Test Bank Grammar and Reading

CONDITIONAL & WISH CLAUSES 1. I wish you_________the trouble to me before so I could help you. A) explained B) didn't explain C) had explained D) hadn't explained E) wouldn't explain 2. I have a terrible headache. I wish I____________so many exercises. A) had written B) hadn't written C) wrote D) didn't write E) would write 3. I would have visited you before if there____________quite a lot of people in your house. A) wasn't B) hadn't C) hadn't been D) aren't E) wouldn't be 4. I wish I______at the same age as you now. A) were B) weren't D) am not E) am being

C) hadn't been

5. _____she to call you immediately, what would you do? A) Do B) If C) Were D) Unless E) Providing 6. _____he here, how would you behave? A) Did B)Were D) Unless E) As soon as

C) If

7. _________I helped him last week, he wouldn't be in such a trouble now. A) If B) Were C) Had D) Did E) Unless 8. If it_________the children, the life would be so tedious. A) were B) were for C) weren't for D) is E) isn't 9. _______they offer me a high salary, I'll give up this job. A) If B) Unless C) As long as D) Providing E) Suppose 10. _______he have enough money, he will buy you the violin. A) Should B) Unless C) If D) Provided E) As long as

11. Sindy: Why didn't you Rose: If only_____________. A) I got B) I had got D) I didn't get E) I were

get

this

C) I hadn't got

12. I regret helping him during the exam. If only I________________him. A) had helped B) didn't help C) helped D) hadn't helped E) weren't for 13. If I_________, I would express my feelings. A) asked B) would ask D) were asked E) am asking

C) had been asked

14. I wish I__________never________in the sun, I have a splitting headache now. A) did / sit B) do / sit C) was / sitting D) will / sit E) had / sat 15 A) B) C) D) E)

If you had caught the bus, you______________late for work. wouldn't have been would have been would be wouldn't be will have been

16. ________Paul tonight, tell him I want to see him. A) If you saw B) Had you seen D) If you had seen E) unless you see

C) Should you se

17. if as I told her, she would have succeeded. A) she has done B) she had done D) she did E) she would do

C) she does

18. Will you be angry if I____________your pocket dictionary? A) stole B) have stolen C) were to steal D) had stolen E) steal 19. _______about the meeting, I'm sure she would have come. A) Had she known B) If she knew C) If she hadn't known D) Unless she had known E) If she didn't know 20. I wish I________that it was her birthday, I__________her a present.

present?

A) had known / would buy B) knew / would have bought C) had known / would have bought

D) know / will buy E) knew / would buy 21. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It___________better if you________ to her. A) would have been / hadn't lied B) would be / didn't lie C) will be / don't lie D) would be / hadn't lied E) would have been / didn't lie 22. It's a pity I didn't see that film. I wish____________. A) I saw B) I will see C) I would have seen D) I had seen E) I would see 23. John would be taking a great risk if he_______________his money in that business. A) invests B) invested C) had invested D) would invest E) would have invested 24. I wish Helen__________to Southampton last year as I hardly see her now. A) would have moved B) wouldn't move C) didn't move D) hasn't moved E) hadn't moved 25. She wouldn't have given them all that money if we________________her to. A) didn't advise B) won't advise C) hadn't advised D) wouldn't advise E) wouldn't have advised 26. I wish I__________as good as my sister at Physics.

A) B) C) D) E)

were am will be would have been have been

27. Helen can't speak German but she really wishes she that language. A) could speak B) will speak C) can speak D) would have spoken E) will be speaking. 28. If only I___________this subject as an extra credit assignment. It was very boring. A) hadn't chosen B) would choose C) chose D) didn't choose E) have chosen 29. Ia young girl again and__________________________the chance to cl something else. A) was / have B) will have been / will have had C) would be / have had D) were / had E) were / have 30-Suppose you__________a mad dog, what would you do? A) come across B) came across Q would have come across D) would come across E) had come across 31. If the tree hadn't been so high, he_______________it up to take his kite down. A) could have climbed B) climb C) is climbing D) climbed E) could climb 32. If the wall weren't so high, he____________it up to take his ball down. A) climbed B) climb C) is climbing D) could climb E) couldn't have climbed

33. ______my father's generosity, I wouldn't own such a nice car. A) What if B) If I had C) If it weren't for D) If there should be E) Provided that 34. ______ the boss sees you drinking coffee and having a chat in working hours? A) Even if B) What if C) If only D) I wish E) Unless 35. If I_______her phone number, I__________her now. A) had known / could have phoned B) knew / would have phoned C) know / can phone D) knew / could phone E) knew / can have phoned 36. If we______ to London when we___________in England, you would have never seen Big Ben. A) hadn't gone / were B) went / were C) went / are D) go / are E) hadn't gone / had been 37. If you press that button what____________? A) would happen B) happened C) will happen D) would have happened E) had happened 38. She says if she___________that the traffic lights were red she____________. A) had realized / would stop B) realized / could have stopped C) has realized / stopped D) realized / stopped E) had realized / would have stopped 39. I could never have found such a good summer house,________________, thank

