Speak Cherokee
Content
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ! Speak Cherokee! Volume I
Michael W S Joyner
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Dedication
To Ray Cochran - without his inspiration in working to keep the Cherokee culture and language alive, even amidst his pain, this work would probably not have come about.
Notice
Language and culture which are not shared and taught openly and freely will die. If our language and culture die, as a people, so do we. —ᎹᎦᎵ
Copyright 2010 - All Rights Reserved
ISBN: 978-0-557-68640-7 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons AttributionShare Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
In Summary:1
You are free: • to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work. • to Remix — to adapt the work. Under the following conditions: • Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). • Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.
1 The summary is not the license. It is simply a handy reference for understanding the license and as such, has no legal value.
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With the understanding that: • Waiver — Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. • Other Rights — In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:
– Your fair dealing or fair use rights; – Apart from the remix rights granted under this license, the
author’s moral rights;
– Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or
in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. • Notice — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/ 3.0/us/.
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Contributors
• Ray Cochran <Hawk’s Calls> (language consultation) • Charles E. Kauffman (voice for audio disks, language consultation, flute player) • Sagonige Asaladisgi ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏌᎳᏗᏍᎩ (language consultation) • ᏕᎳᎧᏘᏯ ᏗᎵᏔᏕᎩ, ᎠᏁᏢᏗᏍᎩ (language consultation) • Katrina Joyner, Graphics Arts, Book-cover.
Appreciation to:
Sequoyah - For creating the Syllabary. To the LYX, XeTEX, Ubuntu, and other Open Source Software projects for creating the software used to generate these materials. http:// www.lyx.org/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XeTeX, http://www. ubuntu.com/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source. To Leanne Hinton for her invaluable work on methodologies for teaching languages where fluency is low or non-existent, without whom the structure and inspiration for these materials would not have existed. “How to Teach when the Teacher Isn’t Fluent.” http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/fac/hinton.html, To Dr. Pimsleur for “Graduated Interval Recall”, a much changed version of which is used in the audio lessons.2 http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Graduated_interval_recall The Cherokee Unicode fonts page: http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/ Fonts_Cherokee.html
Referenced materials:
• ᏗᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎸᏍᎦ (Writing Cherokee) - ISBN: 1884655-23-8 • ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᏕᎵᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ (Beginning Cherokee) - ISBN: 0-8061-1463-0 • Cherokee/English Dictionary - ISBN: none
2 The intervals published in his paper were: 5 seconds, 25 seconds, 2 minutes, 10 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours, 1 day, 5 days, 25 days, 4 months, 2 years.
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• Cherokee English / Cherokee Glossary - ISBN: 1-884655-63-7 • Cherokee Parenting Phrases - ISBN: 1-884655-64-5 • Cherokee Study Course - ISBN: 1-882182-02-2 • Conjugation Made Easy / Cherokee Verb Study - ISBN: 1-88218234-0 • Conversation Starters in Cherokee - ISBN: 1-882182-42-1 • Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary - ISBN: none • Possessives in Cherokee Made Easy - ISBN: 1-882182-39-1 • A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee - (http: //kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/4212/ 1/umi-ku-2613_1.pdf)
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Preface
This book and accompanying audio covers basic pronunciation, a few introductory phrases, bound pronouns, basic sentence structure, and introduces some of the requirements of word agreement. Please keep in mind that many of the sentences used in this material are here only to demonstrate grammar, not provide examples of everyday speech, and are many times non-sensible from a normal conversational point of view. If you find what you believe to be an error in this material, would like to make a suggestion or comment, or want to obtain the most recent revision, please visit us on the web at: http://www.cherokeelessons. com/. When referencing this material, please be sure to notate the document revision tag: $Revision: 3.41 $.
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Contents
Contents 1 First Lesson
1.1 Accompanying Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 On-line Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Getting the most out of this material. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Syllabary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 “You” vs “You” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Let us say the letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Syllabary, with markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Syllabary, without markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix 1
1 2 2 4 4 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 11
2 Second Lesson
2.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Syllabary Speaking Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
13
13 13 15 15 16
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
3 Third Lesson
3.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Pronunciation Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
17 17 19 19 21 23
4 Fourth Lesson
4.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Pronouns & Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
25 25 27 29 32
5 Fifth Lesson
5.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Plurals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 One Person vs Many People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 One Thing vs Many Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Plural Describing Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Plurals Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 It vs Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
33 33 35 35 36 36 37 44 46 49 51
6 Sixth Lesson
6.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Cherokee Reading 6.3 ale/-hno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
53 53 55 57 60
6.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
7 Seventh Lesson
7.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Formal vs Informal Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Talking About the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Vocabulary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
63 63 65 66 67 69 71 73
8 Eighth Lesson
8.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Word order revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
75 75 78 85 87 88
9 Ninth Lesson
9.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Clitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Habitually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
89 89 91 94 95 99 99
10 Tenth Lesson
101
10.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 10.2 Future tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Eleventh Lesson
103
11.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 xi
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
12 Twelth Lesson
105
12.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
13 Thirteenth Lesson
107
13.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 13.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 13.3 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14 Fourteenth Lesson
111
14.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 14.2 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
15 Fifteenth Lesson
113
15.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.2 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.4 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 15.5 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A Answers
117
A.1 Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 A.2 Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 A.3 Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 A.4 Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 A.5 Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 A.6 Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 A.7 Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
B Additional Resources
143
B.1 The Leitner System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 B.2 Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 $Revision: 3.41 $ $Date: 2011/07/08 12:15:41 $ UTC xii
Chapter 1
ᎢᎬᏱᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
The Cherokee syllabary is a syllabary invented by Sequoyah to write the Cherokee language in 1819. Each of the characters represents one syllable. The syllabary achieved almost instantaneous popularity, and for decades was used in the Cherokee Phoenix, a Cherokee newspaper. It has been used since it was formed to write letters, keep diaries, and record medical formulas. Although little new material is published in Cherokee, it is still used today to transcribe recipes, religious lore, folktales, etc. Knowledge of the syllabary is considered necessary for full Cherokee citizenship. According to evidence as of 1980, the (Western) Cherokee language is still spoken both formally and informally by around 10,000 people. The language remains strong, as the number of speakers has been continuing to increase since 1930. Cherokee languages classes typically begin with a transliteration of Cherokee into Roman letters, only later incorporating the syllabary. The syllabary is finding increasingly diverse usage today, from books, newspapers, and websites to the street signs of Tahlequah, Oklahoma and Cherokee, North Carolina. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_alphabet
1.1
Accompanying Audio
The accompanying audio is available for download from http://www. cherokeelessons.com/ at no charge. If you prefer, you can purchase 1
1.2. ON-LINE SUPPORT
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
a physical disk containing the audio for this book as DRM-free MP3 files from http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/wolfieee.
1.2
On-line Support
It is strongly recommended that you join the on-line Cherokee Lessons website forum. Sign up is fast, free, and easy. Just visit http: //www.cherokeelessons.com/ and click on “Cherokee Discussions”. You will find people of all skill levels willing to help you in your journey of learning to speak, read, and write Cherokee.
1.3
1.3.1
Getting the most out of this material.
Dull repetition is not the answer!
For you to be able to learn the Cherokee Language and Syllabary, you need the vocabulary presented to you in a specially ordered fashion. Simply starting out by repeating a word over and over will not work. Your brain will quickly become numb to the information you are trying to learn and you will encounter great difficulty going beyond a dozen or so words. Instead what needs to done is to have a challenge and response exercise in a specially crafted pattern that prevents the brain from becoming quickly numb to what we are trying to learn, giving us the ability to learn all great many words in very short order with a much longer retention time.
1.3.2
Graduated Interval Recall is the answer.
1.3.2.1 Paraphrased from Wikipedia :
Graduated-interval recall is a specific method of spaced repetition, published by Paul Pimsleur in 1967. It is particularly suited to programmed audio instruction due to the very short times (measured in seconds or minutes) between the first few repetitions, unlike other forms of spaced repetition which may not require such precise timings. Graduated Interval Recall is a complex name for a very simple theory about memory. No aspect of learning a foreign language is more important than memory, yet before 2
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.3. GETTING THE MOST OUT OF THIS MATERIAL. Dr. Pimsleur’s work, no one had explored more effective ways for building language memory. In his research, Dr. Pimsleur discovered how long students remembered new information and at what intervals they needed to be reminded of it. If reminded too soon or too late, they failed to retain the information.
1.3.3
How Graduated Interval Recall fits in.
After studying Dr. Pimsleur’s Graduated Interval Recall methodology, I created special audio files to accompany this printed material for the different groupings of the Cherokee Vocabulary presented in this material, including bound pronouns and other associated word forms. If you did receive a copy of these audio files, please visit http:// www.cherokeelessons.com/ to download them free of charge. While there, please join the forums for free language assistance and all around general chat.
1.3.4
Audio Lesson Structure
Each set of audio lessons is composed of three main components:
1.3.4.1 Syllabary Dictation Exercises
Learning to write and read Cherokee is very important for long term language retention and on-line communication.
1.3.4.2 General Lectures
They explain important concepts like how plurals work, etc. You should be able to follow along with the printed material very closely. Even if you don’t understand the lectures in entirety, listen through each lecture at least once before doing the following vocabulary exercises. If you find anything confusing and would like assistance, please visit us on the web at http://www.cherokeelessons.com/. 3
1.4. SYLLABARY
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.3.4.3 Vocabulary Exercises
This is where you will learn most of your vocabulary. Most individuals will need to repeat these exercises several times. These are the challenge response audio files that have been crafted based on the concepts behind the “Graduated Interval Recall” method.1
1.4
Syllabary
The Cherokee Alphabet is composed of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables, which make up words. This is why it is called a syllabary. A symbol in the Cherokee Syllabary typically represents a consonant sound followed by an optional vowel sound.2
1.5
Speaking
To speak Cherokee correctly, keep you lips still and the front of your tongue against your lower front teach. One is supposed to use the middle of your tongue to make the “s”, “l”, and other sounds, not the tongue’s tip. This takes practice, don’t give up.
1.5.1
Tone
In the Durbin Feeling Dictionary and other source materials you will see references to pitch or tone. In most cases, the pitch or tone of a word or phrase does not impact its meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Here we compare the Cherokee for salt and water: • The Cherokee for water, “a-MA”, has a shortened “a” that is of a lower tone. • The Cherokee for salt, “A-ma”, has both syllables of about equal length and of equal tone.
1 The example ”timings” as published, were not used. His paper clearly states they were only for example usage, and were not the actual numbers he came up with that matched his student population at the time of the study. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary
4
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON Cherokee ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ Pronunciation a-MA A-ma Meaning water salt
1.5. SPEAKING
You can also compare the musical scores representing pronunciation between the two:
1.5.2
Glottal stops
The glottal stop is a type of consonant sound used in many spoken languages. They are very common in Cherokee and the pronunciation column will be using a “?” to represent them. English examples of glottal stops are the pause in “uh-oh!” and the “tt” in “mitten” or “bitten”. When you see a “?” in the pronunciation column, you should pause briefly before going on to the next syllable.
1.5.3
The Intrusive “H”
Periodically you will see an an extra “h” added to the beginning of a syllable in the pronunciation column, even though the matching syllabary does not start with an “h”. Except for the letters Ꮏ, “hna”, and Ꮐ, “nah”, this sound is not written. As the amount of “intrusive h” you will encounter will vary from speaker to speaker, you will hear some words with it, others without it.
1.5.4
“gi”? “ki”? “do”? “to”?
Sometimes you will see “ki”, “ko”, “ke”, or “to” in the pronunciation column, and the Cherokee letters for “gi”, “go”, “ge”, and “do” in the Syllabary column. Native speakers are accustomed to varying some “g” sounds towards “k” sounds and varying some “d” sounds towards “t” sounds. This can also be heard when you hear different people reciting the Syllabary as some individuals substitute “gw” for “qu”. 5
1.6. “YOU” VS “YOU”
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.5.5
“tla”? “hla”?
Throughout this material, the syllables “tla”, “tle”, “tli”, “tlo”, “tlu”, and “tlv” can also be voiced “hla”, “hle”, “hli”, “hlo”, “hlu”, and “hlv” and you will see both forms used interchangeably in the pronunciation column. When voicing the “tl”/“hl” sound, one should drop the tongue straight down, which causes both “tla” and “hla” to sound almost alike.
1.5.6
Nasalization.
The “v” sound is always nasalized. The last syllable in each word is many times nasalized.
1.6
“You” vs “You”
In this and future lessons, you will see references to “You”, “You and I”, “You Two”, “You All”, etc. Unlike English, Cherokee speech specifies relationships of “one to one”, “one to two”, “one to many”, “one to many but not you”, etc. While a strange concept at first for non-native Cherokee speakers, with a little practice, these relationships will become second nature and a natural part of your everyday Cherokee speech. From this point onwards, if a quantity of people is not specified when using the word “you”, assume “you” is referring to a single person.
1.7
Writing
In this material are two Syllabary charts: one with English pronunciation marks (see Section 1.10 on page 8) and one without English pronunciation marks (see Section 1.11 on page 9), after your penmanship exercises, try sounding out each of the Syllabary characters starting where your penmanship exercises left off and working in reverse till you reach “Ꭰ”. Try using the chart that does not have any pronunciation marks, referring to the one with pronunciation marks only as a last resort. To be able to read and write Cherokee, you need to learn the Syllabary by writing it, not just reading it. You must do the penmanship exercises, making sure to sound out the letters each time you write them. 6
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.8. LET US SAY THE LETTERS.
1.8
Let us say the letters.
Trying to keep you tongue against your lower front teeth and moving your lips as little as possible, practice sounding out each of the characters on the Syllabary on the following page. Repeat aloud along with the Syllabary on page 9 and the Syllabary sounds audio included on the Chapter 1 audio disk. Try and keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
1.9
Vocabulary
Exercise 1.1. Create flash cards from the following vocabulary list with
the Cherokee words from the pronunciation column on one side and the English words on the other side. The act of creating your own flash cards helps with the learning process. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Make sure your group has learned all of these phrases before moving on to the next section. For most effective use of your flash cards, use the Leitner system. See Section B.1 on page 143. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏏᏲ Ꮒ ᎠᏲ ᎥᏍᎩᎩ ᎰᏩ Pronunciation o’-si-yo’ ni! a-yo! v-s-gi-gi ho-wa. English Translation Hello. Look at that! Ouch! Really? All right. Okay. Agreement.
Exercise 1.2. Add the following vocabulary to your flash cards. With
your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Make sure your group has learned all of these phrases before moving on to the next section. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᎥ Ꮭ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏲᏁᎦ Pronunciation v: v’ tla’ (hla’) ja-la-gi yo-ne-ga English Translation Yes No Cherokee English
7
1.10
Ꭵv Ꭼ gv Ꮂ hv Ꮈ lv Ꮕ nv Ꮛ quv Ꮢ sv Ꮫ dv Ꮲ tlv Ꮸ jv Ꮾ wv Ᏼ yv
1.10. SYLLABARY, WITH MARKINGS. CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
The Cherokee Syllabary, with English markings.
8
Ꭰa Ꭶ ga Ꭷ ka Ꭽ ha Ꮃ la Ꮉ ma Ꮎ na Ꮏ hna Ꮐ nah Ꮖ qua Ꮜ sa Ꮝ s Ꮣ da Ꮤ ta Ꮬ dla Ꮭ tla Ꮳ ja Ꮹ wa Ꮿ ya
Ꭱe Ꭸ ge Ꭾ he Ꮄ le Ꮊ me Ꮑ ne Ꮗ que Ꮞ se Ꮥ de Ꮦ te Ꮮ tle Ꮴ je Ꮺ we Ᏸ ye
Ꭲi Ꭹ gi Ꭿ hi Ꮅ li Ꮋ mi Ꮒ ni Ꮘ qui Ꮟ si Ꮧ di Ꮨ ti Ꮯ tli Ꮵ ji Ꮻ wi Ᏹ yi
Ꭳo Ꭺ go Ꮀ ho Ꮆ lo Ꮌ mo Ꮓ no Ꮙ quo Ꮠ so Ꮩ do Ꮰ tlo Ꮶ jo Ꮼ wo Ᏺ yo
Ꭴu Ꭻ gu Ꮁ hu Ꮇ lu Ꮍ mu Ꮔ nu Ꮚ quu Ꮡ su Ꮪ du Ꮱ tlu Ꮷ ju Ꮽ wu Ᏻ yu
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.11. SYLLABARY, WITHOUT MARKINGS.
1.11
The Cherokee Syllabary, without English markings.
Ꭰ Ꭶ Ꭽ Ꮃ Ꮉ Ꮎ Ꮖ Ꮜ Ꮣ Ꮬ Ꮳ Ꮹ Ꮿ
1.12
Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ Ꭾ Ꭿ Ꮀ Ꮁ Ꮄ Ꮅ Ꮆ Ꮇ Ꮊ Ꮋ Ꮌ Ꮍ Ꮏ Ꮐ Ꮑ Ꮒ Ꮓ Ꮔ Ꮗ Ꮘ Ꮙ Ꮚ Ꮝ Ꮞ Ꮟ Ꮠ Ꮡ Ꮥ Ꮦ Ꮧ Ꮨ Ꮩ Ꮪ Ꮤ Ꮭ Ꮮ Ꮯ Ꮰ Ꮱ Ꮴ Ꮵ Ꮶ Ꮷ Ꮺ Ꮻ Ꮼ Ꮽ Ᏸ Ᏹ Ᏺ Ᏻ
English Markings Pronunciation Guide.
Ꭵ Ꭼ Ꮂ Ꮈ Ꮕ Ꮛ Ꮢ Ꮫ Ꮲ Ꮸ Ꮾ Ᏼ
Key to Pronunciation3 Vowel Sounds
a: as (a) in father, or short as (a) in rival e: as (a) in hate, or short as (e) in met
3 This abbreviated pronunciation guide is adapted from the more complete pronunciation guide as used in Beginning Cherokee ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᏕᎵᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ by Ruth Bradley Holmes and Betty Sharp Smith. Additional information was adapted from the Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary by Prentice Robinson.
9
1.12. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
i: as (i) in pique or pig, or short as (i) in pit o: as (o) in note, approaching (aw) in law u: as (oo) in fool, or short as (u) in pull v: as (u) in but, nasalized
Consonant Sounds
g: nearly as in English (g)oat, but approaching to (k)ite. So that syllables beginning with g, except Ꭶ (ga) will sometimes sound like (k). d: nearly as in English (d)am, but approaching to (t)ask. In addition, as there are no (to), (tu), and (tv) symbols, words pronounced with these sounds are written with the Ꮩ (do), Ꮪ (du), or Ꮫ (dv) symbols. One has to remember the pronunciation. h k l m n q s t w y as in English. The Ꮖ (qua), Ꮗ (que), Ꮘ (qui), Ꮙ (quo), Ꮚ (quu), and Ꮛ (quv) are pronounced as though they were kwa, kwe, kwi, kwo, kwu, and kwv. Syllables written with (tl) except Ꮭ (tla) sometimes sound more like they start with (dl). When pronouncing the dla, tla, tle, tli, tlo, tlu, and tlv, place the tongue at the roof of the mouth and bring it down as you speak these syllables. The j in Ꮳ (ja), Ꮴ (je), Ꮵ (ji), Ꮶ (jo), Ꮷ (ju), and Ꮸ (jv) normally has the sound of the (j) as in jaunt.4 The Syllabary does not provide symbols to indicate unvoiced vowels, glottal stops, lengthened vowels, and stressed syllables. These will be indicated in the pronunciation guides as follows: • Unvoiced vowels: The syllable will be enclosed in parentheses “(”, “)”. The consonant is usually combined with the previous syllable. Buffalo. ᏯᎾᏎ. ya (na) se.5 • Glottal stops: A (?) will be inserted. A glottal stop is a very short pause to prevent syllables from combining together. Skunk. ᏗᎵ. di?li. • Stress is indicated by (’) after the syllable. ᎣᏏᏲ O’ si yo’. • A lengthened/double long vowel is indicated by a (:) after the vowel. I go. ᎨᎦ. ge: ga.
4 In many texts you will see “ts-” instead of “j-”. “J-” is being used in this material and not “ts-” to eliminate observed confusion in students between “-ts-” and “-st-”. 5 In some writings, an apostrophe (’) replaces the unvoiced vowel.
10
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.13. EXERCISE
1.13
Exercise
Exercise 1.3. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and
moving your lips as little as possible, recite the Syllabary on page 9 along with the audio found at http://www.cherokee.org/Extras/ Downloads/syllabary.html. Repeat this exercise at least once a day until your next class.
11
1.13. EXERCISE
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
12
Chapter 2
ᏔᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
2.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 2.1. Do the dictation exercise for the seven letters “Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”,
“Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ” and “Ꭶ”. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you start writing it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Penmanship paper, if not provided, can be obtained at your nearest school supplies store.1 In Figure 2.1 on the following page you will find step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter.2 Do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter. If you do, you will cripple your ability to read and write the Syllabary.
2.2
Vocabulary Review
Exercise 2.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 117):
1. ni 2. osiyo 3. yonega
1 We recommend that you obtain penmanship paper that is composed of bright tablet paper, is landscape oriented, that has seven writing lines. 2 These are only a starting point. It is normal for each person to develop their own writing style after awhile.
13
2.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON
Figure 2.1: “Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”, “Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ”, and “Ꭶ”
14
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON 2.3. SYLLABARY SPEAKING PRACTICE 4. howa 5. tla 6. vv 7. vsgigi 8. ayo 9. jalagi
Exercise 2.3. Translate into Cherokee, do not write out pronunciation
marks. (Answers on page 117): 1. look at that! 2. ouch! 3. hello 4. really? 5. All right. 6. no. 7. Cherokee. 8. yes. 9. English.
2.3
Syllabary Speaking Practice
Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and moving your lips as little as possible, sound out each of the characters on the Syllabary on page 8 along with the audio from Chapter 1.
2.4
2.4.1
Vocabulary
Other
Exercise 2.4. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary
flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎩᎦᎨ Pronunciation a-gi-ga-ge Yonega Translation Red 15
2.5. EXERCISES
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON
2.4.2
Greetings, Exchanges, and Interjections
Exercise 2.5. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏙᎯᏧ ᏙᎯᏊ ᏂᎯᎾᎲ Pronunciation do-hi-ju do-hi-quu ni-hi:-na-hv English Translation How are you? I am well. You?
Exercise 2.6. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎤᏲᎢ Pronunciation o-s-da u-yo?i English Translation Good Bad
Exercise 2.7. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᎮᏙᎸᎢ ᎢᏓᏙᎸᎢ Pronunciation do-na-da-go-hv-i do-da-da-go-hv-i i he’ do lv i’ i da’ do lv i’ English Translation See you later. (To one person.) See you all later. You come around again. You all come around again.
2.5
Exercises
Exercise 2.8. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and
moving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syllabary on page 9 using the Syllabary sounds found on the disk for Chapter 1.
Exercise 2.9. Do the dictation review exercises for the seven letters
“Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”, “Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ” and “Ꭶ”. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
16
Chapter 3
ᏦᎢᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
3.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 3.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꭷ”, “Ꭸ”, “Ꭹ”, “Ꭺ”, “Ꭻ”,
“Ꭼ”, and “Ꭽ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 3.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter.
3.2
Vocabulary Review
Exercise 3.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 118):
1. osda 2. dohiquu 3. idadolvi 4. agigage 5. dohiju 6. nihinahv 7. donadagohvi 17
3.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
Figure 3.1: “Ꭷ”, “Ꭸ”, “Ꭹ”, “Ꭺ”, “Ꭻ”, “Ꭼ”, and “Ꭽ”
18
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 3.3. PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE 8. uyoi 9. dodadagohvi 10. ihedolvi
Exercise 3.3. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 118):
1. You? 2. You come around again. 3. Red 4. You all come around again. 5. I am well. 6. How are you? 7. See you all later. 8. Good 9. Bad 10. See you later.
3.3
Pronunciation Practice
Exercise 3.4. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and
moving your lips as little as possible, sound out each of the characters of the Syllabary on page 9 along with the Syllabary practice audio.
3.4
3.4.1
Vocabulary
Animals
Exercise 3.5. Add the following vocabulary to a new flash card deck. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
19
3.4. VOCABULARY Picture Pronunciation
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON Syllabary English
a-hwi
ᎠᏫ
deer
di?li
ᏗᎵ
skunk
do-ya
ᏙᏯ
beaver
e-tli
ᎡᏟ
mink
o-ga-na
ᎣᎦᎾ
Groundhog
3.4.2
Verbs
Exercise 3.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation ji-go?-ti-ha i-ni-go?ti-ha i-di-go?ti-ha Syllabary ᏥᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ English Translation I see it. You and I see it. You all and I see it.
Exercise 3.7. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
Pronunciation hi-go?ti-ha s-di-go?ti-ha i-ji-go?ti-ha Syllabary ᎯᎪᏘᎭ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ English Translation You (one) see it. You two see it. You all see it. 20
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
3.5. SENTENCES
Exercise 3.8. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary
flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation a-go?-ti-ha a-ni-go?-ti-ha Syllabary ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ English Translation He sees it. She sees it. They see it.
Exercise 3.9. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary
flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation hi-go?wa-ta s-di-go?wa-ta i-ji-go?wa-ta Syllabary ᎯᎪᏩᏔ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ English Look at Look at Look at Translation it. (To one person) it. (To two people) it. (To three or more people)
Exercise 3.10. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation o-s-di-go?ti-ha o-ji-go?ti-ha Syllabary ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ English Translation He and I see it. She and I see it. They and I see it.
3.5
Sentences
In simple declarative sentences, the subject of the sentence ordinarily precedes the verb with its modifiers and objects. In addition, objects of verbs ordinarily precede the verb, resulting in “subject-object-verb” as in Example 1; placing the subject after the verb is also possible, yielding “object-verb-subject”, as in Example 2. All the sentence examples and exercises provided assume a single object. A single “it”. Having “them” as the object will be discussed later. In addition, adjectives are placed before nouns, see Examples 3 and 4. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. Asgaya awi agotiha. a man a deer he sees it A man sees a deer. ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Awi agotiha asgaya. a deer he sees it a man A man sees a deer. 21
1.
2.
3.5. SENTENCES
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
3.
ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. Asgaya agigage awi agotiha. a man red a deer he sees it A man sees a red deer. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Agigage awi agotiha asgaya. red a deer he sees it a man A man sees a red deer.
4.
Exercise 3.11. Translate into English (Answers on page 119):
1. Agigage etli ijigowata. 2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha. 3. Osda doya idigotiha. 4. Doya ahwi agotiha. 5. Dili ogana agotiha. 6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya. 7. Doya jigotiha. 8. Agigage ogana jigotiha. 9. Ahwi anigotiha. 10. Etli agotiha. 11. Dili ijigotiha. 12. Agigage etli sdigotiha. 13. Etli higotiha. 14. Etli ogana osdigotiha. 15. Dili higowata. 16. Doya sdigowata. 17. Etli sdigotiha. 18. Doya ojigotiha.
Exercise 3.12. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 120):
1. A beaver and I see a skunk. 22
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 2. A mink sees a beaver. 3. You all see a deer. 4. They see a skunk. 5. They and I see a deer. 6. You all and I see a groundhog. 7. I see a red skunk. 8. I see a mink. 9. You see a deer. 10. All of you look at the red beaver! 11. He and I see a deer. 12. A skunk sees a skunk. 13. You two see a red groundhog. 14. You and I see a beaver. 15. A mink and I see a deer. 16. He sees a beaver. 17. Look at the beaver! 18. You two, look at the mink!
3.6. EXERCISES
3.6
Exercises
Exercise 3.13. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth
and moving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syllabary on page 9 using the Syllabary sounds audio found at http: //www.cherokee.org/Extras/Downloads/syllabary.html.
Exercise 3.14. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
23
3.6. EXERCISES
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
24
Chapter 4
ᏅᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
4.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 4.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꭾ”, “Ꭿ”, “Ꮀ”, “Ꮁ”, “Ꮂ”,
“Ꮃ”, and “Ꮄ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 4.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter.
4.2
4.2.1
Vocabulary Review
Animals Review
Exercise 4.2. Write out the names in Cherokee of each animal. Try
and do this without looking up the answers.
25
4.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON
Figure 4.1: “Ꭾ”, “Ꭿ”, “Ꮀ”, “Ꮁ”, “Ꮂ”, “Ꮃ”, and “Ꮄ”
26
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Picture Cherokee Name
4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS Picture Cherokee Name
4.2.2
Verb Review
Exercise 4.3. Translate the following into English (Answers on
page 120): 1. Higowata. 2. Inigotiha. 3. Ijigowata. 4. Idigotiha. 5. Agotiha. 6. Ojigotiha. 7. Anigotiha. 11. Ijigotiha. 12. Jigotiha. 13. Sdigotiha. 8. Higotiha. 9. Sdigowata. 10. Sdigotiha.
4.3
Bound Pronouns and Verb Groups
Cherokee personal pronouns operate quite differently than the English personal pronouns “I”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “we”, and “they” as follows: • They are added to the beginning of a verb and change somewhat according to sounds in the verb. 27
4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Group A ji-, gihia-, ga-, ginisdiosdiojiijianiidiGroup B agi-, agwja-, ju-, uwginisdioginiogiijiuniigi-
I You Another (He/She/It) You and I You two Another and I They and I You all They You all and I
Table 4.1: Bound Pronouns • Cherokee combines the concept of “he”, “she”, and “it” into a single pronoun called “another”. There is no distinction based on gender as in English. • They are mandatory. All verbs must be prefixed with a bound pronoun. If you try and remove the bound pronoun, what is left over will be without meaning. • When a bound pronoun is added to a word stem, if the word stem starts with a consonant, an “-i-” is usually inserted as a pronunciation aid. • Bound pronouns do not stand on their on. “Ji-”, “ga-”, etc., by themselves have no meaning and would only be perceived only as gibberish. Table 4.1 shows the two main groups of bound pronouns1 :
4.3.1
What bound pronoun for what verb?
Take note that the only variations in each group are for the bound pronouns “I” and “Another” and that between the two groups, the forms for “I” and “Another” are completely different. This means you only have to learn the given the “I” and “Another” forms to use new verbs.
1 These are not all of the bound pronouns used in Cherokee. Additional bound pronouns will be introduced in later lesson material.
28
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON
4.4. VOCABULARY
Example: “Sees it”
I see it. He sees it. Jigotiha Agotiha
Because “He sees it” uses the Group A bound pronoun for “he/she/it”, the rest will also be Group A bound pronouns. The following table breaks down the verb “Sees it”: Cherokee Jigotiha Inigotiha Idigotiha Higotiha Sdigotiha Ijigotiha Agotiha Anigotiha Osdigotiha Ojigotiha Pronoun jiiniidihisdiijiaaniosdiojiEnglish Pronoun I You and I You all and I You You two You all He They Another and I They and I Word Stem -goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-
Exercise 4.4. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the Group
A bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying what group of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverse and identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.
Exercise 4.5. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the Group
B bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying what group of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverse and identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.
4.4
4.4.1
Vocabulary
Verbs
Exercise 4.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Note: The Cherokee for “knows it” only refers to facts or information, not about “knowing” a person. 29
4.4. VOCABULARY Pronunciation a-qua-n(v)-ta u-n(v)-ta ja-n(v)-te-s-di ji-wo:-ni-ha ga-wo:-ni-ha hi-wo:ni-hi go-hu-s-di
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Syllabary ᎠᏆᏅᏔ ᎤᏅᏔ ᏣᏅᏘᏍᏗ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ English Translation I know it. He knows it. Know it. I speak it. He speaks it. Speak it. Something.
4.4.2
Translation Exercises
Exercise 4.7. What bound pronouns and word roots are used to make
these words? (Leave off the ending -a/-ha) (Answers on page 121). 1. unta 2. sdiwoniha 3. gawoniha 4. idigotiha 5. iniwoniha 6. higotiha 7. hiwoniha 8. osdigotiha 9. jiwoniha 10. anigotiha 11. aquanta 12. ijanta 13. ijigotiha 14. jigotiha 15. aniwoniha 16. idiwoniha 17. agotiha 18. unanta 19. oganta 20. ojiwoniha 21. inigotiha 22. iganta 23. janta 24. oginanta 25. ijiwoniha 26. ojigotiha 27. sdigotiha 28. ginanta 29. osdiwoniha 30. sdanta
Exercise 4.8. Translate into English (Answers on page 123):
1. Yonega jiwoniha. 2. Gohusdi janta. 30
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON 3. Yonega iniwoniha. 4. Jalagi hiwonihi. 5. Yonega idiwoniha. 6. Gohusdi unanta. 7. Jantesdi. 8. Jalagi gawoniha. 9. Doya gohusdi oginanta. 10. Yonega sdiwonihi. 11. Ijantesdi. 12. Etli dohusdi unta. 13. Ginanta. 14. Jalagi ojiwoniha. 15. Yonega ijiwonihi. 16. Gohusdi iganta. 17. Jalagi ijiwoniha. 18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha. 19. Ijanta. 20. Yonega sdiwoniha. 21. Jalagi hiwoniha. 22. Sdantesdi. 23. Gohusdi aquanta. 24. Oganta. 25. Jalagi aniwoniha. 26. Sdanta.
4.4. VOCABULARY
Exercise 4.9. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 124):
1. They and I know it. 2. You know it. 31
4.5. EXERCISES 3. You and I know something. 4. You and I speak Cherokee. 5. I know it. 6. Know it.
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON
7. You all and I know something. 8. They and I speak English. 9. A beaver knows something. 10. He and I speak English. 11. You speak English. 12. You all speak Cherokee. 13. You two, speak English. 14. A skunk and I know something. 15. You all know something. 16. You two speak Cherokee. 17. You all and I speak English. 18. I speak Cherokee. 19. Speak Cherokee. 20. You all, know it. 21. They know it. 22. They all speak English. 23. You two, know it. 24. He speaks Cherokee. 25. You all, speak Cherokee. 26. You two know something.
4.5
Exercises
Exercise 4.10. Do the dictation review exercise. Be sure to say the
name of the letter each time you finish writing it. 32
Chapter 5
ᎯᏍᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
5.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 5.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꮅ”, “Ꮆ”, “Ꮇ”, “Ꮈ”, “Ꮉ”,
“Ꮊ”, and “Ꮋ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 5.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
5.2
Vocabulary
Exercise 5.2. Recognition and recall.
Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. 33
5.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Figure 5.1: “Ꮅ”, “Ꮆ”, “Ꮇ”, “Ꮈ”, “Ꮉ”, “Ꮊ”, and “Ꮋ”
34
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Pronunciation Sa-quu Ta?li Jo?i I-lv-s-gi I-ga-da Ji-qui-s-di (ji-gwi-s-di) Ni-ga-da U-s-di U-ta-na Ululojv?i Uwoduhi Nv-ya Gu-gu Sa-dv-di Di-sa-dv-di A-gwa-du:-li-ha (A?-wa-du:li-a) U-du’-li-ha Ja-du’-la Syllabary ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏅᏯ ᎫᎫ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏆᏚᎵᎭ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ ᏣᏚᎳ
5.3. COUNTING English Translation One Two Three Few Some Many All Little/Small (in size) Large/Big (in size) Crazy Pretty (in appearance) A rock A bottle A trap Traps I want it. He wants it. Let you want it.
5.3
Counting
Syllabary ᎢᏯᏂ ᎢᎦ English Translation Quantity/Count (Alive) Quantity/Count (Not Alive)
Pronunciation i-ya-ni i-ga
When indicating quantities, in many communities it is general practice to add either “iyani” after the number for living things or “iga” after the number for non-living things when dealing with any quantity greater than one. Examples: • Saquu doya. One beaver. • Tali iyani awi. Two deer. (Two alive-count-of deer.) • Joi iga disadvdi. Three traps. (Three not-alive-count-of traps.)
5.4
Plurals
Plurals in Cherokee do not work like they do in English. When dealing with anything plural, you have to make sure that all the words in 35
5.5. ONE PERSON VS MANY PEOPLE CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON a sentence agree with both the “aliveness” and “quantity” you are talking about. This requirement includes words used to indicate color, size, shape, texture, and so on.
5.5
One Person vs Many People
When dealing with words that reference people, the plural is usually formed with the insertion of -ni-. • Agotiha. Anigotiha. (He sees it. They see it.) • Ajuja. Anijuja. (Boy. Boys.) At times, the -i- on -ni- is dropped to aid pronunciation. • Unta. Unanta. (He knows it. They know it.) • Usdi. Junsdi. (A little one. Little living ones, babies.)
5.6
One Thing vs Many Things
Many Cherokee words for animals, plants, places and things do not change form when used in a plural sense. They work like the English words “Deer” or “Buffalo”. Examples: • Saquu awi. Tali iyani awi. Joi iyani awi. (One deer. Two deer. Three deer.) • Saquu gugu. Tali iga gugu. Joi iga gugu. (One bottle. Two bottles. Three bottles.) Other words do change form to make a plural. Example: • Saquu sadvdi. Tali iga disadvdi. Joi iga disadvdi. (One trap. Two traps. Three traps.) If a word has a known plural form, it will normally be supplied as part of your vocabulary. 36
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
5.7
Plural Describing Words
Words which are used to describe something, such as “gigage”, “usdi”, and “utana”, are changed to match the plurality and sometimes the “aliveness” of the thing being described. The rules for the prefixes are similar to the “Set A” vs “Set B” rules for verbs. The main difference is the addition of “di-” to represent plural inanimate objects. Read through the following expanded word list. Take note of the similarity with the way the words are combined with the pronoun prefixes and the way the same prefixes are combined with words such as “uduliha” and “agotiha”. You should concentrate on recognizing these differing forms when heard or read, not memorizing them all. The translation exercises will teach which forms you should use when as your lessons progress. • Jigigage.
– Ji + gigage: I - red.
• Higigage.
– Hi + gigage: You - red.
• Agigage.
– A + gigage: He (alive) - red.
• Gigage
– Gigage: It (not alive) - red.
• Inigigage.
– Ini + gigage: You and I - red.
• Idigigage.
– Idi + gigage: You all and I - red.
• Osdigigage.
– Osdi + gigage: He and I - red.
• Ojigigage.
– Oji + gigage: They and I - red.
37
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON • Sdigigage.
– Sdi + gigage: You two - red.
• Ijigigage.
– Iji + gigage: You all - red.
• Anigigage.
– Ani + gigage: They (alive) - red.
• Digigage.
– Di + gigage: They (not alive) - red.
• Gosda.
– Gi + osda: I - good.
• Hosda.
– Hi + osda: You - good.
• Osda.
– Osda: He (both alive and not alive) - good.
• Inosda.
– Ini + osda: You and I - good.
• Idosda.
– Idi + osda: You all and I - good.
• Osdosda.
– Osdi + osda: He and I - good.
• Ojosda.
– Oji + osda: They and I - good.
• Sdosda.
– Sdi + osda: You two - good.
• Ijosda. 38
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
– Iji + osda: You all - good.
• Anosda.
– Ani + osda: They all (alive) - good.
• Josda.
– Di + osda: They all (not alive) - good. (Di + a vowel not
“i” becomes J-) • Agilulojvi.
– Agi + lulojvi: I - crazy.
• Jalulojvi.
– Ja + lulojvi: You - crazy.
• Ululojvi.
– U + lulojvi: He - crazy. (Both alive and not alive).
• Ginilulojvi.
– Gini + lulojvi: You and I - crazy.
• Igilulojvi.
– Igi + lulojvi: You all and I - crazy.
• Oginilulojvi.
– Ogini + lulojvi: He and I - crazy.
• Ogilulojvi.
– Ogi + lulojvi: They and I - crazy.
• Sdilulojvi.
– Sdi + lulojvi: You two - crazy.
• Ijilulojvi.
– Iji + lulojvi: You all - crazy.
• Unilulojvi.
– Uni + lulojvi: They - crazy.
39
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON • Agwoduhi.
– Aqui + oduhi: I - pretty.
• Joduhi.
– Ja + oduhi: You - pretty.
• Uwoduhi.
– U + oduhi: He - pretty. (Both alive and not alive). (U + o
becomes Uwo-). • Diginoduhi.
– Di + gini + oduhi: You and I - pretty appearances. Di multiple appearances. Gini - You and I. Oduhi - pretty. • Digoduhi.
– Di + igi + oduhi: You all and I - pretty appearances. Di multiple appearances. Igi - You all and I. Oduhi - pretty. • Joginoduhi.
– Di + ogini + oduhi: He and I - pretty appearances. (Di multiple appearances. Ogini - he and I. Oduhi - pretty. Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-). • Jogoduhi.
– Di + ogi + oduhi: They and I - pretty appearances. (Di multiple appearances. Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. Ogi - They and I. Oduhi - pretty.) • Disdoduhi.
– Di + sdi + oduhi: You two - pretty appearances.
• Dijoduhi.
– Di + iji + oduhi: You all - pretty appearances.
• Junoduhi.
– Di + uni + oduhi: They (alive) - pretty appearances. (Di +
a vowel not “i” becomes J-). • Juwoduhi. 40
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
– Di + u + oduhi: They (not alive) - pretty appearances. (Di
+ a vowel not “i” becomes J- and U + o becomes Uwo-). • Aquatana.
– Aqui + atana: I - big.
• Jatana.
– Ja + atana: You - big.
• Utana.
– U + atana: He/It - big.
• Diginatana.
– Di + gini + atana: You and I - big.
• Digatana.
– Di + igi + atana: You all and I - big.
• Joginatana.
– Di + ogini + atana: He and I - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”
becomes J-). • Jogatana.
– Di + ogi + atana: They and I - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”
becomes J-). • Disdatana.
– Di + sdi + atana: You two - big.
• Dijatana.
– Di + iji + atana: You all - big.
• Junatana.
– Di + uni + atana: They (alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”
becomes J-). • Jutana.
– Di + u + atana: They (not alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not
“i” becomes J-). 41
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Exercise 5.3. Recognition.
Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the forms for “gigage” and “utana” from the word list in Section 5.7 on page 37. Put the combined word on one side and the English with the Cherokee word parts on the other side. Show the completed word form to your partner. Your partner should practice breaking down the combined words. Alternate with your partner each time the deck is cycled through. Shuffle the deck between alternations. The goal of this exercise is to become familiar with the different word forms and learning to recognize word parts, not to memorize all the words. The most common word expansions you will encounter in written materials will be for the “another” and “they” forms. Compare the “another” and “they” forms with each other in the following list. Take special note of the insertion of “-ni- or “-n-” into many of the plural forms when dealing with living things. • Agigage.
– A + gigage. – Another, alive, red.
• Gigage.
– Gigage. – Another, not alive, red.
• Anigage.
– Ani + gigage. – They, alive, red.
• Digigage.
– Di + gigage. – They, not alive, red.
• Osda.
– Osda. – Another, either alive or not alive, good.
• Anosda.
– Ani + osda.
42
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
– They, alive, good.
• Josda.
– Di + osda. – Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. – They, not alive, good.
• Ululojvi.
– U + lulojvi. – Another, alive or not alive, crazy.
• Unilulojvi.
– Uni + lulojvi. – They, alive or not alive, crazy.
• Uwoduhi.
– U + oduhi. – U + o becomes Uwo-. – Another, alive or not alive, pretty appearance.
• Junoduhi.
– Di + u + ni + oduhi. – Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. – They, alive, pretty appearances.
• Juwoduhi.
– – – –
Di + u + oduhi. U + o becomes uwo-. Di + a vowel not “i” becomes JThey, not alive, pretty appearances.
• Utana.
– U + atana. – Another, alive or not alive, large appearances.
• Junatana.
– Di + u + ni + atana.
43
5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
– Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. – They, alive, large appearances.
• Jutana.
– Di + u + atana – Di + a vowel not “i” becomes “j-”. – They, not alive, large appearances. Exercise 5.4. Recognition.
Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the vocabulary from the word list in Section 5.7 on page 42. Put the combined word on one side and the English with the Cherokee word parts on the other side. Show the completed word form to your partner. Your partner should practice breaking down the combined words. Alternate with your partner each time the deck is cycled through. Shuffle the deck between alternations. The goal of this exercise is to become familiar with the different word forms and learning to recognize word parts, not to memorize all the words.
5.8
Plurals Practice
Exercise 5.5. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 on
page 42, translate the following into English. (Answers on page 125). 1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi. 2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana. 3. Igada junsdi awi. 4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili. 5. Igada digigage gugu. 6. Tali iyani anosda dili. 7. Tali iga jutana nvya. 8. Jiquisdi anosda awi. 9. Joi iga josda disadvdi. 10. Igada unilulojvi etli. 11. Jiquisdi junatana awi. 44
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 12. Ilvsgi junatana doya. 13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi. 14. Tali iyani junsdi doya. 15. Ilvsgi anosda dili. 16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili.
5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE
Exercise 5.6. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 on
page 42, translate the following into Cherokee. (Answers on page 126). 1. Three little deer. 2. Two crazy skunks. 3. Some good deer. 4. Many red beaver. 5. Many red rocks. 6. Two good traps. 7. A few pretty skunks. 8. Three little beaver. 9. Many crazy deer. 10. A few bad skunks. 11. A few pretty beaver. 12. A few good bottles. 13. A few red bottles. 14. Many red skunks. 15. Three large beaver. 16. Some bad rocks. 45
5.9. IT VS THEM
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
5.9
It vs Them
All of the verbs you have learned so far have all referred to only a single “it”. Similar to the way sadvdi becomes disadvdi, to change the “it” into “them”, you add “de-” before the bound pronoun based on the following rules: • Put the “de-” before the bound pronoun unless the word starts with a vowel.
– If the word starts with “i-”, drop the “i-”. – Otherwise drop the “-e-”.
Examples:
– Jigotiha. Dejigotiha. (I see it. I see them.) – Inigotiha. Denigotiha. (You and I see it. You and I see
them.)
– Agotiha. Dagotiha. (He sees it. He sees them.)
• When giving a command, use “di-” instead of “de-” before the bound pronoun unless the word starts with a vowel.
– If the word starts with “a-”, drop the “a-” then put “di-”. – Otherwise “di-” followed by a vowel becomes “j-”.
Examples:
– Doya higowata.
Doya dihigowata. Look at the beaver.)
(Look at the beaver.
– Etli ijigowata. Etli jijigowata. (Let all of you look at the
mink. Let all of you look at the mink.)
5.9.1
Plural Living Objects
In many communities a different prefix other than “de-/di-” is used when talking about living objects vs non-living objects when making plurals. These additional endings will not be addressed at this time. They will be included for completeness starting in Section 8.3.5. 46
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Single “It” Form Jigotiha. ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see it. Ijigotiha. ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see it. Jiwoniha. ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. I speak it. Ijiwoniha. ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. You all speak it.
5.9. IT VS THEM Plural “Them” Form Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see them. Deji’gotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see them. Dejiwoniha. ᏕᏥᏬᏂᎭ. I speak them. Deji’woniha. ᏕᏥᏬᏂᎭ. You all speak them.
Figure 5.2: Examples of Twin Spellings.
Figure 5.3: Musical score for the deji- twin forms.
5.9.2
Sound Twins
When performing the “de-” addition for verbs that use “ji-” for “I” and “iji-” for “You all”, the plural forms appear identical when written down. See Figure 5.2. However, there is a pronunciation difference that needs to be taken into account. For the forms referring to “I”, the “ji-” is usually shortened and slightly raised in tone. For the forms referring to “You all”, the “-ji-” is of normal length and uses a lower tone. Compare the different musical scores for dejigotiha vs dejigotiha and dejiwoniha vs dejiwoniha in Figure 5.3. To represent this pronunciation difference in the text, a stress mark “”’ will be added to for the “You all - them” forms that have a known twin.1
1 Thanks goes to Dosvdali/Formiko for his suggestion of using stress for the [1] tone form as recorded in the Durbin Feeling dictionary. I have expanded his suggestion for use to include it for twin word differentiation.
47
5.9. IT VS THEM
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Exercise 5.7. Recognition.
Translate into English (Answers on page 126): 1. Doginaduliha. 2. Dagotiha. 3. Dunaduliha. 4. Dagwaduliha. 5. Dojigotiha. 6. Denigotiha. 7. Dehigotiha. 8. Deji’duliha. 9. Danigotiha. 10. Dosdigotiha. 11. Desdaduliha. 12. Degaduliha. 13. Duduliha. 14. Dejigotiha. 15. Deginaduliha. 16. Dedigotiha. 17. Desdigotiha. 18. Dogaduliha.
Exercise 5.8. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 127):
1. He wants them. 2. You want them. 3. He sees them. 4. I see them. 5. He and I want them. 6. You see them. 48
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 7. You all and I see them. 8. They and I want them. 9. You two want them. 10. You two see them. 11. I want them. 12. They and I see them. 13. They see them. 14. You all and I want them. 15. He and I see them. 16. You all want them. 17. You and I want them. 18. You and I see them. 19. They want them.
5.10. AGREEMENT
5.10
Agreement
All the words in a sentence referring to a thing or action must agree in plurality and “aliveness” with that thing or action. This will become more second nature to you by doing the translation exercises. Examples: • Gigage nvya. Digigage nvya. (A red rock. Red rocks.) • Agigage doya. Anigigage doya. (A red beaver. Red beaver.) • Doya etli agotiha. Doya igada etli dagotiha. (A beaver sees a mink. A beaver sees some mink.) • Usdi nvya jigotiha. Igada jusdi nvya dejigotiha. (I see a little rock. I see some little rocks.) • Agigage awi jigotiha. Igada anigigage awi dejigotiha. (I see a red deer. I see some red deer.)
Exercise 5.9. Translate the following into English (Answers on
page 128): 49
5.10. AGREEMENT 1. Dili unaduliha. 2. Awi nvya uduliha. 3. Awi anigotiha. 4. Doya agotiha. 5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya. 6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha. 7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya. 8. Igada nvya duduliha.
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi. 10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi. 11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi. 12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. 13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha. 14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha. 15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya. 16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha. 17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi. 18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili. 19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya. 20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi.
Exercise 5.10. Translate the following into Cherokee (Answers on
page 129): 1. A deer sees a rock. 2. He wants a bottle. 3. They see a deer. 4. He sees a bottle. 5. The deer wants a rock. 6. A beaver sees three rocks. 50
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 7. She wants a few beavers. 8. A skunk wants two beavers. 9. I want three bottles. 10. He sees three bottles. 11. Two beaver see three skunks. 12. A few beavers see some skunks. 13. A few beavers want two rocks. 14. They want three rocks. 15. Some beavers see three bottles. 16. Some deer see many crazy traps. 17. Some skunks see three red rocks. 18. Two deer see two little beavers. 19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks. 20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks.
5.11. EXERCISE
5.11
Exercise
Exercise 5.11. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
51
5.11. EXERCISE
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
52
Chapter 6
ᏑᏓᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
6.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 6.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꮌ”, “Ꮍ”, “Ꮎ”, “Ꮏ”, “Ꮐ”,
“Ꮑ”, and “Ꮒ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 6.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
6.2
Cherokee Reading
Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out as many words as you can that you recognize. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Waya dulasutla. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᎨᏡᎲᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!”. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!”. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?”. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!”. 53
6.2. CHEROKEE READING
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
Figure 6.1: “Ꮌ”, “Ꮍ”, “Ꮎ”, “Ꮏ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮑ”, and “Ꮒ”
54
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
6.3. ALE/-HNO
ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦ ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏩᏯ. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?”. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”.
6.3
ale/-hno
ale (ᎠᎴ) “and”
“Ale” is used to join things, actions, or entire sentences together they same way “and” is used in English. Examples: • In the following sentence, “ale” is used to join the two who are seeing. ᎢᎦᏓ Igada Some ᎣᎦᎾ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ogana danigotiha groundhogs they see them a A beaver and a deer see some ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ doya ale beaver and groundhogs. ᎠᏫ. awi. a deer
• In the following sentence, “ale” is used to join two sentences showing separate actions by the same actor. ᎠᏫ Awi A deer ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ nvya agotiha ale a rock he sees it and A deer sees a rock and he ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. igada gugu dagotiha. some bottles he sees them. also sees some bottles.
• Here, “ale” is used to join to separate sentences together to indicate concurrent or consecutive action. ᎠᏫ Awi A deer ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ nvya agotiha a rock he sees it A deer sees a rock ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ ᏗᎵ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. ale doya dili uduliha. and a beaver a skunk he wants it. and a beaver wants a skunk.
-hno (Ꮓ) “also”
55
6.3. ALE/-HNO
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
The word ending “-hno” is also used to join things together. It can be considered to be a combination of “and” and “also”. Carefully consider the positioning of “-hno” in the following sentences. Note that “-hno” is expressed as “and” in the final English sentences, even though using “also” will sometimes make more sense when looking at the word for word breakdown. Examples: This example demonstrates how “-hno” can be used in a sentence with three or more things. ᎢᎦᏓ Igada Some ᎣᎦᎾ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏟᏃ. ogana danigotiha doya awi etlino. groundhogs they see them a beaver a deer a mink-also A beaver, a deer and a mink see some groundhogs.
Notice how “-hno” follows the action words “sees” and “wants” in the following sentence. This indicates that the same person or thing is performing more than one action either consecutively or concurrently. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏚᏚᎵᎭᏃ. Awi igada nvya dagotiha dudulihano. A deer some rocks he sees them he wants them also A deer sees some rocks that he is also wanting. Here “-hno” is added to the end of first word of the second together to indicate concurrent or consecutive actions or events. ᎠᏫ Awi A deer ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏗᎵ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. nvya agotiha doyano dili uduliha. a rock he sees it a beaver-also a skunk he wants it A deer sees a rock and a beaver wants a skunk.
You will find that some speakers prefer “-hno” over “ale”, some use them about equally, and some who prefer “ale” over “-hno”. As a general rule, the exercises will be using “-hno” for basic sentences. If a sentence would end in “-hno”, “ale” will be used instead. Combined and more complex sentences will be also be using “ale”, unless style or convention dictate otherwise. It is through the exercises that you will learn when to use each form, not by trying to memorize these basic guidelines. You will also encounter “nole (ᏃᎴ)” in the lesson material, this is a variant of “ale (ᎠᎴ)”, and the two can normally be treated as having equal meaning and function.
Exercise 6.2. Translate the following Cherokee sentences into English.
If necessary, you can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in 56
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
6.4. VOCABULARY
Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. (Answers on page 130). 1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli. 2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli. 3. Awi guguno duduliha etli. 4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli. 5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana. 6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili. 7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili. 8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili.
Exercise 6.3. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, you
can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep in mind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer the challenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different than the one provided. (Answers on page 131). 1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver. 2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap. 3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver. 4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk. 5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock. 6. A beaver and a mink want it. 7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk. 8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle.
6.4
Vocabulary
Exercise 6.4. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. 57
6.4. VOCABULARY Pronunciation a-di-ha a-gwo-tla da-gwa-la-su-tla de-ja-la-su-tle-s-di du-la-su-tla e:ga ga-di?a ge-ga ge-lu-hv-s-ga ge-tlu-hv-s-ga ha-da he-na he-tlu-hv-ga jo-tle-s-di u-wo-tla Syllabary ᎠᏗᎭ ᎠᏉᏝ ᏓᏆᎳᏑᏝ ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏑᏝ ᎡᎦ ᎦᏗᎠ ᎨᎦ ᎨᎷᎲᏍᎦ ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎭᏓ ᎮᎾ ᎮᏡᎲᎦ ᏦᏞᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏝ
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON English Translation He is saying. I am sitting. I am wearing shoes. Wear shoes. He is wearing shoes. He is going. I am saying. I am going. I am yelling. He is yelling. Say it. Go. Yell. Sit. He is sitting (in his place).
Please take note that “uwotla” counts both the number of those who are sitting, and implies a count of the places sat down. As a result, when you indicate that more than individual is sitting, you also have to indicate plurality in the number of places sat. Examples: Uwotla Jotla Dunotla Desdotla He is sitting. You are sitting. They are sitting. You two are sitting.
Exercise 6.5. Translate the following into English. If necessary, you
can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. (Answers on page 131). 1. Hega ale hadia, “Donadagohvi”. 2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla. 3. Inetluhvsga ale inega. 4. Doginotla ale osdadia, “Hena!”. 5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga. 6. Ijega ale ijadia, “Dodadagohvi”. 7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla. 58
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega.
6.4. VOCABULARY
Exercise 6.6. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, you
can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep in mind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer the challenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different than the one provided. (Answers on page 131) 1. You are going. 2. You and I are sitting and saying “Look! A deer!” 3. You two are saying, “No.” 4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes. 5. They and I are wearing shoes and going. 6. You all are going. 7. They are sitting and saying “We all see a rock.” 8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes.
6.4.1
Other
Exercise 6.7. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation ji-s-du sa-lo-li wa-hya u-we-yv?i i-je?i di-je?i hi?a na?v di-dla Syllabary ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏩᏯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎢᏤᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏗᏜ English Translation rabbit squirrel wolf river new (not alive) new (plural, not alive) this / these near towards 59
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
6.5
Wolf Wears Shoes
Exercise 6.8. Translate the following Cherokee into English (Answers
on page 132): 1. Waya dulasutla. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. 6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. 12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” 13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”
Exercise 6.9. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence. Give
your answers in Cherokee. (Answers on page 133) 1. Waya dulasutla. (a) What is wolf doing? 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. (a) Where is this happening? (b) What is happening? (c) Who is doing it? 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? 60
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is seeing? (c) Who is being seen? 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) In what direction?
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES
6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) What is being said? (d) To whom is this being said? 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) What is being asked? (d) To whom is this being said? 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” (a) Where is being talked about? (b) What is being talked about? (c) Who is talking? 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” (a) What is the first thing requested? (b) What is the second thing requested? (c) How many people are speaking? (d) How many people are being spoken to? 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. (a) What is happening? (b) Where are they going? 61
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES (c) How many are going? (d) Who are going?
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is seeing? (c) Who is being seen? 12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” (a) What word is used to greet them? (b) What is asked? 13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” (a) What is being talked about? (b) Where is being talked about?
Exercise 6.10. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
62
Chapter 7
ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
7.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Practice writing the letters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 7.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
7.2
Formal vs Informal Speech
Much the same way English speakers shorten phrases such as “do not” into “don’t” and “can not” into “can’t”, Cherokee speakers also shorten phrases by dropping certain vowels, syllables, and words in everyday speech.
Formal Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the “long” form is normally used in writing and when speaking in a formal manner. Formal Cherokee is also referred to as the “full”, “citation”, “oratory”, or “written” style. Everyday Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the “short” form, is normally used on a daily basis in everyday speech. One of the most common forms of shortening is the dropping of ending vowel sounds from words. Everyday Cherokee is also referred to as the “fast”, “informal”, “conversational”, or “casual” style.
Here is an example of “vowel dropping”: 63
7.2. FORMAL VS INFORMAL SPEECH CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
Figure 7.1: “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”
64
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.3. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 1. Yonega giniwonisvi. 2. Yoneg giniwonisv. Additionally, certain word endings, such as “-ha” (happening in the present), and certain words, such as “iyani” (count of), may also be dropped where their meaning can usually be determined from context. Here is an example of “syllable dropping” (the -ha) and “word dropping” (iyani) combined together with “vowel dropping”: 1. Tsoi iyani doya didigotiha. 2. Tso doya didigoti. In your written and audio exercises: • Where you are expected to answer in Cherokee, unless otherwise indicated, you should try and answer using the “long” form. • Where you are expected to translate from Cherokee to English, a mixture of “long” and “short” forms will be used. This will help you to build up a mental image of switching between the “long” and the “short” forms from which you will gain the ability to both listen to and speak using the “short” form of speech. Additional information about “long” versus “short” is available from these resources: • A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, page 76 onwards, Characteristics of Fast Speech. • The English-Cherokee Dictionary, page 239. • http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee_guide.htm
7.3
Talking About the Past
When talking about something that has happened in the past, you use one of two special endings “-v?i” or “e?i”. The choice made between the two is decided by whether or not you experienced it first hand.
-v?i The “-v?i” ending indicates that you witnessed or otherwise experienced the event you are talking about. 65
7.4. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
-e?i The “-e?i” ending indicates that you were told about or otherwise
gained knowledge about the event you are talking about, but did not actually witness or experience it. In English, we accomplish the same results by adding “so I was told”, “so I heard”, “I was given to understand”, or any number of other similar phrases to what we are communicating. To use either “-v?i” or “-e?i”: • Use the appropriate past tense word form. These will be included as part of your vocabulary. • Use an appropriate “Group B” bound pronoun. • Use the ending of either “-v?i” or “-e?i” as needed. Examples: • Yonega gawoniha. He is speaking English. • Yonega uwonisvi. He spoke English. • Yonega uwonisei. He spoke English, so I was told. • Ilvsgi awi agotiha. He sees a few deer. • Ilvsgi awi ugohvi. He saw a few deer. • Ilvsgi awi ugohei. He saw a few deer, so I was told. As a general rule of thumb, even if the verb form uses a “Group A” bound pronoun when talking about something happening in the present, one switches to using “Group B” bound pronouns when talking about things that are in the past.
7.4
Vocabulary
Syllabary ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᏅᎢ ᏚᎳᏑᏢᎢ ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᎤᏪᏅᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏡᏅᎢ ᎤᏬᏢᎢ English He saw it. He knew it. He spoke it. He said. He wore shoes. He wanted it. He went. He yelled. He sat. 66
Pronunciation ugohv?i unhtv?i uwonisv?i udvhnv?i dulasutlv?i udulvhv?i uwenvsv?i uwetluhnv?i uwotlv?i
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES
7.5
Vocabulary Exercises
Exercise 7.1. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the
vocabulary list on the facing page, translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally “agi-” becomes “agw-” before any of the vowels “a”, “e”, “o”, “u”, or “v”. Also, “u-” normally becomes “uw-” before any vowel. (Answers on page 135) 1. He spoke it. 2. You and I wanted it. 3. They and I knew it. 4. I saw it. 5. He said it. 6. You all and I sat. 7. They saw it. 8. You all and I wore shoes. 9. You all new it. 10. He wore shoes. 11. I went. 12. They knew it. 13. He saw it. 14. You all and I said. 15. You all wanted it. 16. You and I spoke it. 17. You all and I knew it. 18. I said it. 19. You and I saw it. 20. They and I sat. 21. They sat. 22. He and I wanted it. 67
7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 23. He wanted it. 24. You said it. 25. I wanted it. 26. I wore shoes. 27. You all and I yelled.
Exercise 7.2. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using the
book verified answers for exercise 7.1 on the preceding page. With your study group, practice verbally translating the English into Cherokee with the flash cards. Don’t forget to use the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143.
Exercise 7.3. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the
vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 136) 1. Unadulvhvi. 2. Oginigohvi. 3. Jotlvi. 4. Uwetluhnvi. 5. Oginiwonisvi. 6. Desdalasutlvi. 7. Sdetluhnvi. 8. Unetluhnvi. 9. Agiwonisvi. 10. Unhtvi. 11. Dunalasutlvi. 12. Uwotlvi. 13. Agwotlvi. 14. Uniwonisvi. 15. Ogadvhnvi. 16. Sdigohvi. 68
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISES 17. Oginenvsvi. 18. Unenvsvi. 19. Dogalasutlvi. 20. Ogetluhnvi. 21. Ginenvsvi. 22. Jenvsvi. 23. Ijiwonisvi. 24. Uwenvsvi. 25. Agwetluhnvi. 26. Agwanhtvi. 27. Unadvhnvi.
Exercise 7.4. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using the
book verified answers for exercise 7.3 on the preceding page. With your study group, practice verbally translating the Cherokee into English with the flash cards. Don’t forget to use the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143.
7.6
Translation Exercises
Exercise 7.5. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei means the speaker heard about it. (Answers on page 137) 1. I spoke English. 2. You all and I spoke English. 3. You all yelled. 4. A squirrel knew it. 5. Many beaver said, “Hello”. 6. You all and I knew it. 7. I wanted a trap. 8. A rabbit and I went near a rock. 69
7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 9. Three squirrels and I went near a river. 10. A groundhog and I saw a sqirrel. 11. You two wanted a rabbit, I was told. 12. You and I said no. 13. You all wore shoes. 14. A squirrel saw some rabbits, I was told. 15. Many wolves wore shoes, I was told. 16. You yelled. 17. Three deer and I sat near a trap. 18. You and I sat near a rock.
Exercise 7.6. Translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 138)
1. Jisdu igadulvhvi. 2. Dejalasutlei. 3. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya. 4. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi. 5. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv. 6. Osiyo ijadvhnei. 7. Unhtvi etli. 8. Yonega giniwonisvi. 9. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi. 10. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoi iyani waya. 11. Tsoi iyani saloli doginadulvhvi doya. 12. Dili sdigohei. 13. “Vv”, oginadvhnvi saloli. 14. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi. 15. Dulasutlei waya. 16. Ijetluhnvi. 17. Sdanhte. 18. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgi ogana. 70
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISES
7.7
Translation Exercises
Exercise 7.7. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers on page 139) 1. A deer and I went near a rock. 2. You and I spoke English. 3. You all yelled. 4. Let me wear shoes. 5. You all and I said, “See you all later”. 6. “Ouch!”, said a groundhog and I. 7. You all and I yelled. 8. Let you all and I see a skunk. 9. I was told a beaver knew it. 10. Three deer and I sat near a rock. 11. I heard you all went near some traps. 12. You two said “Really?” 13. You two know it. 14. Let me sit near a little river. 15. I am seeing a mink.
Exercise 7.8. Translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 140)
1. “Ayo!”, sdada. 2. Agwadvhnv, “Ihedolv”. 3. Igada disadvdi dehigotiha. 4. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya. 5. Dejalasutle. 6. Oganhtesdi awi. 7. Ojadi tali iyani jisdu, “Osd!” 71
7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 8. Tso awi didigowata. 9. Yoneg giniwonisv. 10. Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu. 11. Jisdu sdadulvhv. 12. Tali iyani saloli doginadulvhv dili. 13. Jalagi jiwoni. 14. Igetluhnv. 15. Nav igada disadvdi uwenvse ogana.
Exercise 7.9. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers on page 140) 1. Some deer saw a beaver. 2. I was told a few groundhogs spoke English. 3. You all and I knew it. 4. I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle. 5. A rabbit wants many deer. 6. A beaver and I yelled. 7. Let me speak Cherokee. 8. You sat near a river. 9. Many rabbits and I spoke English. 10. A wolf is wearing shoes. 11. I was told you wanted a few skunks. 12. Let you and I go and see something. 13. You wore shoes. 14. You two wanted a wolf. 15. You and I are going near some bottles.
Exercise 7.10. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
(Answers on page 141) 72
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 1. Ginantesdi. 2. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu. 3. Jalagi osdiwoni waya. 4. Sdantvi. 5. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli. 6. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi. 7. Degalasutla. 8. Nav igada gugu ijena.
7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES
9. Nav usdi uweyv oginenvsvi jisdu. 10. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd. 11. Inada, “Osiyo”. 12. Ogetluhnv igada ogana. 13. Agwantesdi. 14. Dili ijigowata. 15. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli.
7.8
Dictation Exercises
Exercise 7.11. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
Exercise 7.12. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sure
to say each word each time you start writing it.
73
7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
74
Chapter 8
ᏣᏁᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
8.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Practice writing the letters “Ꮚ”, “Ꮛ”, “Ꮜ”, “Ꮝ”, “Ꮞ”, “Ꮟ”, and “Ꮠ”. Refer to Figure 8.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
8.2
Word order revisited
Many languages, such as English, have fixed word order. For example, in the statement “John sees a deer”, the words are normally only spoken in this order. One would not say in English “John a deer sees” with the expectation of being understood by most English speakers. In Cherokee, while certain orderings of words are more common than others, these orderings are not fixed the same way as they are in English. This is because Cherokee uses these orderings to indicate degrees of importance or newsworthiness to the discussion at hand. The more newsworthy a word or a group of words is, the more likely it is that the speaker will change the word ordering to express that word or group of words first. This gives a Cherokee speaker the ability to indicate shades of meaning and indicate varying degrees of importance about something that can not be easily translated into English. 75
8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
Figure 8.1: “Ꮚ”, “Ꮛ”, “Ꮜ”, “Ꮝ”, “Ꮞ”, “Ꮟ”, and “Ꮠ”
76
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON 8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED This act of indicating an extra level of importance to one part of a sentence over another part is referred to as foregrounding and backgrounding. What is foregrounded is the more newsworthy or relevant part of the conversation. What is backgrounded is usually additional details, needed for proper context and understanding, but are not what the speaker is trying to emphasize. In the following four Cherokee variations for “John sees a red deer.”, the ordering of the words indicates what part of the act the speaker considers more important. 1. For the sentence “Agigage awi agotiha Jani.”: (a) The fact that the deer is red is important. 2. For the sentence “Awi agigage agotiha Jani”: (a) The fact is is a deer being seen is very important. It just happens to be red. 3. For the sentence “Jani awi agigage agotiha.”: (a) The fact it is Jani is doing the seeing is more important than what he is seeing. (b) The fact that the deer is red is also important. 4. For the sentence “Jani agigage awi agotiha.”: (a) The fact that Jani is doing the seeing is more important than what he is seeing. (b) The fact it was a deer being seen is more important that the fact that the deer happens to be red. Where possible, a larger variability in the word ordering for the sentences will be used in the sentences you will be translating from Cherokee into English. Additionally, liberty will be taken with the English word ordering to match up with the Cherokee word ordering in your answers. 1. Agigage awi agotiha Jani. (a) A red deer is being seen by John. 2. Awi agigage agotiha Jani. 77
8.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
(a) A deer that is red is being seen by John. 3. Jani awi agigage agotiha. (a) John sees a deer that is red. 4. Jani agigage awi agotiha. (a) John sees a red deer. See also: A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, pp116-120.
