STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ANOMALY INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7=

]XDXN]XNMDC XLMFKNT\L] NK DKOADC^ NKXP\]NOK HLXLMXNOK ]^]XLA  Fdrn Oa & Xdkaoy Fdzrd Hlpdrtalkt og Moaputlr ]mnlkml & Lkjnkllrnkj, Nkhndk ]mfooc og Ankls, Hfdk`dh, Nkhnd

 D @]XPDMX    Nk tfns pdplr, wl dkdcyzl dk dkoadcy `dslh   nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla (NH]) gor outcnlr hltlmtnok nk fdrhwdrl  progncl usnkj stdtnstnmdc tlmfknquls9 Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok, Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok dkh Rrnkmnpdc moapoklkt dkdcysns. Dkoadcy hltlmtnok `dslh altfohs mdk hltlmt klw nktrusnoks `ut tfly sugglr groa gdcsl dcdras. dcdras. Fost `dslh  Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok ]ystlas (FNH]s) usl dkoadcy hltlmtnok h ltlmtnok to nhlktngy adcnmnous dttdmes n.l. nktrusnok. Xfl gldturls drl sfowk `y cdrjl slt og hnalksnoks dkh tfl systla `lmoals lxtrlalcy scow hurnkj promlssnkj tfns fujl daoukt og hdtd (lsplmndccy, fost `dslh). Zl sfow tfl moapdrdtnvl rlsucts usnkj tfrll hngglrlkt dpprodmfls9 Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkt Dkdcysns (RMD), Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok dkh mcustlr wntf Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok. Zl jlt jooh rlsucts usnkj tflsl tlmfknquls.

E L^ZOPH]9    Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkt Dkdcysns, Outcnlr, Adfdcdko`ns Hnstdkml, Mokgusnok Adtrnx, Dkoadcy  Hltlmtnok, Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok, Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok, hnstrn`utnok , Lxplmtdtnok adxnanzdtnok dcjorntfa.

N. 

NKXPOH\MXNOK 

Xfl promlss og aokntornkj lvlkts ommurs nk d moaputlr systla dkh dkdcyznkj tfla to snjkdc gor nktrusnoks ns ekowk ds nktrusnok hltlmtnok. Dk nktrusnok ns hlgnklh ds dk dttdme nk d kltwore or systla `y dk nktruhlr tfdt fdaplrs tfl slmurnty jodcs sumf ds nktljrnty, mokgnhlktndcnty, dutflktnmdtnok n.l. vnocdtnok og tfl slmurnty pocnmy og d systla. Xflrl drl vdrnous typls og dttdmes9 lxtlrkdc dttdmes, nktlrkdc plkltrdtnoks, dkh ansgldsors. Dk nktruhlr trnls to jdnk ukdutfornzlh ukdutforn zlh dmmlss to d vdcnh uslr„s systla. Dk nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla (NH]) ns d projrda tfdt dkdcyzls wfdt fdpplks/fds fdpplklh hurnkj dk lxlmutnok dkh trnls to gnkh out nkhnmdtnoks ng tfl moaputlr fds `llk ansuslh. Zntf lxpcosnvl rdpnh lxpdksnok og moaputlrs nk pdst glw yldrs, tflnr slmurnty fds `lmoal dk naportdkt nssul. Fost `dslh nktrusnok hltlmtnok systlas (FNH]s) drl uslh to aokntor d suspnmnous dmtnvnty og tfl systla. Xfl FNH]s mdk `l mcdssngnlh nkto two typls9 dkoadcy hltlmtnok tfdt ns `dslh ok stdtnstnmdc aldsurls dkh ansusl hltlmtnok tfdt ns `dslh ok snjkdturl. Dkoadcy hltlmtnok ns uslh to mdpturl tfl mfdkjls nk `lfdvnor tfdt hlvndtls groa tfl koradc `lfdvnor. Xflsl altfohs tdel trdnknkj hdtd ds nkput to `unch koradc systla `lfdvnor aohlcs. Dcdras drl rdnslh wflk dky dmtnvnty hlvndtls groa tfl koradc aohlc. Xflsl aohlcs ady `l jlklrdtlh usnkj stdtnstnmdc dkdcysns, hdtd anknkj dcjorntfas, jlkltnm dcjorntfas, drtngnmndc klurdc kltwores, guzzy cojnm, roujf slt, ltm. Dkoadcy hltlmtnok altfohs ady rdnsl dcdras gor koradc dmtnvnty (gdcsl posntnvl) or kot soukh dcdras hurnkj dttdmes (gdcsl kljdtnvl). Kowdhdys, tfl kua`lrs og klw dttdmes drl nkmrldsnkj dkh tfl vdrndtnoks og

=6:

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= ekowk dttdmes mdkkot `l rlmojknzlh `y ansusl hltlmtnok. Flrl, wl hlvlcop dk nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla usnkj tfl Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok dkh Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok tfdt drl uslh to hltlmt outcnlr hdtd dkh gnkh out tfl rlsucts usnkj tfrll hngglrlkt dpprodmfls. dpprodmfls. Outcnlr hltlmtnok ns tfl aost naportdkt tdses nk hdtd dkdcysns. Xfl outcnlrs hlsmrn`l d`koradc hdtd  `lfdvnor, n.l. hdtd wfnmf hlvndtl groa tfl kdturdc hdtd vdrnd`ncnty. vdrnd`ncnty. Xfl mut-ofl  vdcul   vdcul or tfrlsfoch wfnmf hnvnhls dkoadcous dkh kok-dkoadcous hdtd kualrnmdccy ns ogtlk tfl `dsns gor naportdkt hlmnsnoks. Adky altfohs fdvl `llk hnsmusslh gor uknvdrndtl outcnlr hltlmtnok. Xfly drl `dslh ok (ro`ust) lstnadtnok og comdtnok dkh smdttlr, or ok hdtd qudktncls. Xflnr adior hnsdhvdktdjl ns tfdt tflsl rucls drl nkhlplkhlkt groa tfl sdapcl sdapcl snzl. Aorlovlr, `y hlfflkntnok og aost rucls, rucls , outcnlrs drl nhlktnffllh lvlk gor –mcldk‑ hdtd, or dt cldst ko hnstnkmtnok ns adhl `ltwllk outcnlrs dkh lxtrlals og d hnstrn`utnok. Xfl `dsns gor auctnvdrndtl outcnlr hltlmtnok ns tfl Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml. Xfl stdkhdrh altfoh gor auctnvdrndtl outcnlr hltlmtnok ns ro`ust lstnadtnok og pdrdaltlrs nk tfl Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml dkh tfl moapdrnsok wntf d mrntnmdc vdcul og tfl Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok. Fowlvlr, tfl vdculs cdrjlr tfdk tfns mrntnmdc vdcul drl kot klmlssdrncy outcnlrs5 tfly mouch stncc `lcokj to tfl hdtd hnstrn`utnok. Nk orhlr to hnstnkjunsf `ltwllk lxtrlals og d hnstrn`utnok dkh outcnlrs, Jdrrltt nktrohumls tfl Mfn-squdrl pcot, wfnmf hrdws tfl lapnrnmdc hnstrn`utnok og tfl ro`ust Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkmls djdnkst tfl Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok. Xfl rlst og tfl pdplr ns orjdknzlh ds goccows. ]lmtnok 0 hnsmusls tfl rlcdtlh wore dkh slmtnok = hnsmussls tfl proposlh wore.

NN. 

