SPORTS WEAR

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INTEGRATED TERM PROJECT
DOCUMENTATION

SPORTS WEAR

SUBMITTED BY: PRASHANT PRIYA (081661) PRIYANShU RANA (080035) DFT AP (2st SEM) NIFT CHENNAI.

CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION  SPORTS WEAR  Tracksuit  Bungee jumping  Skydiving  Paragliding  Parasailing  Rafting  Parkour  Mountain biking  Snowboarding  Surfing  INTEGRATION  CONCLUSION  BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION “Integrated term project” is detailed study on a topic and collecting information
related to that topic. This semester we had got the topic “SPORTS WEAR” which is related to fibre science. We were asked to collect information on various sportswear and the fibres used in that sportswear. What are the properties of that fiber that make it a use in that sports. Different sports on which we collected information’s are:  Tracking  Bungee jumping  Skydiving  Paragliding  Parasailing  Rafting  Parkour  Mountain biking  Snowboarding  Surfing We did this project under the guidance of PRAVEEN NAGARAJAN. He guided us throughout the survey.

SPORTS WEAR
Sportswear is clothing, including footwear, worn for sport or exercise. Typical sport-specific garments include short pants, tracksuits, T-shirts, polo shirts and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits and silhouettes. It also includes some underwear, such as the jockstrap. Sportswear is also often worn as casual fashion clothing. For most sports the athletes wear a combination of different items of clothing, e.g. sport shoes, pants and shirts. Some athletes wear armour such as helmets or American football body armour.

Functional considerations
Almost every piece of sports clothing is designed to be light weight so the athlete is not encumbered by its weight. The best athletic wear for some forms of exercise, for example cycling, should not create drag or be too bulky. On the other hand it should be loose enough so as not to restrict movement. Clothing worn for some other forms of exercise should not unduly restrict movement and may also have specific requirements for example the Keikogi used in karate. It should allow freedom of movement in competition. Various physically dangerous sports require protective gear, e.g. for fencing, American football or ice hockey. Standardized sportswear may also have the function of a uniform. In team sports the opposing sides are usually made identifiable by the colours of their clothing, while individual team members can be made recognizable by a back number on a shirt. In hot weather garments should allow the wearer to stay cool. In cold weather garments should help to stay warm. In cold climates the best athletic wear should not only provide warmth but also transfer sweat away from the skin. For activities such as skiing and mountain climbing this is achieved by using layering: moisture transferring materials must be worn next to the skin, followed by an insulating layer, and wind and water resistant shell garments.

Tracksuit
A tracksuit is an article of clothing consisting of two parts: trousers and a jacket. It was originally intended for use in sports, mainly as what athletes wore over competition clothing (such as running shirt and shorts or a swimsuit) and would take off before competition. In modern times, it has become commonly worn in other contexts. The tracksuit was one of the earliest uses of synthetic fibers in sportswear. Tracksuits were manufactured from a mix of triacetate and polyester making them shiny on the outside. Adidas began to produce tracksuits as leisure wear. Suits from firm gloss nylon jersey were produced, jackets and trousers being narrowly cut. This consisted of two weights of fabric: a light, silky exterior resembling parachute material consisting of nylon or polyester, and lining made from a lighter, often net-like, textile. Wind pants are almost always made out of polyester or nylon. Some have polyester tricot. Some types of wind pants have a separate inner liner made of cotton.

Fibers used
Nylon, Polyester, Cotton

Properties of the fibers
Nylon  Luster: High natural lusters; may be de-lustered.  Drape: Good – Excellent  Resiliency: Good crease resistance, very good recovery from wrinkling or creasing  Hand: Feels cool, elastic, smooth and slick  Pilling / Static: Susceptible to pilling. Subject to static build up; produces electric charges.  Strength: Exceptionally strong in both wet / dry  Abrasion resistance: Excellent  Effects of Chemicals


Weakened by strong acids; not affected by alkalis Not affected by oxidizing / reducing bleach. May be harmed by



Chlorine / strong oxidizing bleaches.

