Test 28. Solutions Final

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1. Solution: d) This recent article is The Hindu is the most comprehensive article written on INO by Kal am and Srijan Pal Singh. It will address all aspects of Neutrino related studies too. Its an important topic for this year Prelims. http://www.thehindu.com http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/ /opinion/lead/going-all-out-for-ne going-all-out-for-neutrino-researc utrino-research/article73 h/article7322627.ece 22627.ece

2. Solution: c) Neutrinos are the information bearers of the universe — which are almost never lost in their path. India’s effort in studying neutrinos at INO may help us unravel the deepest mystery of the universe —  why there is more more matter than antimatter antimatter in the the universe. Neutrinos are the least harmful of all elementary particles, as they almost never react with solid  bodies. The mean free free path for iron, or the the average distance distance a neutrino will travel travel in say an iron rod,  before interacting interacting with an atom, atom, is about 1 light year. Needless Needless to say, with with the human body being being less than 2 metres in height, any harmful effect of neutrino is near impossible.  Also, people tend tend to confuse the “neutrino” “neutrino” for the “neutron”. “neutron”. This has has also led to the confusion confusion that neutrinos can be weaponised, which is far from the truth. The neutron bomb, which many discuss, is dangerous but has nothing to do with harmless neutrinos and is made based on a technology around the neutrons, particles which are much heavier.

3. Solution: a) The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the published body of work of a scientist or scholar. scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a scholarly journal as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at UCSD, as a tool for determining theoretical theoretical physicists' relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number. http://www.saharasam http://www.saharasamay.com/nat ay.com/nation-news/676 ion-news/676542754/c-n-r-ra 542754/c-n-r-rao-s-first-indian o-s-first-indian-scientist-reac -scientist-reach-hh-hindex.html 78892::;;;<=>?=@78?A>=>B=C<DAE

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4. Solution: d) GAGAN was jointly developed by the ISRO and Airports Authority Authority of India (AAI) for the advancement advancement of air navigation. It is an indigenous navigational guide system developed on the lines of GPS system of the US. Presently, GAGAN signal is broadcasted through two Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites-GSAT8 satellites-GSAT8 and GSAT10. Recently, ISRO has announced to provide navigational support to Indian Railways through GPS  Aided Geo Augmented Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) (GAGAN) system. The The navigational support support along with space space technology-based technology-based tools will be provided to Indian Railways for unmanned level crossings safety. By using GAGAN software system, a train will get to know the location of any unmanned level crossing by a warning signal. Once this warning signal is given, the train’s hooter will automatically start when it comes near an unmanned crossing.

5. Solution: b) NOWCAST weather alert system will provide free SMS service alerts on extreme weather conditions (ex-hailstorm) (ex-hailstorm) to over one crore registered farmers on their mobile phones. The free SMS alerts will be sent in Hindi, English and regional languages as per farmers’ request. It will be issued to farmers whose mobile phones are already registered on the government’s mKisan portal. Under this initiative, the extreme weather data originated from IMD will be updated on mKisan portal using a web service. Later, from mKisan portal the warnings regarding extreme weather conditions will be automatically transmitted transmitted by SMS to farmers located at district and block level. Insurance Web-Portal (www.farmer.gov.in/insuran (www.farmer.gov.in/insurance) ce) will be used to create awareness and encourage farmers to insure their crops by taking advantage of existing schemes.

6. Solution: d)  Agricultural Insurance in India India is covered by “National “National Crop Insurance Insurance Programme” Programme” by merging merging three schemes viz. Modified National Agricultural insurance Scheme (MNAIS), Weather Based Crop insurance Scheme (WBCIS) and Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS). These three schemes now serve as components of the NCIP. The FIIS and CCIS were discontinued  before 2000. 78892::;;;<=>?=@78?A>=>B=C<DAE

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"#$"%&'$ ()*+ ',$' $,-",$ ./012 ',$' 3 .4 $)56'")#$  Also, read this very very insightful article article on agricultural agricultural insurance insurance related issues in India. http://articles.econom http://articles.economictimes.indiat ictimes.indiatimes.com/20 imes.com/2015-04-26/news 15-04-26/news/61542788_1_crop /61542788_1_crop-insurance-insurancescheme-insurance-fraud-kis scheme-insurance-fraud-kisan-credit-car an-credit-card d

7. Solution: d) Broadly, the National Crop Insurance Scheme in India covers three stages of crop production. •





First stage is of planting or sowing, if the crop was prevented from planting / sowing due to deficit rainfalls and adverse seasonal conditions. Second stage is to cover standing crops which got damaged due to unpreventable risks such as drought, flood, Inundation, Pests, Landslides, Natural Fire, Storms, Cyclones etc. Third stage is the time period of two weeks after harvesting when the crops are allowed to dry in field and something wrong happens which destroys the crop such as cyclonic rains/ hailstorms etc.