8.3
8.3.1
Vocabulary
“Ayv” and “Nihi”
As part of your new vocabulary you will find the two special words “ayv” and “nihi”. “Ayv” is normally used in response to questions to indicate “I” or “we”, or can be used to emphasize “I” or “we” to get a similar effect that English speakers get when they put emphasize on “I” or “we” in some sentences to get a point across. Examples: • Gago uwenvsei? Who went? • Ayv. “I” (or “we”). • Agwenvsvi. “I went.” • Ayv agwenvsvi. “I am the one who went.” “Nihi” is used the same as “ayv” when indicating “you”, “you two”, or “you all”. Examples: • Gago gawoniha? Who is speaking? • Nihi. “You”. • Hiwoniha. “You are speaking.” • Nihi hiwoniha. “You are the one who is speaking.” 78
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
8.3. VOCABULARY
8.3.2
Clitics
Clitics are special word endings that you can use to change or add meaning to a word or sentence. The following examples will introduce the use of “-sgo”, “-ju”, “-quu”, and “-hv”. Don’t worry, their use is not hard. The clitic “-sgo”, (many times shortened as “-s”), is normally added to the first word in a sentence or phrase to indicate that you are asking a “yes” or “no” question. It is kinda of like adding “do?” or “is?” to the beginning of a sentence in English. Examples: • Jalagi hiwoniha. You speak Cherokee. • Jalagisgo hiwoniha? Do you speak Cherokee? • Jalagis hiwoni? Do you speak Cherokee? • Awi agoti. He sees a deer. • Awis agoti? Is he seeing a deer? Does he see a deer? • Ilvsgis jaduli? Do you want a few? The clitic “-ju” is used when you are asking a “yes” or “no” question and are expecting the answer to be “yes”. It also is normally added to the first word in a sentence or phrase. It is kinda of like adding “yes?” or “I expect?” to the end of what you are talking about. Examples: • Jalagi gawoni. He speaks Cherokee. • Jalagiju gawoni? I expect he speaks Cherokee? • Uweyvju nav jotle? You sat near a river? Yes? • Tohi. Being well. Health. Peace. • Tohiju? You are well, yes? The clitic “-quu” or “-squu” normally means “only” or “just”. It can also appear shortened as “-wu” or “-wv”. Unlike “-sgo” or “-ju”, it is attached to the word it needs to change to be understood properly. Examples: • Tohiquu. Just well. Just healthy. Just peaceful. 79
8.3. VOCABULARY • Ayvquu. Just me.
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
• Awiquu jigotiha. I see just a deer. • Awi jigotiquu. I just see a deer. • Uweyvquu nav agotlv. I sat near just a river. • Uweyuv navquu agotlv. I sat just near a river. • Uweyuv nav agotlvquu. I just sat near a river. The clitic “-hv” means “in contrast to” and is normally translated as “but” in English. Examples: • Nihi. “You.” • Nihihv? “But you?” • Ilvsgihv agwaduli. “But I want a few.” • Awihv jigoti!. “But I see a deer!” Clitics can be combined together. Examples: • Awisgohv higoti? “But, do you see a deer?” • Awiquus higoti? “Do you see just a deer?” • Awis higotiquu? “Do you just see a deer?” • Awiquuju higoti? “You see only a deer I expect?”
8.3.3
People
Exercise 8.1. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the list
from Table 8.1 on the facing page. Using the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokee into English until you become comfortable with these new words. 80
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON Pronunciation A-ge-ya. A-ni-ge-ya. A-ge-yu-ja. A-ni-ge-yu-ja. A-gi-si. A-ni-gi-si. A-s-ga-ya. A-ni-s-ga-ya. A-chu-ja. A-ni-chu-ja. A-chv-ya. A-ni-chv-ya. A-yv. (A-ya.) Ni-hi. Syllabary ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ. ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ. ᎠᎩᏏ. ᎠᏂᎩᎢ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᏧᏣ. ᎠᏂᏧᏣ. ᎠᏨᏯ. ᎠᏂᏨᏯ. ᎠᏴ. (ᎠᏯ.) ᏂᎯ.
8.3. VOCABULARY
English Translation A woman. Women. A girl. Girls. A female. Females. A man. Men. A boy. Boys. A male. Males. I or we. You or you all.
Table 8.1: Words for People
8.3.4
Common Names
Contrary to popular belief, it is not normal to try and translate the meaning of an English name into Cherokee to have a Cherokee name. Nor is it common practice to give people new names just because they are speaking another language. What one normally does is choose a name that is normally accepted as being the same or similar as your given name1 . For example: The English name Michael is Miguel in Spanish. It is also Michelle in French. The same thing happens with Cherokee. The name Michael becomes Magali. Examine Table 8.2 on the following page. If you look closely, you will notice that the Cherokee pronunciation is usually very similar to the English pronunciation. If you do not see your name listed here, you can check to see if it appears first in Section B.2 on page 144 and then the website http: //home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm. If your name does not appear, you can determine the most likely Cherokee pronunciation for your name by using the following guidelines.
1 This is not to say that Cherokee speaker will not give you a “nick-name”, (hopefully something you know the meaning of and can accept), but, having special naming ceremonies where fancy names like “White Spirit of the Buffalo” are bestowed upon a recipient because a “sage” says that is your name is not a native thing. If you earned a name, it was because of something you did, or because your friends gave you a nickname for you that stuck into adulthood, not because of some mystical naming ceremony. Especially if money is involved.
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8.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
Pronunciation A-li-sa-gwe-ti Cha-li De-wi-di Do-ma-si Do-quo-ti Ja-ni Je-me Ji-ni-wi Jo-se-wi Li-ni-da Ma-ga-li Ma-ga-ye-ti Ma-wi-a Me-li Qua-gwa Gwa-gwa-a Qua-ti-si Qui-ha-di Su-sa-(no) Wi-li-ha-ma
Syllabary ᎠᎵᏌᏇᏘ ᏣᎵ ᏕᏫᏗ ᏙᎹᏏ ᏙᏉᏘ ᏣᏂ ᏤᎻ ᏥᏂᏫ ᏦᏎᏫ ᎵᏂᏓ ᎹᎦᎵ ᎹᎦᏰᏘ ᎹᏫᎠ ᎺᎵ ᏆᏆ ᏆᏆᎠ ᏆᏘᏏ ᏈᎭᏗ ᏑᏌᏃ ᏫᎵᎭᎹ
English Translation Elizabeth Charles David Thomas Dorothy John James Jennifer Joseph Linda Michael Margaret Maria Mary Robert Barbara Patricia Richard Susan William
Table 8.2: Cherokee Names
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8.3. VOCABULARY
(Reproduced here from the site http://www.native-languages.org/ names.htm for easy access by students.) ... basically, each character represents one syllable, so if your name is Mona, you would use the two characters for MO and NA, written left to right, like this: ᎼᎾ. This doesn’t actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course – it is just a way of spelling the English name Mona using the Cherokee writing system. Easy so far, right? However, there are several significant differences between the English and Cherokee writing systems that can make it hard to spell English names in Cherokee: 1. English isn’t written phonetically. There are many letters in English names that are not pronounced. In the name ”Sallie,” for example, the ”e” and one of the ”l’s” don’t make any sound at all. The name is pronounced the same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli, or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, you’ll need to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with the two characters for SA and LI, ᏌᎵ. 2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different vowel sounds may be spelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronounced like the i in police. The a in say and the e in they are pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are always pronounced essentially the same: A as in ”father,” E as in ”they,” I as in ”police,” O as in ”note,” U as in ”tune,” V, which sounds like the ”u” in ”sun,” and AI together, which sounds like the ”i” in ”mice.” You need to pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way your name is actually pronounced, which may be different from how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with the two characters LE and LA in Cherokee, ᎴᎳ. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then you would spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LA in Cherokee, ᎳᎢᎳ. 3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erick are all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindy is pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronounced the same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced the 83
8.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
same as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name by spelling any ”c” or ”ck” that sounds like K as K; any ”c” sound that sounds like ”s” as S; and any ”g” sound that sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and 3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), you should spell it with the two characters KA and NI in Cherokee, ᎧᏂ. 4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU, and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO, GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TV are written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV in Cherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonant sounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same in Cherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jeenee) you should spell it with the two characters TSI and NI in Cherokee, ᏥᏂ. 5. Some English consonants don’t exist in Cherokee. There are no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P, R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakers replaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so that they pronounced the name Rebecca ”quay-quay-gah” and spelled it ᏇᏇᎦ. SH is usually replaced with S, TH is usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replaced with L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which is pronounced ”may-lee” by Cherokees and spelled ᎺᎵ.) The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) is also replaced with QU. 6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except for S, which can be written by itself, all syllables in the Cherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writing English words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, the standard practice is to write a ”silent i” after the final consonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokee people would spell it with the three characters E, LE, and NI, ᎡᎵᏂ. Those are the general rules for spelling English words in Cherokee; of course, as in any language, some names can have more than one spelling. In particular, some names that entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, such as Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms – for example, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variant of Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokee variant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokee 84
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
8.4. TRANSLATIONS
syllabary to spell the English name ”Luke,” you would spell it ᎷᎩ, but to spell the Cherokee name ”Luga,” you would spell that ᎷᎦ. There is also some variation in spelling names whose vowel sounds don’t exactly match Cherokee. For example, the ”A” in ”Annie” is about halfway between the ”A” and ”E” sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee people spell it ᎡᏂ, and others spell it ᎠᏂ. These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but the good thing is that you can use them to write ANY name in Cherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled name to contend with like ”Makayla” or ”LaTasha,” which aren’t on any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, you can easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelled with the three characters MA, GE, and LA (ᎹᎨᎳ) and the three characters LA, TA, and SA (ᎳᏔᏌ).
8.3.5
Animate Plurals
The plural verb forms you have learned so far for “another” and “them” all reference non-living things. When speaking of another or others that are alive, many of these forms usually change slightly. Examine Table 8.3 on the following page. The most common differences that occur when you reference living things are the “ga-” sound, the “e-” sound, and the “-yi-” sound. The following exercise will help you become familiar with the sounds associated with these new forms.
Exercise 8.2. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the list
from Table 8.4 on page 87. Using the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokee into English until you become comfortable with identifying which pairing of participants the bound pronouns stand for.
8.4
Translations
Alter the word order of the English sentences by taking liberty with sense match up to mimic the word order of the source or destination Cherokee sentence in the translation exercises.
Exercise 8.3. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
(Answers .) 85
8.4. TRANSLATIONS
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
Pairing I + it I + them You (one) + it You (one) + them He + it He + them You and I + it You and I + them He and I + it He and I + them We + it We + them They and I + it They and I + them You two + it You two + them You all + it You all + them They + it They + them Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate
Prefix ji-, g-, [agi-, agw-] ji-, jiydeji-, [dagi-, dagw-] gajiy-, gajihi-, [ja-, j-] hiy-, hidehi-, [deja-, dej-] gahiy-, gahia-, g-, ga-, [u-, uw-] a-, g-, gada-, deg-, dega-, [du-, duw-] da-, deg-, degaini-, [gini-] enideni-, [degini-] geniosdi-, [ogini-] osdidosdi-, [dogini-] gosdiidi-, [igi-] edidedi-, [degi-] gedioji-, [ogi-] ojidoji-, [dogi-] gojisdiesdidesdigesdiijiejideji’gejiani-, [uni-] anidani-, [duni-] dani-
Example 1 Jigotiha. Jigotiha. Dejigotiha. Gajigotiha. Higotiha. Higotiha. Dehigotiha. Gahigotiha. Agotiha. Agotiha. Dagotiha. Dagotiha. Inigotiha. Enigotiha. Denigotiha. Genigotiha. Osdigotiha. Osdigotiha. Dosdigotiha. Gosdigotiha. Idigotiha. Edigotiha. Dedigotiha. Gedigotiha. Ojigotiha. Ojigotiha. Dojigotiha. Gojigotiha. Sdigotiha. Esdigotiha. Desdigotiha. Gesdigotiha. Ijigotiha. Ijigotiha. Deji’gotiha. Gejigotiha. Anigotiha.. Anigotiha. Danigotiha. Danigotiha.
Example 2 Agwaduliha. Jiyaduliha. Dagwaduliha. Gajiyaduliha. Jaduliha. Hiyaduliha. Dejaduliha. Gahiyaduliha. Uduliha. Gaduliha. Duduliha. Degaduliha. Ginaduliha. Enaduliha. Deginaduliha. Genaduliha. Oginaduliha. Osdaduliha. Doginaduliha. Gosdaduliha. Igaduliha. Edaduliha. Degaduliha. Gedaduliha. Ogaduliha. Ojaduliha. Dogaduliha. Gojaduliha. Sdaduliha. Esdaduliha. Desdaduliha. Gesdaduliha. Ijaduliha. Ejaduliha. Deja’duliha. Gejaduliha. Unaduliha. Anaduliha. Dunaduliha. Danaduliha.
Table 8.3: Animate and Inanimate pairings.
86
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON Question Side edigotiha. ejigotiha. enigotiha. esdigotiha. gahigotiha. gahiyaduliha. gajigotiha. gajiyaduliha. gedigotiha. gejigotiha. genigotiha. gesdigotiha. gojigotiha. gosdigotiha. hiyaduliha. jiyaduliha.
8.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
Answer Side We see another (alive) You all see another (alive) You and I see another (alive) You two see another (alive) You (one) see them (alive) You (one) want them (alive) I see them (alive) I want them (alive) We see them (alive) You all see them (alive) You and I see them (alive) You two see them. They and I see them. You and I see another (alive) You (one) want another (alive) I want another (alive)
Table 8.4: List for Flash Cards
Exercise 8.4. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers .)
Exercise 8.5. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
(Answers .)
Exercise 8.6. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers .)
8.5
8.5.1
Thinking in Cherokee
Conversations
You will be described a brief scenario. You will be asked a question in either Cherokee or English. Respond in Cherokee. Use full sentences where possible. Scene/challenge/response: 1. A friend has walked up to you at a powwow. Your friend says: (a) “Siyo.” 87
8.6. DICTATION EXERCISES i. Osiyo.
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
(b) “Gadiaju ’Osiyo’. Dohiju?” i. “Dohiquu. Nihinahv?” (c) “Dohiquu. Donadagohv.” i. Donadagohvi. 2. You have a couple of friends come visit you at home for dinner. They say: (a) “Dodadagohvi.” i. Idadolvi. 3. You are feeling bad. (a) “Dohiju?” Tla. Uyoi. 4. You are at the dinner table. A friend is sitting across from you. You look out the window and see 2 deer and a squirrel. Your friend asks: (a) Awisgo higoti? i. Vv. Tali iyani awi gajigotiha. (b) Awiju gahigoti? i. Tla. Saquu iyani saloli jigotiha.
8.6
Dictation Exercises
Exercise 8.7. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
Exercise 8.8. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sure
to say each word each time you start writing it.
88
Chapter 9
ᏐᏁᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
9.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮡ”, “Ꮢ”, “Ꮣ”, “Ꮤ”, “Ꮥ”, “Ꮦ”, and “Ꮧ”. Refer to Figure 9.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
9.2
9.2.1
Vocabulary
“It is.” and “It was.”
Syllabary ᎢᎩ Ꮭ ᏱᎩ ᏱᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏐᎢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ English Translation It is. It is not. If it is. Is it not? It was. It was. It was (reportedly). It will be. It is usually. It was not. 89
Pronunciation i-gi tla yi-gi yi-gi gesvgi gesv?i gese?i gesesdi geso?i nigesvna
9.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
Figure 9.1: “Ꮡ”, “Ꮢ”, “Ꮣ”, “Ꮤ”, “Ꮥ”, “Ꮦ”, and “Ꮧ”
90
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
9.3. CLITICS
9.2.2 9.2.3
Is/Was/Will Be Isn’t/Wasn’t/Won’t Be
9.3
Clitics
BA/pp141-158 Clitics are special word endings used to change or add meaning to a word or sentence. -sgo/-s [yes? no?] //nihis? Is it you? Ayvs? Is it me/us? -ju [yes I expect?] // Nihiju? You I expect? Ayvju? Me/us I expect? -ke [indicates an alternate choice, “either one, not both”] // Nihi ayvke? You or me/us? Ayv nihike? Me/us or you? -ka [it is, is it not? it does, does it not?] -gi [echo question, to confirm misheard or missed information] -gwu/-sgwu/-wu [only, just] // Ayvgwu. Just I/we. Nihigwu. Just you. -le [indicates doubt] -hv [but] // Ayvhv, But I/We, Nihihv, But you, -dv [emphasizer, usually on first word in a phrase or sentence] // Ayvdv. [emphatic] I/We. Nihidv. [emphatic] You. -na/-nv [and what of? sometimes used to emphasize a word] // Ayvnv? And what of me/us? Nihina? And what of you? -hehno/hno/-hnv [and, also used to “announce” topic of a sentence, shows up alot as a sentence starter for paragraphs, used also as “because”] -sgini [But] 91
9.3. CLITICS Clitic Syllabary
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON Purpose or meaning.
9.3.1
-ke (or?)
pp 293-294 Normally paired with -sgo as an indicator of an possible alternate expected answer. ᎦᏬᏂᎭᏍ? ᏕᎧᏃᎩᎠᏍ? ᎦᏬᏂᎭᏍ, ᏕᎧᏃᎩᎠᎨ? BA/pp144-145 ᏲᏁᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ? English[exclusive either] and Cherokee he speaks it? ᎧᏁᎩᏍ ᏥᏯᎵᏃᎮᏗᏍᎬ ᏝᎨ? He answered? when you were conversing with him, or not? can also be used to emphasize or alter meaning of question: ᎦᎪᎨ ᏗᏓᎾᏮ ᏫᏤᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏨᏁᎴ? Who made you go to the store? 92
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON ᎯᎳᎨ ᎢᎩᏓ Ꮎ ᏅᏯ? how+ke big that rock? How big is that rock? ᎦᎪ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᏌᎹᏗᏯ ᏂᎯ ᎡᏣᏙᎨ? who more smart you your-sister-or? Who is smarter, you or your sister?
9.3. CLITICS
9.3.2
-ka (it is, isn’t it?)
This is a request for affirmative confirmation. BA/pg 147 ᎩᏟᎧ? A dog, it is, isn’t it? ᏙᎧ? “..., it did, didn’t it?” //how to use this question word? “is only employed when the speaker aks for an affirmative answer.” ᎰᏩ [ok, correct, yes] + Ꭷ [it is, isn’t it?] = ᎰᏩᎧ = Isn’t that right? (correct?) ᏣᏚᎵᎭ [You are wanting it] + Ꭷ [it is, isn’t it?] = You are wanting it, aren’t you?
9.3.3
pg 294 ᏳᎣᏂᎠ.
-na (what if? what about?)
More commonly attached to nouns: ᏂᎯᎾ?
9.3.4
-gi (echo question)
DF/pg94/gagi specific form. gagi, who?, only with “echo questions”. see section on -gi http://books.google.com/books? What is an “echo question”? id=3JtAOHLtlHoC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=linguistics+%22echo+ questions%22&source=bl&ots=qKYlOXSsVO&sig=cN1vQ-ueOOQiIa_ 93
9.4. QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
EqP4ekj-IzHs&hl=en&ei=DfLtTMiCDcP6lwertrHCDA&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q= linguistics%20%22echo%20questions%22&f=false What is an “echo question”? echoquestionterm.htm BA/pp147-148 Did you say? What did you say (portion describe by who, what, etc)? ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. A man. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎩ? Did you say a man? ᎦᏙᎩ ᎭᏗᏍᎨ? http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/
9.4
Questions
Ask questions section pt1. Lecture on basic questions. DF/pp327-328
9.4.1
pg94.
Gago (Who?)
gago, who?, with normal questions. only refers to “persons”
9.4.2
pg92
Gado (What action?)
gado, what action? Gado advneliha1 ? What is he doing? Gado anidvneliha? What are they doing? Gado hadvneliha? What are you doing?
1 pg14
94
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
9.4.3
Gadohv (Why?)
pg 92, why? what reason?
9.4.4
pg93
Gado Usdi (Which one? What thing?)
gado usdi, which one? / what thing? gado jusdi, plural non-alive, which things? / what things? gado unsdi, plural alive, which things? / what things? A reply of either an object or a sentence containing a “to action” (infinitive) is normally expected.
9.4.5
pg129 Where?
hadlv (where)
9.4.6
pg129
hila (How many?)
how or what make question portion for anything that contains units of measure, including time.
9.4.7
pg129
hilayvi (When?)
9.5
Thinking in Cherokee
English: • In the following exercise, you will be described a “scenario” in Cherokee. 95
9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
• After the description of the scene, you will be told something has changed in the “scenario” in Cherokee, then you will be asked a question in Cherokee about some fact about the “scenario” that may or may not have changed as a result. • Answer with complete Cherokee sentences. Cherokee: You are sitting near 3 bottles. 3 red deer are here. (Over) there is a large rock. Over there there are 2 red deer. Change: The deer that are next to the rock, they go to the bottles. Question: How many deer are here? Change: 2 deer go over there next to the large rock. Question: How many deer are next to the bottles? Question: How many deer are over there? Question: What color are the deer? Numbers and colors and other things.
9.5.1
Cherokee Reading
Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out as many words as you can that you recognize. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏞᎢ. Waya Dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏎᎢᏃ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino jisdu ale saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. ᏙᏯᏃ ᎤᏂᎪᎮᎢ Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. ᎤᏪᏡᏁᎢ ᏙᏯ, ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!” Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said, “Look! Look!” 96
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?” Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?”
9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Beaver said, ”Something new is near the river!” ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!” Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go and see!” ᎤᏪᏴᎢᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎤᏁᏅᏎᎢ. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. ᏚᎪᎮᎢ ᏩᏯ, ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?” Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw them and said, ”Hi! What’s up?” ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Something new is by the river!” ᏩᏯ ᎤᏛᏁᎢ, “ᎨᎦ” Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.” ᎤᏪᏴᎢᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎤᏁᏅᏎᎢ. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.
Exercise 9.1. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
1. Waya dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. 3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. 4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said, “Look! Look!” 97
9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
5. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?” 6. Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Beaver said, ”Something new is near the river!” 7. Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go and see!”. 8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. 9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw them and said, ”Hi! What’s up?” 10. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Something new is by the river!” 11. Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.” 12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.
Exercise 9.2. Answer following question and phrase sets in Cherokee.
1. Waya Dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. (a) Dulasutlei gago? 2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. (a) Hadlv Jisdu ale Saloli? (Where are Rabbit and Squirrel?) (b) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?) 3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. (a) Gadono unadvnelei? (And then what did they do?) (b) Gago unigohei? (Who did they see?) 4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said, “Look! Look!” (a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 5. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?” (a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 98
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
9.6. HABITUALLY
6. Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” (Beaver said, ”Something new is near the river!”) (a) Gado usdi nav uweyvi? (What is near the river?) 7. Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go and see!”. (a) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. (a) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?) (b) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?) 9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw them and said, ”Hi! What’s up?” (a) Dugohei gago? (Who saw them?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did Wolf say?) 10. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Something new is by the river!” (a) Hadlv gohusdi ijei? (Where is something new at?) 11. Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.” (a) Gago ega? (Who is going?) 12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river. (a) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?)
9.6 9.7
Habitually Infinitive
Exercise 9.3. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
99
9.7. INFINITIVE
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
100
Chapter 10
ᏍᎪᎯᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
10.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮨ”, “Ꮩ”, “Ꮪ”, “Ꮫ”, “Ꮬ”, “Ꮭ”, and “Ꮮ”. Refer to Figure 10.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
10.2
Future tense
Exercise 10.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
101
10.2. FUTURE TENSE
CHAPTER 10. TENTH LESSON
Figure 10.1: “Ꮨ”, “Ꮩ”, “Ꮪ”, “Ꮫ”, “Ꮬ”, “Ꮭ”, and “Ꮮ”
102
Chapter 11
ᏌᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
11.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮯ”, “Ꮰ”, “Ꮱ”, “Ꮲ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮴ”, and “Ꮵ”. Refer to Figure 11.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 11.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
103
11.1. SYLLABARY WRITINGCHAPTER 11. ELEVENTH LESSON PRACTICE
Figure 11.1: “Ꮯ”, “Ꮰ”, “Ꮱ”, “Ꮲ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮴ”, and “Ꮵ”
104
Chapter 12
ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
12.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮶ”, “Ꮷ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, “Ꮺ”, “Ꮻ”, and “Ꮼ”. Refer to Figure 12.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
105
12.1. SYLLABARY WRITING PRACTICE 12. TWELTH LESSON CHAPTER
Figure 12.1: “Ꮶ”, “Ꮷ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ“, “Ꮺ”, “Ꮻ”, and “Ꮼ”
106
Chapter 13
ᏦᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
Problem 13.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
13.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!
Syllabary Writing Practice
Practice writing the letters “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, and, “Ᏻ”. Refer to Figure 13.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
13.2
13.2.1
Vocabulary
Animals
Exercise 13.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practice with your study group.
107
13.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON
Figure 13.1: “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, and “Ᏻ”
108
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON Picture ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation
13.3. HOMEWORK Yonega
ᎤᎫᎫ
u-gu-gu
owl
ᎤᏝᎥ
u-tla-v
mole
ᎤᏪᏥ
u-we-ji
an egg
ᏩᎴᎳ
wa-le-la
humming bird
ᏩᎶᏏ
wa-lo-si
frog
ᏯᎾᏎ
ya-(na)-se
buffalo
13.3
Homework
Exercise 13.2. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the eight
letters “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, “Ᏻ”, and “Ᏼ”. Use one letter per line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.
Exercise 13.3. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the eight letters
“Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, “Ᏻ”, and “Ᏼ”. in the order listed here. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.
Exercise 13.4. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it. 109
13.3. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON
110
Chapter 14
ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
14.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ᏼ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮚ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ꭶ”, “Ꮥ”, and, “Ꮪ”. Refer to Figure 14.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
14.2
Homework
Exercise 14.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
111
14.2. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 14. FOURTEENTH LESSON
Figure 14.1: “Ᏼ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮚ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ꭶ”, “Ꮥ”, and, “Ꮪ”
112
Chapter 15
ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
15.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮆ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮯ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, and, “Ᏻ”. Refer to Figure 15.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
15.2 15.3
Homework Vocabulary
Problem 15.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practice with your study group.
113
15.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON
Figure 15.1: “Ꮆ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮯ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, and, “Ᏻ”
114
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON 15.4. WOLF WEARS SHOES Picture ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation Yonega
ᎠᏣᏗ
a-ja-di
fish
ᏓᎳᎳ
da-la-la
wood pecker
ᏓᎹᎦ
da-ma-ga
horse fly
ᏜᏄᏏ
dla-nu-si
leech
ᏛᎦᏏ
dv-(ga)-si
turtle
15.4
Wolf Wears Shoes
Exercise 15.1. Translate the following into English. Exercise 15.2. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence, in
Cherokee.
15.5
Homework
Exercise 15.3. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the seven letters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”. Use one letter per line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it. Exercise 15.4. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the seven letters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”. in the order listed 115
15.5. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON
here. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.
Exercise 15.5. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
116
Appendix A
ᏓᎾᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᎬ
A.1 Chapter 1
1. Look there. 2. Hello. 3. English. 4. O.K. / Alright. 5. No. 6. Yes. 7. Really? 8. Ouch! 9. Cherokee Translate into Cherokee: 1. Ni! Ꮒ! 2. Ayo! ᎠᏲ! 3. Osiyo. ᎣᏏᏲ. 4. Vsgigi? ᎥᏍᎩᎩ? 5. Howa. ᎰᏩ. 117
A.2. CHAPTER 2 6. Tla. Ꮭ. 7. Jalagi. ᏣᎳᎩ. 8. Vv. ᎥᎥ. 9. Yonega. ᏲᏁᎦ.
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.2
Chapter 2
1. Good. 2. I am well. 3. You all come around again. 4. Red. 5. How are you? 6. And you? 7. Let you and I see each other again. 8. Bad. 9. Let you all and I see each other again. 10. You come around again. 1. You? Nihinahv? ᏂᎯᎾᎲ? 2. You come around again. Ihedolvi. ᎡᎮᏙᎸᎢ. 3. Red. Agigage. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ. 4. You all come around again. Idadolvi. ᎢᏓᏙᎸᎤᎢ. 5. I am well. Dohiquu. ᏙᎯᏊ. 6. How are you? Dohiju? ᏙᎯᏧ? 7. See you all later. Dodadagohvi. ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ? 8. Good. Osda. ᎣᏍᏓ. 9. Bad. Uyoi. ᎤᏲᎢ. 10. See you later. Donadagohvi. ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ. 118
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.3. CHAPTER 3
A.3
Chapter 3
1. Agigage etli ijigowata. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᏟ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. You all see a red mink. (A red mink, you all see it). 2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see a bad deer. (A bad deer, you and I see it). 3. Osda doya idigotiha. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see a good beaver. (A good beaver, you all and I see it). 4. Doya ahwi agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. A beaver sees a deer. (A beaver, a deer, he sees it). 5. Dili ogana agotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. A skunk sees a groundhog. (A skunk, a groundhog, he sees it). 6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. A beaver and I see a deer. (A deer, he and I see it, the beaver). 7. Doya jigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see a beaver. (A beaver, I see it). 8. Agigage ogana jigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎦᎾ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see a red groundhog. (A red groundhog, I see it). 9. Ahwi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see a deer. (A deer, they see it). 10. Etli agotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees a mink. (A mink, he sees it). 11. Dili ijigotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see a skunk. (A skunk, you all see it). 12. Agigage etli sdigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see a red mink. (A red mink, you two see it). 13. Etli higotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see a mink. (A mink, you see it). 14. Etli ogana osdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. A mink and I see a groundhog. (A mink, a groundhog, he and I see it). 15. Dili higowata. ᏗᎵ ᎯᎪᏩᏔ. You, look at the skunk. (A skunk, be seeing it). 16. Doya sdigowata. ᏙᏯ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. You two, look at the beaver. (A beaver, you two, be seeing it). 17. Etli sdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see a mink. (A mink, you two see it). 119
A.4. CHAPTER 4
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
18. Doya ojigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see a beaver. (A beaver, they and I see it). 1. A beaver and I see a skunk. ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. Doya dili osdigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᏗᎵ
2. A mink sees a beaver. Etli doya agotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 3. You all see a deer. Ahwi ijigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 4. They see a skunk. Dili anigotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 5. They and I see a deer. Ahwi ojigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 6. You all and I see a groundhog. Ogana idigotiha. ᎣᎦᎾ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 7. I see a red skunk. Agigage dili jigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎵ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 8. I see a mink. Etli jigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 9. You see a deer. Ahwi higotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. 10. All of you look at the red beaver! Agigage doya ijigowata! ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᏙᏯ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ! 11. He and I see a deer. Ahwi osdigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 12. A skunk sees a skunk. Dili dili agotiha. ᏗᎵ ᏗᎵ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 13. You two see a red groundhog. Agigage ogana sdigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎦᎾ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 14. You and I see a beaver. Doya inigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 15. A mink and I see a deer. ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ.. Etli ahwi osdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎠᏫ
16. He sees a beaver. Doya agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 17. Look at the beaver! Higowata! ᎯᎪᏩᏔ! 18. You two, look at the mink! Etli sdigowata! ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!
A.4
Chapter 4
1. Higowata. ᎯᎪᏩᏔ. Look at it. 2. Inigotiha. ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see it. 3. Ijigowata. ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. You all, look at it. 120
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 4. Idigotiha. ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see it. 5. Agotiha. ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees it. 6. Ojigotiha. ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see it. 7. Anigotiha. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see it. 8. Higotiha. ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see it. 9. Sdigowata. ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. You two, look at it. 10. Sdigotiha. ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see it. 11. Ijigotiha. ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see it. 12. Jigotiha. ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see it. 13. Sdigotiha. ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see it. 1. unta u - he, ant - knows it 2. sdiwoniha sdi - you two, woni - speak it 3. gawoniha ga - he, woni - speaks it 4. idigotiha idi - You all and I, goti - see it 5. iniwoniha ini - you and I, woni - speak it 6. higotiha hi - you, goti - sees it 7. hiwoniha hi - you, woni - speaks it 8. osdigotiha osdi - he and I, goti - see it 9. jiwoniha ji - I, woni - speak it 121
A.4. CHAPTER 4
A.4. CHAPTER 4 10. anigotiha ani - they, goti - see it 11. aquanta aqua - I, ant - know it 12. ijanta iji - you all, ant - know it 13. ijigotiha iji - you all, goti - see it 14. jigotiha ji - I, goti - see it 15. aniwoniha ani - they, woni - speak it 16. idiwoniha idi - You all and I, woni - speak it 17. agotiha a - he, goti - sees it 18. unanta uni - they, ant - know it 19. oganta ogi - they and I, ant - know it 20. ojiwoniha oji - they and I, woni - speak it 21. inigotiha ini - you and I, goti - see it 22. iganta igi - You all and I, ant - know it 23. janta ja - you, ant - know it 24. oginanta ogin - he and I, ant - know it 122
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 25. ijiwoniha iji - you all, woni - speak it 26. ojigotiha oji - they and I, goti - see it 27. sdigotiha sdi - you two, goti - see it 28. ginanta gini - you and I, ant - know it 29. osdiwoniha osdi - he and I, woni - speak it 30. sdanta sdi - you two, ant - know it
A.4. CHAPTER 4
1. Yonega jiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. I speak English. 2. Gohusdi janta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏣᏅᏔ. You know something. 3. Yonega iniwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏂᏬᏂᎭ. You and I speak English. 4. Jalagi hiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ. Speak Cherokee. 5. Yonega idiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏗᏬᏂᎭ. You all and I speak English. 6. Gohusdi unanta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏔ. They know something. 7. Jantesdi. ᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ. Know it. 8. Jalagi gawoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ. He speaks Cherokee. 9. Doya gohusdi oginanta. ᏙᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎣᎩᎾᏅᏔ. A beaver and I know something. 10. Yonega sdiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎯ. You two, speak English. 11. Ijantesdi. ᎢᏣᎡᏍᏗ. You all, know it. 12. Etli dohusdi unta. ᎡᏟ ᏙᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔ. A mink knows something. 13. Ginanta. ᎩᎾᏅᏔ. You and I know it. 14. Jalagi ojiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏥᏬᏂᎭ. They and I speak Cherokee. 15. Yonega ijiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎯ. You all, speak English. 16. Gohusdi iganta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎠ. You all and I know something. 123
A.4. CHAPTER 4
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
17. Jalagi ijiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. You all speak Cherokee. 18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha. ᎣᎦᎾ ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. A groundhog and I speak English. 19. Ijanta. ᎢᏣᏅᏔ. You all know it. 20. Yonega sdiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. You two speak English. 21. Jalagi hiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎭ. You speak Cherokee. 22. Sdantesdi. ᏍᏓᏅᏖᏍᏗ. You two, know it. 23. Gohusdi aquanta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏅᏔ. I know something. 24. Oganta. ᎣᎦᏅᏔ. They and I know it. 25. Jalagi aniwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. They speak Cherokee. 26. Sdanta. ᏍᏓᏅᏔ. You two know it. 1. They and I know it. Ogan(v)ta. ᎣᎦᏅᏔ. 2. You know it. Jan(v)ta. ᏣᏅᏔ. 3. You and I know something. Gohusdi ginan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎩᎾᏅᏔ. 4. You and I speak Cherokee. Jalagi iniwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏂᏬᏂᎭ. 5. I know it. Aquan(v)ta. ᎠᏆᏅᏔ. 6. Know it. Jan(v)tesdi. ᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 7. You all and I know something. ᎢᎦᏅᏔ. Gohusdi igan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ
8. They and I speak English. Yonega ojiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏥᏬᏂᎭ. 9. A beaver knows something. Doya gohusdi un(v)ta. ᏙᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔ. 10. He and I speak English. Yonega osdiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. 11. You speak English. Yonega hiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎯᏬᏂᎭ. 12. You all speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. 13. You two, speak English. Yonega sdiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎯ. 14. A skunk and I know something. Dili gohusdi oginan(v)ta. ᏗᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎣᎩᏅᏔ. 15. You all know something. Gohusdi ijan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏣᏅᏔ. 124
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.5. CHAPTER 5
16. You two speak Cherokee. Jalagi sdiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. 17. You all and I speak English. Yonega idiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏗᏬᏂᎭ. 18. I speak Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. 19. Speak Cherokee. Jalagi hiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ. 20. You all, know it. Ijan(v)tesdi. ᎢᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 21. They know it. Unan(v)ta. ᎤᎾᏅᏔ. 22. They all speak English. Yonega aniwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. 23. You two, know it. Sdan(v)tesdi. ᏍᏓᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 24. He speaks Cherokee. Jalagi gawoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ. 25. You all, speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎯ. 26. You two know something. Gohusdi sdan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏍᏓᏅᏔ.