you. A) If I weren't unemployed B) If it hadn't been for your help C) If I had managed to finish that work D) Unless I work six hours a day E) If I haven't found a good job. 40. I am very thin. I think, if I___________smoking, I might get fat. A) stop B) had stopped C) will stop D) stopped E) would stop 41. _______she were here at the moment, she could show us how to sew this skirt. A) What if B) If only C) Wishing that D) Thinking E) On that condition 42. I wish it__________raining so at least I could go for long walks in the fields. A) would have stopped B) will have stopped C) stops D) would stop E) has stopped 43. If I_________that yesterday, I_________them. A) had discovered / would inform B) had discovered / would have informed C) had discovered / could inform D) discovered / can inform E) discovered / could inform 44. Suppose your best friend______________a lot of money, would you lend him or her all of yours? A) had needed B) needs C) needed D) would need E) would have needed 45. I wish I__________the programme, but I didn't see it.

A) B) C) D) E)

saw hadn't seen could have seen didn't see had seen

46. Even if she________all night, she still wouldn't be properly prepared for tomorrow's exam. A) studied B) have studied C) will study D) would study E) is studying 47. If you________to the course regularly, they____________a certificate last year. A) go / gave B) go / give C) had gone / would have given D) went / would give E) went / might give 48. I think he is not at home. If he_____________in, he________ the phone. A) was / answered B) were / would answer C) were / would have answered D) had been / would have answered E) had been / would answer 49.If I_________in London now, I could visit British Museum. A) am B) had been C) have been D) would be E) were 50.We_________their house without asking anyone if we______________a map that day. A) could have found / had had B) will have found / had had C) could find / had D) will find / have E) could have found / had

street-

51. If Columbus___________money from Queen Isabella, he_____________across

the Atlantic. A) do not receive / could not sail B) had not received / might not have sailed C) did not receive / might not have sailed D) would not receive / might not sail E) had not received / must be sailing 52. Car accidents__________less if people__________more carefully. A) would take place / had driven B) will take place / drove

C) would have taken place / drove D) will be taking place / drive E) would take place / drove 53. If artificial organs _____________ completely successful, more people long. A) were / might live B) were / might have lived C) had been / are going to live D) are / would live E) have been / would have lived

54. If you didn't wear shabby clothes, you______________more good-looking. A) will be B) would be C) would have been D) can be E) were 55. If your hair_________grey now, what_________you_______? A) went/would/do B) goes/will/do C) had gone/would/do D) had gone/would have/ done E) goes/do/do 56. If you ___________ be someone, who_____________? A) could/would/have been B) could/would/be C) can/will /be D) are able E) could/will/be

to

/will

/be

57. If I________an Angel, I would try to make happy all the children. A) am B) have been C) were D) had been E) will be 58. Please remember the mid-semester deadline if_______________. A) you wish to change your registration form B) you will change your registration form C) you are planned to change your registration form D) you would change your registration form E) you changed your registration form 59. I wish my teacher___________so rude to me. A) is B) was C) weren't D) isn't E) hadn't 60. My mum wishes I___________my clothes everywhere in the room. A) wouldn't put B) would put C) had put D) hadn't put E) put CONDITIONAL & WISH CLAUSES-1 1.We ----- more on outings and souvenirs if we ----- a cheaper hotel. A) will be spending / chose B) were to spend / might choose C) are spending / would have chosen D) have spent / have chosen E) could have spent / had chosen 2.If you ----- me for suggestions before you left, I ----- you some nice restaurants around here. A) are asking / can recommend B) could have asked / were to recommend C) asked / had been recommending D) had asked / would have recommended E) would ask / have been recommending 3.I wish everybody ----- the same language all over the world. Then we ----- so hard to learn English now.

A) would speak / won’t study B) speaks / weren’t studying C) could speak / aren’t studying D) has spoken / don’t study E) spoke / wouldn’t be studying 4.’m sure we ----- on better terms with the manager if she ----- us so disrespectfully all the time. A) would be / didn’t treat B) have been / weren’t treated C) were / hadn’t treating D) will have been / wouldn’t treat E) could be / isn’t treating 5.If the classroom ----- with an overhead projector, it----- lessons more interesting. A) had equipped / could have made B) were equipped / would make C) had been equipped / will have made D) would be equipped / might make E) equipped / should make 6.If the TEM motorway -----, the traffic in Istanbul ----- to a standstill. A) wasn’t building / should have come B) isn’t going to be built / comes C) hadn’t been built / would have come D) won’t be built / has come E) doesn’t build / would come 7.Jim is having difficulty doing his maths assignment, and he wishes he ----- to the instructions of his teacher more carefully. A) was listening B) should listen C) would listen D)had listened E) has been listening 8.If anyone ----- with a five thousand lira note, please hold it up to the light to check that it ----- a forgery. A)pays / isn’t B) is paid / wasn’t C) has paid / can’t be D) paid / wouldn’t be E) will pay / won’t be