 Effect of Environmental Conditions:  Resistant to moths, fungi and insects



Poor resistance to sunlight; prolonged exposure weakens and causes

deterioration of colour / strength.  Absorbancy:Hydrophobic. Moisture regain 4%  Wicking: Rate of absorption :- Slow Rate of Drying :- Quick

 Cover: Poor
 Elasticity: Good, 30% elongation at break

 Elastic recovery:100% recovery at 2% elongation
 Dimensional Stability: Can be heat set to maintain shape “ No Shrinkage”

Polyester  Luster: High natural lustre, may be delustered  Drape: Good – Excellent  Resiliency: Outstanding; Excellent recovery from wrinkling / creasing  Hand: Feels cool, elastic, smooth and slick  Pilling / Static: Subject to pilling and static build up; produces electric charges  Strength: Very good; no loss of strength when wet  Abrasion resistance:

Good  Effect of Chemicals


Good resistance to most acids / alkalis Good resistance to dry cleaning solvents Good resistance to oxidizing and reducing bleaches

 

 Effect of Environmental Conditions   Good resistance to sunlight Completely resistance to bacteria, fungus, mildew / moth

Cotton
 Drape, lustre, texture, hand etc are affected by type of yarn, yarn count, fabric structure

and finishes.  Feels cool, inelastic, soft and dry.  Poor resiliency:- Cotton fabrics wrinkle easily  Poor dimensional stability:- Shrink easily  Good strength and abrasion resistance  In wet condition, strength is increased by 20%  Good resistance to alkalis and organic solvents  Poor resistance to Acids  Easily attacked by fungus and mildew  Poor resistance to sunlight

Bungee jumping
Bungee jumping (also spelled "Bungy" jumping) is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord. The tall structure is usually a fixed object, such as a building, bridge or crane; but it is also possible to jump from a movable object, such as a hot-air-balloon or helicopter, that has the ability to hover over one spot on the ground. The thrill comes as much from the free-falling as from the rebounds. The elastic rope first used in bungee jumping, and still used by many commercial operators, is factory-produced braided shock cord. This consists of many latex strands enclosed in a tough outer cover.

Fibers used
Latex

Properties of the fiber used
Latex  Makes a fabric more comfortable garment  Causes less seam stress  Increases the breaking strength of the fabric  Complete recovery will help to prevent bagginess occurring at elbows & knees, as well as preventing the garment become loose fitting.

 Spandex, rubber are “Elastomeric Fibres”

 300 – 400% Elongation  98 – 100% Recovery

Skydiving
Skydiving, also known as parachuting, is the sport of jumping from enough height to deploy a fabric parachute and land safely. Parachuting has complex skills that can take thousands of jumps to master, but the basics are often fully understood and useful during the first few jumps. There are four basic areas of skill: basic safety, free fall maneuvers, parachute operation, and landing. Carbon fibre suit designed to protect from freezing temperatures of -100C, as well as from extremely high temperatures caused by the air resistance created by high-speed fall. Most skydiving suits are jumpsuits. They are easy to put on, and come in many pretty, bright colours for visibility. Your skydiving suit should be manufactured specifically for you. One of the most common fabrics that skydiving suits are made of is Supplex, a very durable, lightweight fabric.

Fibers used
Carbon fibers, Supplex

Property of the fiber used
Carbon fiber  Excellent strength and very stiff  Excellent resiliency and requires no ironing  Excellent resistance to sunlight  Ideal for curtains and draperies  Very light weight  Excellent strength and elasticity  Excellent resistance to impact load  Mainly used for ‘Bullet Proof’ fabrics  Heavy fibre with poor drape  Extremely poor abrasion resistance  Poor elasticity and hand  Completely hydrophobic

Supplex  Very good resiliency and highly flexible  Very good abrasion resistance  Good dimensional stability in wet; however some types shrink exposure to high temperature  Good resistance to house hold bleaches and most acids; damaged by hot alkalies cause rapid deterioration; resistant to dry cleaning solvents  Good resistance to light; high temperature will reduce elasticity

 Superior dye ability with brilliant colours

 Lower sensitivity to body oils and lotions  Good resistance to sea water and chlorine in sea water; perspiration and chemicals  Poor strength; poor absorbency 1% moisture regain  White spandex becomes yellowish from prolonged exposure to air.  Ironing should be done quickly with low temperature setting

Paragliding
Paragliding is a recreational and competitive flying sport. A paraglide is a free-flying, foot-launched aircraft. The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing, whose shape is formed by its suspension lines and the pressure of air entering vents in the front of the wing. Nylon is the most commonly used raw fibre for the manufacture of sailcloth. The properties of nylon include excellent strength, flexibility, abrasion resistance, ease of drying and resistance to attack by insects and micro-organisms. Teijin alone uses polyester for their sailcloth. Polyester fabrics are more resistant to shrinking and stretching, dry quicker and less prone to wrinkle and crease. Used properly, both nylon and polyester have their place in paraglide construction.