A.5
Chapter 5
1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. Three red traps. 2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ. A few good ground hogs. 3. Igada junsdi awi. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. Some little deer. 4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ. Many bad skunks. 5. Igada digigage gugu. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ. Some red bottles. 6. Tali iyani anosda dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᏗᎵ. Two good skunks. 7. Tali iga jutana nvya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏅᏯ. Two large rocks. 8. Jiquisdi anosda awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ. Many good deer. 9. Joi iga josda disadvdi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. Three good traps. 10. Igada unilulojvi etli. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎡᏟ. Some crazy mink. 11. Jiquisdi junatana awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏫ. Many large deer. 12. Ilvsgi junatana doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. A few large beaver. 13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. A few pretty traps. 125
A.5. CHAPTER 5
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
14. Tali iyani junsdi doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏗ ᏙᏯ. Two little beaver. 15. Ilvsgi anosda dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᏗᎵ. A few good skunks. 16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏗᎵ. Three crazy skunks. 1. Three little deer. Joi iyani junsdi awi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏗ ᎠᏫ. 2. Two crazy skunks. ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ. Tali iyani unilulojvi dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ
3. Some good deer. Igada anosda awi. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ. 4. Many red beaver. Jiquisdi anigigage doya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎦᎨ ᏙᏯ. 5. Many red rocks. Jiquisdi digigage nvya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ. 6. Two good traps. Tali iga josda disadvdi. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. 7. A few pretty skunks. Ilvsgi junoduhi dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏃᏚᎯ ᏗᎵ. 8. Three little beaver. Joi iyani junsdi doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ. 9. Many crazy deer. Jiquisdi unilulojvi awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎠᏫ. 10. A few bad skunks. Ilvsgi uniyoi dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ ᏗᎵ. 11. A few pretty beaver. Ilvsgi junoduhi doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏃᏚᎯ ᏙᏯ. 12. A few good bottles. Ilvsgi josda gugu. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎫᎫ. 13. A few red bottles. Ilvsgi digigage gugu. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ. 14. Many red skunks. Jiquisdi anigigage dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎵ. 15. Three large beaver. Joi iyani junatana doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. 16. Some bad rocks. Igada uniyoi nvya. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ ᏅᏯ. 1. Doginaduliha. ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. He and I want them. 2. Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. He sees them. 3. Dunaduliha. ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want them. 4. Dagwaduliha. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. I want them. 5. Dojigotiha. ᏙᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see them. 126
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 6. Denigotiha. ᏕᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see them. 7. Dehigotiha. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see them. 8. Deji’duliha. ᏕᏥᏚᎵᎭ. You all want them. 9. Danigotiha. ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see them. 10. Dosdigotiha. ᏙᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. He and I see them. 11. Desdaduliha. ᏕᏍᏓᏚᎵᎭ. You two want them.
A.5. CHAPTER 5
12. Degaduliha. ᏕᎦᏚᎵᎭ. You all and I want them. 13. Duduliha. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants them. 14. Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see them. 15. Deginaduliha. ᏕᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. You and I want them. 16. Dedigotiha. ᏕᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see them. 17. Desdigotiha. ᏕᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see them. 18. Dogaduliha. ᏙᎦᏚᎵᎭ. They and I want them. 1. He wants them. Duduliha. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. 2. You want them. Dejaduliha. ᏕᏣᏚᎵᎭ. 3. He sees them. Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. 4. I see them. Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 5. He and I want them. Doginaduliha. ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 6. You see them. Dehigotiha. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ. 7. You all and I see them. Dedigotiha. ᏕᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 8. They and I want them. Dogaduliha. ᏙᎦᏚᎵᎭ. 9. You two want them. Desdaduliha. ᏕᏍᏓᏚᎵᎭ. 10. You two see them. Desdigotiha. ᏕᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 11. I want them. Dagwaduliha. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. 12. They and I see them. Dojigotiha. ᏙᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 13. They see them. Danigotiha. ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 14. You all and I want them. Degaduliha. ᏕᎦᏚᎵᎭ. 127
A.5. CHAPTER 5
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
15. He and I see them. Dosdigotiha. ᏙᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 16. You all want them. Deji’duliha ᏕᏥᏚᎵᎭ. 17. You and I want them. Deginaduliha. ᏕᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 18. You and I see them. Denigotiha. ᏕᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 19. They want them. Dunaduliha. ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 1. Dili unaduliha. ᏗᎵ ᎤᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want a skunk. 2. Awi nvya uduliha. ᎠᏫ ᎲᏯ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. A deer wants a rock. 3. Awi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see a deer. 4. Doya agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees a beaver. 5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. A beaver sees two traps. 6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants a few rocks. 7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. A beaver sees many traps. 8. Igada nvya duduliha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏅᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants some rocks. 9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Three deer want two skunks. 10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ. Some deer want a few rocks. 11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏫ. A few deer see three beavers. 12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ. A few beavers want a few bottles. 13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏚᎯ ᎠᏫ ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. I want some pretty deer. 14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want three little skunks. 15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏍᏗ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏙᏯ. Some beavers want two little bottles. 16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see some crazy bottles. 128
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.5. CHAPTER 5
17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏫ. Some large deer want a few pretty bottles. 18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏗᎵ. Some large skunks want many red bottles. 19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. Some large beavers want a few little skunks. 20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. Many little deer see many large beavers. 1. A deer sees a rock. Awi nvya agotiha. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 2. He wants a bottle. Gugu uduliha. ᎫᎫ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. 3. They see a deer. Awi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 4. He sees a bottle. Gugu agotiha. ᎫᎫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 5. The deer wants a rock. Awi nvya uduliha. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. 6. A beaver sees three rocks. Joi iga nvya dagotiha doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. 7. She wants a few beavers. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. Ilvsgi doya duduliha. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ
8. A skunk wants two beavers. Tali iyani doya duduliha dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᏗᎵ. 9. I want three bottles. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. Joi iga gugu daquaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ
10. He sees three bottles. Joi iga gugu dagotiha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. 11. Two beaver see three skunks. Joi iyani dili danigotiha tali iyani doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏗᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ. 12. A few beavers see some skunks. Igada dili danigotiha ilvsgi doya. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ. 13. A few beavers want two rocks. Tali iga nvya dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ. 14. They want three rocks. Joi iga nvya dunaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 129
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
15. Some beavers see three bottles. Joi iga gugu danigotiha igada doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏙᏯ. 16. Some deer see many crazy traps. Jiquisdi unilulojvi disadvdi danigotiha igada awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ. 17. Some skunks see three red rocks. Joi iga digigage nvya danigotiha igada dili. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎵ. 18. Two deer see two little beavers. Tali iyani awi tali iyani junsdi doya danigotiha. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks. Ilvsgi juwoduhi nvya dunaduliha joi iyani junatana doya. ᎢᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. 20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎠᏫ. Jiquisdi junatana dili dunaduliha igada unilulojvi awi.
A.6
Chapter 6
1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli. ᎫᎫ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink sees a bottle and a beaver. 2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli. ᏅᏯ ᏌᏛᏗᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink sees a rock and a trap. 3. Awi guguno duduliha etli. ᎠᏫ ᎫᎫᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink wants a deer and a bottle. 4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink sees a rock and a beaver. 5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ. A groundhog wants a deer and rock. 6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. A groundhog and a skunk see it. 7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. A beaver and a skunk see a trap. 8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. A deer and a skunk want a rock and a beaver. 130
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.6. CHAPTER 6
1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver. Nvya doyano dagotiha awi. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏫ. 2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap. Gugu sadvdino duduliha ogana. ᎫᎫ ᏌᏛᏗᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ. 3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver. Gugu doyano duduliha awi. ᎫᎫ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ. 4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk. Gugu dilino dagotiha ogana. ᎫᎫ ᏗᎵᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ. 5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock. Doya nvyano duduliha awi. ᏙᏯ ᏅᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ. 6. A beaver and a mink want it. Unaduliha doya ale etli. ᎤᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ. 7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk. Dili anigotiha doya ale etli. ᏗᎵ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ. 8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle. Sadvdi guguno dunaduliha doya ale etli. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎫᎫᏃ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ. 1. Hega ale hadia, “Donadagohvi”. ᎮᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏗ, “ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ”. You are going and saying, “Let’s see each other again.” 2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla. ᏕᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎩᎾᎳᏑᏝ. You and I are sitting and wearing shoes. 3. Inetluhvsga ale inega. yelling and going. ᎢᏁᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏁᎦ. You and I are
4. Doginotla ale osdadia, “Hena!”. ᏙᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓᏗᎠ, “ᎮᎾ!” He and I are sitting and saying, “Go!”. 5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᏡᎲᏍᎦ. They and I are wearing shoes and yelling. 6. Ijega ale ijadia, “Dodadagohvi.” ᎢᏤᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏣᏗᎠ, “ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ.” You all are going and saying, “Let’s all see each other again.” 7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla. ᏚᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏝ. They are sitting and wearing shoes. 8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega. ᎢᏤᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤᎦ. You all and I are yelling and going. 1. You are going. Hega. ᎮᎦ. 131
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
2. You and I are sitting and saying “Look! A deer!” Deginotla ale inadia, “Ni! Awi!”. ᏕᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏗᎠ, “Ꮒ! ᎠᏫ!” 3. You two are saying, “No.” Sdadia, “Tla.” ᏍᏓᏗᎠ, “Ꮭ.” 4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Osdetluhvsga ale doginalasutla. ᎣᏍᏕᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎩᎾᎳᏑᏝ. 5. They and I are wearing shoes and going. Dogalasutla ale ojega. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎦ. 6. You all are going. Ijega. ᎢᏤᎦ. 7. They are sitting and saying “We all see a rock.” Dunotla ale anadia, “Nvya idigotiha.” ᏚᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᎠ, “ᏅᏯ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ.” 8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Idetluhvsga ale degalasutla. ᎢᏕᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏝ. 1. Waya dulasutla. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Wolf Wears Shoes. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. Rabbit and squirrel are sitting near a river. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. squirrel are speaking. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. Rabbit and
4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. Rabbit and squirrel see beaver. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ. Beaver goes towards rabbit and squirrel. 6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!” Beaver is yelling, saying, ”Look! Look!” 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?” Rabbit says, ”What’s up beaver?” 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Beaver says, ”There is something new by the river!” 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!” Beaver says, ”Go and see it!” 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦ ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. Rabbit, squirrel, and beaver go towards the river. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏩᏯ. Wolf sees rabbit, squirrel, and beaver. 132
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.6. CHAPTER 6 ᎦᏙ
12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎤᏍᏗ?” Wolf says to them, ”Hello! What’s going on?”
13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Rabbit says, ”Beaver says something new is by the river!” 1. Waya dulasutla. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᎠ. (a) What is wolf doing? Dulasutla. ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. (a) Where is this happening? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. (b) What is happening? Dunotla. ᏚᏃᏝ. (c) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. (a) What is happening? Aniwoniha. ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. (b) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. (a) What is happening? Anigotiha. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. (b) Who is seeing? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. (c) Who is being seen? Doya. ᏙᏯ. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ. (a) What is happening? Ega. ᎡᎦ. (b) Who is doing it? Doya. ᏙᏯ. (c) In what direction? ᏌᎶᎵ. Didla jisdu ale saloli. ᏗᏜ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ
6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!” (a) What is happening? Gehluhvsga ale adiha. ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎭ. (b) Who is doing it? Doya. ᏙᏯ. (c) What is being said? Ni! Ni! Ꮒ! Ꮒ! 133
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
(d) To whom is this being said? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ., “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?” (a) What is happening? Adiha. ᎠᏗᎭ. (b) Who is doing it? Jisdu. ᏥᏍᏚ. (c) What is being asked? Gado usdi? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ? (d) To whom is this being said? Doya. ᏙᏯ. 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” (a) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. (b) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ. (c) Who is talking? Doya. ᏙᏯ. 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ
(a) What is the first thing requested? Sdena. ᏍᏕᎾ. (b) What is the second thing requested? Sdigowata. ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. (c) How many people are speaking? Saquu. ᏌᏊ. (d) How many people are being spoken to? Tali. ᏔᎵ. 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦ ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. (a) What is happening? Anega. ᎠᏁᎦ. (b) Where are they going? Didla uweyvi. ᏗᏜ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. (c) How many are going? Tsoi. ᏦᎢ. (d) Who are going? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏩᏯ. (a) What is happening? Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. (b) Who is seeing? Wahya. ᏩᏯ. (c) Who is being seen? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. 12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” ᎤᏍᏗ?” 134 ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
(a) What word is used to greet them? Osiyo. ᎣᏏᏲ. (b) What is asked? Gado usdi? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ? 13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” (a) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ. (b) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
A.7
Chapter 7
(From 7.1 on page 67) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally “agi-” becomes “agw-” before any of the vowels “a”, “e”, “o”, “u”, or “v”. Also, “u-” normally becomes “uw-” before any vowel. 1. He spoke it. ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Uwonisvi. 2. You and I wanted it. ᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Ginadulvhvi. 3. They and I knew it. ᎣᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Ogantvi. 4. I saw it. ᎠᎩᎪᎲᎢ. Agigohvi. 5. He said it. ᎤᏛᏅᎢ. Udvhnvi. 6. You all and I sat. ᏕᎪᏢᎢ. Degotlvi. 7. They saw it. ᎤᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Unigohvi. 8. You all and I wore shoes. ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Degalasutlvi. 9. You all new it. ᎢᏣᏅᏛᎢ. Ijantvi. 10. He wore shoes. ᏚᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dulasutlvi. 11. I went. ᎠᏇᏅᏒᎢ. Agwenvsvi. 12. They knew it. ᎤᎾᏅᏛᎢ. Unanhtvi. 13. He saw it. ᎤᎪᎲᎢ. Ugohvi. 14. You all and I said. ᎢᎦᏛᏅᎢ. Igadvhnvi. 15. You all wanted it. ᎢᏣᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Ijadulvhvi. 16. You and I spoke it. ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Giniwonisvi. 135
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
17. You all and I knew it. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. 18. I said it. ᎠᏆᏛᏅᎢ. Agwadvhnvi. 19. You and I saw it. ᎩᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Ginigohvi. 20. They and I sat. ᏙᎪᏢᎢ. Dogotlvi. 21. They sat. ᏚᏃᏢᎢ. Dunotlvi. 22. He and I wanted it. ᎣᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Oginadulvhvi. 23. He wanted it. ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Udulvhvi. 24. You said it. ᏣᏛᏅᎢ. Jadvhnvi. 25. I wanted it. ᎠᎩᏩᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Agwadulvhvi. 26. I wore shoes. ᏓᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dagalasutlvi. 27. You all and I yelled. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Igetluhnvi. (From 7.3 on page 68) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. They wanted it. ᎤᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Unadulvhvi. 2. He and I saw it. ᎣᎩᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Oginigohvi. 3. You sat. ᏦᏢᎢ. Jotlvi. 4. He yelled. ᎤᏪᏡᏅᎢ. Uwetluhnvi. 5. He and I spoke it. ᎣᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Oginiwonisvi. 6. You two wore shoes. ᏕᏍᏓᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Desdalasutlvi. 7. You two yelled. ᏍᏕᏡᏅᎢ. Sdetluhnvi. 8. They yelled. ᎤᏁᏡᏅᎢ. Unetluhnvi. 9. I spoke it. ᎠᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Agiwonisvi. 10. He knew it. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ. Unhtvi. 11. They wore shoes. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dunalasutlvi. 12. He sat. ᎤᏬᏢᎢ. Uwotlvi. 13. I sat. ᎠᏉᏢᎢ. Agwotlvi. 14. They spoke it. ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Uniwonisvi. 136
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 15. They and I said it. ᎣᎦᏛᏅᎢ. Ogadvhnvi. 16. You two saw it. ᏍᏗᎪᎲᎢ. Sdigohvi. 17. He and I went. ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Oginenvsvi. 18. They went. ᎤᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Unenvsvi.
A.7. CHAPTER 7
19. They and I wore shoes. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dogalasutlvi. 20. They and I yelled. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Ogetluhnvi. 21. You and I went. ᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Ginenvsvi. 22. You went. ᏤᏅᏒᎢ. Jenvsvi. 23. You all spoke it. ᎢᏥᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Ijiwonisvi. 24. He went. ᎤᏪᏅᏒᎢ. Uwenvsvi. 25. I yelled. ᎠᏇᏡᏅᎢ. Agwetluhnvi. 26. I knew it. ᎠᏆᏅᏛᎢ. Agwanhtvi. 27. They said it. ᎤᎾᏛᏅᎢ. Unadvhnvi. (From 7.5 on page 69) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei means the speaker heard about it. 1. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega agiwonisvi. I spoke English. 2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega igiwonisvi. You all and I spoke English. 3. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled. 4. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. Unhtvi saloli. A squirrel knew it. 5. ᎤᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ”. Unadvhnvi jigwisdi doya, “Osiyo”. Many beaver said, “Hello”. 6. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it. 7. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏆᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Sadvdi agwadulvhvi. I wanted a trap. 8. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. Nav nvya oginenvsvi jisdu. A rabbit and I went near a rock. 9. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎣᎨᏅᏒᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ. Nav uweyvi ogenvsvi tsoi iyani saloli. Three squirrels and I went near a river. 10. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎣᎩᏂᎥᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. Saloli oginigohvi ogana. A groundhog and I saw a sqirrel. 137
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
11. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎮᎢ. Jisdu sdadulvhei. You two wanted a rabbit, I was told. 12. “Ꮭ”, ᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ. “Tla”, ginadvhnvi. You and I said no. 13. Ꮥ’ᏣᎳᏑᏢᎢ. De’jalasutlvi. You all wore shoes. 14. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏚᎪᎮᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. Igada jisdu dugohei saloli. A squirrel saw some rabbits, I was told. 15. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏞᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏩᏯ. Dunalasutlei jiquisdi waya. Many wolves wore shoes, I was told. 16. ᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Jetluhnvi. You yelled. 17. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏢᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Nav sadvdi dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi. Three deer and I sat near a trap. 18. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᏃᏢᎢ. Nav nvya deginotlvi. You and I sat near a rock. (From 7.6 on page 70) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. You all and I wanted a rabbit. Jisdu igadulvhvi. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎢᎦᏚᎸᎲᎢ. 2. You wore shoes, so I heard. Dejalasutlei. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞᎢ. 3. A few wolves and I yelled. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏯ. 4. Two deer and I spoke English. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. 5. You all and I saw three rocks. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᎪᎲᎢ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᎪᎲ. 6. I was told you all said hello. Osiyo ijadvhnei. ᎣᏏᏲ ᎢᏣᏛᏁᎢ. 7. A mink knew it. Unhtvi etli. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᎡᏟ. 8. You and I spoke English. Yonega giniwonisvi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. 9. You and I went near a trap. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. 10. I was told three wolves sat near a trap. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoi iyani waya. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏩᏯ. 11. A beaver and I wanted three squirrels. Tsoi iyani saloli doginadulvhvi doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏙᏯ. 138
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12. I heard you two saw a skunk. Dili sdigohei. ᏗᎵ ᏍᏗᎪᎮᎢ. 13. A squirrel and I said, “yes”. “Vv”, oginadvhnvi saloli. “ᎥᎥ”, ᎣᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. 14. I sat near a river. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏉᏢᎢ. 15. I was told a wolf wore shoes. Dulasutlei waya. ᏚᎳᏑᏞᎢ ᏩᏯ. 16. You all yelled. Ijetluhnvi. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. 17. You two knew it, so I was told. Sdanhte. ᏍᏓᏅᏖ. 18. A few groundhogs went near a trap. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgi ogana. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎾ. (From 7.7 on page 71) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. 1. ᎾᎥᏅᏯ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᎠᏫ. Nav nvya oginenvsvi awi. A deer and I went near a rock. 2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega giniwonisvi. You and I spoke English. 3. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled. 4. ᏓᎦᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ. Dagalasutlesdi. Let me wear shoes. 5. “ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ”, ᎢᎦᏛᏅᎢ. “Dodadagohvi”, igadvhnvi. You all and I said, “See you all later”. 6. “ᎠᏲ!”, ᎣᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. “Ayo!”, oginadvhnvi ogana. “Ouch!”, said a groundhog and I. 7. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Igetluhnvi. You all and I yelled. 8. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏗᎪᏩᏔ. Dili idigowata. Let you all and I see a skunk. 9. ᎤᏅᏖᎢ ᏙᏯ. Unhtei doya. I was told a beaver knew it. 10. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᏙᎪᏢᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Nav nvya dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi. Three deer and I sat near a rock. 11. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎢᏤᏅᏎᎢ. Nav igada disadvdi ijenvsei. I heard you all went near some traps. 12. “ᎥᏍᎩᎩ?”, ᏍᏓᏛᏅᎢ. “Vsgigi?”, sdadvhnvi. You two said “Really?” 13. ᏍᏓᏅᏔ. Sdanta. You two know it. 139
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
14. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏉᏞᏍᏗ. Nav usdi uweyvi agwotlesdi. Let me sit near a little river. 15. ᎡᏟ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. Etli jigotiha. I am seeing a mink. (From 7.8 on page 71) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. Let you two say “Ouch!”. “Ayo!”, sdada. “ᎠᏲ!”, ᏍᏓᏓ. 2. I said “Come back and see me.” Agwadvhnv, “Ihedolv”. ᎠᏆᏛᏅ, “ᎢᎮᏙᎸ”. 3. You see some traps. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ. Igada disadvdi dehigotiha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ
4. Let three wolves wear shoes. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏩᏯ. 5. I was told you wore shoes. Dejalasutle. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞ. 6. Let a deer and I know it. Oganhtesdi awi. ᎣᎦᏅᏖᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. 7. Two rabbits and I are saying “Good!” Ojadi tali iyani jisdu, “Osd!” ᎣᏣᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎣᏍᏗ!”. 8. Let you all and I see three deer. Tso awi didigowata. Ꮶ ᎠᏫ ᏗᏗᎪᏩᏔ. 9. You and I spoke English. Yoneg giniwonisv. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. 10. I was told many rabbits yelled. ᎤᏁᏡᏁᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ. Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu.
11. You two wanted a rabbit. Jisdu sdadulvhv. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎲᎢ. 12. A skunk and I wanted two squirrels. Tali iyani saloli doginadulvhv dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏗᎵ. 13. I am speaking Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoni. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂ. 14. You all and I yelled. Igetluhnv. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. 15. I was told a groundhog went near some traps. Nav igada disadvdi uwenvse ogana. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏎᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. (From 7.9 on page 72) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. 1. ᏙᏯ ᎤᏂᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ. Doya unigohvi igada awi. Some deer saw a beaver. 140
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏎᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎾ. Yonega uniwonisei ilvsgi ogana. I was told a few groundhogs spoke English. 3. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it. 4. ᎾᎥ ᎫᎫ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏥᏍᏚ. Nav gugu dunotlei tsoi iyani jisdu. I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle. 5. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ. Jigwisdi awi duduliha jisdu. A rabbit wants many deer. 6. ᎣᎩᏁᏡᏅᎢ ᏙᏯ. Oginetluhnvi doya. A beaver and I yelled. 7. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂᎯ. Jalagi jiwonihi. Let me speak Cherokee. 8. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏦᏢᎢ. Nav uweyvi jotlvi. You sat near a river. 9. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ. Yonega ogiwonisvi jigwisdi jisdu. Many rabbits and I spoke English. 10. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Waya dulasutla. A wolf is wearing shoes. 11. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎵ ᏕᏣᏚᎸᎮᎢ. wanted a few skunks. Ilvsgi dili dejadulvhei. I was told you
12. ᎢᏁᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏃ ᎢᏂᎪᏩᏔ. Inena gohusdino inigowata. Let you and I go and see something. 13. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dejalasutlvi. You wore shoes. 14. ᏩᏯ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Waya sdadulvhvi. You two wanted a wolf. 15. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᎢᏁᎦ. Nav igada gugu inega. You and I are going near some bottles. (From 7.10 on page 72) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. Let you and I know it. Ginantesdi. ᎩᎾᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 2. A rabbit wanted a trap. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. 3. A wolf and I are speaking Cherokee. Jalagi osdiwoni waya. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ ᏩᏯ. 4. You two knew it. Sdantvi. ᏍᏓᏅᏛᎢ. 5. Some minks are speaking English. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎡᏟ. 141
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
6. Let you all sit near some traps. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏗᏦᏞᏍᏗ. 7. You all and I are wearing shoes. Degalasutla. ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏝ. 8. Let you all go near some bottles. Nav igada gugu ijena. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᎢᏤᎾ. 9. A rabbit and I went near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv oginenvsvi jisdu. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. 10. Let you sit near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏦᏞᏍᏗ. 11. Let you and I say, “Hello.”. Inada, “Osiyo”. ᎢᎾᏓ, “ᎣᏏᏲ” 12. Some groundhogs and I yelled. Ogetluhnv igada ogana. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ. 13. Let me know it. Agwantesdi. ᎠᏆᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 14. Let you all see a skunk. Dili ijigowata. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. 15. A mink is sitting near a large river. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏬᏝ ᎡᏟ.
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Appendix B
Additional Resources
B.1 The Leitner System
The Leitner system is a widely used method to efficiently use flashcards that was proposed by the German science journalist Sebastian Leitner in the 1970s. It is a simple implementation of the principle of spaced repetition, where cards are reviewed at increasing interval.
Method In this method flashcards are sorted into groups according
to how well you know each one in the Leitner’s learning box. This is how it works: you try to recall the solution written on a flashcard. If you succeed, you send the card to the next group. But if you fail, you send it back to the first group. Each succeeding group has a longer period of time before you are required to revisit the cards.
Example Suppose you have 3 groups called Group 1, Group 2 and
Group 3. The cards in Group 1 are the ones that you often make mistakes with, and Group 3 contains the cards that you know very well. You might choose to study the Group 1 cards once a day, Group 2 every 3 days, and the Group 3 cards every 5 days. If you look at a Group 1 card and get the correct answer, you ”promote” it to Group 2. A correct answer with a Group 2 card ”promotes” that card to Group 3. If you make a mistake with a Group 2 or Group 3 card, it gets ”demoted” to the first level, which forces you to study that card more often. The advantage of this method is that you can focus on the most difficult flashcards, which remain in the first few groups. The result is, ideally, a reduction in the amount of study time needed. 143
B.2. NAMES
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitner_system
B.2
Names
The following list of names is largely based upon the names as listed at http://home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b. htm. Where a name that is in the table was not available at that website, the guidelines from website http://www.native-languages. org/cherokee_names.htm were used for creating the Cherokee version. Table B.1: English to Cherokee Names Anthony Barbara Betty Brian Carol Charles Christopher Daniel David Deborah Donald Donna Dorothy Elizabeth Helen Jennifer Edward George James Jason ᎡᏂᏙᏂ ᏆᏆ ᏇᏗ ᏆᏯᏂ ᎧᎶ ᏣᎵ ᏈᏍᏙᏋ ᏕᏂᎵ ᏕᏫᏗ ᏕᏉᎠ ᏓᎾᎵ ᏓᎾ ᏙᏉᏘ ᎠᎵᏌᏇᏘ ᎮᎴᏂ ᏤᏂᏇ ᎡᏗᏩᏗ ᏣᏥ ᏤᎻ ᏤᏌᏂ e-(ni)-to-ni qua-qua que-di qua-ya-(ni) ka-lo ja-li qui-s-do-quv de-ni-li de-wi-di de-quo-a da-na-li da-na do-quo-ti a-li-sa-que-ti he-le-ni je-ni-que e-di-wa-di ja-ji je-mi je-sa-ni
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APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES English Name Jeff John Joseph Kenneth Kevin Karen Kimberly Laura Linda Lisa Mark Michael Margaret Maria Mary Michelle Nancy Patricia Paul Richard Robert Ronald Ruth Sandra Sarah Sharon Susan Steven Thomas Syllabary ᏤᏫ ᏣᏂ ᏦᏎᏫ ᎩᏂᏘ ᏆᏂ ᎫᏆᏂ ᎩᎻᏇᎵ ᎳᏆᎠ ᎵᏂᏓ ᎵᏌ ᎹᎦ ᎹᎦᎵ ᎹᎦᏰᏘ ᎹᏫᎠ ᎺᎵ ᎺᏍᎮᎵ ᏁᏂᏏ ᏆᏘᏏ ᏉᎵ ᏈᎭᏗ ᏆᏆ ᏉᎳᏗ ᏊᏘ ᏎᏂᏗᎠ ᏎᎩ ᏤᏆᏂ ᏑᏌᏃ ᏍᏘᏫᏂ ᏙᎹᏏ
B.2. NAMES
Cherokee Pronunciation je-wi ja-ni jo-se-wi gi-ni-ti gwa-ni gu-qua-ni gi-mi-que-li la-qua-a li-ni-da li-sa ma-ga ma-ga-li ma-ga-ye-ti ma-wi-a me-li me-s-he-li ne-(ni)-si qua-ti-si quo-li qui-ha-di qua-qua quo-la-di quu-ti se-(ni)-di-a se-gi je-qua-(ni) su-sa-(no) s-ti-wi-ni do-ma-si
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B.2. NAMES English Name William
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Syllabary ᏫᎵᎭᎹ Cherokee Pronunciation wi-li-ha-ma
If you do not see your name listed, you try looking it up at http: //home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm, or if it does not appear there, you can determine the Cherokee pronunciation for you name by using the following guidelines (reproduced here for easier reference) as originally posted at http: //www.native-languages.org/names.htm: ... basically, each character represents one syllable, so if your name is Mona, you would use the two characters for MO and NA, written left to right, like this: ᎼᎾ. This doesn’t actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course – it is just a way of spelling the English name Mona using the Cherokee writing system. Easy so far, right? However, there are several significant differences between the English and Cherokee writing systems that can make it hard to spell English names in Cherokee: 1. English isn’t written phonetically. There are many letters in English names that are not pronounced. In the name ”Sallie,” for example, the ”e” and one of the ”l’s” don’t make any sound at all. The name is pronounced the same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli, or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, you’ll need to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with the two characters for SA and LI, ᏌᎵ. 2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different vowel sounds may be spelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronounced like the i in police. The a in say and the e in they are pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are always pronounced essentially the same: A as in ”father,” E as in ”they,” I as in ”police,” O as in ”note,” U as in ”tune,” V, which sounds like the ”u” in ”sun,” and AI together, which sounds like the ”i” in ”mice.” You need to pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way your name is actually pronounced, which may be different from how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with the two characters LE and LA in Cherokee, ᎴᎳ. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then you 146
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
B.2. NAMES
would spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LA in Cherokee, ᎳᎢᎳ. 3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erick are all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindy is pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronounced the same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced the same as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name by spelling any ”c” or ”ck” that sounds like K as K; any ”c” sound that sounds like ”s” as S; and any ”g” sound that sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and 3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), you should spell it with the two characters KA and NI in Cherokee, ᎧᏂ. 4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU, and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO, GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TV are written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV in Cherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonant sounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same in Cherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jeenee) you should spell it with the two characters TSI and NI in Cherokee, ᏥᏂ. 5. Some English consonants don’t exist in Cherokee. There are no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P, R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakers replaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so that they pronounced the name Rebecca ”quay-quay-gah” and spelled it ᏇᏇᎦ. SH is usually replaced with S, TH is usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replaced with L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which is pronounced ”may-lee” by Cherokees and spelled ᎺᎵ.) The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) is also replaced with QU. 6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except for S, which can be written by itself, all syllables in the Cherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writing English words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, the standard practice is to write a ”silent i” after the final consonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokee people would spell it with the three characters E, LE, and NI, ᎡᎵᏂ. 147
B.2. NAMES
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Those are the general rules for spelling English words in Cherokee; of course, as in any language, some names can have more than one spelling. In particular, some names that entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, such as Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms – for example, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variant of Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokee variant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokee syllabary to spell the English name ”Luke,” you would spell it ᎷᎩ, but to spell the Cherokee name ”Luga,” you would spell that ᎷᎦ. There is also some variation in spelling names whose vowel sounds don’t exactly match Cherokee. For example, the ”A” in ”Annie” is about halfway between the ”A” and ”E” sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee people spell it ᎡᏂ, and others spell it ᎠᏂ. These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but the good thing is that you can use them to write ANY name in Cherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled name to contend with like ”Makayla” or ”LaTasha,” which aren’t on any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, you can easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelled with the three characters MA, GE, and LA (ᎹᎨᎳ) and the three characters LA, TA, and SA (ᎳᏔᏌ).