9.We keep a spare set of car keys at home in case we ----- the originals. A) have lost B) will lose C) should lose D) lost E) are losing 10. Many people believe that football stadiums ----- safer places for families to go if strict measures ----- to solve the problem of football hooliganism. A) had been / would be taken B) were to be / are taken C) have been / could be taken D) should be / will be taken E) would be / were taken 11.If nature reserves ----- to protect the turtles, undoubtedly, they ----- rarer today. A) weren’t establishing / could have been B) hadn’t been established / would be C) aren’t established / have been D) won’t be established / might be E) haven’t been established / are 12.Why are you buying so many books all the time? If you ----- a library, you ----money by borrowing them. A) were joining / saved B) joined / would be able to save C) have joined / could have saved D) could join / have saved E) had joined / were able to save 13.You ----- your manager if you think that you ----- by that supplier. A) have informed / have been overcharging B) would rather inform / overcharged C) had better inform / are being overcharged D) will be informing / were overcharging E) are informing / were overcharged 14.Because of the swearing it contains, this film ----- on national television if it had been released twenty years ago. A) wasn’t shown B) couldn’t be showing C) hadn’t been shown D) wouldn’t have been shown E) didn’t use to show 15.I wish I ----- with you longer, but unfortunately, I have a lecture at four o’clock.

A) could stay B) would stay C) will stay D) can stay E) have stayed 16. I do wish Mr Swan ----- so aggressive in discussions. Every time we have a meeting, he tries to pick an argument with someone. A) isn’t B) couldn’t be C) might not be D) weren’t E) hasn’t been 17.I wish international communications like the ‘internet’ ----- more frequently to aid environmental and health projects instead of for promoting big business. A) are used B) have been used C) were used D) will be using E) could have used 18. If we ----- baby sitters, we ----- out more often, but we prefer to leave our children in the care of our parents, whom we don’t want to bother too often. A) have trusted / had gone B) trust / would have gone C) can trust / might have gone D) had trusted / will go E) trusted / could go 19.If Florence Nightingale ----- alive today, I’m sure she ----- very impressed with the current standard of nursing care in the majority of the world. A) were / would be B) was / could have been C)is / will be D) has been / might be E)could be / was 20.Measures to combat global warming ----- if all countries ----- on a solution together. A) will fail / don’t work B) will be failing / didn’t work C) must fail / hadn’t worked D) would be failing / haven’t worked

E) had failed / couldn’t work 21.The weather was beautiful as I left home, so I didn’t think of bringing my umbrella. I wish I ----- the weather forecast, so I ----- that it was going to rain. A) was watching / should know B) could watch / had known C) had watched / would have known D) watched / knew E) watch / will have known 22. I wish you ----- to repair the boiler yourself. You have made the problem worse actually. A) hadn’t attempted B) couldn’t attempt C) won’t attempt D) haven’t attempted E) didn’t attempt 23.I wish we ----- enough money to buy a camper van. Then we ----- to go on holiday more often. A) have / can afford B) had / could afford C) would have / might afford D) were having / should afford E) can have / were to afford 24.I’ve been sitting here all morning wishing my son ----- to tell me that he has arrived in Germany safely. A) will have telephoned B) has telephoned C) telephones D) telephoned E) would telephone 25.I think John wishes he ----- in the Lake District, but unfortunately there are very few employment opportunities there. A) is staying B) has stayed C) ought to stay D) could stay E) had been staying 26.I ----- Susan at her new office sometime next week if I can find some free time. A) should have visited

B) would like to visit C) have visited D) could have visited E) must be visiting 27.Despite the problems he had with the manager, he ----- to stay with them if he ----that they were giving all employees a fifty percent pay rise. A) could decide / would have known B) has decided / will know C) might have decided / had known D) had decided / could have known E) will decide / has known 28.Were it not such a distance from the road, this ----- an ideal location for a picnic. A) is B) were C) has been D) would be E) should be 29.Initially I was opposed to the idea, but after I had seen the research, I ----- that the project was a good one. A) must have agreed B) would have agreed C) will have to agree D) ought to agree E) had to agree 30.We ----- very busy in the office recently; otherwise, I ----- to see your baby earlier. A) were / was coming B) have been / would have come C) will be / might come D) had been / will have come E) are / would be coming 31.Marcus ----- over to help you with the project over the weekend, but he will be taking his mother to hospital for some tests. A) is coming B) will come C) has come D) would come E) may come

32.She -----, but luckily, a lifeguard spotted her and rescued her. A) has drowned B) ought to drown C) might drown D) could have drowned E) will have drowned 33.Kelly is very nervous about his examinations. Especially as he knows that his parents ----- very disappointed if he ----- them. A) are / is falling B) are going to be / had failed C) have been / will fail D) were / would fail E) will be / fails 34.He ----- them to promote him to manager; after all, he isn’t even a qualified engineer. A) shouldn’t be expected B) needn’t have expected C) can’t have expected D) wouldn’t be expected E) weren’t expecting 35.I don’t believe the white stone of Pamukkale will be spoilt ----- the number of new hotels is restricted. A) as long as B) as if C) in case D) unless E) even if 36.----- they offer him a partnership will the young architect stay with this firm. A) Even if B) Unless C) Only if D) In case E) Providing 37.We should be able to hire a car on the island, ----- you remember to take your driving licence. A) or else B) unless C) as if

