Structure
Content
Lysosomes Are formed when the vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus contain enzymes such as proteases and lipases. A lysosome can contan up to 50 enzymes
Golgi apparatus It consists of a stack of membranes that make up flattened sacs or cisterne, with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles. The proteins and lipids produced by ER are passed through the Golgi apparatus in strict sequence. It modifies these proteins often adding non-proteins components such as carbohydrate to them. It also labels them, allowing them to be accurately sorted and set to their correct destinations Once sorted, the modified proteins and lipids are transported in vesicles which are regularly pinched off from the ends of the Golgi cisterne. These vesicles move to the cell surface, where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents to the outside
Functions Add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins Produce secretory enzymes such as those secreted by the pancreas Secrete carbohydrates, such as those used in making cell walls in plants Transport, modify and store lipids For lysosomes
Rough endoplasmatic reticulum Functions: To provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins Provide a pathway for the transport of materials especially proteins, throughout a cell
Smooth endoplasmatic reticulum Does not have ribosomes on the surface Functions Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
Cristae Extensions of the inner membrane Provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration Matrix Is a semi-rigid material containing protein , lipids and traces of DNA that allows the mitochondria to control the production of their own proteins The enzymes used in respiration are found in the matrix
Double membrane It surrounds the organelle, the outer one controls the entry and exit of materials. The inner membrane is folded to form extensions aka cristae
Functions Site of certain site of respiration-Krebs cycle Responsible of the production of ATP for metabolically active cellsmuscle cells and epithelial cells
Chromatin Chromatin is DNA found within the nucleoplasm This is the diffuse form that chromosomes take when the cell is not dividing
Nucleoplasm Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
The nucleolus The nuclear envelope: Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Its outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmatic reticulum of the cell and it has ribosomes on its surface. It controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and contains the reactions taking place within it. Is a small spherical body within the nucleoplasmIt manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.
Nuclear pores Allow the passage of large molecules such as mRNA, out of the nucleus.
Functions Act as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and hence protein synthesis Retain the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA or chromosomes Manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
Golgi apparatus It consists of a stack of membranes that make up flattened sacs or cisterne, with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles. The proteins and lipids produced by ER are passed through the Golgi apparatus in strict sequence. It modifies these proteins often adding non-proteins components such as carbohydrate to them. It also labels them, allowing them to be accurately sorted and set to their correct destinations Once sorted, the modified proteins and lipids are transported in vesicles which are regularly pinched off from the ends of the Golgi cisterne. These vesicles move to the cell surface, where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents to the outside
Functions Add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins Produce secretory enzymes such as those secreted by the pancreas Secrete carbohydrates, such as those used in making cell walls in plants Transport, modify and store lipids For lysosomes
Rough endoplasmatic reticulum Functions: To provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins Provide a pathway for the transport of materials especially proteins, throughout a cell
Smooth endoplasmatic reticulum Does not have ribosomes on the surface Functions Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
Cristae Extensions of the inner membrane Provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration Matrix Is a semi-rigid material containing protein , lipids and traces of DNA that allows the mitochondria to control the production of their own proteins The enzymes used in respiration are found in the matrix
Double membrane It surrounds the organelle, the outer one controls the entry and exit of materials. The inner membrane is folded to form extensions aka cristae
Functions Site of certain site of respiration-Krebs cycle Responsible of the production of ATP for metabolically active cellsmuscle cells and epithelial cells
Chromatin Chromatin is DNA found within the nucleoplasm This is the diffuse form that chromosomes take when the cell is not dividing
Nucleoplasm Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
The nucleolus The nuclear envelope: Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Its outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmatic reticulum of the cell and it has ribosomes on its surface. It controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and contains the reactions taking place within it. Is a small spherical body within the nucleoplasmIt manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.
Nuclear pores Allow the passage of large molecules such as mRNA, out of the nucleus.
Functions Act as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and hence protein synthesis Retain the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA or chromosomes Manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