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Michael W S Joyner
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Dedication
To Ray Cochran - without his inspiration in working to keep the Cherokee culture and language alive, even amidst his pain, this work would probably not have come about.
Notice
Language and culture which are not shared and taught openly and freely will die. If our language and culture die, as a people, so do we. —ᎹᎦᎵ
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in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. • Notice — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/ 3.0/us/.
iv
Contributors
• Ray Cochran <Hawk’s Calls> (language consultation) • Charles E. Kauffman (voice for audio disks, language consultation, flute player) • Sagonige Asaladisgi ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏌᎳᏗᏍᎩ (language consultation) • ᏕᎳᎧᏘᏯ ᏗᎵᏔᏕᎩ, ᎠᏁᏢᏗᏍᎩ (language consultation) • Katrina Joyner, Graphics Arts, Book-cover.
Appreciation to:
Sequoyah - For creating the Syllabary. To the LYX, XeTEX, Ubuntu, and other Open Source Software projects for creating the software used to generate these materials. http:// www.lyx.org/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XeTeX, http://www. ubuntu.com/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source. To Leanne Hinton for her invaluable work on methodologies for teaching languages where fluency is low or non-existent, without whom the structure and inspiration for these materials would not have existed. “How to Teach when the Teacher Isn’t Fluent.” http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/fac/hinton.html, To Dr. Pimsleur for “Graduated Interval Recall”, a much changed version of which is used in the audio lessons.2 http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Graduated_interval_recall The Cherokee Unicode fonts page: http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/ Fonts_Cherokee.html
Referenced materials:
• ᏗᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎸᏍᎦ (Writing Cherokee) - ISBN: 1884655-23-8 • ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᏕᎵᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ (Beginning Cherokee) - ISBN: 0-8061-1463-0 • Cherokee/English Dictionary - ISBN: none
2 The intervals published in his paper were: 5 seconds, 25 seconds, 2 minutes, 10 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours, 1 day, 5 days, 25 days, 4 months, 2 years.
v
• Cherokee English / Cherokee Glossary - ISBN: 1-884655-63-7 • Cherokee Parenting Phrases - ISBN: 1-884655-64-5 • Cherokee Study Course - ISBN: 1-882182-02-2 • Conjugation Made Easy / Cherokee Verb Study - ISBN: 1-88218234-0 • Conversation Starters in Cherokee - ISBN: 1-882182-42-1 • Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary - ISBN: none • Possessives in Cherokee Made Easy - ISBN: 1-882182-39-1 • A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee - (http: //kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/4212/ 1/umi-ku-2613_1.pdf)
vi
Preface
This book and accompanying audio covers basic pronunciation, a few introductory phrases, bound pronouns, basic sentence structure, and introduces some of the requirements of word agreement. Please keep in mind that many of the sentences used in this material are here only to demonstrate grammar, not provide examples of everyday speech, and are many times non-sensible from a normal conversational point of view. If you find what you believe to be an error in this material, would like to make a suggestion or comment, or want to obtain the most recent revision, please visit us on the web at: http://www.cherokeelessons. com/. When referencing this material, please be sure to notate the document revision tag: $Revision: 3.41 $.
vii
viii
Contents
Contents 1 First Lesson
1.1 Accompanying Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 On-line Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Getting the most out of this material. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Syllabary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 “You” vs “You” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Let us say the letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Syllabary, with markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Syllabary, without markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix 1
1 2 2 4 4 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 11
2 Second Lesson
2.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Syllabary Speaking Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
13
13 13 15 15 16
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
3 Third Lesson
3.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Pronunciation Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
17 17 19 19 21 23
4 Fourth Lesson
4.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Pronouns & Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
25 25 27 29 32
5 Fifth Lesson
5.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Plurals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 One Person vs Many People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 One Thing vs Many Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Plural Describing Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Plurals Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 It vs Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
33 33 35 35 36 36 37 44 46 49 51
6 Sixth Lesson
6.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Cherokee Reading 6.3 ale/-hno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
53 53 55 57 60
6.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
7 Seventh Lesson
7.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Formal vs Informal Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Talking About the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Vocabulary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
63 63 65 66 67 69 71 73
8 Eighth Lesson
8.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Word order revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
75 75 78 85 87 88
9 Ninth Lesson
9.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Clitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Habitually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
89 89 91 94 95 99 99
10 Tenth Lesson
101
10.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 10.2 Future tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Eleventh Lesson
103
11.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 xi
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
12 Twelth Lesson
105
12.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
13 Thirteenth Lesson
107
13.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 13.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 13.3 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14 Fourteenth Lesson
111
14.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 14.2 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
15 Fifteenth Lesson
113
15.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.2 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.4 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 15.5 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A Answers
117
A.1 Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 A.2 Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 A.3 Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 A.4 Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 A.5 Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 A.6 Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 A.7 Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
B Additional Resources
143
B.1 The Leitner System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 B.2 Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 $Revision: 3.41 $ $Date: 2011/07/08 12:15:41 $ UTC xii
Chapter 1
ᎢᎬᏱᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
The Cherokee syllabary is a syllabary invented by Sequoyah to write the Cherokee language in 1819. Each of the characters represents one syllable. The syllabary achieved almost instantaneous popularity, and for decades was used in the Cherokee Phoenix, a Cherokee newspaper. It has been used since it was formed to write letters, keep diaries, and record medical formulas. Although little new material is published in Cherokee, it is still used today to transcribe recipes, religious lore, folktales, etc. Knowledge of the syllabary is considered necessary for full Cherokee citizenship. According to evidence as of 1980, the (Western) Cherokee language is still spoken both formally and informally by around 10,000 people. The language remains strong, as the number of speakers has been continuing to increase since 1930. Cherokee languages classes typically begin with a transliteration of Cherokee into Roman letters, only later incorporating the syllabary. The syllabary is finding increasingly diverse usage today, from books, newspapers, and websites to the street signs of Tahlequah, Oklahoma and Cherokee, North Carolina. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_alphabet
1.1
Accompanying Audio
The accompanying audio is available for download from http://www. cherokeelessons.com/ at no charge. If you prefer, you can purchase 1
1.2. ON-LINE SUPPORT
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
a physical disk containing the audio for this book as DRM-free MP3 files from http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/wolfieee.
1.2
On-line Support
It is strongly recommended that you join the on-line Cherokee Lessons website forum. Sign up is fast, free, and easy. Just visit http: //www.cherokeelessons.com/ and click on “Cherokee Discussions”. You will find people of all skill levels willing to help you in your journey of learning to speak, read, and write Cherokee.
1.3
1.3.1
Getting the most out of this material.
Dull repetition is not the answer!
For you to be able to learn the Cherokee Language and Syllabary, you need the vocabulary presented to you in a specially ordered fashion. Simply starting out by repeating a word over and over will not work. Your brain will quickly become numb to the information you are trying to learn and you will encounter great difficulty going beyond a dozen or so words. Instead what needs to done is to have a challenge and response exercise in a specially crafted pattern that prevents the brain from becoming quickly numb to what we are trying to learn, giving us the ability to learn all great many words in very short order with a much longer retention time.
1.3.2
Graduated Interval Recall is the answer.
1.3.2.1 Paraphrased from Wikipedia :
Graduated-interval recall is a specific method of spaced repetition, published by Paul Pimsleur in 1967. It is particularly suited to programmed audio instruction due to the very short times (measured in seconds or minutes) between the first few repetitions, unlike other forms of spaced repetition which may not require such precise timings. Graduated Interval Recall is a complex name for a very simple theory about memory. No aspect of learning a foreign language is more important than memory, yet before 2
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.3. GETTING THE MOST OUT OF THIS MATERIAL. Dr. Pimsleur’s work, no one had explored more effective ways for building language memory. In his research, Dr. Pimsleur discovered how long students remembered new information and at what intervals they needed to be reminded of it. If reminded too soon or too late, they failed to retain the information.
1.3.3
How Graduated Interval Recall fits in.
After studying Dr. Pimsleur’s Graduated Interval Recall methodology, I created special audio files to accompany this printed material for the different groupings of the Cherokee Vocabulary presented in this material, including bound pronouns and other associated word forms. If you did receive a copy of these audio files, please visit http:// www.cherokeelessons.com/ to download them free of charge. While there, please join the forums for free language assistance and all around general chat.
1.3.4
Audio Lesson Structure
Each set of audio lessons is composed of three main components:
1.3.4.1 Syllabary Dictation Exercises
Learning to write and read Cherokee is very important for long term language retention and on-line communication.
1.3.4.2 General Lectures
They explain important concepts like how plurals work, etc. You should be able to follow along with the printed material very closely. Even if you don’t understand the lectures in entirety, listen through each lecture at least once before doing the following vocabulary exercises. If you find anything confusing and would like assistance, please visit us on the web at http://www.cherokeelessons.com/. 3
1.4. SYLLABARY
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.3.4.3 Vocabulary Exercises
This is where you will learn most of your vocabulary. Most individuals will need to repeat these exercises several times. These are the challenge response audio files that have been crafted based on the concepts behind the “Graduated Interval Recall” method.1
1.4
Syllabary
The Cherokee Alphabet is composed of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables, which make up words. This is why it is called a syllabary. A symbol in the Cherokee Syllabary typically represents a consonant sound followed by an optional vowel sound.2
1.5
Speaking
To speak Cherokee correctly, keep you lips still and the front of your tongue against your lower front teach. One is supposed to use the middle of your tongue to make the “s”, “l”, and other sounds, not the tongue’s tip. This takes practice, don’t give up.
1.5.1
Tone
In the Durbin Feeling Dictionary and other source materials you will see references to pitch or tone. In most cases, the pitch or tone of a word or phrase does not impact its meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Here we compare the Cherokee for salt and water: • The Cherokee for water, “a-MA”, has a shortened “a” that is of a lower tone. • The Cherokee for salt, “A-ma”, has both syllables of about equal length and of equal tone.
1 The example ”timings” as published, were not used. His paper clearly states they were only for example usage, and were not the actual numbers he came up with that matched his student population at the time of the study. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary
4
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON Cherokee ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ Pronunciation a-MA A-ma Meaning water salt
1.5. SPEAKING
You can also compare the musical scores representing pronunciation between the two:
1.5.2
Glottal stops
The glottal stop is a type of consonant sound used in many spoken languages. They are very common in Cherokee and the pronunciation column will be using a “?” to represent them. English examples of glottal stops are the pause in “uh-oh!” and the “tt” in “mitten” or “bitten”. When you see a “?” in the pronunciation column, you should pause briefly before going on to the next syllable.
1.5.3
The Intrusive “H”
Periodically you will see an an extra “h” added to the beginning of a syllable in the pronunciation column, even though the matching syllabary does not start with an “h”. Except for the letters Ꮏ, “hna”, and Ꮐ, “nah”, this sound is not written. As the amount of “intrusive h” you will encounter will vary from speaker to speaker, you will hear some words with it, others without it.
1.5.4
“gi”? “ki”? “do”? “to”?
Sometimes you will see “ki”, “ko”, “ke”, or “to” in the pronunciation column, and the Cherokee letters for “gi”, “go”, “ge”, and “do” in the Syllabary column. Native speakers are accustomed to varying some “g” sounds towards “k” sounds and varying some “d” sounds towards “t” sounds. This can also be heard when you hear different people reciting the Syllabary as some individuals substitute “gw” for “qu”. 5
1.6. “YOU” VS “YOU”
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.5.5
“tla”? “hla”?
Throughout this material, the syllables “tla”, “tle”, “tli”, “tlo”, “tlu”, and “tlv” can also be voiced “hla”, “hle”, “hli”, “hlo”, “hlu”, and “hlv” and you will see both forms used interchangeably in the pronunciation column. When voicing the “tl”/“hl” sound, one should drop the tongue straight down, which causes both “tla” and “hla” to sound almost alike.
1.5.6
Nasalization.
The “v” sound is always nasalized. The last syllable in each word is many times nasalized.
1.6
“You” vs “You”
In this and future lessons, you will see references to “You”, “You and I”, “You Two”, “You All”, etc. Unlike English, Cherokee speech specifies relationships of “one to one”, “one to two”, “one to many”, “one to many but not you”, etc. While a strange concept at first for non-native Cherokee speakers, with a little practice, these relationships will become second nature and a natural part of your everyday Cherokee speech. From this point onwards, if a quantity of people is not specified when using the word “you”, assume “you” is referring to a single person.
1.7
Writing
In this material are two Syllabary charts: one with English pronunciation marks (see Section 1.10 on page 8) and one without English pronunciation marks (see Section 1.11 on page 9), after your penmanship exercises, try sounding out each of the Syllabary characters starting where your penmanship exercises left off and working in reverse till you reach “Ꭰ”. Try using the chart that does not have any pronunciation marks, referring to the one with pronunciation marks only as a last resort. To be able to read and write Cherokee, you need to learn the Syllabary by writing it, not just reading it. You must do the penmanship exercises, making sure to sound out the letters each time you write them. 6
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.8. LET US SAY THE LETTERS.
1.8
Let us say the letters.
Trying to keep you tongue against your lower front teeth and moving your lips as little as possible, practice sounding out each of the characters on the Syllabary on the following page. Repeat aloud along with the Syllabary on page 9 and the Syllabary sounds audio included on the Chapter 1 audio disk. Try and keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
1.9
Vocabulary
Exercise 1.1. Create flash cards from the following vocabulary list with
the Cherokee words from the pronunciation column on one side and the English words on the other side. The act of creating your own flash cards helps with the learning process. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Make sure your group has learned all of these phrases before moving on to the next section. For most effective use of your flash cards, use the Leitner system. See Section B.1 on page 143. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏏᏲ Ꮒ ᎠᏲ ᎥᏍᎩᎩ ᎰᏩ Pronunciation o’-si-yo’ ni! a-yo! v-s-gi-gi ho-wa. English Translation Hello. Look at that! Ouch! Really? All right. Okay. Agreement.
Exercise 1.2. Add the following vocabulary to your flash cards. With
your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Make sure your group has learned all of these phrases before moving on to the next section. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᎥ Ꮭ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏲᏁᎦ Pronunciation v: v’ tla’ (hla’) ja-la-gi yo-ne-ga English Translation Yes No Cherokee English
7
1.10
Ꭵv Ꭼ gv Ꮂ hv Ꮈ lv Ꮕ nv Ꮛ quv Ꮢ sv Ꮫ dv Ꮲ tlv Ꮸ jv Ꮾ wv Ᏼ yv
1.10. SYLLABARY, WITH MARKINGS. CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
The Cherokee Syllabary, with English markings.
8
Ꭰa Ꭶ ga Ꭷ ka Ꭽ ha Ꮃ la Ꮉ ma Ꮎ na Ꮏ hna Ꮐ nah Ꮖ qua Ꮜ sa Ꮝ s Ꮣ da Ꮤ ta Ꮬ dla Ꮭ tla Ꮳ ja Ꮹ wa Ꮿ ya
Ꭱe Ꭸ ge Ꭾ he Ꮄ le Ꮊ me Ꮑ ne Ꮗ que Ꮞ se Ꮥ de Ꮦ te Ꮮ tle Ꮴ je Ꮺ we Ᏸ ye
Ꭲi Ꭹ gi Ꭿ hi Ꮅ li Ꮋ mi Ꮒ ni Ꮘ qui Ꮟ si Ꮧ di Ꮨ ti Ꮯ tli Ꮵ ji Ꮻ wi Ᏹ yi
Ꭳo Ꭺ go Ꮀ ho Ꮆ lo Ꮌ mo Ꮓ no Ꮙ quo Ꮠ so Ꮩ do Ꮰ tlo Ꮶ jo Ꮼ wo Ᏺ yo
Ꭴu Ꭻ gu Ꮁ hu Ꮇ lu Ꮍ mu Ꮔ nu Ꮚ quu Ꮡ su Ꮪ du Ꮱ tlu Ꮷ ju Ꮽ wu Ᏻ yu
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.11. SYLLABARY, WITHOUT MARKINGS.
1.11
The Cherokee Syllabary, without English markings.
Ꭰ Ꭶ Ꭽ Ꮃ Ꮉ Ꮎ Ꮖ Ꮜ Ꮣ Ꮬ Ꮳ Ꮹ Ꮿ
1.12
Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ Ꭾ Ꭿ Ꮀ Ꮁ Ꮄ Ꮅ Ꮆ Ꮇ Ꮊ Ꮋ Ꮌ Ꮍ Ꮏ Ꮐ Ꮑ Ꮒ Ꮓ Ꮔ Ꮗ Ꮘ Ꮙ Ꮚ Ꮝ Ꮞ Ꮟ Ꮠ Ꮡ Ꮥ Ꮦ Ꮧ Ꮨ Ꮩ Ꮪ Ꮤ Ꮭ Ꮮ Ꮯ Ꮰ Ꮱ Ꮴ Ꮵ Ꮶ Ꮷ Ꮺ Ꮻ Ꮼ Ꮽ Ᏸ Ᏹ Ᏺ Ᏻ
English Markings Pronunciation Guide.
Ꭵ Ꭼ Ꮂ Ꮈ Ꮕ Ꮛ Ꮢ Ꮫ Ꮲ Ꮸ Ꮾ Ᏼ
Key to Pronunciation3 Vowel Sounds
a: as (a) in father, or short as (a) in rival e: as (a) in hate, or short as (e) in met
3 This abbreviated pronunciation guide is adapted from the more complete pronunciation guide as used in Beginning Cherokee ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᏕᎵᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ by Ruth Bradley Holmes and Betty Sharp Smith. Additional information was adapted from the Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary by Prentice Robinson.
9
1.12. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
i: as (i) in pique or pig, or short as (i) in pit o: as (o) in note, approaching (aw) in law u: as (oo) in fool, or short as (u) in pull v: as (u) in but, nasalized
Consonant Sounds
g: nearly as in English (g)oat, but approaching to (k)ite. So that syllables beginning with g, except Ꭶ (ga) will sometimes sound like (k). d: nearly as in English (d)am, but approaching to (t)ask. In addition, as there are no (to), (tu), and (tv) symbols, words pronounced with these sounds are written with the Ꮩ (do), Ꮪ (du), or Ꮫ (dv) symbols. One has to remember the pronunciation. h k l m n q s t w y as in English. The Ꮖ (qua), Ꮗ (que), Ꮘ (qui), Ꮙ (quo), Ꮚ (quu), and Ꮛ (quv) are pronounced as though they were kwa, kwe, kwi, kwo, kwu, and kwv. Syllables written with (tl) except Ꮭ (tla) sometimes sound more like they start with (dl). When pronouncing the dla, tla, tle, tli, tlo, tlu, and tlv, place the tongue at the roof of the mouth and bring it down as you speak these syllables. The j in Ꮳ (ja), Ꮴ (je), Ꮵ (ji), Ꮶ (jo), Ꮷ (ju), and Ꮸ (jv) normally has the sound of the (j) as in jaunt.4 The Syllabary does not provide symbols to indicate unvoiced vowels, glottal stops, lengthened vowels, and stressed syllables. These will be indicated in the pronunciation guides as follows: • Unvoiced vowels: The syllable will be enclosed in parentheses “(”, “)”. The consonant is usually combined with the previous syllable. Buffalo. ᏯᎾᏎ. ya (na) se.5 • Glottal stops: A (?) will be inserted. A glottal stop is a very short pause to prevent syllables from combining together. Skunk. ᏗᎵ. di?li. • Stress is indicated by (’) after the syllable. ᎣᏏᏲ O’ si yo’. • A lengthened/double long vowel is indicated by a (:) after the vowel. I go. ᎨᎦ. ge: ga.
4 In many texts you will see “ts-” instead of “j-”. “J-” is being used in this material and not “ts-” to eliminate observed confusion in students between “-ts-” and “-st-”. 5 In some writings, an apostrophe (’) replaces the unvoiced vowel.
10
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
1.13. EXERCISE
1.13
Exercise
Exercise 1.3. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and
moving your lips as little as possible, recite the Syllabary on page 9 along with the audio found at http://www.cherokee.org/Extras/ Downloads/syllabary.html. Repeat this exercise at least once a day until your next class.
11
1.13. EXERCISE
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
12
Chapter 2
ᏔᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
2.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 2.1. Do the dictation exercise for the seven letters “Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”,
“Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ” and “Ꭶ”. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you start writing it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Penmanship paper, if not provided, can be obtained at your nearest school supplies store.1 In Figure 2.1 on the following page you will find step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter.2 Do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter. If you do, you will cripple your ability to read and write the Syllabary.
2.2
Vocabulary Review
Exercise 2.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 117):
1. ni 2. osiyo 3. yonega
1 We recommend that you obtain penmanship paper that is composed of bright tablet paper, is landscape oriented, that has seven writing lines. 2 These are only a starting point. It is normal for each person to develop their own writing style after awhile.
13
2.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON
Figure 2.1: “Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”, “Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ”, and “Ꭶ”
14
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON 2.3. SYLLABARY SPEAKING PRACTICE 4. howa 5. tla 6. vv 7. vsgigi 8. ayo 9. jalagi
Exercise 2.3. Translate into Cherokee, do not write out pronunciation
marks. (Answers on page 117): 1. look at that! 2. ouch! 3. hello 4. really? 5. All right. 6. no. 7. Cherokee. 8. yes. 9. English.
2.3
Syllabary Speaking Practice
Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and moving your lips as little as possible, sound out each of the characters on the Syllabary on page 8 along with the audio from Chapter 1.
2.4
2.4.1
Vocabulary
Other
Exercise 2.4. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary
flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎩᎦᎨ Pronunciation a-gi-ga-ge Yonega Translation Red 15
2.5. EXERCISES
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON
2.4.2
Greetings, Exchanges, and Interjections
Exercise 2.5. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏙᎯᏧ ᏙᎯᏊ ᏂᎯᎾᎲ Pronunciation do-hi-ju do-hi-quu ni-hi:-na-hv English Translation How are you? I am well. You?
Exercise 2.6. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎤᏲᎢ Pronunciation o-s-da u-yo?i English Translation Good Bad
Exercise 2.7. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᎮᏙᎸᎢ ᎢᏓᏙᎸᎢ Pronunciation do-na-da-go-hv-i do-da-da-go-hv-i i he’ do lv i’ i da’ do lv i’ English Translation See you later. (To one person.) See you all later. You come around again. You all come around again.
2.5
Exercises
Exercise 2.8. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and
moving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syllabary on page 9 using the Syllabary sounds found on the disk for Chapter 1.
Exercise 2.9. Do the dictation review exercises for the seven letters
“Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”, “Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ” and “Ꭶ”. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
16
Chapter 3
ᏦᎢᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
3.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 3.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꭷ”, “Ꭸ”, “Ꭹ”, “Ꭺ”, “Ꭻ”,
“Ꭼ”, and “Ꭽ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 3.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter.
3.2
Vocabulary Review
Exercise 3.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 118):
1. osda 2. dohiquu 3. idadolvi 4. agigage 5. dohiju 6. nihinahv 7. donadagohvi 17
3.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
Figure 3.1: “Ꭷ”, “Ꭸ”, “Ꭹ”, “Ꭺ”, “Ꭻ”, “Ꭼ”, and “Ꭽ”
18
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 3.3. PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE 8. uyoi 9. dodadagohvi 10. ihedolvi
Exercise 3.3. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 118):
1. You? 2. You come around again. 3. Red 4. You all come around again. 5. I am well. 6. How are you? 7. See you all later. 8. Good 9. Bad 10. See you later.
3.3
Pronunciation Practice
Exercise 3.4. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and
moving your lips as little as possible, sound out each of the characters of the Syllabary on page 9 along with the Syllabary practice audio.
3.4
3.4.1
Vocabulary
Animals
Exercise 3.5. Add the following vocabulary to a new flash card deck. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
19
3.4. VOCABULARY Picture Pronunciation
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON Syllabary English
a-hwi
ᎠᏫ
deer
di?li
ᏗᎵ
skunk
do-ya
ᏙᏯ
beaver
e-tli
ᎡᏟ
mink
o-ga-na
ᎣᎦᎾ
Groundhog
3.4.2
Verbs
Exercise 3.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation ji-go?-ti-ha i-ni-go?ti-ha i-di-go?ti-ha Syllabary ᏥᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ English Translation I see it. You and I see it. You all and I see it.
Exercise 3.7. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
Pronunciation hi-go?ti-ha s-di-go?ti-ha i-ji-go?ti-ha Syllabary ᎯᎪᏘᎭ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ English Translation You (one) see it. You two see it. You all see it. 20
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
3.5. SENTENCES
Exercise 3.8. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary
flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation a-go?-ti-ha a-ni-go?-ti-ha Syllabary ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ English Translation He sees it. She sees it. They see it.
Exercise 3.9. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary
flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation hi-go?wa-ta s-di-go?wa-ta i-ji-go?wa-ta Syllabary ᎯᎪᏩᏔ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ English Look at Look at Look at Translation it. (To one person) it. (To two people) it. (To three or more people)
Exercise 3.10. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation o-s-di-go?ti-ha o-ji-go?ti-ha Syllabary ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ English Translation He and I see it. She and I see it. They and I see it.
3.5
Sentences
In simple declarative sentences, the subject of the sentence ordinarily precedes the verb with its modifiers and objects. In addition, objects of verbs ordinarily precede the verb, resulting in “subject-object-verb” as in Example 1; placing the subject after the verb is also possible, yielding “object-verb-subject”, as in Example 2. All the sentence examples and exercises provided assume a single object. A single “it”. Having “them” as the object will be discussed later. In addition, adjectives are placed before nouns, see Examples 3 and 4. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. Asgaya awi agotiha. a man a deer he sees it A man sees a deer. ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Awi agotiha asgaya. a deer he sees it a man A man sees a deer. 21
1.
2.
3.5. SENTENCES
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
3.
ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. Asgaya agigage awi agotiha. a man red a deer he sees it A man sees a red deer. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Agigage awi agotiha asgaya. red a deer he sees it a man A man sees a red deer.
4.
Exercise 3.11. Translate into English (Answers on page 119):
1. Agigage etli ijigowata. 2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha. 3. Osda doya idigotiha. 4. Doya ahwi agotiha. 5. Dili ogana agotiha. 6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya. 7. Doya jigotiha. 8. Agigage ogana jigotiha. 9. Ahwi anigotiha. 10. Etli agotiha. 11. Dili ijigotiha. 12. Agigage etli sdigotiha. 13. Etli higotiha. 14. Etli ogana osdigotiha. 15. Dili higowata. 16. Doya sdigowata. 17. Etli sdigotiha. 18. Doya ojigotiha.
Exercise 3.12. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 120):
1. A beaver and I see a skunk. 22
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 2. A mink sees a beaver. 3. You all see a deer. 4. They see a skunk. 5. They and I see a deer. 6. You all and I see a groundhog. 7. I see a red skunk. 8. I see a mink. 9. You see a deer. 10. All of you look at the red beaver! 11. He and I see a deer. 12. A skunk sees a skunk. 13. You two see a red groundhog. 14. You and I see a beaver. 15. A mink and I see a deer. 16. He sees a beaver. 17. Look at the beaver! 18. You two, look at the mink!
3.6. EXERCISES
3.6
Exercises
Exercise 3.13. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth
and moving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syllabary on page 9 using the Syllabary sounds audio found at http: //www.cherokee.org/Extras/Downloads/syllabary.html.
Exercise 3.14. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
23
3.6. EXERCISES
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
24
Chapter 4
ᏅᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
4.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 4.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꭾ”, “Ꭿ”, “Ꮀ”, “Ꮁ”, “Ꮂ”,
“Ꮃ”, and “Ꮄ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 4.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter.
4.2
4.2.1
Vocabulary Review
Animals Review
Exercise 4.2. Write out the names in Cherokee of each animal. Try
and do this without looking up the answers.
25
4.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON
Figure 4.1: “Ꭾ”, “Ꭿ”, “Ꮀ”, “Ꮁ”, “Ꮂ”, “Ꮃ”, and “Ꮄ”
26
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Picture Cherokee Name
4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS Picture Cherokee Name
4.2.2
Verb Review
Exercise 4.3. Translate the following into English (Answers on
page 120): 1. Higowata. 2. Inigotiha. 3. Ijigowata. 4. Idigotiha. 5. Agotiha. 6. Ojigotiha. 7. Anigotiha. 11. Ijigotiha. 12. Jigotiha. 13. Sdigotiha. 8. Higotiha. 9. Sdigowata. 10. Sdigotiha.
4.3
Bound Pronouns and Verb Groups
Cherokee personal pronouns operate quite differently than the English personal pronouns “I”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “we”, and “they” as follows: • They are added to the beginning of a verb and change somewhat according to sounds in the verb. 27
4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Group A ji-, gihia-, ga-, ginisdiosdiojiijianiidiGroup B agi-, agwja-, ju-, uwginisdioginiogiijiuniigi-
I You Another (He/She/It) You and I You two Another and I They and I You all They You all and I
Table 4.1: Bound Pronouns • Cherokee combines the concept of “he”, “she”, and “it” into a single pronoun called “another”. There is no distinction based on gender as in English. • They are mandatory. All verbs must be prefixed with a bound pronoun. If you try and remove the bound pronoun, what is left over will be without meaning. • When a bound pronoun is added to a word stem, if the word stem starts with a consonant, an “-i-” is usually inserted as a pronunciation aid. • Bound pronouns do not stand on their on. “Ji-”, “ga-”, etc., by themselves have no meaning and would only be perceived only as gibberish. Table 4.1 shows the two main groups of bound pronouns1 :
4.3.1
What bound pronoun for what verb?
Take note that the only variations in each group are for the bound pronouns “I” and “Another” and that between the two groups, the forms for “I” and “Another” are completely different. This means you only have to learn the given the “I” and “Another” forms to use new verbs.
1 These are not all of the bound pronouns used in Cherokee. Additional bound pronouns will be introduced in later lesson material.
28
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON
4.4. VOCABULARY
Example: “Sees it”
I see it. He sees it. Jigotiha Agotiha
Because “He sees it” uses the Group A bound pronoun for “he/she/it”, the rest will also be Group A bound pronouns. The following table breaks down the verb “Sees it”: Cherokee Jigotiha Inigotiha Idigotiha Higotiha Sdigotiha Ijigotiha Agotiha Anigotiha Osdigotiha Ojigotiha Pronoun jiiniidihisdiijiaaniosdiojiEnglish Pronoun I You and I You all and I You You two You all He They Another and I They and I Word Stem -goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-
Exercise 4.4. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the Group
A bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying what group of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverse and identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.
Exercise 4.5. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the Group
B bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying what group of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverse and identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.
4.4
4.4.1
Vocabulary
Verbs
Exercise 4.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Note: The Cherokee for “knows it” only refers to facts or information, not about “knowing” a person. 29
4.4. VOCABULARY Pronunciation a-qua-n(v)-ta u-n(v)-ta ja-n(v)-te-s-di ji-wo:-ni-ha ga-wo:-ni-ha hi-wo:ni-hi go-hu-s-di
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Syllabary ᎠᏆᏅᏔ ᎤᏅᏔ ᏣᏅᏘᏍᏗ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ English Translation I know it. He knows it. Know it. I speak it. He speaks it. Speak it. Something.
4.4.2
Translation Exercises
Exercise 4.7. What bound pronouns and word roots are used to make
these words? (Leave off the ending -a/-ha) (Answers on page 121). 1. unta 2. sdiwoniha 3. gawoniha 4. idigotiha 5. iniwoniha 6. higotiha 7. hiwoniha 8. osdigotiha 9. jiwoniha 10. anigotiha 11. aquanta 12. ijanta 13. ijigotiha 14. jigotiha 15. aniwoniha 16. idiwoniha 17. agotiha 18. unanta 19. oganta 20. ojiwoniha 21. inigotiha 22. iganta 23. janta 24. oginanta 25. ijiwoniha 26. ojigotiha 27. sdigotiha 28. ginanta 29. osdiwoniha 30. sdanta
Exercise 4.8. Translate into English (Answers on page 123):
1. Yonega jiwoniha. 2. Gohusdi janta. 30
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON 3. Yonega iniwoniha. 4. Jalagi hiwonihi. 5. Yonega idiwoniha. 6. Gohusdi unanta. 7. Jantesdi. 8. Jalagi gawoniha. 9. Doya gohusdi oginanta. 10. Yonega sdiwonihi. 11. Ijantesdi. 12. Etli dohusdi unta. 13. Ginanta. 14. Jalagi ojiwoniha. 15. Yonega ijiwonihi. 16. Gohusdi iganta. 17. Jalagi ijiwoniha. 18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha. 19. Ijanta. 20. Yonega sdiwoniha. 21. Jalagi hiwoniha. 22. Sdantesdi. 23. Gohusdi aquanta. 24. Oganta. 25. Jalagi aniwoniha. 26. Sdanta.
4.4. VOCABULARY
Exercise 4.9. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 124):
1. They and I know it. 2. You know it. 31
4.5. EXERCISES 3. You and I know something. 4. You and I speak Cherokee. 5. I know it. 6. Know it.
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON
7. You all and I know something. 8. They and I speak English. 9. A beaver knows something. 10. He and I speak English. 11. You speak English. 12. You all speak Cherokee. 13. You two, speak English. 14. A skunk and I know something. 15. You all know something. 16. You two speak Cherokee. 17. You all and I speak English. 18. I speak Cherokee. 19. Speak Cherokee. 20. You all, know it. 21. They know it. 22. They all speak English. 23. You two, know it. 24. He speaks Cherokee. 25. You all, speak Cherokee. 26. You two know something.
4.5
Exercises
Exercise 4.10. Do the dictation review exercise. Be sure to say the
name of the letter each time you finish writing it. 32
Chapter 5
ᎯᏍᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
5.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 5.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꮅ”, “Ꮆ”, “Ꮇ”, “Ꮈ”, “Ꮉ”,
“Ꮊ”, and “Ꮋ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 5.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
5.2
Vocabulary
Exercise 5.2. Recognition and recall.
Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. 33
5.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Figure 5.1: “Ꮅ”, “Ꮆ”, “Ꮇ”, “Ꮈ”, “Ꮉ”, “Ꮊ”, and “Ꮋ”
34
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Pronunciation Sa-quu Ta?li Jo?i I-lv-s-gi I-ga-da Ji-qui-s-di (ji-gwi-s-di) Ni-ga-da U-s-di U-ta-na Ululojv?i Uwoduhi Nv-ya Gu-gu Sa-dv-di Di-sa-dv-di A-gwa-du:-li-ha (A?-wa-du:li-a) U-du’-li-ha Ja-du’-la Syllabary ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏅᏯ ᎫᎫ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏆᏚᎵᎭ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ ᏣᏚᎳ
5.3. COUNTING English Translation One Two Three Few Some Many All Little/Small (in size) Large/Big (in size) Crazy Pretty (in appearance) A rock A bottle A trap Traps I want it. He wants it. Let you want it.