P LCDXLH LCDXLH ZOPE  

Adky hlsnjks fdvl `llk hlvlcoplh gor nktrusnok hltlmtnok U4-7Q. ]fyu fds hlvlcoplh d kltwore `dslh nktrusnok prlhnmtnvl aohlc usnkj prnkmnpdc moapoklkt dkdcysns (RMD) dkh Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok gor EHH4>>> hdtdslt U4Q. Hlkknkj hlsmrn`ls dk nktrusnok hltlmtnok aohlc tfdt ns mdpd`cl og hltlmtnkj `rldenks, plkltrdtnoks dkh otflr typls og moaputlr dttdmes. Xfns aohlc ns `dslh ok tfl fypotflsns tfdt tfl slmurnty vnocdtnoks mdk `l hltlmtlh `y aokntornkj duhnt rlmorhs og tfl systla gor d`koradc pdttlrks og systla usdjl U0Q. Lrrors nk auctnvdrndtl hdtd fdvl `llk hltlmtlh usnkj RMD U=Q. ^l hnsmussls dk dkoadcy hltlmtnok tlmfknqul `dslh ok d Mfn-]qudrl stdtnstnm nkto nkgoradtnok systlas tfdt dmfnlvls 422% hltlmtnok rdtl U8Q. Rueltzd hnsmussls altfohocojnls to tlst dk nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla dkh jlts sdtnsgdmtory rlsuct nk tfl moursl og tlstnkj NH]s U7Q. Fl gurtflr gnkhs lxplrnalktdccy tfdt tfl plrgoradkml og Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok ns `lttlr tfdk tfdt og tfl Fotlccnkj„s X0  U48Q. Nk U=8Q, tfl RMD altfohocojy ns hnsmusslh to hltlmt nktrusnok. Gnczaoslr dppcnls tfl Mfn-squdrl altfoh to hltlmt auctnvdrndtl outcnlr nk lxpcordtnok jlomflanstry U4:Q. Jdrrltt fds adhl d tooc gor auctnvdrndtl outcnlr hltlmtnok U46Q. Jdsmok lt dc. fdvl sfowk d moaprlflksnvl stdtnstnmdc dkdcysns nk rlcdtnok to tfl vucklrd`ncnty hnsmcosurl tnal, uphdtls og vucklrd`ncnty vucklrd`ncn ty hltlmtnok systlas (WH]), sogtwdrl pdtmfnkj rlcldsls dkh pu`cnmdtnok og lxpconts U00Q. Hdvns dkh Mcdre fdvl sfowk d trlkh towdrh hllplr pdmelt nksplmtnok to mokstrumt aorl rlclvdkt gldturls tfroujf tdrjltlh moktlkt pdrsnkj U0=Q. Ink lt dc. dc. hnsmuss hnrlmt utncnzdtnok og tfl movdrndkml adtrnmls og slqulktndc sdapcls to hltlmt auctnpcl kltwore dttdmes U08Q. ^lukj dkh Hnkj sfow nk tflnr lxplrnalktdc rlsucts tfdt tfl hykdanm aohlcnkj dpprodmf ns `lttlr tfdk tfl stdtnm aohlcnkj dpprodmf gor tfl systla mdcc hdtdslts, wfncl tfl hykdanm aohlcnkj dpprodmf ns worsl gor tfl sflcc moaadkh hdtdslts U0<Q. Fusslnk dkh Yucelrknkl prlslkt d grdalwore to hlvlcop moapoklkts wntf nktrusnok hltlmtnok mdpd`ncntnls U07Q. Zdkj lt dc. prlslkt slvlrdc mross grlqulkmy dttrn`utl wlnjfts to aohlc uslr dkh projrda `lfdvnors gor dkoadcy nktrusnok nktrusno k hltlmtnok U0:Q. Mflk lt dc. hnsmuss dk lggnmnlkt gnctlrnkj smflal tfdt mdk rlhuml systla worecodh dkh okcy 2.=% og tfl ornjnkdc trdggnm vocual ns rlqunrlh to lxdankl gor dkoadcy U06Q. Mdsds lt dc. prlslkt dk uksuplrvnslh kltwore nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla tfdt ns mdpd`cl og hltlmtnkj ukekowk kltwore dttdmes wntfout usnkj dky enkh enkh og snjkdturls, cd`lclh cd`lclh trdggnm, or trdnknkj U0>Q. Xrdncovn¸m hnsmussls hnsmussls vdrndkml vdrndkml lstnadtnok dkh rdkenkj altfohs gor stomfdstnm promlssls aohlclh `y Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnoks. Nt ns sfowk tfdt tfl vdrndkml lstnadtl groa d Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok fds tfl sdal proplrtnls ds d vdrndkml lstnadtl groa d snkjcl Jdussndk hnstrn`utnok `dslh ok d rlhumlh kua`lr og sdapcls U=4Q. Hdsjuptd prlslkts provd`cy tfl fflrst morrlmt dcjorntfa gor cldrknkj d anxturl og Jdussndks Jdussndks,, wfnmf ns vlry snapcl dkh rlturks tfl trul mlktlrs mlktlrs og tfl Jdussndks to wntfnk tfl prlmnsnok splmnffllh `y tfl uslr, wntf fnjf pro`d`ncnty dkh fds cnkldr moapclxnty nk tfl hnalksnok og hdtd dkh pocykoandc nk tfl kua`lr og

=66

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= Jdussndks U=0Q. Hlapstlr lt dc. prlslkt d jlklrdc dpprodmf to ntlrdtnvl moaputdtnok og adxnauacnelcnfooh lstnadtor gor nkmoapcltl hdtd snkml ldmf ntlrdtnok og tfl dcjorntfa moksnsts og dk lxplmtdtnok stlp goccowlh `y d adxnanzdtnok stlp U==Q. Mfdkhocd lt dc. fdvl prlslktlh d `rnlg survly og dkoadcy hltlmtnok U=<Q. Xlohoro lt dc. fdvl hnsmusslh dkoadcy hltlmtnok altfohocojnls dkh hngglrlkt typl og  pro`clas U=7Q. Nk klxt slmtnok, slmtnok, wl wl hnsmuss stdtnstnmdc stdtnstnmdc tlmfknquls tlmfknquls gor nktrusnok nktrusnok hltlmtnok. hltlmtnok.

NNN. 

]XDXN]XNMDC XLMFKNT\L] NK NKXP\]NOK HLXLMXNOK 

Nk tfns wore, wl hnsmuss tfrll dpprodmfls, wfnmf drl `dslh ok RMD, Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok dkh Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok dkh tflk hnsmuss tflnr moapdrdtnvl plrgoradkmls gor fost `dslh nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla. Zl ady alktnok tfdt tflsl tlmfknquls fdvl `llk hnsmusslh nk cntlrdturl gor kltwore `dslh nktrusnok hltlmtnok systlas, kot gor fost `dslh systlas. Nk U=8Q, tfl RMD fds `llk uslh gor outcnlr hltlmtnok nk fdrhwdrl progncl. Zl kow hnsmuss RMD, Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok, dkh Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok ldmf gor fost `dslh nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla. =.4 Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkt Dkdcysns

Xfl prnkmnpdc moapoklkt dkdcysns  ( RMD) ns d moaaok tlmfknqul to fflkh tfl pdttlrks nk d fnjf hnalksnok hdtd `y rlhumnkj nts hnalksnoks wntfout cosnkj tfl nkgoradtnok moktdnklh nk nt. Nt prohumls d slt og  prnkmnpdc moapoklkts wfnmf drl ortfokoradc lnjlkvdcul/lnjlkvlmto lnjlkvdcul/lnjlkvlmtorr pdnrs, n.l., nt proilmts d klw slt og dxls tfdt `lst sunt tfl hdtd. Nk our proposlh smflal, tflsl slt og dxls rlprlslkt tfl koradc gldturl hdtd. Outcnlr hltlmtnok ommurs `y adppnkj tfl hdtd ok to tflsl ‖koradc„  dxls dkh mdcmucdtnkj tfl hnstdkmls groa tflsl dxls. Ng tfl hnstdkml ns jrldtlr tfdk d mlrtdnk tfrlsfoch, wl ady mokgnra tflrl ns dk dttdme n.l. outcnlr hltlmtnok. Rrnkmnpdc moapoklkts drl pdrtnmucdr cnkldr moa`nkdtnoks og a rdkhoa vdrnd`cls9 V4, V0, ... ,Va  tfdt fdvl two naportdkt proplrtnls9 d. V4 , V0 , ... , Va drl ukmorrlcdtlh dkh sortlh nk hlsmlkhnkj orhlr.  `. Xotdc vdrndkml, vdrndkml, V, og V4 , V0 , ... , Va ns jnvlk `y a

V 1  Vn 

(4)

n   4

Xflsl vdrnd`cls drl goukh groa lnjlkdkdcysns og tfl morrlcdtnok adtrnx og tfl ornjnkdc vdrnd`cls V 4, V0, ... , Va. Xfl vdculs og morrlcdtnok adtrnx dkh movdrndkml drl kot sdal U>-42Q, U4<Q. Clt tfl ornjnkdc hdtd, V, `l dk kxa kxa hdtd  hdtd adtrnx og k o`slrvdtnoks wntf ldmf o`slrvdtnok moksnstnkj og a  ffllchs (hnalksnoks) V4, V0,..., Va dkh P `l d a x a morrlcdtnok a morrlcdtnok adtrnx og V 4, V0,...,Va. Xfl lnjlkvdculs og P drl tfl roots og tfl goccownkj pocykoandc lqudtnok9 |P P ”   ”  εN | 1 2  2  Ldmf lnjlkvdcul og P fds d morrlspokhnkj kok-zlro vlmtor l, mdcclh l, mdcclh dk lnjlkvlmtor, Pl 1 εl  εl  Ng (ε 4 , l 4), (ε 0 , l 0), ..., (ε a, l a) drl tfl a lnjlkvdcul-lnjlkvlmtor pdnrs og tfl morrlcdtnok adtrnx P, tfl ntf  prnkmnpdc moapoklkt moapoklkt ns jnvlk `y X

yn 1 ln (x (x ”   ”  x  x ) 1 ln4 (x4 ”   ”  x4 )+ ln0 (x0 ”   ”  x0 ) + ... + lna (xa  ”  ”  xa ), n 14 , 0 , ..., a.