Fibers used
Nylon, Polyester

Property of the fiber used
Nylon  Luster: High natural lusters; may be de-lustered.  Drape: Good – Excellent  Resiliency: Good crease resistance, very good recovery from wrinkling or creasing  Hand: Feels cool, elastic, smooth and slick  Pilling / Static: Susceptible to pilling. Subject to static build up; produces electric charges.  Strength: Exceptionally strong in both wet / dry  Abrasion resistance: Excellent  Effects of Chemicals


Weakened by strong acids; not affected by alkalis Not affected by oxidizing / reducing bleach. May be harmed by



Chlorine / strong oxidizing bleaches.

 Effect of Environmental Conditions:   Resistant to moths, fungi and insects Poor resistance to sunlight; prolonged exposure weakens and causes

deterioration of colour / strength.  Absorbancy: Hydrophobic. Moisture regain 4%  Wicking: Rate of absorption :- Slow Rate of Drying : - Quick

 Cover: Poor  Elasticity: Good, 30% elongation at break  Elastic recovery:100% recovery at 2% elongation  Dimensional Stability: Can be heat set to maintain shape “ No Shrinkage”

Polyester  Luster: High natural lustre, may be delustered  Drape: Good – Excellent  Resiliency: Outstanding; Excellent recovery from wrinkling / creasing  Hand: Feels cool, elastic, smooth and slick  Pilling / Static: Subject to pilling and static build up; produces electric charges  Strength:

Very good; no loss of strength when wet  Abrasion resistance: Good  Effect of Chemicals


Good resistance to most acids / alkalis Good resistance to dry cleaning solvents Good resistance to oxidizing and reducing bleaches

 

 Effect of Environmental Conditions   Good resistance to sunlight Completely resistance to bacteria, fungus, mildew / moth

Parasailing
Parasailing, also known as par ascending, is a recreational activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a specially designed parachute, known as a parasail. The boat then drives off, carrying the parascender into the air. If the boat is powerful enough, two or three people can parasail behind it at the same time. The parascender has little or no control over the parachute. It also uses Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.

Fibers used
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

Property of the fiber
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), also known as high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. It has extremely long chains, with molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 2 and 6 million. The longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymer backbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions. These results in a very tough material, with the highest impact strength of any thermoplastic presently made. It is highly resistant to corrosive chemicals, with exception of oxidizing acids. It has extremely low moisture absorption, has a very low coefficient of friction, is selflubricating, and is highly resistant to abrasion (15 times more resistant to abrasion than carbon steel). Its coefficient of friction is significantly lower than that of nylon and acetyl, and is comparable to that of Teflon, but UHMWPE has better abrasion resistance than Teflon. It is odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic. Polymerization of UHMWPE was commercialized in the 1950s by Ruhrchemie AG, which changed names over the years; today UHMWPE powder materials are produced by Ticona, Braskem, and Mitsui. UHMWPE is available commercially either as consolidated forms, such as sheets or rods, and as fibers. UHMWPE powder may also be directly molded into the final shape of a product. Because of its resistance to wear and impact, UHMWPE continues to find increasing industrial applications, including the automotive and bottling sectors, for example. Since the 1960s, UHMWPE has also been the material of choice for total joint arthroplasty in orthopedic and spine implants The weak bonding between olefin molecules allows local thermal excitations to disrupt the crystalline order of a given chain piece-by-piece, giving it much poorer heat resistance than other high-strength fibers. Its melting point is around 144 to 152 degrees