5.3
Counting
Syllabary ᎢᏯᏂ ᎢᎦ English Translation Quantity/Count (Alive) Quantity/Count (Not Alive)
Pronunciation i-ya-ni i-ga
When indicating quantities, in many communities it is general practice to add either “iyani” after the number for living things or “iga” after the number for non-living things when dealing with any quantity greater than one. Examples: • Saquu doya. One beaver. • Tali iyani awi. Two deer. (Two alive-count-of deer.) • Joi iga disadvdi. Three traps. (Three not-alive-count-of traps.)
5.4
Plurals
Plurals in Cherokee do not work like they do in English. When dealing with anything plural, you have to make sure that all the words in 35
5.5. ONE PERSON VS MANY PEOPLE CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON a sentence agree with both the “aliveness” and “quantity” you are talking about. This requirement includes words used to indicate color, size, shape, texture, and so on.
5.5
One Person vs Many People
When dealing with words that reference people, the plural is usually formed with the insertion of -ni-. • Agotiha. Anigotiha. (He sees it. They see it.) • Ajuja. Anijuja. (Boy. Boys.) At times, the -i- on -ni- is dropped to aid pronunciation. • Unta. Unanta. (He knows it. They know it.) • Usdi. Junsdi. (A little one. Little living ones, babies.)
5.6
One Thing vs Many Things
Many Cherokee words for animals, plants, places and things do not change form when used in a plural sense. They work like the English words “Deer” or “Buffalo”. Examples: • Saquu awi. Tali iyani awi. Joi iyani awi. (One deer. Two deer. Three deer.) • Saquu gugu. Tali iga gugu. Joi iga gugu. (One bottle. Two bottles. Three bottles.) Other words do change form to make a plural. Example: • Saquu sadvdi. Tali iga disadvdi. Joi iga disadvdi. (One trap. Two traps. Three traps.) If a word has a known plural form, it will normally be supplied as part of your vocabulary. 36
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
5.7
Plural Describing Words
Words which are used to describe something, such as “gigage”, “usdi”, and “utana”, are changed to match the plurality and sometimes the “aliveness” of the thing being described. The rules for the prefixes are similar to the “Set A” vs “Set B” rules for verbs. The main difference is the addition of “di-” to represent plural inanimate objects. Read through the following expanded word list. Take note of the similarity with the way the words are combined with the pronoun prefixes and the way the same prefixes are combined with words such as “uduliha” and “agotiha”. You should concentrate on recognizing these differing forms when heard or read, not memorizing them all. The translation exercises will teach which forms you should use when as your lessons progress. • Jigigage.
– Ji + gigage: I - red.
• Higigage.
– Hi + gigage: You - red.
• Agigage.
– A + gigage: He (alive) - red.
• Gigage
– Gigage: It (not alive) - red.
• Inigigage.
– Ini + gigage: You and I - red.
• Idigigage.
– Idi + gigage: You all and I - red.
• Osdigigage.
– Osdi + gigage: He and I - red.
• Ojigigage.
– Oji + gigage: They and I - red.
37
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON • Sdigigage.
– Sdi + gigage: You two - red.
• Ijigigage.
– Iji + gigage: You all - red.
• Anigigage.
– Ani + gigage: They (alive) - red.
• Digigage.
– Di + gigage: They (not alive) - red.
• Gosda.
– Gi + osda: I - good.
• Hosda.
– Hi + osda: You - good.
• Osda.
– Osda: He (both alive and not alive) - good.
• Inosda.
– Ini + osda: You and I - good.
• Idosda.
– Idi + osda: You all and I - good.
• Osdosda.
– Osdi + osda: He and I - good.
• Ojosda.
– Oji + osda: They and I - good.
• Sdosda.
– Sdi + osda: You two - good.
• Ijosda. 38
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
– Iji + osda: You all - good.
• Anosda.
– Ani + osda: They all (alive) - good.
• Josda.
– Di + osda: They all (not alive) - good. (Di + a vowel not
“i” becomes J-) • Agilulojvi.
– Agi + lulojvi: I - crazy.
• Jalulojvi.
– Ja + lulojvi: You - crazy.
• Ululojvi.
– U + lulojvi: He - crazy. (Both alive and not alive).
• Ginilulojvi.
– Gini + lulojvi: You and I - crazy.
• Igilulojvi.
– Igi + lulojvi: You all and I - crazy.
• Oginilulojvi.
– Ogini + lulojvi: He and I - crazy.
• Ogilulojvi.
– Ogi + lulojvi: They and I - crazy.
• Sdilulojvi.
– Sdi + lulojvi: You two - crazy.
• Ijilulojvi.
– Iji + lulojvi: You all - crazy.
• Unilulojvi.
– Uni + lulojvi: They - crazy.
39
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON • Agwoduhi.
– Aqui + oduhi: I - pretty.
• Joduhi.
– Ja + oduhi: You - pretty.
• Uwoduhi.
– U + oduhi: He - pretty. (Both alive and not alive). (U + o
becomes Uwo-). • Diginoduhi.
– Di + gini + oduhi: You and I - pretty appearances. Di multiple appearances. Gini - You and I. Oduhi - pretty. • Digoduhi.
– Di + igi + oduhi: You all and I - pretty appearances. Di multiple appearances. Igi - You all and I. Oduhi - pretty. • Joginoduhi.
– Di + ogini + oduhi: He and I - pretty appearances. (Di multiple appearances. Ogini - he and I. Oduhi - pretty. Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-). • Jogoduhi.
– Di + ogi + oduhi: They and I - pretty appearances. (Di multiple appearances. Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. Ogi - They and I. Oduhi - pretty.) • Disdoduhi.
– Di + sdi + oduhi: You two - pretty appearances.
• Dijoduhi.
– Di + iji + oduhi: You all - pretty appearances.
• Junoduhi.
– Di + uni + oduhi: They (alive) - pretty appearances. (Di +
a vowel not “i” becomes J-). • Juwoduhi. 40
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
– Di + u + oduhi: They (not alive) - pretty appearances. (Di
+ a vowel not “i” becomes J- and U + o becomes Uwo-). • Aquatana.
– Aqui + atana: I - big.
• Jatana.
– Ja + atana: You - big.
• Utana.
– U + atana: He/It - big.
• Diginatana.
– Di + gini + atana: You and I - big.
• Digatana.
– Di + igi + atana: You all and I - big.
• Joginatana.
– Di + ogini + atana: He and I - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”
becomes J-). • Jogatana.
– Di + ogi + atana: They and I - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”
becomes J-). • Disdatana.
– Di + sdi + atana: You two - big.
• Dijatana.
– Di + iji + atana: You all - big.
• Junatana.
– Di + uni + atana: They (alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”
becomes J-). • Jutana.
– Di + u + atana: They (not alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not
“i” becomes J-). 41
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Exercise 5.3. Recognition.
Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the forms for “gigage” and “utana” from the word list in Section 5.7 on page 37. Put the combined word on one side and the English with the Cherokee word parts on the other side. Show the completed word form to your partner. Your partner should practice breaking down the combined words. Alternate with your partner each time the deck is cycled through. Shuffle the deck between alternations. The goal of this exercise is to become familiar with the different word forms and learning to recognize word parts, not to memorize all the words. The most common word expansions you will encounter in written materials will be for the “another” and “they” forms. Compare the “another” and “they” forms with each other in the following list. Take special note of the insertion of “-ni- or “-n-” into many of the plural forms when dealing with living things. • Agigage.
– A + gigage. – Another, alive, red.
• Gigage.
– Gigage. – Another, not alive, red.
• Anigage.
– Ani + gigage. – They, alive, red.
• Digigage.
– Di + gigage. – They, not alive, red.
• Osda.
– Osda. – Another, either alive or not alive, good.
• Anosda.
– Ani + osda.
42
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
– They, alive, good.
• Josda.
– Di + osda. – Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. – They, not alive, good.
• Ululojvi.
– U + lulojvi. – Another, alive or not alive, crazy.
• Unilulojvi.
– Uni + lulojvi. – They, alive or not alive, crazy.
• Uwoduhi.
– U + oduhi. – U + o becomes Uwo-. – Another, alive or not alive, pretty appearance.
• Junoduhi.
– Di + u + ni + oduhi. – Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. – They, alive, pretty appearances.
• Juwoduhi.
– – – –
Di + u + oduhi. U + o becomes uwo-. Di + a vowel not “i” becomes JThey, not alive, pretty appearances.
• Utana.
– U + atana. – Another, alive or not alive, large appearances.
• Junatana.
– Di + u + ni + atana.
43
5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
– Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. – They, alive, large appearances.
• Jutana.
– Di + u + atana – Di + a vowel not “i” becomes “j-”. – They, not alive, large appearances. Exercise 5.4. Recognition.
Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the vocabulary from the word list in Section 5.7 on page 42. Put the combined word on one side and the English with the Cherokee word parts on the other side. Show the completed word form to your partner. Your partner should practice breaking down the combined words. Alternate with your partner each time the deck is cycled through. Shuffle the deck between alternations. The goal of this exercise is to become familiar with the different word forms and learning to recognize word parts, not to memorize all the words.
5.8
Plurals Practice
Exercise 5.5. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 on
page 42, translate the following into English. (Answers on page 125). 1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi. 2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana. 3. Igada junsdi awi. 4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili. 5. Igada digigage gugu. 6. Tali iyani anosda dili. 7. Tali iga jutana nvya. 8. Jiquisdi anosda awi. 9. Joi iga josda disadvdi. 10. Igada unilulojvi etli. 11. Jiquisdi junatana awi. 44
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 12. Ilvsgi junatana doya. 13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi. 14. Tali iyani junsdi doya. 15. Ilvsgi anosda dili. 16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili.
5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE
Exercise 5.6. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 on
page 42, translate the following into Cherokee. (Answers on page 126). 1. Three little deer. 2. Two crazy skunks. 3. Some good deer. 4. Many red beaver. 5. Many red rocks. 6. Two good traps. 7. A few pretty skunks. 8. Three little beaver. 9. Many crazy deer. 10. A few bad skunks. 11. A few pretty beaver. 12. A few good bottles. 13. A few red bottles. 14. Many red skunks. 15. Three large beaver. 16. Some bad rocks. 45
5.9. IT VS THEM
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
5.9
It vs Them
All of the verbs you have learned so far have all referred to only a single “it”. Similar to the way sadvdi becomes disadvdi, to change the “it” into “them”, you add “de-” before the bound pronoun based on the following rules: • Put the “de-” before the bound pronoun unless the word starts with a vowel.
– If the word starts with “i-”, drop the “i-”. – Otherwise drop the “-e-”.
Examples:
– Jigotiha. Dejigotiha. (I see it. I see them.) – Inigotiha. Denigotiha. (You and I see it. You and I see
them.)
– Agotiha. Dagotiha. (He sees it. He sees them.)
• When giving a command, use “di-” instead of “de-” before the bound pronoun unless the word starts with a vowel.
– If the word starts with “a-”, drop the “a-” then put “di-”. – Otherwise “di-” followed by a vowel becomes “j-”.
Examples:
– Doya higowata.
Doya dihigowata. Look at the beaver.)
(Look at the beaver.
– Etli ijigowata. Etli jijigowata. (Let all of you look at the
mink. Let all of you look at the mink.)
5.9.1
Plural Living Objects
In many communities a different prefix other than “de-/di-” is used when talking about living objects vs non-living objects when making plurals. These additional endings will not be addressed at this time. They will be included for completeness starting in Section 8.3.5. 46
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Single “It” Form Jigotiha. ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see it. Ijigotiha. ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see it. Jiwoniha. ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. I speak it. Ijiwoniha. ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. You all speak it.
5.9. IT VS THEM Plural “Them” Form Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see them. Deji’gotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see them. Dejiwoniha. ᏕᏥᏬᏂᎭ. I speak them. Deji’woniha. ᏕᏥᏬᏂᎭ. You all speak them.
Figure 5.2: Examples of Twin Spellings.
Figure 5.3: Musical score for the deji- twin forms.
5.9.2
Sound Twins
When performing the “de-” addition for verbs that use “ji-” for “I” and “iji-” for “You all”, the plural forms appear identical when written down. See Figure 5.2. However, there is a pronunciation difference that needs to be taken into account. For the forms referring to “I”, the “ji-” is usually shortened and slightly raised in tone. For the forms referring to “You all”, the “-ji-” is of normal length and uses a lower tone. Compare the different musical scores for dejigotiha vs dejigotiha and dejiwoniha vs dejiwoniha in Figure 5.3. To represent this pronunciation difference in the text, a stress mark “”’ will be added to for the “You all - them” forms that have a known twin.1
1 Thanks goes to Dosvdali/Formiko for his suggestion of using stress for the [1] tone form as recorded in the Durbin Feeling dictionary. I have expanded his suggestion for use to include it for twin word differentiation.
47
5.9. IT VS THEM
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Exercise 5.7. Recognition.
Translate into English (Answers on page 126): 1. Doginaduliha. 2. Dagotiha. 3. Dunaduliha. 4. Dagwaduliha. 5. Dojigotiha. 6. Denigotiha. 7. Dehigotiha. 8. Deji’duliha. 9. Danigotiha. 10. Dosdigotiha. 11. Desdaduliha. 12. Degaduliha. 13. Duduliha. 14. Dejigotiha. 15. Deginaduliha. 16. Dedigotiha. 17. Desdigotiha. 18. Dogaduliha.
Exercise 5.8. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 127):
1. He wants them. 2. You want them. 3. He sees them. 4. I see them. 5. He and I want them. 6. You see them. 48
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 7. You all and I see them. 8. They and I want them. 9. You two want them. 10. You two see them. 11. I want them. 12. They and I see them. 13. They see them. 14. You all and I want them. 15. He and I see them. 16. You all want them. 17. You and I want them. 18. You and I see them. 19. They want them.
5.10. AGREEMENT
5.10
Agreement
All the words in a sentence referring to a thing or action must agree in plurality and “aliveness” with that thing or action. This will become more second nature to you by doing the translation exercises. Examples: • Gigage nvya. Digigage nvya. (A red rock. Red rocks.) • Agigage doya. Anigigage doya. (A red beaver. Red beaver.) • Doya etli agotiha. Doya igada etli dagotiha. (A beaver sees a mink. A beaver sees some mink.) • Usdi nvya jigotiha. Igada jusdi nvya dejigotiha. (I see a little rock. I see some little rocks.) • Agigage awi jigotiha. Igada anigigage awi dejigotiha. (I see a red deer. I see some red deer.)
Exercise 5.9. Translate the following into English (Answers on
page 128): 49
5.10. AGREEMENT 1. Dili unaduliha. 2. Awi nvya uduliha. 3. Awi anigotiha. 4. Doya agotiha. 5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya. 6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha. 7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya. 8. Igada nvya duduliha.
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi. 10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi. 11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi. 12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. 13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha. 14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha. 15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya. 16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha. 17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi. 18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili. 19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya. 20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi.
Exercise 5.10. Translate the following into Cherokee (Answers on
page 129): 1. A deer sees a rock. 2. He wants a bottle. 3. They see a deer. 4. He sees a bottle. 5. The deer wants a rock. 6. A beaver sees three rocks. 50
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 7. She wants a few beavers. 8. A skunk wants two beavers. 9. I want three bottles. 10. He sees three bottles. 11. Two beaver see three skunks. 12. A few beavers see some skunks. 13. A few beavers want two rocks. 14. They want three rocks. 15. Some beavers see three bottles. 16. Some deer see many crazy traps. 17. Some skunks see three red rocks. 18. Two deer see two little beavers. 19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks. 20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks.
5.11. EXERCISE
5.11
Exercise
Exercise 5.11. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
51
5.11. EXERCISE
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
52
Chapter 6
ᏑᏓᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
6.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 6.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꮌ”, “Ꮍ”, “Ꮎ”, “Ꮏ”, “Ꮐ”,
“Ꮑ”, and “Ꮒ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 6.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
6.2
Cherokee Reading
Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out as many words as you can that you recognize. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Waya dulasutla. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᎨᏡᎲᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!”. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!”. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?”. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!”. 53
6.2. CHEROKEE READING
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
Figure 6.1: “Ꮌ”, “Ꮍ”, “Ꮎ”, “Ꮏ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮑ”, and “Ꮒ”
54
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
6.3. ALE/-HNO
ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦ ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏩᏯ. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?”. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”.
6.3
ale/-hno
ale (ᎠᎴ) “and”
“Ale” is used to join things, actions, or entire sentences together they same way “and” is used in English. Examples: • In the following sentence, “ale” is used to join the two who are seeing. ᎢᎦᏓ Igada Some ᎣᎦᎾ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ogana danigotiha groundhogs they see them a A beaver and a deer see some ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ doya ale beaver and groundhogs. ᎠᏫ. awi. a deer
• In the following sentence, “ale” is used to join two sentences showing separate actions by the same actor. ᎠᏫ Awi A deer ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ nvya agotiha ale a rock he sees it and A deer sees a rock and he ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. igada gugu dagotiha. some bottles he sees them. also sees some bottles.
• Here, “ale” is used to join to separate sentences together to indicate concurrent or consecutive action. ᎠᏫ Awi A deer ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ nvya agotiha a rock he sees it A deer sees a rock ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ ᏗᎵ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. ale doya dili uduliha. and a beaver a skunk he wants it. and a beaver wants a skunk.
-hno (Ꮓ) “also”
55
6.3. ALE/-HNO
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
The word ending “-hno” is also used to join things together. It can be considered to be a combination of “and” and “also”. Carefully consider the positioning of “-hno” in the following sentences. Note that “-hno” is expressed as “and” in the final English sentences, even though using “also” will sometimes make more sense when looking at the word for word breakdown. Examples: This example demonstrates how “-hno” can be used in a sentence with three or more things. ᎢᎦᏓ Igada Some ᎣᎦᎾ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏟᏃ. ogana danigotiha doya awi etlino. groundhogs they see them a beaver a deer a mink-also A beaver, a deer and a mink see some groundhogs.
Notice how “-hno” follows the action words “sees” and “wants” in the following sentence. This indicates that the same person or thing is performing more than one action either consecutively or concurrently. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏚᏚᎵᎭᏃ. Awi igada nvya dagotiha dudulihano. A deer some rocks he sees them he wants them also A deer sees some rocks that he is also wanting. Here “-hno” is added to the end of first word of the second together to indicate concurrent or consecutive actions or events. ᎠᏫ Awi A deer ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏗᎵ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. nvya agotiha doyano dili uduliha. a rock he sees it a beaver-also a skunk he wants it A deer sees a rock and a beaver wants a skunk.
You will find that some speakers prefer “-hno” over “ale”, some use them about equally, and some who prefer “ale” over “-hno”. As a general rule, the exercises will be using “-hno” for basic sentences. If a sentence would end in “-hno”, “ale” will be used instead. Combined and more complex sentences will be also be using “ale”, unless style or convention dictate otherwise. It is through the exercises that you will learn when to use each form, not by trying to memorize these basic guidelines. You will also encounter “nole (ᏃᎴ)” in the lesson material, this is a variant of “ale (ᎠᎴ)”, and the two can normally be treated as having equal meaning and function.
Exercise 6.2. Translate the following Cherokee sentences into English.
If necessary, you can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in 56
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
6.4. VOCABULARY
Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. (Answers on page 130). 1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli. 2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli. 3. Awi guguno duduliha etli. 4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli. 5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana. 6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili. 7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili. 8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili.
Exercise 6.3. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, you
can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep in mind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer the challenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different than the one provided. (Answers on page 131). 1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver. 2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap. 3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver. 4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk. 5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock. 6. A beaver and a mink want it. 7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk. 8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle.
6.4
Vocabulary
Exercise 6.4. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. 57
6.4. VOCABULARY Pronunciation a-di-ha a-gwo-tla da-gwa-la-su-tla de-ja-la-su-tle-s-di du-la-su-tla e:ga ga-di?a ge-ga ge-lu-hv-s-ga ge-tlu-hv-s-ga ha-da he-na he-tlu-hv-ga jo-tle-s-di u-wo-tla Syllabary ᎠᏗᎭ ᎠᏉᏝ ᏓᏆᎳᏑᏝ ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏑᏝ ᎡᎦ ᎦᏗᎠ ᎨᎦ ᎨᎷᎲᏍᎦ ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎭᏓ ᎮᎾ ᎮᏡᎲᎦ ᏦᏞᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏝ
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON English Translation He is saying. I am sitting. I am wearing shoes. Wear shoes. He is wearing shoes. He is going. I am saying. I am going. I am yelling. He is yelling. Say it. Go. Yell. Sit. He is sitting (in his place).
Please take note that “uwotla” counts both the number of those who are sitting, and implies a count of the places sat down. As a result, when you indicate that more than individual is sitting, you also have to indicate plurality in the number of places sat. Examples: Uwotla Jotla Dunotla Desdotla He is sitting. You are sitting. They are sitting. You two are sitting.
Exercise 6.5. Translate the following into English. If necessary, you
can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. (Answers on page 131). 1. Hega ale hadia, “Donadagohvi”. 2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla. 3. Inetluhvsga ale inega. 4. Doginotla ale osdadia, “Hena!”. 5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga. 6. Ijega ale ijadia, “Dodadagohvi”. 7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla. 58
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega.
6.4. VOCABULARY
Exercise 6.6. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, you
can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep in mind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer the challenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different than the one provided. (Answers on page 131) 1. You are going. 2. You and I are sitting and saying “Look! A deer!” 3. You two are saying, “No.” 4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes. 5. They and I are wearing shoes and going. 6. You all are going. 7. They are sitting and saying “We all see a rock.” 8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes.
6.4.1
Other
Exercise 6.7. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation ji-s-du sa-lo-li wa-hya u-we-yv?i i-je?i di-je?i hi?a na?v di-dla Syllabary ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏩᏯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎢᏤᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏗᏜ English Translation rabbit squirrel wolf river new (not alive) new (plural, not alive) this / these near towards 59
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
6.5
Wolf Wears Shoes
Exercise 6.8. Translate the following Cherokee into English (Answers
on page 132): 1. Waya dulasutla. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. 6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. 12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” 13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”
Exercise 6.9. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence. Give
your answers in Cherokee. (Answers on page 133) 1. Waya dulasutla. (a) What is wolf doing? 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. (a) Where is this happening? (b) What is happening? (c) Who is doing it? 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? 60
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is seeing? (c) Who is being seen? 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) In what direction?
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES
6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) What is being said? (d) To whom is this being said? 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) What is being asked? (d) To whom is this being said? 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” (a) Where is being talked about? (b) What is being talked about? (c) Who is talking? 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” (a) What is the first thing requested? (b) What is the second thing requested? (c) How many people are speaking? (d) How many people are being spoken to? 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. (a) What is happening? (b) Where are they going? 61
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES (c) How many are going? (d) Who are going?
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is seeing? (c) Who is being seen? 12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” (a) What word is used to greet them? (b) What is asked? 13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” (a) What is being talked about? (b) Where is being talked about?
Exercise 6.10. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
62
Chapter 7
ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
7.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Practice writing the letters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 7.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
7.2
Formal vs Informal Speech
Much the same way English speakers shorten phrases such as “do not” into “don’t” and “can not” into “can’t”, Cherokee speakers also shorten phrases by dropping certain vowels, syllables, and words in everyday speech.
Formal Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the “long” form is normally used in writing and when speaking in a formal manner. Formal Cherokee is also referred to as the “full”, “citation”, “oratory”, or “written” style. Everyday Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the “short” form, is normally used on a daily basis in everyday speech. One of the most common forms of shortening is the dropping of ending vowel sounds from words. Everyday Cherokee is also referred to as the “fast”, “informal”, “conversational”, or “casual” style.
Here is an example of “vowel dropping”: 63
7.2. FORMAL VS INFORMAL SPEECH CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
Figure 7.1: “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”
64
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.3. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 1. Yonega giniwonisvi. 2. Yoneg giniwonisv. Additionally, certain word endings, such as “-ha” (happening in the present), and certain words, such as “iyani” (count of), may also be dropped where their meaning can usually be determined from context. Here is an example of “syllable dropping” (the -ha) and “word dropping” (iyani) combined together with “vowel dropping”: 1. Tsoi iyani doya didigotiha. 2. Tso doya didigoti. In your written and audio exercises: • Where you are expected to answer in Cherokee, unless otherwise indicated, you should try and answer using the “long” form. • Where you are expected to translate from Cherokee to English, a mixture of “long” and “short” forms will be used. This will help you to build up a mental image of switching between the “long” and the “short” forms from which you will gain the ability to both listen to and speak using the “short” form of speech. Additional information about “long” versus “short” is available from these resources: • A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, page 76 onwards, Characteristics of Fast Speech. • The English-Cherokee Dictionary, page 239. • http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee_guide.htm
7.3
Talking About the Past
When talking about something that has happened in the past, you use one of two special endings “-v?i” or “e?i”. The choice made between the two is decided by whether or not you experienced it first hand.
-v?i The “-v?i” ending indicates that you witnessed or otherwise experienced the event you are talking about. 65
7.4. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
-e?i The “-e?i” ending indicates that you were told about or otherwise
gained knowledge about the event you are talking about, but did not actually witness or experience it. In English, we accomplish the same results by adding “so I was told”, “so I heard”, “I was given to understand”, or any number of other similar phrases to what we are communicating. To use either “-v?i” or “-e?i”: • Use the appropriate past tense word form. These will be included as part of your vocabulary. • Use an appropriate “Group B” bound pronoun. • Use the ending of either “-v?i” or “-e?i” as needed. Examples: • Yonega gawoniha. He is speaking English. • Yonega uwonisvi. He spoke English. • Yonega uwonisei. He spoke English, so I was told. • Ilvsgi awi agotiha. He sees a few deer. • Ilvsgi awi ugohvi. He saw a few deer. • Ilvsgi awi ugohei. He saw a few deer, so I was told. As a general rule of thumb, even if the verb form uses a “Group A” bound pronoun when talking about something happening in the present, one switches to using “Group B” bound pronouns when talking about things that are in the past.
7.4
Vocabulary
Syllabary ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᏅᎢ ᏚᎳᏑᏢᎢ ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᎤᏪᏅᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏡᏅᎢ ᎤᏬᏢᎢ English He saw it. He knew it. He spoke it. He said. He wore shoes. He wanted it. He went. He yelled. He sat. 66
Pronunciation ugohv?i unhtv?i uwonisv?i udvhnv?i dulasutlv?i udulvhv?i uwenvsv?i uwetluhnv?i uwotlv?i
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES
7.5
Vocabulary Exercises
Exercise 7.1. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the
vocabulary list on the facing page, translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally “agi-” becomes “agw-” before any of the vowels “a”, “e”, “o”, “u”, or “v”. Also, “u-” normally becomes “uw-” before any vowel. (Answers on page 135) 1. He spoke it. 2. You and I wanted it. 3. They and I knew it. 4. I saw it. 5. He said it. 6. You all and I sat. 7. They saw it. 8. You all and I wore shoes. 9. You all new it. 10. He wore shoes. 11. I went. 12. They knew it. 13. He saw it. 14. You all and I said. 15. You all wanted it. 16. You and I spoke it. 17. You all and I knew it. 18. I said it. 19. You and I saw it. 20. They and I sat. 21. They sat. 22. He and I wanted it. 67
7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 23. He wanted it. 24. You said it. 25. I wanted it. 26. I wore shoes. 27. You all and I yelled.
Exercise 7.2. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using the
book verified answers for exercise 7.1 on the preceding page. With your study group, practice verbally translating the English into Cherokee with the flash cards. Don’t forget to use the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143.
Exercise 7.3. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the
vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 136) 1. Unadulvhvi. 2. Oginigohvi. 3. Jotlvi. 4. Uwetluhnvi. 5. Oginiwonisvi. 6. Desdalasutlvi. 7. Sdetluhnvi. 8. Unetluhnvi. 9. Agiwonisvi. 10. Unhtvi. 11. Dunalasutlvi. 12. Uwotlvi. 13. Agwotlvi. 14. Uniwonisvi. 15. Ogadvhnvi. 16. Sdigohvi. 68
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISES 17. Oginenvsvi. 18. Unenvsvi. 19. Dogalasutlvi. 20. Ogetluhnvi. 21. Ginenvsvi. 22. Jenvsvi. 23. Ijiwonisvi. 24. Uwenvsvi. 25. Agwetluhnvi. 26. Agwanhtvi. 27. Unadvhnvi.
Exercise 7.4. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using the
book verified answers for exercise 7.3 on the preceding page. With your study group, practice verbally translating the Cherokee into English with the flash cards. Don’t forget to use the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143.
7.6
Translation Exercises
Exercise 7.5. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei means the speaker heard about it. (Answers on page 137) 1. I spoke English. 2. You all and I spoke English. 3. You all yelled. 4. A squirrel knew it. 5. Many beaver said, “Hello”. 6. You all and I knew it. 7. I wanted a trap. 8. A rabbit and I went near a rock. 69
7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 9. Three squirrels and I went near a river. 10. A groundhog and I saw a sqirrel. 11. You two wanted a rabbit, I was told. 12. You and I said no. 13. You all wore shoes. 14. A squirrel saw some rabbits, I was told. 15. Many wolves wore shoes, I was told. 16. You yelled. 17. Three deer and I sat near a trap. 18. You and I sat near a rock.
Exercise 7.6. Translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 138)
1. Jisdu igadulvhvi. 2. Dejalasutlei. 3. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya. 4. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi. 5. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv. 6. Osiyo ijadvhnei. 7. Unhtvi etli. 8. Yonega giniwonisvi. 9. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi. 10. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoi iyani waya. 11. Tsoi iyani saloli doginadulvhvi doya. 12. Dili sdigohei. 13. “Vv”, oginadvhnvi saloli. 14. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi. 15. Dulasutlei waya. 16. Ijetluhnvi. 17. Sdanhte. 18. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgi ogana. 70
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISES
7.7
Translation Exercises
Exercise 7.7. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers on page 139) 1. A deer and I went near a rock. 2. You and I spoke English. 3. You all yelled. 4. Let me wear shoes. 5. You all and I said, “See you all later”. 6. “Ouch!”, said a groundhog and I. 7. You all and I yelled. 8. Let you all and I see a skunk. 9. I was told a beaver knew it. 10. Three deer and I sat near a rock. 11. I heard you all went near some traps. 12. You two said “Really?” 13. You two know it. 14. Let me sit near a little river. 15. I am seeing a mink.
Exercise 7.8. Translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 140)
1. “Ayo!”, sdada. 2. Agwadvhnv, “Ihedolv”. 3. Igada disadvdi dehigotiha. 4. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya. 5. Dejalasutle. 6. Oganhtesdi awi. 7. Ojadi tali iyani jisdu, “Osd!” 71
7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 8. Tso awi didigowata. 9. Yoneg giniwonisv. 10. Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu. 11. Jisdu sdadulvhv. 12. Tali iyani saloli doginadulvhv dili. 13. Jalagi jiwoni. 14. Igetluhnv. 15. Nav igada disadvdi uwenvse ogana.
Exercise 7.9. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers on page 140) 1. Some deer saw a beaver. 2. I was told a few groundhogs spoke English. 3. You all and I knew it. 4. I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle. 5. A rabbit wants many deer. 6. A beaver and I yelled. 7. Let me speak Cherokee. 8. You sat near a river. 9. Many rabbits and I spoke English. 10. A wolf is wearing shoes. 11. I was told you wanted a few skunks. 12. Let you and I go and see something. 13. You wore shoes. 14. You two wanted a wolf. 15. You and I are going near some bottles.
Exercise 7.10. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
(Answers on page 141) 72
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 1. Ginantesdi. 2. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu. 3. Jalagi osdiwoni waya. 4. Sdantvi. 5. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli. 6. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi. 7. Degalasutla. 8. Nav igada gugu ijena.
7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES
9. Nav usdi uweyv oginenvsvi jisdu. 10. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd. 11. Inada, “Osiyo”. 12. Ogetluhnv igada ogana. 13. Agwantesdi. 14. Dili ijigowata. 15. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli.
7.8
Dictation Exercises
Exercise 7.11. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
Exercise 7.12. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sure
to say each word each time you start writing it.
73
7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
74
Chapter 8
ᏣᏁᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
8.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Practice writing the letters “Ꮚ”, “Ꮛ”, “Ꮜ”, “Ꮝ”, “Ꮞ”, “Ꮟ”, and “Ꮠ”. Refer to Figure 8.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
8.2
Word order revisited
Many languages, such as English, have fixed word order. For example, in the statement “John sees a deer”, the words are normally only spoken in this order. One would not say in English “John a deer sees” with the expectation of being understood by most English speakers. In Cherokee, while certain orderings of words are more common than others, these orderings are not fixed the same way as they are in English. This is because Cherokee uses these orderings to indicate degrees of importance or newsworthiness to the discussion at hand. The more newsworthy a word or a group of words is, the more likely it is that the speaker will change the word ordering to express that word or group of words first. This gives a Cherokee speaker the ability to indicate shades of meaning and indicate varying degrees of importance about something that can not be easily translated into English. 75
8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
Figure 8.1: “Ꮚ”, “Ꮛ”, “Ꮜ”, “Ꮝ”, “Ꮞ”, “Ꮟ”, and “Ꮠ”
76
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON 8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED This act of indicating an extra level of importance to one part of a sentence over another part is referred to as foregrounding and backgrounding. What is foregrounded is the more newsworthy or relevant part of the conversation. What is backgrounded is usually additional details, needed for proper context and understanding, but are not what the speaker is trying to emphasize. In the following four Cherokee variations for “John sees a red deer.”, the ordering of the words indicates what part of the act the speaker considers more important. 1. For the sentence “Agigage awi agotiha Jani.”: (a) The fact that the deer is red is important. 2. For the sentence “Awi agigage agotiha Jani”: (a) The fact is is a deer being seen is very important. It just happens to be red. 3. For the sentence “Jani awi agigage agotiha.”: (a) The fact it is Jani is doing the seeing is more important than what he is seeing. (b) The fact that the deer is red is also important. 4. For the sentence “Jani agigage awi agotiha.”: (a) The fact that Jani is doing the seeing is more important than what he is seeing. (b) The fact it was a deer being seen is more important that the fact that the deer happens to be red. Where possible, a larger variability in the word ordering for the sentences will be used in the sentences you will be translating from Cherokee into English. Additionally, liberty will be taken with the English word ordering to match up with the Cherokee word ordering in your answers. 1. Agigage awi agotiha Jani. (a) A red deer is being seen by John. 2. Awi agigage agotiha Jani. 77
8.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
(a) A deer that is red is being seen by John. 3. Jani awi agigage agotiha. (a) John sees a deer that is red. 4. Jani agigage awi agotiha. (a) John sees a red deer. See also: A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, pp116-120.