(0)

wflrl lnjlk vdculs drl orhlrlh ds ε 4 ≬ ε 0 ≬ ... ≬ ε a ≬ 2,  2,  X ln 1 (ln4 , ln0 ,..., lna)  ns ntf lnjlkvlmtor, x1(x4, x0, … , xa)X ns trdksposl og o`slrvdtnok o`slrvdtnok hdtd  x 1(x4 , x0 , ..., xa)X ns trdksposl og sdapcl aldk vlmtor og tfl o`slrvdtnok hdtd. Gor dky dttrn`utl xn, clt tfl o`slrvlh hdtd `l d 4, d0, … , dk, tflk wl fdvl k

 xn

d  

1 4/k

 n 4

=6>

n

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= Xfl prnkmnpdc moapoklkts hlrnvlh groa tfl movdrndkml adtrnx drl usudccy hngglrlkt groa tfl prnkmnpdc moapoklkts jlklrdtlh groa tfl morrlcdtnok adtrnx. Zflk soal vdculs drl aumf cdrjlr tfdk otflrs, tflnr morrlspokhnkj lnjlkvdculs fdvl cdrjlr wlnjfts. Okl og tflsl altrnms ns ekowk ds tfl Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml h0 (x  (x,, y) 1 (x ∐ y) X P -4 (x ∐ y ) (=) wflrl P -4 ns tfl sdapcl morrlcdtnok adtrnx, x dkh y drl vlmtors dkh flrl V X rlprlslkts tfl trdksposl og V. \snkj tfl morrlcdtnok adtrnx, tfl rlcdtnoksfnps `ltwllk tfl hdtd ffllchs  ffllchs   ns rlprlslktlh aorl lgglmtnvlcy. Xflrl drl two adnk nssuls nk dppcynkj RMD, nktlrprltdtnok og tfl slt og prnkmnpdc moapoklkts dkh mdcmucdtnok og hnstdkml. Ldmf lnjlkvdcul og d prnkmnpdc moapoklkt morrlspokhs to tfl daoukt og vdrndtnok nt lkmoapdssls. Xfl cdrjlr lnjlkvdculs drl aorl snjknfflmdkt dkh morrlspokh to tflnr proilmtlh lnjlkvlmtors. Xfl prnkmnpdc moapoklkts drl sortlh nk hlsmlkhnkj orhlr. Lnjlkvlmtors og tfl prnkmnpdc moapoklkts rlprlslkt dxls wfnmf `lst sunt d hdtd sdapcl. Ronkts wfnmf cnl dt d gdr hnstdkml groa tflsl dxls drl dssualh to lxfn`nt d`koradc `lfdvnor dkh tfly mdk `l ldsncy nhlktngnlh. \snkj d tfrlsfoch vdcul, tfl hdtd jlklrdtlh `y koradc systla wntf Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml jrldtlr tfdk tfl tfrlsfoch ns moksnhlrlh dk outcnlr dkh, flrl, nt ns dk nktrusnok. @ut, soaltnals nt dclrts tfl uslr ds nktrusnok ng tfl hdtd ns ok tfl tfrlsfoch `oukhdry. Moksnhlr tfl sdapcl prnkmnpdc moapoklkts, y4 , y0 , ... ,ya og dk o`slrvdtnok V wflrl (V ”    x ), n 14 , 0 , ..., a yn  1 lnX (V ”  Xfl sua og squdrls og tfl pdrtndc prnkmnpdc moapoklkt smorls ns lqudc to tfl prnkmnpdc moapoklkt smorl9 a



0

0

0

0

yn /ε n 1 y4 /ε 4 + y0 /ε 0 + …. + ya /ε a 

(8)

n 4

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lqudtls to tfl Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml og tfl o`slrvdtnok V groa tfl aldk og tfl koradc sdapcl hdtdslt U4<Q. Adior prnkmnpdc moapoklkt smorl ns uslh to hltlmt lxtrlal hlvndtnoks wntf cdrjl vdculs ok tfl ornjnkdc gldturls. Xfl ankor prnkmnpdc moapoklkt smorl ns uslh to hltlmt soal dttdmes wfnmf ady kot goccow tfl sdal morrlcdtnok aohlc. Ds d rlsuct, two tfrlsfochs drl kllhlh to hltlmt dttdmes. q ns d su`slt og adior prnkmnpdc moapoklkts dkh r ns d su`slt og ankor prnkmnpdc moapoklkts. Xfl adior prnkmnpdc moapoklkt smorl tfrlsfoch ns hlkotlh X q wfncl tfl ankor prnkmnpdc moapoklkt smorl tfrlsfoch ns rlglrrlh to ds Xr . q ns aost snjkngnmdkt prnkmnpdc moapoklkts dkh r ns cldst snjkngnmdkt prnkmnpdc moapoklkts. Dk dttdme ommurs gor dky o`slrvdtnok o`slrvdtnok V ng 9 q

 n 4

a

yn0/ε n

; Xq

or

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yn0/ε n ; Xr

(<)

n  a  r 4

=.0 Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok Xfl Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok ns dk dsyaaltrnm hnstrn`utnok tfdt fds d anknaua vdcul og 2, `ut ko adxnaua vdcul. Xfl murvl rldmfls d plde to tfl rnjft og 2, dkh tflk jrdhudccy hlmcnkls. Xfl aldk og tfl Mfn squdrl hnstrn`utnok ns tfl hljrll og grllhoa dkh tfl stdkhdrh hlvndtnok ns twnml tfl hljrlls og grllhoa. Gor ldmf hljrll og grllhoa, tflrl ns d hngglrlkt V0 hnstrn`utnok. Xfns napcnls tfdt tfl Mfn squdrl hnstrn`utnok ns aorl sprldh out wntf d plde gdrtflr to tfl rnjft, gor cdrjlr tfdk gor sadcclr hljrlls og grllhoa. Ds d rlsuct, gor dky jnvlk clvlc og snjkngnmdkml, tfl mrntnmdc rljnok `ljnks dt d cdrjlr Mfn-squdrl vdcul, tfl cdrjlr tfl hljrll og grllhoa. Xfl snzl og auctnvdrndtl hdtd drl qudktnffllh `y tfl movdrndkml adtrnx. D wlcc-ekowk hnstdkml aldsurl wfnmf tdels nkto dmmoukt tfl movdrndkml adtrnx ns tfl Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml. Gor d p-hnalksnokdc auctnvdrndtl sdapcl xn  ( n 1 4, …, k ), ) , tfl Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml ns hlfflklh ds  ds  AHn 1 (( xn - t )X M-4 ( xn - t ))4/0 , n 1 4, … , k wflrl t ns tfl lstnadtlh auctnvdrndtl comdtnok dkh M tfl lstnadtlh movdrndkml adtrnx. \sudccy, t ns tfl auctnvdrndtl drntfaltnm aldk, dkh M tfl sdapcl movdrndkml adtrnx. Gor auctnvdrndtl koradccy hnstrn`utlh hdtd, tfl vdculs drl dpproxnadtlcy Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utlh wntf p hljrlls og grllhoa (V p0). Xfl auctnvdrndtl outcnlrs mdk kow snapcy `l hlfflklh ds o`slrvdtnoks fdvnkj d cdrjl (squdrlh) Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkml. Gor tfns purposl, d qudktncl og tfl Mfn-squdrlh hnstrn`utnok (l.j., tfl >>.<% qudktncl) mouch `l

=>2

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= moksnhlrlh. Fowlvlr, tfns dpprodmf fds slvlrdc cnantdtnoks. Xfl Adfdcdko`ns hnstdkmls kllh to `l lstnadtlh `y d ro`ust promlhurl nk orhlr to provnhl rlcnd`cl aldsurls gor tfl rlmojkntnok og outcnlrs. ]nkjcl lxtrlal o`slrvdtnoks, or jroups og o`slrvdtnoks, hlpdrtnkj groa tfl adnk hdtd strumturl mdk fdvl d slvlrl nkffulkml to tfns hnstdkml aldsurl `lmdusl `otf comdtnok dkh movdrndkml drl usudccy lstnadtlh nk d kok-ro`ust adkklr. Xfl anknaua movdrndkml hltlrankdkt (AMH) lstnadtor ns pro`d`cy aost moaaokcy uslh nk prdmtnml. \snkj ro`ust lstnadtors og comdtnok dkh smdttlr nk tfl d`ovl lqudtnok cldhs to ro`ust hnstdkmls (PH). Ng tfl squdrlh PH gor dk o`slrvdtnok ns cdrjlr tfdk, sdy, V 0 p52.>><, nt mdk `l hlmcdrlh ds dk outcnlr.  Xfl  Mfn-squdrl pcot drl o`tdnklh `y tfl squdrlh Adfdcdko`ns   hnstdkmls (wfnmf fdvl to `l moaputlh okt tfl `dsns og ro`ust lstnadtnoks og comdtnok  dkh smdttlr) djdnkst tfl qudktncls og V p0, tfl aost lxtrlal ponkts drl hlcltlh uktnc tfl rladnknkj ponkts goccow d strdnjft cnkl. Xfl hlcltlh ponkts drl nhlktnffllh ds outcnlrs. Xfns altfoh kllhs uslr nktlrdmtnok dkh lxplrnlkml ok tfl pdrt og tfl dkdcyst. Aorlovlr, lsplmndccy gor cdrjl hdtd slts, nt mdk `l tnal moksuankj, dkh dcso to soal lxtlkt nt ns su`ilmtnvl. Nk tfl klxt slmtnok d promlhurl tfdt hols kot rlqunrl dkdcyst nktlrvlktnok, ns rlprohumn`cl dkh tflrlgorl o`ilmtnvl, nkto moksnhlrdtnok ns nktrohumlh. =.= Jdussndk Anxturl Hnstrn`utnok Dssuankj tfl movdrndkml adtrnx έ kok-snkjucdr, kok-snkjucdr, tfl pro`d`ncnty hlksnty hlksnty gukmtnok (phg) og V mdk `l wrnttlk ds9  Kx(γ, (γ,  έ) 1 |0΢ έ|-4/0 lxp(-4/0 (x- γ)X έ-4 (x- γ)) γ))   (7)