Celsius, and, according to DSM, it is not advisable to use UHMWPE fibers at temperatures exceeding 80 to 100 °C for long periods of time. It becomes brittle at temperatures below -150 °C. The simple structure of the molecule also gives rise to surface and chemical properties that are rare in high-performance polymers. For example, the polar groups in most polymers easily bond to water. Because olefins have no such groups, UHMWPE does not absorb water readily, but it also does not get wet easily, which makes bonding it to other polymers difficult. For the same reasons, skin does not interact with it strongly, making the UHMWPE fiber surface feel slippery. In a similar manner, aromatic polymers are often susceptible to aromatic solvents due to aromatic stacking interactions; an effect aliphatic polymers like UHMWPE are immune to. UHMWPE fibers are used in ballistic vests, ballistic helmets and ballistic vehicle protection, cut resistant gloves, bow strings, climbing equipment, fishing line, spear lines for spear guns, high-performance sails, suspension lines on sport parachutes and paraglide, rigging in yachting, kites, and kites lines for kites sports. Spectra are also used as a high-end Wakeboard line. UHMW is used in the manufacture of PVC(vinyl) windows and doors, as it can stand up to the heat required to soften the PVC based materials and is used as a form/chamber filler for the various PVC shape profiles in order for those materials to be 'bent' or shaped around a template.

Rafting
Rafting or whitewater rafting is a challenging recreational activity utilizing a raft to navigate a river or other bodies of water. This is usually done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water, in order to thrill and excite the raft passengers. The development of this activity as a leisure sport has become popular since the mid 1970s. Personal Flotation Device (PFD): A.K.A. "Life vest." US Coast Guard regulations require that each watercraft passenger at least carries a wearable PFD (Class III or V in flotation rating). The American Canoe Association requires that PFDs must be worn during all ACA sanctioned programs. This item is almost always provided to you by the outfitter that you are using. Brimmed Hat or Visor: Although rain is a paddler's friend (since rain fills our lakes and rivers), you will probably most enjoy venturing out on a clear, sunny day. Therefore, unless you're from the tropics, you'll want to protect your head and face from the sun's harmful rays. And don't forget the Sunscreen. UV rays are just as severe reflecting up from the water. Sunglasses: Keep these handy for the same reason as your sun visor. They can also score big points in the coolness category. Don't forget the retainer strap. Retainer Strap: This item is used to keep your glasses, sunglasses or hats attached to your person, in case you come out of your boat. There are two kinds sold, one type for glasses and another for hats. Most outfitters keep the glasses available for sale, while the ones for hats are harder to find. You definitely do not want to lose a $300.00 pair of prescription glasses! Sunscreen: Sunscreen is a definite must. You’d be surprised how burnt you can get from

having spent 2 hours on the water. Helmet: A solid paddling helmet is essential for white-water paddling or surf kayaking. Can you picture a public service announcement about, "This is your brain on the rocks?" Nose Plugs or Clips: Designed especially for paddlers who plan to roll upside-down frequently, but can't seem to stop themselves from inhaling. Water Bottle: A hydrated paddler is a happy paddler. Bring some snacks too, such as trail mix, candy bars, fruit and energy bars. Whistle: Or other audible signalling device, often attached to your PFD for easy access. A whistle is very useful for getting attention during an emergency and warning other watercraft of your presence. Also required by the Coast Guard on large bodies of water and navigation channels. Synthetic Sweater and/or Long Underwear: Popular for their wicking qualities (drawing water away from your skin) synthetic fibers dry quickly and help keep your body warmth in when it's cold out. Cotton is generally frowned upon because it has the opposite effect of conducting body heat when it gets wet. Even in the summer, cold water, wind and wet cotton can be a deadly combination. Use Synthetic Pants or Lycra Tights for your lower half too.

Paddling Jacket: Specially coated nylon or Gortex jackets with neoprene cuffs and collars are water and wind repellent for keeping splashing water and cooling wind off your skin. They will keep you semi-dry when you roll upside-down. Paddling Pants too! Wet Suit: Worn right next to your skin, wet suits can be a life saver when submerged in cold water. The neoprene material holds in a thin layer of water as a thermal barrier against the outside cold water. Highly recommended for winter or early spring paddles. Dry Suit: Although relatively expensive, the dry suit is the ultimate piece of clothing for winter paddling. It is similar to the paddling jacket, except the cuffs and collar are sealed

with flexible rubber gaskets. The gaskets form a snug seal around the neck, wrists and ankles to keep you completely dry, even when submerged. Made as a single piece suit or as separate tops and pants. Gloves or Pogies: Helpful for keeping your hands warm and nimble on cool or windy days. Pogies are large mitten that attach around the shaft/handle of your paddle. Some folks also like to wear gloves when it is warm to improve their grip and to prevent blisters. Bathing Suit and Towel: Because you will get wet on this ride. Besides, the best paddling destinations rarely have designated changing areas.