8.3
8.3.1
Vocabulary
“Ayv” and “Nihi”
As part of your new vocabulary you will find the two special words “ayv” and “nihi”. “Ayv” is normally used in response to questions to indicate “I” or “we”, or can be used to emphasize “I” or “we” to get a similar effect that English speakers get when they put emphasize on “I” or “we” in some sentences to get a point across. Examples: • Gago uwenvsei? Who went? • Ayv. “I” (or “we”). • Agwenvsvi. “I went.” • Ayv agwenvsvi. “I am the one who went.” “Nihi” is used the same as “ayv” when indicating “you”, “you two”, or “you all”. Examples: • Gago gawoniha? Who is speaking? • Nihi. “You”. • Hiwoniha. “You are speaking.” • Nihi hiwoniha. “You are the one who is speaking.” 78
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
8.3. VOCABULARY
8.3.2
Clitics
Clitics are special word endings that you can use to change or add meaning to a word or sentence. The following examples will introduce the use of “-sgo”, “-ju”, “-quu”, and “-hv”. Don’t worry, their use is not hard. The clitic “-sgo”, (many times shortened as “-s”), is normally added to the first word in a sentence or phrase to indicate that you are asking a “yes” or “no” question. It is kinda of like adding “do?” or “is?” to the beginning of a sentence in English. Examples: • Jalagi hiwoniha. You speak Cherokee. • Jalagisgo hiwoniha? Do you speak Cherokee? • Jalagis hiwoni? Do you speak Cherokee? • Awi agoti. He sees a deer. • Awis agoti? Is he seeing a deer? Does he see a deer? • Ilvsgis jaduli? Do you want a few? The clitic “-ju” is used when you are asking a “yes” or “no” question and are expecting the answer to be “yes”. It also is normally added to the first word in a sentence or phrase. It is kinda of like adding “yes?” or “I expect?” to the end of what you are talking about. Examples: • Jalagi gawoni. He speaks Cherokee. • Jalagiju gawoni? I expect he speaks Cherokee? • Uweyvju nav jotle? You sat near a river? Yes? • Tohi. Being well. Health. Peace. • Tohiju? You are well, yes? The clitic “-quu” or “-squu” normally means “only” or “just”. It can also appear shortened as “-wu” or “-wv”. Unlike “-sgo” or “-ju”, it is attached to the word it needs to change to be understood properly. Examples: • Tohiquu. Just well. Just healthy. Just peaceful. 79
8.3. VOCABULARY • Ayvquu. Just me.
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
• Awiquu jigotiha. I see just a deer. • Awi jigotiquu. I just see a deer. • Uweyvquu nav agotlv. I sat near just a river. • Uweyuv navquu agotlv. I sat just near a river. • Uweyuv nav agotlvquu. I just sat near a river. The clitic “-hv” means “in contrast to” and is normally translated as “but” in English. Examples: • Nihi. “You.” • Nihihv? “But you?” • Ilvsgihv agwaduli. “But I want a few.” • Awihv jigoti!. “But I see a deer!” Clitics can be combined together. Examples: • Awisgohv higoti? “But, do you see a deer?” • Awiquus higoti? “Do you see just a deer?” • Awis higotiquu? “Do you just see a deer?” • Awiquuju higoti? “You see only a deer I expect?”
8.3.3
People
Exercise 8.1. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the list
from Table 8.1 on the facing page. Using the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokee into English until you become comfortable with these new words. 80
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON Pronunciation A-ge-ya. A-ni-ge-ya. A-ge-yu-ja. A-ni-ge-yu-ja. A-gi-si. A-ni-gi-si. A-s-ga-ya. A-ni-s-ga-ya. A-chu-ja. A-ni-chu-ja. A-chv-ya. A-ni-chv-ya. A-yv. (A-ya.) Ni-hi. Syllabary ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ. ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ. ᎠᎩᏏ. ᎠᏂᎩᎢ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᏧᏣ. ᎠᏂᏧᏣ. ᎠᏨᏯ. ᎠᏂᏨᏯ. ᎠᏴ. (ᎠᏯ.) ᏂᎯ.
8.3. VOCABULARY
English Translation A woman. Women. A girl. Girls. A female. Females. A man. Men. A boy. Boys. A male. Males. I or we. You or you all.
Table 8.1: Words for People
8.3.4
Common Names
Contrary to popular belief, it is not normal to try and translate the meaning of an English name into Cherokee to have a Cherokee name. Nor is it common practice to give people new names just because they are speaking another language. What one normally does is choose a name that is normally accepted as being the same or similar as your given name1 . For example: The English name Michael is Miguel in Spanish. It is also Michelle in French. The same thing happens with Cherokee. The name Michael becomes Magali. Examine Table 8.2 on the following page. If you look closely, you will notice that the Cherokee pronunciation is usually very similar to the English pronunciation. If you do not see your name listed here, you can check to see if it appears first in Section B.2 on page 144 and then the website http: //home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm. If your name does not appear, you can determine the most likely Cherokee pronunciation for your name by using the following guidelines.
1 This is not to say that Cherokee speaker will not give you a “nick-name”, (hopefully something you know the meaning of and can accept), but, having special naming ceremonies where fancy names like “White Spirit of the Buffalo” are bestowed upon a recipient because a “sage” says that is your name is not a native thing. If you earned a name, it was because of something you did, or because your friends gave you a nickname for you that stuck into adulthood, not because of some mystical naming ceremony. Especially if money is involved.
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CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
Pronunciation A-li-sa-gwe-ti Cha-li De-wi-di Do-ma-si Do-quo-ti Ja-ni Je-me Ji-ni-wi Jo-se-wi Li-ni-da Ma-ga-li Ma-ga-ye-ti Ma-wi-a Me-li Qua-gwa Gwa-gwa-a Qua-ti-si Qui-ha-di Su-sa-(no) Wi-li-ha-ma
Syllabary ᎠᎵᏌᏇᏘ ᏣᎵ ᏕᏫᏗ ᏙᎹᏏ ᏙᏉᏘ ᏣᏂ ᏤᎻ ᏥᏂᏫ ᏦᏎᏫ ᎵᏂᏓ ᎹᎦᎵ ᎹᎦᏰᏘ ᎹᏫᎠ ᎺᎵ ᏆᏆ ᏆᏆᎠ ᏆᏘᏏ ᏈᎭᏗ ᏑᏌᏃ ᏫᎵᎭᎹ
English Translation Elizabeth Charles David Thomas Dorothy John James Jennifer Joseph Linda Michael Margaret Maria Mary Robert Barbara Patricia Richard Susan William
Table 8.2: Cherokee Names
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8.3. VOCABULARY
(Reproduced here from the site http://www.native-languages.org/ names.htm for easy access by students.) ... basically, each character represents one syllable, so if your name is Mona, you would use the two characters for MO and NA, written left to right, like this: ᎼᎾ. This doesn’t actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course – it is just a way of spelling the English name Mona using the Cherokee writing system. Easy so far, right? However, there are several significant differences between the English and Cherokee writing systems that can make it hard to spell English names in Cherokee: 1. English isn’t written phonetically. There are many letters in English names that are not pronounced. In the name ”Sallie,” for example, the ”e” and one of the ”l’s” don’t make any sound at all. The name is pronounced the same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli, or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, you’ll need to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with the two characters for SA and LI, ᏌᎵ. 2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different vowel sounds may be spelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronounced like the i in police. The a in say and the e in they are pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are always pronounced essentially the same: A as in ”father,” E as in ”they,” I as in ”police,” O as in ”note,” U as in ”tune,” V, which sounds like the ”u” in ”sun,” and AI together, which sounds like the ”i” in ”mice.” You need to pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way your name is actually pronounced, which may be different from how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with the two characters LE and LA in Cherokee, ᎴᎳ. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then you would spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LA in Cherokee, ᎳᎢᎳ. 3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erick are all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindy is pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronounced the same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced the 83
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CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
same as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name by spelling any ”c” or ”ck” that sounds like K as K; any ”c” sound that sounds like ”s” as S; and any ”g” sound that sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and 3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), you should spell it with the two characters KA and NI in Cherokee, ᎧᏂ. 4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU, and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO, GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TV are written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV in Cherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonant sounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same in Cherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jeenee) you should spell it with the two characters TSI and NI in Cherokee, ᏥᏂ. 5. Some English consonants don’t exist in Cherokee. There are no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P, R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakers replaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so that they pronounced the name Rebecca ”quay-quay-gah” and spelled it ᏇᏇᎦ. SH is usually replaced with S, TH is usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replaced with L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which is pronounced ”may-lee” by Cherokees and spelled ᎺᎵ.) The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) is also replaced with QU. 6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except for S, which can be written by itself, all syllables in the Cherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writing English words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, the standard practice is to write a ”silent i” after the final consonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokee people would spell it with the three characters E, LE, and NI, ᎡᎵᏂ. Those are the general rules for spelling English words in Cherokee; of course, as in any language, some names can have more than one spelling. In particular, some names that entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, such as Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms – for example, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variant of Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokee variant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokee 84
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8.4. TRANSLATIONS
syllabary to spell the English name ”Luke,” you would spell it ᎷᎩ, but to spell the Cherokee name ”Luga,” you would spell that ᎷᎦ. There is also some variation in spelling names whose vowel sounds don’t exactly match Cherokee. For example, the ”A” in ”Annie” is about halfway between the ”A” and ”E” sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee people spell it ᎡᏂ, and others spell it ᎠᏂ. These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but the good thing is that you can use them to write ANY name in Cherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled name to contend with like ”Makayla” or ”LaTasha,” which aren’t on any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, you can easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelled with the three characters MA, GE, and LA (ᎹᎨᎳ) and the three characters LA, TA, and SA (ᎳᏔᏌ).
8.3.5
Animate Plurals
The plural verb forms you have learned so far for “another” and “them” all reference non-living things. When speaking of another or others that are alive, many of these forms usually change slightly. Examine Table 8.3 on the following page. The most common differences that occur when you reference living things are the “ga-” sound, the “e-” sound, and the “-yi-” sound. The following exercise will help you become familiar with the sounds associated with these new forms.
Exercise 8.2. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the list
from Table 8.4 on page 87. Using the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokee into English until you become comfortable with identifying which pairing of participants the bound pronouns stand for.
8.4
Translations
Alter the word order of the English sentences by taking liberty with sense match up to mimic the word order of the source or destination Cherokee sentence in the translation exercises.
Exercise 8.3. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
(Answers .) 85
8.4. TRANSLATIONS
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
Pairing I + it I + them You (one) + it You (one) + them He + it He + them You and I + it You and I + them He and I + it He and I + them We + it We + them They and I + it They and I + them You two + it You two + them You all + it You all + them They + it They + them Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate
Prefix ji-, g-, [agi-, agw-] ji-, jiydeji-, [dagi-, dagw-] gajiy-, gajihi-, [ja-, j-] hiy-, hidehi-, [deja-, dej-] gahiy-, gahia-, g-, ga-, [u-, uw-] a-, g-, gada-, deg-, dega-, [du-, duw-] da-, deg-, degaini-, [gini-] enideni-, [degini-] geniosdi-, [ogini-] osdidosdi-, [dogini-] gosdiidi-, [igi-] edidedi-, [degi-] gedioji-, [ogi-] ojidoji-, [dogi-] gojisdiesdidesdigesdiijiejideji’gejiani-, [uni-] anidani-, [duni-] dani-
Example 1 Jigotiha. Jigotiha. Dejigotiha. Gajigotiha. Higotiha. Higotiha. Dehigotiha. Gahigotiha. Agotiha. Agotiha. Dagotiha. Dagotiha. Inigotiha. Enigotiha. Denigotiha. Genigotiha. Osdigotiha. Osdigotiha. Dosdigotiha. Gosdigotiha. Idigotiha. Edigotiha. Dedigotiha. Gedigotiha. Ojigotiha. Ojigotiha. Dojigotiha. Gojigotiha. Sdigotiha. Esdigotiha. Desdigotiha. Gesdigotiha. Ijigotiha. Ijigotiha. Deji’gotiha. Gejigotiha. Anigotiha.. Anigotiha. Danigotiha. Danigotiha.
Example 2 Agwaduliha. Jiyaduliha. Dagwaduliha. Gajiyaduliha. Jaduliha. Hiyaduliha. Dejaduliha. Gahiyaduliha. Uduliha. Gaduliha. Duduliha. Degaduliha. Ginaduliha. Enaduliha. Deginaduliha. Genaduliha. Oginaduliha. Osdaduliha. Doginaduliha. Gosdaduliha. Igaduliha. Edaduliha. Degaduliha. Gedaduliha. Ogaduliha. Ojaduliha. Dogaduliha. Gojaduliha. Sdaduliha. Esdaduliha. Desdaduliha. Gesdaduliha. Ijaduliha. Ejaduliha. Deja’duliha. Gejaduliha. Unaduliha. Anaduliha. Dunaduliha. Danaduliha.
Table 8.3: Animate and Inanimate pairings.
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CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON Question Side edigotiha. ejigotiha. enigotiha. esdigotiha. gahigotiha. gahiyaduliha. gajigotiha. gajiyaduliha. gedigotiha. gejigotiha. genigotiha. gesdigotiha. gojigotiha. gosdigotiha. hiyaduliha. jiyaduliha.
8.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
Answer Side We see another (alive) You all see another (alive) You and I see another (alive) You two see another (alive) You (one) see them (alive) You (one) want them (alive) I see them (alive) I want them (alive) We see them (alive) You all see them (alive) You and I see them (alive) You two see them. They and I see them. You and I see another (alive) You (one) want another (alive) I want another (alive)
Table 8.4: List for Flash Cards
Exercise 8.4. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers .)
Exercise 8.5. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
(Answers .)
Exercise 8.6. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.
(Answers .)
8.5
8.5.1
Thinking in Cherokee
Conversations
You will be described a brief scenario. You will be asked a question in either Cherokee or English. Respond in Cherokee. Use full sentences where possible. Scene/challenge/response: 1. A friend has walked up to you at a powwow. Your friend says: (a) “Siyo.” 87
8.6. DICTATION EXERCISES i. Osiyo.
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
(b) “Gadiaju ’Osiyo’. Dohiju?” i. “Dohiquu. Nihinahv?” (c) “Dohiquu. Donadagohv.” i. Donadagohvi. 2. You have a couple of friends come visit you at home for dinner. They say: (a) “Dodadagohvi.” i. Idadolvi. 3. You are feeling bad. (a) “Dohiju?” Tla. Uyoi. 4. You are at the dinner table. A friend is sitting across from you. You look out the window and see 2 deer and a squirrel. Your friend asks: (a) Awisgo higoti? i. Vv. Tali iyani awi gajigotiha. (b) Awiju gahigoti? i. Tla. Saquu iyani saloli jigotiha.
8.6
Dictation Exercises
Exercise 8.7. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
Exercise 8.8. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sure
to say each word each time you start writing it.
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Chapter 9
ᏐᏁᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
9.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮡ”, “Ꮢ”, “Ꮣ”, “Ꮤ”, “Ꮥ”, “Ꮦ”, and “Ꮧ”. Refer to Figure 9.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
9.2
9.2.1
Vocabulary
“It is.” and “It was.”
Syllabary ᎢᎩ Ꮭ ᏱᎩ ᏱᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏐᎢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ English Translation It is. It is not. If it is. Is it not? It was. It was. It was (reportedly). It will be. It is usually. It was not. 89
Pronunciation i-gi tla yi-gi yi-gi gesvgi gesv?i gese?i gesesdi geso?i nigesvna
9.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
Figure 9.1: “Ꮡ”, “Ꮢ”, “Ꮣ”, “Ꮤ”, “Ꮥ”, “Ꮦ”, and “Ꮧ”
90
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9.3. CLITICS
9.2.2 9.2.3
Is/Was/Will Be Isn’t/Wasn’t/Won’t Be
9.3
Clitics
BA/pp141-158 Clitics are special word endings used to change or add meaning to a word or sentence. -sgo/-s [yes? no?] //nihis? Is it you? Ayvs? Is it me/us? -ju [yes I expect?] // Nihiju? You I expect? Ayvju? Me/us I expect? -ke [indicates an alternate choice, “either one, not both”] // Nihi ayvke? You or me/us? Ayv nihike? Me/us or you? -ka [it is, is it not? it does, does it not?] -gi [echo question, to confirm misheard or missed information] -gwu/-sgwu/-wu [only, just] // Ayvgwu. Just I/we. Nihigwu. Just you. -le [indicates doubt] -hv [but] // Ayvhv, But I/We, Nihihv, But you, -dv [emphasizer, usually on first word in a phrase or sentence] // Ayvdv. [emphatic] I/We. Nihidv. [emphatic] You. -na/-nv [and what of? sometimes used to emphasize a word] // Ayvnv? And what of me/us? Nihina? And what of you? -hehno/hno/-hnv [and, also used to “announce” topic of a sentence, shows up alot as a sentence starter for paragraphs, used also as “because”] -sgini [But] 91
9.3. CLITICS Clitic Syllabary
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON Purpose or meaning.
9.3.1
-ke (or?)
pp 293-294 Normally paired with -sgo as an indicator of an possible alternate expected answer. ᎦᏬᏂᎭᏍ? ᏕᎧᏃᎩᎠᏍ? ᎦᏬᏂᎭᏍ, ᏕᎧᏃᎩᎠᎨ? BA/pp144-145 ᏲᏁᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ? English[exclusive either] and Cherokee he speaks it? ᎧᏁᎩᏍ ᏥᏯᎵᏃᎮᏗᏍᎬ ᏝᎨ? He answered? when you were conversing with him, or not? can also be used to emphasize or alter meaning of question: ᎦᎪᎨ ᏗᏓᎾᏮ ᏫᏤᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏨᏁᎴ? Who made you go to the store? 92
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON ᎯᎳᎨ ᎢᎩᏓ Ꮎ ᏅᏯ? how+ke big that rock? How big is that rock? ᎦᎪ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᏌᎹᏗᏯ ᏂᎯ ᎡᏣᏙᎨ? who more smart you your-sister-or? Who is smarter, you or your sister?
9.3. CLITICS
9.3.2
-ka (it is, isn’t it?)
This is a request for affirmative confirmation. BA/pg 147 ᎩᏟᎧ? A dog, it is, isn’t it? ᏙᎧ? “..., it did, didn’t it?” //how to use this question word? “is only employed when the speaker aks for an affirmative answer.” ᎰᏩ [ok, correct, yes] + Ꭷ [it is, isn’t it?] = ᎰᏩᎧ = Isn’t that right? (correct?) ᏣᏚᎵᎭ [You are wanting it] + Ꭷ [it is, isn’t it?] = You are wanting it, aren’t you?
9.3.3
pg 294 ᏳᎣᏂᎠ.
-na (what if? what about?)
More commonly attached to nouns: ᏂᎯᎾ?
9.3.4
-gi (echo question)
DF/pg94/gagi specific form. gagi, who?, only with “echo questions”. see section on -gi http://books.google.com/books? What is an “echo question”? id=3JtAOHLtlHoC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=linguistics+%22echo+ questions%22&source=bl&ots=qKYlOXSsVO&sig=cN1vQ-ueOOQiIa_ 93
9.4. QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
EqP4ekj-IzHs&hl=en&ei=DfLtTMiCDcP6lwertrHCDA&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q= linguistics%20%22echo%20questions%22&f=false What is an “echo question”? echoquestionterm.htm BA/pp147-148 Did you say? What did you say (portion describe by who, what, etc)? ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. A man. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎩ? Did you say a man? ᎦᏙᎩ ᎭᏗᏍᎨ? http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/
9.4
Questions
Ask questions section pt1. Lecture on basic questions. DF/pp327-328
9.4.1
pg94.
Gago (Who?)
gago, who?, with normal questions. only refers to “persons”
9.4.2
pg92
Gado (What action?)
gado, what action? Gado advneliha1 ? What is he doing? Gado anidvneliha? What are they doing? Gado hadvneliha? What are you doing?
1 pg14
94
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
9.4.3
Gadohv (Why?)
pg 92, why? what reason?
9.4.4
pg93
Gado Usdi (Which one? What thing?)
gado usdi, which one? / what thing? gado jusdi, plural non-alive, which things? / what things? gado unsdi, plural alive, which things? / what things? A reply of either an object or a sentence containing a “to action” (infinitive) is normally expected.
9.4.5
pg129 Where?
hadlv (where)
9.4.6
pg129
hila (How many?)
how or what make question portion for anything that contains units of measure, including time.
9.4.7
pg129
hilayvi (When?)
9.5
Thinking in Cherokee
English: • In the following exercise, you will be described a “scenario” in Cherokee. 95
9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
• After the description of the scene, you will be told something has changed in the “scenario” in Cherokee, then you will be asked a question in Cherokee about some fact about the “scenario” that may or may not have changed as a result. • Answer with complete Cherokee sentences. Cherokee: You are sitting near 3 bottles. 3 red deer are here. (Over) there is a large rock. Over there there are 2 red deer. Change: The deer that are next to the rock, they go to the bottles. Question: How many deer are here? Change: 2 deer go over there next to the large rock. Question: How many deer are next to the bottles? Question: How many deer are over there? Question: What color are the deer? Numbers and colors and other things.
9.5.1
Cherokee Reading
Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out as many words as you can that you recognize. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏞᎢ. Waya Dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏎᎢᏃ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino jisdu ale saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. ᏙᏯᏃ ᎤᏂᎪᎮᎢ Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. ᎤᏪᏡᏁᎢ ᏙᏯ, ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!” Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said, “Look! Look!” 96
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?” Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?”
9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Beaver said, ”Something new is near the river!” ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!” Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go and see!” ᎤᏪᏴᎢᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎤᏁᏅᏎᎢ. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. ᏚᎪᎮᎢ ᏩᏯ, ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?” Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw them and said, ”Hi! What’s up?” ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Something new is by the river!” ᏩᏯ ᎤᏛᏁᎢ, “ᎨᎦ” Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.” ᎤᏪᏴᎢᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎤᏁᏅᏎᎢ. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.
Exercise 9.1. Translate each of the following sentences into English.
1. Waya dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. 3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. 4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said, “Look! Look!” 97
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5. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?” 6. Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Beaver said, ”Something new is near the river!” 7. Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go and see!”. 8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. 9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw them and said, ”Hi! What’s up?” 10. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Something new is by the river!” 11. Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.” 12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.
Exercise 9.2. Answer following question and phrase sets in Cherokee.
1. Waya Dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. (a) Dulasutlei gago? 2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. (a) Hadlv Jisdu ale Saloli? (Where are Rabbit and Squirrel?) (b) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?) 3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. (a) Gadono unadvnelei? (And then what did they do?) (b) Gago unigohei? (Who did they see?) 4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said, “Look! Look!” (a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 5. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?” (a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 98
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
9.6. HABITUALLY
6. Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” (Beaver said, ”Something new is near the river!”) (a) Gado usdi nav uweyvi? (What is near the river?) 7. Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go and see!”. (a) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. (a) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?) (b) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?) 9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw them and said, ”Hi! What’s up?” (a) Dugohei gago? (Who saw them?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did Wolf say?) 10. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Something new is by the river!” (a) Hadlv gohusdi ijei? (Where is something new at?) 11. Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.” (a) Gago ega? (Who is going?) 12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river. (a) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?)
9.6 9.7
Habitually Infinitive
Exercise 9.3. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
99
9.7. INFINITIVE
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
100
Chapter 10
ᏍᎪᎯᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
10.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮨ”, “Ꮩ”, “Ꮪ”, “Ꮫ”, “Ꮬ”, “Ꮭ”, and “Ꮮ”. Refer to Figure 10.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
10.2
Future tense
Exercise 10.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
101
10.2. FUTURE TENSE
CHAPTER 10. TENTH LESSON
Figure 10.1: “Ꮨ”, “Ꮩ”, “Ꮪ”, “Ꮫ”, “Ꮬ”, “Ꮭ”, and “Ꮮ”
102
Chapter 11
ᏌᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
11.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮯ”, “Ꮰ”, “Ꮱ”, “Ꮲ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮴ”, and “Ꮵ”. Refer to Figure 11.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 11.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
103
11.1. SYLLABARY WRITINGCHAPTER 11. ELEVENTH LESSON PRACTICE
Figure 11.1: “Ꮯ”, “Ꮰ”, “Ꮱ”, “Ꮲ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮴ”, and “Ꮵ”
104
Chapter 12
ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
12.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮶ”, “Ꮷ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, “Ꮺ”, “Ꮻ”, and “Ꮼ”. Refer to Figure 12.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
105
12.1. SYLLABARY WRITING PRACTICE 12. TWELTH LESSON CHAPTER
Figure 12.1: “Ꮶ”, “Ꮷ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ“, “Ꮺ”, “Ꮻ”, and “Ꮼ”
106
Chapter 13
ᏦᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
Problem 13.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
13.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!
Syllabary Writing Practice
Practice writing the letters “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, and, “Ᏻ”. Refer to Figure 13.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
13.2
13.2.1
Vocabulary
Animals
Exercise 13.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practice with your study group.
107
13.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON
Figure 13.1: “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, and “Ᏻ”
108
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON Picture ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation
13.3. HOMEWORK Yonega
ᎤᎫᎫ
u-gu-gu
owl
ᎤᏝᎥ
u-tla-v
mole
ᎤᏪᏥ
u-we-ji
an egg
ᏩᎴᎳ
wa-le-la
humming bird
ᏩᎶᏏ
wa-lo-si
frog
ᏯᎾᏎ
ya-(na)-se
buffalo
13.3
Homework
Exercise 13.2. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the eight
letters “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, “Ᏻ”, and “Ᏼ”. Use one letter per line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.
Exercise 13.3. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the eight letters
“Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, “Ᏻ”, and “Ᏼ”. in the order listed here. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.
Exercise 13.4. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it. 109
13.3. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON
110
Chapter 14
ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
14.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ᏼ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮚ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ꭶ”, “Ꮥ”, and, “Ꮪ”. Refer to Figure 14.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
14.2
Homework
Exercise 14.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
111
14.2. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 14. FOURTEENTH LESSON
Figure 14.1: “Ᏼ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮚ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ꭶ”, “Ꮥ”, and, “Ꮪ”
112
Chapter 15
ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
15.1
ᎢᏓᎴᎾ! Practice writing the letters “Ꮆ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮯ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, and, “Ᏻ”. Refer to Figure 15.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
15.2 15.3
Homework Vocabulary
Problem 15.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practice with your study group.
113
15.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON
Figure 15.1: “Ꮆ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮯ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, and, “Ᏻ”
114
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON 15.4. WOLF WEARS SHOES Picture ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation Yonega
ᎠᏣᏗ
a-ja-di
fish
ᏓᎳᎳ
da-la-la
wood pecker
ᏓᎹᎦ
da-ma-ga
horse fly
ᏜᏄᏏ
dla-nu-si
leech
ᏛᎦᏏ
dv-(ga)-si
turtle
15.4
Wolf Wears Shoes
Exercise 15.1. Translate the following into English. Exercise 15.2. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence, in
Cherokee.
15.5
Homework
Exercise 15.3. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the seven letters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”. Use one letter per line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it. Exercise 15.4. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the seven letters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”. in the order listed 115
15.5. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON
here. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.
Exercise 15.5. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
116
Appendix A
ᏓᎾᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᎬ
A.1 Chapter 1
1. Look there. 2. Hello. 3. English. 4. O.K. / Alright. 5. No. 6. Yes. 7. Really? 8. Ouch! 9. Cherokee Translate into Cherokee: 1. Ni! Ꮒ! 2. Ayo! ᎠᏲ! 3. Osiyo. ᎣᏏᏲ. 4. Vsgigi? ᎥᏍᎩᎩ? 5. Howa. ᎰᏩ. 117
A.2. CHAPTER 2 6. Tla. Ꮭ. 7. Jalagi. ᏣᎳᎩ. 8. Vv. ᎥᎥ. 9. Yonega. ᏲᏁᎦ.
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.2
Chapter 2
1. Good. 2. I am well. 3. You all come around again. 4. Red. 5. How are you? 6. And you? 7. Let you and I see each other again. 8. Bad. 9. Let you all and I see each other again. 10. You come around again. 1. You? Nihinahv? ᏂᎯᎾᎲ? 2. You come around again. Ihedolvi. ᎡᎮᏙᎸᎢ. 3. Red. Agigage. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ. 4. You all come around again. Idadolvi. ᎢᏓᏙᎸᎤᎢ. 5. I am well. Dohiquu. ᏙᎯᏊ. 6. How are you? Dohiju? ᏙᎯᏧ? 7. See you all later. Dodadagohvi. ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ? 8. Good. Osda. ᎣᏍᏓ. 9. Bad. Uyoi. ᎤᏲᎢ. 10. See you later. Donadagohvi. ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ. 118
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.3. CHAPTER 3
A.3
Chapter 3
1. Agigage etli ijigowata. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᏟ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. You all see a red mink. (A red mink, you all see it). 2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see a bad deer. (A bad deer, you and I see it). 3. Osda doya idigotiha. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see a good beaver. (A good beaver, you all and I see it). 4. Doya ahwi agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. A beaver sees a deer. (A beaver, a deer, he sees it). 5. Dili ogana agotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. A skunk sees a groundhog. (A skunk, a groundhog, he sees it). 6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. A beaver and I see a deer. (A deer, he and I see it, the beaver). 7. Doya jigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see a beaver. (A beaver, I see it). 8. Agigage ogana jigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎦᎾ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see a red groundhog. (A red groundhog, I see it). 9. Ahwi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see a deer. (A deer, they see it). 10. Etli agotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees a mink. (A mink, he sees it). 11. Dili ijigotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see a skunk. (A skunk, you all see it). 12. Agigage etli sdigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see a red mink. (A red mink, you two see it). 13. Etli higotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see a mink. (A mink, you see it). 14. Etli ogana osdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. A mink and I see a groundhog. (A mink, a groundhog, he and I see it). 15. Dili higowata. ᏗᎵ ᎯᎪᏩᏔ. You, look at the skunk. (A skunk, be seeing it). 16. Doya sdigowata. ᏙᏯ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. You two, look at the beaver. (A beaver, you two, be seeing it). 17. Etli sdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see a mink. (A mink, you two see it). 119
A.4. CHAPTER 4
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
18. Doya ojigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see a beaver. (A beaver, they and I see it). 1. A beaver and I see a skunk. ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. Doya dili osdigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᏗᎵ
2. A mink sees a beaver. Etli doya agotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 3. You all see a deer. Ahwi ijigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 4. They see a skunk. Dili anigotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 5. They and I see a deer. Ahwi ojigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 6. You all and I see a groundhog. Ogana idigotiha. ᎣᎦᎾ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 7. I see a red skunk. Agigage dili jigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎵ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 8. I see a mink. Etli jigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 9. You see a deer. Ahwi higotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. 10. All of you look at the red beaver! Agigage doya ijigowata! ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᏙᏯ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ! 11. He and I see a deer. Ahwi osdigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 12. A skunk sees a skunk. Dili dili agotiha. ᏗᎵ ᏗᎵ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 13. You two see a red groundhog. Agigage ogana sdigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎦᎾ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 14. You and I see a beaver. Doya inigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 15. A mink and I see a deer. ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ.. Etli ahwi osdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎠᏫ
16. He sees a beaver. Doya agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 17. Look at the beaver! Higowata! ᎯᎪᏩᏔ! 18. You two, look at the mink! Etli sdigowata! ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!
A.4
Chapter 4
1. Higowata. ᎯᎪᏩᏔ. Look at it. 2. Inigotiha. ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see it. 3. Ijigowata. ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. You all, look at it. 120
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 4. Idigotiha. ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see it. 5. Agotiha. ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees it. 6. Ojigotiha. ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see it. 7. Anigotiha. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see it. 8. Higotiha. ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see it. 9. Sdigowata. ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. You two, look at it. 10. Sdigotiha. ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see it. 11. Ijigotiha. ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see it. 12. Jigotiha. ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see it. 13. Sdigotiha. ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see it. 1. unta u - he, ant - knows it 2. sdiwoniha sdi - you two, woni - speak it 3. gawoniha ga - he, woni - speaks it 4. idigotiha idi - You all and I, goti - see it 5. iniwoniha ini - you and I, woni - speak it 6. higotiha hi - you, goti - sees it 7. hiwoniha hi - you, woni - speaks it 8. osdigotiha osdi - he and I, goti - see it 9. jiwoniha ji - I, woni - speak it 121
A.4. CHAPTER 4
A.4. CHAPTER 4 10. anigotiha ani - they, goti - see it 11. aquanta aqua - I, ant - know it 12. ijanta iji - you all, ant - know it 13. ijigotiha iji - you all, goti - see it 14. jigotiha ji - I, goti - see it 15. aniwoniha ani - they, woni - speak it 16. idiwoniha idi - You all and I, woni - speak it 17. agotiha a - he, goti - sees it 18. unanta uni - they, ant - know it 19. oganta ogi - they and I, ant - know it 20. ojiwoniha oji - they and I, woni - speak it 21. inigotiha ini - you and I, goti - see it 22. iganta igi - You all and I, ant - know it 23. janta ja - you, ant - know it 24. oginanta ogin - he and I, ant - know it 122
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 25. ijiwoniha iji - you all, woni - speak it 26. ojigotiha oji - they and I, goti - see it 27. sdigotiha sdi - you two, goti - see it 28. ginanta gini - you and I, ant - know it 29. osdiwoniha osdi - he and I, woni - speak it 30. sdanta sdi - you two, ant - know it
A.4. CHAPTER 4
1. Yonega jiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. I speak English. 2. Gohusdi janta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏣᏅᏔ. You know something. 3. Yonega iniwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏂᏬᏂᎭ. You and I speak English. 4. Jalagi hiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ. Speak Cherokee. 5. Yonega idiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏗᏬᏂᎭ. You all and I speak English. 6. Gohusdi unanta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏔ. They know something. 7. Jantesdi. ᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ. Know it. 8. Jalagi gawoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ. He speaks Cherokee. 9. Doya gohusdi oginanta. ᏙᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎣᎩᎾᏅᏔ. A beaver and I know something. 10. Yonega sdiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎯ. You two, speak English. 11. Ijantesdi. ᎢᏣᎡᏍᏗ. You all, know it. 12. Etli dohusdi unta. ᎡᏟ ᏙᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔ. A mink knows something. 13. Ginanta. ᎩᎾᏅᏔ. You and I know it. 14. Jalagi ojiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏥᏬᏂᎭ. They and I speak Cherokee. 15. Yonega ijiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎯ. You all, speak English. 16. Gohusdi iganta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎠ. You all and I know something. 123
A.4. CHAPTER 4
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
17. Jalagi ijiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. You all speak Cherokee. 18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha. ᎣᎦᎾ ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. A groundhog and I speak English. 19. Ijanta. ᎢᏣᏅᏔ. You all know it. 20. Yonega sdiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. You two speak English. 21. Jalagi hiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎭ. You speak Cherokee. 22. Sdantesdi. ᏍᏓᏅᏖᏍᏗ. You two, know it. 23. Gohusdi aquanta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏅᏔ. I know something. 24. Oganta. ᎣᎦᏅᏔ. They and I know it. 25. Jalagi aniwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. They speak Cherokee. 26. Sdanta. ᏍᏓᏅᏔ. You two know it. 1. They and I know it. Ogan(v)ta. ᎣᎦᏅᏔ. 2. You know it. Jan(v)ta. ᏣᏅᏔ. 3. You and I know something. Gohusdi ginan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎩᎾᏅᏔ. 4. You and I speak Cherokee. Jalagi iniwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏂᏬᏂᎭ. 5. I know it. Aquan(v)ta. ᎠᏆᏅᏔ. 6. Know it. Jan(v)tesdi. ᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 7. You all and I know something. ᎢᎦᏅᏔ. Gohusdi igan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ
8. They and I speak English. Yonega ojiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏥᏬᏂᎭ. 9. A beaver knows something. Doya gohusdi un(v)ta. ᏙᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔ. 10. He and I speak English. Yonega osdiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. 11. You speak English. Yonega hiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎯᏬᏂᎭ. 12. You all speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. 13. You two, speak English. Yonega sdiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎯ. 14. A skunk and I know something. Dili gohusdi oginan(v)ta. ᏗᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎣᎩᏅᏔ. 15. You all know something. Gohusdi ijan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏣᏅᏔ. 124
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.5. CHAPTER 5
16. You two speak Cherokee. Jalagi sdiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. 17. You all and I speak English. Yonega idiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏗᏬᏂᎭ. 18. I speak Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. 19. Speak Cherokee. Jalagi hiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ. 20. You all, know it. Ijan(v)tesdi. ᎢᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 21. They know it. Unan(v)ta. ᎤᎾᏅᏔ. 22. They all speak English. Yonega aniwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. 23. You two, know it. Sdan(v)tesdi. ᏍᏓᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 24. He speaks Cherokee. Jalagi gawoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ. 25. You all, speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎯ. 26. You two know something. Gohusdi sdan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏍᏓᏅᏔ.