D) in case E) provided 38.You shouldn’t open the oven while a sponge cake is baking; ----- it will sink in the middle. A) in case B) otherwise C) providing D) even if E) as though 39.You might get better results ----- you took your photographs with an automatic camera. A) even if B) whether C) if D) as if E) in case 40.We wouldn’t finish our assignment ----- we stayed up all night. A) as if B) as long as C) even if D) in case E) provided 41.----- you are interested in taking lessons, I can give you their telephone number. A) As if B) Only if C) Even if D) If E) As long as 42.So many people were killed in the fire ----- the stadium didn’t have enough emergency exits. A) if B) so long as C) in case D) unless E) because 43.I’m afraid we won’t be able to come to your baby’s christening ----- we can find a baby-sitter. Our regular baby-sitter is on holiday. A) unless

B) as if C) even if D) in case E) only if 44.She described her new house ----- it were a palace. A) even if B) in case C) as if D) because E) whether 45.She hasn’t had much time to socialise ----- she took a part-time job besides her school studies. A) when B) since C) even if D) if E) unless CONDITIONAL & WISH CLAUSES-2 1.I wish our history teacher ----- us so much homework. I never have enough time to finish it. A) wouldn’t give B) couldn’t give C) shouldn’t give D) doesn’t give E) hasn’t given 2.After we have been to the cinema, we ----- bowling, if you ----- it’s a good idea. A) have been / are thinking B) were going / had thought C) went / thought D) could go / think E) are going / might think 3.If he ----- in the woods at that particular time, he ----- the suicide. A) wouldn’t be / hadn’t witnessed B) weren’t / hasn’t been witnessing C) wasn’t / ought not to witness D) hasn’t been / weren’t witnessing E) hadn’t been / wouldn’t have witnessed

4.Bed-wetting is common in children up to the age of five, but if the problem ----beyond this age, a physical examination ----- in case there is a serious medical problem. A) has persisted / may recommend B) persists / is recommended C) persisted / were recommended D) will persist / has recommended E) would persist / will recommend 5.Just think! If we ----- our degree course to music, we ----- professionally now. A) weren’t changing / couldn’t sing B) wouldn’t have changed / may not sing C) hadn’t changed / wouldn’t be singing D) didn’t change / weren’t singing E) wouldn’t change / didn’t sing 6.Unlike Walt Disney’s cartoon chipmunks, which always appear up a tree, real chipmunks ----- to stay near their underground burrows in case they ----- to escape from a predator. A) will prefer / have needed B) prefer / need C) preferred / will be needed D) have preferred / are needed E) had preferred / would need 7.Oh, I am so embarrassed! I wish the ground ----- open and swallow me. A) should B) may C) will D) would E) might 8.OK, I ----- your Tuesday evening class provided you ----- the lesson plan because I hate doing it. A) covered / would be writing B) can cover / wrote C) will cover / write D) have covered / would write E) am covering / had written 9.----- he finds a job soon, he will have to sell his car. A) Unless B) As if C) Providing

D) Only if E) As though 10.The garage can’t have adjusted the brakes properly; -----, they wouldn’t be making such a horrible noise. A) therefore B) as though C) in case D) even if E) otherwise 11.A cheap guitar won’t be much good to you ----- you are hoping to play professionally later on. A) until B) if C) whether D) otherwise E) as if 12.I’m sure Jessie ----- to play this Saturday provided someone ----- her a lift to the stadium. A) will agree / can give B) agrees / were to give C) has agreed / gave D) agreed / will have given E) would agree / has given 13.We really should have looked at the timetable when we got off the ferry. We ----the six-thirty train, but now we have to hang around here until twenty past eight. A) would be catching B) had caught C) could have caught D) have been catching E) might catch 14.If they ----- you at the London School of Economics, which other universities ----you apply to? A) won’t be accepting / did B) aren’t accepted / could C) wouldn’t accept / should D) don’t accept / will E) weren’t accepted / might

15.My mother is an excellent cook, and I really wish she ----- our wedding cake, but she’ll be very busy with other things. A) should make B) has made C) will make D) can make E) could make 16.----- the press ----- Princess Diana’s privacy more, she might not have been killed in a traffic accident. She was trying to avoid the newspaper photographers when the accident happened. A) Had / respected B) Should / respect C) Does / respect D) Would / respect E) Were / to respect 17.If you ----- a baby seat for your car, you ----- that it meets European Standards. A) will buy / might check B) are buying / should check C) have bought / are checking D) bought / were checking E) can buy / would check 18.Scientifically minded people generally believe in cause-and-effect relationships ----- they feel there is a perfectly natural explanation for most things. A) as though B) unless C) as if D) because E) otherwise 19.The young boys listened to the words of the famous basketball player as though it ----- a king speaking to them. A) had been B) would be C) has been D) were E) might be 20. Most of the students look as though they ----- answering the questions. I think we can start checking them. A) have completed B) will have completed C) complete D) were to complete