Spray Deck: (A.K.A. "spray skirt") Worn around the waist of a kayaker and closes around the cockpit of the kayak to keep waves and spray from filling the boat. But don't worry, the skirt does very little to hold the kayaker in, and comes with a quick release strap for fast "wet" exits. Footwear: Nearly 90% of all paddling injuries occur from walking around with bare feet. Protect your toes with strong river sandals, old sneakers or neoprene booties. Some folks also wear fleece or wool socks for extra warmth. First Aid Kit and Duct Tape: Take along a well-stocked repair kit for your body and boat whenever venturing out into the wilderness. There are several varieties of ready-equipped first aid kits for various degrees of need, some of which come with their own dry bags. River sandals or old sneakers make ideal footwear. A bathing suit and a pair of nylon shorts is a good base layer. A long-sleeve synthetic shirt or light windbreaker is good to have in case of a sudden shower or temperature change. A hat, sun block, sunglasses with retaining strap, disposable camera and you’re good to go. Your guide will have a bit of extra room in his or her dry bag to hold your extra layer. Thing gets more complicated in the spring and the fall when the water and air temperatures are colder. Let us walk you through our recommended system of dressing.

Base Layer. Polypropylene, capilene, thermax and thermion are some of different types of synthetic long underwear that is available. Anyone who does anything outdoors should invest in a set. It is indispensable for hiking, biking, skiing, water sports, gardening or just staying comfortable in a chilly house. These fabrics are designed to wick moisture away from your body. They are hydrophobic, meaning they do not absorb water; rather they transfer it to your outer layers where it can evaporate keeping your core more comfortable. Silk long underwear is available and feels great but it is not as effective as synthetics. Mid Layer. Next you’ll want to add a layer of fleece or pile. These are thicker and fluffier than your base layer and supply insulation and warmth. Made from synthetic fibers, they will not absorb nearly as much water as natural fibers. Wool provides some insulation when it gets wet but not as much. Cotton is an absolute no-no. It will make you cold. We guarantee it. So leave that sweatshirt at home or save it for snuggling into after your trip. Outer Layer. The purpose of this layer is to block the water. It can take several forms. Paddle jackets are ideal because they have neck and wrist closures that prevent water from reaching your sensitive core. Waterproof-breathable (such as Gore-tex) or coated nylon rain shells work well too. Ponchos are not recommended. We will be happy to rent you a paddle jacket. Wet Suit. We recommend wet suits for spring and fall trips unless the day is unseasonably warm. If you are lucky enough to own one bring it along in case. If not we will be happy to rent you a farmer john (sleeveless style) that will do the trick. Wear your mid layer under it and your outer layer over it and you’ll be comfortable. Think of it as an insurance policy. No sense paying your money then shivering the day away wishing the waves weren’t so big. Socks, Gloves and Hats. If your feet are warm, your whole body will be warm. In the spring and fall we recommend neoprene socks or booties. The next best thing is wearing wool or fleece socks with your sneakers. Neoprene, fleece or wool gloves will keep your hands happy. There will be room under your helmet for a hat.

Fibers used
Cotton, Nylon, Wool, Synthetic fibers

Properties of the fibers
Cotton
 Drape, lustre, texture, hand etc are affected by type of yarn, yarn count, fabric structure

and finishes.  Feels cool, inelastic, soft and dry.  Poor resiliency:- Cotton fabrics wrinkle easily  Poor dimensional stability:- Shrink easily  Good strength and abrasion resistance  In wet condition, strength is increased by 20%  Good resistance to alkalis and organic solvents  Poor resistance to Acids  Easily attacked by fungus and mildew  Poor resistance to sunlight Nylon  Luster:

High natural lusters; may be de-lustered.  Drape: Good – Excellent  Resiliency: Good crease resistance, very good recovery from wrinkling or creasing  Hand: Feels cool, elastic, smooth and slick  Pilling / Static: Susceptible to pilling. Subject to static build up; produces electric charges.  Strength: Exceptionally strong in both wet / dry  Abrasion resistance: Excellent  Effects of Chemicals   Weakened by strong acids; not affected by alkalies Not affected by oxidizing / reducing bleach. May be harmed by

Chlorine / strong oxidizing bleaches.

