrpfo Y kd qufoG,v f su d&f Sonf/ ta&S U buf& dckif½k;d rwpfavQmufwGiv f nf; awmifusacsmif;rsm;? tif;tk difrsm;? uRef; urf;rsm;jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/ Oyrm-Ncdwfacsmif;? yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;? zkHomacsmif;wkdYjzpf Muonf/ jrpf0wGifvnf; uRef;urf;rsm;jynhfESufí yifv,fESihf pyfvQuf &Sdonf/ azmfjyygacsmif;wk d YrS a&rsm;onf av;NrdKUjrpfBuD;ok d Y pD;0ifvQu d&f Sonf/ rif;jym;NrKd U e,fo k Ydta&mufwiG f &marmifjrpf[kac:onf/ eef;usm;teD;wGif eef;usm;jrpf? avmif;MuufteD;wGif avmif;Muufjrpf? yef;ajrmif;teD;wGi f yef;ajrmif;jrpf? ajrmif;bG,t f eD;wGif ajrmif;bG,jf rpf[í l tyk dif;tvk dut f rnftac: jzpfo m;cJ G h &onf/ rif;jym;NrKd Uawmifbufjrpf0wGif MuyfpifuRe;f ? auovmuRe;f qD;vQuf d&Sonf/ xk duRe;f \ta&SUtaemufw d Yrk S av;NrdKUjrpfa&onf yifv,fo d Yk pD;0ifo m; G avonf/ av;NrdKUjrpfE fSih ukvm;wef jrpfonf tmoHr S jrpfzsm;cHNy;D aemuf rD ;acsmif; zsm;tvGefraS eí ESp>f rmuG Jqif;vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ xk d YaMumif h tmoHwiG f jrpfzsm; qk Havonf/ jrpfEpS f>rmwk d YwiG f vus mrT f monf ukvm;wefjrpftjzpf? pD;0ifoGm; avonf/ vuf0Jr monf T av;NrdKUjrpftjzpf pD ;0ifo m;avonf G / xkdav;NrKd Ujrpf onf vl;acsmif;? oHacsmif;? 0yfacsmif;wk d Yr S txyfxyf jrpfvufwufcHvmonf/ xk du Ncdwaf csmif;uk djzwfvsu f yifv,fxJo d Y k pD;qif;oGm;avonf/ rlv av;NrdKU jrpf pD;oG m;&monf tif;awmfBuD;rS jzpfonfqk\ d / xk drS NydKi;f "mwfawmifteD;
tk dirf sm; av;NrdKUjrpfaMumif;wGif tkdirf sm; rsm;pG mjzpfxeG f;vsu d&f Sonf/ yef;ajrmif; teD;wGif o&uftif;ESi hf **F gtif;? e*&mtkyfpük pnfywå&mtif;ES fih 0&'wftif; ukvm;rawmifteD;ü wHcsdwt f if;? t0&G mtkyfpkü ajymif;&Snftif;? om,mukef; aus;&G mtkyfpktif;? ptif;&G ma[mif;? aus;&G mtMum;&S d ptif;tif;? þtif;wk d Y onf emrnfxif& m;aomtif S ;rsm;jzpfavonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fwiG f tif;tk difrsm; \ pkpkaygif;{&d,m (17255){u&Sdonf/
jrpfa csmif ;rsm;oG,pf ;D yk H av;NrdKUjrpfonf b*Fvm;yifv,fxo J d Y k jzwfoef;pD;0ifo m;avonf G / ta&S U ajrmufbufrS pD;qif;vmMuaom yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;ES fih Hzkomacsmif;wk d Yonf H'kBu;D ewfarmft dik w f iG f yl;aygif;NyD; pD;qif;vmMuaom xk djrpfw d Yo k nf av;NrKd UjrpfE fiS h aouHaus;&G mteD;wGif aygif; HpkMuonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,ftwGif;ü av;NrdKUjrpf\ yxrjrpfq Hjk zpfNyD; yxrjrpfus,[ f v k nf; ac:qk d dEkifonf/ ,if;\tv,fwiG f ykxk;d wpfqEl fSih uRef;i,fwpfuRe;f d&SNy;D ,if;uRef;uk d 0ufjzLuRef;(&marmifuRef;) [kvnf; ac:onf/ xk dae&monfyif jrpfq HEk fSih yxrjrpfus,t f ñTe;f vu©Pm oabm jzpfaeonf/ ,if;rS qufvufpD;qif;vmaom av;NrKd Ujrpfonf rif; aMumif;jrpf ESihf ZD;yifBuD;teD;wGif aygif;qkHMuonf/ ,if;ukd 'kwd,jrpfq Hk[k ac:qk d f dEkifonf/ (rif;BuD;jrpfü >yefwpfc dk&Sonf/ ,if;>yefonf auovm>yefrS pwif JcGxu G fNy;D ? ausmufiEG m;teD;wGif rif;aMumif;jrpfxJo d Y k jyefvnfpD;0ifvm onf ) 'kw, d jrpfus,[ f v k nf; qk d dEik o f nf/ ¤if;teD;Muyfpifawmifarmfü Muyfpif jrpfE fSih o*FeufjrpfESpfjzmcG JxGupf D;qif;Muonf/ ,if;wGif av;NrdKUjrpf trnfjz fih qufvufpD;qif;vmaomjrpfr mS o*Feufjrpfjzpfonf/ xk djrpfESpo f , G u f dk rif;jym; rS a&vrf;(12)rk difcef Yu ma0;onf G hae&mü ig;owpfayguf>yefE fSih ul;vl;oG m;vm dEkifonf/ qufvufpD;qif;oG m;aom av;NrdKUjrpfonf uRJwufaus;&G mteD;wGif anmifajcaxmufjrpf trnfjz fih pD;qif;onf/ aygufqed u f sjrpfE fiS h aygif;qk Honf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aygfufawmNrKd UteD;wGif pGef&JjrpfESih f aygif;qk Honf/ þae&monf wwd,jrpf us,fjzpfonf/ av;NrdKUjrpfonf &ck difjynfe,fwGif 'kwd,tok H;0ifqkH;jrpfjzpf onf/ av;NrdKUjrpfo d Yk vma&mufaygif;qk HMuaom acsmif;rsm;rS m ajrmif;bG,fteD; ü ajrmif;bG,facsmif;? aemfaemf&GmteD;ü aemfaemfacsmif;? "rÜavacsmif;ESihf qufpyfvsu d&f o S nf h oJwef;acsmif;wk d Yjzpfonf/ ,if;acsmif;wk d Yonf ajrmufO;D NrKd U e,fo d Yk wk du d½f kufoGm;vmEk difMuonf/ (rif;jym;NrdKUe,f\ rSwfwrf;orkdif;rS)
22
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ajrrsuf E mtoG S it f jyif av;NrdKUjrpfonf ta&S UbufwGif awmifpG,fawmifwef;wk Yjd z fih jynhfESuf vsuf&Sdonf/ ta&S Ubuf d&S &ckdif½kd;rawmifwef;BuD;rS jzmxGufvmjcif;rsm;jzpf onf/ ajrmufbufESi hftaemufbuf? awmifbufw d Yrk mS ajrjyef YvGifjyifrsm;jzpf vsu d&f Sonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,f\ tv,fA[ku d d k jzwfoef;í ajrmufrSawmifo d Yk av;NrdKUjrpfpD;qif;vsu df&Sonf/ awmifbufwGif jrpfcGJrsm;&S d&mum; jrpf0ajrEk uRef;ay:rsm; ay:xGef;vsu d&f Sonf/ ajrrsufE mjS yifonf qifuek f;avQmjzpf d&aS e onf/ ajrmufbufrSmjrifhí awmifbufokdY wjznf;jznf;edrfhqif;oGm;onf/ awmif dyik ;f jrpf0wGif used ;f awmifwef;? Muyfpifawmifwef;? auovmawmifwef; wk dY wnf d&Sonf/ auovmuRef;ta&S UbufrS rif;aMumif;jrpfo dkY pD;qif;oG m; onf hrif;aMumif;jrpf0? aumovm>yef0wGif >yef&Sno f nf ajr Hykjrpfo d Y k pD;0ifo m; G avonf/ MuyfpifuRef;taemufbufwGif o*Feufjrpf? &ufckef;wk dif;jrpfonf iref;&JuRef;? ajr Hykjrpfo d Yk pD;0ifo m;avonf G / o*FeufjrpfrSig;owpfayguf>yef azmufxiG f;í iwefysif;? usm;&JjyifrSpD;vmaom av;NrKd UjrpfaMumif;ES fih qk Hum aygufqdefusjrpf? wref;qnfjrpf? pGef&Jjrpfo d Yk pD;oG m;vsuf ukvm;wefjrpf? iref; &Jjrpf? z½k Humjrpfw d Yko d Y k pD ;0ifo m;avonf G / aumZm 1210 u uif ;q&monf a&aMumif; c&D;oGm;vmcJhonf/ &rf;NAJrS c&D;pwifxGufcJh&m MuyfpifuRef;ok Yd a&mufí ig;owpfaygufrx S u G v f suf *päye'Djrpf0 ppfawGNrKd Uok d Y a&mufavonf/
used ;f &marmif rS *päya&muf a&aMumif ; JzG Y iNrKd wufrukid ?f yJ hx dkifa&TarmifOD;? OD;pD;,ufo haJ tmif? awmifNrKd Uanmifyif vS? cwfumyJhcsdwf? ndwfumndwfum? avSrSma&yuf? xrif;csufaMumifacs? rif;aeaygif;pD;? bke;f BuD;vlxu G ?f OD;wufvufavS mf? xGe;f ay:ça&TarmifO;D ? 0rf;El; ylavmif? &Spaf ,mufarmifw d Y?k tdrfaxmifoufarG;? tvSLay;vsu?f arwå mqk Hcsif? Opö mcif&m? 0rf;wGif&q H D;? drk;oDewfawmif? ukefatmifavmif;'&pf? xm;vSpfnm wif? NrdKicf Gifc&D;? vlreD;om;? nnf;BuD;qdwfn?H ylusif;>yefu d?k wufysyH pfvsu?f a&mifev D majrmuf? ausmufE m;ayguf G u? ajrmufu dak &S Uaqmif? a&S muf Hyak wmifu d?k
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
a&mufatmifu;l oef;? tajzmifhwef;vsuf? urf;uRef;uefom? Muyfpif&Gmukd? vus mwif f NrJ? iref;&Ju d?k vuf0Juypf? &marmifjrpfu dk? uspfumrufum? vk ducf hJ vmom;? npmrk d;csKyf? wjzm;ukyfí? jyKAÁ0Da'? uRef;a&mifa0om;? jrKawajymif ajymif? usdef;awmfawmifu d?k &G,af qmifO;D ñTw?f zl;Ny;D vwfu? tm;&arG UaoQmif? usde;f &marmifu d?k a&S mifc haJ emufypf? ig;owpfu d?k usdwí f xGuNf y;D ? a&S UuqD;onf jrpfBuD;rwref;qnf? ombdaownf;? &Gmjynfausmif;uef? bkHArd mefESih?f wHceG f uku m;? ú rav;zG m;ESihf? jrpfem;ukef;wef;? ajrmufbufuRef;u? wref;qnf& m?G yef;0g0guk d? vuf smwifNy;D ? xk duqD;onf? woD;pGef&J? jrpfvuf0Ju? oJoJaysm&f Tif? a'gejyifu? vl&Siftyk fusu?f dpkif;wwfbufu? &u©r@dKif? &ck difñ dak &mif? awmif twnfwnf? jynftuRef;uRef;? t0Srf;0Srf;uk dd? vSn fhpef;'Dom? ESif;jzmjzmES fih? vus mvuf f 0J? ½IumeJom;? o&G Jvus m?f awmif;zl;&mwGi?f npmxrif;? npm[if; uk d? wif;wif;pm;aomuf? JyGNy;D aygufu? a&mufvak &mufcsi?f pdwcf &GiEf fiS ?h yifv,f t0? *päy[k? drIi;f ys&&D ?D prf;oDprf;oyf? dESr hí f cwfu? csnf;uyfppfawG? a&mufav atmifjrif? rsufvif;pifu ppfawGatmifw dik f? &ck dif&m½I? arQmfv dku½f Iom;? pwk'D om? av;rsufE m0,f S ? yifv,fawmifu? qyf d½k;usajrmuf? taemuf r,k? a&S Url *päy? tif;ayguf0[k? jrjrñk d Yñ d Y?k ppfawGNrKd Uvnf; ewfw d Yak ysm&f m? 0wðomok d Y?jrpfr mS Munf hav? tjynh favSwuf? 0ifxu G rf pJ? oHw J?G &rf;NAJ? oDjcif;at;ES fih/ ]]uif;q&mOD;yef;OD ; (OD;0&vlxGu )f (aumZm 1210)
tOÆee,fa jr tOÆee,fajronf &ck difv Yt l JzGytpnf;wk d Y aexk difvmcJ&h m tcsuftcsm Xmersm;jzpfacs\/ &ck difvrl sKd;rsm;\ toufaoG;aMumrsm;vnf; jzpfacs\/ NrdKUjy XmetajcjyK&mvnf;jzpfc hJ\/ xk d YaMumif hvrl Ia&;? vl Y,Ofaus;rIrsm;yg tajcjzpf vmcJ h&onfomwnf;/ av;NrdKUjrpfzsm;onf ukvm;wefjrpfE fSih jrpfzsm;qk H;onhf twk di;f "n0wDacwf? a0omvDacwfw d Yu k ork di;f aMumif;qufo, G rf rI uif;Mu acs/av;NrKdUacwfajrmufO;D acwfum; t"dutcsut f csm jzpfc h&J monfomwnf;/ tOÆee,fajronf ork di;f &SnMf umvmcJ hNy;D jzpf\/ xk d YaMumih f vlrsKd;EG,pf w k pf ck\ tajccsaexk difaysmfarGU&mXmerSm trSefomwnf;/ &ckdiforkdif;wpfacwf? bDpD (6000)cefYxufrenf;uyif? vlaerI&yf&Gma'otajcusNyD;jzpfonf[k ,lq&\/ &ck difo drki;f wGif a&S UOD;a0omvDacwfonf ESpfqufaygif; (1990)&Snf
23
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
MumcJhonf/ rif;(29)quftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ c&pfawmfray:cif bD pD(5315)rS (3325)xd umv&SnMf umcJ honf/ xk d Yaemufr mS rm&,konf yxr"n0wDacwf uk d wnfaxmifonf/ "n0wDacwfonf bDpD(3325)rS at'D (326)xd umv &SnMf umonf/ xk Ydaemuf rm&,konf yxr"n0wDacwfu dk wnfaxmifonf/ "n0wDacwfonf bDp(D 3325)rS at'D (326)xd umv&SnMf umonf/ ESpfaygif; (3649)xdjzpfavonf/ xk Yad Mumihv f eG fc hJaom ESpf(7000)ausmu f yif &ck difa&S UOD; a0omvDacwfu d k pwifEkdifc hJonf/ NrdKUjyxD;eef;wnfcs tkyfcsKyfrIw Ykyd g jzpfcJh& onf/ bDpD(3326)wGif yxr"n0wDonf qlrm&D,w H Ykad y:csed fE fSih acwfNyKd ifus a&mufaeonf? xk dacwfNrKd UjywnfcsrrI mS omref&yfpk taqmufttk H rQom&S ddEik f rnf[k cef YrSef;cJMh uonf/ ,if;wk d Yu dkaxmufí urÇ mho drkif;ESi hf csdefqum &ck dif tpOD; vlaerIu dv k nf; awG;qEk difavonf/ ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKUonf rD;acsmif;zsm;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ "n0wDNrdKU onf oD d&drme'Dac: o&Dacsmif;zsm;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ a0omvDausmufavS um;NrdKUonf &rf;acsmif;? tnmaovme'Dacsmif;em;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ rD;acsmif; zsm;rS av;NrdKUacsmif;okdY qufoG,fonf/ &rf;acsmif;zsm;onf rD;acsmif;zsm;? ul0acsmif;zsm;? ysOf0acsmif;zsm;wGif acgif;cHonf/ 0ufowk d;awmifx d ayguf a&mufo m;onf G / xk dawmifuausmu f m acsmif;zsm;od Y k pkefoGm;aomf vl l;acsmif;? av;NrdKUacsmif;? armf&Gma&mufonf/ rD;acsmif;zsm;rS 0g;½kHawmif? aygif;ay:0? 'g;oG D;ausmuf? csif;vuf0acsmif;? yvuf0ok d Yqufavonf/ yvuf0u?ukef; awmf? 'vufar? w&Get f dik ?f Oóvif;? uvuf0acsmif;uk d ausmfvQif td dE, ´ e,f od Y k qufavonf/ xk do Y kd &ck difajrmufy kdif;acsmif;zsm;rS b*Fvm;e,f? td dE´,? tmoHrPdyl&? Bwyd &l e,fE fiS h ajrcsif;pyfvsuf d&Saeonfomwnf;/ xk da'orS ausmfjzwfítd dE, ´ ta&SUajrmufykdif;a'orSvnf;aumif; ajrmufbufrPdyl&rSvnf;aumif;? MopaMw;vstEG,f0ifrsm; &ck difo Yk d pwifa&mufvmMuonf/ ¤if;wk d Yu dk bDv;l [k ac:qk dMu&mum; aemifwGif &u©oQ-&u© dKuf-&ck dif[lí vlrsKd;trnfjzpfvmcJ h& onfq d\ k / td dE, ´ rS0ifa&mufvmaom &ck di\ f tpOD;qk H;vlrsm;jzpf c ho J nf/ "n0 wDaES mif;acwf c&pf-at'D(1)&mpktxd vlrnf;rsm; (&u©oQ)[k ,lq&ol d&Sae ao;onfq d\ k / rm&,konf &u©oQw d Yu k d k awmfveS í f "n0wDu dk wnfaxmif dEik f cJ honf/ rm&,kw d Ykq dv k Qif td dE´,rS 0ifa&mufc hJMuaom tm&d,ef rGe df*kv dKG ufrsm;?
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
**Fgjrpf0J,m-rm*"e,frS 0ifvmaom arm*fac:vlrsKd;rsm;? tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKuf (cD&m#)ac: ousw d Ykjz fihvnf;aumif; a&m,Suaf e&monf/ ok Yad omfvnf;&u© (&ck di )[l f aomtrnfonfom tac:NrJvmMuonf/ &ck diw f iG f a'ouk d Jpí G tnm om;? acsmif;om;? r½k d Uom;? &BudKifom;? paom rsKd ;EG,fpkrsm; jzpfvmcJ honf/ ,aeY tm&uef[kac:aeonfrSm tm&d,efrSvnf;aumif;? tm&urSvnf; aumif;? a&T Uajymif;vmEk dio f nf[q k d\ k / tm&umyl&&f[í l rm*"jynf d&aS vonf/ ,ckbD,me,fajrmuf dykif;wGif usa&muf\/ xk du d Jpk Gí &ck difu dk tm&fuefarm*f [lí dEkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u ac:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
av;Nr KUe,f d Nr KUjd yrsm; av;NrdKUjrpf0Srf;0J,mwGif "n0wDacwfaESmif;ü a0omvDacwfvlaerI jyKvmcJ hMuonf/ xk d Yaemufav;NrKd Uacwf? ajrmufO;D acwfw d Yw k iG f dykíus,fjyef YvmcJ h onf/ a0omvDplVpE´&m;rif;\om; irifw Ho k nf prÜ0ufNrKd U(c&pf 794-818)uk d wnfc hJonf/ av;NrdKUjrpf taemufbufurf; pif;AGufu dik f;&G mteD;wGif jzpfonf/ xk dESi hfreD;ta0;awmifxufwGif yxryOöNrdKUukd (c&pf 818-1103) wnfav onf/ xk d Yaemuf jrpftaemufbufwiG f yk &defNrKd U(c&pf 1103-1142)uk d wnf c hJ onf/ Ncdwaf csmif;zsm;wGif rif;zkef;pm;onf NcdwNf rdKUuk d (at'D 1142-1154)? xk d Yaemuf 'kwd,prÜ0uf-yOöNrKd U 1154-1163)uk d wnfc hJonf/ jrpfta&S Ubuf urf; awmifwef;uRe;f wGif ae&Oö&(awmifilNrKd U)uk d (at'D 1163-1251) wnf c hJ onf/ xk dNrKd UrS m avmif;MuufNrdKUES fih wpfbufwpfurf;usonf/ yk&defNrKd U awmif bufaygif;wkwaf csmif;jcm;wGif avmif;Muuf(c&pf 1251-1430)NrdKUwnf d&Sonf/ ,ckq dkvQi f jrpf0taemufbufurf;wGif rif;jym;NrKd U (c&pf- 1867)wnf d&Svm onf/ av;NrdKUacwfwiG f used ;f uRe;f wk dif;NrdKU[k wGicf haJ vonf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uta&S U bufwGif yef;ajrmifNrdKU&Sdonf/
yef; ajrmif N r KUd þNrKd UrS m av;NrKd Ujrpf\ ta&S Ubufurf;em;? yef;ajrmif;aoQ acsmif;urf;yg; wGif wnf d&Sonf/ a&S;uajrmif;acsmif;ESpcf k ESpf>rmpD;oG m;vQuf d&Sc hJonf/ av;NrdKU jrpfrS jzmxGuv f maom acsmif;yifjzpfav\/ acsmif;urf;yg;wGif opfcGyef;rsm;
24
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jzif h yGi hfvef;aeonfu dkpGí J yef;ajrmif;[k trnfwiG fvmcJ h&onf/ a&S;uaus;&G m rsm;omjzpf&m &G mwnfpuwnf;u wnfxm;cJ haom &G mrapwDukd yef;ok;H dckif apwD[ k ac:wGif&Sad e\/ yef;ajrmif;aoQr mS a&S;uyef;ajrmif;Bu;D t0xd av;NrdKU jrpfo Y kd vSn fyh wfp;D oG m;avonf/ xk d YaMumih f ywfajrmif;[kac:&mrS ,ckyef;ajrmif; aoQ[ k ac:vmonfq d\ k / a&S;uxk dvrf;rS awmufavQmufo m;Ek G difc hJaomfvnf; ,ckausmif;awmif iSuaf wmf&teD;rS aomif dy Yw k rd af umí vrf;qk d Yyw d cf o H m;&av G onf/ ,cktcg av;NrdKUjrpfaMumif;om c&D;oG m;vmae&onf/ yef;ajrmif;NrKd UrS m a&S;u&yf& mtj G zpfom d&ScJhaomfvnf;? t*Fvdyaf cwfwGi f aps;owfrSwfcHvm& onf/ wpfywfvQif t*F g? paeESp&f ufr mS aps;&ufjzpfavonf/ xk duwpfpwpfp NrdKUjzpfvmum tdrfajcaxmifausmx f d pnfum;vmcJ honf/ vufaxmufNrKd Uykid H½f k; ES fih &Jpcef;rsm;? opfawmXmersm;paom tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKvmcJ honf/ rif;jym;NrdKUrS a&vrf;c&D;rkid f(30)uGma0;onf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKU (c&pf 1430-1784)onf av;NrdKUjrpf\ta&S Ubuf urf;pyfwiG f wnf&Sad ejcif;jzpfavonf/ azmfjyygNrdKUt rsm;rS m av;NrdKUjrpf0J,mwGifcsn;f jzpf\/ ae&OöNrKd UwpfNrKd Uwnf;om ta&S Ubuf urf;wGifjzpfNyD; taemufbufwGif NrdKUtrsm;wnfc hJonf/ NrdKUwnfrsm;onfu dk axmufíNrKd U\ taemufbufurf;onf ajrjyefYviG fjyifrsm;í vlaerI? vkyfu dik f pm;aomufrIrsm;&mjzpfc hJ&avonf/ ajrjyef Yvnf; yifv,fa&rsuEf mjS yifrS (50) ay txufwiG jf zpfavonf/ awmifov l ,form; (95 &mck diEf eI f;)trIxrf;t&m &Sd (5 &mckdifEIef;)oufarG;vkyfukdifpm;aomufaeMuonf/
used ;f wk di;f Nr KUd usdef;uRe;f awmifajrmufu d k trnfjyKum ac:qk dxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ usdef; awmifwpf d0u k fu d k trS DjyKí vlaerIrsm;&muk d used f;wk dif;? usdef;NrKd U[lí owfrSwf xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ NrdKUwnfcs&mXme[líum; rlaor&S fdacs/ NrdKUpm;? e,f pm;? uRe;f pm;wk d Y\ tkycf sKyrf t I ajccs&muk d JpGíac:vmjcif;omjzpf\/ xk d YaMumih f used ;f awmifwpf0kduf eef;&mrsm;u xif&Sm;aejcif;ukd odomEkdifonf/ pE´0dZ, wk H;ñk drif; rwk difrDuyif usd ef;wk dif;trnfwiG fNy;D jzpf\/ ¤if; dAkvfrif;tjzpf aecJ h &pOf Nird f;csr;f rI d&S&m þa'ook d Y a&T Uajymif;aecJ hMuojz fih pnfum;cJ h &jcif;vnf; jzpf\/ ajrmufOD;teD; abmif;'Gwfpaom &yf&Gmrsm;yifvQif aumZm 1068
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ckESpfu a&TUajymif;vmcJhavonf/ aps;urf;em;rsm;vnf; wnfcif;cJ h&mum;? jynforl sm;jz fih pnfum;cJ h&onf/ ok H;axmifacsmif;? ok H;axmifuef? bk&m;aygif; [laomtrnfrsm;uyif xif&Sm;aeNyD;jzpf\/ xk dYaMumih f usdef;awmifwpf 0kduf vlaerIwnfcif;jyKc hJ&muk d usdef;wk dif;NrKd U[lí trnfwiG fjcif;[k ,lq&ayonf/
eef; &mrsm; usdef;awmifwef;ay:wGif e&rdwv f S (rif;apmrGe )Nf rdKUpm; jzpfpOf aecJ haom ae&muk d NrdKUawmif[v k nf;aumif;? awmifNrKd U[kvnf;aumif; trnfwiG fc ho J nf/ xk d Ytjyif used ;f awmif ywf0ef;usifwpf d0u k f used ;f wk duef ,ftwGi;f NrdKUpm;? uRef;pm;? e,fpm;rsm;wk d Y\ aexk difc h&J m Xmewk d Yu dk ,ckw dik f eef;&m[lí ac:aecJ hao;onf/ ¤if;wk dYq dkvQif... 1/ a&TZif;cgeef;&m NcdwfawmifteD; a&TZif;cgESi hf uyfvsu )f 2/ tdrfa&SUrif;eef;&m(orifNcD&mESihu f yfvsufawmifuke;f ay:wGif) 3/ usm;&J jy ift eD; eef ; &m 4/ axmifah csmif;acsteD;eef;&m 5/ okH;axmif&GmteD;eef;&m(bk&m;aygif;acsmif;awmifbuf) 6/ Nrd KU ol Bu;D &G m(ig;pif d½kif;acsmif;uRe;f ? ukvm;wef;pm;? 'g;yk difBu;D ioHawG aecJh&m) 7/ wyif wdkief ef; &m 8/ ppfu dAJ v k rf if;&JabmfaecJ haom MuyfpifuRe;f ta&S Ubuf? auovmuRe;f wGif&Sdonf/
av;Nr KUjd rpft rnf& yk H tOöee'Djrpfonf av;NrdKUjrpfu kad c:onf/ rsufpOf;ñk dtqif;ES fi h wl aom a&&S daom jrpf[q k kv d do k nf/ xk d YaMumih f ñk daoma&pD;qif;&mjrpfu dk tOöee'Djrpf[k ac:onf/ xk djrpfukdrSDí NrdKUjyxD;eef; wnfcJh&mum;? tOöee'Dacwf umv[k wifpm;owfrSwcf hJMuonf/ wcs Uu Kd avmif;Muuf? yk&def? Ncdwf? prÜ0uf(yOö m) [laom NrdKUav;NrdKUrS m jrpf\taemufbufwGif wnf d&S&mum; av;NrdKUjrpf[k
25
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
wGi\ f / þtqk dt& NcdwfNrKd UrS m a&wGu&f mü rygcJ hav&macs/ ae&Oö&mNrdKUwk d Y vnf;rygav/ xk d YaMumih f yOö m? avmif;Muuf? yk&ed f? ae&Oö&m[laom NrdKUav;NrKd U uk dom trSef,&l rnf/ xk dav;NrdKUuk dompG Jí av;NrdKUjrpf? av;NrdKUXme? av;NrdKU a'o? av;NrdKUe,fajr? av;NrdKUacwf[laom trnfemr jzpfvmcJo h nfq dk\/ tcs Uu Kd &Snv f sm;ao;oG,af om jrpfjzpfívnf; vnfacsmif;ESihw f o l nf/ jrpf0 wGif ZD0 m"mwf S r mS vQm&if;jzpfonf/ jrpfzsm;wGif vufr"mwfr mS vQmzsm;jzpf onf/ av;NrdKUjrpf0tqkH;aygufawmNrdKU*D0g"mwfrsm vnf&GJawmf(vnf&GJwef qm)qifjref;onf h ae&mrS "mwfawmfjzpfonfu dk axmufqajymqk dMuonf/ xk d Yjyifav;jrdKUjrpftaemufbufurf;wGif aygif d½k;awmf"mwf d&Sonf/ NydKif; wk difawmifwiG f yg;½k d;awmf"mwf d&Sonf/ armif;qG JawmifwGi f vus marmif f ;awmf "mwf? yg;awmfawmifwiG f vuf 0Jyg;½k d;awmf"mwf? vufr"mwf? yk&de&f mG ta&S U rsuEf m?S yg;&Gwaf wmf (yg;ta&jym;)? vufoef;awmf? vuf H½;k awmf? rsufv H;k awmf? ES macgif;awmf f? 0rf;awmf? wifawmf? ausmuf d½k;awmf? vufñ d;I awmf? eH d½k;awmf? rsufcrf;awmf? yck H;awmf? ajcñk d;awmf? tmacgifawmf? vufzsaH wmf? ausmuft Hk awmf? uefaumufawmf? z0g;awmf? aMumom;awmf? rsufarS mifawmf? rsuf&pfawmf? rsu df½;k awmf? ovk H;awmf? ukwfqufawmf? &ifawmf? tonf;awmf? ausmufuek f; awmf? ausmufilawmf? tp&S daom "mwfawmfrsm;vnf; uk d,cf E¨ mrS qufpyf&m o&D&tpdyftykdif;rsm;om jzpfMuav\/ av;NrdKUjrpf onf om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuaom awmawmif? acsmif ;ajrmif;? tif;tkdifwkdYukd yGm;pD;avcJhonfomru vlaerIjzpfyGm;rI NrdKUjyXmewnfcsrI? tkyfcsKyfrIpaom vlaerIt00? ,Ofaus;rI? pD;yG m;a&; paom toufarG;0rf; ausmif;rIjzpfc h&J onf/ ,ckq dv k Qif þa'oonf rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f\ tcsuftcsm jzpfaebd&mum; ( )ckEpS f vl0ifrEI fiS h jynfo Yt l iftm; OD;pD;Xme aumufcHcsufpm &if;t& NrdKUe,fvlOD;a&pkpkaygif;( )&SdcJhavNyD/ xkdwGif aus;vufvlOD;a& ( )&ckdiEf Ief;? NrdKUe,fvOl D;a& ( )&mck difEIe;f d&Sonf/ bmomtrsKd;rsK;d uk d;uG,af om vltrsKd;rsKd; d&S &m &ckdifrSmtrsm;qk H;jzpfonf/
rif; jym;Nr KUe,f d av;NrdKUjrpf0Srf;wGif jrpf0us&m taemufbufurf; usdef;awmifajc&if;? ,ckrif;jym;NrKd Uwnfvsu d&f Sonf/ aumZmouú&mZf(1229)ckESpf waygif;vjynh f
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
ausm f (1)&uf (1867)ckES pf wnfcJo h nf[k rSwfwrf;awG U&onf/ rif;jym;NrdKUrS NrdKUe,f H½k; dpkufvsu f tkyfcsKy d&f Saeonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fonf {&d,m (169305) {u us,f0ef;onf/ pwk&ef; drkiftm;jzih f (264.63)pwk&ef; drki df&Sonf/ awmifrS ajrmufo Y k d (41.50)rk dicf ef Y &Snv f sm;onf/ taemufbufwiG f aygufawmNrKd Ue,f awmifbufü ajr HykNrdKUe,f? ajrmufbufü ajrmufOD;NrKd Ue,f? ta&S Ubufü apwk wå&mNrdKUe,fw dkYESifh e,fedrdwfqufpyfvQuf&Sdonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fonf ajrmufvwå DwG'f 20H;5;30/ rS 20H; 55;10/ xd&Snf vsm;Ny;D ta&S Uavmif*sw D G'f 93H;6;43 rS 93H;20 txd us,f0ef;ygonf/ NrdKU wnf&mrS ajrmufvwå Dw'G f 20H;23;30 rsOf;ES fih ta&S Uavmif*sDw'G f 93H;27;16 rsOf;wk Y d jzwfoef;oGm;onf hae&mwGif wnf d&Sygonf/
tz&ck diaf jrud k apmih fx ed ;f avmh av;NrKd Ujrpf0Srf; vlaerIonf rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f\ ork dif;(&ck di )ork f di;f uk d pwif cJ haom umvuyif tajcwnfvmcJ hNy;D jzpf\/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fo drki;f uk d azmfxw k f &efr mS &ck dijf ynfo drki;f ES fi h tusKH;0ifvQu d&f o S nf/ xk d YaMumih f &ck diNf rKd Uonf rif;rsm; tqufqufjzpf&yfqufoG,rf I? obm0yx0Dtaetxm;rsm;ukd qufpyfavh vm azmfxkwf&ef vkdtyfrnfyifjzpf\/ "n0wDacwfrS ajrmufOD;acwfwpf avQmuf vGecf hJaom bDpD (6000)aomumvuk d rSef;arQm&f efr mS vG,fuo l nf r[kwaf y/ ok d Yaomfav;NrdKUjrpf\ yx0Dom;ajr;rsm;jzpf Muaom &ck dio f m;? av;NrdKU om;? acsmif ; om;? tnmom;? &Bud K if o m;? awmif p Of o m;? uRef ; om;? oHaxmifom;tjyif rif;jym;om;? Muyfpifom;? jym;acsmif;om;? e&rf;om;? aemfemom;? usdef;om;? armf&Gmom;? [lorQonf orkdif;ay;wm0eft&tz &ck difajruk d apmihfa&Smufxdef ;odrf;Mu&onfomwnf;/
used ;f awmif om- umvay:omjcif; tpdaEÅ, sm....*kPaf ygif;teEÅ....jynh f0yga&? ZDoQiyf ifb*0g... &[EÅ mig;&mN cH&HAsm,f...wk dif;cxGif rZÑdrmu? "n0wD D&Tjynfu dk&m ...psmef ,mOfc&D;vrf; <ujref;vDa&cg...
26
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
aovm*D&dawmifxdyfAGDcsm...wefY&yfa&umvcgrSm ...t,ifb0 a[mif;uk d&m? atmuf DrG;vGr;f qGwrf ad &cg...,if;twdwu f d?k atyk f dizf Gi h[ f ñTejf y yg... nDawmftmeE´...igbk&m;rS m0g....atpcef;awmifcsm...us;D rif;jzpfc a&cg...oif;yif;azmf &TDtkyfeefY...bmombm0 usdef;aysmfygvD&m... b*0g...&Siaf pmxG#rf [m...,if; dykit f wdu dak qmifv d Y.k ..usde;f awmif orkwfac:c&m...trnf wifhqef;awmifwef;om,m ...Ak'¨Asm'dwfaqmif [dwf usde;f awmifom/ (jrefrmhtoH &ckdifwkdif;&if;om; tpDtpOfrS toHvGifhxkwfcJhbl;\/)
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tcef;(2)
umum*D&(d a&Tused ;f awmif ) umum*D&dac: a&Tusde;f awmifonf tOöee'D(av;NrKd Ujrpf )jrpf0taemuf bufurf;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ ,ckrif;jym;NrdKU\ taemufbufwiG f usa&mufonf/ awmifE fiS ah jrmufo, G w f ef;aeum (2)rk diaf usm&f Snv f sm;onf/ yifv,fa&rsuEf mS jyifrS (414)ayjrif honf/ usde;f awmif? NrdKUawmif? tvif;awmif? vGr;f awmif? Ncw d af wmif? bdwaf wmif? oydwaf wmif? pHum;awmif? zDvmawmif? ipnfawmif ponfjz fih cif dpik ;f ? uke;f wef;? awmif dy Y?k awmifxw G pf onfw d Yük awmiftvk H;aygif; (99)vk H;qufo, G df&Sonf[k tqk d d&Sonf/ þawmifonf "n0wD(99)awmifrS oG,favQmufqufo, G v f mjcif; jzpf avonf/ "n0wD(99)awmifr S ocsFyaf wmfawmifwef;uk davQmufí ajrmufOD; ok d Yqufonf/ xk du abmif;'Gw?f armif;qG Jawmif? r[mxD;awmifwef; wk d Yo d Yq k uf onf/ r[mxD;rSikyfí txkyfonfrewfawmif? ,if;rSikyfvQKd;í orufqif; awmifwef;? nHuRef;? uku&ú m;axmih f? xk drSyg;awmfawmif? ig;clawmif wk dYu dk qufonf/ ,if;rSikwjf yefNy;D awmif&if;uRe;f ? jym;uRef;? 0if;uRef;wpfavQmuf? awmif0Srf;rsm;jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ yg;awmfawmifrSiyk fí rif;jym;usde;f awmifokdY qufavonf/ usdef;awmifrSikwNf y;D Muyfpifawmifwef;ok d Y qufum yifv,fxJ ok d Y a&mufo m;avonf G / usdef;awmifonf tOöee'Djrpf0Srf;ü ay:xGef;aeaom awmifvnf;jzpf onf/ þawmifwef;uk d tajccHí ukef;ajrrsm; ay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ jrpf acsmif;rsm;vnf ; awmifwef;ukd tajccHíay:vm&jyefonf/ jrpfacsmif;wk YdrS tenfx dik dyf Yck sí awmawmifpdr h0f rS f;jzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ xk d YaMumih f tcsif;csi;f trS Do[Jruif;Muacs/ vGefc haJ om ESpfoef; (30)uyif yifv,fa&qkwv f mrI aMumih f awmifwef;uk d rSv D Qu f ukef;ajrjzpfvm&onf/ &ck difjynfe,f\ ukef;ajr oufwrf;rSm ESpfaygif;oef; (100)cef Y d&SNyD[kq dkMuonf/ xkdo Ykdausmufwef ;? vTmwGe Yfwef;wk Yd qif;vmjcif;jz fih jrpfrsm;tenf dykdY cs rIaMumifh uRef;urf;rsm;qufum qufumjzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonfqkdayonf/
27
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
aemifu dq k dv k Qif a&vufMum;rsm; wdraf umaysmufum uRe;f urf;ajrrsm; wpfquf wnf; jzpfayawmhrnf/ þawmifwef;onf oufwrf;tm;jzih f ESpfumvoef;uk dcsí D &SnfMumvm cJ hNyDjzpfonf/ xk d YaMumih f &ck dif&mZ0ifw Yküd vlw d Yt k ESpfwpfaomif; oufwrf;&Snf aom umvu uóybk&m;&Sifonf þawmifwiG f acwåusdef;atmif;cJ hbl; cJhaMumif; ¤if;tjyif a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;vnf; EkpOfumvu aus;rif; wpfZmpftjzpf þawmifwiG fyif usifvnfaexk difc hJb;l onf[ k azmfjycJ hMuav onf/
awmif\ trnf a&S;&ckdifo drkif;&mZ0if? vuFmwk Yd wGif þawmifukd umum*D&dawmif umvm*D&dawmif [líjyqk dayonf/ aus;iSufowå0gwk dYu dk &ckdifw Ykdu (usD;) [lí ac:Muonf/ aus; ac: Muufwal &G;? Muufawmuk dvnf; &ck div f d(k us;D )[lí yif ac:jyefonf/ wpfc Uu sKd bk&m;avmif;aus;rif; (Muufwal &G;rif;jzpfc ho J nfu dk axmufí ]]aus;awmif(ok0*D& )omj d zpfo fihonf/ umum*D&d ac: usD;awmif (usD;uef )awmif rjzpfo fihacs}} [k a0zefr d&I cS hMJ uonf/ q&mirnf &mZ0ifüvnf; þuJ ho Y kdyif a0zefc hJonf/ rif;jym;NrdKU usD;jzL&G mom; ynm&S dBuD; wpfOD;uvnf; xk d Ytwl a[majymcJ hbl;aMumif; tqk d d&Savonf/(1) þü umuo'´ gonf us;D uef;uk da[monf[o k m odMuonf/ ouú#wGif iSu[ f lorQu d k (umumwk,m)[k 0daootxl;jyKum jyqk dxm;onf/ xk d YaMumih f (umum) o'´ gonf tawmif d&S yso H ef; dEkiaf om iSut f aygif;uk d ac:qk d&mjzpfav onf/ iSuftaygif;aysmfarGU&m usufpm;&maMumifh ]]umumwk,m*D&d}}[k qk d dEik o f nf/ wk,mo'´ gaysmufí (umum*D& )[k d twk dac:a0:ok H;vmjcif;jzpfacs &monf/ trSefrSmvnf; a&S;usaom trnfemrwk dYrSm ouú#? rm*"paom a0g[m&rsm;omjzpf&monf/ xk d YaMumih f usD;uef;awmif? aus;om;(Muufwal &G;) awmifomr[kwrf lbJ aus;iSuo f m&umrsm;pG mESi hf qk difaom iSuw f umwk d Y\ aysmfpH&mawmif tjzpf [k tod&iS ;f vif;oih fMuonf/ umuo'´ grS umvmo'´ god Y kajymif;Ny;D pdr;f ñk d Yawmif? drIi;f ñk d Yawmif? ñk darS mifawmiftjzpf ajymEk di&f mum umvm*D&[ d v k nf; a&G Uajymif; vmEkdifayonf /
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
used ;f awmif azmfjyyg umum*D&d? umvm*D&u d dk tcktcg usdef;awmif [líom vlod rsm;Muonf/ usdef;awmifac:&jcif;ukdvnf; t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonf/ vlwkdYoufwrf; tESpfwpfaomif;u uóybk&m;&SifyGihfawmfrlpOf? xkdbk&m; &Sifonf þawmifü acwåusdef;pufem;aecJ hbl;onfq dk\/ xk dYtjyif a*gwr bk&m;tavmif; aus;rif;onf þawmifü udef;atmif;cJ hb;l onf/ xk dtaMumif; aMumihf usdef;awmif[laom tac:wGifrSwfc hJ&avaMumif; jyqk dMuonf/ tavmif;awmfaus;rif;onf rpÆ sdra'oü EkpOfuaus;rif;wpfZmpfjzpfc hJ bl;onf/ aus;om;ig;&mNcH&Hvsuf aysmfyg;pG maecJ hNy;D [dr0EÅ mrS onf vloel D;pyf &G m? Nrd KU? &G m? Zeyk 'fw d Yo k Ykv d nf; oG m;vmusufpm;avh d&Sc hJb;l onf/ tcgwpfyg;ü ta&SUawmft&yf &ck dif("n0wD )(2)od Yk OD;wnfysHoef;a&muf d&Svmonf/ xk dwGif usupf m;aumif;&muk d &S mvQuf awmawmiftxyfxyfuk d ausmfveG fjzwfoef;cJ h MuNy;D a&muf&mXmewk d Yü aysm dfykufarGUavsm f ESpfNcKd ufjcif; d&SMuavonf/ tpm;t pmtoD;tESHrsm;vnf; aygrsm;rcef;? okH;pm;rukef&SdcJhMuacsonf/ xkdYaMumih f &ck dif("n0wD )wGi f aysmfarG UcJ hMuvsu f taeMumcJ honf/ wpfpwpfpES fih aeom; wustjzpf awmifwef;wpfcku dk DrS dckum aexkid cf hJMuavonf/ awmifwef;rS m tk H drIif;a0qm? om,mrk Ydarmufv&S mum;? aexk difaysmaf rG U ESpfNcdKufp&mwkdYjzihf jynhfESufojzihf bk&m;avmif;aus;rif ;ESihf iSuftaygif;wk Yd aomif;aomif;tkwaf tmf aysmfarG Yp mG aexk difc hMJ uavonf/ t&yfxuf0ef;usirf S vltrsm;vnf; jrifMu&vQi f 0rf;ajrmuf T&Gifvef;jcif; jzpfc hJMuavonf/ þuJ ho d Yk iSuftaygif;wk dY aysmfarG Uusdef;atmif;cJ h&muk d taMumif;jyKí þawmifu d k (usdef; awmif )[k ac:vmcJ h&jcif;jzpfavonf[k qk dMu\/ a*gwrjrwfp mbk G &m;&Sifvnf; "n0wD& dckifjynfo d Y k <ua&mufpOf Asm'dwf pum;>rufMum;ch Jb;l ayonf/ xk dtaMumif;uk d &ckdipf mqk d&Sifrsm;uvnf; þod Y k a&;pyfcJhMuayonf/ ]]a&S UawmifcGifo Ydk ? MunfhvQif½Iw? arQmf½IUurl? w,lZem? &Sdav&mwGif? umum*D&d? awmif0,f d&S\/ ZmwdusD;om;? ig;&mtm;vQif? a&mufavusiaf omf? tkwftifcyif;? DrS;wif;aearG U? ozef;aywnf;? pm;onfrsm;pG m? ukefvwf&mvQi?f iwfonfyifwnf;? r&Tifaomtm;? wjcm;Xmae? a0;&yfajrod kY? ESpfvk0d rf;om?