A.5
Chapter 5
1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. Three red traps. 2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ. A few good ground hogs. 3. Igada junsdi awi. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. Some little deer. 4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ. Many bad skunks. 5. Igada digigage gugu. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ. Some red bottles. 6. Tali iyani anosda dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᏗᎵ. Two good skunks. 7. Tali iga jutana nvya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏅᏯ. Two large rocks. 8. Jiquisdi anosda awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ. Many good deer. 9. Joi iga josda disadvdi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. Three good traps. 10. Igada unilulojvi etli. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎡᏟ. Some crazy mink. 11. Jiquisdi junatana awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏫ. Many large deer. 12. Ilvsgi junatana doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. A few large beaver. 13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. A few pretty traps. 125
A.5. CHAPTER 5
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
14. Tali iyani junsdi doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏗ ᏙᏯ. Two little beaver. 15. Ilvsgi anosda dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᏗᎵ. A few good skunks. 16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏗᎵ. Three crazy skunks. 1. Three little deer. Joi iyani junsdi awi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏗ ᎠᏫ. 2. Two crazy skunks. ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ. Tali iyani unilulojvi dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ
3. Some good deer. Igada anosda awi. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ. 4. Many red beaver. Jiquisdi anigigage doya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎦᎨ ᏙᏯ. 5. Many red rocks. Jiquisdi digigage nvya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ. 6. Two good traps. Tali iga josda disadvdi. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. 7. A few pretty skunks. Ilvsgi junoduhi dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏃᏚᎯ ᏗᎵ. 8. Three little beaver. Joi iyani junsdi doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ. 9. Many crazy deer. Jiquisdi unilulojvi awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎠᏫ. 10. A few bad skunks. Ilvsgi uniyoi dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ ᏗᎵ. 11. A few pretty beaver. Ilvsgi junoduhi doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏃᏚᎯ ᏙᏯ. 12. A few good bottles. Ilvsgi josda gugu. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎫᎫ. 13. A few red bottles. Ilvsgi digigage gugu. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ. 14. Many red skunks. Jiquisdi anigigage dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎵ. 15. Three large beaver. Joi iyani junatana doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. 16. Some bad rocks. Igada uniyoi nvya. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ ᏅᏯ. 1. Doginaduliha. ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. He and I want them. 2. Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. He sees them. 3. Dunaduliha. ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want them. 4. Dagwaduliha. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. I want them. 5. Dojigotiha. ᏙᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see them. 126
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 6. Denigotiha. ᏕᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see them. 7. Dehigotiha. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see them. 8. Deji’duliha. ᏕᏥᏚᎵᎭ. You all want them. 9. Danigotiha. ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see them. 10. Dosdigotiha. ᏙᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. He and I see them. 11. Desdaduliha. ᏕᏍᏓᏚᎵᎭ. You two want them.
A.5. CHAPTER 5
12. Degaduliha. ᏕᎦᏚᎵᎭ. You all and I want them. 13. Duduliha. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants them. 14. Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see them. 15. Deginaduliha. ᏕᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. You and I want them. 16. Dedigotiha. ᏕᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see them. 17. Desdigotiha. ᏕᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see them. 18. Dogaduliha. ᏙᎦᏚᎵᎭ. They and I want them. 1. He wants them. Duduliha. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. 2. You want them. Dejaduliha. ᏕᏣᏚᎵᎭ. 3. He sees them. Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. 4. I see them. Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 5. He and I want them. Doginaduliha. ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 6. You see them. Dehigotiha. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ. 7. You all and I see them. Dedigotiha. ᏕᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 8. They and I want them. Dogaduliha. ᏙᎦᏚᎵᎭ. 9. You two want them. Desdaduliha. ᏕᏍᏓᏚᎵᎭ. 10. You two see them. Desdigotiha. ᏕᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 11. I want them. Dagwaduliha. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. 12. They and I see them. Dojigotiha. ᏙᏥᎪᏘᎭ. 13. They see them. Danigotiha. ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 14. You all and I want them. Degaduliha. ᏕᎦᏚᎵᎭ. 127
A.5. CHAPTER 5
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
15. He and I see them. Dosdigotiha. ᏙᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. 16. You all want them. Deji’duliha ᏕᏥᏚᎵᎭ. 17. You and I want them. Deginaduliha. ᏕᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 18. You and I see them. Denigotiha. ᏕᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 19. They want them. Dunaduliha. ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 1. Dili unaduliha. ᏗᎵ ᎤᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want a skunk. 2. Awi nvya uduliha. ᎠᏫ ᎲᏯ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. A deer wants a rock. 3. Awi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see a deer. 4. Doya agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees a beaver. 5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. A beaver sees two traps. 6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants a few rocks. 7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. A beaver sees many traps. 8. Igada nvya duduliha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏅᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants some rocks. 9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Three deer want two skunks. 10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ. Some deer want a few rocks. 11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏫ. A few deer see three beavers. 12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ. A few beavers want a few bottles. 13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏚᎯ ᎠᏫ ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. I want some pretty deer. 14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want three little skunks. 15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏍᏗ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏙᏯ. Some beavers want two little bottles. 16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see some crazy bottles. 128
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.5. CHAPTER 5
17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏫ. Some large deer want a few pretty bottles. 18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏗᎵ. Some large skunks want many red bottles. 19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. Some large beavers want a few little skunks. 20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. Many little deer see many large beavers. 1. A deer sees a rock. Awi nvya agotiha. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 2. He wants a bottle. Gugu uduliha. ᎫᎫ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. 3. They see a deer. Awi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 4. He sees a bottle. Gugu agotiha. ᎫᎫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. 5. The deer wants a rock. Awi nvya uduliha. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. 6. A beaver sees three rocks. Joi iga nvya dagotiha doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. 7. She wants a few beavers. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. Ilvsgi doya duduliha. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ
8. A skunk wants two beavers. Tali iyani doya duduliha dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᏗᎵ. 9. I want three bottles. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. Joi iga gugu daquaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ
10. He sees three bottles. Joi iga gugu dagotiha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. 11. Two beaver see three skunks. Joi iyani dili danigotiha tali iyani doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏗᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ. 12. A few beavers see some skunks. Igada dili danigotiha ilvsgi doya. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ. 13. A few beavers want two rocks. Tali iga nvya dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ. 14. They want three rocks. Joi iga nvya dunaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. 129
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
15. Some beavers see three bottles. Joi iga gugu danigotiha igada doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏙᏯ. 16. Some deer see many crazy traps. Jiquisdi unilulojvi disadvdi danigotiha igada awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ. 17. Some skunks see three red rocks. Joi iga digigage nvya danigotiha igada dili. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎵ. 18. Two deer see two little beavers. Tali iyani awi tali iyani junsdi doya danigotiha. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ. 19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks. Ilvsgi juwoduhi nvya dunaduliha joi iyani junatana doya. ᎢᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. 20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎠᏫ. Jiquisdi junatana dili dunaduliha igada unilulojvi awi.
A.6
Chapter 6
1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli. ᎫᎫ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink sees a bottle and a beaver. 2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli. ᏅᏯ ᏌᏛᏗᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink sees a rock and a trap. 3. Awi guguno duduliha etli. ᎠᏫ ᎫᎫᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink wants a deer and a bottle. 4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink sees a rock and a beaver. 5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ. A groundhog wants a deer and rock. 6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. A groundhog and a skunk see it. 7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. A beaver and a skunk see a trap. 8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. A deer and a skunk want a rock and a beaver. 130
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.6. CHAPTER 6
1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver. Nvya doyano dagotiha awi. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏫ. 2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap. Gugu sadvdino duduliha ogana. ᎫᎫ ᏌᏛᏗᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ. 3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver. Gugu doyano duduliha awi. ᎫᎫ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ. 4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk. Gugu dilino dagotiha ogana. ᎫᎫ ᏗᎵᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ. 5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock. Doya nvyano duduliha awi. ᏙᏯ ᏅᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ. 6. A beaver and a mink want it. Unaduliha doya ale etli. ᎤᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ. 7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk. Dili anigotiha doya ale etli. ᏗᎵ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ. 8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle. Sadvdi guguno dunaduliha doya ale etli. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎫᎫᏃ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ. 1. Hega ale hadia, “Donadagohvi”. ᎮᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏗ, “ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ”. You are going and saying, “Let’s see each other again.” 2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla. ᏕᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎩᎾᎳᏑᏝ. You and I are sitting and wearing shoes. 3. Inetluhvsga ale inega. yelling and going. ᎢᏁᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏁᎦ. You and I are
4. Doginotla ale osdadia, “Hena!”. ᏙᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓᏗᎠ, “ᎮᎾ!” He and I are sitting and saying, “Go!”. 5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᏡᎲᏍᎦ. They and I are wearing shoes and yelling. 6. Ijega ale ijadia, “Dodadagohvi.” ᎢᏤᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏣᏗᎠ, “ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ.” You all are going and saying, “Let’s all see each other again.” 7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla. ᏚᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏝ. They are sitting and wearing shoes. 8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega. ᎢᏤᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤᎦ. You all and I are yelling and going. 1. You are going. Hega. ᎮᎦ. 131
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
2. You and I are sitting and saying “Look! A deer!” Deginotla ale inadia, “Ni! Awi!”. ᏕᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏗᎠ, “Ꮒ! ᎠᏫ!” 3. You two are saying, “No.” Sdadia, “Tla.” ᏍᏓᏗᎠ, “Ꮭ.” 4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Osdetluhvsga ale doginalasutla. ᎣᏍᏕᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎩᎾᎳᏑᏝ. 5. They and I are wearing shoes and going. Dogalasutla ale ojega. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎦ. 6. You all are going. Ijega. ᎢᏤᎦ. 7. They are sitting and saying “We all see a rock.” Dunotla ale anadia, “Nvya idigotiha.” ᏚᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᎠ, “ᏅᏯ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ.” 8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Idetluhvsga ale degalasutla. ᎢᏕᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏝ. 1. Waya dulasutla. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Wolf Wears Shoes. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. Rabbit and squirrel are sitting near a river. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. squirrel are speaking. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. Rabbit and
4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. Rabbit and squirrel see beaver. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ. Beaver goes towards rabbit and squirrel. 6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!” Beaver is yelling, saying, ”Look! Look!” 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?” Rabbit says, ”What’s up beaver?” 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Beaver says, ”There is something new by the river!” 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!” Beaver says, ”Go and see it!” 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦ ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. Rabbit, squirrel, and beaver go towards the river. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏩᏯ. Wolf sees rabbit, squirrel, and beaver. 132
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.6. CHAPTER 6 ᎦᏙ
12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎤᏍᏗ?” Wolf says to them, ”Hello! What’s going on?”
13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Rabbit says, ”Beaver says something new is by the river!” 1. Waya dulasutla. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᎠ. (a) What is wolf doing? Dulasutla. ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. (a) Where is this happening? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. (b) What is happening? Dunotla. ᏚᏃᏝ. (c) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. (a) What is happening? Aniwoniha. ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. (b) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. (a) What is happening? Anigotiha. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. (b) Who is seeing? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. (c) Who is being seen? Doya. ᏙᏯ. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ. (a) What is happening? Ega. ᎡᎦ. (b) Who is doing it? Doya. ᏙᏯ. (c) In what direction? ᏌᎶᎵ. Didla jisdu ale saloli. ᏗᏜ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ
6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!” (a) What is happening? Gehluhvsga ale adiha. ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎭ. (b) Who is doing it? Doya. ᏙᏯ. (c) What is being said? Ni! Ni! Ꮒ! Ꮒ! 133
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
(d) To whom is this being said? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. 7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ., “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?” (a) What is happening? Adiha. ᎠᏗᎭ. (b) Who is doing it? Jisdu. ᏥᏍᏚ. (c) What is being asked? Gado usdi? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ? (d) To whom is this being said? Doya. ᏙᏯ. 8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” (a) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. (b) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ. (c) Who is talking? Doya. ᏙᏯ. 9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ
(a) What is the first thing requested? Sdena. ᏍᏕᎾ. (b) What is the second thing requested? Sdigowata. ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. (c) How many people are speaking? Saquu. ᏌᏊ. (d) How many people are being spoken to? Tali. ᏔᎵ. 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦ ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. (a) What is happening? Anega. ᎠᏁᎦ. (b) Where are they going? Didla uweyvi. ᏗᏜ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. (c) How many are going? Tsoi. ᏦᎢ. (d) Who are going? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏩᏯ. (a) What is happening? Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. (b) Who is seeing? Wahya. ᏩᏯ. (c) Who is being seen? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. 12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” ᎤᏍᏗ?” 134 ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
(a) What word is used to greet them? Osiyo. ᎣᏏᏲ. (b) What is asked? Gado usdi? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ? 13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” (a) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ. (b) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
A.7
Chapter 7
(From 7.1 on page 67) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally “agi-” becomes “agw-” before any of the vowels “a”, “e”, “o”, “u”, or “v”. Also, “u-” normally becomes “uw-” before any vowel. 1. He spoke it. ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Uwonisvi. 2. You and I wanted it. ᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Ginadulvhvi. 3. They and I knew it. ᎣᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Ogantvi. 4. I saw it. ᎠᎩᎪᎲᎢ. Agigohvi. 5. He said it. ᎤᏛᏅᎢ. Udvhnvi. 6. You all and I sat. ᏕᎪᏢᎢ. Degotlvi. 7. They saw it. ᎤᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Unigohvi. 8. You all and I wore shoes. ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Degalasutlvi. 9. You all new it. ᎢᏣᏅᏛᎢ. Ijantvi. 10. He wore shoes. ᏚᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dulasutlvi. 11. I went. ᎠᏇᏅᏒᎢ. Agwenvsvi. 12. They knew it. ᎤᎾᏅᏛᎢ. Unanhtvi. 13. He saw it. ᎤᎪᎲᎢ. Ugohvi. 14. You all and I said. ᎢᎦᏛᏅᎢ. Igadvhnvi. 15. You all wanted it. ᎢᏣᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Ijadulvhvi. 16. You and I spoke it. ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Giniwonisvi. 135
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
17. You all and I knew it. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. 18. I said it. ᎠᏆᏛᏅᎢ. Agwadvhnvi. 19. You and I saw it. ᎩᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Ginigohvi. 20. They and I sat. ᏙᎪᏢᎢ. Dogotlvi. 21. They sat. ᏚᏃᏢᎢ. Dunotlvi. 22. He and I wanted it. ᎣᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Oginadulvhvi. 23. He wanted it. ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Udulvhvi. 24. You said it. ᏣᏛᏅᎢ. Jadvhnvi. 25. I wanted it. ᎠᎩᏩᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Agwadulvhvi. 26. I wore shoes. ᏓᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dagalasutlvi. 27. You all and I yelled. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Igetluhnvi. (From 7.3 on page 68) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. They wanted it. ᎤᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Unadulvhvi. 2. He and I saw it. ᎣᎩᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Oginigohvi. 3. You sat. ᏦᏢᎢ. Jotlvi. 4. He yelled. ᎤᏪᏡᏅᎢ. Uwetluhnvi. 5. He and I spoke it. ᎣᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Oginiwonisvi. 6. You two wore shoes. ᏕᏍᏓᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Desdalasutlvi. 7. You two yelled. ᏍᏕᏡᏅᎢ. Sdetluhnvi. 8. They yelled. ᎤᏁᏡᏅᎢ. Unetluhnvi. 9. I spoke it. ᎠᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Agiwonisvi. 10. He knew it. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ. Unhtvi. 11. They wore shoes. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dunalasutlvi. 12. He sat. ᎤᏬᏢᎢ. Uwotlvi. 13. I sat. ᎠᏉᏢᎢ. Agwotlvi. 14. They spoke it. ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Uniwonisvi. 136
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 15. They and I said it. ᎣᎦᏛᏅᎢ. Ogadvhnvi. 16. You two saw it. ᏍᏗᎪᎲᎢ. Sdigohvi. 17. He and I went. ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Oginenvsvi. 18. They went. ᎤᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Unenvsvi.
A.7. CHAPTER 7
19. They and I wore shoes. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dogalasutlvi. 20. They and I yelled. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Ogetluhnvi. 21. You and I went. ᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Ginenvsvi. 22. You went. ᏤᏅᏒᎢ. Jenvsvi. 23. You all spoke it. ᎢᏥᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Ijiwonisvi. 24. He went. ᎤᏪᏅᏒᎢ. Uwenvsvi. 25. I yelled. ᎠᏇᏡᏅᎢ. Agwetluhnvi. 26. I knew it. ᎠᏆᏅᏛᎢ. Agwanhtvi. 27. They said it. ᎤᎾᏛᏅᎢ. Unadvhnvi. (From 7.5 on page 69) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei means the speaker heard about it. 1. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega agiwonisvi. I spoke English. 2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega igiwonisvi. You all and I spoke English. 3. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled. 4. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. Unhtvi saloli. A squirrel knew it. 5. ᎤᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ”. Unadvhnvi jigwisdi doya, “Osiyo”. Many beaver said, “Hello”. 6. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it. 7. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏆᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Sadvdi agwadulvhvi. I wanted a trap. 8. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. Nav nvya oginenvsvi jisdu. A rabbit and I went near a rock. 9. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎣᎨᏅᏒᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ. Nav uweyvi ogenvsvi tsoi iyani saloli. Three squirrels and I went near a river. 10. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎣᎩᏂᎥᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. Saloli oginigohvi ogana. A groundhog and I saw a sqirrel. 137
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
11. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎮᎢ. Jisdu sdadulvhei. You two wanted a rabbit, I was told. 12. “Ꮭ”, ᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ. “Tla”, ginadvhnvi. You and I said no. 13. Ꮥ’ᏣᎳᏑᏢᎢ. De’jalasutlvi. You all wore shoes. 14. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏚᎪᎮᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. Igada jisdu dugohei saloli. A squirrel saw some rabbits, I was told. 15. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏞᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏩᏯ. Dunalasutlei jiquisdi waya. Many wolves wore shoes, I was told. 16. ᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Jetluhnvi. You yelled. 17. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏢᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Nav sadvdi dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi. Three deer and I sat near a trap. 18. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᏃᏢᎢ. Nav nvya deginotlvi. You and I sat near a rock. (From 7.6 on page 70) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. You all and I wanted a rabbit. Jisdu igadulvhvi. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎢᎦᏚᎸᎲᎢ. 2. You wore shoes, so I heard. Dejalasutlei. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞᎢ. 3. A few wolves and I yelled. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏯ. 4. Two deer and I spoke English. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. 5. You all and I saw three rocks. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᎪᎲᎢ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᎪᎲ. 6. I was told you all said hello. Osiyo ijadvhnei. ᎣᏏᏲ ᎢᏣᏛᏁᎢ. 7. A mink knew it. Unhtvi etli. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᎡᏟ. 8. You and I spoke English. Yonega giniwonisvi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. 9. You and I went near a trap. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. 10. I was told three wolves sat near a trap. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoi iyani waya. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏩᏯ. 11. A beaver and I wanted three squirrels. Tsoi iyani saloli doginadulvhvi doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏙᏯ. 138
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
12. I heard you two saw a skunk. Dili sdigohei. ᏗᎵ ᏍᏗᎪᎮᎢ. 13. A squirrel and I said, “yes”. “Vv”, oginadvhnvi saloli. “ᎥᎥ”, ᎣᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. 14. I sat near a river. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏉᏢᎢ. 15. I was told a wolf wore shoes. Dulasutlei waya. ᏚᎳᏑᏞᎢ ᏩᏯ. 16. You all yelled. Ijetluhnvi. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. 17. You two knew it, so I was told. Sdanhte. ᏍᏓᏅᏖ. 18. A few groundhogs went near a trap. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgi ogana. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎾ. (From 7.7 on page 71) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. 1. ᎾᎥᏅᏯ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᎠᏫ. Nav nvya oginenvsvi awi. A deer and I went near a rock. 2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega giniwonisvi. You and I spoke English. 3. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled. 4. ᏓᎦᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ. Dagalasutlesdi. Let me wear shoes. 5. “ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ”, ᎢᎦᏛᏅᎢ. “Dodadagohvi”, igadvhnvi. You all and I said, “See you all later”. 6. “ᎠᏲ!”, ᎣᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. “Ayo!”, oginadvhnvi ogana. “Ouch!”, said a groundhog and I. 7. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Igetluhnvi. You all and I yelled. 8. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏗᎪᏩᏔ. Dili idigowata. Let you all and I see a skunk. 9. ᎤᏅᏖᎢ ᏙᏯ. Unhtei doya. I was told a beaver knew it. 10. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᏙᎪᏢᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Nav nvya dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi. Three deer and I sat near a rock. 11. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎢᏤᏅᏎᎢ. Nav igada disadvdi ijenvsei. I heard you all went near some traps. 12. “ᎥᏍᎩᎩ?”, ᏍᏓᏛᏅᎢ. “Vsgigi?”, sdadvhnvi. You two said “Really?” 13. ᏍᏓᏅᏔ. Sdanta. You two know it. 139
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
14. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏉᏞᏍᏗ. Nav usdi uweyvi agwotlesdi. Let me sit near a little river. 15. ᎡᏟ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. Etli jigotiha. I am seeing a mink. (From 7.8 on page 71) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. Let you two say “Ouch!”. “Ayo!”, sdada. “ᎠᏲ!”, ᏍᏓᏓ. 2. I said “Come back and see me.” Agwadvhnv, “Ihedolv”. ᎠᏆᏛᏅ, “ᎢᎮᏙᎸ”. 3. You see some traps. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ. Igada disadvdi dehigotiha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ
4. Let three wolves wear shoes. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏩᏯ. 5. I was told you wore shoes. Dejalasutle. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞ. 6. Let a deer and I know it. Oganhtesdi awi. ᎣᎦᏅᏖᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. 7. Two rabbits and I are saying “Good!” Ojadi tali iyani jisdu, “Osd!” ᎣᏣᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎣᏍᏗ!”. 8. Let you all and I see three deer. Tso awi didigowata. Ꮶ ᎠᏫ ᏗᏗᎪᏩᏔ. 9. You and I spoke English. Yoneg giniwonisv. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. 10. I was told many rabbits yelled. ᎤᏁᏡᏁᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ. Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu.
11. You two wanted a rabbit. Jisdu sdadulvhv. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎲᎢ. 12. A skunk and I wanted two squirrels. Tali iyani saloli doginadulvhv dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏗᎵ. 13. I am speaking Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoni. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂ. 14. You all and I yelled. Igetluhnv. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. 15. I was told a groundhog went near some traps. Nav igada disadvdi uwenvse ogana. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏎᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. (From 7.9 on page 72) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. 1. ᏙᏯ ᎤᏂᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ. Doya unigohvi igada awi. Some deer saw a beaver. 140
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏎᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎾ. Yonega uniwonisei ilvsgi ogana. I was told a few groundhogs spoke English. 3. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it. 4. ᎾᎥ ᎫᎫ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏥᏍᏚ. Nav gugu dunotlei tsoi iyani jisdu. I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle. 5. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ. Jigwisdi awi duduliha jisdu. A rabbit wants many deer. 6. ᎣᎩᏁᏡᏅᎢ ᏙᏯ. Oginetluhnvi doya. A beaver and I yelled. 7. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂᎯ. Jalagi jiwonihi. Let me speak Cherokee. 8. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏦᏢᎢ. Nav uweyvi jotlvi. You sat near a river. 9. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ. Yonega ogiwonisvi jigwisdi jisdu. Many rabbits and I spoke English. 10. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Waya dulasutla. A wolf is wearing shoes. 11. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎵ ᏕᏣᏚᎸᎮᎢ. wanted a few skunks. Ilvsgi dili dejadulvhei. I was told you
12. ᎢᏁᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏃ ᎢᏂᎪᏩᏔ. Inena gohusdino inigowata. Let you and I go and see something. 13. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dejalasutlvi. You wore shoes. 14. ᏩᏯ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Waya sdadulvhvi. You two wanted a wolf. 15. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᎢᏁᎦ. Nav igada gugu inega. You and I are going near some bottles. (From 7.10 on page 72) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. Let you and I know it. Ginantesdi. ᎩᎾᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 2. A rabbit wanted a trap. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. 3. A wolf and I are speaking Cherokee. Jalagi osdiwoni waya. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ ᏩᏯ. 4. You two knew it. Sdantvi. ᏍᏓᏅᏛᎢ. 5. Some minks are speaking English. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎡᏟ. 141
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
6. Let you all sit near some traps. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏗᏦᏞᏍᏗ. 7. You all and I are wearing shoes. Degalasutla. ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏝ. 8. Let you all go near some bottles. Nav igada gugu ijena. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᎢᏤᎾ. 9. A rabbit and I went near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv oginenvsvi jisdu. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. 10. Let you sit near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏦᏞᏍᏗ. 11. Let you and I say, “Hello.”. Inada, “Osiyo”. ᎢᎾᏓ, “ᎣᏏᏲ” 12. Some groundhogs and I yelled. Ogetluhnv igada ogana. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ. 13. Let me know it. Agwantesdi. ᎠᏆᏅᏖᏍᏗ. 14. Let you all see a skunk. Dili ijigowata. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. 15. A mink is sitting near a large river. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏬᏝ ᎡᏟ.
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Appendix B
Additional Resources
B.1 The Leitner System
The Leitner system is a widely used method to efficiently use flashcards that was proposed by the German science journalist Sebastian Leitner in the 1970s. It is a simple implementation of the principle of spaced repetition, where cards are reviewed at increasing interval.
Method In this method flashcards are sorted into groups according
to how well you know each one in the Leitner’s learning box. This is how it works: you try to recall the solution written on a flashcard. If you succeed, you send the card to the next group. But if you fail, you send it back to the first group. Each succeeding group has a longer period of time before you are required to revisit the cards.
Example Suppose you have 3 groups called Group 1, Group 2 and
Group 3. The cards in Group 1 are the ones that you often make mistakes with, and Group 3 contains the cards that you know very well. You might choose to study the Group 1 cards once a day, Group 2 every 3 days, and the Group 3 cards every 5 days. If you look at a Group 1 card and get the correct answer, you ”promote” it to Group 2. A correct answer with a Group 2 card ”promotes” that card to Group 3. If you make a mistake with a Group 2 or Group 3 card, it gets ”demoted” to the first level, which forces you to study that card more often. The advantage of this method is that you can focus on the most difficult flashcards, which remain in the first few groups. The result is, ideally, a reduction in the amount of study time needed. 143
B.2. NAMES
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitner_system
B.2
Names
The following list of names is largely based upon the names as listed at http://home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b. htm. Where a name that is in the table was not available at that website, the guidelines from website http://www.native-languages. org/cherokee_names.htm were used for creating the Cherokee version. Table B.1: English to Cherokee Names Anthony Barbara Betty Brian Carol Charles Christopher Daniel David Deborah Donald Donna Dorothy Elizabeth Helen Jennifer Edward George James Jason ᎡᏂᏙᏂ ᏆᏆ ᏇᏗ ᏆᏯᏂ ᎧᎶ ᏣᎵ ᏈᏍᏙᏋ ᏕᏂᎵ ᏕᏫᏗ ᏕᏉᎠ ᏓᎾᎵ ᏓᎾ ᏙᏉᏘ ᎠᎵᏌᏇᏘ ᎮᎴᏂ ᏤᏂᏇ ᎡᏗᏩᏗ ᏣᏥ ᏤᎻ ᏤᏌᏂ e-(ni)-to-ni qua-qua que-di qua-ya-(ni) ka-lo ja-li qui-s-do-quv de-ni-li de-wi-di de-quo-a da-na-li da-na do-quo-ti a-li-sa-que-ti he-le-ni je-ni-que e-di-wa-di ja-ji je-mi je-sa-ni
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APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES English Name Jeff John Joseph Kenneth Kevin Karen Kimberly Laura Linda Lisa Mark Michael Margaret Maria Mary Michelle Nancy Patricia Paul Richard Robert Ronald Ruth Sandra Sarah Sharon Susan Steven Thomas Syllabary ᏤᏫ ᏣᏂ ᏦᏎᏫ ᎩᏂᏘ ᏆᏂ ᎫᏆᏂ ᎩᎻᏇᎵ ᎳᏆᎠ ᎵᏂᏓ ᎵᏌ ᎹᎦ ᎹᎦᎵ ᎹᎦᏰᏘ ᎹᏫᎠ ᎺᎵ ᎺᏍᎮᎵ ᏁᏂᏏ ᏆᏘᏏ ᏉᎵ ᏈᎭᏗ ᏆᏆ ᏉᎳᏗ ᏊᏘ ᏎᏂᏗᎠ ᏎᎩ ᏤᏆᏂ ᏑᏌᏃ ᏍᏘᏫᏂ ᏙᎹᏏ
B.2. NAMES
Cherokee Pronunciation je-wi ja-ni jo-se-wi gi-ni-ti gwa-ni gu-qua-ni gi-mi-que-li la-qua-a li-ni-da li-sa ma-ga ma-ga-li ma-ga-ye-ti ma-wi-a me-li me-s-he-li ne-(ni)-si qua-ti-si quo-li qui-ha-di qua-qua quo-la-di quu-ti se-(ni)-di-a se-gi je-qua-(ni) su-sa-(no) s-ti-wi-ni do-ma-si
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B.2. NAMES English Name William
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Syllabary ᏫᎵᎭᎹ Cherokee Pronunciation wi-li-ha-ma
If you do not see your name listed, you try looking it up at http: //home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm, or if it does not appear there, you can determine the Cherokee pronunciation for you name by using the following guidelines (reproduced here for easier reference) as originally posted at http: //www.native-languages.org/names.htm: ... basically, each character represents one syllable, so if your name is Mona, you would use the two characters for MO and NA, written left to right, like this: ᎼᎾ. This doesn’t actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course – it is just a way of spelling the English name Mona using the Cherokee writing system. Easy so far, right? However, there are several significant differences between the English and Cherokee writing systems that can make it hard to spell English names in Cherokee: 1. English isn’t written phonetically. There are many letters in English names that are not pronounced. In the name ”Sallie,” for example, the ”e” and one of the ”l’s” don’t make any sound at all. The name is pronounced the same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli, or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, you’ll need to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with the two characters for SA and LI, ᏌᎵ. 2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different vowel sounds may be spelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronounced like the i in police. The a in say and the e in they are pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are always pronounced essentially the same: A as in ”father,” E as in ”they,” I as in ”police,” O as in ”note,” U as in ”tune,” V, which sounds like the ”u” in ”sun,” and AI together, which sounds like the ”i” in ”mice.” You need to pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way your name is actually pronounced, which may be different from how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with the two characters LE and LA in Cherokee, ᎴᎳ. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then you 146
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
B.2. NAMES
would spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LA in Cherokee, ᎳᎢᎳ. 3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erick are all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindy is pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronounced the same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced the same as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name by spelling any ”c” or ”ck” that sounds like K as K; any ”c” sound that sounds like ”s” as S; and any ”g” sound that sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and 3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), you should spell it with the two characters KA and NI in Cherokee, ᎧᏂ. 4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU, and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO, GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TV are written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV in Cherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonant sounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same in Cherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jeenee) you should spell it with the two characters TSI and NI in Cherokee, ᏥᏂ. 5. Some English consonants don’t exist in Cherokee. There are no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P, R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakers replaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so that they pronounced the name Rebecca ”quay-quay-gah” and spelled it ᏇᏇᎦ. SH is usually replaced with S, TH is usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replaced with L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which is pronounced ”may-lee” by Cherokees and spelled ᎺᎵ.) The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) is also replaced with QU. 6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except for S, which can be written by itself, all syllables in the Cherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writing English words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, the standard practice is to write a ”silent i” after the final consonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokee people would spell it with the three characters E, LE, and NI, ᎡᎵᏂ. 147
B.2. NAMES
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Those are the general rules for spelling English words in Cherokee; of course, as in any language, some names can have more than one spelling. In particular, some names that entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, such as Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms – for example, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variant of Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokee variant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokee syllabary to spell the English name ”Luke,” you would spell it ᎷᎩ, but to spell the Cherokee name ”Luga,” you would spell that ᎷᎦ. There is also some variation in spelling names whose vowel sounds don’t exactly match Cherokee. For example, the ”A” in ”Annie” is about halfway between the ”A” and ”E” sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee people spell it ᎡᏂ, and others spell it ᎠᏂ. These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but the good thing is that you can use them to write ANY name in Cherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled name to contend with like ”Makayla” or ”LaTasha,” which aren’t on any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, you can easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelled with the three characters MA, GE, and LA (ᎹᎨᎳ) and the three characters LA, TA, and SA (ᎳᏔᏌ).
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