 Effect of Environmental Conditions:   Resistant to moths, fungi and insects Poor resistance to sunlight; prolonged exposure weakens and causes

deterioration of colour / strength.
 Absorbency: Hydrophobic. Moisture regain 4%

 Wicking: Rate of absorption :- Slow

Rate of Drying

: - Quick

 Cover: Poor  Elasticity: Good, 30% elongation at break  Elastic recovery:100% recovery at 2% elongation  Dimensional Stability: Can be heat set to maintain shape “ No Shrinkage”

Wool  Wool is a natural animal fibre and composed of protein. Most wool fibres are between 2

– 20cm staple lengths. The surface of the fibre is covered with scales. Wool is white; however it may be found in gray, brown and black.  Generally dull appearance; depends on quality of fibre
 Worsted fabrics drape well than woollen fabrics:

 Good wrinkle resistance  Wool fabrics feels warm, springy rough and dry  Poor pilling resistance
 Relatively weak fibre; Strong yarns can be produced due to long staple fibres.

 Good rasion resistance:  Poor resistance to chlorine bleaches, damaged by oxidizing bleaches.  Good resistance to acids  Poor resistance to alkalies  Good resistance to oil-borne stains  Easily damaged by carpet bleaches and moths
 Hydrophilic fibre, Wool is a warm fabric.

 The high level crimp and loose structure of wool yarn results air to be trapped on the outer surface of the fabric. ‘Trapped air’ has insulating behaviour.

Synthetic fibers  Can be moulded or shaped in desired form  Permanent setting of pleats by heat setting  Withstands surface wear  Shows minimum wear  When crushed, springs back quickly  Inherent wrinkle resistance  High dry and wet strength  Excellent resistance to damage by mildew, moths and sunlight  Washes easily and dries quickly  Water stains penetrate fibre slowly and can be easily removed.

Parkour
Parkour (sometimes also abbreviated to PK) or l'art du displacement[1] (English: the art of movement) is an activity with the aim of moving from one point to another as smoothly, efficiently and quickly as possible, using principally the abilities of the human body.[2] It is meant to help one overcome obstacles, which can be anything in the surrounding environment—from branches and rocks to rails and concrete walls—and can be practiced in both rural and urban areas. Conditioning for joint areas. Ankles: Using rubber exercise (resistance) bands and thing such as step ups and heel lifts can increase muscle strength around the ankles. Knees: Step ups and squats are simple exercises that can improve the upper leg strength and increase knee support and stability. Hips: Leg extensions (forward and behind) and squat jumps.

Shoulders: Pulls ups and press ups Wrists / Elbows: Hand grips, and opening and closing your hands until you can't anymore is good for grip and will help forearm strength. Getting used to just hanging for an amount of time is good as well. CLOTHING Loose fitting, flexible, comfortable clothing. Clothing is fairly important within Parkour training. Tracers combine flexibility, toughness, precision and speed and need clothes that can suit the job. Jogging bottoms: Cotton / Polyester: Buy them quite large for freedom of movement, even though they are very "stretchy". Really cheap as well, so you don’t have to worry about ruining them. Jeans are not particularly suitable for a serious tracer. Shirts: T-shirts T-shirts and sleeveless vests a great, more specifically for warmer weather. Aim for a casual fit to allow free movement. Trainers: Good grip and feel. The only real "tools of the trade". These rough guidelines should help you purchase a "Perfect Parkour Pair." Good grip; a sole should have a grip all along the shoe, and especially in the area between the pad of the foot and the heel. Many shoes now have plastic areas, but grip all the way along is safer and more effective. Sensitivity/Feel; Parkour itself will develop with learning about sensitivity, being able to tell how environments will react by feel and touch takes training and parkour to another level.

Trainers are important with this as a lot of parkour is on foot, the more feel between you and rails, ledges, or anything you stand on, the better.