E) would have completed 21.Because they fly, bats are often -----mistaken by birds; -----, bats are mammals, not birds. A) otherwise B) as if C) however D) in case E) unless 22.----- Louise were working today, she would know where the accounting records are kept. A)In case B) Even though C) As if D) Unless E) If only 23.Let’s face it! We can’t get the house painted by the date of our golden wedding anniversary ----- we hire professionals or paint it ourselves. There’s just not enough time. A) even if B) unless C) in case D) otherwise E) whether 24.We have to employ a few more workers, ----- we won’t be able to get the order ready by the arranged date. A) unless B) or else C) even if D) until E) before 25.----- you eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, and get plenty of exercise can you be really healthy. A) Suppose that B) Unless C) Provided D) Only if E) As though 26.Your son should stay in bed for a few days, Mrs. Wilson; -----, his condition will get worse. A) only if B) however C) as if D) whether E) otherwise

27.I ----- my son to go to the cinema with his friends, but he ----- his school work when they phoned. A) had allowed / may not finish B) could allow / hasn’t finished C) would have allowed / hadn’t finished D) allowed / didn’t finish E) can allow / won’t have finished 28.Without help from chemistry and a microscope, it ----- hard to accept that the rock called limestone comes from sea shells and corals. A) will be B) would be C) has been D) were E) had been 29.Unless they ----- by radar, ships and aircraft ----- cautiously or not at all in dense fog. A) have aided / are moving B) aided / should be moving C) are aided / must move D) were aided / ought to move E) would be aided / moved 30.A: I wonder if Josh thinks our idea will work? B: Well, he certainly spoke as if he ----- enthusiastic about the plan. A) was B) might be C) has been D) had been E) will be 31.If you ----- to find any buried treasure while you -----, remember that anything found in this garden belongs to me. A) happened / have been digging B) will happen / will have dug C) might happen / were digging D) would happen / had dug E) should happen / are digging 32.Had their offer been made sooner, he ----- jobs, but he had already signed a contract with his new employer. A) won’t have changed B) might not have changed C) shouldn’t be changing D) didn’t change E) hasn’t changed 33.Please don’t forget to take the cage in ----- it gets dark because little Tweety may be frightened.

A) when B) if C) in case D) until E) otherwise 34.Although she was in financial difficulty and behind with her studies she danced that evening ----- she didn’t have a care in the world. A) while B) if C) unless D) even if E) as though 35.She ----- the head of her department more if he ----- a more professional attitude towards his work. A) has respected / were taking B) could respect / will take C) will respect / might take D) would respect / took E) respects / has been taking 36.Don’t you wish you ----- that other job, then you ----- unemployment now that the factory is closing down. A) will take / won’t be facing B) had taken / wouldn’t be facing C) have been taking / haven’t faced D) took / weren’t facing E) are taking / won’t have faced 37.If you are serious about learning to play the guitar, you ----- your finger nails. A) had to cut B) will have to cut C) had been cutting D) have cut E) were to cut 38.If her health ----- overnight, she ----- to school tomorrow. A) hasn’t improved / couldn’t have gone B) won’t improve / hasn’t been going C) might not improve / doesn’t go D) didn’t improve / isn’t going to go E) doesn’t improve / won’t be able to go 39.If the passport officials ----- so long to pass everybody through the border controls, we ----- in the ski resort in time to ski today, and now we’ve wasted our first day. A) didn’t take / were going to arrive B) don’t take / are going to arrive C) hadn’t taken / would have arrived

D) haven’t taken / would arrive E) won’t take / have arrived 40.He was glad that he managed to repair the car himself; otherwise, he ----- a lot of money to the garage. A) would have had to pay B) must have paid C) should have paid D) would rather have paid E) was supposed to pay 41.There are several new photocopiers on the market and some of them copy much faster than ours. If we ----- a faster model, we ----- customers soon. A) aren’t manufacturing / could have lost B) hadn’t manufactured / will have lost C) haven’t manufactured / might have lost D) don’t manufacture / will lose E) won’t manufacture / have lost 42.If he ----- attention, he ----- that the shopkeeper had given him the wrong change. A) should pay / will notice B) had been paying / would have noticed C) had paid / will notice D) was paying / had noticed E) could have paid / noticed 43.Suppose that I ----- on a bitterly cold day, ----- you jump in the water and rescue me? A) had drowned / could B) have drowned / will C) will be drowning / can D) am drowning / did E) were drowning / would 44.If you are hiking or climbing in the mountains, you should always take a survival bag ----- you get injured. In an emergency a survival bag keeps you warm, while the other hikers go for help. A) as if B) in case C) unless C) when E) provided 45.----- you plan to be walking after dark or not, it is a good idea to take a torch along when you are hiking in rough terrain. A) Whether B) In case C) Unless C) Provided E) Even if

46.----- they are not fully booked up, we can stay at the campsite on the island. A) Providing B) As if C) Unless D) Whether E) In case 47.----- you were to qualify for the finals, how would you feel appearing on television? A) As long as B) Whether C) Unless D) Supposing E) In case 48.I ----- for the semi-finals unless last year’s champion ----- his match tomorrow. That’s my only chance. A) can’t qualify / will lose B) couldn’t qualify / has lost C) won’t qualify / loses D) haven’t qualified / would lose E) ought not to qualify / lost 49.I wish the finals ----- on a weekend because most of my friends work on weekdays. I would have liked them to come and see me. A) had been held B) were holding C) could have held D) have been held E) would be holding 50.More of my friends ----- to see me play if they ----- the finals on a weekend. A) will be able to come / were holding B) could have come / had held C) are able to come / would hold D) have come / are holding E) had been able to come / held 51.If we ----- that our party hosts were only going to offer us drink but no food, I ----beforehand. A) guessed / must have eaten B) will have guessed / will eat C) were guessing / will have eaten D) have guessed / should have eaten E) had guessed / would have eaten 52.Harold is selling his sports car because he now has two children and it’s no longer practical to keep it. He knows it is for the best, but a large part of him wishes he ----it because he loves driving it so much. A) would be keeping B) had been keeping