28
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
0pG m&Smpm;? oG m;tH havm[k? ajyma[mwk difyif? aus;rif;&Sifu? pdwfawmf&Tiftm;? roG m;rvk duf? þawmifüvQi?f ESpfNcKd ufaysmfy ku d f? usefw Hv k du k fu? aoav&\/ xku d wvI du?f aemifESpef m*gwf? þae&yfü? usdef;vwfc hJ&m? usdef;awmifomwGif}} (O*¾ g pH )
oG,w f ef; awmift rnf usde;f awmifonf opfyifawmtkyfrsm;jzih f vTrf;umrIdif;ñkdYa0qmaeay onf/ &moDtvk duzf l;yGi hf? oD;rSn fu h m yifv Hk;&JrQ wif hw,fvaS eayonf/ awm yef; awmifyef;tvSw d Yjk z fihvnf; wefqmqifvQu&f So d nf/ aus;iSuo f m&umwk dY tdyfpm;em;ae aysmfjrL;zG,fum; tvGeaf umif;ayonf/ ta&S Ubuf&Sd EG,fcsKd zkd;acgif d½k;rawmifukd vSrf;arQmftm½k Husufpm;Ek difonf/ jrpfacsmif;tif;tk difE fSih vnf; eD;onf/ prf;acsmif;pD;uso?H a&wHceG fw d Yu k vnf; tjzmjzmoG,q f if;ae&m? a&rk d; rylyef&acs/ v,f,muk dif;uRe;f wpfavQmuf oD; HESrsm;uk dvn;f vufvrS f;rD aeonf/ awmifwef;wpfckv H;k onf aus;iSuo f Hw d YEk fSih om,mrpJonf omru awmawmifw d Yük vnf; vlol rqdwfnaH cs/ vlw d Yak exk difc hJonf h NrKd U&m&S donfu d k taMumif;jyKí NrdKUawmif[kac:onf/ xk drSajrmufbufuek fjrif hwpf d0kuu f dk tvif;awmif[ k ac:onf/ xk drS taemuf ajrmufuke;f qif;wpfavQmufu dk jrawmif[ak c:jyefonf/ ]]usdef;awmifvus m?f jrawmifvuf0}J }[lí pmqk dd&Sonf/ xkad wmif\ ta&SUajrmufarmfwef;vsuf qif;&mwGif vGrf;awmif d&aS vonf/ Ncdwfawmif& mt0if G vus mbuf f awmifu dk oydwaf wmif[ak c:onf/ xk dawmifrS ajrmufbufu dk zDvmawmif[ k ac:onf/ xk dawmif\ta&S Ubufu d k pHum;awmif[ak c:onf/ ajrmufbufu d k Ncw d af wmif [kac:onf/ Ncdwaf wmifr S ta&S UbufwiG f bdwaf wmif d&o S nf/ tk d;onf& mG ta&S U bufwGi f ta[mif;awmif&Sdonf/ awmifykwfBuD;&GmajrmufbufwGif ipnf awmif d&o S nf/ awG Urqkw&f mG (,ckw d Yrk qdw&f m[k G ac:Muonf/) ajrmufbufwiG f awmifykwBf u;D awmifE fSih 0efo dak wmif d&Sonf/ tonf& mwG G i f av;rsufE mawmif S d&Sonf/ xk Ydjyif vufzefawmf awmif&Sdonf/ ESpfql&Sifyifawmif? ig;ql&Sifyif awmif? NydKif;awmifawmf? r,fawmfawmif? qifBuD;jyifawmif? bl;yifawmif? bm;blawmif? qdwq f Hak wmif? &JwaJ wmif? olaX;ukef;awmif ? wif;r&G mawmif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
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ajrmifE fiS h a&wHceG rf sm; usde;f awmifwef;rS m &ck dijf ynf\ tv,fww H dik ;f Bu;D vnf;jzpfonf/ jynf\ yuf Hck;(yck H;)ES fihvnf; wlonf[\ l / ,if;aMumih f? jynfwHw dik f;? jynfy Hck;jzpfaom þusdef;awmifwef;um; a&S;uvGepf mom,mcJ G hayonf/ ,ckyif tk H Y drIif;a0qm pdrf;vef;jzmvsu f om,mzG, f twd d&Sonf/ opfyifBuD;i,f NcHKE, G yf dwfaygif;wk d Y vnf; pnfyifvo S nf/ ]]wef;wif}}ac: a&wHcGefw d Yrk S tNrJpD;usaeaom ajrmif; rsm;vnf;renf;ay/ awmifwef;vus mwG f ifvnf;aumif;? vuf0JbufwiG fvnf ;aumif;? a&wHcGefp;D us&majrmifrsm; tES H Ytjym;&S donf/ ta&S Uvuf smbufwGif qk dvQif usdef;awmif&Sif ta&SUu a&wHcGe df&Sonf/ xkduajrmufbufvmvQif Muaomif;(0g;yk d;) 0g;awm&dyfNrKd iBf uD; d&Sayonf/ ¤if;0g;awmawmifuek f;avQmrS pD;usvmaom rif;uefajrmifE fSih qifBu;D jyifausmv f rf; awmifbufu wef;wif ajrmifw d Y k jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;ausmfvrf;ajrmufbufu bD;vl;rajrmif pD;usaeonf/ xk dajrmifuoG m;aomf ,ckqw d fausmif;ajrmif (qdwfacsajrmif )&S donf/ ta&S Uukd qufo m;vQ G if &Jwb J &k m;awmifcs f Kdi hfE fiS h vGrf;awmifcs f KdihtqufrS pD;usaomwef; wif a&ausajrmifwpfc d&k o S nf/ þajrmifr mS tvGex f ;l qef;vSonf/ a&aMumrS m Muyfpifawmifarmfjrpfa&aMumESihf qufpyfaeonf[kqkdMuonf/ xkdYaMumihf xk djrpfr S a&iHvmvQi f ajrmif;a&vnf; iHawmhonfq dMk u\/ wefcl;? uqkev f wk d Yü tnmjrpfa&iHonf h umvwGif xk dajrmifa&uk d jrnf;prf;ygu iHaMumif;uk d odom vSonf[ k ajymprSwfjyKMuonf/ awmifwef;taemufvuf0JbufwpfavQmufwGifqv kd Qif usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;taemufbufü rD;ausmif;ajrmif d&o S nf/ xk duajrmufbuf d& S ausmif;awmif csKdi hfMum;ajrmifu d k ,ckyef;csi;f ajrmifac:aeonf/ yef;csi;f ajrmifr mS jrawmift eD;wGif;yif d&S&monf[k pmayork dif;t& ,lqMuonf/ ok d Yaomf xk dajrmifu du k m; ,ck& mr&Ek S difyg/ opf0g;ckwfaomolrsm; xif&Sm;aomolrsm;onf yef;csif;yif (aomfuav;)rsm; jynh fvsuf xk dajrmifu d k tcgtm;avsmfp mawG G UMu&onf/ wrif
29
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
oG m;&S molrsm;um; &S mr&Ekdijf zpf&onf[\ l / qifBuD;jyif& mtxuf G u dk iawmuf wlajrmif(tcs Uvnf Kd ; yef;jcif;ajrmif[k ,lqMu\)ES fih ¤if;vuf0JbufwiG d&f Saom ajrmifr mS wvif;Bu;D ajrmifjzpfonf/ þwvif;Bu;D ajrmifteD; awmifajc&if;wGif opöAE¨0rax&f\ ajc&mcsc hJ&m ausmufv Hk;Bu;D d&Sonf/ Aa"gajc&m[k ,ckwkid f ac:a0:vsu df&Saeao;onf/ xkad jrmifrSajrmufbufu dk iNyDtif;ajrmif d&Sonf/ þajrmifw dYkum; &moDra&G;pD;usaeí aomufcsKd;jcif;rsm;jz fih tok H;jyKMuonf/
carmif; a&Munf carmif;yif(ysOf;r)rsm;rSm tES H Ytjym;aygrsm;onf/ uRef;ES fihysOf;uwk d;yif rsm;uk d tpkd;&u BudK; d0kif;jyKvkyNf yD; dpkufysK;d xm;&So d nf/ ay(20)rS (50)cef Ytjr fih d&S aeMuavNyD/ txl;ojz fih carmif;yif&Sjd cif;aMumih f a&Munfat;jr woGio f Gif pD;usavoavm[k cef YrSef; dEkifonf/ carmif;yifrsm;rS m tat;uk d Bud Kufonf/ a&uk dq JiG if"mwftm;&S donf/ tat;"mwfrsm;&mwGif carmif;yifw d Yak ygufa&muf rIrsm;onf/ tat;"mwf&&efvnf; carmif;yifu dk dpkuyf sKd;avh d&MS uonf/ &ck dirf if; rsm;vufxuf]]carmif;usD ;jzL oQdoQm;ukvm;tum}}[lí NrdKUe,fedrdwfw YdkwGif carmif;,Mwm tumtuG,ftjzpfvnf; tok H;csavh d&ScJhonf/ tif;csíjrK§ yfESx H m;aom ,Mwmtum ausmufcsyjf ym;m;wk d Yukv d nf; ,ck& d&S xm;avonf/ tzl;? trsuf? tacgif;cHvsuf ESpfaygif;&SnfMumoefrm&if hNyD;? carmif;yif BuD;wk d Yr mS aus;iSuo f mvdumwk d Yt dzk Y Adrmefeef;yifwnf;/ tok dut f tk H Jz Yí G aeMu &ef rsm;pG mobm0usonf/ xk d YaMumih f a&S;&cd kiw f d Yu k ]]carmif;rsupf ?G urÇ mvk H;rS m? jcuf(jcif )vk h YdeD? rsufpGcarmif;? tyifoefau? vusf mbufrSm? usD;wpfacgif;}} [líyif pmzG J Yjcif;jyKcJhMuavonf/ opfcGpaom yef;rsm;\tk JHzGYayguf&efvnf; tvGefaumif;onf/ ]]usdef;awmifausmfvrf;? carmif;yifr m?S oZifyef;}} [lí pmqk d d&aS vonf/ opfo;D ? opfO? tzl;tyGi hw f d Yu k vnf; usde;f awmifwef;\ tvS obm0qif,ifxm;&myifwnf;/ &moDtvk duf zl;yGi hBf uKd iv f diI v f aS om yef;rmvm rsm;um; usdef;awmifwef;\ cspfp&mtvSu dk jc,forGrf;rHxm;ouJo h Y kad ywnf;/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
&moDtvk duzf ;l yGi haf 0a0 þusde;f awmifwef;wGi f oZifyef;onf awmf0ifc ho J nf/ ]]usde;f awmifausmf vrf;? Muuf d½k;yifr mS oZifyef;}}[lípmzG J Yc hJonf/ a[rEÅe wfawmfvwk Yüd ajrmuf av tjyefwiG f a*:oZifyef;wk d Y arT ;&eH YBudKiv f diI favh d&Sonf/ oZifjzL? oZifeD? a*:oZifwkdYum; ewfawmfvrS wykdYwGJvtxd zl;yGifh&m tcsdefaywnf;/ xk d YaMumif]h ]oZifwiG fay:p? ewfawmfv? oZifvnf;yG?J wyk d Yw JG}}[kvnf; &moDu dk yef;u ajymjycJ hayonf/ used ;f awmifwef;rS oZifyef;wk d Yr mS opfyifwumwk d Yü Hpkp mG yGi hfonfxif\/ carmif;yifwiG f oZifyef;omrubJ]]used f;awmifaemufu? ukef ykwfauausmv f rf;? Muuf d½k;yifr mS oZifyef;}}[lí pmqk d d&Savonf/ pifppfoZif yef;onf used f;awmifwef;wpf d0u k f tvStyrsm;om r[kwb f J &ck difwjynfv H;k \ usufoa&aqmif awmf0ifyef;vnf; rnfay\/ ]]oZifyef;ckdif/ wNrdKifNrdKif? &ck dib f &k m;aygif ;}}[k jrwf de;k &m txG#w f if JcMh uonf/ ]]awmifyw k af u? usm;ajc&m vnf; ausmfvrf;? ausmif;yg;awmifr mS oZifyef;ukd vlerf;vm;Asm,f(,m)[k &ck difysKdarwk d Yuyif cspfoal rmifu d k oZifyef;ES fio h m dEIi;f um Zrf;pum;zG J Yc hMJ uonf/ oZifyef;rsK;d HpkNyD;? a&Tw?l aiGwl? vufwHw d?k vufw&H Sn?f ñ§ mpdrf;? Z&uf Ekwfcrf;? (quf&ufEkwcf rf;)? drk;Z&Dyef;ponf h opfcGyef;wk d Yvnf; vGrf;qGwcf sif p&myif jr fihabGr mS vef;pGi hfa0um zl;yGi hfaeMuayonf/ vjymok dr mS cG mñk dyef; yGi hfMuonf/ at;pd frhNyD; dcku dcf kufwek fonf h jymokdvwGif cG mñk du oif;ys Uvs H u df&S onf/ &moDajymif;í aqmif;tukefaEGtul;wGifrl qdwfzvl; (½k d;vSoEÅ m)yef ;/ o&zD? ZvyfeD? Zvyf0g? drk;wdrfjympaom yef;wumwk dY a0qmvsu f yG i hfMujyef awmhonf/ aEG&moDa&mufjyefvQiu f m;? usdef;awmifwef;wpfavQmuf 0ga&Ta&mifoef; Ny;D ? &eH Yx Hv k rT ;f aeonh f? ika&T0g? ydawmuf? a&T&ifcwf? uHaumfw d Yrk mS &ck dio f BuFeu f dk vSrf;vif hBudKum owd&apbdawmhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; *syefppfpcef;tjyif? ppf NyD;aemufykdif;wGifvnf; þus fed f;awmifwef;onf ppf'Pfcwfjcif;cH&onf/ ppfaMumif h awme,ft&yf&yf rS dck0ifvmolrsm;\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf awm&Sif;atmif xif;rD;opf 0g;tok H;csjcif;? ,mvkyfu dkifjcif;? c&rf;? ocG m;? ajymif;? yJpaom oD HE dSpkufysKd;jcif; rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ xk Yad Mumih f opfyifBuD;rsm; wrlajymif;vsu f vGifw;D acgifeD;
30
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Munh favwk dif; jymESr;f aoG Uajcmufc h&J onf/ ,ckum; oufq dik &f mu wm;qD;xm; ojzihf jyefvnfpdrf;vef; dpkajyp jyKvmcJh ayonf/ awmifajc&if;cs f Kid h0rS f;? ukef;wef;? cifp kid f;? qifajcavsmwk d YwiG f oD; HESO,smOf cif;rsm;? pD;yGm;jzpf uGrf;&Gufcif;rsm; tpDt&DpkdufysKd ;&S daeMuonf/ xGufjyKp carmif;? uRef;? ysOf;uwk d; paom opfrmrsm;vnf; NydKi;f &½kid ;f d&Svmonf/ emrnf ausmMf um; vlBuKd urf sm;aom usde;f tnif;("nif;)oD;yifrsm;vnf; awmifv H;k tES H Y jynh faebdonf/ a&S;uusm;&Jw&d dp mef ä rsm; rif;rlc hJ&m awmNrdKiBf uD;ozG, f jzpfc hJ aomfvnf;? ,ckum; ae&mwum vlolrjywf aysmfp&mjzpfaeonf/ EG m;ausmif; om;wk d Y\ ykavGo?H uRJE m;wk G d Y\ cavmufow H d Yw k iG f avcwfoH w&S J J&Su aygif;pyf ay;vk duaf omtcg? oH Hpw k &l , d muJ ho Y kd ESv H;k pdw0f rf;MunfE;l at;jrom,memaysmf p &m aumif;vSayawmhonf/
aq;aygif; pk HvaS om awmifw ef; usdef;awmifwef;um; aq;0g;rsm;vnf; pkHvaS yonf/ arGawmfpufwnf d&S &mvnf;jzpfojz fih &mZ0ifo drki;f wk d Yu ewfaq;yifrsm;&S daMumif; azmfjycJ hMuonf/ &ckdifrif;orD; aq;0dZÆmusrf;ayrlt& aq;yifpkHvif&mawmifrsm;rSm usdef;awmif? iclawmif? ocsFyfawmifw Ykjd zpfonf/ usdef;awmifwef; d&S jrawmifESihf yef;csif;ajrmifw YkdwGifq dkvQif ZvyfeDE fSih aq;eD? aq;jzL? aq;0g? aq;rnf? wdrfyef;ajcpaom ewfaq;tjyif? a*gv*D&d [laom aq;yifvnf; d&Sonfq d\ k / xif& m;aptH S h/ / jrawmif0ifavvQif yef;csi;f ajrmif[lí d&S\/ xk dyef;csif; ajrmifvus mbuf f u awmifarmfwiG f Zvyfeo D Hk; H½k d&S\/ Zvyfeo D @mefum;?t½k d; t&GuftyGi hfw d Yo k nf [oF mjy'g;uJo h Y ked D\/ xk dZvyfeDuk d vufjz fihu dkifvQi f ud k,f aysmuf\/ aoG;írsuaf phwiG f uGif;vQif ewfrsKd;wk d Yu djk rif\/ ewfaq;wk d Yu dv k nf; jrif\/ aeuk dvnf;jrif\/ t*¾ d,wfvnf;jzpf\/}} ]]aq;eD? aq;jzL? aq;0g? aq;rnf ; þaq;(4)yg;um;? yef;csi;f ajrmifwGif d&S\/ aq;eD[o l nfum; j*ef Ypmyifu ho J Y k d a&muf\/ tyGi h?f toD;? t0ga&mif d&S\/ tO y,if;a&mifu ho J Y kd &S\ d / t&omcsKd\/ aq;jzLtyifum; wpfyifv H;k jzL\/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
t½k d;? t&G uf? tyGifh? tO? tjrpfwkdY tukefr<uif;jzL\/ aq;0gtyifum;= t½k d;? t&Gu?f tjrpf a&Ta&mifu ho J d Y dk&S\/ aq;rnf;[lonfum; =a>rpdrf;uJ ho Y kd d&S\/ EG,v f dt k yifwnf;/ t&Gujf zL\/ tjrpftoD; tap; tk d;uJ ho Y kd d&S\/ tyifjr uJ ho d dkY&S\/}} a&TwHw dik f;? a&Twrm? aq;ynm&S d? wdrfyef;ajc? aq;jzL ponh faq;wk d Yum; jrawmifwGi df&S\/ wd drfyefajcaq;um; rkd;cgaysmuf\/ aEGcgaygufa&muf\/ usD;tmoD;uJ ho Y k d&d S\/ a*gvm*D&daq;yifrnfaom aq;yif d&&S mt&yfum; ZvyfeD yifE fSih rsm;pG mruG mwGi f df&S\/ tkwfww H kid f;ausmufww H dkif;wk d YwGifom ayguf\/ tqif;um; tyifeDvmtqif;ES fihw\ l / tap;a&uJ ho k Yd xGu\ f / þaq;yifukd ewfw d Yk0Sux f m;Muonf/ wef; dck;BuD;aom aZmf*sD? 0dZ mwk Æ d Yom pm;&wwfonf/ xk d YaMumih f ¤if;wk Yo d nf rjywfvmvsu f pm;avh d&SMuonf[\ l / oDwma& ewf ausmufcu G fausmufysOw f iG f Budwcf g pm;Muonf[l\/
obm0ausmufv uf& mqef; rsm; þused f;awmifwef;ü ausmufw H;k Bu;D rsm;? ausmufaqmifausmufapmif;wk d Y rSm ausmufjzpfobm0vuf&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ awmifwef;wpfckvkH;onf ausmufpyfrsm;í rd k;&G moGe;f vk dufvQiv f nf;aumif;? qD;ESi;f usvQiv f nf;aumif;? jrLck f d;? jrLaiGUrsm; d frIif; HrIqifum? avupm;aebdtvm; Munh faumif;p&m wpfrsKd; yifjzpf\/ jrawmifü awmifuGif;jyifwGif armif;o@mef? aevo@mef? vdyf? EG m;? Hckavmufo@mef ponfw d Yak wG U&\/ aevo@mef d&o S nfu d k aepuf? vpuf [k ac:a0:Muonf/ NrdKUpm;ae&meef;&muk d tdrfa&S Urif;eef;&m[k ac:aeMuonf/ wHcg;0armf zsm;wGifvnf; ausmufw Hk;Bu;D ü orifajc&mrsm; jzpfay:vsu d&f Sonf/ ppfurJ if; apwDtxufwGif ausmufqif½kyfwpfckvnf; d&Sonf/ wvif;ajrmif;teD;wGif opömAE¨d&[EÅmajc&mcscJh&m ausmufwkH;wpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;ukd Aa'gajc&m ausmuf[ k ac:aeMu\/ þobm0 ausmufvuf&mwk d Yu d k jrifawG Y&vQif tH hrcef; bG,v f rl sm; tqef;wMu,fxv k yk x f m;bdo d Yk xif&wwfonf/ trSeu f m; obm0 tavQmufjzpfay:aeMujcif;rQomwnf;/ used ;f awmifwef;wpfciG rf S ausmufrsm;uk d xk Jc, G v l suf vrf;pcef;? wk duw f m? ausmif;uef? tdrf&mwkdYü tokH;jyKaomfvnf;? ukefcrf;ekdifzG,f&m r&Sday/
31
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
awmawmif? acsmuf? ajrmifw d Yük Bu;D av;vSaom ausmufw H;k Bu;D rsm; jyef YBuv J su d&f S onf/ vl trsm; o,f,cl sxm;bdtvm; awmifajc&if;? v,fuiG f;jyif? awmif uke;f ponft HES Y wk H;vk H;? apmif;axmif? zDvm? uef Yvef Ytcef Yom; ae&mwumwk di;f jrifawGUEkdifayonf/
awmif N r KUd usdef;awmifwef;um &Snfvsm;oavmuf? cs f Kdih0rS f;rsm;vnf; aygrsm;onf/ nDnmajzmih fjzL;vSaom awmifuek f;? cifwef;wk d Yvnf; rsm;pGm d&Sayonf/ csKdi hf0Srf; us,rf sm;ü Muaomif;(0g;yk d;)0g;awmBu;D rsm;? oD; HESO,smOfcif;BuD;rsm; jyKvkyx f m; d&Savonf/ vGrf;awmiftaemufbufcsKdi hu f dk ajrmifacsmif;[k ac:a0:Muonf/ xk dcsKdif0rS ;f acsmifxufBu;D onf (*&ifcsKdi )f d&Sonf/ xk dajrmifacsmif;u awmifbuf ok d Y oG m;NyD; awmifcif dpkif;uk d ausmfjzwfo m;&onf G / awmifBuD;tv,fwiG f ¤if; *&ifcsKdi d&f &S mv,fajr(12){uausmf ausm f us,f0ef;rI d&o S nf[k qk dMu\/ iSuaf ysmf *&if (oD;arT;)yifrsm;uk d dpkuyf sKd;cJ hbl;ojz fih *&if*sKdif[ k ac:wGifonf/ pyg;rsm; vnf; dpkuyf sKd;cJ hMuonfq dk\/used f;awmiftaemufbufE fiS h awmifbufwiG f csKdi hf 0Srf;rsm;? awmifjywfrsm;? trsm;yif d&Sonf/ yJ? ESrf;paom [if;cif;rsm; jyKvkyfpm; aomufvsu d&f MS uonf/ awmifuek ;f d½k;vnf; ajzmif hjzL;vsu d&f &S m? usdef;awmif&Sif bk&m;rS jrawmifw dkifatmif vrf;avQmufo m;Ek G difonf/ xk d YaMumif h a&S;&ck difrif; rsm; vufxufuyif? ,ckNrdKUawmifac: ae&m ukef;jrif hus,w f iG f NrKd U&G mwnfcs aecJ hMuonf[k ,lqMuonf/ xk dae&mwk d YwGif tk d;cGuu f JrG sm; tES H Ytjym;&&S dMu onf/ qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf;ajrmufbuf t&yfum; awmifNrdKUwnfcJh&m NrdKUawmif[lí ,ckac:vsu d&f Sao;\/ bk&m;tavmif;aus;rif;jzpfpOf aus;NrdKU awmf csucf smjzpfc hNJ y;D aemuf? bk&ifrif;wk d YvufxufwiG f aetdrw f d Yjk z fih wnfaxmif cscJhay&monf/ rif;apmrGefb J YüG vnf;? usdef;awmifvus m?f jrawmifvuf0w J iG f tdrfBu;D wpf aqmif aqmufvkyfay;cJhMujcif;ESihf tdrf\BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIukdyg xkdbGJYwGif txift&Sm;pyfq dx k m;csuf awG U&ayonf/ xk dtrd fBuD; aqmufvyk fay;cJ hojz fih xk dae&muk d NrdKUawmif? awmifNrKd U[lí ac:avoavm[k atmufarh&onf/ tcsKdUu ysOfaxmifNrdKU[lívnf; ac:wGifaMumif;jzihf ajymqkdMuonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
þawmifNrdKUü rif;apmrGefonf ESrjzpfoltm; aysmfyg;ap&ef eef;tdrfaqmuf vkyfay;cJhykHu dk xif&Sm;ap&ef rif;apmrGefb JGYrS xkwfEIwfazmfjyvk donf/
vS jim;Muifw ef? aysmyf g;pH ]]---av----vGrf;wnf holonf? vG r;f oluaqG;? &if JE YGMuifwef? rif;apmrGef um;? usdef;awmifvufsm? jrawmifvuf0J? EG,f½kd;oefYpif? tdrfa&SU&Sifu? vGr;f wnf hyq l m? aysmyf gESr? ok H;aqmifajymifonf? awmifa,mifjywif;? jrqG Jvif; eef Y? ig;aqmifajymifonf? w-wwvnf;? ½IwrNy;D ? 0if;q,fxyfr m?S ywfv d YkeaD &? cG mjzLa,mifwrf ;? usD;a,mif0ef;a&? usD;a,mifvnf;tm? eef;av;axmifhr m?S armifr[dcg? rsufpd& mvk S dY? pdrf;jrvnf;csrf;? wk dufaqmifxJr m?S vGrf;vJvGrf;vk dY? wHyufauy0g? dyk;cgomuk d? rsuf&nfvnf;yGw?f ok H;axmif hpw G o f nf? rjywfMuifem? 0goemaMumih f? ylqmESv H;k ? drk;ES,t f H;k d½k U? tdrfBuD;ok H;aqmif? okH;yg;arQmifv Yk?d tdrf arQmifv dkY? tdrfarQmifacgifqpf? ZrÁL&pf[k e*g;&pfqif0if? ig;aqmifajymifukd? cG mjzL0ifavS muf? xufywif;rS m? qG Jvif;aygufu kd? jyLazmufNyND yD? jrADwmefrSm? oQpfq,fpDv dYk? arQmf½Iwifau? OuúifomrS m? eDvwfaw----av}} (rif;apmrGefbGJY tJjcif;rS)
tm½k Hc½H pI m;p&m usdef;awmifwef;onf obm0om,monf tavQmuf pdwv f ufcsr;f om Munfvif&Tifjyjcif;uk dvnf; jzpfapEk difayonf/ olawmfaumif;wk dY r*fvrf; dck&m ukodkvfw&m;qnf;yl;tm;xkwfMu&m? w&m;"r®jzihf arGUaysmfzG,f&m? awm&yf aqmufwnf&mvnf; aumif;bdonf/ wnfMunfvaS om pdr hpf rf;NrKd iw f d Yv k nf; wdwq f w d Nf ird o f ufvo S nf/ opfusm; paom awm&Jowå0gab;rSvnf; uif;vSonf/ wnfMunfaom orm"djzpfz, G f &m twd d&o S nf/ ur®|mef;bm0emES fi h aysmaf rG UMuaom awmpcef;&dyo f m ausmif; ocFe;f wk d Yvnf; d&Sonf/ awmaeax&ftoQifrsm;vnf; wif hw,faeMuonf/ usde;f awmif? jrawmif? tvif;awmif? &JwaJ wmif? vGrf;awmifw d Yu k dk awm&yfaysmf rDS; t&n0goDa,m*Dax&foQifawmfw Ykd bm0empcef ;&dyfomXmewk Ydwnf;/ ta0;rSyif OD ;ñTwMf unfñ dkzG, f xif & m;aeaom S usd ef;awmf&Sif bk &m;rS m
32
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
vnf; a&Ta&mifw0if;0if;ES fih oyÜ m,fwif hw,faeonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f "mwfarG awmfapwD ykxkd;awmfrsm;ukd usdef;awmif\ tzl;tñGefY txG#ftcsmrsm;yif wnf;/ awmifuek ;f d½k;uk d avQmufí bk&m;apwDz;l jrif&ef vSn hyf wf½pI m;&eftaysmf tyg; c&D;xGu&f efw d Yt k wGuf c&D;vrf;vnf; &Si;f aeonf/ awmifuek ;f wef; 0J,m ½Ipm;avvQif used ;f wk ducf iG Ef iS hf rif;jym;NrdKUuk d txift&S m;jrif dEik o f nf/ aq;a&mif pkHjc,foxm;bdo Ydk obm0yef;csDum;wpfrQ cef;em;xnf0gaeavonf/ av;NrdKUjrpf a&S;&ckdifrif;wk d Y oabF moG m;vm&m a&aMumif;(ZD;yifBuD;jrpf aMumif;)rif;aMumif;wk dYwGif avS mfcwf? ckwfarmif;? vl;vm0ifxGufaeMuaom avSoabF mrsm;uk dvnf; ½Ipm;Ek dio f nf/ usde;f awmifwef;um; rajymif;vJ dEik faom orkid f;aMumif;uk d tNrJwrf; ajymjyvsuf wnf d&Saernfomwnf;/
us;D jzL&G mES fi h arxG D;a,yk H0w¬ K usD;jzL&GmykH0w¬KrSm &ckdifjynfrS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpf\/ a'oEÅ&jzpf &yfpOfu dk wDxGifajymqk drI 0w¬Kvnf;jzpfonf/ &ck difw dYk\ yifu kd,fb0 o½kyf azmfajymqk dvmcJ haom a&S;tusq Hk;0w¬K[k qk d&rnfjzpfonf/ þyk H0w¬Kjzpfay:vm&ef Zmwfvrf;uk drlum; usdef;wk dif;u zefw;D í ay;cJ h avonf/ usdef;wk dif;twGif; wnf d&Saom usdef;awmifwef;wGif bk&m;tavmif; awmf us;D rif;(Muufwal &G;)tjzpfrpS í aus;iSurf sm;aecJ haMumif;uk d azmfjycJ hayNy/D xk dpOfumvwGi f bk&m;tavmif;\ aus;azmfrsm;rS m awmifNrdKUwGi f om,maysmf arGU&m tcsuftcsmXmejzpfNy;D bk k&m;tavmif;aus;rif;rl usdef;awmf&Sifxdyfü usdef;atmif;&m XmejyKc hJonf/ tcgwpfyg;ü bk&m;avmif;aus;rif;\f aus;azmfig;&mwk dYonf tpm&Sm Mu&ef wpfae&mod Yk ysHoef;a&mufo m;M G uavonf/ vlol&yf&Gm eD;pyf&mwd k Yü tpm;tpmwk d Yukd vSn hfvnf& mazG S pm;aomufc hMJ u\/ xk dpOf umva0omvDNrKd U teD; qif;&Jaom arxG d;a,om;trd tdrfteD;od Y k a&mufavvQi f aevSr;f xm; aom ESr;f wpfzsmuk d jrifMuavonf/ rdcifonf orD;i,ftm; ESrf;rsm;uk dtapmih f xm;cJ hNy;D ? awmok d Yxif;acGo m;aeonf G / tapmif huseaf evd kuaf om orD;i,ftm; aus;iSurf sm; wpfaphrQrpm;ap&ef vnf; aumif;pG mrS mxm;ajymqk do m;cJ G havonf/ xk d YaMumif h rdef;uav;onf trdr mcJ S honf htwk dif; *½k dpkufíaumif;pG m apmih fMuyf aecJhavonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
,if;od Y kapmif hae&if;yif aus;rsm;onf ESrf;zsmteD;od Y k wpfpwpfp tkycf sDí rsm;jym;pG m a&mufvmMuonf/ ESr;f zsmwpfcv k H;k uk d aus;rsm;u csD,o l m;vk G rwwf 0ef;&HaeMuNy;D jzpfonf/ jyif;jyaom aea&mifjcnf oef;aeonh f tyl d&SeftaiY G aMumih fvnf;aumif;/ aeylwiG f apmif hae&onf h twGuv f nf;aumif;? rde;f uav; \ rsufaphr mvnf S ; &Dww D HDr0I g;0g;&S daeonf/ od Y ktwGuaf Mumih f usa&mufvm aom usD;(Muufwal &G;)rsm;uk d azG;azG;jzLvsu d&f o S nf[o k m jrifa,mifawmhonf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; aus;rsm;um; twif;t&if; rvkyfMu/ ESrf;&SifrxHrSyif pm;cGi hfjyK &ef tomt,m ajymqk dawmif;cHvmMuav\/ ESrf;&Sifri,fvnf; ]]rpm;ygES fih tara&mufvmvQif t½k ducf H&rnf dpk;& onf}} [k acsiHpGm ajymíxm;avonf/ aus;rsm;u xyfrí H ]]tm;vk H;rpm;yg/ tenf;i,fompm;ygap}}[k qk daomfvnf; ol rucGi hfrjyK/ od Y kaomf aus;rsm;rSm tmomqE´jyif;jyaeMuonf htwk dif; rpm;&vQif rjzpf? xk d YaMumif h ]]wpfaumif vQif wpfaphusaomfvnf; pm;cGifhay;yg}}[k oem;cHum ajymMujyefonf/ rdef;ri,fvnf; ]]toifaus;jzLwkdY rdcifciG fhjyKjcif; r&Sdc hJ ojzihf onf;cHMuyg}} waphu kd rqk dxm;bd? wpf dyik ;f uspyD if uRefray;cGi hrf d&Syg}}[k tqk H;pGeaf om pum; uk d ajymavonf/ od Y kaomfvnf; aus;om;wk Yu d ]]rpk d;&drfygES fih trdqJq djk cif;jz fih d½kufESuu f zcifxH0ifajy;yg/ zcifuvnf; ckdcGifhray;bJ ½kdufESufjyefu OD;av;? OD;BuD;? baxG;? rdaxG;rsm;xH 0ifajy;yg? ¤if;wk dYxHuvnf; 0ifcGifrh &vQif vGw&f mod Y k xGuaf jy;yg/ ajy;írvGwu f rwwfomonftqk H;wGi f trsKd;taqGw d Yx k H 0ifajy; yg/ ¤if;wk d Yuvnf; dcku d;k &mray;bJ xk d YtwljyKu f sihygu rvGwo f mEk div f Qif igwk d YxH ar;jref;í ajy;vmcJhyg/ a&mufygvdrfhrnf}}[k ajymqkdMuavonf/ xkdaemuf wpfa,mufwpfaphusyif pm;oGm;ygrnf}}[k qkdNyD; 0kdif;0ef;í pm;Muawmh &m zsmwpfckv Hk; d&S ESrf;rsm;rS m ajymif&Sif;avawmhonf/ xk dtcg rdef;uav;vnf; rdrdt d½kucf H&awmhrnf[k dika<u;avonf/ xk daMumih f aus;om;wk d Yonf azsmif; azsmif;zszs oufom&m&apNyD; rdrdw dkYae&mok d Y ysHoef;vmcJ hMuavonf/ nae wGif rdcifxif;acG&mrS jyefa&mufvQi f ESrf;rsm;uk d pdppfar;jref;av &m aus;om;wk Yd pm;íukecf hJNyDjzpfaMumif;ajymavvQi?f rdcifvnf; orD;i,ftm; a'gotrsuf ajcmif;ajcmif;xGufí jyif;pG m½k dufESufav\/ rdcif½kdufavvQif wpfa,mufrSwpfa,mufxH vTwf&majy;í toem;cHygaomfvnf; rvGwf&Sm av/ tm;vkH;uyif 0kdif;0ef;½kdufESufMuavojzihf rcHomEkdifawmh&mum;?