Flrl γ hlkotls aldk vdcul, έ movdrndkml adtrnx dkh | . | tfl hltlrankdkt. Nt ns possn`cl to fdvl auctnvdrndtl Jdussndk hnstrn`utnokshnstrn`utnok wntf snkjucdr movdrndkml adtrnx. Nk tfdt mdsl, tfl d`ovl lxprlssnok mdkkot `l uslh gor tfl pro`d`ncnty gukmtnok. Zl dssual kok-snkjucdr movdrndkml adtrnmls. Gor d anxturl aohlc wntf E moapoklkts ldmf zn ns `ltwllk 4 dkh E. Xfl X fl sua to `l adxnanzlh ns έn έe  p(e|xn5ζt)Ucoj p(e5ζ) p(e5ζ) + coj p(xn|e5ζ)Q 

(:) 

\snkj tfl anxturl aohlc kotdtnok groa d`ovl, wl fdvl p(e5ζ) 1 δ e  dkh p(xn|e5ζ) 1 g(xn5ε ee  ). Xflk tfl sua to `l adxnanzlh mdk `l wrnttlk ds L 1 έn έe  p(e|xn5ζt)Ucoj δe  + coj g(xn5ε ee )Q     Gor tfl L-stlp, wl usl @dyls rucl9 wne 1 p(e|xn5ζt) 1 g(xn5ε e  e ).δe / έ i g(xn5ε   i).δ i  Gor tfl A-stlp, tfl two tlras nksnhl tfl squdrl `rdmelts nk L nkvocvl hnsionkt slts og pdrdaltlrs. mdk ho two slpdrdtl adxnanzdtnoks. Xfl fflrst okl to `l to  `l adxnanzlh ns έn έe  wne  coj δe  1 έe  me  coj δe  

(6) (>) ]o, wl (42)

wflrl me  1 έn wne , su`ilmt to mokstrdnkt έ e  δe  1 4. \snkj d Cdjrdkjl auctnpcnlr, nts socutnok ns jnvlk `y δe  1 me / έ i m i (44) Xfl slmokh okl to `l adxnanzlh ns έn έe  wne coj g(xn5ε e  (40) e ) Xfns mdk `l hnvnhlh nkto E slpdrdtl adxnanzdtnoks, ldmf og tfl goccownkj gora (4=)  ε e 1 drjadxε έn wne coj g(xn5ε)  5ε)  Xfl mcustlr ns uslh to dutoadtnmdccy lstnadtl tfl pdrdaltlrs og d Jdussndk anxturl aohlc groa sdapcl hdtd. Xfns promlss ns lsslktndccy snancdr to mokvlktnokdc mcustlrnkj lxmlpt tfdt nt dccows mcustlr pdrdaltlrs to `l dmmurdtlcy lstnadtlh lvlk wflk tfl mcustlrs ovlrcdp su`stdktndccy.

NW. 

LVRLPNALKX 

Xo mdrry out tfl lxplrnalkts, tfl plrgoradkml cojs kllh to `l jlklrdtlh. Xfl stlps gor jlklrdtnkj tfl  plrgoradkml cojs drl ds goccows. goccows.   Ok tfl stdrt alku, jo to slttnkjs, tflk Moktroc Rdklc. Hou`cl mcnme Dhanknstrdtnvl Xoocs dkh hou`cl mcnme Moaputlr Adkdjlalkt. 

=>4

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7=

  Lxpcorl plrgoradkml Cojs dkh Dclrts `y rnjft mcnme Mouktlr Cojs, dkh tflk mcnme Klw Coj



]lttnkjs.

       



Xypl d kdal gor tfl mouktlr coj dkh tflk mcnme OE.



Mcnme Dhh Mouktlrs.

 

Nk tfl Rlrgoradkml o`ilmt `ox, slclmt d plrgoradkml o`ilmt tfdt kllh `l aokntorlh. Mouktlrs dhhlh gor lxplrnalkt. lxplrnalkt.



Ok tfl Jlklrdc td` ukhlr ]dapcl hdtd lvlry, sdapcnkj nktlrvdc og 4< slmokhs ns mokgnjurlh.    Ok tfl Coj Gncls td` coj gncls proplrtnls ns mokgnjurlh ds Moaad hlcnantlh gncls tfdt mdk `l



vnlwlh cdtlr nk rlportnkj toocs sumf ds Anmrosogt Lxmlc. Dgtlr tfl plrgoradkml coj fds `llk jlklrdtlh gor ldmf hdy, tfl coj ns hnvnhlh nkto 8 jroups, dkh tfl dvlrdjl vdculs gor ldmf mocuak og tfl td`cl drl mdcmucdtlh. Dgtlr gnkhnkj tfl dvlrdjl vdculs, tfl vdculs drl adnktdnklh nk dkotflr td`cl. Xflsl vdculs drl uslh ds our koradc hdtd slt. Nk tfl aldkwfncl, gor okl hdy tfl systla ns clgt to wore wflk tfl jrdpfnms hrnvlr, duhno hrnvlr, dkh \]@ hrnvlr fdvl `llk hnsd`clh. Xfns jlklrdtls tfl cojs gor systla plrgoradkml tfdt fdvl `llk moksnhlrlh ds nktruhlh hdtd. Zl fdvl tdelk tfl sdal kua`lr dkh tfl sdal typl og dttrn`utls nk our lxplrnalkts. Gor our lxplrnalkt, wl fdvl tdelk tfl koradc hdtdslt dkh tfl tlstnkj hdtdslt n.l. anxturl hdtdslt (koradc dkh nktrusnok) fdvl `llk sfowk nk Xd`cls 4 dkh 0, rlsplmtnvlcy. Xd`cl 49 Koradc hdtdslt hdtdslt wntf wntf soal slclmtnvl slclmtnvl dttrn`utls dttrn`utls Moaant

Dvdncd`

Mdmfl

Rdjl

Rdjl

Rdjl

Rooc

Rooc

]ystla

Zrntl

tlh `ytl nk usl

cl A`ytls

gducts/slm

gducts/slm

wrntls/sl m

op/slm

Rdjlh Dccoms

4:08.<: 0<4> 4:=7.68 686< 4762.64 >:46 47<8.07 4706 4:20.>: 480> 47>7

424.7408 7:4 <:.4<282 678 :>.8::26 >:4 =7.4:26: >8 <4.44>>6 :>6 8>.>===4 62:

0><.=7=2 >:= 0<7.2>48 8>> ==8.8676 :4< 470.>74> <40 062.=<0: 726 406.>:8< 4:<

2.276<: 822< 2.08<=8 0084 2.48=:0 =>76 2.2=767 >4<= 2.4<6<6 <746 2.47682 2>66

4.2>:46 826: =.>0<8: <6<= 0.0>><6 =8>< 2.<6>>2 78<4 0.<=:=7 >668 0.7>884 <64<

hrnvlr totdc  `ytl :<2=4<0 .6<< :<2=6:0

mmopnls/sl

=.60884 6<26 =.7848< =<:0 <.44448 80>6 <.7=6<8 7>87 8.<:682 874< 8.::>7< :>:>

 Kok pdjlh Dccoms 07760

7.0=<62 2=: <.74:7< 468> 8.444=8 644> >.268:8 760= 42.:28> 846<

4782.:: 627< 4786.=2 2>:4 4:02.4: 2:=0 474>.0> 28:7 4<62.26 6:6<

>8.8:040 >:< 87.207>6 6>7 4=0.4042 700 76.=067> =>> :7.>:0>2 0:8

=26.7470 :06 04>.822= 808 <0<.7=>0 <0< 8<6.20:6 7: <40.<084 74

2.4=0=2 >274 2.24<<< 2<07 2.27<7: 04:: 2.724=< >=04 4.47<88 4>6:

42.6804 <42> 6.>026: 22=>

4<7=.7: 88<< 47<2.>= 70<<

420.>>:4 :7 =<.446=2 ><4

87>.66=: 880 46>.6<7> 0>7

>.24>88 <:=0

470>.=< ><<4

40=.4<04 0=<

772.:::6 <7<

=>0

==4:4.7 4644

800<4.: 7==7 =08>:.> 7>: <00>2.2 064: 8<7>6.< <0== =:0>2.= :48= 86487.7 20=7

0.447>8 8>: 2.08662 6840 4.2<2:< 868 >.704:8 >4= 46.78:2 :4:>

<8>:2.: <74= ==8><.< 4070 0768>.< =7<> 80>22.> 777: 8>>86.2 4820

:42<0.7 4:80 8=>60.4 22>: =:6:7.= =<=: 8:<46.> 06<: 70284.4 074:

:<2=76> .2:0 :<224:< .74 :8:27<< .=> :8:277= .::7

=.76>:0 :07< :.>6868 =2>4 :.:8:=2 44>< 8.88=<7 0828 42.6<:< >=70

2.87<=: =827 2.0>208 0=44

:.88<>: 8<28 8.78=6: 7>::