C) is keeping D) has been keeping E) were keeping 53.The sun appears to be shining on your computer screen. ----- I close the curtains for you as it ----- you? A) Let / has disturbed B) Will / were disturbing C) Shall / must be disturbing D) Do / is disturbing E) Would / had been disturbing 54.Nothing went right yesterday. First my car broke down, then I lost my job and, just to make matters worse, I was robbed on my way home. I felt ----- the whole world were against me. A) even if B) unless C) as if D) in case E) supposing 55.He must have been dissatisfied with his job at the bank; otherwise, he ----- his own business now. A) hasn’t started B) isn’t starting C) weren’t starting D) hadn’t started E) wouldn’t be starting 56.- 65.sorularda, yarım bırakılan cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 56.We'll have to manage to cook dinner with the one electric hob on the cooker this evening, -----. A) unless the gas delivery man comes soon B) only if I'd intended to cook to main courses C) whether or not we'll have another power-cut D) in case our guests arrived earlier than expected E) or I'll cook something practical, like an omelette 57.You can choose a different essay topic from those on the list ----- . A) unless you found any of them interesting B) as long as you clear your title with me first C) whether or not you could compile enough information about it D) if it were related to the subject we are studying E) even if you don't like the topics I have chosen 58.----- even if I get offers from supposedly better universities. A) I would have studied Geography B) Eventually I would like to be teacher

C) I was accepted by Sterling University about two months ago D) I have made up my mind to go to Birmingham University E) I was disappointed to be offered places only at mediocre universities 59.----- were any health and safety officials to inspect it. A)As more products would be manufactured per hour B)The factory would probably be closed down C)Even if they improved the working conditions in coal mines D)A number of dairies were operating in unsanitary conditions E)Construction workers usually don't have social security 60.The young singer has become a lot more confident of herself ----- . A) when she was invited to join the most popular band in the country B) if the media hadn't attacked her private life so severely C) since she released her second album and received favourable criticism D) after she had successfully completed, her first major concert E) as her first video clip was climbing the charts 61.We had better clean the apartment thoroughly -----. A) or your mother will be shocked at this mess B) until the guests came back from their tour around the city C) when the cleaner didn't do her job properly D) before you left for your semestre holiday E) as if it would never look like a proper house 62.If the economy hadn't collapsed in Indonesia, -----. A) I guess she regrets having to leave the country so soon after going there B) she has decided to stay there for a little longer anyway C) she only wanted to stay there for a couple of years D) I wonder if she would still be working there E) she had to look for a job somewhere else 63.-----, the university judo club will never reach the national finals. A) Ever since it was first founded B) Even if they had taken part in many matches C) When the best players of the team left D) In case more students want to do the sport professionally E) Unless they can find a successful coach 64.----- I'm sure his wife will abandon him. A) Until he learns how to control his gambling B) Unless he improved his behaviour towards her C) If he has gambled all his wages away again D) Just in case he continued treating her badly E) Only if there is a slim chance she'll stay 65.If you agree to our job offer, ----- ? A) did you decide to leave your present company B) can you come and start next Monday C) do you think you would have been much happier here D) might you have needed further information

E) haven't I tried so hard to change your mind 66.- 75.sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 66.Sigarayı tamamen bırakmazsan bile en azından hastalığın süresince daha az içmeye çalışmalısın. A) If you can't give up smoking, at least you had better smoke less while you are ill. B) Even if you can't totally stop smoking, you should at least try to smoke less during your illness. C) You can't give up smoking totally, you can try to smoke less when you are ill, though. D) While you don't make an effort to give up smoking, you don't even try to smoke less when you are ill. E) You don't have to stop smoking altogether, bu you must not smoke at all during your illness. 67.Her şeyi o kadar iyi planlamıştık ki gösteri sırasında herhangi bir terslik olacağını hiç ummuyorduk. A) If we had planned the performance very well, everything would have gone all right, and we'd have had no mishaps. B) It was a complete blow for us to have so many mishaps during the performance as we had planned everything so well. C) Everything went so well during the performance that we were glad that we'd planned every detail. D) We didn't expect to encounter any problems during the performance because we were certain that we'd planned it very well. E) We had planned everything so well that we didn't expect anything would go wrong during the performance at all. 68.Eğer her hafta bu kadar öğrenci kaydetmeye devam edersek birkaç öğretmen daha almamız gerekecek. A) Let's advertise for some more teachers, now that we're getting so many students enrolling each week. B) We'll be short of teachers if the number of students enrolling each week continues at this rate. C) If we continue to get this many students enrolling each week, we'll need to employ a few more teachers. D) Whether we'll need any more teachers or not depends on the number of students enrolling each week. E) Quite a lot of students are enrolling each week, and if it continues at this rate, we'll need a few more teachers. 69.Televizyona olan bağımlılığımızdan yakınır dururuz ama belki de onsuz evlerimiz çok sessiz ve sıkıcı olurdu. A) We keep complaining about our addiction to television, but without it, our houses would probably be very quiet and boring. B) We have become so addicted to television that we complain about the silence and boredom in our houses if we don't have one. C) If there were no televisions, our houses would be very quiet and boring, yet we still complain about this wonderful machine.