33
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
aemufqkH;wGif aus;om;wkdYxHyif ajy;&&Smavonf/ aus;om;wkdY rSmxm; onh ftwk dif; vrf;wGifawG U&aom EG m;ausmif;om;? uRJausmifom;? bJ? Muuf? qif? jrif;? qdwfausmif;om;wkdYukd wpfaxmufwpfaxmufjzihf tqifhqifh ar;jref;í ajy;cJ h& monf S /f xk do d Ykajy;pOf ar;&mü EG,fBudK;wpfcGD? EGm;wpf D&GeefY tarmifa,musfm;? EGm;ausmif;om;½k Ud wHcGef,yf,yf? vDooGwfeefY Z&yfauom,m? usD;jzL&G mum; ZmrS m avh - --armif ½ k d U ---[k rd e f ; uav;u ar;avvQif EGm;ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ]]EGm;BudK;wpfyif? uspfcOD; EGm;csD;wpfAuf? ypfcOD; xrif;wpfvkwf? pm;vDOD; &Dwpfrw I f? aomufvOD D; tarmtyef;vnf; NzDcOD; usD;jzL&G mum;? ajrmufpl;pl;rS m [dvD,if h}}[k ñTefMum;av\/ xk drSwpfqif h uRJausmif;om;wk d Yx H ñTeMf ujyefav\/ ,if;ok d Y qufumqufum tpOftwk dif; ar;jref;oG m;avaomf aemufq Hk; qdwfausmif;om;wk d YxH a&mufo m;cJ G h\/ ¤if;wk dYtm;vnf; ar;jref;avjyef ojzih f]]awmifvnf; ok H;awmif? ausmfvDOD; uGif;vnf; ok H;uGif;? oef;vDOD; aemufwpfawmifay:u arQmfMunh fukdufauusD ; jzL&G m uk d jrif & vd r f h a r}}[k ajymqk d M uav\/ xkad emufqdwfausmif;om;wk dYu vrf;ñTefjyvk dí]]t&S dzufu? Budrfwef;a& taemufzufu? pl;wef;a& t&S f dvrf;uk dvnf;? rvk dufvaD uh taemufvrf;ud kvnf;? rvk duv f Dauh tv,fajzmihfxkd;? vrf;r½kd;ukd vkdufygvD}} [k ñTefjyvkduf avonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
xk dtcg aus;om;ES fihawG U&íajy;vmaMumif; ajymavvQif tm;vk H;u w,kw,jyKí ac:,lo m;M G uavonf/ usD;jzLNrKd Uok d Y a&mufaomtcg]]a&TavSum;eef Y wufz Ykdvm; aiGavS Sum;eef Y wuf dz Ykvm;}}[k ar;Muavonf/ oli,fru d½k;om;ajzmif h rwfpGmjzihf jyefajymonfum;]]a&TavSum;eefYvnf; rwufyg aiGavSum;eef Yvnf; rwufyg rdzxkH;pH 0g;avSum;eefYwufygzkdY}}[k qkdav\/ xkdtcg usD;jzLwkdYu a&TavSum; axmifay;Ny;D wufapavonf/ tdyfrnf d&Saomtcg aus;om;wk d Yu ]]a&ToabmufeefY tdyfz Ykdvm; aiGoabmufeef Y tdy dzf Yv k m;}}[k ar;Mujyef&m? pdwBf u;D olr[kwb f J d½k;ajzmif h aom rdef;uav;jzpf&mum; drdzxk H;pH oabmufpm oabmufeef Y tdyfygzk d Y}} [kq dak vaomf? usD;jzLwk d Yu a&ToifjzL;zsmuk d cif;ay;í tdyfapav\/ xrif;wnfcif;pOfvnf;]]a&TavmifyGef;eefY pm;zk dYvm; aiGavmifyGef;eef Y pm;zk Ydvm;}}[k ar;Mujyefavojzihf oli,fruav;u vnf; oabmxm;½k d;pGmjzifh yif]]rd dbxk H;pH? NrDavmifyGe;f eef Y&m pm;ygzk d Y}} [k ajymav\/ xk dtcg a&Tvifyef;? aiGvifyef;ES fi h tjynh fxnf hí aumif;pG mauR;arG;Muav\/ a&aomuf&ef ar; aomtcgüvnf;]]rdzxk H;pH? rmvmcG HE fSih aomufygar}}[k ajymav\/ ,if;ok Y d ususee jyKpkvkyfauR;vsuf aeY&ufMumpG m xm;&S daevmcJ hav onf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; umvMumaomtcg oli,fronf rdcifBu;D uk d owd&vm \/ atmufarhwçovGrf;qGwjf cif;aMumih f jyefcsirf IjzpfvmcJ h&av\/ xk YdaMumih f rsuf&nfrsm; w&T J J&Tjzpfum dik, dkc hJavawmhonf/ xk dtcg aus;om;wk d Yu ]]rpm;&vk d Y&m dika&vm;? raysmfv dkY&m dika&vm;}} [kar;Muav\/ oli,frum;]]raysmfv d Yv k nf; r[kwyf g? rpm;&vk d Yvnf; r[kwfyg? vGrf;wvk d Y&m dikp myg}} G [k ajymavvQif aus;om;wk Yo d nf a&T? aiG? pde?f ausmuf? ywåjrm;paom &wem rsKd; Hpkw d Yu k dk txkyw f pfcjk yKvyk í f zmcsKyf txyfxyfwiG f xnf f humay;vTwv f du k Mf u avonf/ vrf;c&D;wGif pm;aomuf&efvnf; tpm;tpmwk d Yu dk jyifqifxnf hay;
34
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
vk duMf uonf/ vrf;wGif rnfot l m;rQvnf; txkyfu d k zGi hfrjybJ? tdrfu dak &mufrS om;trdESpfa,muf vlrod? &Sifrjrif vk HNcKH aom tdrfcef;xJü nOf htcg wdww f qdwf zG fihMunh fygav}}[k rS mMum;vku d af vonf/ oli,frvnf; vmvrf;c&D;pOftwk dif; qd waf usmif;om;? uRJausmif;om; rsm;uk d awG UíEIwq f ufum? aus;Zl;wifaMumif; 0rf;omtm;&ajymav\/ tdro f d Yk a&mufaomf om;trdESpfa,muf zGi hfMunhMf uav\/ xk dtcg wpfoufpm pm; aomufruke dfEkifaom a&T? aiG&wemrsm;uk d awG UMu&avojzih f aeYwiG f;csi;f yif xif;acGtvkyfMurf;wk d Yr S vGwu f if;í tpOfcsr;f om<u,f0cJ h&av\/ &yf&Gmom; rsm;u olw d Yt k jzpfu d k jrifMu&ojz fih ]]edcsif;<u,fr}} [k ac:Muav\/ ,if;wk d Ytjzpfu do k jd rifaom trsK;d orD;wpfa,mufonf ESr;f wpfzsmuk d vSr;f av\/ usD;jzLuk d a&mufvmí pm;aomufapum? c&D;pOftwk dif; xGuaf jy;[ef jzihf vmcJhav\/ yxroli,f rdzxkH;pHukdrvkdufbJ pdwfaejrihfaomaMumihf tqif hedr hfjzihfom jyKpk{nf hcHc hJMuavonf/ umvtwefaeapNy;D vQi f jyefcgeDü? txkyfjyKvyk fí ay;vkduMf uav\/ tdro f d Ykjyefa&mufavaomf xk dtxkyfu d k wpftrd fom;vk H;0kid ;f í zG fihMuav\/a&T? aiG &wemrsm; r&S dygbJ? tqdyfjyif;xefaom a>rcsnf;xnh fygvmojz fih wpftrd f om;vk H;a>raygufí aoqk H;Mu&av\/ þusD;jzL&G m(1)0w¬KwiG f usD;jzLwk d Yx H ajy;vma&mufcJo h rl mS &ck difa0omvD rSjzpfonf[k qk dMuavonf/ tcsKdUvnf; usdef;awmiftaemufzuf d&Saxmif h ausmif;&G m t&yforl [kvnf; ajymaeMu\/ rif;jym;NrKd Ut0if wef;wifajrmifE fiS h bDv;l rajrmif\ ta&S UuGif;jyifu dk ,ckx d us;D jzL&G m[k owfrSwaf c:wGi f vsu df&S onf/ oli,frvrf;wGi f ar;jref;cJ haom qdwaf usmif; om;? uRJausmif;om;wk d Y\ uRJ? EG m;ausmif;&mXmeuk dvnf; uRJausmif;ukefykw f (ukefy Y )?kd EG m;ausmif;ukeyf kwf ponfjz fih ,ckx d ae&mtrSwt f om; usef&Sad o; onfu dk awG U&\/ usD;jzLwk d Y a&TavSum;axmifí ac:wifaqmif,o l m;onf G h Xmevnf; ,ck wef;wifajrmifyifjzpfonf[k qk dMu\/ xk dajrmifapmif;um; jrif hrm;rwfapmuf vSayonf/ ,ckyif avSum;rJ hawmifay:od kY rwufa&muf dEkifacs/ usD;jzL&G m0w¬K um; rnfo Y kq d dak p &ck dijf ynfwiG f a&S;usvsuf vlw d Yak jymvmcJ hMuaom Hyk0w¬Kwpfck tjzpf ,aeYwkid f xif& m;aeygawmh S onf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tcef; (3)
used f; uRef; wk did f; \ rif; jym;Nr KUdKU rif;jym;NrdKUonf ppfawGc d½kiftwGif; t0iftyg NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfavonf/ ppfawGNrdKU\ ta&S Ubuf drik f(30)tuGm? tOÆee'Dav;NrdKU jrpf0usaom &marmif jrpfurf; taemufbuf vuf0u J rf;em;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ ppfawGNrKd Ur a&aMumif; rD;oabF mjz fih drkiaf v;q,fcef Y oG m;vmckwaf rmif;&avonf/ a&S;tcguyifused ;f uRef;wkdif; t0iftygjzpfí vuf,m(99)NrdKUwGif pm&if;0ifjzpfavonf/ xkdY aMumih f a&SUusp muyif G wnf&St d rnfjzpfxeG f;vmcJ haMumif;rS m xif& m;avonf S / ok d Yaomf rif;jym;Nrd KUwnfrif;ES fih NrKd Uwnf&mXmewk d Yu du k m; taotcsmrod dEik facs/ &ck difrif; dykifeufajrae&mvnf;jzpf? qm;iHa&rd&mvnf; jzpfaomXmewGif &ckdif rif;wk d Y tqufqufNrKd Ujywnfí vm&jcif;aMumih f rif;jym;NrKd U[lí ac:vm&jcif; yifjzpfonf/ tpOfajymvmMuonfum; rif;jyNrdKU[l\/ pjE´m;rif;vufxuf wk dif;cef;vSn fhvnfpOf avS azmifonf prÜ v,faomifuRe;f ü wifrd&m 0J,muk d ½I p m;avpOf rif ; jym;Nrd K Uwnf v wå H Y r nf h a e&muk d jrif a vonf / xk d t cg þae&mwGif NrKd U&G mwnfcsrI jzpfayvwå H Y[k rif;rde Yñ f eT jf cif;jyKc hJaomaMumih fwnf;/ tcs Uuvnf Kd ; rif;apmrGeu f m; usdef;awmifvuf,m? jrawmifvuf0J? EG, df½;k oef Y pif? tdr df&S&Sif NrdKUpm;b0jzihf eef;tdrfaqmufvkyfaecJ havonf/ xk d Yjyif pE´0dZ,rif;wk;H ñk donf used f;uRe;f wkid f;rS aeí ajrmufOD;xD;eef;uk d qufcHc h&J onf/ xk d YaMumif h þuRef;rS rif;ay:xGuo f nf htwGu f rif ;ay:NrKd U[k wGio f nf[\ l / rif;apmrGefaecJ haomae&muk d awmif d NrKd Y[í l vnf;aumif;? ysOf axmifNrdKU[lívnf;aumif; ac:onf/ usdef;awmifwef;tv,favmufwGif d&Sonf/ tcs Uuvnf Kd ; bk&m;avmif;aus;rif;jzpfpOf aus;NrdKUawmfcsufcsmjzpfcJh NyD;aemuf usD;jzL0w¬K&Gm usD;jzL&Gmwnfc hJonf/ xk du bk&ifrif;rsm;vufxuf NrKd Ue,fpm;rsm; aecJ honftwGuf NrKd Uawmif[í l vnf;aumif; awmifNrKd U[lívnf; aumif; ac:wGifrIjzpfonf[kvnf; qk dMuonf/ xk Ydjyif ,lqcsu df&Sonfum; t*Fvdyrf if;BuD; &myodefowfac: a&mbmqifvufxuf NrdKUcs&ef oif hrnfh
35
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ae&m[lí ñTefjycJhaomaMumifh rif;jy[lívnf; ac:Mujcif;jzpfonfqkd\/ avmif;Muuf? yk&ed f? ajrmufOD;acwfw d YkwiG fum; xk drif;jyrif;ay:[laom trnf onf rxif&Sm;cJ hacs/ usdef;awmifwef;uk d trSDjyKí usdef;uRe;f wkid ;f usdef;wk dif;NrdKU [laom trnfjz fihom ork dif;wifvmonf/ xk dusdef;uRef;wk dif;NrdKUum; usdef;awmifwpf d0kufvlaerI wnfcif;rsm;jyK&m &yf&Gmrsm;ukdyif pkaygif;í ac:qkdjcif;jzpfrnf[ k ,lqrdonf/ trSeftm;jzihf NrdKU[lí oD;jcm;wnf d&jS cif;um; rjzpfE kid af cs/ NrdKUpm; e,fpm; uRef;pm;wk dY cef Ytyf xm;jcif;uk d tpG JjyKí ac:qk dvmjcif; jzpfrnfxifonf/ &mZ0ifwiG f xif& m;aom S Muufoa&&G mrS m ipnfawmif& mteD G ;wGif wnf d&S zl;onf/ ,ckNydKysufoGm;cJ havNyD/ Ncdwfawmif&GmteD; a&TZif;cgESihf uyfvsuf eef;&m&G m (,cktrd af &S Urif;&G m) usm;&JjyifteD; eef;&m/ axmif hacs& mteD G ; eef;&m/ awmifNrKd U? NrdKUawmifae&mwk d Yum; usdef;uRe;f wkid ;f \ NrdKUpm;? e,fpm;? uRef;pm;? rSL;rwfw d Yt k yk cf sKyfaecJ haom ae&mXmea[mik f;rsm;yif jzpfonf[k qk d dEik af vonf/ þusde;f uRef;wk dif;um; rnfonf humvupí vlaerIwnf&Sv d monf[k twdtusrajymqk dacs/ t*Fvdyo f kawoDwpfOD; c&pf (1887)ckEpS f a&muf d&Savh vmrSwfwrf;t& wifjy&vQi f yk&defacwf aum,rif; rwkdirf Duyif NrdKUvlrsKd;rsm; aexk difjcif;jzpfc h&J m\[k qk davonf/ ¤if;okawoD\ rSww f rf;wGif usde;f awmif \ ajrmufbufxyd w f iG f NrKd vrl sKd;rsm;? d½k;&mxk H;pHt& jr§Ky HEf x S m;cJ haom t½k d;tk d;rsm; uk d awG Y&onf/ ¤if;wk d Yonf tavmif;aumifu d k rD;oN*dK[í f usaomjymrsm;uk d ajrtk d;i,fwiG f xnf hí jr§Ky HEf x S m;cJ haom ocsKØi;f &mwGif *li,frsm;uk d wl;azmfawG Y d&S &onf/ ocsKiØ f;*lwpfckpDwiG f t½k d;jymES fih oJajrrsm;a&mí xnf hxm;onf h HykpHtrsK;d rsKd;? t&G,ftpm;tk d;i,f trsm;tjym; awG Y d&S&m tcs Utk Kd d;i,frsm;rS m &S pfvufrS wpfaycG Jtxd tjrif h&SNd yD;? vk H;ywft0ef;rSm wpfaycG JrS ok H;aycef Y d&Sonf/ xko d csKiØ f;&muk d rnfonf hacwfuyif jyKvkyfc ho J nfu dk twdtus rajymEk dif aomfvnf; NrdKvrl sKd;wk d Yr mS wpfcsed fu &ck dirf if;wk d Y\ e,fjynfawmfrsm;tm; rsm;pG m taES muft,Sufw du k dfckufzl;ayonf/ Oyrmyk&defNrdKUacwfu ouú&mZf (495511) c&pfat'D (1133-1153)aumvd,rif;onf NrKd Uawmfu d k aES muf,u S v f m cJ honf h NrdKvrl sKd;rsm;tm; wk dux f w k cf hJ&ojz fih av;NrdKUacsmif;zsm;ok d Y qkwfajy;cJ h&zl; onf/ xk d YaMumih f NrdKvrl sKd;wk d Yr mS xk dpOfrwk difru D þae&mwGif t½k d;tk d;jrK§ y HEf Sxm;cJ h
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
avonf[ k qk donf/ ¤if;okawoDrSww f rf;ü usdef;awmifuk d a&S;tcgu a&Ekpm&yAÁw[lonh f aemufwGif NrdKUawmif? ok d Yr[kw f a*gwr&Sif\ yg;arG;awmf"mwfu dk Xmyemí apwDwnfxm;cJ haomaMumih f wk d Yu d taMumif;jyKí yg;arG;awmif[ k trnfajymif; vJvsu f ac:vmMuayonf/ ¤if;aemuf ¤if;awmifwef;\ awmifbufpGe;f xdyf wGi f usef;awmf&Sifb&k m;apwDu d k trS DjyKí usdef;awmif[k ,cktcg ac:Muav awmhonf[k rSwfwrf;a&;xm;cJ havonf/ &ck dif&mZ0ifE fSih bk&m;ork di;f tjyif tpOf,q l csut f &qk dvQif used f;awmif ukd umvm*D&dawmif? ok dYr[kwf umu *D&dawmif[k ac:aMumif; Ak'¨onf usD;rif;(aus;rif;)wpfZmpfjzpfc hJzl;onf htwGu f vQm&if;awmf(ZD0 mawmf S )"mwfu dk apwDwnfxm;í ZD0 m"mwf S apwDom wnf d&Savonf/ &ck difw d Yt k ,lt& aeEkpm& ok d Yr[kwf a&ekom&awmifr mS usdef;awmif\ ajrmufbuf (rif;uefjrpfwbufjcm;)wGif wnf d&Saom yg;awmfawmifyifjzpf onf/ xkad wmifü Ak'¨\ yg;½k d;awmf"mwfwnf d&XS myemí apwDwnfxm;ojz fih yg;arG;&Siaf pwD? yg;½k d;arG;&SifapwD[k xif& m;onf S / ¤if ;okawoDu a&ekom& awmifE fiS h umvm*D&dawmifu d k aygif;vQu f a&Ekpm&awmif[k wpfcw k nf;trnf uk dom,lNyD; rSwfwrf;a&;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf[k xif&onf/ ¤if;okawoD\rSwfwrf;wGif prÜ0ufNrdKUuk d þusdef;awmifteD;wGif wnfc hJ aMumif;jz fih xl;jcm;pG mazmfjyxm;csufwpfcu k dkawG Y&&m xl;qef;aom tcsufjzpf acsonf/ ¤if;rSmazmfjyonfum; ]]ouú&mZf (538)c&pfat'D 1176 ESpfeef; wufaomNcdwNf rKd U wwd,qufajrmufjzpfonf h "ek½al ygrif;onf Ncw d Nf rKd UrS ESpEf pS f tMumwGif zJc mcJ G hí ouú&mZf (540)(c&pfat'd-1178)ckESpfwiG f prÜ 0ufNrKd Uukd usdef;awmifwef;\ ta&S Uajrmufbuf awmifajc&if;wGif wnfaxmifc hJonf/ xk dNrKd Yü "e½laygrif;rSpí ¤if;"e½laygrif;\om;awmf rOöLoifonf wk dif;csprf if; trnfcHí c&pfat'D 1178 rS 1182 wk difatmif qufcHzl;onf/ ¤if;wkid f;cspf vufxufro S mvQif c&pfat'D 1182 ck? aumZmouú&mZf (542)wGif NrKd Ua[mif; awmifio l d Yk ajymif;a&T UoGm;avonf/ prÜ0ufNrKd Yonf &ck dif&mZ0ifwiG f ta&;BuD; aomfvnf; rnfonf h tptersm;ukdrQ rawG Y d&S&awmhay[l\/ þtcsufukd pOf;pm;avhvmoihfonf xif\/ okawoejyKoifhonf xif\/ &ck dif&mZ0ifwGiu f m; prÜ0ufNrKd Uwnfae&muk d azmfjyjcif;r&S dyg/ ok d Yaomf
36
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
axmufq dEkifavonf/ ork dif;qk dif&mXme? okawoeXme? &mZ0ifokawoDrsm; wk d Yu ,ckeef;&muk d avhvmNyD; xdrf;odrf;jyKjyifxm;&ef aumif;vSayonf/ þoJNrdKUtrnfu d k rif;e,fjynfawmfNrKd U trnfrsm;ü rawG Y d&S&ay/ vuf0J vuf,m (99)NrdKUpD NrdKUtrnfw Ykw d Gifum; rvmacs/ ok dYaomf rif;jym;prÜv,f acsmif;rSqufvsu f azmufxu G o f m;onf G h oJwef;acsmif;onf Ncdwaf wmifrSaeí rif;uefjrpfo Y k d pD;0ifo m;onf G / oJwef;acsmif;em;wGif wnf d&Saom oJwef;&G m[l onf h taejz fihum; &G mwpf& mG ,ckxd wnf d&Sacsao;onf/ rif;jym;NrdKUrS ajrmufbufEpS drf ik o f m uG ma0;avonf/ usde;f awmifu ta&S U ajrmuf cyf,Gef;,Gef;omusonf/ þoJNrKd Utjyif bdwNf rKd U? e*&mompnfNrKd U[lí av;NrdKUjrpfurf;yg;ü rif;xD;vufxufwnfcJhaMumif;jzihf yg;pyf&mZ0ifwGif ajymqk d d&SaeMuonf/ xk d& dckifw d Yt k ajymuk d DrSí a&;jcif;avavm[lívnf; ,lq dEkifygonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ifwGifum; rif;xD;eef;pH (15)ESpfajrmufwGif &Srf;wkdYav;NrdKU acsmif ; uk d wk d u f z suf v monf / ysuf p D ; avNyD ; aom awmif i l N rd K Uuk d v nf ; rif;xD;bk&if wnfawmfrlonf[í l om jyqk dxm;csufvmonf/ rif;xD;rwk difrD Ncd wNf rKd Uonf 'o&mZmrif;\ om;awmf aumvd,rif;\ ajr;awmfjzpfaom rif;zkef;pm;vufxufwpfBudrf &Srf;wk dYppfjyKvmzl;onf/ xk d tBurd fu dk vk dufvw H du k fcku d í f &&S dc hJaom ok H Yyef;&Srf;rsmuk d usdef;uRe;f wk dif;t0if jzpfaom odrf;uyguRe;f ? rif;ruRe;f wk d Yü &G mwnfcsay;cJ haMumif; &ck dif&mZ0ifü jyqkdxm;onf/ xk duRe;f rsm;rS m ,ckusdef;taemufzufy kid ;f (a&ylord fawmifE fSih yefZif;armf teD;)wk YdwGif &SdMuacsonf/rif;&mZmBuD;vufxuf yJcl;rS,v l maom rGefw d Yku kd vnf; wnfcsay;cJ h&m wvk dif;uGif;[lí trnfxif& m;&S S daeao;onf/ usdef;wk dif;um; awmifzufu dk wref Yqnfjrpf? pGef&Jjrpfjzif hvnf;aumif;? ta&SUbufu dk av;NrdKUjrpf? &marmifjrpfjzif hvnf;aumif;? dykif;jcm;xm;aom y&d apä'twGif; jzpfonf/ pGef;&JuRe;f ? odrf;uyguRef;? rif;ruRe;f ? AsKdif;uRe;f ? zuf&HuRe;f ? prÜv,f uRef;? xd def; wk dif;uRef;rsm;onfvnf; usdef;wkid ;f \t&HuRe;f rsm;tjzpf yg0ifMu onf/ &ckdifbk&ifacwfwGif avmif;Muuf? yk&def? ajrmufOD;NrdKUaejynfawmf\ ta&;Bu;D aom awmifbuft dykif;tjcm; y&dapä'wGifvnf; usa&mufavonf/
37
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
]]&marmifewfBuD;? jyifuqD;onf? 𝔢D wpfcg rjyKvm}} qk donf htwk dif; &marmif ewfBuD;\tyk dkif;tjcm;e,fajr0ifvnf; jzpfonf/ aumZm (768 rS 788)xd avmif;MuufacwfwiG f wvk dif;ESih f jrefrmwk d Y (19)ESpfw dik fwkid f ppfcif;cJ h&me,fajrwGi f usa&mufojz fih wvk dif;trwf vm0rf <u,faecJh&m]]uifydwfus,f}}[laom t&yf? wvkdif;ppfwyfwnfaecJh&m usdef;awmifcsKdifh0Srf;&Sd ]]*&if*sKdif}} t&yfwkdYum; orkdif;oufaocHyifwnf;/ rif;jym;NrKd UteD; uif;pcef;csxm;cJ h&m uif;qdyf? tonfom;? awmifom;wk d Ytm; csxm;cJ h&m tonf& mcs G r;f omolrsm;aecJ h&m]] ola|;uke;f -Am;Alawmif}} oD&do"k r® &mZmrif;[&Dvufxufipnfq&m (Am&Jb)iaomajzaecJ haom Al;yif& mrs G m;u vnf; vlaerIu dk oufaocHvsuf d&Saeonf/ used ;f awmifta&S Utaemuf rif;uef jrifE fSih av;NrdKUjrpfu dk t"dujyKí tapmih fcstyfc hJonf h twGif;&Jw du k f? tjyif&J wk du?f ajymif;wpfv H;k armf*lvaD rmfw k Ydonf ¤if;wyfuk d BuD;Muyf&aom ppfuJ\ tvSLjzpfonf h ppfuJuef? ppfuo J rd fapwDtjyif 0efo dak pwD? vrf;apwDrsm;u vnf; tkyfcsKyfrIjyae&olrsm;\ uko dv k af wmfvufrsm;tjzpf wnfxm;ork di;f a&; cJh&mvnf; jzpfacsonf/ usdef;wk dif;ia0&G mrS rif;jzpfvmaom (a&Twk;H ñk d )pE´0Zd ,rif;ES fih ywfouf &mrsm;um; ork dif;twGu f wef dzk; d&Savonf/ xk do Y k d &mZ0ifjzpf&yfw dYku d k a&;om; ae&vQi f us,f0ef;ay&m\/ usdef;awmif0J,majc&if;wk d Yü rsm;pG maom a&uef? wHw dik f;&mrsm;? apwDysufrsm;? taqmufttk Hysuf&mrsm; bk&m;½kyfxrk sm;vnf; jzefYBuJvsuf d&Sygao;onf/ rnfo d Ykq dak p used f;wk dif;? usdef;uRe;f wGif used f;NrKd U[líom t*Fvyd fydif pxd a&;pyfokH;EIef;vmcJhaMumif;ukd xif&Sm;awGY&ayonf/ Oyrm-aomfwvD atmifausmf D&T (a';0efBu;D )uk d,af wG Y ppfcs&D wkjzpfaom Armhcs&D wkü nf; ]]usdef; d&S aemufr mS uRef;tkyfarmifñ dBk uv H su}f }[líom a&;pyfc hJz;l onf/ &ck dif&mZ0ifw d Yük vnf; ]]xk drSwjzm? usdef;NrdKUomü? ½kuu © haH umf? jrufopfausmEf Si hf jrifaomfvefY aMumuf? wyfBuD;aqmuf\}}[lívnf;aumif;? ]]emrwGifac: usdef;NrdKYawmfü uH haumfopfwyf? aomif; Hck&yfwiG f wnftyfaerI pyfvsOf;í a&;pyfcJzh l;onfu dk vnf; axmuf½ dEI kifonf/ xk d YaMumif h upäye'D0J,m(99)NrKd UpD pm&if;0ifrif;jym;rStp rif;jy? rif;ay:? oJNrKd U? prÜv,fNrKd Ursm;xd rnfo d Yrk sm;jym;aom trnfpOfvm&S dapumrl? usdef;uRe;f ?
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
usdef;wkdif;NrdKYom txif& m;qk S H;jzpfayonf/ wpfenf;-usdef;awmif \trnfu dk trS DjyKí xifvmaom used ;f NrdKUom &ck dif&mZ0ifwiG f touft&Snq f Hk; trnf tckdiftrmqkH;jzpfrnf[k qk dkEkdifav&monf/ usdef;uRe;f wk dif; usdefw dik f;NrKd Uum; &ck difjynfu d k jrefrmrif;odrf; dykuNf yD;aemuf rS pí wdrfaumoG m;cJhvQif t*Fvdyfvufatmuf wzefa&mufvmaomtcg rif;jym;NrdKYtrnfjzihf qdyfurf;NrdKUtjzpf xGef;vmcJh&onf/ t*Fvdyfrif;onf aumZm 1186 ck (c&pf-1825)ESpfrSpí &cdkifukd odrf;ykduf &&SdvQif 1826ckESpf ppfawGNrKd Uuk d wnfaxmifNyD; ? &ck difjynft&yf&yf qdyfurf;us&mwk d Yü NrdKUi,f rsm;ukd wpfpwpfp owfrSwfcs&yfavonf/ xk do d Ykcs&yfv dkojzif h rif;jym;NrdKUuk dvnf; NrdKUtky Hf½k; dpku&f m NrdKUwpfNrKd Utjzpf owfrw S w f nfcs&ef ppfawGc d½ki0f efu oG m;a&mufae&mopf a&G;cs,fc h&J avonf/ t*Fvdyfw f d Yu k usD;jzL&G mtrnf&Sad om &G mukd Hpkprf;&m ? ,Mwm? eHESyd ?f "mwf d½u k f? "mwfqifjcif;jz fih vlxpk w d af csmufcsm;rItoG,o f , G f vky&f yf d&zS l;aom t*Fvyd w f d Yk enf;y&d,m,fu dk oHo,pdwjf zpfvQuf H&G Urkef;jcif;aMumif h? (prÜv,facsmif;t0) urf;arQmif eHa,mifcyfwpfavQmufu do k m vTJz,fí jycJ hMuavonf/ xkdtcg NrKd Ucs&ef twGu f trnfonmuifyeG f;ay;&efyg aqG;aEG;cJ hMu&m? rif;jyNrdKU? rif;ay: NrdKU? usdef;NrKd U ponf htrnftrsK;d rsKd;uk d wifjycJ hMuaomfvnf;? t*Fvdyw f d Ykoabm t& rif;ay:NrKd U[lonfu dk eH dESyfvsuf rif;ray:bJ jym;0yfaeapvk donf h edrdwu f dk aqmifvsu f rif;jym;NrKd U[laom trnfu dyk if rSn fah c:&ef owfrSwfapcJ honf[l \/ yxrwGi f uRef;tkyw f d Yjk z fihom (usde;f uRef;tky?f awmwef;uRef;tky f ponfjzif h ) cef Ytyftyk fcsKyfrI jyKvmcJhavonf/ rif;jym;used ;f uRef;tkyfr mS csif ;ysH\jrpfawmf olu d k yxrcef Ytyfc ho J nf/ ¤if;uk d ol\ckEpS fEpS ft&G,(f ppfawGNrKd Uuk d t*Fvyd dfyik fp c&pf 1826 ckESpftcsdef)uyif t*Fvdyfppfwyf uGefref'g ppfAkdvfwpfOD;u t*Fvefo d Yt k wif;,laqmifvsu f ynmoifay;NyD; c&pf,mefbmomok d Y oGwo f iG ;f ay;cJhonf/ c&pf,meftrnfjzihf rpöwma*smhum[kwGifí &ckdifwkdYu ,mukyf[k ac:a0:cJ hMuonf/ ¤if;onf rif;jym;NrdKUwnfpu yxruRef;tkyfjzpfNy;D rMumrD ppfawGNrdKUok d Y ajymif;oG m;&um? yxrqk H; t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;tkyfvyk fí pmjy cJ h&onf/ ¤if;aovGefvQif ppfawGNrKd U yg'vdyfcsyd f (,cif &J0if;)wGif ocsKØif; ausmufw dik dfpkux f m;jcif; jyKc hJavonf/ rif;jym;wGif uRef;tkyfrsm;jz fih tk yfcsKyf
38
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
pOfu iwmpaom ykefuefawmfveS fa&;orm;rsm; ay:aygufc hJojz fih uRef ;tkyf rsm;rS m aMumuf H& YGjcif;aMumih f ppfawGo Ykd wdrf;a&S mifc hJ&avonf/ xk dtcg ¤if;olykefu d k t*Fvyd fw dYkrS dESrfeif;Ny;D Ny;D rS NrdKUtkyfrsm; cef Ytyfvsuf H½k; dpkufcs&m ]]aumZm 1229 ck ? waygif;vjynf hausmw f pf&ufaeY rif;jym;NrKd Uwnf onf[laom NrdKUwnfaeY&uf owfrSwfjyKvsuf ,ckxd tpOfwnfvmcJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ aumZm 1229 ckESpf? waygif;vjynf hausmf wpf&ufaeYu d k rif;jym;NrKd Uwnf onf[ k uif;yGef;urÜn;f rxk d;rD? rif;jym;NrdKU[lí omrntrnfjz fih tawmfMum; uRef;tkyfjzif h tpm;xkd;tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf[l\/ NrdKUwGif Xmeqk dif&m tkyfcsKyfrI Xme[líum; xkpd Ofu r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf/ tcGeftaumuf wkdufpma&; ajrwk dif;ykvyd fponfrsm;vnf; tcgtm;avsmfp mG ppfawGrw S qif hvmí vkyif ef;pD &ifoGm;MurI &Sdavonf/ xk dYaMumih f rif;jym;NrdKUESihfqkdif&m a&;rSwfxm;aom rSww f rf;pmaywk dYwiG f ouú&mZf 1214 ck wyk d Yw Jv G wGif (trS D;oufqif ) a&muf onf[ k tapmqk H;awG Y&onf/ trS D;oufqifq do k nfr mS v,f ,majrES fihq dik f&m ajrwk dif;pma&; ukd,pf ma&; v,fcGefajrcGef aumufcHorl sm;uk dyif qk dvko d nf/ xkdaemuf rif;jym;NrdKUukdjzwfvsuf aMu;eef;qufoG,frIjyKvkyfaMumif; rSwo f m;csufawG Y&onfr mS 1225 ck waygif;vwGif oHBudK;oG,o f nf[\ l / xk d oHBuKd ;oG,Nf y;D onfaemufwiG frS 4 ESpt f MumwGi f (1229 ck waygif;vjynf hausmf wpf&uf ) rS rif;jym;NrdKYu dk wnfonf[k rSwfwrf;jyqk daomaMumih f xk d 1229 ckESpfrS NrdKUtkyfNrKd d Uyki Hf½k;u em;&JXmeponfrsm;jz fih NrdKUe,ftkycf sKyfrI pepfwus pwifvmcJh&rnfjzpfavonf/ xkdaemuf 1232 ckESpf? ewfawmfvupí tpkd;& Zif;cgBuD;(vrf;r) (vrf;yef;qufoG,af &;)qnf dz Ykvsu f 1233 ckESpf wHwm;cif;onf/ 1236 ckEpS f aps;qk difaqmufvyk fjcif; 1243 ckESpf Zif;cgxyfrw H nfjcif; 1244 ckESpf rif;jym;rS ajrmif;oG,fqufo, G af &;oG m;vm&aom aemfemausmif;(rif;jym;rS 5 drkifu m)uk G d wHwm;oHBuKd ;ES fi h jcifjcif;(wHwm;xk d;cif;&ef oHBudK;wpfyifxyfí oG,jf cif;paom vkyif ef;wk d Yu d k jyKaMumif; rSww f rf;rsm; qufvufazmfjyawG Y d&&S onf/ ¤if;rSww f rf; wGifyif (1250)ckESpfu dAkvfausm0f onfvnf;aumif;? (1251)ckESpf armifazmf atmifonfvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfu d k awmfvSejf cif;jyKc hJonfu dyk if azmfjyxm; onf/ xk djyiftaemuf ppfwaumif; b*Fvm;paom e,fjcm;qk dif&m owif;xl;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rsm; ? twdwef drdwx f l;rsm;? rif;jym;teD;w0k duf bmoma&;yG Jvrf; usif;ycJ hjcif; rsm;? pyg;qefa& aps;BuD;vmjcif;? toD;tES H& m;yg;vmj S cif;? owif;rsm;yg wk dpw D dpk rSww f rf;awG Y&ao;onf/ þrSww f rf;t& t*Fvyd v f ufxuf (1229)ck waygif; vjynhfausmfwpf&ufaeYu wnfcsvmaom rif;jym;NrdKUonf (1329)ckESpf waygif;vjynf hausmfwpf&ufaeYwGif NrdKUoufwpf&mESpfjynhfc hJNyD; jzpf&monf/ rnfokdYqkdap usdef;uRef;wkdif;NrdKUrS qufvsuf &ckdifrif;vufxufuyif xif&Sm;vmaom rif;jym;NrdKY&yftygt0if usdef;uRef;um; &mZ0ifwacwfwGif ork dif;0ifxif& m;rI S jzpf&yfrsm; d&Sc hJojz fih tao;pdwf avhvmokawoejyKvsuf rSwfwrf;wifrS jynf HhpkEdkifayrnf/ aumZm (1229)ck ESpfrwk difrD (vGefc hJ aom tESpfwpf&m\ a&S Uyk dif;umv) jzpf&yfrsm;uk d ed H*k;csKyfvsu f t*Fvdyv f ufxufrS (1229 ckESpfrSpí) owfrSww f nfcsvmaom rif;jym;NrdKU ork dif;uk dom odoif hay &m wifjy&ef &nf&G,fayonf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufrif;jym;NrKd Uuk d aumZm(1229)ck ESpfNrKd Uwnfcsvsu f e,f dykif H½k ; dpku&f m NrdKUtjzpf ,ckxdw dik fvmcJ honf/ rif;jym;NrdKUwGif t*Fvdyfacwfu trsm;qk H;tdrfajcig;&mxdom d&ScJhonf/tkyfcsKyfa&;qk dif&m ykvdyf&JXmepcef;rS m ,ckrD;owfwnfaomae&mwGif jzpfonf/ aumZm(1270)ckESpfNrdKUtkyfom yef;vufxufavmufrS &JXmeuk d ,ck H½;k BuD;teD; d&S ]*g&mwef;} wnf d&&S mok d Y ajymif; a&TUvsuf rlvae&ma[mif;(yD? 'AvsLtufpf)(zT--q)taqmufttkH;½kH;udk aqmufvkyfavonf/ xk dESpfwiG frS e,f dyki Hf½k;uk dvnf; ,ckae&mwGif tkwfw du k fjz fih aqmufvkycf hJ avonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUtkyw f d YkwiG f csif;ysjH rpf (rpöwma*smah umfz )\ f ajr;awmf ol OD;yef;vSonfvnf; aumZm(1249)ckEpS f? c&pf(1887)ck ESpaf vmufu dk NrdKUtkyjf zpf cJhavonf/ ¤if;t*Fvyd fNrdKUtkyf vufxufrif;xuftkXfavSum;ukd jyKc hJonf/ NrKd Utkyo f myefaumZm (1270)vufxuf used ;f awmf&iS u f dk a&TcsxD;wifc hMJ uonf/ *syefppfajy;Ny;D aemuf t*Fvyd jf yefvnftyk cf sKypf Of (1306)ck OD;xGe;f atmifausmf qk dolr mS NrdKUtkyfjzpfavonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUü bkef;BuD;ausmif;[lí rif ;uefta&SUbufü uyfvsuf,ck H½k;BuD;0if;wGif wpfausmif;wnf;om&S dc hJonf/ xk dausmif;&mES fih wpfqufwnf; apwDysurf sm;vnf; d&Sc ho J nf/ usef&pfaom apwDysuw f pfcu k du k m; (6-4-1967) aeY aumZm (1328)ck SEpf waygif;vqkw f (12)&uf Mumoyaw;aeYeHeufwGif
39
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
NzdKzsuí f rif;jym;NrdKUe,f ESpfwpf&mjynh f (1229 rS 1329)txdrf;trSwt f jzpf ESpfw&mapwDtrnfjz fih (1329)ckESpf wyk Ydw Jv G uG,af eY (27-2-1968)aeY rSpí abmvk H;uGif;taemufawmifaxmif h vQyfppfrD;puf H½ka&S Uü xyfrHwnfvyk fvsu?f &mjynht f xdrf;trSwf yGaJ wmfukv d nf; xk dESpfwaygif;vjynf haeYwGif usif;ycJ hMu avonf/ ,ckbek ;f Bu;D ausmif; ok H;q,fcef Y d&SvmNy;D vlO;D a&rS mvnf; ok H;aomif; cefYESi hf tdrfajcokH;axmifausmfxd rsm;jym;vmcJhavonf/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f edrdwrf mS a&S U,cif ,ckumawmuefrS taemufbufu dk usdef;awmifajc&if;xd awmtxd jzpfaecJ honf/ ,ckoabFmqdyfykdif;usaom jrpf0ES fih acsmif;0wpfavQmuf Bud K;MumrQom vlaerI d&Sonf/ ppfNyD;aemufykid f;rS pí ,ckxq d dv k Qif Ouú mysH? oHawmif? bmcH? uif;qdyf? oJwef;xdvnf;aumif; awmifbufukd Murf;r&Gmac: urf;r&Gm? awmifarmf? bl;yif&Gmponfxd wkdif vnf;aumif;? taemufukd usde;f awmifajc&if;xd us,fjyef Yvsuf ys UES H H Y d&aS eavNy/D vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufykdif;wGif usD;jzL&Gm (NrdKUopf&yfuGuf) wkdif;rif;BuD; OD;pkd;wifhvufxuf (1953-1956)ckESpf wnfcscJhaom OD;pkkd;wifh&yfuGuf? 1329(1967)ckEpS fwnfcsaom &G mopfau&yfuu G f used f;&yf& mrs G m;rS m a&T Uajymif; vsu f oabF mqdyaf emuf dyik ;f aumfumeDprk S qufpyfum jynfawmfom? jynfawmf vS? jynfawmfat;? jynfawmfñeG Ypf aom &yfuu G rf sm;onf wk d;cs UjJ zpfxeG ;f cJ h&onf/ ,ckjrifawGY&aom NrdKUtajctaerSm 1954-ckESpf wpfNrdKUvkH;uJhodkY avmifuRef;cJ h&aom tBu;D tus,rf ;D avmifNy;D aemuf dyik ;f rS jyefvnfwnfaqmuf um emvefxlvsuf wpwpBuD;yGm;vmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,ckq dv k Qif rif;jym;NrdKU um; tOöee'Djrpfurf;rS usdef;awmifajc&if;xd wkd;csJUvmcJhNyDjzpfavonf/ pD;yGm; ukefoG,frItcsuftcsmwkdYaMumifhvnf; qd y f u rf ; Nrd K Ujzpf v mojzih f ta&mif ; t0,f uk e f o G , f u l ; oef ; ol r sm; trsm;qk H ; aexkid f a om Nrd K Utjzpf pnf y if v mcJ h & jcif; vnf ; jzpf a yonf / &yfuGuf[lívnf;aumif;? vrf;tvk dufvnf;aumif;? &yfuGuf? tpk? tyk dif;? vrf;ponfjzif h ac:a0:aom vlaeXme(30)cef Y d&Sonf/ atmuf& myk G dif;? tv,f dykif;? aps;a[mif; dykif;[lívnf;aumif;? a'otpkt dykif;vrf;uk d wzeft dykif;BuD; (3)ykdif; JcGvsuf wpf dykif;vQif ,cktcg &yfuGuNf idrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&; tzGJYzGJYpnf;&Sdonf/ tajccHq,ftdrfpktzGJY vlrIa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm; cefYcGJvsuf pDpOfxm;&Sdonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
,ckjrifawGY&aom tpkd;&½kH;? uem;rsm;ESihf jynfolYtkd;tdrfrsm;um; ppftwG twGifif; aumZm 1303 ck ESEpfpS f wyk dwG w JGvqef vqef; (8)&ufaeY aeY eHeuf euf (10)em&D (10)em&Dtcs tcsdefef u HAk;'Pf ;'PfaMaMumih f ys ysupDpf ;cJ ;D cJ hNy;aemuf ;D aemuf j jyefvnf vnfwnf wnfaqmuf aqmufvs vsu j f jyKvkyfyxm;j x f m;jcif;wk ;wk d Y aMumifomj o h mjzpfMuonf/ ppftwG twGifif;u ;u ysufpDpD;oG ;oG m;&aom e,f dykifi Hf½k½k;B;BuD;(wpf ;(wpfxyf)ukvnf v d nf; aumZm (1324)ck ESEpfpS fupí upí (ESpfpxyf x f yf )aqmufvk vyfyk &m &f m (1325)ckESESpfpwG w f ifiG rSrf S Ny;pD ;D pD;onf ;onf/ aq;½k H BuD;uk ;uk dvnf; 1965 (aumZm 1326)ck ESESpfprf S ,ck ,ckae&mok ae&mok Y aj d ajymif;a&T ;a&T Uaqmufvk vkyf cJ honf onf/ c&pf 1955 1955 ckESESpfpfrSrS pwif pwifí vQyfppfrDrD;xG ;xGefef;cJ ;cJ h&aom &aom vQyfppf ppfpuf puf H½k½kBuD; uk dvnf vnf; rif;uef ;uefteD teD;ok ;ok d Yajajymif;a&T ;a&T Uwnfaqmuf aqmufvs vsu (15-1-1963)ck f (15-1-1963)ck ESEpfpS f rD;vif ;vif; apcJhavonf avonf/ t*Fvd vdyfyfvuf vufxuf xufum; um; rif;jym;wGifif vQyfppf ppfrDrD;xG ;xGefef;ñ§ ;ñ§ dE kdicJcf hJjcif; r&S dcJc hJay/ ay/ t*Fvd vyfyd vuf v f ufxuf xufu ,ckuk uefek oG o f ,f , G a&; af &; d*ka'gif a'gifxm;&S xm;&S d&m &m ae&mwGifi aps f aps;BuD;aqmuf ;aqmuf vkyfycJcf honf o J nfuk u dk vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;&N a&;&NyD;aemuf ;aemufrSrS ,ckaps aps;opfae&mok ae&mok d Y a&T Uajymif;aqmuf ;aqmufcJc hJ onf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufu aq;½kHBuD;rSm ,ckaq;½kHa[mif;taemufbuf abmvk H;uG ;uGifif;wG ;wGifif wnfaqmuf aqmufcJc honf o J nf/ ppfNy;aemuf ;D aemuf t*Fvd vyfyd tk t f yfyk cscf sKyfa&;j a&;jyefcscspOf ,ckukefoG oG,f ,fa&; a&; d*ka'gifae&mwG ae&mwGifif (3)ESpfpfcef YzGifi hfvSpfNyD;rS aq;½kHa[mif a[mif;ae&m teD;okdY a&TUajymif;vsuf xkdrS,ckaq;½kHopfukd wzefaqmufvkyfEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfvufxuf ynma&;rSm ckESESpfwef;ausmif;yif vIyfyfvI vIyfyfv JSv JSom zGifi h dfEkEkififcJc hJonf onf/ c&pf,mef ,mefomoemj omoemjyKrsm;u zGifi hv f Spfpfaom aom aq;ay;XmeES fihih pmoif pmoif XmewkdYwGifif pmoifMum;jcif;jyKc hJ aomfvnf; &ckdifuav;vli,f i,frs rsm;rSm ¤if;wk ;wk Yd ausmif;ü ;ü oifMum;jcif;vk ;vk H;0r&S ;0r&S doavmuf oavmuf enf enf;yg;avonf ;yg;avonf/ vGwf wfvyfa&; &NyD; aemufum; um; txufwef wef;aus ;ausmif;rs ;rsm;? upm;ckefefpm;qk pm;qkifid &m &f m tm;upm;rIrs rsm;? A[k okwES fihih ,Ofaus aus;rI ponh ponh ftus tusK;j;d jyK&ef pmzwf pmzwftoif toif;rs ;rsm;? &ck difi d½k½f k;&m ;&m ,Ofaus aus;rI tzG JYrs rsm; ponfjz fih tbufbufu wk;wuf ;d wufvmcJhavonf avonf/ vQyppf pf pfrD;vnf ;vnf; ppfawG awGc½k c d½kififwG wifiG f ppf ppfawG awGNrKd U atmuftrs trsm;qk H; tok H;jyKavonf/ xk d YaMaMumih f ,ck ,ck tcg aeYvk v H;ayguf ;k ayguf xG xGef;ñ§ ;ñ§ dEkEd ik f&ef &ef BudK;pm;aeMuonf[k [k od&onf &onf/ vrf;yef ;yef;quf ;qufoG o,f , G a&;[l af &;[lí ppfawG awGrSr a&vrf S a&vrf;omt"d ;omt"du&S u d&Sonf onf/ rif;j;jym;ok d Y rD;oabF ;oabFmonf aumZm 1250 ausmf 1260 cef YwG wGififrSrS ckwf warmif af rmif;oG ;oG m;vmrI pwif dEkE kkififcJc hJonf onf/ ukefef;vrf ;vrf;qk ;qkí d rif;j;jym;rS (5)rk (5)rk dififxd x?d xk drSrS aj ajrmif;bG ;bG,f ,fxd x (5)rk d (5)rk difif?