Fibers used
Cotton, Polyester

Property of the fiber used
Cotton
 Drape, lustre, texture, hand etc are affected by type of yarn, yarn count, fabric structure

and finishes.  Feels cool, inelastic, soft and dry.  Poor resiliency:- Cotton fabrics wrinkle easily  Poor dimensional stability:- Shrink easily  Good strength and abrasion resistance  In wet condition, strength is increased by 20%  Good resistance to alkalis and organic solvents  Poor resistance to Acids  Easily attacked by fungus and mildew

 Poor resistance to sunlight

Polyester

 Luster: High natural lustre, may be delustered  Drape: Good – Excellent  Resiliency: Outstanding; Excellent recovery from wrinkling / creasing  Hand: Feels cool, elastic, smooth and slick  Pilling / Static: Subject to pilling and static build up; produces electric charges  Strength: Very good; no loss of strength when wet  Abrasion resistance: Good  Effect of Chemicals    Good resistance to most acids / alkalies Good resistance to dry cleaning solvents Good resistance to oxidizing and reducing bleaches

 Effect of Environmental Conditions  Good resistance to sunlight



Completely resistance to bacteria, fungus, mildew / moth

Mountain biking
Mountain biking entails the sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, whether riding specially equipped mountain bikes or hybrid road bikes. Most mountain bikes share similar characteristics that underscore durability and performance in rough terrain: wide, knobby tires, large frame tubing, front fork or dual suspension shock absorbers. The durability factor means a far heavier bicycle weight to rider ratio than their road touring cousins. Many companies also produce other items of protective gear, often nicknamed "armor" to protect limbs and trunk in the event of a crash. While initially made for and marketed at downhillers, free riders and jump/street riders, body armor has trickled into other areas mountain biking as trails have become faster and more technical. Armor ranges from simple neoprene sleeves for knees and elbows to complex, articulated combinations of hard

plastic shells and padding that cover a whole limb or the entire body. Some companies market body armor jackets and even full body suits designed to provide greater protection through greater coverage of the body and more secure pad retention. Most upper body protectors also include a spine protector that comprises plastic or metal re-enforced plastic plates, over foam padding, which are joined together so that they articulate and move with the back. Some mountain bikers also use BMX-style body armor, such as chest plates, abdomen protectors, and spine plates. There is a general correlation between increased protection and increased weight/decreased mobility, although different styles balance these factors differently. Different levels of protection are deemed necessary/desirable by different riders in different circumstances. Backpack hydration systems such as Camelbacks where a water filled bladder is held close to the spine used by some riders for their perceived protective value. However, there is only anecdotal evidence of protection and with the exception of one specific product by the company Deter; they are never sold as spine protection. Materials for clothing • • • Wool is a very good insulator, even when wet and modern undergarments made of wool are not itchy Manmade fibres as used in ‘thermal underwear’ is good at wicking away moisture from the body, but it does tend to smell more than woollen garments Manmade fibres used in ‘fleeces’ provide good insulation

What to wear Using a layering system as below helps to trap air, the main part of an insulation system. It also gives the cyclist the flexibility to add or subtract layers as conditions change. • For the upper body • • • • • • Thin thermal vest next to the skin Medium weight fleece pullover or woollen shirt Fleece jacket Water and windproof jacket (supplied when required) Ski hat to be worn under a cycling helmet on cold days Gloves



For the lower body • •


Longjohns (on cold days) Tracksuit trousers Water and windproof over trousers (supplied when required)

Fibers used
Wool

Property of the fiber
Wool
 Wool is a natural animal fibre and composed of protein. Most wool fibres are between 2

– 20cm staple lengths. The surface of the fibre is covered with scales. Wool is white; however it may be found in gray, brown and black.  Generally dull appearance; depends on quality of fibre
 Worsted fabrics drape well than woollen fabrics:

 Good wrinkle resistance  Wool fabrics feels warm, springy rough and dry  Poor pilling resistance  Relatively weak fibre; Strong yarns can be produced due to long staple fibres.

 Good rasion resistance:  Poor resistance to chlorine bleaches, damaged by oxidizing bleaches.  Good resistance to acids  Poor resistance to alkalies  Good resistance to oil-borne stains  Easily damaged by carpet bleaches and moths
 Hydrophilic fibre, Wool is a warm fabric.

 The high level crimp and loose structure of wool yarn results air to be trapped on the outer surface of the fabric. ‘Trapped air’ has insulating behaviour.

Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a slope that is either partially or fully covered with snow on a snowboard attached to a rider's feet using a special boot set into a mounted binding. The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding, surfing and skiing. Materials for clothing • • • Wool is a very good insulator, even when wet and modern undergarments made of wool are not itchy Manmade fibres as used in ‘thermal underwear’ is good at wicking away moisture from the body, but it does tend to smell more than woollen garments Manmade fibres used in ‘fleeces’ provide good insulation



Cotton is not a suitable material to be using in a cold and wet environment, avoid it like the plague as a garment next to the skin

What to wear Using a layering system as below helps to trap air, the main part of an insulation system. It also gives the skier the flexibility to add or subtract layers as conditions change. • For the upper body • • • • • Thin thermal vest next to the skin Slightly thicker thermal Medium weight fleece pullover or woollen shirt Fleece jacket Water and windproof jacket (if wearing a padded ski jacket that offers good insulation, you might not need the fleece jacket underneath, depending on the conditions) • Ski hat that covers the ears ( a head band is rarely sufficient )   • if it is particularly cold a balaclava is great a neck warmer / buff is also a useful thing to have

For the lower body • •


Long johns Tracksuit Water and windproof over trousers (if wearing ski trousers that are padded and they offer good insulation, you might not need the tracksuit underneath, depending on the conditions)

Fibers used

Wool

Property of the fiber used
Wool
 Wool is a natural animal fibre and composed of protein. Most wool fibres are between 2

– 20cm staple lengths. The surface of the fibre is covered with scales. Wool is white; however it may be found in gray, brown and black.  Generally dull appearance; depends on quality of fibre
 Worsted fabrics drape well than woollen fabrics:

 Good wrinkle resistance  Wool fabrics feels warm, springy rough and dry  Poor pilling resistance

 Relatively weak fibre; Strong yarns can be produced due to long staple fibres.  Good rasion resistance:  Poor resistance to chlorine bleaches, damaged by oxidizing bleaches.  Good resistance to acids  Poor resistance to alkalies  Good resistance to oil-borne stains  Easily damaged by carpet bleaches and moths
 Hydrophilic fibre, Wool is a warm fabric.

 The high level crimp and loose structure of wool yarn results air to be trapped on the outer surface of the fabric. ‘Trapped air’ has insulating behaviour.

Surfing
Surfing refers to a person or boat riding down a wave and thereby gathering speed from the downward movement. Most commonly, the term is used for a surface water sport in which the person surfing is carried along the face of a breaking ocean wave (the "surf") standing on a surfboard. Surfboards can also be used on rivers on standing waves. Both are sometimes called stand-up surfing, to distinguish it from body boarding, in which the individual riding the wave does not stand up on the board, and only partly raises his upper body from the board.

Fibers used Nylon

Properties of the fiber
Nylon  Luster: High natural lusters; may be de-lustered.  Drape: Good – Excellent

 Resiliency: Good crease resistance, very good recovery from wrinkling or creasing  Hand: Feels cool, elastic, smooth and slick  Pilling / Static: Susceptible to pilling. Subject to static build up; produces electric charges.  Strength: Exceptionally strong in both wet / dry  Abrasion resistance: Excellent  Effects of Chemicals   Weakened by strong acids; not affected by alkalies Not affected by oxidizing / reducing bleach. May be harmed by

Chlorine / strong oxidizing bleaches.

 Effect of Environmental Conditions:   Resistant to moths, fungi and insects Poor resistance to sunlight; prolonged exposure weakens and causes

deterioration of colour / strength.
 Absorbancy: Hydrophobic. Moisture regain 4%

 Wicking: Rate of absorption :- Slow Rate of Drying : - Quick

 Cover: Poor

 Elasticity: Good, 30% elongation at break

 Elastic recovery:100% recovery at 2% elongation
 Dimensional Stability: Can be heat set to maintain shape “ No Shrinkage”

INTEGRATION
Basics of textile manufacturing:
Basics of textile manufacturing had a great use in this topic sportswear. The fibers and its properties is what we had studied in this subject. The facts wear same what we had studied in this subject. So this was a great help for me in integrated term project.

CONCLUSION
So after doing this project I came to know about the various sports. Fibers used in those sports and the properties of those fibers, which serve a purpose for the use of those fibers in that given sport. We came to know about various fibers such as cotton, nylon, polyester, carbon fibers, wool and many more.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.fabrics.net/fabricsr.htm www.manufacturers.com.tw/textile/fiber-fabric.html www.fibergypsy.com/Fabric_and_Fiber_Information

www.wikipedia.org www.fibersource.com www.paradisefibers.net www.apparelsearch.com www.encyclopedia.com Fibre to fabric Industrial textile

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