D) We always complain about how dependent we are on television, and don't think that houses would be very quiet and boring without it. E) Television breaks the silence and eases the boredom in our houses; however, we still complain about our dependency on this machine. 70.Yeni ürünlerin tanıtımında korku, örneğin evdeki mikroplara karşı olan korku, reklamcılar tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. A) When introducing new products, many advertisers use the fear of household germs extensively. B) Fear, which is widely used by advertisers in introducing new products, is at its greatest when it comes to household germs. C) The emotion advertisers use the most when introducing new products is fear, and the fear of household germs, in particular. D) Advertisers appeal to various emotions when introducing new products, and among them, the fear of household germs is the most widely used. E) In introducing new products, fear, the fear of household germs, for instance, is extensively used by advertisers. 71. Plana göre yeni ürünümüz şubattan önce çıkmış olacak. A) If it is planned well, our new product can be launched before February. B) If everything goes according to plan, we'll launch our new product in February. C) We're planning the launch of our new product, which is due in February. D) According to the plan, our new product will have been launched before February. E) We're planning to have launch our new product by February. 72. Anne – babaların hoşuna gitse de gitmese de belli bir yaştan sonra çocuklarının onların kontrolünden çıkması çok doğaldır. A) Naturally, parents don't like the idea that they'll lose control over their children after a certain age. B) Parents above a certain age may find it hard to keep their children under control for most of the time. C) Even if parents wouldn't like to, they have to give up trying to control their children when they reach a certain age. D) Whether parents like it or not, it is quite natural that their children will escape from their control after a certain age. E) Parents may not like if, but it's only natural that children will try to escape from their parents' control when they reach a certain age. 73. Sonunda hayal kırıklığına uğramak istemiyorsanız, önünüze ulaşamayacağınız hedefler koymayın. A) If you don't want to be disappeared in the end, don't set unattainable targets for yourself. B) You will be disappointed in the end if you set unattainable targets for yourself. C) In order not to be disappointed in the end, make sure that your targets are within your reach. D) If your targets are not within your reach, you may be disappointed in the end. E) You wouldn't like to be disappointed in the end, so just set attainable targets for yourself.

74. Bu yıl dünyayı art arda etkisi altına alan doğal afetler belki de doğanın insanoğlunun kendisine karşı yaptığı zalimliklere bir yanıtıdır. A) Perhaps Nature is punishing man because of his cruelties towards her, with the natural disasters that have occurred this year one after another. B) The natural disasters that struck the world one after another this year are perhaps Nature's response to man's cruelties towards her. C) Man has been so cruel towards Nature that she is now responding with so many natural disasters D) So many natural disasters have struck the world this year that I can't help but believe Nature is taking her revenge on man, who has always been cruel to her. E) The natural disasters striking the world one after another this year are certainly Nature's revenge on man because of his cruelties towards her. 75. Ders çalışırken yoğunlaşma zorluğu çeken öğrenci dikkat dağıtan şeylerden yeterince uzaklaşmamıştır. A) If a student finds it difficult to concentrate when studying, it means that he hasn't completely isolated himself from distractions. B) A student who is suffering from lack of concentration should study in an isolated place so as not to be distracted. C) If there are too many distractions when a student is studying, undoubtedly, he will have difficulty in concentrating. D) If a student is easily distracted when he is studying he must choose a totally isolated place, where he can concentrate. E) A student who has difficulty in concentrating while studying is not sufficiently isolated from distractions. 76.-85. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 76. We asked the cook to prepare a little more than enough food in case there should be unexpected guests. A) Beklenmedik konuklar olabileceği düşüncesiyle ahçı yemeği biraz fazla yapmasının gerekip gerekmediğini sordu. B) Ahçı beklenmedik konuklar olabilir mi diye sordu çünkü yemeği ona göre hazırlayacaktı. C) İyi ki ahçıdan yemeği yeterinden fazla hazırlamasını istemişiz çünkü beklediğimizin çok üzerinde konuk vardı. D) Beklenmedik konuklar olabilir diye ahçıdan yemeği yeterinden biraz fazla hazırlamasını istedik. E) Konuk sayısı hiç beklemediğimiz kadar çok olunca ahçıdan bol yemek hazırlamasını rica ettik. 77. The bank wouldn't have permitted you to obtain credit again unless you had paid off your previous loan regularly. A) Banka tekrar kredi çekmene izin verdiğine göre önceki borcunu düzenli ödemiş olmalısın. B) Önceki borcunu düzenli ödemeseydin banka tekrar kredi çekmene izin vermezdi. C) Banka tekrar kredi çekmene izin verebilirdi çünkü önceki borcunu düzenli ödemiştin. D) Önceki borcunu düzenli ödeseydin banka tekrar kredi çekmene izin verirdi.