67><2.2 :=04 =7:46.7 640:

422684. =7>0 8<=77.> <04>

:8:2>88 .8>6 :8:2>47 .==<

6.4:4:4 :>86 :.<0044 0<>7

4.0=:78 0776

4>.6200 607>

=:0:7.= >=07

880=2.6 <=>=

:8:228< .86=

>.207:: 2><8

0=4==.8 0808 =:2<>.0 2<7= =0748.4 428: 0:><<.6

:72:::4 .>88 :<2=6:0 :<2=6:0 :<2=6:0 :<2=6:0

=.==<60 4=26 8.88<80 >42: 4.>4674 7>:0 0.4===7 :<<8 <.<8422 :8=8 4.=04:2 8048

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= 6.4<044 ::7 >.:6>:= 8>:> 6.604=: 2660 >.00724 0==:

477>.47 66=4 4<78.== ==== 47=<.<= 6870 472<.74 6804

87.667>0 8:: 426.84>= 66: :2.84=2= 264 60.7<4:= 8>7

46<.>=>: :07 766.7::: 470 824.:>62 87> 8:6.4<=0 27

2.=048= 4274 4.24024 6=6 2.<076> >88< 2.6408< 6<:>

<.4806> 7>:> 47.4>00 >82> 6.8=2=> 444> 40.>>>= =:0:

=77>:.8 6=40 =>06>.7 6<:4 =7=77.6 < 88:08.<

808>8.7 40>> 800:=.: 8067 8474:.8 74<8 8677>.7 ::7=

:8:26<> .=28 :87>=2> .<70 :8:2=:> .=0= :8:2868 .044

0.728=: 0767 44.0070 8787 :.<<488 78:0 <.:60:7 4>2=

4=.4=64 6<06 42.0=:7 4:26 48.44:8 2>== 44.=08: 86=< 6.=0688 <:64 44.7>=8 =42: 4=.6:68 ><0< >.70804

4<7:.60 ::<> 4704.:: 2004 4<=:.>6 7>=6 4<0=.=0 8200 47<4.>: >47: 4<86.6= 62>< 48=0.68 >:7< 4<>>.=7

72.>::4: 8=7 42:.<224 => <<.7>:04 <<4 87.0=86< 704 86.>66>0 4=> 87.7::== 074 82.27:78 0>< <0.76>:4

==<.:07< 68: 7=>.7>:= >26 =0>.:228 06 0>7.6=2> <<= =0>.=626 774 076.7=28 08= 022.>77: <06 06>.8>:2

2.624:7 8<=: 2.74620 >:<0 4.427=: 8706 2.0=772 0267 2.784>6 6=>= 2.7:=86 7024 2.8<264 =>=4 2.<7:64

40.6060 =07 >.6668: 72=6 4:.:24> >82< =.:6<7= ==6= 42.0:46 480> 42.::<: :>04 :.04=20 06>4 >.26<24

8>:77.2 04:8 8>80=.2 :<=: <<:4=.: 4826 8<042.: 6>44 =<78=.= 2026 86706.7 6<:4 7<874.< 6047 8<46:.4

<6=67.> >478 <7440.: 640< <6484.: 0808 <0888.= 676: 840><.0 4=<8 <0:6=.: 780> 7><>:.: 08<: 86<04.>

:8:2>87 .870 :<::482 .:27 :8:2>7: .07> :8:42=6 .040 :8:274= .=== :8:476> .48= :8:2><7 .<: :8:27>2

7.248:6 =60< =.822>4 0:87 <.2=<44 0><7 <.>7022 :067 <.6:>:: 26<< 0.:22:= <62< 8.8424> :7>> 8.246>=

0>8: 42.4=70 <=<6 48.=:24 206= 6.727>4 7666 >.0204: 7<07 6.4:20> 7=7: 42.==7> >648 6.762>: :<<4

82=< 4<7:.0: :=:0 4<<0.7< 7:47 4706.77 07=8 4<6<.=6 =4:6 47=:.06 2:20 4<<2.<< :<00 4780.=8 84<7

:8= 62.=702< 407 =0.=>477 8:0 <4.<7==8 =04 482.=778 :=> 4=4.8<>7 :=6 68.4>74> :<8 402.0604 67<

>0: 8:7.7=02 7>7 0<4.4<70 <0< 0<6.282> 8== 6:8.2>02 =>0 72:.<<07 =2= 86=.=<:0 >=< =7:.6:<8 08

=82< 2.6>042 64== 2.74<6= :2<< 2.=40=: =476 4.486=8 8><> 2.:0244 0=06 2.<702: <8<> 2.06::6 2208

88:6 48.0:=: =240 >.6<==> 066= 8.>>:>: 27>8 46.=:=< 4>=8 44.<04: >:0< 6.>>=02 :=8= 8.72886 2=>

:>60 8<07>.< >408 <2<87.> <4>4 8=<2=.0 <82= 820=:.7 =<<4 8202=.8 =0:< 8=><2.> 87> <<407.0 27>6

<4:< 866<<.2 04> <<0=>.0 0<<8 <04>>.> 6=6: 88744.7 4760 860<>.> 0>60 <4=88.< 66< 7<<04.7 >2:<

.62: :8:2847 .=< :8:2:>4 .<=7 :8:26<2 .:<= :<662<2 .<80 :8:2<<= .2:7 :8:276: .4< :<2=:80 .==6

80=< 7.22240 42< =.6:204 2<24 0.>6=>= 0>:7 4=.02>6 84> 48.287< <:26 7.4<4>6 02<4 =.24=>: 606>

4<.<8>7 08>< >.>082< 44=: 48.486< 6>80 40.46=6 <448 48.22>2 :240 >.0>=84 06:= 6.0:474 :846

4=:7.:8 4:<6 4<6<.:8 :64= 48<2.:4 87: 487<.00 =48 4882.2< 4:28 4<6=.40 :0:= 47<2.:= >=>8

77.02774 >84 7:.6<4<8 664 7>.8:4=8 6>> 40:.8422 47> <8.27688 :<7 426.8268 >67 0=<.8<<2 8=0

862.<<00 ::0 ==7.2846 8>0 =86.88<7 :04 686.<>:7 68 0=8.7860 2=< 64:.=47: 667 <:<.<0>0 40:

2.<264< <=27 2.=<>7= 06<> 2.6=208 :6=: 4.2=7:0 4=7< 2.=7>28 =247 4.4=2:7 =>76 2.82227 >7>8

6.4=286 8>24 <.:<840 <:80 4=.06=> 7<8 47.<6:< 8468 <.>2876 60<4 46.2>00 0=8> 7.82444 <427

<>26:.> =82: 8>=8:.4 4><= <>>82.2 >24: <=822.2 :8=6 <:78<.6 2>78 82670.8 =7=7 8=::>.6 =7=7

7<:<7.7 76< <:2:>.: 7=6< 78<>:.7 ><6= <7<0=.6 078< 776>8.8 :228 806:4.4

:8:2>=4 .8<6 :<2=4=: .<67 :8:26<2 .840 :87><87 .68= :8:2>>= .0>: :87>=>4 .40: :8:2646 .<04

7.7=7:6 =078 =.>7:>7 4::7 8.08827 <:6> 6.<8808 >07< <.7:2=4 :220 42.4:>8 >6:8 <.=6770 747>

=>=

<0:86.2 8686

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= Xd`cl 09 Xlstnkj hdtdslt wntf soal slclmtnvl dttrn`utls Moaantt lh `ytl nk usl

Dvdncd`c l A`ytls

Mdmfl gducts/sl m

Rdjl gducts/sl m

Rdjl wrntls/sl m

Rdjl op/slm

Rooc  Kokpdjl h Dccoms

Rooc Rdjlh Dccoms

8.724=6 :<<0 8.>8772

4:22.20 0=66 47>2.4:

07.2828 ==>7 6<.=<82

4=0.>>7 :7>> =:4.:<2

2.26:74 28:6 2.06068

4.824:7 :78: 8.<0<<>

0>040.= 8=06 =0477.<

=>:66.8 6<2: 8=<4:.>

7>6 >.0<4>0 26>= >.6:=27 7640 :.<7:60 =>8< 6.6=42< 8400 >.442:< :>0 6.2=607 60>7 >.644=> 8084

>240 47=0.:< 87<< 4<68.78 0740 47>0.02 7=8> 4787.7= :<=: 47=<.4< 6280 47<=.2: 2=4= 4<64.>0 >7=

6:6= 002.806 8<0: 78.4>60 >7=0 76.068< :=:8 <8.=478 :>>6 <4.>7:< 8=<4 :4.=:2= :7<6 6:.0420 2>6

<=07 >2<.=06 :<=8 :77.62: >>>8 =08.4<2 4804 078.0=6 >=>8 0=8.87> 68= =>>.606 =788 80:.>2: 0<

>6:0 2.=:74: >60 2.80860 :8=> 2.>88<7 ::6 2.=0<<2 800: 2.80>>0 <6<6 2.>8026 ::06 2.:2:86 6:84