There are some key differences between its sub-schemes - Modified National Agricultural insurance insurance Scheme (MNAIS) and Weather Based Crop insurance Scheme (WBCIS). •



MNAIS specifically indemnifies the cultivator against shortfall in crop yield, WBCIS indemnifies against the crop loss due to adverse weather incidences. MNAIS is on Individual approach, where claim assessment is made for every individual insured farmer who has suffered a loss. WBCIS is on area approach where sum assured is predefined.

8. Solution: c) Election Commission of India (ECI) has suspended recognition of the PA Sangma-led National People’s Party (NPP) which was a recognized state party in Meghalaya. ECI decision in this regard comes comes in line with Supreme Court’s judgement judgement in the case of Common Cause Vs Union of India and others. In this judgement SC had made compulsion for all political parties to file their election expenditure statement statement within 75 days of assembly elections and 90 days of Lok Sabha elections. The de-recognition of a party does not mean its banned.

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"#$"%&'$ ()*+ ',$' $,-",$ ./012 ',$' 3 .4 $)56'")#$ 9. Solution: a) The new type of thinnest bulb can be used as broadband light emitter. It can also be integrated into chips which will pave the way towards the realisation of atomically flexible, thin and transparent displays. It will also help to boost graphene-based on-chip high speed optical communications.

Graphene Graphene has many extraordinary properties. It is about 200 times stronger than steel by weight, conducts heat and electricity with great efficiency and is nearly transparent. The global market for graphene is reported to have reached $9 million by 2014 with most sales in the semiconductor, electronics, battery energy and composites industries.

10.

Solution: a)

Charles Correa recently passed away. He was India’s greatest contemporary architect. He was Chief Architect for Navi Mumbai along with Shirish Patel and Pravina Mehta from 1970–75. He also had served as first Chairman of the National Commission on Urbanization and was appointed  by then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1985. He is founder of Mumbai’s Urban Design Research Institute (established in 1984) dedicated to protect the environment and improve lives of urban communities.

11. Solution: a)  A commemoration of the 200th anniversary  of the Battle of Waterloo was held in Belgium. 78892::;;;<=>?=@78?A>=>B=C<DAE

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"#$"%&'$ ()*+ ',$' $,-",$ ./012 ',$' 3 .4 $)56'")#$ In this battle around ninety thousand French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte were defeated which had ended their quest of conquering major parts this region. The battle was fought on 18 June 1815 (Sunday) near Waterloo i.e. in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. French army was defeated by the armies of the Seventh Coalition, comprising Anglo-allied army and Prussian arm led by the Duke of Wellington and Field Marshal Bluecher.  After the defeat in this war, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he died in 1821. The battle had played important role in redrawing the map of Europe and maintaining the peace in this continent for almost a century until the World War I (started in 1914) tore it apart again.

12.Solution: d) The project was launched in Rajjipur village of Panchkula district of state in collaboration with Indian School of Business (ISB). VMP is the first of its kind initiative in Haryana under which villages in the state would be mentored by leading educational institutions, corporate houses and other organizations. It will be launched in a phased manner in 5 villages each of the 22 districts in the state. In case of Rajjipur village of Panchkula district, faculty and students of ISB will visit the village. They will present a street play on the theme of Continuing girl education, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition and also conduct a counseling session, health camps engaging with the school kids and village residents.

13.Solution: b) President of Tanzania is on a five-day tour to India from 17 June to 21 June 2015. India and Tanzania have inked various agreements including for cooperation in the field of statistics, hydrography, agricultural science and tourism. Among them this deserves mention: •



Loan agreement to operationalise the LoC: Loan agreement on LOC for US 268.35 million dollars for extension of Lake Victoria pipeline project  Agreement for appointing the former as PMC: The agreement will pave way for preparing Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Lake Victoria pipeline project.