40
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
xk du (NrdKUa[mif;)aj ;)ajrmufODOD;N;NrKd U? ausmufawmf awmfxd x aj d ajrvrf; d&Sonf onf/ awmif dykykifif;uk ;uk d rif;j;jym;rS pG pGef&J&Jtxd txd &S d&S onf/ ¤if;aj ;ajrvrf;uk ;uk d t*Fvd yfyfvuf vufxuf xuf armf armfawmf awmfum; um; vk H;0rayguf ;0raygufcJc hJ/ vGwf wfvyf vyfa&;&N a&;&NyD;aemuf rif rif;j;jym;rS aemf aemfaemf aemftxd txd vnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? aemfaemf aemfrSrSwqif wqif h ajrmif;bG ;bG,txd t f xdvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;? um;toGm;tvmjyKvyfyk dfEkEkififcJcJh avonf/ ppfawG awGrSrS rif;j;jym;? ajrmif;bG ;bG,f ,f yef;aj ;ajrmifxd x we*F d we*FaEG aEG? Ak'¨'[l [ ¨ ;?;l ? aomMum aeYwk w dkifif; (&ufowå owåywf ywfvQ vQi 3B f 3Bu fdrfr )?f oabF moG m;vmaeonf/ 1968 ckESEpfpS frSrSpí pí rif;jym;rS Ncdwfawmif (3)rk difausmf ausmfo kdY ajrvrf;rBuD;wpfck xyfrHrHjyKvkyfvsuf d&Sayonf/ t*Fvd vyfyd vuf v f ufxuf xuf yxrqk yxrqk H;aom ;aom oabF mqdyfyrSrf mS ,cifygwD ygwD,l ,epf el pf H½k½;k wnfcJc hJ aomae&mjzpf onf onf/ xk d Yaemuf aemuf acs acsmif;0yk ;0yk difi;f (,ck bDtk t dpDpk ae&m) aD e&m) xk daemuf aemufjrpfurf urf; ab;ae&m (qdyfurf urf;abmj ;abmjz fih )ok d Y wpwpqk wpwpqk dufuyf uyf&yf &yfem;rI em;rIjyKc honf o J nf/ t*Fvd vdyfyf vufxuf xufu rif;jym;acsmif ;jym;acsmif;rSm Muyfpifawmifarmf rmfykdif; uRef;urf;eHab;u pwift0cHí prÜv,fuRef;ukd jzwfvsufvnf;aumif;? oJwef;Ncdwfawmif rif;uef ;uefjrpfwk w difik fvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? aygufa&muf a&mufoG o m;vmcJ G honf onf/ oabF mrS m rif ;j;jym; acsmif;(uif;acsmif;vnf;ac:\/ prÜacsmif;vnf; [l\/)rS prÜv,fuRef;ukd jzwfvsuf av;NrdKUjrpftwkdif; ckwfarmif;oGm;vm jyKcJh&onf/ ,ckum; acsmif;rsm;? uRef;rs ;rsm;? wdrfrfaumNy;D aomifwef wef;tj ;tjzpf dyk Yvmojz fih j jrpfaMaMumif; twkdifif;yif ;yif oGm;vmae&avonf/ ,cifoabF oabF murf;rS ;rS m aumZm 1290 jynf hESEpfpS f tmoH tmoHayguf aygufí (a&rif;xG ;xGuf uf onf[k [ ac:onf k ac:onf )awmifus ustnm a&vTrfrf;rk ; drk;j;jcif;j;jz fih xk duJ u hod o J k Ywd w d rfrd aum&onf af um&onf[k [k \/ NrdKUjyqk difif&m &m vrf;yef ;yef;j;jyKjyifrIrIuk u d t*F k t*Fvd vdyfyfvufxuf xufrSrS pí,cktxd txd 'D 'DpB pBuwf w d f aumifpDrSrSvnf vnf;aumif;? NrdKUvlxktm;j tm;jzif hvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifvk vkyfyfaqmifcJc hJav onf/ ,cktcg tcg tnma±jcif;'Pf ;'PfaMaMumih f rif rif ;j;jym;jrpfurf urf;em;yk ;em;yk dif;rS ;rS m wpf p wpfpyk p dyk Yvmojz fih &Gmopfaupaom aupaom &yfuG uGuopf o f pfrs rsm;csí a&T Yajajymif;aevmcJ ;aevmcJh& & onf/ aomufok o H;a&[l ;k a&[lí &ck difirif rf if;vuf ;vufxuf xufu wl;azmf ;azmfxm;cJ xm;cJ haom aom rif;uef ;uefuk u dyif yk if t"dutm;ukd;okH;vmaecJh&m vlxkrsm;jym;vmojzihf jynfawmfomacwf? jynfawmf awmfomuef omuef[l [lívnf ívnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? ,ck 1968 1968 ck azazmf azazmf0g&D 0g&Dv (1329)ckESEpfpS f wyk dYwG w JGvwGifif &G mopfauteD;uefBuD;uk dvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? wk d;cs UjJ yKvkyfay;vmcJ ay;vmcJ h& onf/ xk Ydjyif rif;j;jym;teD; *&if*s *sKdifuk u dk prf;oyfí 6-1-68 aeY)1329-ckES pfpf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;w ;jyjym;wcG ym;wcG m;wccGGif
us ;f awmf usddefe;awmf aaw wmmff& f Si f
jymok dvqef vqef;(7)&uf ;(7)&uf paeaeYwG wGifif qnf dzkzkYcJc hJMuavonf/ xk*s *d sKdififonf onf a&wifrIrI atmifjrif dEkEik fygu ygu NrdKUolNrKd Uom;rsm;twGuf u a&oG f a&oG,f , dykyf kuf ufjzih a&oG f a&oG,f ,ftok tok H;j;jyK&ef tm;cJ&nf &nf&G&G,f ,fvs vsuf d&SaeM aeMuonf/ rif;j;jym;NrKd Uonf ppfawG awGc½k c d½kififwG wifiG (N f (NrdKUa[mif;)aj ;)ajrmufODOD;N;NrKd UatmuftB tBu;qk ;D qk H; jzpfí aeyk difif½k½kH;pk ; dpkuf uf&m &m NrdKUwpfNrdKUvnf;jzpfonf onf hjyif qdyfurf urf;us ;us&mXmejzpfjcif; aMumif hvnf vnf; ukefefoG o,f , G ul u f l;oef ;oef;oG ;oG m;vmrIrSrSm t*Fvd vyfyd fvuf vufxuf xufrSrSmyif ,ckwk wkifid f pnfyif yifvs vsuf&Sonf o d nf/ &ck difw dik f;awmif ;awmif dykykifif;ESifi hfvnf vnf;aumif ;aumif;?;? tnmyk dif;ES ;ES fihihvnf; aumif;?;? tquftoG toG,f ,ajaf jzmifjh zL;vG,f ,onf o f nf/ xk d YaMaMumif h &rf &rf ;N;NAuR u J Ref;rS ;rS c&D c&D ;onf ;onf vnf;j;jzpf &ck diom;cs iom;csif;pmqk ;pmqk dvnf vnf;j;jzpfaom aom omcsrf;OD ;OD;bonf ;bonf t*Fvd vyfyd vuf v f ufxuf xuf u avmif;avSc&D c&D;j;jz fih uk ukefefa&mif a&mif;vmpOf zG JzG Ypyf pyfcJc ho J nf h uk uk d,fawG awG Yrwf w S fwrf wrf;uvnf ;uvnf; oufaocH aocHaeonf aeonf/ ¤if;u a&;pyfcJcJhonf onfum;um;]]a&mif;uwf ;uwfjyefau? pGef&mpG &mpGefaMaMumif;?;? t&G m&Gmukd vSnhuma&mif u f ma&mif;au? vrf;aM ;aMumif;oih ;oih f&m? &m? vk duf ufavygau? avygau? om,mESpfpfv d Y?k H½k;*g&mES ;*g&mES fihih aM aMumfjimjcif;au? ;au? rif;j;jym;NrKd Uok d Y a&muf a&mufaomtcg? aomtcg? ar;prf;umES ;umESifi hf armif armif&mM &mMuma&m? 'kuú uefeú frnf rnfau? au? psD;onf ;onfrES rES fihi?h ygonf h0ef 0efuk u d?k rSefefwwf wwfwwf wwfau? au? cRw dfzkz Ykajajymvk d Y? oabmrus? 'kuúefef onfuk u dk? axG JEGYaES aESmif;rS ;rS m? ca&mif;cvk dY? xkduwzef uwzef? xkd;0g;uef ;0g;uefau?vm;j au?vm;jyefwk wkH ajrmuf? rif;j;jym;qk H;au? xk dacs acsmif;ayguf ;aygufuk u dk wufaumuf aumufcs csum? u D m? avS mfvk v d Ykygau? ygau? nDnmaj nmajymMu? av;NrdKUqk dau? au? xk dacs acsmif;0u? ;0u? armifvS vSvr®rd m?® jzm;wufjyefau? urf;,H ;,Huyf uyfvk v d Y?k [yfvyf vyfygu? ygu? NrdKU&G mozG,f ,?f rsm;qk difionf o f nfESEifiS h?f ajrmif;bG ;bG,f ,a&muf af &mufcg}} cg}} rif;jym;NrdKU aps;ES ihihfrjcm; Ncdwfawmifaps;rSmvnf; pnfum;cJhavonf/ a&mif;uk ;ukefeftj tjzpf td t drfrfwifiG f;vuf ;vuf&uf &ufxnf xnf t0wf t0wftpm;? tpm;? 0g;Budrfrf&ufvyfyk fjcif;j;jzpf aom awmif;?;? jcif;?;? zsm? Budwf wqk q f k?H oaygh? awmifxG xGuMf uaomif;0g;? (0g;yk d;0g;) rsm;? emrrnfaus ausmus u f sefed ;nif ;f nif; ('nif;oD ;oD;);) rnif;(r&rf ;(r&rf;oD ;oD;)rs ;)rsm;wk d Y aygrs aygrsm;vSonf onf/ Ak'¨'¨omoema&;buf omoema&;bufu xif&S& m;aom S usefed f;awmf ;awmf&S&SififapwD apwDESE fSihih a&S a &S;a[mif ;a[mif; apwDrsm;jzpfaom ausmuftk t HkapwD apwDawmf? &ifaoG aoG;awmf ;awmf"mwf "mwf? NydKif;awmf ;awmf"mwf? vufzef zefawmf awmf"mwf "mwfpaom paom "mwfarG arGapwD apwDrs rsm;tjyif bk&m;yk &m;ykxk x d;½k ;k ½kyfyfwk wqif q k if;wk ;wkawmf awmf rsm; 1968 ckESEpS f avrk avrkefefwk wkifid f;aMumih f ig;ref ig;ref;&J ;&JuR uRef;rS yif yifhvmaom vmaom arsmufBudrfrf &Sififyif yif bk&m;aus &m;ausmif;od ;odrfrfponf ponfrs rsm;vnf; aygrsm;ayonf/ bmoma&;qk difif&m &m bk&m;yG &m;yG Jawmf awmfrs rsm;? &ck difi df½k½;&myG ;k &myG Jawmf awmfrs rsm;um; emrnfaus ausmMf um;onf/ yef;ws ;wsm;pnf oHrs rsm;jz fih vT vTrfrf;NcKH vsu nH f nHrpJ rpJyif yif &S d&S avonf avonf/ bmoma&;qk difif&m &m jyKvkyfyfaqmif aqmif
41
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
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42
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jym;w jjyym;w ;jym;wcG m;wcGcGif
usd aaw awmf wmmff& f iS f usefed f;;awmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
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43
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
qif; ouf pOfv m omoem urÇ mOD;vlom;wk Yo d nf uk d;uG,rf Iu d k &S mazGc hMJ uonf/ tm;xm;tm;uk d;&m tjzpf ae v? eu©wf? wm&m? N*dK[?f awm? awmif? a&? ajr? ewf? e*g;? *VKef ? ukrP Ç ?f ,u©? odMum;? ol&mwk d Yu dk t&Sio f ciftjzpf OD;wifvmcJ hMuonf/xk d YaMumif h emxrS emxf[al om uk d;uG,rf t I rnf d&v S monf/ emxonf uk d;uG,&f m? ,k HMunf &muk d ac:qk davonf f/ ,ckx d jA[®PwGif tm'demwf? &m0djEe´ mwfponfjz fih ewft&Sifw Yk\ d trnfemruk d uif;yGef;wyfxm;vsuf &Sad e\/ [dEL´ ? jA[®Pt,l d&MS uolrsm;qk dvQif rD;? ae? ajrBuD;? ork'´&m? opfyif? awm? awmif? t&mrfO,mOf? ewfueG f;wk d Yu dk uk d;uG,Nf rJ d&SaeMuao;\/ &ck difw d Yk onf a&S;OD;acwfuyif awmawmifu d k jzwfoef;0ifa&mufaevmcJ hMuolrsm;jzpf c hJ Mu\/ xk d YaMumif h tEÅ& m,fE fiS h BuKH c h&J ? tcuftcJEiS hf &ifq dik cf hMJ uonh ftavQ muf h aMumufvefYjcif;? pkd;&drfjcif;? tm;ukd;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhMuonfomwnf;/ xkdukd awmfveS fckcHc hJ&jcif;? a&S mifuiG f;z,f& m; S xGufajrmufc&Jh jcif;wk d Yjz fih ESpfv&Snfp mG umvMumcJh&\/ vlom;onf aMumuf H& Uruif G ;onf htavQmuf csrf;omjcif;uk dvnf; vk dvm; onf h owå0grsm;jzpfMu\/ xk dtcg aMumufvef Yjcif;rS vGwfap&ef tm;uk d;&muk d wrf;warQmfrSef;cJh&rnfr mS trSefwnf;/ qif;&Jjcif;uk d vlwkid f;rESpfNcdKufwuf& onf htavsmuf csrf;omjcif;udk awmif hwvkdvm;NrJ "r®wmwnf;/ xk dYaMumif h azmfjyyg emx(tm;ukd;rI)uk d rvkdolr&S ddEkifMuacs/ tm;uk d;rIr d&Su rcsrf;om? tm;uk d;rI d&rS S csrf;om&m&onf[lí Ak'¨uvnf; qk H;rcJ hb;l onfwum;/ rdrdw Y kd vkdvm;tm;ukd;cJhMuolrsm;wGif a'0(t&Sifocif)emx(tm;ukd;&m) wkdYonf zefqif; dEkifo lrl sm;? wef dc;k d&Sorl sm;? jzLpifjrif hjrwfo(l jA[®P)xm0& (raorysuf) rsm;? zefqif;&Si f £ó&rsm;[kyif pGy drf w S í f ,k HMunf, HMk unfvmjcif;? toufay; JpGNrv J mjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmcJ hMuay\/ vlom;\pdwu f dk vlom;u tm;xm;rJ hvsuf wpfjcm;wpfyg;uk dom tm;xm;cJ hjcif; jzpfonf/ vlom;\pGr;f tifu dk r,k HMunf&m vnf; a&mufayonf/ xk d YaMumih f vlaerI vl Yb0onf rvGwfvyfaom t&Sifocifu dk tyf HEx S m; onf tdrf&m? ae&m? Nrd KUjynf& mwnf G axmifru I tp dyki dpf k;cHewfrsm;? d&Svm& onf/ ewfrsm;jz fih jynh fvsuaf eaom vlom;tzk d Y vl YpGrf;tif? ukd, ht f m;tifu dk
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
44
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
zefw;D EkdiftHhavm/ &ck difw d Yak e&m jzwfoef;&maemufu f dv k du k fí ewfw d Yo k nf vk duí f aecJ hMu\/ awm? awmif? acsmif;ajrmif;? opfyif? v,f,m tdrfa*[mwk Yüd ewfa'0wmrsm; rnfac:pG JvQuf &Sad e\/ ynwfrnfac:pG Jvmaom ewfw d Yu k m; ra&rwGu dEf kif acsNyD/ þtOöeajrwGifyifvQif iNcdwf? ijyKwf? iNydKif;wd if? ivufp paom bDv;l ? prÜ0ufNrdKUapmif he*g;? aZmf*sD? *E¨ m&D? oQifi,f? &aoh? ewftrsK;d rsKd; d&SvmcJh ay\/ xif& m;aom S ewfw d Ykq dv k Qif **F gewf (**F gtif;) r[defewf(acsmif;0jrpf0 apmihfewf) pE´Dewf(uRef;apmihfewf)/ &marmifewf? jroGifewf? iarmifewf? MumZHewf? rusm;ewfw d Y k jzpfMu\/ ¤if;wkdYonf eef;pOfewf? AvdauR;ewftjzpf umv&Snf MumcJhNyDjzpf\/ bk&iftqufquf drk;OD;rk;d aES mif; umvwk Yüd ewf JyGvrf;obifay;í csD;ajr muf § yl aZmfNr dJ&cS hJav\/ NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmZf Honf axmifuscaH epOfu ewfw d Yku dk wk diw f nfc h&J mü ewftrnfrsm;pG m yg&S davonf/ ¤if;\zG J Yq dak om &wkwiG f awG Y dEik f \/ pdwpf Grf;tifu dk tm;uk d;Muolrsm;vnf; ewfu dkarQmí f pdwf"mwfu d k taoG; ta&mifwifc hJMuonf/ orm"dprG f;tif txk dut f avsmuf aumif;vmMuaom tcg aq;0g;rEÅ mef w Ykdu dk zefwnf;cJ hMuonf/ xk d&Sifi,f&aoh? aZmf*sDrsm;um; umvMumuyif d&Sc hMJ uonf/ ewfE fiS w h wef;wnf;xm;í ylaZmfc hcJ v H mcJ hMuonf/ oD&yd g½kP&aoh? wdupd o ä m&aq;0dZ m&aoh Æ ? tmvHuyÜ&aoh? a0omuyÜ&aoh/ oDwma'0&aoh? em*dE&´ aoh? uPS m'dyg,e&aoh? uvd*F&aoh? ponfw d Yjk zpfMu \/ xk d&aohaZmf*sw D d Ykq dv k Qif a,m*tusi hfu dk usi hfc hJMu\/ avmuDtusi hfwGif a,m*Dtusi ho f nf tjrif hqk;H uk d &&S dap&ef tus fihjzpfc hJ\/ *E¨ m&Dtwwfynm rsm;ukdvnf; tm;ay;cJhMu\/ xkdtwwfum; ewfaq;? ewf0g;ukd &SmrSD;í touf&Sn?f od d'¨ayguf? pGrf;tifu dk jzpfvmjcif;yifwnf;/
&Hppfaygufcs? q0ó0a&m? £aE´ mig;a,muf? apmif ha&S mufwpfOD;? bDvl;tmVm 0u? a'0uk d;rnf? wef; dck;pnfom;? xufjynfok' g?¨ jA[® mig;a,muf? uRef;wk dif; aemufonf? ESpfa,mufpuú0wf? jrwfxG#fxif&Sm;? &Spfyg;&[EÅm? þurÇmü? e0gawmfrSL;? aygif;ig;OD;uk d? MunfEl;tifjynf h uk d;uG,\ f }} rSefaomuk d;uG,rf I? rrSefaom uk d;uG,rf Iom JcGjcm;&monf? uk d;uG,rf Ir d&S [líum; vk H;0r&S dacs/ Ak'¨&iS fawmfonf rS efuefaom uk d;uG,fru I dk or® m'dXd[k (tjrifrSe )trnf f ay;cJ honf/ rrSefruef ,k Hr m;p&mrs S m;uk d rdp m'd ä X(d tjrifr m;)[k S trnfay;cJ honf/ xk d YaMumihf rSefaom uk d;uG,f&muk dom vkv d m;í trS m;uk d a&S mif& m;wwf S &rnfjzpf\/ rSefaom uk d;uG,rf Iu d k jyKrSomvQif ab;uif;rnf? jrif hjrwfrnf? qif;&JrS vGwfrnf[k bk&m;a[m\/ uk d;uG,rf Iu dk ,Of aus;rIwpfct k jzpf ,aeYavhvmaeMuNyDwnf;/ vlaerI "avhxkH;pOfvnf ; jzpf&mum;? ¤if ;ESifhywfoufaom a0g[m& tok;H tEIef;? ylaZmfenf;pepf? tcef;tem;? ujyqkdwD;rIrsm; jyKcJhjcif;rsm;? aq;a&;yef;csD? ½kyfx½k yk v f H;k ? tEkynm&yfrsm;? ,aeYxd a&S mifMunfavh? vk duef mavhjyKaeMuao; aom d½k;&mewfu d;k uG,frI ruif;aom "avhponfrsm;uk d ewfu d;k uG,rf Io drkif;? ,k HMunfrIbmom&yftjzpf avhvmaeMuvsuf d&SaeMu\/ ewfu kd wl&, d mpnfjz fih ylaZmfyocJ hMuouJ ho Y kd Ak'&¨ iS af wmfu dv k nf; wl&, d m jz fih ylaZmfvmcJ hMuonfu d k ,aeYxd awG Y&rnfjzpf\/ Ak'0¨ E´empOfot H jzpf &ck diw f d Yk wD;cwfylaZmfaeonfudk wifjy&aom]]tbdOmPfa&mif? xdefvif;ajymif? tacgif d½k;&Sdef? rm&Zdef? avmuxG#fxm;? jrwfbk&m;? 0wfx m;0E´ G em? &Sdckd;yg\/ OD;OD; OD;csyg/ [lí aw;*DwtoHyif jzpfavonf/
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
t,lonfyif NrJonf[ k rqkdEkid af o;/ t&d,mtjzpfo d Y k a&mufro S mvQif Ak'¨u dk ,k HMunfrI dckiNf rrJ nfjzpf\/ xk d YaMumih f d½k;&mpG Jewfu d;k uG,rf v I nf; uif;Muonfum; r[kwfacs/ rluvxuf tm;uk;d rIrcH&awmhNy;D &mum;? ewfu d;k ewfMoZmpk d; drk; jcif; enf;yg;qdwfokOf;vmcJh&ay\/ "n0wDacwfxt d a&muf ewfuk;d uG,rf INrv J m&aom &ck difrsm;tzk d Y ckESpf 6500 ausmfumvwk di?f ewfE fiS t h ppt&m&m vTr;f drk;cHc h&J onftjzpfu dk arh dEik Mf u rnfr[kwfacs/ vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;&Spfaxmifausmfumvu vufcHc hJ&aom uk d;uG,rf IyifvQif ESpo f ufwmuk d arhMu&rnfum; r[kwaf o;/ tpm;0ifa&mufc hJ aom Ak'0¨ g',k HMunfrI ESprf enf;awmhNy/D ESpfaygif;ESpaf xmifausmaf om umvuk d ausmv f eG fvmcJ h&avNy/D ok d Yaomf ,aeYx d Ak'¨bmom ppf[efavNyw D um;[lí um; 0efrcH dEkifao;/ d½k;&mAk'b ¨ mom? vuf d&AS k'¨bmom? Ak'¨bmoma&;&mtjzpf jz fih zmodzmomaevmMuol rsm;vnf; d&SaeMuao;onfomwnf;/
bk&m;yGi haf y:aomumv Ak'¨bmom &ckdifjynfokdY 0ifa&mufvmcJhonfrSm trSefjzpfayonf/ &ck d i f j ynf w G i f jzpf x G e f ; ay:ayguf v maom bmomr[k w f a omf v nf ; qufoG,fvm&jcif;rS m xif& m;av\/ S xkdt&Sifonf tdE´d,e,fajrukd jzwfausmfí &ckdifodkY rdrd0g'(t,l)uk d oGwo f iG f; dEkifcJo h nfr mS omrnr[kwfacs/ Ak'¨\ oAÁñkwpGrf;tifu usufpm; dEkifc hJjcif;aMumiho f m jzpfacs\/ xkdOmPfawmfonfvnf; Ak '¨\b0usiv f nf&m tjzpfu d k a&mifjyef[yfay;rIt& xifvif;vm&ay/ xk d YaMumih f Ak'¨\OmPfuGef &ufwGif &ck difjynftwGif; 0ifvsu f rdc hJ&m\/ tcGi hfaumif;uk d &&S dvmjcif;[kom 0rf;omMu&*rnfomwnf;/ &ck difESif h rZÑdra'oonf yx0Dajrt& qufpyfvQu f &Sdaeonf/ c&D;a0; onf[k qk d&aomvnf; vrf;yef;qufo, G rf I d&SvmcJ honf/ **F gjrpf0Sr;f a'oonf &ck difESi hf e,fedrdwcf si;f qufpyf&m Xmejzpfavonf/ **F gjrpfajrmuf dykif;onf rZÑdra'oe,fy,fjzpfNyD ; awmif dykif;onf 0*Fwkdif;b*Fvm;e,fy,fjzpfonf/ 0*Fw dik ;f onf &ck di"f n0wDacwfuyif &ck dife,ferd dw f a'ot0ifjzpfc hJavonf/ &ck difrif;&mZmBu;D pmwrf;wGif pE´ mol&d,rif;\om;awmfjzpfaom ol&, d m"dywd
45
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
(bDp\D 527-480)rif;vufxuf armufolZmNrKd Upm;jzpfc hJorl mS xk drif;\nDawmf ol&, d ukr mqk ® d\/ ol&d,auwk(at'D 273-327)rif;vufxufwGifq dv k Qi f xk d rif;\nDawmfo&l d,umoDonf armufoZl mNrKd Upm;jzpfavonf/ xk d YaMumih f **F g jrpf0Srf; (b*Fvm;e,f )xd &ck dif"n0wDacwfwiG f &ck difE fiS h e,fajrqufpyfvQuf &SdaeonfrSm xif&Sm;ay\/ &ck dijf ynfe,ferd dwrf mS a&S;acwfuqk dvQif taemufb*Fvm;e,fb[ D me,f ES fih Mo&doQe,fxu d s,0f ef;cJ havonf/ **F gjrpf0Srf;rS A½kupäqdyfurf;wr’KwfrS umr&vdyq D yd u f rf;qk dvQif &ck dio f d Y k a&vrf;qufo, G cf h&J mXmejzpfacsonf/ ukef; vrf;qkv d Qif armufolZmNrKd UrS b*Fvm;e,fo d Ykvnf;aumif;? tmoH? rPdyl&rS upäye'Djrpfnm "n0wDXmaeok Yv d nf;aumif;? w&dyl& NrHKjynfrS oufjynf d ?Akvf rif;axmif(uHom&DMunfaxmif ) xkdrS &ckdife,fxJo Ykv d nf;aumif;? qufoG,f aygufa&mufavonf/ xk daMumih f &ck diEf Si hf rZÑdra'oonf **F gjrpfomuG mjcm;í ajcwpfvrS f;cef Yom c&D; d&Saeonf/ a'ocsif;qufpyfrI? vlraI &;0ifa&mufo m; G vmrI? ul;vl;qufqHaygif;oif;rI? c&D;oG m; pD;yGm;a&&Scd J&h rIw d YkE fSih ruif;cJhacs/ xk d YaMumih f &ck difE fSih tdE´, d \owif;qufo, G fr?I owif;jyef Y HE YSrI? owif;Mum;od& rIr mS cufc hrJ Ir d&S dEik fay/ e,fpm;NrdKUpm;? wyfp;D wyfeif;rSvnf; Mum;odaygufa&muf ausmfvTrf;apcJ hav&monf/ Ak'a¨ *gwronf ousw dik ;f ? uydv0wfZmwdjzpf\/ xk dwiG f (bDp D 610)arG; zG m;í BuD;jyif;cJ honf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; touf (29)ESpw f iG f awmxGuí f us fihBucH hJ onfr mS rZÑdra'owGif jzpfayonf/ (bDpD 574 ckESp )(touf f 35ESp )wG f if bk&m;jzpfí 0gawmf(20)twGif; (6)Budrf xd0gqk dcJah vonf/ &mZN*dK[jf ynfonf r*"EkdifiH\Nrd KUawmfjzpf&m ,ckbD[me,fjzpfacs\/ pE´mol&d,rif;onf 4ESpf ESi hf 8-vi,fonf/ pE´mol&d,rif;onf bDp D 580(touf25 ESpf)wGif xD;eef; dpk;pHc hJonf/ eef;oufq dv k Qif bDpD 580 rS 528 xd 53 ESpf&SnMf umcJ hav onf/ oufawmfr mS bDpD 605 r\S 528 xd 77 ESpf&Sncf hJonf/ &ck dif"n0wDjynf&iS f pE´ mol&d,bk&ifonf &ck difxD;eef;uk d bDpD 580wGif dpk;pHvsu d&f aS eonf/ bk&m;avmif;rS m xk dpOf 'ku&ú p&d,mus fihaewk H; umvjzpfacs \/ bk&m;yGi hfonfr mqk S dvQif bDpD 574 wGifjzpfojz fih bk&m;ryGi hfrD 6 ESpfapmí eef;pHvsuf&Sdaeavonf/ Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlaMumif;ukd xkdrif;oufawmf 51 ESpf eef;pH 26 ESpfta&mufwiG frS owif;pum; Mum;odc hJ&avonf/ xk dpOfb&k m;&Sif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
qk dvQif oDwif;pum;Mum;odc h&J avonf/ xk dpOf bk&m;&Siq f dv k Qif oufawmf(55) ESp f 0gawmf(20)ajrmuf d&aS vonf/ bk&m;yG fiah Mumif;uk dum; edrw d x f ;l rsm; Mum;od cJ hMuonfomjzpf\/ xk do d Yk edrw d rf sm;uk d Mum;od&jcif;? rZÑdrwk di;f rSvnf; owif;aygufa&mufjcif;? a&mufvmcJ hMuaom ykP m;&S Ö pfa,mufxrH Svnf; xyfqif howif;&jcif;wk d YaMumih f pE´o&l d,bk&ifonf bk&m;&Sifuk d zl;jrifv drk I tmomqE´jyif;jyvmcJ h&avonf/ eef;awmfnDvmcHü yif hapmif dEkif&ef aqG;aEG;cJ hMuavao;onf/ aemufq H;k wGif raem"dXmefjz fih &nfrSef;yif haqmifr UI jyKc hJ&avonf/ xk dtcgu pí a&TMumyef; aygufaygufe YHom? qDrD;? wHcGef? xD;? a&csrf;wk Yu d d k vufaqmifjyKvsuf xdyfxuf wif drk;cJ hMuonf/ xk d Yaemuf wk dif;jynfvx l k tygt0iftm½k HjyKapvsuf ckEpS f&uf ywfv Hk; yif hzdwfyal ZmfrIjyKcJMh uavonf/ Oyrmjy&aomf temxydwo f laX;orD; plVokb'¨'gonf rdrad e&m O*¾NrKd UrSaevsuf Ak' d&¨ &S m om0w¬ f djynfo d Yk pdwrf aemjz fih yih fonf htvm;wl jzpfavonf/ xk dtcg bk&m;&Sio f nf &mZN*dK[jf ynf? a0VK0efausmif;wGif oDwif;ok H;vsuf d&Saeonf/ bk&m;&Siftm; yif hzdwjf cif;uk d a&TOmPfawmfjz fih odvmvQif &[ef;wk dY tm; pnf;a0;í trde Yf&Sad wmfrlavonf/ xk d Yaemuf &ck difjynfo Y kd <u&eftwGuf odMum;rif;zefqif;ay;aom jyóm'f,mOfysx H ufo d Yk wufp;D vsuf c&D;a'opm&D <ucscD hJMuonf/ xk dtaMumif;uk d þod Y k rSww f rf;a&;om;&S dav\/ ]]a&T& dckifjynf&Sif "njynf&Sif bk&ifpE´ol&d,rif;vufxuf a*gwrAk'¨ onf aemufyg&[EÅ mig;&mES fih &ck dijf ynfo d Y k <ua&mufvmcJ hí ausmufawmfNrKd U\ wpfzuf d& S aomvm*D&ad wmifxuf w&m;a'oem a[mjyawmfro l nf/ pE´o&l , d rif;onfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;xHomG ;a&mufzl;arQmfvsuf aovm*D&dawmif\ ta&SUig;rkdifuGmü wnf&Sdaom rif;aejynfawmfokdY <ua&mufoDwif;okH;&ef yefMum;avQmufxm;&m bk&m;&Sifu vufcHcGi hfjyKawmfrlonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf rif;aejynfawmfü ckepf&ufrQ oDwif;ok H;aexk diNf y;D aomf jyefvnf<ucsaD wmfrrl nf h tcgü pE´o&l d,jrwfp mbk G &m; uk d k,fpm;uk d;uG,&f ef ukd,yf m;wpf G qx l m;awmfrcl hJ
46
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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ol&, d "dywdrif; vufx uft pDtrH &ck difo d Y k bk&m;omoem0ifa&mufrw I Gif azmfjyygAk'u ¨ kd,w f dik f <ua&mufí omoemwnfxm;cJ hr?I xk daemufb&k m;&Sif y&deAd mef Á jyKí <uif;use&f pfaom "mwf awmfrsm;onf omoemouú&mZf 222 ckajrmufwiG f <ua&mufvmrI ponfjzihf &ckdiforkdif;&mZ0ifordk if;tqkdrsm; &SdcJhavonf/ acwfokawoDtvkdtm;jz fih Ak'¨Xmejzpf&m td dE´,awmifykid f; ajrmuf dykif;rsm;rS Ak '¨bmom0ifrsm; 0ifa&muf vmjcif;ESi hftwl c&pfray:rD bDpDo H;k &mpk (a&S;ESpfaygif; 2300)acwfavmufrS pí Ak', ¨ Ofaus;rIE fSih uk d;uG,rf Iw d Yo k nf wpfpwpfp tajctaejzpfvmMuNy;D ,ckw dik fwnfNrJvmcJ h&onf[k ,lqMuavonf/ &ck difjynfwGi f "n0wDacwf pE´ o&l d,rif;vufxufrSpí tajc dpkuv f m aom omoemonf ol&d,puúrif;xdw dkifatmif ES pfaygif;ESpf&mausm f qufcH rjywfwnf d&v S mcJ h&onf/ oHCmqufEG,t f jzpf Amukvrax&fupí bk&m;&Sif rsufarSmuftuRwfa&mufcJh&aom bdu©Kax&m&[EÅmESpf&m? bdu©KeDax&D &[EÅmrwkdY qufcHvsuf omoemjyKvmcJMh uavonf/ prÇ0wf? yOöacwfxd &[EÅ mt&S ifjrwfwkdY\ omoemjzpfcJh&onf/ pE´ol&d,\ om;awmfo&l d,"dywdrif ;rSpí ol&d,puúrif;wk difatmif *gr0goD t&n0goD &[ef;oHCmrsm;? ausmif;? uef? bk&m;? apwDrsm;? ½kyfy m;qif G ;wkwnfxm;rIrsm;? &[ef;cH&SifjyKrrI sm;uk d rif;\trde Yfjzihf pepfwus owfrSwcf hJNy;D jzpfavonf/ Asm'd0ifr[kwfaom "mwfawmfw d Ykvnf; jyef Y HE YSc hJNyD;[k od&onf/ &ck difw d Y\ k 0ifo Hk;q,fusr;f wGif bk&m;&Sifoufawmfxif& m;&S S dpOfuyif "mwkapwDac: qHawmfajcawmf&mrsm;uk d cGi hfjyKawmfrlonf htwkid f; oG m;awmf av;q,f qHawmfu dk;uka#ajcmufoef; arG;awmf&Spfuak #? ajconf;vufonf; awmf ESpfq,fw d Ykonf uRwfuek fí ylaZmfcGi hf& d&Sc hJMuonf/ ¤if;wk d Yuk d teE´pMum 0VmrS vmaomewfw d Ykonf wpfqpl Dy fihaqmifí t"dXmefc hJ&m Xmewk Ydü wnf xm;cJ hMuavonf[k tqk d d&Sonf/ ,if;ok d Yr[mrkeEd fSih qHawmf? ajc&mawmftjyif ewfw d Yyk if haqmifXmyemcJ h aom "mwfawmf? apwDykx k;d rsm;wGif xD;? wHcGef?yef;rmvf? qGrf;? oif;ykwfw d Yu k kd
47
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rjyKvkyfap&/ ykwpk Ofw d Yjk yKaomusrf;uk dvnf; roifravhvm&? ,if;ok d Y dckifrmpG m owfrSwfjy|mef ;xm;&S dcJhavonf / &ck difESi hf oD[kVd o f nf ax&0g'wljzpfMuonf/ "n0wDacwf ol&d,oD&d (at'D 202-222)vufxufüvnf;aumif;? yk&ed af cwf 'o&mZmrif;vufxufü vnf ; aumif ; ? ae&Oö & awmif i l a cwf i &ref r if ; vuf x uf ü vnf ; aumif ; ? bapmjzLrif;? rif;ygBu;D ? rif;zavmif;? rif;&mZmBu;D ? rm½k drÜ,rif;vufxufü vnf;aumif; oD[ dVk fo Ydk omoemjyK&ef q&mawmfrsm;ukd dykYvTwfcJhavonf/ oD&pd E´&m;rif;vufxuf qXo*F g,emwifpOfu oD[ dVk rf S oHCmrsm;uk d yih fzw d cf hJ avonf/ oD[ dVk frSvnf; yd#uwfpmayrsm;uk d &ck difo k Yd dyk Yay;cJ hbl;onf/ pE´&m; rif;acwfwGifvnf; yd#uwfpmayrsm;uk d a&;ul;jzefYcsDjcif;? pwlyg(apwDi,f) rsm;wnfxm;jcif;jz fih &ck difwiG fvnf; "r®apwDrsm; wnfxm;ylaZmfc hJMuayao; onf/
o*Fgemwifjcif cif;;rsm; rsm; jrwfp mbk G &m;&Sifonf av;q,fig;0g? oufawmf&pS fq,f? (bDpD 529)wgif y&dedA mef Á jyKonf/ bk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmefjyKNy D;aemuf wpfq,fajcmufjynfwif; tcsif;wpfuif;cef Yaom "mwfawmfESih f ñ§y d½f k;awmfESpfc?k ezl;oif;uspfawmfwpf ql? pG,af wmfav;acsmif; <uif;usefc ho J nf/ xk d"mwfawmfw d Yu k dk a'geykP m;onf Ö &Spjf ynfaxmifrif;wk d Ytm; JcGa0í uk d;uG,yf laZmfapcJ honf/ xk d"mwfawmfa0aom aeYü t&Sifr[muóyonf o*F g,emwif&ef &[EÅ mig;&mwk d Yu dk a&G;aumuf awmfrlonf/ 0gqk de;D vwfaomf &mZN*dK[jf ynfo d Yk o*F g,emwifoC H mwk d Yt HpktnD a&muf&SdMupOf tZmwowfrif;tm; taMumif;Mum;onf/ xk dYaMumih f r[m ouú&mZf 148 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynh fausm f ig;&ufaeY &mZN*dK[fjynf\ ta&S U awmifzuf a0bm&awmifü ckESpfvywfv Hk; yxroH*Fg,emwifonf/ "mwf awmfw d Yu k dkvnf; tEÅ& m,frS vGwfapjcif;iSm xk dx dkt&yfr S yif haqmifí &mZN*dK[f jynf ta&S Uawmifaxmif hü vufawmif&Spfq,fjzpfaomwGif;uk d wl;í tpDtrH
48
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jzihf jr§KyfESHxm;cJ havonf/ bk&m;y&dedAÁmefpH0ifonfrS ESpfwpf&mtMumwGif umvaomrif;onf a0omvDjynfü 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifavonf/ &Spfvwkdifwdik fMumavonf/ xk do*F g,emESi hf pifNydKi0f ZÆ mwk d dif;om; &[ef;wpfaomif;wk d Yvnf; JcGxGuí f d*kPf opfjyKMuonf/ r[moHCdu d*kPf;[kac:wGifí aemiftcg r[m,et,l0g' wk d Y\ rsKd;aphysKd;cs&m jzpf av&onf/ xk d d*kPf;rESpfckrSonf d*kPf; JcG(18)*k dPf;xd aygrsm;cJ hav&m? ax&0g'*kdPf; (12)*k dPf;? r[moHCdu d*kPf;yGm; 6 *kdPf;wk d Yjzpfc hJ&av\/ xk daemuf eE´rif;quftukef ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmu f mvwGif 18 d*kPf;rS 24 d*kPf;? 35 d*kPf;txd uG Jjym;vmonf/ ok d Yaomf tcs U*k Kd dPf;wk d Yr mS rwnfw hb H J (4*kdPf;) tenf;i,faom*k dPf;om xGef;um;wnf&pfonf/ arm&d,eef;qufjzpfaom taomurif;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifrif;jzpfvm onf/ ¤if;onf omoemawmfu dk xGe;f um;pnfyifapcJ honf/ "mwfawmfwiG ;f uk d zG fihvSpí f t&yf&yfo Yk d a0iSjzef YcsdapcJ honf/ arm*¾vyd kwåwó d rax&fESihf £E´ *kw&å [EÅ mt&S ifw d Y\ k tpDtrHjz fih Asm'dwaf y;cJ haom Xmewk di;f wk d Yo d Yk qufoG,cf hJ avonf/ wwd,o*F g,emwnf; wifc haJ vonf/ dEkiif &H yfjcm;wk d Yo d Yv k nf; omo emjyKvsuf jzefYcsdapcJhavonf/
Nr KUe,f d o moemjyef Y y m;j G cif; þused f;wk dif;uRe;f ? rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fonfvnf; "n0wDacwfrS omoemjyef Y HES YvmcJ h&rnfomjzpf\/ taMumif;aomfum; r[mrkedrS qufo, G v f maom ½kyf yG m;qif;wkawmfrsm;? ajc&mawmf? qHawmf? zaemif hawmf? pwlygapwDrsm;? &[EÅ m wk d Y oDwif;ok H;cJ haomae&mrsm;? (Aa'g*lbdwaf cgif;) xk d Yjyif ewfw d Yky fihaqmifí ylaZmfc hMJ uaom arGawmf? qHawmf? vufonf;awmf? ajconf;awmf? oG m;awmfrsm; vnf; d&S dEkif&monf/ &[ef;? oHCm? ausmif;uef? ½kyfyGm;? apwD? uk d;uG,frrI sm;rS vnf; vlaerI d&&S m Xmewk d Yü uk d;uG,rf dI&Sc hJMurnfomwnf;/ Amukvrax&fE fiS h uRww f rf;0if t&d,t&Sifw d Yrk S qufíqif;oufc hMJ uaom &[EÅ m&S pf&mxdum; NrdKUajrmufOD;? prÇ0uf? yOömacwfwGif ay:xGef;cJh Muonfqkd\/ xif& m;aom S &[EÅmrsm;rS qkdvQif opöAE¨0? aum@n? eE´d,? y'kr OwåroD &d? t&[H? b'´ d, paom t&Sifjrwfw d Yjk zpfMuonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
plVpE´&m; (teEÅpE´&m;)onf yOöro*F g,emwifc hJ\/ oD&dpE´&m;onf omoem 1169 ckESpfü qXro*F g,emwifc hJ\/ yOö macwfwiG f rif;&ifjzLvuf xuf wpfq,f hwpfBudrfajrmuf o*Fg,emwifavNyD;jzpf\/ 0#ö*grPDrif;wifcJh aom pwkwo ¬ *F g,emrlu dk vufcv H mcJ hMu\/ &ck difwiG f t&d,oHCmwpfoed f;xd ude;f cJ honfq d\ k / opö mA'¨0rax&fonf vufr*l? bdwaf wmif* k?l Ncdwaf wmifteD;? (bdwfawmif )*lw d Ykü udef;atmif;cJ honf/ wvif;Bu;D ajrmif0xdyf ausmufv Hk;BuD; ü ajcawmf&mcsc hJonf/ ,ckAa'gajc&mawmf[lí ac:wGifaeMuonf/ pE´&m;rif;vufxufw d Yük pwkygrsm; awG U&onf/ ,ckptif;wGif d&Sao; onf/ usde;f awmifajc&if;rS a,"r® ma[wkyba0g*gxm ygaom em*&dausmuf pmuk d awG Y&onf/ at'Dig;&mpku[k FOD;pHomatmifu cef YreS f;cJ honf/ 0d&pjE´ &m;rif ; '*F g ;pmvnf ; &&S d o nf / av;Nrd K Uacwf a usmuf p mrsm; pr® c H r sm;? ,ckppfawGacgif;avmif;ausmif;&S d bk&m;pr®cH? ajrmufOD;acwfrif;wk d Y\ '*F g;pm? yg&SpH mxk d;'*F g;pmrsm;vnf; &&S daeonf/ ouú&mZf 900 ausmfcef Y[ k rxifr&S m; a&;xk;d pmyg&S donf h c½kacGqHawmf Hyk vuf&mbk&m;wpfqu l kv d nf; &S m;&S m;yg;yg; awG U&onf/ avmif;Muufacwf rPdawmfpv k pfw d Yük a&mifvQjH zmaom qif;wkawmfrsm;? psmefuok dPf; pnf;xm;aom bk&m;rsm;? psmef0ifpm;aeykH rkj'rsm;? ajrBuD ;uk d oufaoñTe;f aeyk H? atmifawmfrcl ef Yb&k m;? tjcm;tjcm; vufajcxk difaeyk Hrkj' rsm;? pE´0dZ,rif;oGef;vkyaf om ausmufqif;wkawmfrsm;vnf; jyef YE YS&H Sad eonf/ txl;ojzihf "n0wDacwf "mwkapwDtjyif? a0omvDacwf apwDykx dk;rsm;? av;NrdKUacwfESihf ajrmufOD;acwfbk&m;apwD trsm;tjym; &SdaeMuavonf/ rormolrsm;vufcsufaMumihfvnf;aumif;? tapmifhta&Smufuif;rJhrI aMumif hvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifrI pepfrus em;rvnfrIaMumif hvnf;aumif;? rlv vuf&mysupf ;D cs U,G Kd if;jcif;ok d Y a&mufc h&J avonf/ xk djyif ppfab; ppf'PfaMumih f vnf;aumif;? zsufq;D cH&ojz fihvnf;aumif;? pD;yG m;&S m ok duw f ;l a&S;a[mif;ypön;f &SmazGrIw d YkaMumihfvnf;aumif;? epfemrIrsm;pGm &SdcJhMuonf/
"mwkomoejyef Yy m;j G cif; taomurif;ESi hf &ck difjynf&Sif ol&d,puúrif;wk d Yonf xD;NydKif? eef;NydKif?