:><4 7.2466: :400 7.:>:0= >20< 4<.44=2 6886 <.02627 :7=> 7.6:664 =:0 4<.2:=8 2=78 44.=4>6 4>67

<<<7 7=20=.> 4<77 868:0.8 68<8 =<84=.> =7<4 =>>:8.< 68>4 8><=2.> 6280 =<780.8 270< 8=4>4.4 <<<7

=04 :004>.8 0>=< <:820.8 >606 =6708.4 >286 88:>2.6 646= <80=<.7 >>= =>87<.0 :=88 <00:>.2 666>

:8:2:<< .264

004> 6.80274 088: 8.<2778 >><> <.86>2= :47 <.<4:>2 ==2> =.204>6 0<27 <.664<7 27:6 42.78<0 =><0

4=.0848 80> 6.:80>= :>=4 6.04=76 8204 40.>740 =46: >.<>>== 6=<8 40.80=2 04:< 6.=2448 8474 44.7<78

4<6<.68 <67< 4788.46 =>70 47=8.=0 8:67 4868.0> >==< 4726.76 8044 4<6<.<6 ::2= 47<:.>8 4>: 4<00.4:

78.784> 2==8 =0.=44< 744< 70.6062 :00< 70.6=:2 7806 6=.4:78 0>78 :=.>4:6 0>60 00<.<07 :42< 46>.7>6

=47.66= 747= 000.602 :426 ==7.420 2:08 887.00= 0:48 8>6.=68 <627 =6=.22< 8:20 8:2.708 8:>7 446>.=>

2.7:<=< 0:0> 2.0>784 4>70 2.<=872 =648 2.<<>80 >7>7 2.>77>= =>= 4.44862 :=80 2.=2<6: >:4< 0.7084:

42.62<7 8=77 8.:80<> 4=66 6.<<=77 424> 6.><26: <4=6 4<.8:2> 8066 4:.6=7> 4:8: 8.6>82: <8=8 84.>67:

<=<62.= 7680 =770<.> <:<< =6=44.7 70=> =>=7:.: 80:> 82>6=.8 0>4< <04>4.8 70>= 820:0.6 20>: 86>0=.=

740>6.2 ==6= 84804.2 :<8: 88<:8.= 44>: <2>4>.4 <>7< 87<68.= 4<:> <:<>6.0 6<:4 <47:>.= 848= <<>>2.:

:8:2>6< .>8< :8:2664 .644 :8:20>6 .62= :8:26>< .44= :8:2=84 .460 :8:2>== .780 :8:268> .:0: :876>=6

8.<:072 =67> 8.0<<:2 :72: =.>2:44 207< <.7872: 0278 >.2:<28 =04> 8.86877 <4=0 =.7<<:= :67> 48.7=06

6:8< 4=.68=0 2>44 >.:=>07 762> 44.0=88 8066 =.4>70> 62= :.2>62> 06:= :.7===: 747 :.7868: >:<8 6.070>< :<80

0848 48>>.=8 42<= 4<64.60 :8<4 4<82.8> 6>84 4:82

:76> 78.:770 027> 76.:286 727> >>.:=<> 0424 4720.<> 0:84 =:26.70 >=>: 0<=4.87 76=7 4227.:7 >:68 874.48: 6:=6

=<== =48.:4: :47= 84<.:7: >:>8 <22.8== :>6: 84>=.=> :8<6 8668=.4 >2:0 0>:78.2 >>86 4><7.6: 26< 087>.74 402=

8>== 2.6:786 <<<: 2.<862> 0=<7 2.=060: =>7= 4.67<<0 67=6 8.72270 8606 7.260>6 04>: 7.22204 :080 <.02247 =>77

>6>0 48.20=: 76>0 6.:7>8: :7>6 <.0<0=6 =847 0>.6868 <604 :=.72>> >:0< >:.=0:: 4<47 >7.22=8 :<6: 6=.0207 0=87

>26 <6=80.< 642< 8272>.4 2>6 <6:>2.0 :<80 00862

244< 772:4.< >4<6 8:<70.8 :2<> 7=7:7.: 62:0 062=2

.0>> :8:2:2: .==< :8:2:=8 .<<: :<2>804 .<<> :0:6<>0

07==<

=4686

:0:6<>0

0>4=4

=::66

:=:0622

0><=8

82>=<

:=:0622

=4048

8<:68

:=:0622

=2<4 8.70060 820 :.4=20= >=2= =.>>==< 2:7 40=.006 <=27 <28.80< 7<26 06:.0<4 >=:4 0:.6242 27<7 022.8:0 >6:6

=>8

474= 4722 472= 4<>2

]ystla hrnvlr totdc  `ytl :<==220 .<2: :<2=<64 .0=< :8>:88= .44> :8:2:62 .074 :8:2=<7 .=4: :8:4242 .88: :8:2682 .864 :8:2=76

Zrntl mopnls/sl m 0.>8246 8067 :.7<<24

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= =.=087: 6<:: 7.4>46: :086 <.6:<=> :==> :.7874> 8=80 :.6>=24 6674 :.687<4 <7> :.>7==7 >64 <.>=7=2 6<8= :.7==0: 7:>8 :.68=7= 8268 <.:8:04 <<0= :.7<70= 2060 :.6>::6 684: 40.>=6< 4=8: 4=.:224 <4>=

4:=6 478= 47<4 4722 4720 4724 4722 478> 4<>6 4724 47<= 4720 4<>> 480> 482<

4:70.:7 8867 =:=0.:> ><<7 028>.46 >::7 0:>4.<: <67>

8760.44 <>07 8><<0.4 =0<= 04828.4 8>0> =4>6>.0 =<2<

4.7:62: :<26 8.77726 0:7: =.<00>7 0=77 0.<==:> <<4<

07.68>0 8240 :8.7<:= 0806 <7.=7:= >:6< 82.<82: 0608

0><.>8= =:<: <08.:0: 2:: 44<7.:8 80=8 4>60.6< 0:24 064:.>8 4826 862.028 7486 4>:4.27 6<7: 07<7.4>

087<.84 7>>8 4<==.66 >==4 006<.4< 8676 02:4<.< 4:<> =00>7.< 8247 4<4=.64 8<86 02<74.6 8777 =4722.<

7.22202 =726 <.>>=6= 7=>0 7.2222< 7<88 =.=>0=8 <048 0.<=2:2 708> 7.2222< :770 =.=>=== 067> 0.<=066

>7.22=0 <::= ><.>24= 600: >7.222> 28: <8.0::< 0=80 82.8>40 >>>6 >7.222> 00<6 <8.0>== 0<>4 82.<070

>64> 677.==< 8074 0==.67: 4068 060.276 <804

:>06 04>8.7: 78<= 42>8.07 660: 024=.26 22<4

64<6 <.>>824 64: 2

42<= ><.>280 >2:4 2

2

2

000>7

062:8

:0:6<>0

0<2<8

=40<4

:0:6<>0

=40=0

=448<

:=:76>7

=8860

=<887

:=:76>7

=420>

8888=

:=:0622

=7440

=7440

:8:4428

=78=>

802<6

:8:4428

=4=60

=4472

:=:76>7

=870=

=<<6<

:=:76>7

=74>2

=:7>>

:8:4428

=4=47

=42<0

:=:76>7

=8=7>

=<<7=

:=:76>7

=72:=

=:<:2

:8:4428

<<744

7=8<>

:8:4428

<6:<>

76=4>

:8:4428

484.248 8877 8>0.7:4 764> 0>:.>7> >024 044.:2< 06=4 =8.6244 62>= 86.<<22 :8:6 88.7228 02=4 0>0.646 70=8 4>7.>>< <200 86.7228 7:27 068.02< 2>=8 002.474 =28> =:.6><< 486: 7:.6224 ==6< :7.622< 4278

8.4. Gdcsl dcdra rdtl

Gdcsl dcdra rdtl dkh hltlmtnok rdtl mdk `l mdcmucdtlh usnkj mokgusnok adtrnx. Mokgusnok adtrnx ns sfowk `lcow Rrlhnmtlh Mcdss M KM XK GR Dmtudc Mcdss M  KM GK XR Gnj. 4 Mokgusnok adtrnx 

wflrl, M ”  Dkoadcy mcdss, KM ”  KM ”  Koradc  Koradc mcdss XK ”  XK  ”  Xrul Kljdtnvl, GK ”  GK ”  Gdcsl  Gdcsl Kljdtnvl XR ”  XR  ”  Xrul Rosntnvl, GR ”  GR ”  Gdcsl  Gdcsl Rosntnvl Plmdcc (P) 1 XR / (XR+ GK), Rrlmnsnok (R) 1 XR / (XR+GR) 0 0 G-aldsurl 1 (PR(4+   (PR(4+   )) / (P       +R), wflrl P dkh R hlkotl Plmdcc dkh Rrlmnsnok, rlsplmtnvlcy5     ns tfl rlcdtnvl naportdkml og prlmnsnok vs. rlmdcc dkh nt ns usudccy slt to 4. Xflrlgorl, wl mdk fdvl G-aldsurl ds 0PR/(P+R).