14.Solution: c) 78892::;;;<=>?=@78?A>=>B=C<DAE

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"#$"%&'$ ()*+ ',$' $,-",$ ./012 ',$' 3 .4 $)56'")#$ http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/companies/jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-bansthermocol-plates/87593/  At the same time it will ensure that the plates used for mass consumption are environment friendly. Even though its a state related matter, it was covered in national dailies and UPSC likes to giv e such twisters. Be prepared for all.

15.Solution: a) United Kingdom (UK) recently celebrated 800 years of signing of Magna Carta on 15 June 2015. The celebrations were for the 8 century year old historic document which had laid foundation for modern democratic society. The document had written promises between King John and his subjects mentioning that the king  will govern England and deal with its people according to the customs of feudal law. Magna Carta had laid the first steps towards parliamentary democracy and the principle supremacy of law i.e. no one is above the law. It also laid the principle of balance of power between the governed and government. Its influence can  be seen in other documents across the world including the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and on US Constitution and Bill of Rights. In case of India, its influence also can be seen on Part III of constitution which contains fundamental rights, described as the magna carta of India which has been derived inspiration from Bill of Rights.

16.Solution: b) http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RRzx6QaPMv5QHdIsHBNEQM/RBIs-action-on-BaselIII-normsdraws-praise.html LCR is basically highly liquid assets held by financial institutions in order to meet short-term obligations The liquidity coverage ratio is an important part of the Basel Accords, as they define how much liquid assets have to be held by financial institutions. Because banks are required to hold a certain level of highly-liquid assets, they are less able to lend out short-term debt.

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"#$"%&'$ ()*+ ',$' $,-",$ ./012 ',$' 3 .4 $)56'")#$  A comet tail and coma are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible from Earth when a comet passes through the inner Solar System. Separate tails are formed of dust and gases, becoming visible with through different phenomena; the dust reflects sunlight directly and the gases glow from ionisation.

The bright white tail is called the dust tail because it is made of the dust coming off the nucleus as the comet heats up near the Sun. The dust tail doesn't actually glow with its own light. The dust grains reflect the Sunlight, making the tail look very bright. Most comets are too faint to be visible without the aid of a telescope, but a few each decade become  bright enough to be visible to the naked eye.

45.

Solution: a)

Out-breeding is the breeding of the unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same  breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations (out-crossing) or between different breeds (cross-breeding) or different species (inter-specific hybridisation). In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Cross breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined. Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using artificial insemination

46.

Solution: a)

Fortification is the practice of deliberately increasing the content of an essential micronutrient, i.e.  vitamins and minerals (including trace elements) in a food, so as to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health. 78892::;;;<=>?=@78?A>=>B=C<DAE

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"#$"%&'$ ()*+ ',$' $,-",$ ./012 ',$' 3 .4 $)56'")#$ Biofortification is the process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved through  biological means such as conventional plant breeding. Biofortification differs from conventional fortification in that biofortification aims to increase nutrient levels in crops during plant growth rather than through manual means during processing of the crops. Biofortification may therefore present a way to reach populations where supplementation and conventional fortification activities may be difficult to implement and/or limited. Examples of biofortification projects include: •

iron-biofortification of rice, beans, sweet potato, cassava and legumes;



zinc-biofortification of wheat, rice, beans, sweet potato and maize;



provitamin A carotenoid-biofortification of sweet potato, maize and cassava; and



amino acid and protein-biofortification of sourghum and cassava.

47.

Solution: d)

The Chandrayaan-2 is an ISRO mission aimed at placing an orbiter around the moon and sending a lander and a rover to its surface in 2017-18. Here is the mission overview http://isp.justthe80.com/moon-exploration/chandrayaan---2#TOCMission-Overview Unlike Chandrayaan-1's lunar probe, which impacted the Moon's surface, the lander will make a soft landing. It will use a rover to explore its surface. Initially, the lander was slated to be developed by Russia in collaboration with India. When Russia stated its inability provide the lander to meet even the revised time frame of 2015, Indian officials decided to develop the lander independently.

48.

Solution: c)

From the seals, terracotta figurines and copper tablets we get an idea on the religious life of the Harappans. The chief male deity was Pasupati, (proto-Siva) represented in seals as sitting in a yogic posture with three faces and two horns. Trees and animals were also worshipped by the Harappans. They believed in ghosts and evil forces and used amulets as protection against them. The chief female deity was the Mother Goddess represented in terracotta figurines. In latter times, Linga worship was prevalent. 78892::;;;<=>?=@78?A>=>B=C<DAE

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49.