49
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
acwfNyKd icf hMJ uonf f/ xk d YaMumih f bk&m;&Siu f d, k w f dik f &ck dio f d Y<k uvmpOfu Asm'dwrf ed Yf Mum;cJ haom "mwfawmf 248 qlu dk &Sif£E´*kw?å t&Sifarm*¾vyd kww å dYk\ JcGcefaY y; rI? pD pOfay;rIaMumih f &ck difo Yd k a0pk& d&Sc hJonf/ ol &d,puúrif;onf a&T ayvT muk d csufcsi;f 0rf;omtm;&jz fih t&Sifr[mwdó? t&SifAmukvwk dYu d k yif haqmifapcJ h onf/ xk dt&Siw f d Y k "mwfawmfyif haqmifí &yfwef YaecJ h&mae&muk d Am[kvawmif [lí ac:wGifc hJonf/ ,ckajrmufOD;ü Am;Alawmif[ k ac:aeonf/ MuyfpifuRef; ü &ufckef;0wk difatmif[lí d&S\/ xk dae&mok d Yvnf; xk dt&Siw f d Yk a&mufc hJonf[k tpOfajymqkdaeMu\/ rax&fw d Yk yif hvmcJ hMuaom "mwfawmfw d Yo k nf omoemouú&mZf 222ckESpf(bDpD 307)tcgaumif;aom wef;aqmifrkef;vjynhaf eYwiG f <ua&mufc hJav onf/ xkdvjynh fausmfwpf&uf uyif wef;cl;vjynhfaeY xd Asm'dwf0ifXmewk dYü (bk&m;EkpOfumv usifvnfc h&J mXme) Asm'd wft&yfw d Ykü apwDwnfxm; ylaZmf cJ havonf/ tcs Uuk Kd dum; a&Tuvyfwifí a&Ttyk t f wGi;f udef;0yfvsuf eef;OD;a0 ,Hü ylaZmfxm;cJ honf/ 0guRwfí drk;&moDuif;aom wef;aqmifrke;f vjynf hausmf wpf&ufaeYuyifpí usefAsm'dwf0ifXmewk Ydo Ykd wnfxm;apcJhavonf/ xk daemuf bkef;Bu;D aom rif;wk d Yvufxufvnf; uk d;uG,v f du k ewfw d Yo k nf ulnyD ifah qmifay;cJMh uonfq d\ k / xk daMumih f rif;AmBuD;? rif;&mZm? pE´0dZ,rif; vufxufw d Yük vla,mifaqmifaom omoemawmfapmih f ewfw d Yku "mwfawmf wk d Yu dk yif haqmifa0iS ay;vmcJ hMuavonf/ xk Yjd yif r[maAm"d paomt&yf? oufjynf? NrHKjynfw Ykrd S rif;rsm;qufojcif;jz fihvnf; "mwfawmfrsm;uk d &&S dylaZmf dEkifc hJMuavonf/ &ck difjynfo kdY "mwkomoemonf bk&m;&Si<f ua&mufí &ifaiG Uawmfxnf f h oGif;ay;jcif;? ajriluRef;ü e*g;&SpOf D;tm; ajc&mawmfcsay;jcif;? qHawmf"mwfESpf qlu dk uk d;uG,&f ef ay;cJ hjcif;wk d Yu pwifvmonf/ xk daemuf taomurif;u jzef Ya0apcJ hí jyef Y HE YSa&muf d&S&jcif;jz fihvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨Asm'dw"f dXmefcsuftwkid f; ewfw d Yku yif haqmifay;vmívnf;aumif;? bkef; d&Saom rif;wk d Yvufxuf "mwf awmfapwDwnfv dak om pdwfraem"dXmefjz fihvnf;aumif;? awmif;wvQif omo emawmfapmif hewfw d Yu k yifh,al qmifMunfay;cJ h&onfjzpfívnf;aumif;? Ak'A¨ sm 'dwfay;cJ haom EkpOfb0usifvnfc hJ&m 248 Xmewk dYü Munfñ dkzG,&f m arGoD&d& "mwkapwDrsm; wnfxm;jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmcJh &avonf/ xk d"mwfawmfrsm;uk d &ck dijf ynft HES Ytjym;wGif zl;jrif dEik jf cif;um;? tvGeaf us;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
Zl;rsm;jym;? uko dv k faumif;rIvnf; jzpfy m;apcJ G h&onf/ "mwkomoemxGef;um;cJ h aMumif;? xGe;f um;&S daeaMumif;? xif& m;aom S taxmuftxm;yif jzpfavonf/ wk di;f jynfE fiS hvlrsKd;twGu f bmomomoem\ Muufoa&aqmif *kPaf &mifu dk xGef;ajymifapcJ honfom jzpfayownf;/ "mwfawmfonf ruG,fraysmufao; y&dedA mef Á rjyKao;orQ aemufxyf bk&m;&Sif yGi hx f eG ;f rvmEk diyf g/ bk&m;&Sirf yGi hx f eG ;f orQ "mwf fawmfonf bk&m;uk d,f pm;yifjzpfacsonf/ "mwfawmfwnf&o Sd a&G U bk&m;&Sif&aSd ernfom/ xk d YaMumih f ]]"mwko[ k d XdwmokA'k gyd ¨ Xdwm0a[mEÅK }} [lí ("mwfawmfwnforQ bk&m;wnf d&Sonf )[lí tXuxmusrf;wk Yüd jyqkdxm;cJ hayownf;/
used ;f awmf& iS f ]]aAGcsufjrif hbD? *D&dyAÁwm? xk dawmifr mü/ S a&T0gwEk? aus;ol0rif? r,Gif;wZmpf? jzpfavaomcg/ aoav&m0,f? aemifvmusdef;0yf? vQm&if;"mwfvQif? wnfvwfusifu? a&mifxifvif;vif;? ajymifajymif0if;í? cyif;rsm;zQif ? usdef;awmif&Sif[k? ac:wGifemr? bG J Yrnf&í? xk dupOfvm? ckw dik fomvQif? wGiv f mjzpfvdrfh/}} ([l; &m;wuf-O*¾ gpH )
used ;f awmf &iS f (ZD0 g"mwk S apwD) usdef;awmif awmifwef;ac: umvm*D&ad wmifü wnf d&Sonf/ awmif\ awmifbufq H;k ukef;jrif homwGif jzpfavonf/ Ak'¨EkpOfb0u usifvnfc hJ&m Xme/ Asm'dwf0iftjzpf rdefY>rufc hJ&mXmevnf; jzpf\/ usD;rif;(aus;rif;)wZmpftjzpf used f;atmifc h&J m Xmeü wnf d&aS omaMumif h used ;f awmif&iS f "mwfapwD[ k ac:wGiv f mcJ honf/ bk&m;&Sif\ vQm&if;awmf fued ;f atmif;&m wnfxm;Xmyem&m apwDjzpfojz fih ZD0 m"mwk S apwD[k "mwfawmfpOf orkdif;ü vm&Sdonf/ arm&yAÁwaovm*D&d (ausmufawmfawmif)üvnf; Asm'dwfrde Yf>rufc hJNyD;&mum;? Asm'dwft& rnfwGifvm&jcif; jzpfavonf/
50
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xk daMumif; ork dif;&mZ0ifvuFmü þod Ykpyfqkcd hJMuonfu dk awG U&\/ ]]jrwfzsm;a&S;cg? ok0gus;D rif;? aysmfcif;pH&m? umum*D&d? rnf[dawmifrSm ZD0 mapwD S ? ac:nDrnfwGif}} (a&S ; xk H ; vuF m ) ]]þomrS mü? umvm*D&?d awmifBu;D xdyzf sm;? aus;om;jzpf\/ vS Qm&if;"mwf awmf? ynwfZD0 m?S aemifwGi&f mvdr hf....}} (OD;pHwifh? NrdKUwnfvuFm) þ"mwfawmfr mS omoemouú&mZf (222)ckESpf (bDpD 307-529)wGif ude;f 0yfvmcJ hav\/ rlvu "n0wDbk&if? ol&d,puúrif;\ (bDpD 316-272) eef;OD;a0,Hawmifü? a&Tuvyfjz fih yl aZmfxm;jcif;cHc hJ&\/ xkdaemufrS tpDtrH t& bk&ifrif;jrwfonf uk, d af wmfw kdif OD;xdyfwifí eef;&a0rS yif haqmifc hJav \/ a&eef;qdyfo dYka&mufaomf a&Tazmifawmfjz fih yif haqmif&ef rSL;BuD;rwfrGefw d Yk tm; vT Jtyfc haJ v\/ t&SifAmukv? t&Sifr[mwdó? t&Si£ f E´*w k rå ax&fw d Y\ k cef Y JcGay;rIaMumih f Asm'd wf0ifXmeod Y k cef;em;Bu;D us,pf mG yihfaqmifrIjyK&av\/ Munf;a&ESpfzufñSyfí "mwfawmfu dk a&Tazmifawmfjz fih yih faqmifc hJMuav\/ awmifay:a&mufvQi f uGefjY rL;&jcif;jzpfav&mum;? zl;Muolrsm; 0rf;omydwBd uD; pGmjzpfMu&av\/ tpDtpOft& awmawmifu dk okwo f ifvsu f ajruk dajymif&Sif;ap\/ &m armifuefrnfaom NrdKUvQm&if;a&uefu dv k nf; wl;ap\/ &marmifMum½k d; rñI d;ap &ef Mumuk dvnf; pkduyf sKd;av\/ xk duefa&wGif r[mrked½yk f&SifawmfrS qHa&awmf uk d "mwfiif,Mwmjz fih xnf hoGi;f av\/ xko d d Yt k pDtpOfjyNy;D vQif rSL;rwfrsm;u yEéufcsr*Fvmuk d jyKMuav\/ xk daemuft"dywd r@d Kiif g;&yfu dk dpkufxv l su f apwDu d k yef ;&Hq&mwk d Yu wnfxm;cJ honf/ "mwfawmfu du k m; r@dKiif g;&yf tv,fA[k dü Xmyemxnf hxm; íydwMf uav\/ Xmyemuk dyw d Nf y;D aemuf xD;awmfwifNy;D aomf Ny;D qk H;jcif;od Y ka&muf av\/ tNyD;wGif t"dXmefjyKvsuf qkawmif;ywåemjyKum om"kac:cJ hMu\/ "mwfawmfapwDr mS wnfpu rsm;pG mrBu;D vSacs/ EG m;warmhcef YrQomt&G,f tpm;&Sad yonf/ &ckdifjynfe,fpnf um;&efESihf omoemjyefYyGm;&ef omoemwk d;yGm;ap&ef t"dujzpfav\/ xkdYaMumif; wdwfwabmif edrdwaf qmifvsuf aemiftpOf
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aumif;rnf hta&;jzpfacs\/ tpDtrHq&mrsm;uvnf; tif;tk dif? ,Mwm tum opfyifrsm;uk dyg jyKvkypf pD Ofí xm;cJ hMu\/ OD;&mZfawmif"mwfawmfE fiS h used ;f awmf &Sif"mwf? OD;uif;awmf"mwf? tHusdef;awmf"mwfw d Yrk mS av;NrKd Ujrpf? rv’ m,kjrpf? upäye'Djrpfrsm;rS &ef olrsm;r0if? rjyKvmEkd if&ef tcsuftcsmjzpfc hJ Muav\/ ZD0Sm"mwfawmfukdvnf; tpOf½kdusKd;vmcJhonf hftavsmuf arGawmf"mwf awmfu f d k qufc&H rnfum; trSefomwnf;/ xk d YaMumif; ]]raoqDrD;? rNidr;f ap&m}} [lí qDrD;rjywf xGef;cJh&av\/ ]]rjywfqDrD;? raoap&}}qDrD;raoap&efyg Mumoyaw;&ufom;uk d tapmif htESif;wm0efcsxm;cJ h&av\/ arGawmfig;&yf (OD;&mZf? a0omvD? ausmufawmf/ Oomvif;)t0ifused ;f awmf&iS t f jzpf tpOfav; jrwfvmcJ hMu&av\/ uk d,cf E¨ mü vnfyif;onf ta&;ygouJ ho Y k d þ"mwfawmfu dk vnf;yif;yrm owfrSwfvmcJ h&av\/ usdef;awmf&iS f\ tok H;jyK&m NrdKUvQm&if;uefvnf; usdef;awmfuefyifwnf;/ &marmifuef[í l vnf;aumif;? usde;f &marmifuef[í l vnf;aumif;? aemiftpOf wGicf hJ\/ &marmifuRef; ewf&Sifr\ usdef;awmf&Sifb&k m;uk d a&oyÜ m,f&muef vnf; jzpfcJh&ay\/ xkdYaMumihf orkdif;0ifuefBuD; ukd;uefwGif þuefvnf; yg0ifav\/ bk&m;ES fihuefu d k apmihfa&S mufMu&ef ta&;BuD;vS\/ &ck difjynfü wk d;wufpnfyif om,m0ajyma&;twGuv f nf;aumif;? rif;aumif;rif;jrwfjzpf xGef;í bkef;wefckd;BuD;us,f? ouf&Snfpkd;pH? &dyfNidrfcsrf;om cHpm;EkdifMuap&ef vnf;aumif;? tusKd;jzpfxGef;apvdr hfrnfqkd\/ ZD0 m"mwf S awmfonf upäye'Djrpf ta&S Uzufurf;ü wnf d&Saom "mwfawmf pm&if;0ifwnf;/ ta&S Ubufurf;wGif 177 qlwnf d&SNy;D taemufbufurf;wGif 71 qlwnf d&ScJah v\/ tm;vk H;aygif;"mwfawmf 248 qly UES s H H Yvsuf d&SvmcJ hMujcif; jzpf\/ xk daMumih f oD&"d r® maomurif;rS qufovmcJ h&onfupí &ck dijf ynfwiG f "mwfawmfrsm;pG m udef;0yfc hJ&\/ "mwfawmf&Spfp&Gwx f JrS 1/ torÇ dEé (t0dyÜ udP )ES Ö fih 2/ orÇ dEé(0dyÜuP d Ö)"mwfw dkYjzpfMu\/ ]]"r®maomu? xkd&mZonf? yknmjyefYyGm;? jzpfapcefYvsuf? xkdESHYvkH;nD? wnfapwDr/l o&D&"mwf? &Sppf &Gwrf nf? twnfwnfwnf;}}[lí 0g;ausmif;q&m y@dwu f rSww f rf;jyKc hJ\/ bk&m;&Si\ f o&D&ud k,cf E¨ mrS awaZm"mwfr;D avmif&m rS <uif;use&f pfMuaom? rysufrpD;use&f pfMuaom "mwkac: t&m0w¬Kyifwnf;/ "mwfawmfwnf d&aS eoa&G U omoemwnf d&Srnfomwnf;/ "mwfawmfum;
51
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Ak'u ¨ d, k pf m;jzpfacs\/ vlewfw d Yt k wGu f tusKd;iS m bk&m;&Sif t"dXmefjyKxm;cJ hjcif; vnf; jzpfay\/ xk d YaMumih fomvQif ]]&u©wGirf nf/ &ck difjynfü uk d;uG,fw Hv k wf? rSefrcRwfwnf;}} [lí qHawmfo drkif;wGif rSww f rf;wifc h\ J / ]]emr&,l? tqlqlwkdY igrljzpfzl;? &yfwkdif;ul;vsuf? a&mifjrL;uGefYjyefY? wbfvwå Y}H }[k 0g;ausmif;y@dwfu pmwifc hJ\/ &ck dife,fajrwGif "mwfawmfrsm; wnfxm;vwfojz fih ylZmapwD yPmnD rnfukv d nf;aumif;? ql,jl ynhaf p uk d;uG,Mf urnfu dv k nf;aumif;? "mwfawmf aMumihf xif&Sm;ausmfaZmEkdif&monfukdvnf;aumif;? þodkYpmzGJYcJhayonf omwnf;/ ]]þjynfonfum; ? bk&m;Asm'dwf? wHqdyfESi hfavQmf? ukd,fawmfr monf S ? emrnf&jzpf? OD;&mZfawmfjrwf? ocsFyaf wmfu ponf"mwfawmf? awmifñeG Yaf y:ü? a&mifazmfjy&m? rsm;pGm&Sifvl? ql,lukd;uG,f? oyÜ m,fv Hk;nD? apwDwnfonf? þonfjynfü? rnfrnfjym;jym;? ausmfxif& m;\/ S (0g;ausmif; OawevuFmrS)
"n0wDacwf rif; rsm; omoemh'g,umawmfjzpfaom ol&d,mpuúrif;onf eef;pH(44)ESp[f? oufawmf (74)ESpf &SnMf umcJ\ h / tZmwowfNzKd <uif; ouú&mZf (ZD0uudef;? AoQL;pwk½yk udef;? NzdK<uif;ouú&mZf ) 258 ck ESpf? c&mZf bDpD 272)wGif ewf& mG <uoG m;jcif;jyKavawmh\/ xkdrif;vGefvQif ¤if;om;awmf ol&d,emx (bDpD 272-230)on f omoemESpf 258rS 300 xd dpk ;cJ hav\/ ¤if;vufxufwGif usef&pf d&Sc hJaom "mwfawmfrsm;uk d qufvufwnfxm;cJ hav\/ xk dol&, d emx rif;ESihf rdb&k m; 0do dk'¨w d Ykonf omoemawmfjrwfu dk av;pm;½k daoMuav\/ omoemawmfxeG ;f um;jyef Yy m;wk G d;wufap&ef aqmif&u G cf hMJ uav\/ xk drif;vuf xufta&mufwiG f ppfawGuRe;f ü "mwfawmf(4 ql )wnfxm;cJ hav\/ omoem ouú&mZf 260 (bDpD 270)wGif ewfawmfvü udef;0yfc hJjcif;jzpfav\/
a0omvDpE´&m;acwfr if; rsm; ZD0 m"mwf S awmfu dk aumZm 634 ESpftMumwGif dpk;pHaom pE´&m;rif;wk d Y jyKjyifrGrf;rHc hJMuav\/ "mwfawmfw d Yrk mS ESpf(600ausm )Mf umanmif;&mum;? jyK jyifrIr hJvQuf ,k d,Gif;um awmawmif ydwfaygif; qD;vmcJh&\/ NcHKEG,f,Sufí
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rsKd0g;cH&ojz fih wdrfjrK§ yfrwwf d&Sc hJ&av\/ xk daMumih f a0omvDausmufavSum; NrdKUocif bk&ifr[mpE´&m;rif;onf jyKjyifc hJjcif;jzpfav\/ xk drif;onf touf (32)ESpfü eef;wufí 89 ESpfxd eef;ouf&Sncf hJ\/ eef;pnf;pdrfr mS ESpfaygif; 57 MumcJ hav\/ xk drif;onf wpfaeYoü wk dif;cef;vSn fv h nf&if; tylaZmfcH&ef xGufcsaD wmf rlav\/ av;NrdKUjrpfu dk a&Tazmifq du k favaomf used f;awmifrS ta&mifwvuf vuf xGufay:vmonfukd awG Ujrif&av\/ xk dta&mifr mS ZD0 m"mwf S awmfrS uGe YfjrL;aom "mwfawmfa&mifyifjzpfacs\/ ewfwumwk Ydtm; wk difwef;vsuf rSL;rwfw d Yu k d k Munh f½&I mazG S apav\/ xd ktcg xk dawmifwiG af eaom opfyifapmif h ewf ½ku dp© k;u uk d,fxifjyav\/ bk&ifrif;jrwftm; avQmufwifMuavaomf pMumvSHjzihf ½kdufowfí ac:,lav\/ rif;\trde YftmPmuk d rvGefqef rjiif;y,ftm;&m,um; ½ku d©p;k ewfjzpfaMumif; 0efcHajymqk dc hJav\/ bk&ifu aemufu dk rdrdu ho J Ykd bkef;uH&Sif rif;rsm; ay:ayguf dEkif&moavm[k ar;av\/ xk dtcg xk dewfu jyif;pG m&,f vsuf rdrdr mS bkef;BuD;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfvmaytH h[k ajymav\/ ok Ydaomf bk&ifu iguJ ho Y kd uk d,t f *F gjynh f Hpv k rd ht f hrH xif[k qk dí usdepf may;cJ hav\/ xk dewf rS m aemif wGif usdef;wk H;ñkjd zpfvmrnf how l nf;/ xk d Yaemuf ¤if;ESi hf pum;pyfq dkif ajymqk davvQif a&S;rif;wk d Y wnfxm;cJ haom "mwfawmfwnf d&o S nftjzpfu dk od d&S &av\/ xk djyif "mwfawmftm; jyKjyif&ef umvok d Ya&mufavNy[ D k oabmayguf vmav\/ "mwfawmfueG YfjrL;jcif;onf igh twGuf uHaumif;vSayonf/ zl ;&cJ h aomtjzpfu d k BuHKcJ&h onf[ k 0rf;omtm;&jzpfc hJ&onf/ xk daMumih f bk&ifvnf; azmifawmfu dq k du k í f tpDtrHjyKapcJ hav\/ xk daemuf &Si;f vif;okwo f ifNy;D aomf xk d"mwfawmfu dk rGr;f rHjyKjyif í wnfxm;jcif;jyKav\/ r[mwOöjE m;rif ´ ;\ jyKjyif cJhaom ckESpfrSm c-qyOöudef;? 250 ckESpf/ c&mZf 328 Ak'¨omoemESpof 857 wGif jzpfavonf/
oD&pd E´&m;(c&mZf 595-667) r[mpE´&m;rS ckESpfqufajrmufwiG f oD&dpjE m;rif ´ ;onf a0omvDausmuf avSum;NrKd Uukd dpk;pHc hJ&avonf/ c-qyOöued f; 517 rS aumZm 29 ckES pf xD;eef; pnf;pdrfuk d &&S dcHpm;cJ havonf/ xk drif;rS m xlvpE´&m; (tmeE´pjE m;)ES ´ i hf ½lyDeDw dYk
52
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
\ om;awmfjzpfonf/ ESrawmf uOöermvmonf rdb&k m;acgifjzpfawmfral v\/ Hv S HSys&H wemuk dvnf; &&S davojz fih tmPmpGrf;tm; bkef;wef dck;BuD;rm;cJ hav\/ &wemok H;yg;uk dvnf; tvGefjrwf f dEk;&mum; tvSLoDwif;usi ho f Hk;jcif;ü arG UavQmf av\/ xk drif;eef;pH 43 ESpfajrmufwGi f cqyOöude;f (560)ouú&mZfjynh frnfjzpf onf/ xk daMumif h [l;&m;aA'ifq&mwk d YE fSih wk difyifí xk douú&mZfu dk NzdKzsuaf v onf/ xk dued f;uk d &ck difu Owårudef;[kac:onf/ ArmwGif yk y g;apm&[ef Ü ;rif; NzdKonf[k qkdonf/ oD&dpE´&m;rif;onf ouú&mZfNzdKrnfh xkd 560 jynhfESpf (c&mZf 638)omoem 1167 ckESpf waygif;vjynh f paeaeYwiG f ,Mwmudef;cef; t& ZD0 m"mwf S awmfESi hf OD;&mZfawmf"mwf? OD;uif;awmf"mwf paom t"dywd "mwfawmfBuD;rsm;ukd rGrf;rHjyKjyifapcJhavonf/ xkdrif;um; eef;pH 72 ESpf oufawmf 89 ESpfa&mufqaJ umZm 29 ckESpf(c&mZf 667)wGif ewf & mpH G c hJav onf/ þrif;uk daxmufí ouú&mZfNzdKaom rif;wk d Yonf toufr&Sn[ f al om t,ltqrSm wxpfcsrrSef&macs/
av;NrdKUacwfrif;rsm;jyKjyifjcif; rif; &if j jzL (c&pf 843-873) rif;&ifjzLonf yOömNrdKUukd pkd;pHcJh&onf/ pE´oifrif;ESihf oD&dukr®m&D rdb&k m;wk d Y\ om;awmfjzpfonf/ plVpE´&m;rif;ES fih pE´ ma'0Drzd k&m;wk d Y\ ajr;awmf jzpfonf/ xk drif;on aumZm 205 ck ESpfta&muf touf 28 ESpfwiG f bk&if tjzpfukd &&S dc hJjcif;jzpfonf/ rif;&ifjzLonf rked½kyfy m;awmf G trsm;tjym;uk d xk dvyk fu k;d uG,af vonf/ ae&ma'otES YHtjym; uk d;uG,cf Gi hfjyKc ho J nf/ rif;&ifjzL \ 209 ckESpf (c&mZf 847)omoemESpf 1376)wGif oGef;vkyfaombk&m;uk d rif;jym;wGif awGU&onf/ ,ckppfawG acgif;avmif;ausmif;ok d Y a&muf d&SaeNyjD zpf onf/ "n0wDNrdKU r[mrkedb&k m;uk d Nc&H Hvsu f rkedig;qlu dk rif;&ifjzL Xmyemxm; í ude;f 0yfwnfc ho J nf[k qk donf/ wpfqrl mS ,cktcgajrmufO;D NrdKU AE¨Kvausmif; wGi d&f S&m pE´rek d[kac:wGi df&Saeonf/ rif;&ifjzLonf xk dESpf 209 wyk Ydw Jv G jynh f Muoyaw;aeY ZD0 m"mwf S awmfu dk okwfoif&iS f;vif;cJ honf/ xk drif;eef;ouf 30
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
oufawmf 58 ESpf aumZmouú&mZf 235 (c&mZf 873)ckESpf ewf& mpH G avonf/
aumvd,rif; (c&pf 1118-1123) aumvd , rif ; onf ous0if i ,f r if ; ESi f h apmvS B uD ; rd z k & m;wk d Y \ om;awmfjzpfonf/ r,fawmfrdzk&m;onf noef;acgif0,f oH&Sifjz fihNyD;aom vS H"m;oHvsuw f d Yu k d k ta&mift0gESi hw f uG tyf fEiS ;f vmonf[k td d frrf ufjrifcsed w f iG f uk d,0f ef& d&Sc hJavonf/ xk daMumif h tdrfrufu d k jrifí&aom om;jzpfí aumvd, rif;[k trnfrSn haf c:cJ honf/ aumvd,rif;onf rdbk&m;ukr®&ED fSih yk&defNrdKUxD; eef;uk d aumZm 480 wGif dpk;pHí r[mxD;bk&m;uk d wnfxm;uk d;uG,cf hJonf/ bke;f wef dck;vufeuftiftm; pGrf;yum; d&Savonf/ xkrd if;onf aumZm 485 wGif tema&m*gjyif;jyojzihf r[mxD;bk&m;ESihf dEkifiHawmf t0Srf;tumBuD; tumi,fw d Yku dk ylaZmfawmfrlavonf/ yk&defEkdifiHawmf\ awmifbuftqk H;ü wnf d&Saom us ddef;awmif&Sifu dv k nf; okwo f ifíjyKjyifapcJ havonf/ xk daemuf eef;pH 5 ES pfoufawmf 21 ESpf ouú&mZf 485 (c&pf 1123)wGif ewf& mpH G vGef avonf/
'o&mZm (aumZm 485-501) xk drif;onf yk&defacwf (aumZm 465 rS 504)xd tky dfpk;cJ haom rif;wpf yg;jzpfonf/ xk drif;um; r[mxD;bk&m; 'g,umaumvd,rif;ES fih rdb&k m;ukr m® &\wk d YrS aumZm 470 ckESpfwiG f arG;zG m;aom om;awmfjzpfonf/ oufawmf 15 ESpfwGif &mra'0dE fSih xD;eef;pnf;pdrfu fk aumZm 485 (c&pf 1123)ckwGif d cH, dlp;k pHc hJonf/ pE´&m;rif; 9 quf t&d fE´rmvS HysHu dk &&S dc hJonf/ þrif;vnf; 10 qufajrmuf t&dE´rmvS Hysu H dk &av&mum; 'o&mZmrif;[k ac:wGijf cif;jzpf avonf/ 'o&mZmrif;onf 5 qufwkid fwkid f (aumZm 465-485)ES pfaygif;(20) wkdifatmif uG,faysmufaecJhaom r[mrkedukd &SmazGcJhonf/ xkdbk&m;onf pE´ol&d ,rif; vufxufoGef;vkyfí "n0wDNrdKUtwGif; oD&d*kwfawmifü wnfxm;cJ h onf/ vuf,mrif;eefu dk eef;wifc hJMuolrsm;u bk&m;uk d dzkusifx d;k cJhMuavonf/
53
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xk dtcgrSpí bk&m;rS m yv’ ifrS aysmufq Hk;í wdrfjrKyaf ecJ h&jcif;jzpfonf/ tcs Uuyv’ Kd iaf tmufwiG f jrK§ y HEf v S su d&f Sonfq d\ k / trSerf mS vuf,mrif;eefvuf xuf bk&m;uk d 0ufowk d;awmifo Yk d ajymif;a&T U0Sux f m;cJ hjcif;jyKc ho J nf/ wk dif;jynf tiftm;&S dNyD;tcsed fo Yk d a&mufaom þrif;vufxufwiG frS jyef,ly fihaqmif dEik fc hJ onf/ xk djyifyv’iEf fiS w h w H dik ;f uk d aumif;pG m pD&ifvyk u f dik í f yv’io f d Yw k ifavonf/ q&m&Spfaomif;wk d Y\ tpD tpDjz fih eH Yo fihopfyifrsm;uk d tum,Mwmtjzpf dpk uf xm;cJ havonf/ 'o&mZmrif ;onf BuD;us,fcef;em;aom tpDtpOfjzihf &mZbdodufu dk cH,cl ho J nf/ xk dpOf&wemok H;yg;uk d qnf;uyfaom Oyoumtjzpfu dv k nf;aumif; 0efcHcJhonf/ xk do Ykad om omoemawmfukd ,k HMunfaom 'g,umtjzpfvnf; aumif; 0efcHc ho J nf/ xk do Y kd omoemh'g,umjzpfonf htwk dif; rif;jzpfí 5v&S d aomtcg edrw d jf yavaomaMumih f r[mrkeu d dk yih faqmif dEik cf hjJ cif;vnf; jzpfonf qk d\/ r[mrkeo d rd af qmufí yv’iw f ifyal ZmfNy;D aemuft&Hausmif;aygif; wpf&m uk d aqmufvyk af wmfrlc ho J nf/ vufaq;uef? acgif;aq;uefw;l í r[m&Ho H;k xyf ukd jyKvkyfc hJonf/ tapmif htae qGrf;wif? pnfwD;? rsufESmokwf? wHcGefq JG? wHjrufcwf? usD;ES fihpmajcmufyg bk&m;ü cef Yxm;cJ honf/ toD;oD;pm;aus;ajrae &mvnf; csay;cJ honf/ xk daemuf touf20 ajrmuf (ouú&mZf 490)wGif b*F gukvm;wk d YoufE fiS h aygif;í aomif;usef;onfu d k dESrfeif;apcJ havonf/ xk daemuf touf 31 ESpf a&muf(ouú&mZf 501)wGif wdwferdwrf aumif;acsí r&PN*dK[ftxGwfE fiS hBuHK avojz fih ze0&wfa&Tb Hu k mud G ef;Bu d HKEik fonf}}[lí yka&m[dw&f mZ*k½ak vQmuf xm;cHc h&J onf/ xk daMumih f bk&ifrif;onf N*Kd [af jymif;? N*dK[v f J?G N*dK[yf suf? N*dK[u f ;l ? pef;OD;tjywfu dk ,Mwmjz fih vGwfNidrf;ap&ef aqmif&Gucf Jhavonf/ xk do d Yak qmif&Guaf om touf 31 ESpfa&muf aumZm 201 ck waygif;v qef; 2 &uf Ak'¨[;l aeYwiG f usdef;awmf&Sif "mwfawmfu d k rGrf;rHylaZmfc hJavonf/ xk drif;onf touf 31-ESpf? eef;pH 16 ESpf ouú&mZf 501 (c&pf 1139)(omo emESpf 1668)wGifewf& mpH G vGefc hJ avonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
rif; xD; (aumZm 645-751) rif;xD;bk&ifonf avmif;Muuf(aumZm 613-792)acwf bk&ifwpfyg;jzpf onf/ uk d;qufajrmufrif;jzpfí (aumZm 645 rS 751)xd dpk ;pHc hJonf/ 3 ESpf t&G,fwiG f OD;&D;awmf teEÅb ,\ &ifciG fay:wGif xk difí rif;yGcJ HvmcJo h nf/ w&m;apmif haomrif;tjzpf xif& m;onf S / eef;pHt&SnfE fiS h oufawmftBu;D qk;H rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ taemufb*F gpaom dEkiif Hrsm;uk d dyki dpf k; dEkicf hJonf/ bke;f wef dck;tmPmESv H;k &nf vuf H½k;&nf d&Saom rif;wpfyg;jzpfaMumif; &mZ0ifü armfueG ;f vuF ma&;xk d;cHvmcJ h&onf/ crnf;awmfr mS rif;bDvl;jzpfNy;D ? r,fawmfr mS okb'´ a'0Dtrnf d&Sonf/ xk drif;vufxuf wk dif;jynfjyKjyifrI trd e Yfawmfrsm; xkwfc hrJ I d&S&m tav;xm;vk duef mcJ h&onf/ trde Yfawmfu d k rvk dufemí OD;&D;t&if;jzpfol 'g*gNrdKUpm; teEÅ b,uk dyif oufomcGi hrf ay;bJ owfap[k trde Yaf wmfcsrSwaf v cJ havonf/ xk drif;onf jyLwpfoed ;f trnfjz fih td dE, ´ jynf Ak'*¨ g,mü aAm"dapwD uk d ouú&mZf (657)wGif jyKjyifc hJavonf/ rif;xD;onf omoemawmfu dk ,k HMunfav;jrwfojl zpfonf htwk di;f ? apwD? ykxk;d odrf? ausmif;? Z&yf? a&wGif;a&uef? r@yf? wHaqmif;pBueF f? wHwm;wk d Yu dk vnf; wnfaqmufvSL'gef;cJ havonf/ olwpfyg;tusK;d pD;yG m;&S datmifu do k m vkyaf qmifc ho J nf/ rdru d d, k w f dik v f nf; w&m;uk dv du k ef mí oDvrjywfaqmufwnfum ykw;D vuf JpGrysuaf evmcJ honf/ xkdokdYaevmpOf eef;ouf 15 ESpf ouú &mZf 660 wGif dEk ifiHawmfu dk xdyg;vmcJhaom &efolrsm;uk d &ifqkdifc hJonf/ &Srf;wk dYzsufqD;cH&aom av;NrdKU acsmif;zsm;uk d apmih fa&S mufay;cJ h&onf/ ysufavNyD;aom ae&Oö&mNrKd i f awmifil ukdvnf; jyefvnfwnfaxmifc hJonf/ aumZm 675 ckw dkifd zsufqD;cH&aom trf;? 'vuf? oHw JaG wmifciG w f d Yu k dv k nf; umuG,af y;cJ h&onf? t&yf&yfyek u f efol wk d Yukv d nf; r[mrkedwGif opömjyKNyD;aemuf csDwufw dku dcf kufc hJavonf/ 'geoDvbm0em w&m;wk d Yu dv k nf; tm;xkwfjznh fu f sihawmfrlcJah vonf/ ouú&mZf 675 ewfawmfvwGif csDwufw du k dfcu k favonf/ þoufjynf NrKH jynf uk dyg atmifjrifc hJavonf/ rif;xD;onf wk dif;jynft&yf&yfu dk Nidrf;csrf;atmif xdef;odrf;cJhNyD;aemuf av;NrdKU0J,mwpfavQmuf bk&m;apwDrsm;uk d rGrf;rHjyKvyk fc hJavonf/ yef;ajrmif; BuD;acsmif;t0if ae&Oö&m awmifilNrKd Ue,fwpfavQmuf awmwef;e,fwcGifu dyk g
54
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
jyKpkysKd;axmifay;cJhonf/ xk do dkYwkid f;jynfu dk jyKjyifc hJaom umvwGif þusdef; awmif&iS fu dv k n;f jyKvkyfrrG f;rHapcJ havonf/ xk daMumih f rif;xD;bk&ifonfvnf; aumZmouú&mZf 675 ck c&pf(1213)wef;cl;vqef;(8)&uf aomMumaeYrGrf;rH cJ haMumif; odtyfayonf/ rif;xD;um; ouú&mZf 751 ckESpf c&pf(1389)ck (omoemESpf 1843) eef;pH 106-ESpf? oufawmf 123 ESpfajrmufwGif ewf& mpH G c hJavonf/
ajrmufOD;rif;rsm;jyKjyifjcif; rif; apmrGev f ufx uf j yKjyif j cif; rif;apmrGefonf aemufq Hk;avmif;Muufbk&ifjzpfc ho J nf/ e&rdwfv[ S lí rif;bG J Ytrnf&Sdonf/ aumZm 766 c&pf 1404 ck ESpfeef;pHí ok H;ESpfajrmuf (aumZm 768)wGif eef;rSa&S mifcJhonf/ aumZm 790 ckESpfxd 22 ESpfw dkif taemufo&l wefjynfac: (a*:&f )wGif dckv HIaeavonf/ aumZm 790 ck ESpf (c&mZf 1428)wGifr S avmif;Muufo d Y k jyefa&mufvmonf/ xk dwiG f 2ESpcf ef Yx;D eef; pHí ajrmufOD;NrKd Uuk d aumZm 792 (c&mZf 1430)wGif a&T Uajymif;wnfaxmifc hJ avonf/ rif;apmrGeo f nf wk dif;jynfu d k a&mufa&mufcsi;f xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; uk d jyKvkycf hJav\/ [l;&m; e&dE´o?l r[m&mZol? ynm&S dtrwfBuD; 0drv? u0d ausmt f rwfw d Yk\ tpDtrHt& NrdKUouf&n S f&ef wkid ;f jynfNrKd U&Gm at;csrf;om,m BuD;yG m;&ef tumBuD;tumi,fw dkYukd vnf;aumif; ,Mwmwk Ydu dkvnf;aumif;? pD&ifc hMJ uav\/ tpDt&ifu dk NrKd UwHqyd cf wfusrf;? ,Mwmusrf;wk d Yü rsm;pG mvmav \/ xkdwGif usdef;awmf&Sifta&S Ujcrf;rS vuf smtif;[lí ausmufjym;i,fwGif tif;qHcsí &&S day\/ xk djyif OD;&mZfawmfE fiS h usde;f awmf&iS fu dk qDrD;a&miftNyKd ix f eG ;f vif;apvsuf omoemawmfyGi hv f if;ap&ef aqmif&Gucf hJ\/ xk daMumih f ]]arG;awmfig;&yf? rjywf qDrD;? rNidr;f ap&}} [l\/ r[mrked½kyf&iS frS "mwfew H JGzufí &marmifuefMum½k d; rñId;ap&m[laom edrdwfaqmifcJh\/ rif;apmrGefvufxuf aumZm 793
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
55
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ckESpfwGif uqkef vjynh f Mumoyaw;aeY "mwfawmfukd rGrf;rHjyKjyifc hJav\/ xk drif;onf touf 53 ESpf? eef;pH 7 ESpf aumZm 795 (c&mZf 1433)wGif ewf& mpH G avonf/
jyifjcif;? oef Y&Sif;jcif;? ylaZmfjcif;rsm;uk d NrdKUpm;? e,fpm;? Akdvrf SL; ppfurJ sm; vTJ tyfaqmif&u G fapcJ havonf/ xk drif;onf oufawmf 61 ESpf eef;pH 22 ESpf? aumZm 915 (c&mZf 1553)ckwGif ewf& mpH G awmfrlavonf/
bapmjzLrif ;(820-843)
rif; zavmif ;
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57
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58
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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59
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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60
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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omoem 2500 jynf hE pS u f syd &f pS q f b l &k m; xk drSqufí a&S Uok dY wl½lo m;N G yD; aemufwpfauGUywfrdaomf bk&m;apwD wpfqu l dk zl;&\/ r[maAm"dapwD Hyko@mefwnfxm;ay\/ omoem 2500 jynh f txdrf;trSwftjzpf 1956 ckESpf 'DZifbmv wwd,tywfwiG f tkwjf rpfcs í wnfc ho J nf/ apwDawmfr mS av;zufav;ajr mif § hjzpfNy;D rsufESmwpfzufwiG f rkcfOD;rkcf0ckESpfESi hf qif;wkawmfckESpfqpl DBuD;i,f qif hvsuf(pkpkaygif; ESpfq,f &Spq f )ud l e;f 0yfpyH g,fvsu d&f o S nf/ xk daMumif homoem 2500 jynh fb&k m;? ESpu f sw d f &Spfqlbk&m;[lí wGifcJhMuavonf/ bk&m;awmifzuf&ifjyifwGif wefaqmif; (Z&yf)wpfckaqmufvkyfxm;&Sd\/ bk&m;ukd tm;&yg;&zl;jrifí armyef;rIukd ajzEkid f\/ OD;aqmifaqmufvyk fcJMh uolrsm;um; acsmif;EG,&f mrS G bk&m;wpfum OD;pHx DG;atmifESi hf rif;jym;rS aq;q&mBuD; OD;atmifomvSw d Yjk zpfMuonfqk\ d /