=><

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= 8.0. Moapdrdtnvl rlsucts Xd`cl =9 Moapdrdtnvl rlsucts og RMD, Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok dkh mcustlr wntf Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok Kdal og \slh Xlmfknquls Hltlmtnok rdtl Gdcsl dcdra rdtl Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkt Dkdcysns >:.<% 0.<% Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok >2% 42% Mcustlr wntf Jdussndk Anxturl Hnstrn`utnok >:.<% 0.<%

Flrl, wl fdvl uslh tfrll hngglrlkt tlmfknquls gor our lxplrnalkts. Zl fdvl jot tfl rlsucts gor RMD tlmfknqul dkh Jdussndk Anxturl Hnstrn`utnok ldmf, wfnmf ns >:.<% hltlmtnok rdtl. Zl fdvl dcso jot jooh rlsuct nk Mfn-hnstrn`utnok altfoh. \snkj tflsl d`ovl tlmfknquls wl mdk ldsncy hltlmt fdrhwdrl `dslh nktrusnok. Dcc tflsl tfrll tlmfknquls tlmfknquls drl sfowk `y napclalk napclalktnkj tnkj gor FNH] ok tfl `dsns og plrgoradkml plrgoradkml coj dkh two (n.l. Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkt Dkdcysns dkh Mcustlr wntf Jdussndk Anxturl Hnstrn`utnok) daokj tflsl tfrll jnvl jooh rlsucts. Xfl RMD dkh Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok jnvl tfl hltlmtnok rdtl adxnaua >:.<% ldmf dkh tfl Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok jnvls >2%. Jlklrdccy, dkoadcy hltlmtnok systlas sugglr groa gdcsl dcdra rdtl. Dkotflr pro`cla nk dkoadcy hltlmtnok systlas ns tfdt tfly drl kot d`cl to mcdssngy tfl `oukhdry hdtd n.l. soaltnals hltlmtnok systlas sfow tfl koradc hdtd ds nktrusnok hdtd dkh vnml vlrsd. vlrsd. Xfdt„s wfy wl fdvl uslh mokgusnok adtrnx tfdt jnvls dmmurdtl hltlmtnok rdtl dkh gdcsl dcdra rdtl. Zl mdk dppcy tflsl tlmfknquls gor dky typl og outcnlr hltlmtnok dkh fujl hdtdslt dcso.

W. 

G\X\PL ZOPE

Nk guturl wore, wl wncc try to prohuml `lttlr rlsucts nk tlras og `lttlr hltlmtnok rdtl dkh clsslr gdcsl dcdra rdtl. Zl wncc dcso lxpcorl otflr stdtnstnmdc tlmfknquls tfdt mdk `l uslh nk our wore gor naprovnkj tfl rlsucts.

WN. 

MOKMC\]NOK]

Nk tfns pdplr, wl fdvl dkdcyzlh dk nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla usnkj Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok dkh Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok. Zl fdvl sfowk tfl moapdrdtnvl rlsucts og Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkt Dkdcysns, Mfnsqudrl hnstrn`utnok dkh Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok. Our lxplrnalktdc rlsucts sfow tfdt tfl RMD dkh Jdussndk anxturl hnstrn`utnok ldmf jnvl hltlmtnok rdtl adxnaua >:.<% dkh tfl Mfn-squdrl hnstrn`utnok >2%. Jlklrdccy, dkoadcy hltlmtnok systla sugglrs groa gdcsl dcdra rdtl. Zl mdk dppcy tflsl altfohs gor dky typl og outcnlr hltlmtnok dkh wl mdk dppcy tflsl tlmfknquls gor fujl hdtdslt dcso.

DMEKOZCLHJLALKX  Xfl dutfors lxprlss tflnr snkmlrl tfdkes to Rrog. ]. Mfdkh gor fns nkvdcud`cl moaalkts dkh sujjlstnoks.  

P LGLPLKML] LGLPLKML]  U4Q

U0Q U=Q U8Q U<Q

A.C . ]fyu, ].M. Mflk, E. ]drnkkdpdeork, ]drnkkdpdeork, dkh C. Mfdkj, –D kovlc dkoadcy hltlmtnok smflal `dslh ok  prnkmnpdc moapoklkt mcdssnffllr,‑ NLLL Goukhdtnoks dkh Klw Hnrlmtnoks og o g Hdtd An Anknkj knkj Zoresfop, pp. 4:0”  4:>, Kov. 022=. H.L. Hlkknkj, –Dk Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok Aohlc,‑ NLLL Xrdks. ok ]ogtwdrl Lkjn kllrnkj, ]L-4=, Ko. 0, pp. H.L. 000-0=0, 4>6:. H.A. Fdwenks, –Xfl Hltlmtnok og Lrrors nk Auctnvdrndtl Hdtd \snkj Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkts,‑ Iourkdc og tfl H.A. Dalrnmdk ]tdtnstnmdc Dssomndtnok, Woc. 7>, Ko. =87, pp. =82-=88, 4>:8.  K. ^l dkh T. Mflk, –Dk Dkoadcy Dkoadcy Hltlmtnok Xlmfknqul @dslh ok d Mfn-]qudrl ]tdtnstnm gor Hltlmtnkj Nktrusnoks nkto Nkgoradtnok ]ystlas,‑ Tudcnty dkh Plcnd`ncnty Lkj. Nkt„c, Woc. 4:, Ko. 0, pp. 42< -440, 0224. I. AmFujf, –Xlstnkj Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok ]ystlas9 D Mrntnqul og tfl 4>>6 dk h 4>>> HDPRD Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok ]ystla Lvdcudtnoks ds Rlrgoralh `y Cnkmock Cd`ordtory,‑ DMA Xrdks . ok Nkgoradtnok dkh ]ystla ]lmurnty, Woc. =, Ko. 8, pp. 070-0>8, 0222.

=>7

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= U7Q

U:Q

U6Q

K.I. Rueltzd, E. Yfdkj, @. Aueflrill dkh P.D. Ocssok, –Xlstnkj Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok Hltlmtnok ]ystlas9 Hlsnjk tf Altfohocojnls dkh Plsucts groa dk Ldrcy Rrototypl,‑ Rrom. 4:   Kdtnokdc Moaputlr ]lmurnty Mokglrlkml, Woc. 4, pp.4-42, Omt. 4>>8. G.K.A. ]d`rn, Ah. Korwdwn, dkh E. ]ladk, –Nhlktngynkj Gdcsl Dcdra Pdtls gor Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok ]ystl a wntf Hdtd Anknkj,‑ Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Moaputlr ]mnlkml dkh Kltwore ]lmurnty, Woc.44 Ko.8, Dpr. 0244. Y.E. @delr dkh W. E. Rrdsdkkd, –Lgfflmnlkt Fdrhwdrl Hdtd Anknkj wntf tfl Dprnorn Dcjorntfa ok GRJDs,‑ Nk Y.E. Rromllhnkjs og tfl Xfnrtllktf Dkkudc NLLL ]ya. ok Gnlch Rrojrdaad`cl Mustoa Moaputnkj Admfnkls