Solution: b)

In the Rig Vedic or early Vedic period, the basic unit of political organization was kula or family. Several families joined together on the basis of their kinship to form a village or grama. The leader of grama was known as gramani. A group of villages constituted a larger unit called visu. It was headed  by vishayapati. The highest political unit was called jana or tribe. There were several tribal kingdoms during the Rig Vedic period such as Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus and Purus. The head of the kingdom was called as rajan or king. The Rig Vedic polity was normally monarchical and the succession was hereditary. The king was assisted by purohita or priest and senani or commander of the army in his administration.

50.

Solution: d)

Buddha did not involve himself in fruitless controversies regarding metaphysical questions like god, soul, karma, rebirth, etc., and concerned himself with the practical problems confronting man. Buddha neither accepts god nor rejects the existence of god. He laid great emphasis on the law of karma. He argued that the condition of man in this life depends upon his own deeds in present life. He taught that the soul does not exist. However, he emphasized Ahimsa. By his love for human beings and all living creatures, he endeared himself to all.

51.Solution: d) The system of small independent states came to an end with Alexander’s invasion. The immediate effect of Alexander’s invasion was that it encouraged political unification of north India under the Mauryas.  Alexander’s invasion had also paved the way for direct contact between India and Greece. The routes opened by him and his naval explorations increased the existing facilities for trade between India and  West Asia. However, his aim of annexing the northwestern India to his empire was not fulfilled due his premature death. His authority in the Indus valley was a short-lived one because of the expansion of Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya.

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95.

Solution: b)

Takeout financing is an accepted international practice of releasing long-term funds for financing infrastructure projects. It can be used to effectively address Asset-Liability mismatch of commercial banks arising out of financing infrastructure projects and also to free up capital for financing new projects. http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-relaxes-takeout-financing-norms-forexisting-infra-loans-114080701324_1.html

96.

Solution: a)

It is an unconventional monetary policy in which a central bank purchases government securities or other securities from the market in order to lower interest rates and increase the money supply. Quantitative easing increases the money supply by flooding financial institutions with capital in an effort to promote increased lending and liquidity. Quantitative easing is considered when short-term interest rates are at or approaching zero, and does not involve the printing of new banknotes. Read this article to understand this concept comprehensively. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/03/economist-explains-5

97.

Solution: a)

It is not that countries which are endowed with a bounty of natural wealth – minerals or forests or the most fertile lands – are naturally the richest countries. In fact the resource rich Africa and Latin  America have some of the poorest countries in the world, whereas many prosperous countries have scarcely any natural wealth. There was a time when possession of natural resources was the most important consideration but even then the resource had to be transformed through a production process. The economic wealth, or well-being, of a country thus does not necessarily depend on the mere possession of resources; the point is how these resources are used in generating a flow of production and how, as a consequence, income and wealth are generated from that process.

98.

Solution: a)

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"#$"%&'$ ()*+ ',$' $,-",$ ./012 ',$' 3 .4 $)56'")#$ Of the final goods, we can distinguish between consumption goods and capital goods. Goods like food and clothing, and services like recreation that are consumed when purchased by their ultimate consumers are called consumption goods or consumer goods. (This also includes services which are consumed but for convenience we may refer to them as consumer goods.) Then there are other goods that are of durable character which are used in the production process. These are tools, implements and machines. While they make production of other commodities feasible, they themselves don’t get transformed in the production process. They are also final goods yet they are not final goods to be ultimately consumed. Unlike the final goods that we have considered above, they are the crucial backbone of any production process, in aiding and enabling the production to take place. These goods form a part of capital, one of the crucial factors of production in which a productive enterprise has invested, and they continue to enable the production process to go on for continuous cycles of production.

99.

Solution: a)

It is essentially wage, interest, rent, and profit payment for the services of scarce resources, or the factors of production (labour, capital, land, and entrepreneurship), in return for productive services. Factor payments are frequently categorized according to the services of the productive resource.  Wages are paid for the services of labour, interest is the payment for the services of capital, rent is the services for land, and profit is the factor payment to entrepreneurship. In the circular flow of an economy, these are payments made by the business sector for factor services purchased from the household sector through the financial markets.

100. Solution: b) The Directive Principles are like the instrument of instructions, which were issued to the GovernorGeneral and to the Governors of the colonies of India by the British Government under the Government of India Act of 1935. What is called Directive Principles is merely another name for the instrument of instructions. The only difference now is that they are instructions to the legislature and the executive. The phrase ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind  while formulating policies and enacting laws.

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