61
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rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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apmif; wef ;avSum;twuf zdeyfc Rwyf g xk drS wpfajy;nDp mwuf G o m;ygvQ G i f ajrvrf;c&D;tqk H; tkwaf vSum;tpok d Y ra&mufrD NydKifanmifyifBuD;ES fih awmBuD;&dyfNrdKif uGef;ckdEkdifp&m yif&dyf omü acwåem;aeEk difayonf/ tkwaf vSum;xdyw f iG fum; pmwef;xk d;owday;csut f & zdeyfcRwMf u&ygrnf/ ed0g'? *g&0? r*F vmxm;vsuf vk duef m&rnfjzpfygonf/ tkwaf vSum;uk d apmif; drk;vsuf bk&m;&ifjyifta&mufwufvrS f;Mu&onf/ xk d apmif;wef;ESi hf tkwfavSum;uk d aumZm 1272 (c&mZf 1901)ckESpfwGif NrdKUtkyf OD;xGef;OD;u BuD;rSL;í wpfe,fvkH;u jyKvkyfcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;awGU&Sd &\/ wefaqmif;rSm 1330ckESpfu rkefwkdif;'PfaMumihf ysufpD;cJhay&m ,cktcg wpfykdif;wpfprQom usef&Sdaeawmh\/ a*gyutzG YJu jyKjyif&efBud K;ysef ;vsuf d&Sayonf/
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62
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rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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63
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64
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
onf/ bk&m;&Sif a0omvDjynfrS xGufc mum G wpfyg;wnf; ygvDav,sawmü oDwif;ok H;aeyk Hjzpfonf/ tvkyftauR;jyKo l qiftp&S daom wd&pä mefrsm;vnf; a&S UwGif ylaZmf[ef d&SaeMu\/ 1923-24 ck ESpfwiG f rif;jym;NrKd U tN fidrf;pm; w&m;r tNidrf;pm; pma&;BuD; OD;armifjzL-a':romvSE fSih tNidrf;pm;aMu;eef;0efa[mif; rpöwmumqifE fSih ZeD;wk d Yu tvSLjyKc hMJ ujcif;jzpf\/ vuf d&Sodraf wmfu d k trI duf odr;f toif;u (aumZm 1319 )wGif aqmufvyk fvLS 'gef;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/
tBu KapwD d awmfE pS q f l "mwfawmfu kd rzl;rDBuKd wifyal Zmf dEik af om tBuKd apwDawmfEpS q f d&l aS vonf/ ta&SUzufwiG f wpfqEl fSih taemufzufwiG f wpfqjl zpfonf/ ta&S UzufapwDrSm OmPfawmf 24 ay? vkH;ywfawmf 45 ay&S d\/ a&S;a[mif;apwDu dk rGrf;rHxm;jcif; jzpf\/ ygvDav,sbk&m;&Sif\ taemufzufuyfvsu f wnf d&\ S / taemufzuf apwDrSmqkdvQif wpfqifhedrhaf jrrsufESmjyifwGif&Sd&m "mwfawmftaemuf&yfü us\/ qkawmif;jynf hb&k m;ES fih ukoed m½k Hwefaqmif;Mum;wGif OD;awmf dyik ;f ysuNf yKd vsu d&f Sacs\/ Asm'dwfñeT f; (vufñ d;I ñTe )bk f &m;wpfq\ l taemufzufwGi f uyf vsufusa&mufav\/
acgif; avmif ;ESpv f H;k tajrmufAkH;vkH;ukd ykdif;jzwfjyKvkyfxm;aom acgif;avmif;wpfvkH;rSm ajcqif;xk difawmfr l bk&m;ta&SUzufawmifxyd fwGi f pifjz fih oD;jcm;csdwq f Jx G m;&S d avonf/ xk d Ytwl tjcm;acgif;avmif;wpfv H;k rS mvnf; tBudKbk&m;apwDteD; csdwfqGJxm;\/ þacgif;avmif;uk d 1288 ckESpfwGif rif;jym;NrdKU? NrdKUrawmif ausmif;0if;wGi f pwifoGef;vkyfc hJ onf/ ratmifjrif ojzihf ppfawGNrdKUokdY,lí oGef;vkyfcJ&h onf/ NrdKUolBu;D OD;&mausmf (yg 6 OD ;)u OD;aqmifoeG f;vkycf hJjcif; jzpfonf/ tcsif; 2 ay 3 vufr? tjrif h 2 ay? 2 vufr? vk H;ywf 7 ay&S donf/
t&SiOf y*kwrå ax&fy Hak wmf aMu;acgif;avmif;taemufzufuyfvsuf t&Sif Oy*kwå&[EÅm½kyfwkykH awmf d&\ S / awmifork'´&m0,f aMu;jyóm'fjz fih pHjref;aeawmfrl[ef xkvkyx f m;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
jcif;jzpf\/ rkd;av0oumqD;jcif;üvnf;aumif;? bkef;wefc;kd BuD;jcif;üvnf; aumif;? t&SifOy*kwå(Oy*kw )rS f m xif & m;vS S \/ 1981 ckESpfwiG f taemuf dykif; wk dif; ppfXmecsKyf ppfAsL[mrSL; Akdvrf SL;BuD; ol&ausmfp mu G vSL'gef;cJ honf/
orkwo f rd af wmf (wyJord )f "mwfawmfta&S Uzufuyfvsuf orkwo f rd w f pfaqmif d&\ S / odraf wmftwGi;f ü wifyv’ifa GcGx dik fvsuf ½kyyf m;awmf G (ausmufovif;) wpfqu l ed f;0yfvsuw f nf &Sd\/ "mwfawmfukd þorkwfodrfrSjzpfap awmifzuf&ifjyifvGwfrSjzpfap? taemufzufE fiS ah jrmufzuf wefaqmif;awmfBu;D rSjzpfap? 0ifa&mufz;l arQm dfEik Mf u onf/ 1255 ckESpfu i^pif d½kif;acsmif;uRe;f rS apwem&Sifrsm;u odrfukad qmuf vkycf hJMuonf/ xk daemuf aumZm1267 ckEpS fcef Yu rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f ZD;uk dif;&G m opfaus;&G mrS 'g,dumr a':&T Dñ dak ru vSL'gef;cJ honf/ OmPfawmf 3 ay 4vufr &Sdonf/1945-46 wGif rif;jym;NrdKUrS a':rEkOD;pD;í odrfawmfjzpfajrmufa&;zG J Y vsuf wpfypJ DaumufcHaqmufvkycf hJonf/ xk d Yaemuf 1347 cefY u or0g,r OD;pD;Xmerif;jym;rS rSefpDa&Tcsjcif;? oHZmum um&Hjcif; jyKvkyfc hJonf/ ¤if;odrf awmfu dk wyJord f[ k ac:wGifMuonf/ þodrfr mS pwk&ef 27 aypD d&Sonf/
65
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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r[mrke½d yk yf m;awmf G (tv,fw efa qmif; tm½k Hco H rd )f
"mwfawmfapwDawmifzuf d&S 1311 ckESpf trI duo f rd f;toif;\ tpDtpOf jz fih a&TaoG;u r[m&HwHw dik f;jzpfajrmufa&; toif; JzG Ypnf;í (3)ESpfcef Yaqmif &Gucf hJMuonf/ wHw dkif;rS m tvsm; 73 ay 7vufr? 'k 1ay 3vufr? wHwkid ;f tjrif(h &ifjyifxuf) 3ay 3vufr? wHwkid f;tjrif h tm;vk H; 13ay 5 vufrjzpf onf/ aemufxyfrHítzG Y J (5)zG J Yaygif;vsu f 1976 ckESpfwGi f þwHw dik f;uk d uef axmufwpfckjyKvkyí f axmufuefay;xm;onf/ aemufxyf 1345-16 ckESpf (c&pf 1983-84)u "mwfawmfa*gyutzG J YrS a'guf(3)cku d k qufvufjyKvyk fí axmufuefay;cJ hMuonf/
"mwfawmfESifhuyfvsuf ajrmufzuf A[kdtm½kHcHwefaqmif;awmfBuD; (tv,ftm½k HcHord )twG f if;wGif wnf d&S\/ "n0wD oD&d*kwu å ek f;awmfü wnf d&S aom &cdkifr[mrkedykHawmftwkdif; vuf&majrmufvSpGm xkvkyfxm;aom ausmufñ dq k if;xkjzpf\/ c&pf 1320 ckESpfwGi f xk vyk fc hJjcif;jzpfNyD; a&Tyef;xdrf OD;armifpdex f Gef;u vSL'gef;cJ honfq d\ k / OmPfawmftjrif hr mS 4 ay 3 vufr d&S \/ ¤if;r[mrked ½kyfy m;awmf G teD; (ta&S U-a&SUqk di )a&S f Uwnfw h nf hwGi f aMu;qif; wkwpfqlued f;0yfwnf d&Saeao;\/ rif;jym;NrKd Uae opfacgif; OD;a&TxGef;ES fiZh eD; rdatmifrñk dw d Yk\ aumif;rIb&k m;jzpf\/ aumZm 1272 ck ESpfwiG f þodrfE fSih bk&m;ukd vSL'gef;cJ hjcif;jzpf\/ OmPfawmf 4 ay 4vufr d&S\/ þajrmufzuf wefaqmif;awmfBuD;uk d aumZm 1309 ckESpfwiG f trIduo f rd f;toif;u xyfrH OD;aqmifíaqmufvyk fc haJ vonf/ tvsm; 48 ay? teH 28 ay? acgif dr;k ESpfqif h jzpf\/ þwefaqmif;Bu;D rS m t"du(yifr)taqmifawmfjzpfNy;D JyGjyif vlpv k la0; wGif tok H;trsm;qk H;jzpfavonf/ ta&S UzufwiG q f ufí wnf d&aS om tm½k Hco H rd f uk dvnf; 1309 ckESpfu trI duford f;toif;uyif aqmufvyk fcJo h nf/ tvsm; 39 ay? teH 27 ay&S donf/
taemufz ufa Mu;qif ;wk (atmifa wmfr b l &k m;)
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ab;em;&S d tkw Hfckjrif hjrif hü ajcawmf&muk d zl;awG UEkdif\/ ajrmufOD;aES mif;acwf vuf&mjzpfNyD; ausmufpma&;xkd;&Sdonfukd uGefu&pfjz fih rsKdzdxm;&S davonf/ xk dajcawmf&mukd rif;jym;NrdKUtkyf OD;omyef;(w½kyftrsKd;om;)trSL;jyKí 1915 ckESpfwiG f tkw Hcf kjz fihjyKvyk fwifvSLcJ hjcif;jzpfonfq d\ k / aumZm 1235 ck wyk dwGJ vwGifwpfBurd f? aumZm 1350 ck wiG f wpfBudr?f rGrf;rHc hJMuonf/ tvsm; 4 ay 7 vufr? teH 2 ay 4 vufr d&S\/ odrfi,f drk;í yv’ifwGif wifxm;&S\ d /
Asm'dwñ f eT ;f bk&m; (&ef B u;D atmif Zde&yfa wmfr b l &k m;) (&ef ukodem½kHwefaqmif;ESihf qkawmif;jynhf bk&m;tv,fuGif;jyifwGif aumZm 1319 ckESpfu OD;OmPpuú\ wynh fwumrsm;u wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpf onf/ OmPfawmftjrif h 10 awmif d&Sonf/
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66
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
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67
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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68
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
Al;yif awmifa rmf& mES G i hf Al;yif" mwf
lAl;l yif& mG (Am&Jb)ESi h fh ipnft u
uef;r&Gmawmifbufo Y kd oG m;vQif Al;yifawmifarmf& mok G Yd a&muf d&S\/ ,if; &GmrSm usdef;awmfOD;pGef;armfzsm;wGif d&Sonf/ þ&G m\ &G mOD;awmif urkcfapwDwpfqw l nf d&Sonf/ þapwDi,fr mS ,ck acwfvuf&mjzpfonf/ xkt d xuf awmifxdyfwiG fum; Al;yif"mwfapwD wnf d&S onf/ þapwDu dk ajrmufOD ;acwf aESmif;ykdif;u bk&m;wpfyg;wnfc hJonf[k ,lq&onf/ apwDr mS anmifrsKdxm;í ysufpD;avNyD/
Al;yif& mG rS m Am&Jb\ arG;&yfajr aexGub f k&m;\ taemufbuf& myif G jzpfacsonf/ &ck dif&mZ0ifü ]]usde;f awmifvus m?f Al;yif& mu G Am&Jb}}[lí ork dif; xif&Sm;ol (iaomajz)ae&mwnf;/ &ck difipG,fig;(ig;&Sn h )&S f m[efZmwfvrf;uk d ujyEkid cf hJzl;í rif;[m&Du eef;awmfo d Y k ac:,lum ujyapcJ honf/ þZmwfvrf; uk d tcGi haf umif;,lí iukovtrwfBu;D u bk&ifu d k ,Mwmvkyaf vonf/ xk du pí eef;wGif;t½Iyfawmf Hykay:cJ h&onf/ Am&JbrS m ipG,f& m(ipG S ,t f u) tu aumif;oltjzpf xif&Sm;cJhavonf/
aexGub f &k m; (eef; OD;bk&m;)
r,fa wmfa wmif E fiS h r,fa wmf b&k m;
Al;yifawmifarmf&Gm\ taemufbufawmifOD;wGif aexGufbk&m;[lí wnf d&Sonf/ ,ckAl;yif& m\ G ta&SUbuf& mOD G F;wGif usa&mufonf/ bk&m;rS m ausmufqif;wkwpfqljzpfNyD; ausmufwHwkdif;jzihf oD;oefYylaZmf&Sdvmonf/ ESpaf wmifausmt f jrif h d&o S nf/ aexGu&f m ta&S UbufwiG f wnf d&o S nf/ xk d YaMumih f aexGub f &k m;[kac:onf/ eef;OD;u wnfc hMJ uaomaMumih fvnf; eef;OD;bk&m;[k vnf; wGifac:cJ\ h / bk&m;rSm ae0ifbk&m; a&S Uwl½o I d Yk rsufE mqk S difí wnf d&Sae \/ ,ck (1995)ckESpu f vrf;azmufvkycf hJojzih f teD; d&Sajrmufbufawmifay: ok d Y a&T Uajymif;wnfxm;vsuf d&Sae\/
usdef;awmf&Sif awmifbufuke;f wpf d0kufu d k ac:onf/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ r,f awmfok0PÖ uvsmaecJ h&m a'ovnf;jzpfonf/ pE´0Zd ,rif;eef;wufonf hEpS w f iG f r,fawmfo0k PÖuvsm uG,v f eG cf ho J nf/ þae&mü bk&ifu d, k fw dik f oN*ØK[ Jfyu G sif;ycJah vonf/ xk d Ytjyif r,f awmftm; &nfñeT f;í bk&m;ESio fh rd fu dk wnfaqmufc hJonf/ r,fawmfawmif? r,fawmf bk&m;odr[ f k ac:onf/ ,cifu odrfxüJ bk&m;ok H;qlwnfxm;cJ h&m ,ckEpS fql om&Sdawmhonf/
used ;f qdyu f rf; ES fiah ps;BuD;
tdraf &SUrif; &G mESi h f orifa jc&m
used f;awmf\ awmifbufwpfavQmufonf eef;&G mtdraf &S U rif;&G mwnf d&o S jz fih pnfum;cJ h&mXmejzpfonf/ xk d Yjyifqyd furf;us&mXmejzpfívnf; a&mif;0,f pcef;usavonf/ xk d YaMumih f a&S;uyif dEkiif jH cm;oabF mrsm; Al;yifawmifarmfwiG f qk duu f yfc hJ&onf/ td dE´, **F gjrpf b½kupäqyd furf;ESi hfvnf; a&mif;0,fjcif;jyKc hJ &jcif;uk d Jpí G oabF mqdycf sc hJ&m[k tpOfajymprSwf d&SaeMuav\/vufawG Uyx0D taetxm;t&vnf;aumif;? awmifarmfuefxrJ aS ES mif;acwfuefw;l pOfausmuf ql;BuKd ;tysurf sm; &&S dc ho J nh ftaxmuftxm; oufaot&vnf;aumif;?cef YreS f; p&mjzpfc hJavonf/ xk dae&mü a&uefr mwj S znf;jznf;ajr dykYí vmacsavNyD/
r,fawmfawmif\taemufbufwiG f tdraf &S Urif;&G mES fih orifajc&mwnf d&S onf/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ om;awmf&Jabmfonf NrKd Upm;aecJ&h mESi hfpyfí tdrfa&S Urif; &G m[kac:onf/ xk d& mrS G m (&Jabmf )onf eef; dpkucf h&J meef;&m teD;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ xk d& mteD G ;ü ausmufw H;k Bu;D wpfw H;k vnf; d&Sao;onf/ ausmufw H;k BuD;wpfw H;k wGif orifowå0gajy;oG m;aom ajc&mwpfcktjzpf ay:aeonf/ ,if;uk d orifajc&m [k ac:a0:NyD; ,cktcg wl;NzdKjcif;'Pfu dck H&í ryDrjyifawG U&S d&onf/ td rfa&S U rif;&Gm\ taemufbuf reD ;ra0;wGif a&jzL&G mwnfcscaJh om ae&m&S dayonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
tdraf &SUrif; eef& m orifajc&mteD;wGif awmifuek f;i,fwpfavQmufu d k awG U&onf/ awmif ESifah jrmuf (770)ayESifh ta&S UESifhtaemuf (40)ayus,f0ef;onf/ tjr fifhr mS (5)ay&S donf/ xk dae&mwGif(&Jabmf )onf tdrfa&S Urif;om;b0jz fih NrdKUpm;tjzpf aexk difc ho J nf/ eef;&mok d Y 0ifvrf;ESpcf konf awmifpG,u f dk ausmuftkww f d Ykjzifh wHw dkif;um&Hí xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
&wemyk HapwD(eef; OD;apwD) tdrfa&SUrif;eef;&m &ifjyiftxuf awmifay:wGif wnf d&Sonf/ bk&m;½kyf wkawmfvnf; wpfql&o Sd nf/ wHw dik f;um&Hvsu df&SNyD; ausmufqpfvuf&mjzif h rGrf;rHxm;onf/ þapwDu dk tdraf &S Urif;u wnfxm;cJ hNy;D tNr0J wfjyKc hJonfq d\ k / apwDteD;wGif r,fawmf\t½kd;*lvnf; &SdcJhonf/ ta&SUzufcsKdifh0Srf;ukdum; OD;awmfaq;uef[í l d&Savonf/
ae0ifb &k m;(vxGub f &k m;) ae0ifb&k m;&S&d m Al;yif&GmrS taemufbuf e*g;pufuefteD;wGif wnf d&S \/ xk dbk&m;uk d vxGub f &k m;[kvnf; ac:onf/ ae0ifvsuf vxGuo f nfü zl;ajrmf&aomaMumihwnf f ;/ aexGufb&k m;xuf OmPfawmftenf;i,fBu;D Ny;D rsufE mawmf S r mS ta&S U zufo Y k d rsufE mrl S í wnf d&o S nf/ aexGub f &k m;ES fi h rsufE mcs S i;f qk dif wnf d&aS ejcif; jzpfonf/
Am;ylawmifa pwD ae0ifb&k m;rS awmifbufiwefysi;f &G mrS taemufbufusonf/ ,ckA;l yif& m\ G taemufbufAm;ylawmifteD;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ Am;yl d&, S ifhqef d&, S ifh? d'kif;us DD&S,if h-&D d&, S ifh}}[lí pum;yk H d&Sonf/ Am;ylqko d nfr mS vlcsr;f om pyg;qef a&aygrsm;olu dk qk donf/ usdef;awmifawmifbuf vlcsrf;omrsm; aecJ h&mXmejzpf onf/ usdef;uRef;wkdufrS awmifolaX;aecJh&m &Gm[kvnf; ajymqkdMuonf/
69
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
xk d YaMumih f Am;ylawmif& m[k G ac:onf/ xk dae&mü a&S;uwnfc haJ om apwDESpfql uk dvnf; Am;ylawmifapwD[í l wGifac:cJo h nf/ csrf;omaom Am;ylrsm;wnfc hJ jcif;aywnf;/
rsucf H;k awmf" mwf used ;f awmiftaemufawmifbuf ,ckaxmif hacsmif;BuD; (ia0&G m)taemuf bufuyfvsuf dzk Yawmifukef;wGif wk H;ñk donf (pE´0dZ,rif;)tjzpf pk;d pHc hpJ Ofu wnfxm;cJ honf h rsu Hfc;k awmf"mwfwpfqu l dk awG U&onf/ tkwaf pwDjzpfNy;D ,ckjyK jyifvsu df &Sonf/ trf;om;&G mrS aq;q&marmifpdwfauu jyKjyifrGrf;rH c hJjcif; jzpfonf/
bk&m;aygif ;ES fib h &k m;uef axmifhacsmif;BuD;&Gmtaemufbufrkdif0ufcefYtuGmwGif pE´0dZ,rif;\ aumif;rIawmfr mS bk&m;aygif; bk&m;ES fi h a&uefjzpfacsonf/ þt&yfwiG f arG;zG m; cJ honfu dt k aMumif;jyKí wnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;ES fiyh wfoufí ]]Zmwdcsuf a<u? &G mia0wGi?f b*0gowå? vSL'geES fi h Munfvifat;jr? a&uefvu S d?k yknv,f ajr? xyfavmif;aví}}[k axmif hacsmif;Bu;D &G m avSNyKd it f oif;u oDq dck hzJ ;l onf/ þbk&m;rS m usde;f awmifawmifarmfr S taemufbufEpS drf ik af usmrf Qu mvS G rf; avonf/ ,cifausmufqif;wk ckESpfq dl&cS hJay&m ESpfqu l dk tdraf &SUrif;&G mok Yd yif hxm; jcif;jyKavojz fih ig;qlomuseaf wmhonf/ ausmufww H dik f;jz fih d0ki;f &Hí od drftxJ wGif udef;0yfvsu d&f Sonf/ wpfzefoD[kdVf(oD&dvuFmEkdifiH)rS yifh,lpkdufysKd;cJhonfq dk aom aAm"dyif wpfckvnf; d&Sao;onf/ a&uefr mS bk&m;teD;ajrmufbufü uyfvsuw f nf d&S onf/ a&uefBuD;rsm;rS m ,cktcg ysufpD;aeacsNy/D bk&m;aygif; acsmif;wpfbuf jcm;wGif ok H;axmif hacsmif;teD;ü ok H;axmif huefBuD;vnf; d&Sonf/ usm;&JjyifESifeh D; avonf/ pE´0dZ,rif; ajrmufOD;uk d odr;f dykucf hJpOfu i,farsmufom;uk d ia0&G m rStac:vTwfc hJ&m ig;oJhvsu df&S aepOf rSL;rwfw dk YE fSih awGUqkHc hJ&í trSwfw& ,if;ae&mü bk&m;wnfcJjhcif;jzpfonf/ aygif;qk Honfu d k taMumif;jyKí(bk&k m;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
aygif;)[k wGifc hJonfq dk\/
70
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
crnf; awmfw du k Ef fiS h ig;ql&iS yf if
qH&pfa wmf" mwf usdef;awmifawmifbuf oufykef;acsmif;&Snfa'o acsmif;&Snf&Gm\ taemufwiG w f nf d&aS om apwDwpfqu l dv k nf; qH&pfawmf"mwf[ k trnf&onf/ bDt;D (1139-1144)rif;jzpfaom pE´iwdó&mP? ("r®&mZfatmif Hp )u k wnfc hJ onf/ t*Fvyd v f ufxufNyKd ysufaejcif;uk d r[m*D&rd nfaom ewfuawmfwpfO;D u jyefvnfxm;cJ honf/ xk Ydaemuf wpfzefNyKd usojz fih a*gpm 1304 ck ESpfu "mwf awmfu dk wl;NzKd í topfwnfc hJMuonf/
uRef ;OD;apwD(acgif ;rif ;apwD) þapwDrS usd ef;uRef;awmifbuf e,f ajrtqk;H pG ef&JuRe;f OD;ü wnfxm; ojzih uRef;OD;apwD[ kkac:wGifonf/ pGef&JuRef;aMumif &S naf csmif;&G mteD; jrpf urf;yg;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ vk;H ywfvufawmif 60 ESif h tjrihfapmufvufawmif 30 ausm df&Sí usdef;awmf&SifapwDxuf Bu;D avonf/ &ck difrif;vufxufuyif tkwfwHw dkif;um&Hvsuf wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xk daemuf NydKysujf cif;cHc hJ&ojz fih &ck difrif;\ wyfrSL;acgif;rif; dAkvfu jyKjyif cJ havojz fih ,ckacgifrif;apwD[ k ac:wGifvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckaMumif&Snf acsmif;q&mawmfE fiS h uRe;f vk H;omwk d Yu apmif ha&S mufjyKjyifvsuf orHwvif;cif;í aumifp mG ud k;uG,yf laZmfvsu df&SaeMuonf/
qif B u;D jyif & mG tdrfa&S Urif;&G m(tdraf &S Urif;eef;&m)rS ajrmufzufwiG f jzpfonf/ used f;awmif taemufzuf qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf;0wGif wnf d&Sonf/ a&S;ubk&ifrsm;onf qifrsm;uk d ½Ipm;&mjzpfí ]]qifMunh fjyif}}[k wGifac:cJ honf/ xk d& maj G rmufzuf ajrmif;urf;yg;wpfavQmufwiG f qifcsnaf omwk difikwrf sm; d&Saeonf/ qifMunf h jyifrS qifBuD;jyifjzpfvm&onfq dk \/
qifBu;D jyif& mG qifBu;D jyifausmv f rf;0 bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;a[mif;wnf d&S &m awmifpG,w f iG f bk&m;ig;ql d&o S nf/ b'´urÇ mwGif yGi haf wmfrv l wå H Yaom bk&m; ig;qlu dk &nf&, G w f nfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmufqpfvuf&myv’ifwiG f ude;f 0yfc hJ &m ,ckNydKysufo m;oj G zihf yv’iftopfjyKvkyfwnfxm;&S d\/ pE´0dZ,rif;onf crnf;awmftm; &nfreS f;jyKaom aumif;rIawmf[ k od&onf/ xk dbk&m;wnf&S&d m wpf d0u k u f dv k nf; crnf;awmftm; &nfreS ;f NyD; crnf;awmfw du k [ f o k wfrw S cf ho J nf/
Ny Kif d a wmf" mwf ig;ql&SifyifrS awmifzufawmifxdyfjrif hwGif wnf d&S\/ ,ckNydKysufo m; G onfu d k aumZm 1356 ckESpfwiG f cr& (380)rS wyf&if;rSL;ES fih t&m&S dt&mcH tMuyfwyfom;rsm; dEI;aqmfrIjyKNyD; apwDopfwpfqw l nfc hJMuonf/ wyfOD;apwD [kvnf;wGifvsu d&f S\/ xkdapwD\ awmifzufteD;wpf d0kuüf vnf; apwD 3ql d&S ao;onf/
ESpq f &l iS yf if qifBuD;jyif& mG ta&S Uajrmufaxmif h aomufa&uefteD; jrawmifE marmif S ; zsm;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ b'´urÇ mwGif yGi haf wmfral om bk&ifEpS q f u l dk &nfreS ;f cJ honf qk d\/ ausmufyv’ifwGif opö mEG,fyef;wk Yu d dk xkvyk fxm;&S d\/ a0omvDacwf od*pF E´&m;rif;\ tEG,jf zpfaom rE´0DjA[®PES fih Muif&mawmf twlruGrJ uG m usifvnf&vk d&vk d\[k qkawmif;vsuw f nfxm;cJ hjcif;[kvnf; twlruG musif vnf&vk d\[k qkawmif;vsuf wnfxm;cJ hjcif;[kvnf; qkdMuonf/}} ]]usde;f awmifausmv f rf; Muuf d½k;ay:rS m oZifyef;? ESrerf;wk H armiferf;wk H}} [laom uAsmonf þbk&m;uk d &nf&G,pf yfq djk cif;jzpfvm&onf[\ l / tcs Uu Kd a*gwrbk&m;ES fi h t&darwå,sb&k m;ESpfqu l d k &nfí wnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[q k dk Mu\/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
71
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
wvif; BuD;&G mES fih r*Fvmyl&wk duf
tonf& mav;rs G uEf mod S rf
qifBuD;jyif& mrS G ajrmufzufo d Yk oG m;awmfused f;awmif awmifwef;pOfwpf avQmufwGif&o Sd nf/ xk dawmifajc&if;teD; opfyift ddkrsm;? rusnf;yift drk sm;uk d awG U&onf/ uefysurf sm;vnf; d&Sonf/ xk dae&mwpf d0u k fu d k a&S;uvlaweXme jyKc hJMuonf/ wvif;BuD;&G m[lí ac:wGio f nf/ ,cifused ;f NrdKUawmfom,mcJ hpOfu wnf&SdEkdifcJh&monf/ ,ckwdwfqdwfokefzsif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ pE´0dZ,rif;\ tkycf sKyfa&;e,fy,f owfrw S &f mwGif wk duef ,fwpfckjzpfc h&J onh f ]]r*Fvmyl&wk duf e,f}}[lí ac:onf/
iNyDtif;&G mrS ajrmufzufwiG f tonf& m&S G donf/ tonf& mbk G e;f BuD;ausmif; awmifuek f;ay:wGif wnf d&Sonf/ odrfu dkav;zufrkw0f if0jz fih jyKvkyx f m;onf/ odrferd w d w f dik Bf uD;rsm;vnf; taumif;yuwd d&aS eonf/ xk dord u f f d k taMumif;jyí awmifukdav;rsufESmawmif? ausmif;ukdav;rsufESmausmif;[k ac:wGif&Sdae onf/ a&S;uwk dif;&if;cH (tonfom;) rsm;wnf d&Sc hJ&m &G mjzpfonf/ xk d YaMumih f þodrfr mS a&S;usNyD; pE´0dZ,rif;rwkd ifcifrif;wk dY vufxufuko dk vfawmfjzpf &monf/
0ZD&"mwf( r*FvmOD;apwD) r*Fvmyl&wk du?f wvif;BuD;ajrmif &DrsufBu;D 0wGif wnf d&Sonf/ 0ZD&rif; tjzpf dpk;pH dckufwiG f tOD;tpwnfc hJaom apwDjzpfonfq dk\/ tcs fKdUu pE´0DZ, rif;jzpfNy;D aemuf aumZm 1073 wG if oufjynfu dk wk du dcf kupf Ofum oufrif;wk dY \ eef;pOfu d;k uG,x f m;aom "mwfawmfrsm;uk d yif haqmifí ppfatmifr*Fvmt jzpf wnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonfq d\ k / ausmuftkwjf z fih wnfxm;Ny?D; ES pfpOfrjywf xk H;ouFe;f qufuyfvmcJ hMu\/ pE´0Zd ,rif;\ xif& m;aom S aumif;rIawmfwpfck jzpfonf/
iNyDtif; ES fih Bu K;Md umtif; teD psmefu ok dPb f &k m; 0ZD&"mwfu ajrmufzufo d Y ko k m;vQ G i f iNyDtif;&G mukd a&mufonf/ iNyDtif; &G mta&S UzufwiG f BudK;Mumtif; d&Sonf/ iNyDtif;ausmif;awmifzufwiG fuyfvsuf tkwaf pwDBu;D wpfq d&l o S nf/ ¤if;teD;tkwaf pwDysurf sm; ausmufqif;wk tusKd; tyJ hrsm;&Sad eonf/ iNyD;tif;ES fih BudK;Mumtif;teD;awmifzufwiG f orkwo f dr d&f S onf/ xk dord x f üJ &ifpnf;vsu f psmefuok dP; J f zG Y[ef ausmufqif;wkwpfq d&l o S nf/ qkHo@mefausmufyv’ifwGif udef;0yfwnf&Sdonf/ iNyDtif;&Gm taemufzuf acsmif;em;wGif EG m;uke dfy Ykb&k m;[lí d&S onf/ bk &m;qif;wkawmfawmifzufteD; uyfvsu f ausmufE m;½k G yw f pfck d&Savonf/
r[museb f &k m;(tonf& m) G tonf& maus G mif;ac:av; rsuEf maus S mif;wGi f q&mawmftqufqufu d;k uG,cf haJ om bk&m;jzpfonf/ OmPfawmfwpfayausm d&f o S nf/ &wemjz fih oGe;f vkyf xm;ojzih f ta&mifajymifvufí oyÜ m,fvo S nf/ r[mrkeo d Qifyif oGef;pOfu <uif;useaf om &wemjz fih oGef;vkyfaom bk&m;jzpfonf[k owfrSw, f q l ae Muonf/
vufz efa wmf" mwf av;rsuEf mod S rf taemufawmifzufteD awmifxyd fü wnf&So d nf/ pE´0d Z,rif; tp yxroufjynf hr S yif h,l& d&Saom vuf zefawmf"mwfu d k wnf xm; jcif; jzpfonfq d\ k / "mwfawmfapwDr mS rsm;pG mrBu;D vSacs/ þ"mwfawmfawmif zuftqk H;awmif,mcif;xJü tkwaf pwDa[mif; wpfqv l nf; d&Savonf/
vufñ d;I apwD tonf& maj G rmufzufo Y ko d m;aomf G ausmufarmifErS d&Sonf/ armifausmuf ESrausmuf[k ac:aeMuonf/ xkad usmufvk;H &*S daom awmifurltxufwGif vufñ dI;awmf"mwfapwDwpfql&Sdonf/
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
72
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
wG Drqkw(f wk d Yr qdw)f apwD
0efo dt k rd f
tonf& maj G rmufzufwiG f wG Drqkw&f m&S G donf/ ok d;rqdw&f mG [kvnf; ac:qk d onf/ ppfol&Jrsm; aexkdifc hJ&m&G mjzpfonf/ xk do&l Jw dYkonf wpfzuf&efoEl fSih &ifq dik f&vQif aemufrqkwfwef;&Gw&f Gwf cRefcRefw dku dfckufcJhMuonfq dk\/ &efolEiS hfawG UvQif aemufrqkwfaomol&Jrsm; ae&m&Gm[kqkdvd\ k / xkd&Gm\ajrmufzuftxufawmif,HwGif apwDESpfqlEiS fh awmifeaH b;uefteDwiG f apwDESpfq d&l Sonf/ pkpkaygif; apwDav;qlwnfxm;&S d avonf/ 0ZD&rif;cwf wnfxm;cJ[ h ef d&Sonf/
0efo d*k l\ ajrmufzuf awmifzufausmv f rf;tpwGif d&Sonf/ 0efo do k rd f[k vnf;aumif;? awmif dyBk u;D odr[ f v k nf;aumif;/ ac:onf/ odru f dak usmuftw k w f d Yk jz fih um&Hxm;onf/ odrx f w J iG f ausmufqif;wkwpfq d&l o S nf/ yv’ifwiG f jcL;yef; jcL;EG,rf sm; xkqpfxm;&m vuf&majymifajrmufvo S nf/ ajrmufOD;acwfyef;qpf vuf&mjzpfrnf[ k ,lq&onf/
<u jD yif
0efo ko d drEf fSih 0efo dk*l\taemufzufwiG f d&Sonf/ a&ueftwGif;tjyifEiS hf awmifw d Yu k dk tkwjf z fih tck diftrm pDcif;jyKvyk fxm;onf/ tvsm;teH pwk&ef; Hyk jzpfonf/ tem;wpfzufvQif vufawmif 120 ausmfcef Y d&o S nf/ uefa&rS mvnf; oef Y&Si;f Munfvifvsu d&f o S nf/ tkwaf usmufjz fih ueftwGi;f ESi h f awmifywfvnf pDcif;jyKvkyx f m;aom uefrsKd;rS m þwpfuefwnf;om d&Sonf/ xk d*l? odrf? uef? tvSL&Sirf mS a&Tw du k dpf ;k tqif h d&o S [ l k od&onf/ bk&if htok H;taqmifypön;f ypö, rsm;tm; ok davS mifodr;f qnf;rIu d k wm0ef,al qmif&aom trwfjzpfonf/ 0ef ypönf;uk d ok d DrS&oljzpfí 0efo dktrwf[kac:wGifonf/
wGDYrqkwf&GmrS ajrmufzufawGif v,fuGif;jyifwpf ck&Sdonf/ ¤if;jyifukd <uDjyif[ak c:onf/ a&S;ua<uxnfjyKvyk cf h&J m XmejzpfE kdi&f monf/ a<uxnfajr xnf tvkyform;rsm,; aexk difc hJ&m a'o[k ,lq&onf/ ,ckoHawmif& mG ¤if;teD;tkd;xdef;&G mwk Ydvnf; ajrxnfvkyfudkifcJh&m Xmersm;jzpfacs\/
0efo d*k al pwD wk d Yrqdw&f mu G ajrmufzufu d k oG m;aomf awmify kYdBu;D &G mod Y ka&mufobnf/ xk d& mrS G ta&S Uzuf teD;cif dpkif;BuD;ausmv f rf; d f&Sonf/ xk dvrf;uausmv f Qi f usdef; awmifta&S Uzuf wif;r&G mrS xGuu f sonf/ cif dpkif;BuD;ausmfvrf;t0wGif *lBuD; wpfc dk&Sonf/ ausmufjz fihjyKvyk fxm;onf/ wHw dik f;vnf; ausmufjz fih um&Hxm; onf/ twGif;wGif ausmufqif;wk bk&m;wpfq d&l Sonf/ vus m&H f vuf0&H H bk&m; av;yg;ES fih *lBu;D ywfvnfwiG f OmPfawmftBu;D ti,f ausmufqif;bk&m;rsm;rS m eH&w H pfavQmufwiG f wnfxm;&S donf/ *lr mys S uNf yKd o m;N G yD; jzpfae&m tkwaf usmuf rsm;u upif hu&Jjzpf d&Saeonf/ þbk&m;ES fi h *lr mS 0efo dt k rwf\aumif;rIawmf jzpfí 0efokdY*l? 0efokdapwD[k ac:wGifaeonf/ awmifykdYBuD;bk&m;[kvnf; ac:onf/ ¤if;teD;wGif ykx d;k ok H;qlvnf; d&Savonf/
0efo du k ef