022<. I.H. I. H. Io`sok, –Dppcnlh Auctnvdrndtl Hdtd Dkdcysns,‑ Wocual NN9 Mdtljornmdc dkh Auctnvdrndtl Altfohs. ]prnkjlr- Wlrcdj, K ^, 4>>0. U42Q N.X. N.X. Ioccnggl, –Rrnkmnpdc Moapoklkt Dkdcysns,‑ ]prnkjlr]prnkjlr- Wlrcdj, K ^, 0220. U44Q I. ]okj, F. Xdedeurd dkh ^. Oed`l, –D proposdc og klw `lkmfadre hdtd to lvdcudtl anknkj dcjorntfas gor nktrusnok hltlmtnok,‑ Nk 0=rh Dsnd Rdmnfflm Dhvdkmlh Kltworenkj Alltnkj, 022:.  022:.   U40Q K. Dtfdk Dtfdkdsndhls, dsndhls, P. D`clr, I. Clvnkl, Clvnkl, O. Flkry dkh dkh J. Pncly, –Nktrusnok hltlmtnok tlstnkj dkh `lkmfadrenkj altfohocojnls,‑ Nk NLLL Nktlrkdtnokdc Nkgoradtnok Dssurdkml Zoresfop, 022=.  022=.   U4=Q F. ]okj dkh I. I.Z. Z. Comewooh, –Lgfflmnlkt pdmelt mcdssnfflmdtnok gor kltwore nktrusnok hltlmtnok usnkj GRJD,‑ Nktc. ]yap. ok Gnlch Rrojrdaad`cl Jdtl Drrdys, Gl`. 022<. U48Q K. ^l, ].A. Lardk, T. Mflk, dkh ]. Wnc`lrt, –Auctnvdrndtl ]tdtnstnmdc Dkdcysns og Duhnt Xrdncs gor Fost -@dslh Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok,‑ NLLL Xrdks. ok Moaputlrs, Woc-<4, Woc -<4, Ko.:, 0220. U4<Q P.D. Iofksok dkh H.Z. Znmflrk, –Dppcnlh Auctnvdrndtl Hdtd Dkdcysns,‑ = rh  Lhntnok, Rrlktnml-Fdcc, Nkm., Lkjclwooh Mcnggs, K.I., \.].D., 4>>0. U47Q F. Oa dkh X.E. ]dredr, –Klurdc kltwore `dslh nktrusnok hltlmtnok systla gor hltlmtnkj mfdkjls nk fdrhwdrl progncl,‑ Iourkdc og Hnsmrltl Adtfladtnmdc ]mnlkmls & Mryptojrdpfy, voc. 40(8), pp. 8<4-877, 022>. U4:Q R. G Gnczaoslr, nczaoslr, M. Plnadkk, dkh P.J. Jdrrltt Jdrrltt,, –Auctnvdrndtl outcnlr hltlmtnok nk lxpcordtnok jlomflanstry,‑ Xlmfknmdc rlport X] 2=-<, Hlpdrtalkt og ]tdtnstnms, Wnlkkd \knvlrsnty og Xlmfkocojy, Dustrnd, Hlm. 022=. U46Q P.J. Jdrrltt, –Xfl mfnmfn -squdrl pcot9 D tooc gor auctnvdrndtl outcnlr rlmojkntnok,‑ Iourkdc og Jlo mflanmdc Lxpcordtnok, Woc. =0, pp. =4>-=84, 4>6>. U4>Q H. Jlrvnkn, –D ro`ust dkh l ﬍mnlkt dhdptnvl rlwlnjftlh rlwlnjftlh lstnadtor og auctnvdrndtl comdtnok dkh smdttlr,‑ Iourkdc og Auctnvdrndtl Dkdcysns, Woc. 68, pp. 447-488, 022=. U02Q R.I. Pousslluw, dkh E. Wdk Hrnlsslk Hrnlsslk,, –D gdst dcjorntfa gor tfl anknaua movdrndkml hltlrankdkt lstnadtor,‑ Xlmfkoaltrnms, Woc. 84, pp. 040-00=, 4>>>. U04Q Pousslluw R.I., Wdk Yoalrlk @.M., –\kadsenkj auctnvdrndtl outcnlrs dkh clvlrdjl ponkts,‑ Iourkdc og tfl Dalrnmdk ]tdtnstnmdc Dssomndtnok, Woc. 6< (844), pp. 7==-7<4, 4>>2. U00Q F. Jdsmok, D. Orgncd, dk dkh h I. @cdsmo, –Dkdcysns og uphdtl uphd tl hlcdys nk snjkdturl-`dslh kltwore nktrusnok hltlmtnok systlas,‑ Moaputlrs & ]lmurnty, Woc. =2, pp. 74=-708, 74= -708, 0244. U0=Q I.I. Hdvns dkh D.I. D.I. Mcdre, –Hdtd prlpromlssnkj gor dkoadcy `dslh  Kltwore Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok9 P lvnlw,‑ lvnlw,‑ Moaputlrs & ]lmurnty, Woc. =2, pp. =<=-=:<, 0244. U08Q ]. Ink, H.]. ^lukj, dkh V. Zdkj, –Kltwore nktrusnok hltlmtnok nk movdrndkml gldturl spdml,‑ Rdttlrk Plmojkntnok, Woc. 82, pp. 046<-04>:, 022:. U0<Q H. ^lukj, dkh ^. Hnkj, –Fost-`dslh –Fost-`dslh nktrusnok hltlmtnok usnkj hykdanm dkh stdtnm  `lfdvnordc aohlcs,‑ Rdttlrk Plmojkntnok, Woc. =7, pp. 00>-08=, 022=. U07Q A. Fusslnk dkh A. Yucelrknkl, –Nktrusnok hltlmtnok dwdrl moapoklkt-`dslh moapoklkt -`dslh systlas9 D splmngnmdtnok-`dslh grdalwore,‑ Iourkdc og ]ystlas dkh ]ogtwdrl, Woc. 62, pp. :22 -:42, 022:. U0:Q Z. Zdkj, V. Yfdkj, dkh ]. Joa`duct, –Mokstrumtnkj dttrn`utl wlnjfts groa moaputlr duhnt hdtd gor lgglmtnvl nktrusnok hltlmtnok,‑ Iourkdc og ]ystlas dkh ]ogtwdrl, Woc. 60, pp.4>:8 -4>64, 022>. U06Q M.A. Mflk, ^.C. Mflk, dkh F.M. Cnk, –Dk lggnmnlkt kltwore nktrusnok hltlmtnok,‑ Moaputlr Moaauknmdtnoks, Woc. ==, pp. 8::-868, 0242. U0>Q R. Mdsds, I. Adzlc, dkh R. Owlzdrsen, –\ksuplrvnslh Kltwore Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok ]ystlas9 Hltlmtnkj tfl \kekowk wntfout Ekowclhjl,‑ Moaputlr Moaauknmdtnoks, Woc. =<, pp. ::0 -:6=, 0240. U=2Q E. Xrndktdgyccopoucos, –Ok tfl mlktrdc aoalkts og tfl auctnhnalksnokdc Jdussndk hnstrn`utnok," Xfl Adtfladtnmdc ]mnlktnst, Woc. 06, pp. 40<-406, 022=. U=4Q C. Xrdncovn¸m dkh C. ^. Rdo, –Wdrndkml Lstnadtnok dkh Pdkenkj gor Jdussndk Anxturl Hnstrn`utnoks nk Xdrjlt Xrdmenkj Dppcnmdtnoks,‑ Dppcnmdtnoks,‑ Rrom. Mokg. Hlmnsnok dkh Mtrc., Woc. 0, pp. 04>< ”  04>< ”  0024,  0024, Hlm. 0220. U>Q

U=0Q

]. Hdsjuptd, –Cldrknkj Jdussndk Anxturls,‑ Rrom. og NLLL ]yap. ok Goukhdtnoks og Moaputlr ]mnlkml,  p.7=8, Omt. 4:-46, 4>>> .

=>:

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6

 

Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc og Dhvdkmls nk Lkjnkllrnkj & Xlmfkocojy, Kov. 0240. ©NIDLX N]]K9 00=4-4>7= U==Q

D.R. Hlapstlr, K.A. Cdnrh, dkh H.@. Pu`nk, –Adxnaua-Cnelcnfooh –Adxnaua-Cnelcnfooh groa Nkmoapcltl Hdtd Wnd tfl LA Dcjorntfa,‑ I. Poydc ]tdt. ]om. ]lr. @, voc. =>, ko. 4, pp. 4-=6, 4>::. U=8Q F. Oa dkh X. Fdzrd, –Hlsnjk og Dkoadcy Hltlmtnok ]ystla gor Outcnlr Hltlmtnok nk Fd rhwdrl Rrogncl \snkj RMD,‑ RMD ,‑ Nktlrkdtnokdc Iourkdc ok Moaputlr ]mnlkml dkh Lkjnkllrnkj, Woc. 8, Nssul >, pp. 470=-47=0, ]lpt. 0240. U=<Q W. Mfdkhocd, D. @dklrill, dkh W. Euadr, –Dkoadcy hltlmtnok9 D survly,‑ DMA Moaputnkj ]urvlys, voc. 84, ko. =, 022>. U=7Q R. J. Xlohoro, I. H. Wlrhlio, J. A. Glrkdkhlz, dkh L.Wdzqulz, –Dkoadcy-`dslh –Dkoadcy-`dslh kltwore nktrusnok hltlmtnok9 Xlmfknquls, systlas dkh mfdcclkjls‑, moaputlr & slmurnty, Woc. 06, Nssuls 4 ” 0, 0, pp. 46-06, Gl`. ”   ”  Adrmf 022>.

D\XFOP]  Fdrn Oa ns prlslktcy worenkj ds Dssnstdkt Rroglssor nk tfl hlpdrtalkt og Moaputlr ]mnlkml & Lkjnkllrnkj dt Nkhndk ]mfooc og Ankls, Hfdk`dh, Nkhnd. Fl ldrklh fns Rf.H. nk Moaputlr ]mnlkml groa Idwdfdrcdc Klfru \knvlrsnty, Klw Hlcfn, Nkhnd. Fl fds pu`cnsflh aorl tfdk <2 rlsldrmf  pdplrs nk Nktlrkdtnokdc dkh Kdtnokdc Iourkdcs nkmcuhnkj vdrnous Xrdks. Xr dks. og NLLL, ]prnkjlr, Lcslvnlr ltm., Nktlrkdtnokdc dkh Kdtnokdc mokglrlkmls og fnjf rlputl. Fns rlsldrmf drlds drl Wnhlo-okHladkh, Mryptojrdpfy, Kltwore slmurnty, Hdtd Anknkj, dkh Nadjl Rromlssnkj.

Xdkaoy Fdzrd fds moapcltlh fns A.Xlmf nk Moaputlr Dppcnmdtnoks, hlpdrtalkt og Moaputlr ]mnlkml dkh Lkjnkllrnkj groa Nkhndk ]mfooc og Ankls, Hfdk`dh nk 0240. Fl ns prlslktcy worenkj ds Dssnstdkt Rroglssor nk tfl hlpdrtalkt og Moaputlr Lkjnkllrnkj dt N]@ & A ]mfooc og Xlmfkocojy, Rukl. Fns rlsldrmf nktlrlst ns adnkcy ok Nktrusnok Hltlmtnok ]ystlas.  

=>6

Woc. <, Nssul 4, pp. =6:-=>6