ppfu rJ if; odrf awmifykwfBu;D rS ajrmufbuf d*u k fwpf&mcef YtuGmwGif awmifuke;f xufü wHw dik f;um&Hí *l apwD d&Sonf/ ¤if;uk d ppfuJord f (ppfuJrif;odr )[k f ac:onf/ odrf\ausmufeH&Hrsm;wGif vuf&majymifajrmufaom yef;ykyef;qpfrsm; xGif;xkvsu d&f Sonf/ odrfwpfckvk;H uk d apwDu ho J Y kd ausmuftXk fw d Yjk z fih 0ef;&H drk;um vsu d&f Sonf/ trk d;tumt&Hw d Yw k fGi yef;ajymufç yef;EG,?f uEkyef;rsm;/ jcL;yef;? jcL;EG,rf sm;jz fih rGrf;rHjc,fvS,x f m;onf/ odrfxw J iG f ausmufqif;wk bk&m;wpf ql&So d nf/ odref H&HtwGif;tjyif 'k&ifw Ykw d iG fvnf; ausmufqpf½yk frsm;ç yef;qpf rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,cktcg tay:yk dif;ysufpD;aeNyD;jzpf\/ dckysHçckdeef;ç rkcfç 'k&ifç txGwfw d Ykjzifh wnfxm;cJ haom apwDjzpfí vuf&majymifajrmuf qef;Mu,fvaS yonf/ uawå mfodrfç jcifu dkufyd#uwfwku d f HykpHrsKd;jzpfonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
odrfa&SUbufawmifajc&if;wGif a&uefrsm; wl;azmfxm;&Sdonf/ uefr mS ESpfuefjzh pfNy;D awmifatmufteD;wGif wnf&So d nf/ apwDE fSih twlw;l azmfxm;cJ h jcif;jzpfí ppfuJ(ppfuJrif;)uef[k ac:wGifaeMuonf/ ,ckapwDukdcsKyfí wef;aqmif;aqmufvyk x f m;onf/ ausmufyef;vuf&mwk d Yjz fih wif hw,fv&S mum;? yef;aygif;odrf[í l vnf; trnfwiG faeMuonf/ 1993 ckESpfrpS í JyGjyifusif;y ay;vmvsu df&S onf/
ovl*sKid f ppfuu J efEiS hf odrf 0efo dk odrf\ta&S Ubuf,eG ;f ,Ge;f wGif used f;awmifwef; oG, f wef;vsu&f So d nf/ ¤if;awmifwef;ESi hf uefBuD;rsm;tMum;wGif ajrjyef YuGi;f us,jf zpf d&Saeonf/ ovl(pvl )awmrsm;jz fih zkH;tkyfae&mum; ovl*sKdif[ k ac: onf/ xk d*sKdit f xufawmif urf;yg;,HwiG f ausmufe&H BH u d ;D &Sonf/ xk dwiG f ausmuf pmrsm; a&;xkd;&SdcJhonf/ ,ckysufpD;oGm;avNyD/ awmBuD;xlxyf&mjzpfí vlrsm;ta&muftaygufenf;onf/ uRJE m;aus G mif;om;rsm; uRJç EG m;taysmuf& mS olrsm;om wpfcgwpfav a&mufzl;wwfMuonf/ þ*sKid frS Ncdwaf wmif& mok G d Y awmufavQmuf qufo, G af ygufa&mufonfq dk \/ þae&monf a&S;NrKd Ua[mif;ysuf wpfae&mjzpf dEkifonf[k cef YrSef;Muonf/ azmfcsefrm\rSwfwrf;yg prÜ0ufNrdKUwnfc hJ&m jzpfoifhaMumif; OD;atmifrif;\ a&Tusdef;awmifpmwrf;ü ,lqxm;onf/ þae&mwpf d0kuw f Gif tkX df½k;tkXfysuf rsm;? t½k d;tk d;rsm; vlo H;k ypön;f rsm; &&S donfq d\ k /
rif; w&m;uefb &k m; ppfuJodrfESihf uef\ta&SUajrmufaxmifhwGif wnf&Sdonf/ a&uefukd rif;w&m;uef[líac:wG ifonf/ a&uefteD;wGif ½kyfy m;awmf G wpfq dl&Sd onf/ om;jrwfplvsuf &Sdae&mum; EkdYplbk&m;[kac:aeMu\/ awmifykdY BuD; awm& ausmif;onf pE´0dZ,rif;\ omoemyk dif oDwif;okH ;cJh&mjzpfonf[k qk\ d / xk dq&mawmfq dv k Qif xk drif;vufxuf &ck difjynf\ omoemyk difvnf;jzpfNy;D vQif usde;f wpf d0u k w f iG f ax&f0gtBu;D tuJq H;k vnf;jzpfonf/ xk d YaMumif h q&mawmfu dk Munfñ kdav;pm;jcif; rsm;cJ hMuavonfq dk\/
73
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ipnfa wmifb &k m; awmifyw k Bf u;D rS ajrmufbufwiG f ipnfawmif& m&S G donf/ xk d& mta&S G Ubuf wpf0*lb&k m;teD;wGiv f nf &G ma[mif;ae&mrsm; d&SMuavonf/ ipnfawmif\ rlvtrnfr mS a&S;tcgu þawmifay:wGif yef;wsm; pnfobifonfw d Yktm; xm;&S djcif; &G mwnfcsay;cJ hjcif;/ pnfawmf,eG f;jcif;jyKc hMJ uonfq d\ k / rif;w&m; uefr mS þ&G mteD;wGif jzpfacs\/ ipnfawmifü *ljz fihude;f 0yfí bk&m;wpfq dl&S avonf/ ppfuo J rd ftaemufbufwGi f usa&muf\/
wpf0 *lac: a&T*al wmif (ta[mif; awmifv nf; [l\) Ncw d af wmifausmv f rf;0uk d jzwfo m;vQ G if tk d;onf& mok G d Y a&mufonf/ xk d& mG ta&SUbufawmifuke;f wGi f *ljzihfued f;0yfvsu d&f Sonf/ jrawmifq&mawmfbk&m; u aqmfMoí jyKjyifxm;cJ honf[k od&\/ bk&m;awmif atmufwiG f a&uefBu;D ESpfuef d&S\/ a&S;uMuufoa&&G m&Scd J&h m xk d&Gmom;wk d Y tok H;jyKc haJ omuefjzpf\/ þ&GmajrmufbufwGif av;0*lapwDwnf&Sd\/
rsupf ad wmf apwD (used ;f apwD) tk d;onf& muef G tjyifbuf wpfae&mwGi f ausmufBu;D ok H;vk H; d&Sonf/ ,ckt cg rormaom ok dufq&ma,mifw dkYu zsufqD;xm;cJ hMuavNyD/ ,if;ausmuf awmifxdyfwiG f rsufpdapwDac: usdef;rsufpdapwD[lí wnfxm;cJ honf/ tk d;onf& mrS G ta&S Ubufo d Y k ausmfvmvQif Ncw d af wmifo d Yak &mufonf/ Ncdwf awmifausmfvrf ;[k ac:wGio f nf/ xk dausmfvrf; vuf0JbufawmifurlwGif apwDwpfq d&l Sonf/ av;axmif hpwk&ef;ykjH zpfNy;D rkcfav;0yg&S donf/ xk dYaMumih f av;0*lapwD[kwGifonf/ ajrtkXfjzihf wnfvkyfxm;jcif;yifjzpfayonf/ atmufajcav;axmih fay:wGif jcaoF hav;aumifx dik faeyk Hxkvyk fxm;onf/ *lt jrif h 6-ay tus,f 5-ay&S donf/ *ltxufrsufE mwG S if oZifyef;wpfq,fEh pS f cufjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ *lapwDtjrif h 18 aycef dY&S onf/ apwDoydwfa rSmuf ywfvnfwGif oZifyef;wpfq,f hajcmufcufukd rGrf;rHjyKvkyfxm;&S donf/ ,if;
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
74
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
txufwGif oZifyef;cufokH;q,fESpfcufw Ykdjz fih ywfvnfjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ ta&SUbufrkcf0xJwiG f OmPfawmfESpfay&S d ausmufqif;wkb&k m; wpfq d&l S onf/ þapwDrSm usdef;wpf0kdufapwDykHrsm;ESifh rwlxl;jcm;onf/ rkcfav;0 wyfqifxm;onh ftjyif rkcftxufE fiS h apwDywfvnfwGi f oZifyef;cufrsm;yg&S d aeonf/ tjcm;yef;&Guf? yef;cufrsm;vnf; ywfywfvnf jyKvkyfxm;&S donf/ apwD'g,umuk d &ck difpmqk dynm&Sif arS mufawmfpmcsi;f JzG Yu dk pyfq do k l &cd kifrif;\ orD;awmf {csif;q&m ]]twkrif;ñkd}}jzpfonf[l\/ a&Tusdef;awmifpmwrf;ü q&mOD;atmifrif;u þok d Y tpOftvmajymqk dorIjyKvmcJ haMumif; a&;om;xm; d&Sonf/ apwDr mS ,cktcg iSuaf ysmzl;u pí usKd;usvsu d&f SacsNyD/ rormolrsm; aMumih f bk&m;OD;awmfrsm;vnf; ysufpD;cHvsu df&aS e&onf/ þ*lapwDq dv k qif Muufoa&&G m (tk d;onf&Gm) om;wk dY\ ukd;uG,cf hJ&mrsm;jzpfacs\/
ajrmufausmif;onf q&mawmf OD;udw då\ oDwif;ok H;aecJ h&mausmif; jzpfav onf/ Ncdwaf wmif awmifausmif;txuf awmifu d k apwDawmif[ k ac:onf/ awmifausmif;ES fih pyfvsu d&f Sonf/ awmifuek f;wpfckv Hk; a&S;a[mif;apwDrsm; wnf d&Saeonf/ apwDaygif; 33 ql d&o S nf[ k od&onf/ rormolw d Y k vufcsuf aMumih f NyKd ysufcaH ecJ h&avNyD; tkXu f sKd;tkXyf sufrsm;vnf; upif huvsm; jzpf d&aS e\/
Ncw d af wmif
vdyaf wmif
bdwaf wmif &aoh&[ef;rsm; aZmf*sDrsm; *latmif;cJ honfukd ]]bdwfatmif;}}onf [k ac:qkdonf/ *latmif;wGif;&Sdaom awmifjzpfí ]]bdwfwmif}}trnf&onf/ eef;wufbk&m;ES fih uyfvsuf xk dawmifwnf d&Sonf/
Ncdw(f csdy )wG f if; d&Sonfjzpfí ]]Ncdwaf wmif}}[k ac:wGifMuonfq dk\/ tcs UKd url t&nfygaom a&TNcw d w f pfrsKd; d&Sonfq d\ k / Ncdw d&f &S muk d tpG JjyKí Ncdwaf wmif [k ac:cJ h&if;jzpfonf/ xk dawmifwiG df&aS om &G muk f dvnf; Ncdwaf wmif& m[k G trnf wGifavonf/
bdwfawmifESihf wqufwnf;aomawmifukd vdyfawmif[k ac:onf/ OD;udw dq å &mawmf oDwif;ok H;&mausmif; d&Sonf / oydwaf wmifay:wGi f apwDwpf ql&Sdonf/ ,if;apwDESihfuyfvsuf OD;udwådq&mawmf\ t½kd;wkduf* dl&o S nf/ taomuausmufpmwk dif HykpHi,f*u l dk wnfaqmufxm;onf/
ausmif ;awmf &m odraf wmf &mrsm;
oydww f mifa pwD
av;0*lb&k m;ajc&if;rS vSn fí h vmvQi f Ncdwfawmif& mG oG m;vrf;uk d a&muf onf/ xk dvrf;twk dif; ta&S Ubufo d Yak &mufo m;aomf G Ncw d af wmifo dYk a&mufav onf/ Ncdwfawmifr mS usdef;awmif\ ajrmufbuftqk H;wGif jzpfavonf/ Ncdwf awmif& maus G mif;ok d Y ra&mufr D vuf0JbufwiG f awmifurlrsm;&S donf/ xk dwGif ausmif;awmf&m odraf wmf&mrsm;&S donf/ apwDyx k d;k rsm;vnf; toD;oD; d&SMuonf/
Ncdwaf wmif& maj G rmufbufwGif wnf d&Sonf/ xk dawmif\ta&SUbufwiG f OD;udw d¬q&mawmf oDwif;ok;H &mausmif;&Sdonf/ oydwfawmifay:wGif apwD wpfq dl&o S nf/ ,if;apwDE fiS huyfvsu f Od;udw dq ¬ &mawmf\ t½k d;wk du*f dl&Sonf/ taomuausmufpmwk dif ykpHi,f*lu dk wnfaqmufxm;onf/
apwDawmif
OD;udw dåq&mawmf ausmif;Nc0H if;? Ncdwaf wmif& maj G rmufbuf awmifuek f; vGwfwGif wnf d&Sonf/ aumZm 1073 ckESpf pE´0dZ,rif;onf oufjynfrS &&S dc hJaom &ifaoG;awmf"mwfu d k Xmyemü apwDwnfxm;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ OD;udw då (td dE, ´ omoemjyK) q&mawmfOD;pD;í jyKjyifxm;cJ havonf/ OD;udw d(å aumZm
Ncw d af wmifwiG f rlvausmif;a[mif;uk d awmifausmif;[k ac:onf/ aemuf rS ajrmufbufwGif ay:vmaomausmif;ukd ajrmufausmif;[k ac:onf/
&ifa oG;awmfa pwD
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
1250-1311)rSm ajrmufOD ;NrdKUe,f rif;uef& mwG G if arG;zG m;onf/ td dE´,wGif; 14 ESpfw dik f omoemjyKc hJonf/ xif& m;aom S £N dE, ´ aMu;rk Husr;f tygt0ifusrf; *efwkdYukd a&;om;cJhonf/ þae&mü Ncdwfawmifausmif; (omoemygv odyÜaH jrmufausmif;) opfu dk 1296 ckEpS f aqmufvyk fí oDwif;ok H;aecJ honf/ usdef;awmf&Sif ausmuf Hikawmf? yg;awmf? vnf d½;k awmf ork dif;rsm;uk d a&;í &ck dif jynf"mwkomoemukd xGef;ajymifapcJ honf/
ausmufi Hak wmf" mwf (ausmufu ek ;f awmf "mwf) ausmuf Hikawmf"mwfonf used ;f awmifwef; ajrmufbuftqk H;wGif wnf d&S onf/ oydwaf wmifapwD\ taemufbufü usa&mufavonf/ used f;wk dif;ü aumZm q,f&mpkrS 1072 wk dif; oD&0d ZD&bG J Y trnfjzif h used f;wk H;ñk donf rif;jzpf pOfu OD;pG mwnfxm;cJ honf/ bk&m;&Si\ f ausmufuek f;ilrjS zpfaom "mwfawmfu dk Xmyemwnf d&Sonf/ ,ckausmuf Hikawmf"mwf[k ac:wGi d&f S\/ usdef;wk H;ñk d ac: pE´0Zd ,rif;\ yxrqk H;topf oD;jcm;wnfxm;cJ haom t"du&"mwfawmfapwD vnf; jzpfavonf/ ¤if;aemufaumZm 1293 ckEpS f? wyk dw Jv G qkw f 6 &ufaeYwiG f pwifNy;D vQif Ncdwaf wmif&yfrS bk&m;wum OD;oma0onf "mwfawmfukcd sKyí f odrft drk;tum aqmufvkyfjcif;? r[m&HwHwkdif;jyKvkyf orHwvif;cif;jcif; a&Tcsjcif;rsm;uk dyg jyKvkyfcJhavonf/ ¤if;aemuf aumZm 1330 ck ESp?f avrkew f dki;f aMumih f apwDawmfr mS xd dckuf cH&Ny;D odrftaqmuftOD; trk d;tumwk d Yr mS vk H;0ysupf D;cJ h&avonf/ bk&m;yG Jukd vnf; ESpfpOf waygif;vESihf wef;cl;vtwGif;wk d Yü usif;yNrjJ yKvkyfvmcJ hojz fih xif& m;aus S mfapmvSayonf/
tjyif& w J J bk&m;ES fiu h ef usdef;uRe;f taemufausmuf Hikawmfbk&m; taemufbuf ESpfrkid feD;yg;uGm (&Jw )wG J if wnfxm;cJ honf/ bk&m;apwDr mS ysuNf ydKaeavNy;D aom bk&m;uk, d ck ausmuf Hikawmf"mwfo d Y k a&T Uajymif;xm;&S donf/ bk&m;teD; a&uefBuD;wnf d&S&m usdef;wk dif;ü xif& m;aom S uefBuD;rsm;teuf wpfuefjzpfonf/ &ckdirf if;vuf
75
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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79
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81
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82
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usefb&k m;udef;0yfwnfc hJ&m a&S;&ck difrif;vufxufuyif udk;uG,yf laZmf&mXme jzpfaomaMumih fvnf; a&Tusefbk&m;[k ac:wGifrIjzpfvmcJh&onf[l\/ ,ckum; xk dr[museb f k&m;uk d txift&S m;rawG Ujrif&aomfvnf; tkwf*l xJü ausmufñ dq k if;wkawmfwpfqu l du k m; zl;awG UEk diaf vonf/ ajcxyf Hyb k &k m;jzpf NyD; tjrif h 4 awmifwpfx m&S G davonf/ þbk&m;ES fih *lapwDu dk ipnfwwfq&mawmfbke;f BuD;ES fih OD;icRef;wk dYjyKjyif rGrf;rHMuNy;D aemuf? JyG&uefqyd f& m?G aumuf d½k; Hykq&m OD;eE´0Houvnf;aumif;? xk daemuf a&Tuse&f mq&mawmf G OD;awZ0EÅE fiS h JyG&uHqyd q f &mwk d Yuvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifc hJMuavonf/ ,if;NyD;wpfBurd f jyifa,mif;&G m OD;eDomatmifE fSih e,fvBl u;D wk d Yu jyKjyifcJhMuavonf/ xk daemuf aumZm 1323 ckESpf wef;cl;vqef 6 &ufaeYu awmwef; ajrmufw du k fom;wk d Yu aqmfMovsuf yef;ajrmif;BuD; acsmif;vk;H qk dif&m a&Tusef bk&m;a*gyutzG J Yu d k JzG Ypnf;wnfaxmifc hJMuavonf/ xk dt JzG YrS tysuftpD;rsm; uk d jyKjyif jcif; 1325 ck ESpf "r® m½kHBuD;topfwpfaqmifaqmufvkyfjyKjyifEkdifc hJ avonf/ 1330-ckESp f avrkefw kid f;aMumih f ysufpD;cH&aom tm½k HcHwefaqmif; odru f kv d nf; jyKjyifc hJavonf/ ajc&mawmfawmifr S ajc&mawmfukv d nf; yih fxm; d&Sc hJbl;&m zsufqD;l jcif;cH&í ysufpD;oG m;aom tusK;d tyJ hrsm;uk dvnf; odrf;qnf; xm;vsuf &Sad vonf/
odraf wmifb &k m; a&Tusef& mrS G taemufbufo Y kd ok H; drkifcefw Y iG f d&Sonf/ ukvm;jr§Kyu f iG f;[k ac:ae&mwGifjzpfonf/ awmifuek f;wGif od drfawmf&m&S dc hJí xk do d Yak c:vmcJo h nf/ rlvu *ljz fih wnfc hJaomfvnf; *lr mys S ufpD;cJ havNyD/
bk&m;ajc&mawmfy Hk a&Tusefb&k m;rS ajrmufpl;pl;wpf drkifcef Ya0;aom ajcawmfawmifü a&S;u wnf d&Sc hJzl;onf/ ,ckum; þae&mü r&SdNyD/ a&Tusefbk&m;ok dY yif hxm;aví usKd;ysufjcif;cHo m;cJ G h&avNyD/ bk&m;&Sif\ ajcawmf&mykHtwk dif; ausmufjym;ü
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
xGi;f xkvsu f a&S ;txufausmu f wnf;uyif uk d;uG,Mf ujcif;jzpfavonf/ ajc awmf&m&S dc ho J nfu dk tpG JjyKí,ckx d ajc&mawmfawmif[v k nf; ac:aeMuao;\/ þawmifrSveG fc hJaom ESpfaygif; 50 (aumZm 1280 cef Y )avmufuyif a&Tusefb&k m;ok d Y a&T Uajymif;yif h,x l m;cJ havonf/ xk dajc&mawmfu dk vGefc hJaom ESpfaygif; 30 avmuf (aumZm 1300)cef Yu rormolrsm; ok duw f l;zsuq f D;jcif; uk d cHo m;&onf G / xk YdaMumih f usKd;yJ hvsu f z½k dz&Jjzpfc hJ&m? ,ckp Hk½k;odrf;qnf;xm; &Sd\/ ajc&mawmfawmifrS bk&m;BuD;ESpfqlu dkvnf; Mumtk di Hf'ko d Ykvnf;aumif;? tjcm;tjcm;Xmeok Yd vnf;aumif;? yihf,lu dk;uG,fjcif; jyKcJh&onf[kod&onf/ ok d Yaomf ,ckxd bk&m;qif;wki,frsm; tusKd;tysufw dYkjz fih jyef YusJvsuf d&Saeao;\/ þajcawmf&mESi hfywfoufí ork dif;twdtus r&&Sdao;acs/
Mumtk di'f Hb k &k m; a&Tusefbk&m;rS ajrmufbufwpfrkdiftuGm 'kdif;om;&GmawmifbufteD; ü odrftwGif;ü d&Sae\/ ausmufqif;wkyv’ifxw J Gif 2 ql,OS fNyKd iw f nf d&Sonf/ bk&m;OmPfawmifr mS 3 awmifcef Ywpfyg;ES fih 4 awmifcef Ywpfyg;jzpfonf/ d'kif; om;&GmrS ukd;uG,faeMuaom Mumtk dif'kHq&mawmf OD;tmp&u BuD;rSl;apmih f a&S mufae\/ þbk&m;ESpq f lr mS rlvu þae&mrSr[k kwaf cs/ ajc&mawmfawmif rS yif haqmifc hJjcif;jzpf\/ xk dbk&m;ESpfqu l dk aumZm 1250 cefY uyif yih faqmif vsufu dk;uG,faeMuavonf/ (Mumtk di Hf'kq&mawmfu aumZm 1330 ckEspf uqkefvqef; 8 &uf paeaeYu Mumtk dif'kb H &k m;tzG J Yu d k zG YJpnf;vsu f aqmif&Guf vmcJ havonf/ 1330 ckEpS f avrkefw dik f;wGif odrfawmfBuD;vnfay:acgifr mys S uf pD;jcif;ok dY cHc hJ&ayonf/
jyif; a,mif o H;k uefp b k &k m; jyif;a,mif& mteD G ; taemufbufuke;f wef;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ a&uefo H;k uefu dk tpG JjyKí ok H;uefpb k &k m;[kwiG o f nf/ xk dae&mwGi f apwDysufrsm;? qif;wk awmfrsm;? jyef Yusu J sKd;yJ hvsu df&o S nf/ ausmuf*al pwDwpfv H;k ud kvnf; anmifyifBu;D rsKdo m;avN G yD/ xk dapwDteD;ü OD;awmfusK;d ausmufqif;wk wpfqlvnf; d&Sae\/ usKd;ysuaf eaom yckH;rS pr® cPftxd ES pfawmifwpfx mG d&S onf/ OD ;awmfusK;d í
83
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ud k,x f nfomusefaeaom bk&m;rS m ,ckanmifrsKcd HapwDrS[ k xif&onf/ ok Yrd [kwu f a&Tusefb&k m;tm½k HcH odrx f d&J S ajc,Su Hyf b k &k m;aomfvnf; þae&manmif rsKd;apwD*lxJr mS udef;0yf&mjzpfo fihonf[k ,lq&onf/ þae&m(acsmif ;0urf;eab;rS ) teD;wGif teH 1-awmif? tvsm; 3 awmif? pmaMumif ;a& 20? xk-1 xG m&S d ausmufpmjym;wpf cu k dk awG U&onf/ þausmufpm uk d jyif,m;ausmufpm[k ac:aeMu\/ þae&m&S d bk&m;wnfxm;jcif;ES fiyh wf oufí ausmufpmyifjzpf\/ ausmufpmwGifyg0ifaom ausmufp&pfuef v,fajracsmif;rsm;rsm ,ckw dik ftrnfjzpf d&Sae\/ pmü odef;cxk difa&mufrif;apm (oD[ dkVfa7mufrif;apm)[lí awGU&\/ ok d Yaomfvnf; oMupfu d k 608 ck[v k nf; aumif;? 918 ck[v k nf;aumif;? rxifr&S m; tjywfom;bJ zwf&\/ tem;tyg; pmvkH;rsm;vnf; "m;aoG;cJhMuojzihf ysufpD;ae&av\/
iSuaf wmf& bk&m; jyif;a,mif;&G mrS taemufbufav;rk difcef Yu mG iSufawmf&&G m awmifbuf teD;wGif wnf d&o S nf/ apwDr mS NyKd ysufo m;cJ G hNy;D jzpf\/ ,ckb&k m;rS mvnf; ysufp;D vsu d&f Saeonf/ ae&Oö&mawmifilacwfu wnfxm;cJ honf[k od&onf/
0rf; dAkuaf wmf" mwf (wdwaf wmif" mwfa pwD) av;NrdKUjrpf ta&S Uzufurf; xdyfawmifxyd fay:ü wnf d&Sonf/ bk&m;&Sif onf zm;rif;jzpfc hJpOf bdwfatmif;í aecJhzl;onf/ 0rf; dAkufawmifrSjzpfaom od&&D "mwfu dk Xmyemí apwDwnfxm;&S d\/ bk&m;tzG JYjz fih apmih fa&S mufjyKjyif xm;\/ bk&ifrif;&mZmBuD; jyKjyifrG rf;rHc haJ vonf/ pE´ok"r®&mZmrif;vnf; jyKjyifc ho J nf/ þawmif\taemufbufwiG f awmifuvyfü a&S;uw&m;tm; xkwcf hJMuaom bdwfwiG f;ac: ausmuf*lacgif;vnf; d&S\/
Bued ;f wef; awmif" mwf awmwef;&Gmacsmif;? bdwfawmif&Gmacsmif;? tzsm;qkH&mawmifuke;f ay:wGif wnf d&Sonf/ ,ckysufpD; NydKysuo f m;cJ G havNyD/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
vnf d½ ;k awmf "mwf (aomif; ck Harmf "mwf) av;NrdKUjrpf\ ta&SUbufawmwef;uRef;aomif;ckHarmfteD;wGif wnf d&S onf/ bdwaf wmif"mwfrS awmifbufwiG f usa&mufonf/ xk durf;ajrmifwpf avQmufb&k m; avmif;a&TOa'gif;iSurf if; wZmpfjz fih usifvnfc hJ&m XmeDteD;jrpf jzpfaomaMumihf ok0PÖe'Djrpf[lí ac:wGifcJhzl;onf/ þjrpfta&S Uurf;ajc ,ckaomif; Hckarmfwef;wGif bk&m;&Sifonf EkpOfb0u a&TOa'gif;iSurf if; wZmpf jzpfcJhzl;aomaMumihf arm&yAÁwawmifwef;[lí ac:wGifonf/ ,if;od Yu k siv f nfc h&J mü vnf; d½k;awmf"mwfwnfvwå H Y[ k Asm'dwfpum;t& ude;f 0yfwnfvmonf/ yxrpHorl nfaom bk&ifrif;u wnfxm;cJ hvsuf wpfzef rif;zavmif;u xyfrHí jyKjyifc hJavonf/ &SnMf umvmNy;D aemufwGi f "mwfawmf uGe Yjf rL;í aumZm 1282 ck EpS w f iG f NrKd Ua&me,fyg yg0ifí Ak'a¨ 0,sm0pö trnfjz fih tzG J JYzYGum a&Tcsc hMJ uonf/ xkad emuf r[m&HwHw dik f; um&Hjcif;? tay:rScsKyt f kyf vsuf odrfawmfBu;D ES fih ouú&mZf apmif;wef;avSum;rsm; aqmufvyk fjcif; "r® m½k H aqmufvkyfNy;D vQif ESpfpOf JyGawmfrsm;ukv d nf; wef;cl;vES fih uqkefvtwGif;ü pnfum;ok duNf rKd upf mG usi;f ycJ hMuavonf/ xif& m;aom S "mwfawmfwpfqjl zpfí vload usmMf um;vsuf d&Savonf/
84
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
awmifarmfOD;ac: eE´*E¨yAÁwawmifü Ak'¨EkpOfu Zmr&DiSurf sKd;jzpfzl;&m rdt dk ztk dw d Yktm; jyKpkvkyfauR;í aecJ honf/ xk dpOfu uRJausmif;om;rsm; vQ UaomrD Kd ;onf avmifuRr;f jcif;jyKavojz fih opö m"dXmefaMumih f rD;ab;rS vGwNf idr;f jcif;cH&onf[l\/ aemufü bk&m;Asm'dwf t& *kwq f ufawmf"mwf udef;0yfaevmcJ honf/ av;NrKd Uacwfrif;rsm; wnfxm; cJ honf/ xk daemuf "mwfawmfueG YfjrL;ojz fih aumZm 947 ckESpfwiG f rif;zavmif; u jyKjyifrGrf;rHc haJ vonf/ wpfzefrif;&mZmBu;D paom &ck difrif;tqufqufw dYk vnf; rGrf;rHjyKjyifc hJMuavonf/ aumZm 1325 ckESpfwiG f Ak'¨oræ&u© dwtzG J Yu rGrf;rHjyKjyifNy;D ,ckw dkirf apmih fa&S mufylaZmfvsu d&f SaeMuonf/ aumZm 1329 ck ESpf avrkew f dkif;aMumih f aumzm 1325 ckESpfESih f 1327 ckESpfu aqmufvyk fc hJonf h wpfaomif;ausm dzf k; wefaom ta&S Utaemuftm½k HcHwefaqmif; ESpfckvk;H rS m NydKysufo m;cJ G hjcif;cHcJ&h onf/ ESppf Ofwef;cl;vES fih uqkev f wGif JyGawmfusif;yavonf/ ,ckw dik f xif& m; S aom "mwfawmfwpfqt l jzpf ausmfMum;vsuf d&Savonf/
wufr uk diaf pwD
awmwef;awmifarmfuRef;OD; "mwfawmfac: *kwq f ufawmf"mwf ajrmuf zuf FOD;awmf"mwf awmifzufwiG f wnf&S\ d / uRef;OD;"mwfawmfajrmufzufteD; *E¨om& yAÁwrnfaomawmifü udef;0yf&So d nf/ xk dawmifü jrwfp mbk G &m;EkpOf b0u zGwrf if;wZmpfjzpfc hzJ l;í ausmufqpfawmf"mwf ude;f 0yfwnfvmjcif;jzpf onf/ rif;zavmif;onf þ"mwfawmfu dk rGrf;rHjyKjyifcaJh vonf/ ,ckxdw dik f taumif;yuwdwnf&v Sd suf uk d;uG,zf l;ajrmfvsuf d&SaeMuavonf/
uRef;OD;"mwffawmf awmifzuf yef;ajrmif;BuD ;acsmif;0wGif apwDwnf d&S onf/ wyfpcef;cs&mü wnfxm;cJ haomaMumihf wyfrOD;uk dif[k ac:wG ifav onf/ rif;apmrGefu ol&wefrS tjyefNrdKU&GmjyKjyifpOf ouú&mZf 793 ckESpf rGrf;rHcJhonfq d\ k / a[mif;EGrf;ysufpD;ojz ihf jrif;wifrq&mawmfu BuD;rSL;í jyKjyifc hJonf/ rif;xD;vufxufawmwef;uRe;f uk d jyKpkysKd;axmifc hJ&mumvü þ bk&m;rS m wyfr\yJ hu dik fus&mü wnfc hJavonf/ ,cifb&k m;tzG J Yjz fih odrfcsKy dfr;k xm;&S donf/ tcgtm;avsmpf mG JyGawmfusif;ycJ honf/ þapwDr mS yef;ajrmif;Bu;D acsmif;t0? acsmif;t0ifu dk xif& m;atmif S y hJu dkiftvm; wnf hrwfp mG ñTefjyouJ h od Y k jzpfaeonf/
*kwq f ufa wmf" mwf( uRe;f OD;"mwf)
oG m;zk H;awmf "mwf (oif; yke;f awmif "mwf )
ausmufq pfa wmf" mwf
av;NrdKUjrpfurf; ta&S Uzuf? aomif;ckaH rmf"mwf\ awmifzuf? awmwef; uRef;OD;xdyfwiG f wnf d&Sí uRef;OD;"mwf[í l vnf; ac:wGifaeMuonf/ þuRef;
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t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
awmifilacwfaumZm 612 ckESpfwiG f tavmrmjzLrif;eef;wuf txdrf;trSwf tjzpf wnfc hJ\/ oif;ykefawmif"mwf[ k ac:wGiv f su d&f Sonf/ oG m;zk H;awmf"mwf jzpfNyD; &SOfrh if;wZmpfjzpfc hJonfq d\ k / aumZm 1344 ck ESprf Grf;rHwnfxm;cJ hMu av\/ apwDr S OmPfawmftjrif h 17 ay? atmufajc 41 ay&S d\/ þ"mwfawmf awmifzufu &ck difrif;vufxuf wnfcsu d;k uG,cf Jzh ;l aom bke;f awmfBu;D oDwif; okH;cJh&mausmif;awmf[lí&Sdonf/
85
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
awmifuefbk&m;[k wGifvmcJh&onf/
odraf wmifb &k m;
Muufp modr f (tonfu mv)
yDyif&if;bk &m;\ ajrmufzufwGif&Sdonf/ awmifrSmukef;i,fjzpfNyD; ay 50 cef Yjrif havonf/ a&S;uodrforkwfc hJ[efw\ l / ukef;jrif hü ausmufqif;wk bk&m;wpfqw l nfxm;&S d\/ teD;wGif ta&S Uzuft&yfü aygufqyd f& m[l G í d&S\/ xk d& mu G uk d;uG,cf hzJ ;l [efw\ l / ,ck& mr&S G dNy?D bk&m;rS m ajrmufO;D acwfu vuf&m jzpf&m xk d& ma[mif G ;rSvnf; ajrmufOD;acwfo Hk;'*F g;rsm;uk d &&S dc hJMuonfqkd\/
oifyek f;awmifbk&m;\ta&SUbuf tonfumv&Gm\ awmifzufwGif wnf d&o S nf/ rlv*lb&k m;jzpfc haJ omfvnf; ,ckysufp;D aeNyD? bk&m;rS m ausmufqif; wkjzpfonf/
ok duw f iG ;f awmifb &k m;
&G ma[mif; jyifb &k m;(tonfu mv) tonfumv&G m\taemufzufwiG f d&Sonf/ a&uef\av;zufaxmih fwiG f apwDav;vk H; d&Sonf/ ,ckysufpD;vsuf d&SaeNyD/
atmifapwD({apwD)ESihf atmifr*Fvmbk&m; (csif; ysH bk&m;) yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;vuf wuf? pHum;acsmif;taemufzuf csif;qdyf& mG teD;awmifi,fwGif wnf&Sdonf/ apwDxJbk&m;udef;vsuf rlvupE´0dZ, aumif;rIawmfbk&m;[k ac:wGif&SdaeMu\/
yDyif& if; awmifb &k m; csif;qdyaf us;&G mrS ta&S Uajrmufcyf,eG ;f ,Ge;f drki0f ufcef YwiG d&f o S nf/ aywpf &mcef Yjrif h\/ ausmufqif;wkwpfqu l ed ;f 0yfvsu d&f o S nf/ awmifajc&if;ü a&uef a[mif;wpfcv k nf; f d&S\/ xk da&uefü ayyifrsm;aygufa&mufc hJojz fih ayyif&if;
odraf wmifr S taemufpl;pl;wGif ok dufwiG f;awmif[í l d&S\/ okduw f ;l xm; ojz fih wGif;acsmufjzpfvsu d&f Sae\/ xk dawmifü bk&m;rS m ,ckysupf D;oG m;avNyD/ ausmufw Hk;rsm; z½k dz&Jjzpfaeonfu dk awG U&\/ bk&m;yv’ijf zpfrnf[kxif&\/ a&S;uqif½kyf? jrif;½kyfrsm;vnf; &Sdc hJonfqk\ d /
bk&m;ok H;ql opfwGif;awmfrS taemufzufwiG f d&Sonf/ awmifr mS Ak'½¨ kyfy m;qif G ;wk ok H;ql wnf d&cS hzJ ;l onf/wyf&mawmifq dv k Qif ay 70cef Yjrif hrm;avonf/ bk&m;ESpf qlenf;i,f ysufpD;aeNy;D wpfqlr mS wpf dykif;wpfpjzpf d&Saeonf/ ajrmufOD;acwf qif;wkawmfjzpfonf/ yv’ifr mys S ufpD;í ausmufw H;k rsm; jyef YusJvsu df&Sonf/
ukvm;uefb &k m; bk&m;ok;H ql taemufawmifaxmih fwiG f d&Sonf/ *ljz fihwnf d&&S m? ,ckysuf pD;ae\/
bk&m;awmifb &k m;(o&uft yk b f &k m;) bk&m;okH;qlawmifESihfqufí? taemufajrmufaxmihft&yfü &Sdonf/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
86
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
awmifukef;rS m aywpf &mcef Yjrif hrm;onf/ ok H;awmifwpfx mcef G Y d&Saom ausmuf qif;wkawmfwpfq d&l Sonf/ av;NrKd Uacwfu vuf&m[k cef YrSef;&onf/ ,cktcg csi;f qdy&f mG bkef;Bu;D ausmif;ok d Y yif hxm;&S donf/ bk&m;teD;wpf d0kufwiG f ausmuf pmwpfckrSm zsufqD;cHoGm;cJhacsNyD/
ausmufeef;jzpfNy;D awmifuke;f ay:üwnf d&o S nf/ tvsm; 12- awmif ? tjr fih 7 awmifcef Y d&S ausmufw H;k onf ewfeef;jzpfacs\/
dZki;f acsmif ;ayguf awmfa usmif; awmif (owåXmebk&m;)
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o&uftyk b f &k m;ok H;ql bk&m;rS ta&S Uzuf wpf drik cf ef YtuG mwGif dZki;f acsmif; aygufawm&G m&S d\/ xk d& m\ G taemufzufteD;wGif bkef;BuD;ausmif; d&Sí ausmif; awmif[ak c:onf/ xk dwiG f owåXme½kyw f b k &k m;rsm; wnfxm;&S d&m? ,ckt<uif; tusefrQom d&Saeawmh\/
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87
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88
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89
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
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xk dawmifpG,u f k, d mckw, f if;awG U&avonf/ xk d YaMumih f ¤if;uk d ok H;ESpfw dik fw dkif jyKjyifvmcJ h&m rMumcP a&mifjcnfjrL;<uavojz fih wpfuRe;f vk;H om;ES fi h eD;em; &G mom;rsm;uyg yl;aygif;í 1278 ckEpS w f iG f wpfzefrrG ;f rHc hMJ uavonf/ xk daemuf 1278 ckESpfwGif r[m&HwHw dkif;ES fih odrfcsKy dfrk;jcif;uk dyg jyKvkyfc hJMuonf/ 1295 ckESpfwiG f auovmacsmif;0ausmif; q&mawmfOD;Zm*&D,\ trde Yf jzihf Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif;zGJYpnf;NyD; 1297 ckESpfrSpí aqmif&GufvmcJhMu&m JyGvrf;obifusi;f yEk dif&ef "r® m½k HBuD;ESpfcku d k ok;H ESpt f wGif; aqmufvyk dfEkifc hJav onf/ xk daemuf 'kwd,urÇ mppfBu;D twGif;wGif rjyKjyif dEkifb J 13 ESpfw dik fw dik f MumcJ h&onf/ wpfzef 1315 ckESpfrS pí toif;uk d jyefvnf Jz YGpnf;vsu f jyKjyif apmif ha&S mufu d;k uG,af eMuonf/ ESppf Of JyaG wmfu dv k nf; oBuFet f vGew f iG f usif;y vmcJ havonf/ "mwfawmfta&S Uajrmufzufü apwDBuD;wpfqlvnf; wnf d&Sc hJ onf/ auovmuRe;f &Jabmfeef;&m ta&S Uzuf ,ck& mOD G ;bk&m;[k wGifonf/ a&S;a[mif;odrftwGif; udef;0yfwnf d&Sonf/
dpk;rJusaD wmf (zavmif; jyif "mwf ) rif;AmBuD;vufxuf zm&if*sDac: zavmif;ay:wl*Dwyfcs&m zavmif; jyif&Gm taemufzufü wnf&Sdaom "mwfawmfapwDjzpfonf/ rif;zavmif; (1007-1014) \ rd zk&m;pk d;rJusw D nfxm;cJ honf/ dpk;rJusDwnfxm;cJ horQ "mwf awmf apwDrsm;wGif þ"mwfawmfrSm aemufq Hk;wnfjcif;jzpfonf[k od&\/ ¤if;apwDonf NyKd ysucf hJ&m zavmif;jyifaus;&G mrS toif;wpfc Jkz YGpnf;vsu f ¤if; &G mq&mawmfBuD;\ Mo0g'ES fihtnD wpfzefwnfxm;cJ hMuavonf/ ESpfpOfu ho J Y kd yif bk&m;yGJawmfu dv k nf; usif;yvmcJhMuonf/
owåXme (ckEpS Xf me)apwD zavmif;jyif& mrS G awmifzufwiG f wnf d&o S nf/ &ck difrif;rsm;vufxufu wnfxm;cJ haomapwDjzpfonf/ umvMumojz fih zsufq;D jcif;cHc h&J avonf/ ¤if; apwDysuu f dk wl;azmfMu&m XmyemESpfcef;jz fih wnfxm;cJ haMumif; awG U&onf/ xk d YaMumih f jyefvnfjyKjyifvsuf owåXme (ckESpfXme)apwD[lí ac:wGifu dk;uG,f vsu d&f SaeMuonf/ þbk&m;wGif a>rBuD;ywf&Hvsu f rsm;pG mzl;ajrmfaecJ hMuonf/
90
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
ESppf Ofb&k m;yG Jawmfu dv k nf; usif;yay;cJ hMuojz fih vlox d if& m;aom S bk&m;vnf; jzpfavonf/ apwDajrmufzufteD;ü rMumcifwnfc haJ om bk&m;BuD;wpfqv l nf; d&Sonf/ zavmif;jyif& mG ta&S Uzuf Muyfpifawmifwef;wpfavQmufüvnf; NydKysuf aeaom trnfrod"mwfawmfrsm;? apwDrsm;uk d awG U&ao;onf/
opfy w k af wmif" mwfa pwD rif;jym;NrKd UrS 6rk difcef YtuG m t&ufcek f;wk difjrpf\ ta&S UzufMuyfpifawmif wef; (opfaygif;pkHaygufa&mufaom) opfykwfawmifxdyfü wnf&Sdonf/ "mwfawmftrnfESi hw f nfc hJaom olu drk awG U&acs/ ol&d,puúrif;xH "mwfawmf dyk Yvmaom AmukvES fi h r[mwdóax&fw d Yk wef Y&yfc hpJ Ofu txdr;f trSw&f ap&ef vnf; wnfxm;cJ hMuonf[k qk dxm;\/ jrif hwad cgifusL; wufa&mufz;l &ef rvG,f aomawmifxdyfwGif wnf&Sdonfjzpfojzihf jyKjyifolr&SdbJ &SnfMumvm&um; ysufpD;rIjzpfcJh&avonf/ xk daemuf &ufcek f;wk difjrpfurf;wpfzufrS aeMuolrsm;u "mwfawmfueG Yjf rL; aMumif; zl;awG U&ojz fih oMupf 1296 ckESpw f iG f tk di0f ef;&G mrS OD;csw d;k u OD;aqmif vsu f opfykwaf wmif&Gmom;rsm;yg topfwpfzefjyKvyk w f nfxm;cJ hMuavonf/ ok d Yaomf jyKvky Hfykraocsmojz fih r&SnfMumcJ hacs/ NzdKzsufjcif;cH&jyefav&mum; tiftm;rjynh fpkrH aI Mumih f tm;avQmhum ,aeYw dik f tysufyuwdyif ylaZmfr dI&S aeMu\/
ig;&H Yr if; "mwf (ptif; awmf ) ptif;&G mteD;wGif wnf d&Sonf/ MuyfpifuRef; tv,fA[kdwGif tvsm; wpfrkdif? teHwpfzmvkHcefYus,fjyefYaom tif;vsm;uefBuD;wpfcxk tpGJjyKí ptif;[kac:wGiaf vonf/ xk dtif;teDawmifp, G f awmifxw G üf þapwDwnf d&S aeavonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf EkpOfb0u aMumifhjzpfNy;D vQif þtif;ü usufpm;cJ h onf/ tcs Uu Kd þtif;ü pm;aomufí t½k d;rsm;uk d ypfcscJhavonf/ xk do Ydk bk&m;avmif; ig;&HUrif;usifvnfc&Jh mXmejzpfaomaMumi9hf aemifwGif rif;z avmif;\rdz&k m; dpk;rJusu D "mwfawmfapwDwnfxm;cJ hojz fih ig;&H Urif;"mwfapwD
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
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91
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
[kac:wGirf IjzpfvmcJ h&avonf/ rysufrpD;ap&ef &ck dit f rsK;d om;? csif;trsK;d om; wkdYu bk&m;yGJjzihf ESpfpOfvnf; yGJawmfusif;yjcif;? apmifha&SmufjyKpkjcif;rsm; jyKvyk fvsu f uk d;uG,x f m;cJ hMuojz fih xif& m;vS S ayonf/ xk dwGif a0omvDpjE m; ´ acwf pwlygapwDi,frsm;uk d awG U&onf/
(u) usdef;awmif"mwfawmif bk&m;xD;wif&eftwGuf tbde0r*Fvm EId;aqmfwkdufwGef;pmwrf;
ausmuf fc w k "f mwf( apwD)
trsm;jynfoltaygif;wk d Ytm; EId;aqmfw dkufwGef;tyfygonf/ "mwkok? Xdwmok? Ak' gXd ¨ wm0---usr;f 0pe? rde Yfx H;k t&? "mwfawmfarGawmf rsm; wnf d&SorQ umvywfv H;k bk &m;&Sifw d Y k wnf d&Sawmfrlonfom jzpfygaom aMumih f uR fEkyfw dYkE fSihwuG trsm;jynfolvx l kwpf&yfv H;k wk d YtwGuf txl;ojz fih uHaumif;csufwpf&yfyif[k qk durS m;Ek f dirf nfr[kwyf gay/ xk d"mwfarGawmfw d Yo k nf vnf; jrwf dEk;aumfa&mfylaZmfyorIr d&Saom t&yfXmewk d YrSonf ylaZmfouú m&&Sd aom t&yfXmewk d Yo dYk <uoG m;awmfrlaMumif;uk d xk H;a[mif;om"u tm*r,kw då d&Svmonfjzpfygí rif;qufrsm;pG m wnfxm;jyKpv k mcJ haom usdef;awmf&iS f bk&m; apwDawmfü umv&Snfvsm;ojz fih a[mif;jrif haom xD;awmfu d k topfwpfzef rGrf;rHwif dz Yk&efta&;ES fih uRefawmfw d Yk"mwfawmftoif;aygif; HpkE fSih ppfawGNrKd Ue,f vlxkwpf&yfvkH;wkdY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;um þrnfaom tbde0r*FvmEId;aqmf wk duw f eG f;pmuk d trsm;aomvkyfom;jynfow l d Yktm; uko dkvyf m;&ef G &nfrSe;f vsuf urf;vSrf;a0iSv du k f&onfjzpfygaMumif;/ yk*¾vaoaom ZmedwaAÁ mt& xl;jrwfaom yk*¾dKvfw Yk\ d taMumif;uk d rnfolrqk doo d if h odx du k fonh ftavQmuf? þusdef;awmf&iS f bk&m;\ork dif;uk d vnf; odMuolw d Yek nf;vSrnf r[kwaf y/ ok d YtwGu f trsm;aomvkyfom;jynfol wk d Y\ todOmPfy m; G tMunfñ drk sm;NyD; av;pm;ESpford hfMuygap&ef tvk d Yi mS used f; awmf&Sif bk&m;orkdif;tusOf;csKyfESihfwuG tqufqufjyKpkudk;uG,fMuaom aumif;rI&Siftaygif;wk Ydu dkyg tusOf;csKH;í wifjytpD&ifcHv dkuf&ygonf/
ausmufckwf& ma[mif G ; tv,fbek f;BuD;ausmif; d0kif;twGi;f ü wnf d&Sonf? t&HapwDrsm;pGmjzih f tpOfrjywf ud k;uG,fvmcJMh u\/ JyGawmfrsm;uk dvnf; ESpfpOf ESpfw dik f; usif;yay;vmcJ hojz fih vload usmMf um;vSaom &DrsKdawmf"mwfawmfwpf qljzpfc h&J \/ wnfxm;aomtvSL&Siu f du k m; rod&acs/ þ"mwfawmfonf bk&m; &S i f \ zm;rif ; wZmpf j zpf c J h & m XmewG i f wnf c J h o nf q k d \ / xk d a Mumih f ]]ptif;ausmufckwf? aMumifzm;½kyf}}[lí pyfqkdcsu df&Saeao;\/
ay:awmfr I (bk&m;aygif; ) bk&m; rif;jym;Nrd KUe,fajrmuf dyik ;f uHay;(uHaz)wk duw f iG f wnf d&o S nf/ Muufraus (i&r)&Gm? H'k;acsmif;&Gmwk dy\ tv,fwiG f usa&mufonf/ avmif;Muufacwfukefq H;k NyD;aemuf ajrmufOD;a&TNrKd Uawmfu dk OD;pG m yxr zefqif;wnfaxmifawmfrlaom rif;apmrGefrSpí rif;qufaygif; 35 quf ajrmufwGi f ajrmufOD;a&Teef;odrf;jref; dpk;tkyf rif;vkyfawmfrlaom pE´0dZ,rif; (ouú&mZf 1072)u wnfxm;cJ honf/ rdrEd fiS t h wl ol&aJ umif;rsm;\ vk dtifqE´ jynf h0atmifjrifMuí atmifjrifjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf wnfaobk&m;jzpfí atmifawmfrlb&k m;aygif;bk&m;[k ac:Muonf/ bk&m;a*gyutzG Y JJzYGpnf;vsuf ESpfpOf& dcki d½f ;k &musi Jyf ?G Zmwf JyrG sm;jz fih JyGawmfu dk pnfum;pG m usi;f yvmcJ hMuonf/
(c) &ck di jf ynfr if; jym;Nr KUd used ;f awmf &iS b f &k m;taMumif ; a[majymcsuf usdef;awmfbk&m;a& &ck difjynfrSm xif& m;a& S txdu& bk&m;"mwfwpfql
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
jzpfyga&/ bk&m;&Siv f Qm&if;"mwf DrGawmf\ ude;f 0yf&mvnf; jzpfyga& ,if;"mwf DrGawmfr mS Ak'¨\Asm'dwaf wmf&? ZD0 m"mwk S apwDtjzpf wnfxm;uk d;uG,fvmcpG m jzpfyga&/ ,if;awmifawmfjrwf d½ UrS k m bk&m;&Sif\twdwb f 0EkpOfu tjzpftrsK;d rsK;d eefYusifvnf usufpm;cpG m Xme½kd;jzpfawtwkdif; aemufaemift pOftquf wnfvwfuwfaw "mwf DrGawmf d½ Uuk k d &ck difjynfe,ft&yf&yfr mS t*kxt d xift &Sm; zl;wG D dYEkifyga&/ t*kajymca& Asm'dwf&"mwfawmftygt0ifjzpfaw atZD0 m"mwk S (ac:) vQm&if;"mwfawmfrsm t*krif;jym;NrKd U usdef;awmifr mS wnfxm;a& "mwfpmwDyif jzpfyga&/ bk&m;ork dif; d½k UrS m umvm*D&dawmif? *D&dyAÁwawmifv d Y k tac:wG d&yg d&S d½k;pOfquf& dcki df½ Uk tac:u umu*D&ad wmifv d Y k qk dyga&/ aemufaemifcg usD; awmif? ,if;uwpfcg usdef;awmifv d Yt k rnftrsK;d rsKd;ac:vma&vk dYvnf; &ck dify nm&Si½f kdU rSwfwrf;pma[mif; ed'gef;½kdUrSm tqkdjyKxm;yga&/bk&m;orkdif;vm Asm'dwfcef;ukd zGJYqkdxm;a& &ckdif&SdxkH;&mZm0ifvuFmrSm ]]jrwfoQifvlb? >ruf[rdefrY m?S Asm'dw[ f mum;? umvm*D&dwiG f bdomacgif? xk donfawmifr m?S igtavmif;awmf? pHaysmfr,Gif;? azmfcyif;ESihf usD;rif;wZmpf &Sdujzpfí? wnfvpfrSefp m?G ZD0SmpmwD? ac:nDwGifom;}}vk Ydpyfq dkxm;yga&/ ,if; dykif bk&m;&Sifa& usD;rif;wpfZmpfjzpfawtcg usD;om;tazmfig;&meef Y vSn fv h nfv d Ykvmyga&/ ,if;tcg atusdef;awmifu d k a&mufvwfv d Y k toD;tES H Y jynh f Hpk? ab;&efv HNk cHKa&;twGuf? ,if;awmifr myif S pm;okH;eDx dkif uwfvyD ga&/ vlwum½k dUuvnf; usD;taygif;aysmfpHeDaMumif;uk d jrifuwf&vk dY &Tifvef;0rf; ajrmufvu D yfyga&/ a,Zkeef Y,if; dykif usD;iSufom&um½k Ud aysmfjrL;uwfca&t wGuf d&S& dckif½ Ua& kd umum*D&dawmifv d Yk ac:vmcuwfyga&/ umuo'´ gonf usD;iSuo f mru yJys0H aJ ysmyf g; oG m;vmuwfaw iSut f aygif;uk d a[ma&vk d Yvnf; odMupDcsifyga&/ wpfc U½k sKd d Uuvnf; umum*D&u d dk &ck difbmomeef Y us;D uef;awmifv d Y k ac:vm uwfp muk G d aemuftcg pum;&T Dajymif;NyD;au usdef;awmifjzpfvmyga&vk d Y ,l q uwfyga&/ tcs U½k Kd d Uuvnf; bk&m;oQifa& usD;rif;wpfZmpfeef Ytawmifr mS aysmf usdef;eDca&twGu f usdef;awmifv Yk d ac:vm;&pG m jzpfw,fv Yk d qk dyga&/ ,if; dykif emrnf trsKd;rsKd;eef Y jzpfvm&auavh t*kv d½l Uu k usde;f awmifv d Y&k m ac:vmol
92
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
rsm;yga&/ usdef;awmfbk&m; "mwfawmfu d k &mZ0ift& &ck di df&Srif;tqufqufwnf vmcuwfawvk d Y qk dyga&/ rif;zavmif;"mwfwnfcef;rS m taomurif;? ZrÁL 'dyfuRef;vk;H uk d "mwfawmfpmwDwnfpDa& tcguyif wnfvma&vk d Y qk dyga&/ trSefr mS taomurif ;xHrS a0pk&onf htjzpfu dk taMumif;Mum;vma&twGuf &ck dif"n0wDb&k if ol&d,puúrif;(bDpD 315-271)txd? &S ifAmukv? &Sirf [m wdó d½kUu yihfaqmifykdYqufv&D jcif;yifjzpfyga&/ omoemouú&mZf 222 ckESpf bDp D 307 rS m <ua&mufvmvk d Y ,if;ESpw f ef; cl;vrSm wnfvm;vD&pGm jzpfyga&? ,if;ykdif taomurif; wnfvmcpGmu tp? ol&d,puúrif;? r[mpE´&m;rif; (c&pf-328)? oD&dpE´&m;rif;(c&pf 638) av;NrdKUacwfwGif rif;&ifjzL (c&pf 847)? aumvd,rif; (c&pf 1123)? 'o&mzmrif;c&pf(1139)? rif;xD;(c&pf 1213)? xk daemuf rif;apmrGe f (c&pf 1431)u pE´0dZ,rif; c&pf (1700)xd? &ck difrif;½k Uzk d d ;zD;zpOfquf? qufum wnfca&vk dY od&yga&/ ,if;u qif;oufv d Y k tpOfrjywf? uk d;uG,fvmNy;D au (c&pf 1868)ckESpf rS m rif;jym;NrKd Uukd t*Fvyd df½ Uu k NrdKUtjzpfwnfcsvma&tcg e,f dykifNrKd d Uyki df½ Uvnf k ; jyKpkcuwfyga&/ awmifxyd u f awmifatmufta&muf wufvrf;teuf vS Dum; &Snw f pfcq k dkygau ay(930)[dyga&/ txpfaygif; (650)xpfyg&S da&/ vkyfcwef bkd;rS m wpfaomif;ESpfaxmif ukefusa&vk Yd a'gufwmzkdcsr m® (Forchammer. E. Arakan 1891)u rSwfwrf;rSm azmfjyxm;yga&/ aemufu dk rif;jym;NrdK d Uykif omyef;vufxuf bk&m;toif;wpfc Jkz YGv dYk c&pf (1908)rS m pmwDu d k xD;wif? txufatmufa&TcsNyD;um rGrf;rHvaD &vk d Y? xd;awmf wifz YGJrSm rSwfwrf;pyfq dkxm;yga&/ ,if;aemufNrdKU dykifrif; OD;vSxeG f;OD; (c&pf 1910)tjyif? NrdKUvlBuD;rsm;? wkdufe,fvlrsm;wkdYu apmif;wef;tkwfavSum; vrf;rsm;ukyd g jyKjyifvmuwfawtwGuf? rysufrpD;bJ t*kx d xif& m;pG S m wnf vm&yga&/ t*kq dkau apwDawmfr mS tjrif h (48)ay? 3 vufr? ywfvnf (80)ay 4 vufr? xD;u (10)ay 10 vufr[dedyga&/ usdef;awmifb&k m;uk d 414 ayjr fiha&? usdef;awmifxdyfzsm;rS m wnf d&Sa& twGuf wif hw,fyPÖ m&vSyga&? zl;jrif&olt dzk Yvnf; uko dv k x f ;l yga&? awmifr mS vnf; (3)rkdix f d &Snfvsm;oG,w f ef;Ny;D auobm0awmNrKd io f pfyifyef;rmvf d½ Uk
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
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KYINN-TAUNG PAGADA OF MINBYA One of the holiest sites in the whole of Rakhine State, Kyinntoung Pagoda is the one in which root of the tongue relic of Lord Buddha has been enshrined. The Pagoda has been built and worshipped according to fthe preordainment of the Blessed One during His sojourn in Dynayawady Rakhineland. Tradition hs it that the hill range on which the relic has beem enshrined in a pagoda is a sacred place where the Great Teacher in one of His former existences had lived. In historical annals, the hill range was known as ''Karlargiri" or ''Giripabhata" Traditional Rakhine name for the range is ''Karkagiri" Arterwards, it is changed into'Kyiitaung" or "Kyinn-Taung" Here is an extract of a Rakhine-traditional verse on its religious history describing the preordainment of the Lord during His stop over at Silagiri Hill. ''...The Blessed One, Great Teacher of Men Preordained oncef that Karlargiri, The sacred Hill, where lived The Master as King of Parrots Together with fellow birds. The said site be the location Whereupon the tongue root relic Of the Lord be enshrined In the Pagoda, Zihwar Ceti" During one of the Lord's fromer existences King of Parrots, he flew towards the present hill range together wiht five hendred fellow parrots. Being a place where security was assured and there were abundant of fruits and foods the flock of birds settled along the range. The people living around the area were also enjoyed to see them dwelling together harmoniously. So did the hill range become known as Karkargiri hill, meaning the hill where the holy parrots had lived. "Karka", in Pali, means not only parrots but birds of different feathers. Some believe that"Karkargin" which is translated into RaKhine as "Kyeekann-taung" (the hill where holy crows had lived) has changed into "Kyin-taung". Others ponder that as the holy King of Parrots had dwelled and slept there its name naturatly has been known
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as kyinn-taung. "Kyinn", in native language, means "to sleep". The present name of the range is "Kyinn-taung" According to our historical annals, many ancient Rakhine kings have renovated and restored the famous pagoda time and again. In the treatise on ''King Mong Phalaung's Religious Deeds Concerning Holy Relics of Lord Buddha" the "Kyinn-taung Pagoda" is one of the meritorious deeds of King Asoka of Pataliputta in India. As a matter of fact, King Asoka shared the sacred relics to King Suriya Sakka (315271 B.C) of Rakhine Dynyawady kimgdom sending a formal message. The relics were brought to Rakhing land by Bhikkhu Vakula and Bhikkhu Maha Tissa personally. In the Year 307 B.C. (Buddhist sasana era 222), The reverend Bhikkhus arrived at Dynyawady and the relics were duly enshrined including tongue root relics of the Great Teacher. Since its inception, Rakhine kings such as Suriya Sakka, Maha Taing Candra (A.D 328), Thiri Candra (A.D. 638), King Mong Runpru (A.D. 847), King Kawliya(A.D. 1123), King Dasaraja(A.D. 1139) and King Mong Htee had renovated and reconstructed the sacred edifice now again. King Saw Mwan(A.D 1431)and King Sanda Wizaya (A.D. 1710) of Mrauk-U period had also a hand in its upkeep. When Minbya town was founded in 1868, the township authorities restored and repaired the pagoda on many occasions. A brick flight of stairs 930 feet in length leading to the pagoda platform which has 650 stairs was added to it. It had cost ten thousand kyats, recorded in Dr. Forchammer's book entitle "Arakan, 1891." During his tenure as Township Administrative Officer, U Tha Pan set up a pagoda trustee board in 1908 gilded the edifice f rom top to bottom and a new "hti" (umbrella) was hoisted. It was mentioned in a poem for memorial of the event. In 1910, Township Adminsitrative Officer U Hla Tun Oo in collaboration with town elders and local populace built the covered stairway, a flight of stairs made of brick and roads to and around the religiouns monument. They all are still in use. The presetn measurements of the Pagoda is forty-eight feet and three inches in height, eighty feet and four inches in circumference at the basement and the height of the " hti"(umbrella), ten feet and ten inches. Being situated on a hillock four hundred and fourteen feet high, the Kyinn-taung Pagoda is definitely befitting to be observed. For those who happen to obsesrve it may gain merit. The hill range running for about three miles covered with natural forests and dotted
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with flowering trees appeal many a sight-seer. Villages all round the area go well with the pagoda and the fantastic range. Natural beauty surrounding the sacred pagoda is something like a painting of a great artist. Birds of various kinds and colours flying to and fro and resting here and there in groups or pairs, singing their lovely songs match the scenic beauty of the sacred place. To observe to the east from the hill top in clear weather, one may be over whelmed with admiration at the creation of Injananadi (Lemro River) and Minbya town situated on the left bank of it. Minbya locates about 30 miles to t he north-east of Sittwe as the crow-flies. Sprawling at the easterm foothill of the Kyinn-taung range, the town should be befittingly christened Kyinn-myo. Since ancient times places such as village-tract, administive area and the town inself had been named after the exotic mountain range. Kyimm-taung Pagoda has been the famous religious edifice since it has been built and worshipped long, long ago. The religious festival, Buddha Pujaniya, has been held at the site annually in memory of the Great Teacher. Especially on Warkywat (End of Buddhist Lent) and Thong-kran (New Year) celebrations, the local populace, in groups, can be seen coming in processing to worship the sacred zedi dancing and beating traditional Rakhine drums in tune with the religious occasions. One noted Rakhine author penned the following piece of verse on such occasion: ''...As many a man observe the shrine, Definitely be overwhelmed with with religious f ervour, All applaud on such religious occasions, Compounded with beating of drums. Echoed reaching far and wide So is held the festival annually At the sacred site of pagoda Kyinn-taw-shin" At present, the religious monument is illuminated with electric lights at night so that it looks more marvellous. The history of the pagoda has been recorded in a book written by Bikkhu U Kitti, a native of Minbya, who was a Buddhist missionary in India. The book was published in 1947 (1309 Rakhine Era). In that book, it is mentioned that the sacred relics of the Blessed One were conveyed to Rakhine King from King Asoka of India. A large number of ancient religious monuments throughout the length and breadth of Rakhineland in different ages prove that the Buddhistic culture has taken root in
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Rakhine State since long, long ago and without interruption. We, Rakhies, shoud, individually and in gruoups, preserve and develop every aspect of our culture handed down by our ancestors with our utmost efforts.
(Written by Ashun Sakkinda and translated by U Ah Lonn Maung)
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(ausmif;q&m? ,l dEkufwuf"mwfykHqkid f) / ('kBuD;Muyfa&;rSL;? dpkuf^bPf) / (BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;? pkdufysKd;a&;bPf ) / (NrdKUe,fOya't&m&Sd) / (usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;a*gyu) / (NrdKUe,fr efae*sm? pkdufysKd; a&;bPf) / ('kOD;pD;rSL;? jyef^quf) / (NrdKUe,fq&m0ef) / (&yfrd&yfz) / (ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;? tvu 2) / (&0w pma&;) / (usef;rma&;rSL;) / (&yfrd^&yfz) / (pm&if;ppfrSL;) / (pm&if;ppfrSL;) / (owif ;pmuk, d pf m;vS ,f) wG JbuftwGif;a&;rSL; (NrdKUe,fw&m;olBuD;) twGif;a&;rSL;
ork di;f jyKpka&;vkyif ef; qyfa umfr wD (1) OD;aZmfrif; (2) OD;OD;bodef; (3) OD; armifa usmf0 if; (4) OD; armifo ed ;f xG ef; (5) OD; pH ñGe Yf (6) ODausmfarmif (7) OD;armifodef;ZH (8) OD;bapm (9) OD;oef;jrifh (10) OD;armifa&Tausmf (11) OD;armifjratmif
(NrdKUe,fw&m;olBuD;) OuúX (ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;? tvu 2) 'kOuúX (trIa qmift &m&Sd? pnfyif) twGif;a&;rSL; (owif ;pmuk, d fpm;vS, )f wGJ-twGif;a&;rSLK; 1) (pkduf^bPf) wG J-twGif;a&;rSl; 2) ('kN rdK Ue,f Oya't&m&Sd) tzGJ0Y if (&0wpma&;) / (pkduf^bPf) / (ukefoG,fv,f,m) / (em&Dq&m) / (pufq&m0 /
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0 (12) OD;jrpdef (13) OD;apmaomif; (14) OD;bwif (15) OD;oef;xGef;
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
(em&Dq&m) (usef;rma&;rSL;) (a&cJpufykdif&Sif) ("mwfykH)
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
/ / / /
b@ma&;qyfa umfr wD (1) OD;pdefomatmif (2) OD ;atmif a usmf0 if; (3) OD;ausmfrif; (4) OD;teDarmif (5) OD;a&TjrxGef; (6) OD;armifomjr (7) OD;cifarmif (8) OD;armifpdefat; (9) OD;armifarmifxGef; (10) OD;oef;jrifh
(a*gyu) (trI a qmift &m&S?d pnfyif) ('kNrdKUe,f Oya't&m&Sd) (a*gyu) (v0u) (pkduf^bPf) (&JwyfzGJY) (a*gyu) (a&cJykZGef'kdif) (ukefoG,frefae*sm)
Ouú| 'k Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; tzGJY0if / / / / / /
pm&if; ppfa umfr wD (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
OD;ausmf&Sdef NrdKYe,fpm&if;½kH; a':cifo ef ;Munf OD; atmifo mjr OD; armifo mjr OD; wifa rmif vG if
usrf ;uk d;pm&if ; - &ckdijf ynf A sm 'dw f 0if" mwf a wmf bk& m;orkid ;f (trsK;d om; OD;pHa&Tb )k puúLrl? ayrl/ - 0ifo H;k q,fusrf; 0if 60 usrf;(ayrl )
98
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
- r[mrkedb&k m;orkdif;vuFma[mif; - NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHq dk&wk? (aumZm 1200 cef )(ayrl Y ) - r[mjrwfrek dbk&m;BuD;orkdif;ESi hf OD;&mZfawmfbk&m;BuD;orkd if;vuF m? (wef dck;q&mxGef;) 1293 ckESpf? r[m0dZ myk Æ dHESyfw dkuf? &efukefNrdKU/ - ajrmufOD;NrdKUbk&m;ork dif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dw )f 1940 ckESpf jynfawmfom pmyk H dESyfw dkuf &efukef - OD;&mZfawmfbk&m;BuD;ork dif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dw )f 1948 ckESpf? &ck difjynfe,f pmyk dHESyfwku d f? ppfawGNrdKU/ - OD;&mZfoQifcspf "mwfawmforkdif; (OD;armifabmf)vrf;rSepf mykHESdyfwkd uf? ppfawGNrdKU? 1323 ckESpf/ - qHawmf&SifapwDawmfo drkif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dw )f - ig;pif d½kif;acsmif;uRef;orkdif;ESihf ax&marmfuGef; (toQifpuúdE´) 1973 ckESpf &efukef? 1982 ckESpf &efukef/ - jynfwGif;rukd#f"mwfOD;&mZforkdif;(toQifpuúdE´) 1993 ckESpf od d'¨NrdKify dkHESyfwkduf? &efukeNf rdKU/ - &ck difr[mrk edbk&m;ork dif;/ (xGef;a&Tckdif ? r[m0dZÆm) 1991 ckESpf &efukefNrdKU/ - vuf0o J vkH;awmf"mwfo drkif;ESihf ppfawGNrdKUtaMumif; (toQifpuúdE´) 1994 ckESpf atmif0if;odef;yk dHESyfw dkuf? &efukefNrdKU/ - usdef;bk&m;ork dif;? (OD;udwå?d Ncdwfawmfrif;jym;NrdKU 1309 ck orpmyk dHESyf wku d ?f &efukefNrKd Y/ - r[mrked&mZ0iftusOf; (a&TapwDq&mawmf? ppfawGNrdKU) - a&TqHawmfapwDo drkif; (t&Sifaumov’) 1988 ck &efuek f/ - Ak'¨a*gwrES fih pE´ol&d,bk&if (OD;vSxGef;jzL) - at'Dwpfaxmif rwk difrDu &ckdifjynf\ Ak'¨bmom (OD;pHomatmif ) &ckdifjynfe,fpmapmiftwGJ(9) - &ck difjynfe,f Ak'¨omoem (a*g,majrapm0if;) 1994 ck &efuk ef/ - "mwkeD'ge'Dyuusrf;(ref;eD vmq&mawmf) 1303 ckESpf &efukef/ - &ck difE fSihq dkif&m r*¾Zif;rsm;? pmapmifrsm;? *sme,f rsm;/ - OD;puú dE´? rif;odef;xGef;? rif;odef;ZHw d Yk\ rSwfpkrsm;/
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if 0go0
rif;jym;wcG jym;wcGif
us usdde;f aawmf wmf& f Si f
- usdef;awmf"mwfawmfb&k m;&Sif\ a*gyutzG J Y rSww f rf;rSwf&m 1991 ck/ - a*gy utoif; tzG JY0if vlBuD;a[mif;rsm;ES fih NrdKUay:rS awG d U&Sar;jref;&&Sd csufrsm;(1996 ckESpf)/ - San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan - Forchammer, E, Arakan (1891) - Smart R.B, Akyab District Gagetteer Vol. A)
- &ckdifrif;\ orD;awmf{csif;(trwfBuD;twkrif;ñkd) - "n0wDta&;awmf Hykusrf; (u0dom&q&mawmf? oHw )GJ - &ckid fr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; (OD;omxGef;atmif) 1288 ckESpf &ckdifjynfowif;pmyk H dESyfw dkufBu FD;? ppfawGNrdKU - "n0wD&mZ0ifopfusrf; (OD;y@dwvuF m&? yJcl;rif;ausmif;) 1910 ckESpf/ - &ckdif&mZ0ifopf(y)('k) OD;pE´rmvmvuFm&q&mawmf 1293 ckESpf [Hom0wD yd#uwf Hy dkESyfwku d ?f rEÅ av;NrdKU/ - "n0wD&mZ0ifopfusrf; y-'k(OD;OmP? txufawmifausmif;) [Hom0wD Hy dkESyfw dkuf? &efukef/ - &ckdif&mZ0if (OD;atmifomOD;) jr&wemykHESdyfw dkuf? &efukef/ - &ckdifa&S;a[mif;Nrd KUawmfrsm; (xGef;a&T dckifppfawGaumvdy )f 1985 ckESpf od d'¨NrdKi f pmyk HESdyfw du k f? &efuek fNrdKU/ - &ckdifrif;quf (vufa&;rl )t&Sifpuúd E )/´ - &ckdifjynfe,fjzpfpOf(&ckdifjynfe,fjynfolYaumifpD)rdwåL/ - rif;jym;Nrd KUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf; (1968 ck ESpf evu)(rdwåL) - rif ;jym;NrKd Ue,fo drkif;rSwfwrf; (1980 ckESpf evu)ygwD? aumifpD? (rdwåL) NrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpD/ rif;jym;NrdKU/ - a&Tusdef;awmifbk&m;? rif;jym;NrdKU/ orkid f;rdwfquf rif;odPf;xGPf;ESih f (3)OD; (rdwåL)1988 ckESpf/ - rif;&mZmBuD;pmwrf;? (trsKd;om;pmMunhfwkduf)/ - &mZyk Husrf; ( / ) - &mZ0ifvuFmrsm;/ (0g;ausmif;irnf; OD;pHwif? a&S;xk H;ivuf H½k;)/
99
t&S if puú E´d ç t&S if0go0 -
rif;jjym;wcG ym;wcGif
&ckdifw dkif; yx0DtusOf; (OD;pdefa&Tatmif) &u©y&l Ak'¨omoema&mifjcnf(pmapmif)&efuke/f &u©y&l Ak'o ¨ moemtvif;a&mif(pmapmif)&efukef/ &ck dif,Ofaus;rIrsm; (1? 2? 3? 4)(OD ;puú dE )/´ a&Tu sde;f awmif (q&mOD;atmifrif;)/
usd wmf& f iS f used f;aawmf
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