E) Önceki borcunu düzenli ödemediysen banka bu yüzden tekrar kredi çekmene izin vermemiştir. 78. Fortunately, we were at last able to dissuade him from buying that scrap car, or he would have wasted his money. A) Keşke onu o hurda arabayı almaktan vazgeçirebilseydik, parası boşa gitmezdi. B) Ne yazık ki onu o hurda arabayı almaktan vazgeçiremediğimiz için bütün parası boşa gitti. C) Şans eseri onu o hurda arabayı alırken görüp vazgeçirdik de parası ziyan olmaktan kurtuldu. D) Son anda onu o hurda arabayı almaktan vazgeçirdiğimiz ve parasını ziyan olmaktan kurtardığımız için çok şanslı. E) Neyse ki sonunda onu o hurda arabayı almaktan vazgeçerebildik yoksa parasını ziyan edecekti. 79. If we to complete this project in two months, we should expand the team. A) Bu projenin iki ayda tamamlanması ancak ekibin genişletilmesiyle mümkün olur. B) Bu projeyi iki ayda tamamlamak zorunda olduğumuza göre ekibi genişletelim. C) Eğer bu projeyi iki ayda bitireceksek, ekibi genişletmemiz gerekir. D) Bu projenin iki ayda bitmesi için gerekli olan şey ekibin genişletilmesidir. E) Eğer ekibi genişletmezsek bu projeyi iki ayda bitiremeyiz. 80. His showing off as though he had done everything himself angered all the other people who had spent effort in the campaign. A) Kampanyaya emek harcamış diğer insanlar öfkelenmekte haklıydı çünkü o her şeyi kendisi yapmış edasıyla hava atıyordu. B) Diğerlerini en çok kızdıran şey, hepsi emek harcadığı halde onun kampanyanın başarısını kendi başarısıymış gibi göstermeye çalışmasıydı. C) Kampanyayı kendisi tek başına hazırlamış gibi bir tutum sergileyince diğerleri çok sinirlendi. D) Sanki bütün işi kendisi yapmış gibi hava atması kampanyaya emek harcamış diğer kişileri öfkelendirdi. E) Kampanyayı sanki tek başına hazırlamış gibi herkesten çok o gösteriş yaptı. 81. You can't expect to be healthy while you eat so much junk food every day. A) Her gün bu kadar çok abur cubur yerken sağlıklı olmayı bekleyemezsin. B) Her gün bu kadar abur cubur yersen tabii ki sağlıklı olamazsın. C) Her gün bu kadar çok abur cubur yiyerek sağlıklı olmayı nasıl beklersin? D) Her gün abur cubur yiyen birinin sağlıklı olmasını bekleyemezsin. E) Her gün abur cubur yiyorsun, bir de sağlıklı olmayı bekliyorsun. 82. It's a good thing to ask for others' opinions unless you are influenced to the extreme and give up your own principles. A) Başkalarına fikir danışmakla iyi bir şey yapıyorsun ama çok fazla etki altında kalıp kendi ilkelerinden vazgeçme. B) Başkalarına fikir danışırken çok fazla etkilenip kendi ilkelerinden uzaklaşmamaya dikkat et.

C) Çok fazla etki altında kalıp kendi ilkelerinden vazgeçmediğin sürece, başkalarına fikir danışmak iyi bir şeydir. D) Başkalarının fikirleri sana daha iyi gibi görünse bile bunlardan fazla etkilenip kendi ilkelerinden ödün vermemelisin. E) Başkalarına fikir danışmalısın tabii ki ancak çok fazla etkilenmeden kendi ilkelerini koymak her zaman en iyisidir. 83. I will come with you to that fish restaurant you've recently discovered on condition that you allow me to pay the bill. A) Hesabı benim ödememe izin vermen koşuluyla seninle o yeni keşfettiğin balık restoranına gelirim. B) Seninle o yeni keşfettiğin balık restoranına gelirdim ama hesabı benim ödememe izin vermiyorsun. C) Seninle o yeni keşfettiğin balık restoranına geleceğim ama bir şartla: hesabı ben ödeyeceğim. D) Hesabı benim ödememe izin verseydin seninle o yeni keşfettiğin balık restoranına gelirdim. E) Seninle o yeni keşfettiğin balık restoranına gelmemi istiyorsan hesabı benim ödememe izin vermelisin. 84. There is a telephone inside every elevator to be used to call for help in case of a breakdown. A) Arıza durumunda yardım çağrılabilmesi için her asansörde bir telefon bulundurulmalıdır. B) Asansörün içinde bulunan telefon sadece arıza durumunda yardım çağırmak için kullanılabilir. C) Her asansörün içinde, arıza durumunda yardım çağırmak için kullanılmak üzere bir telefon vardır. D) Asansör arıza yaparsa, içindeki telefon kullanılarak yardım çağrılabilir. E) Asansör arıza yaptığı takdirde, içindeki telefonu kullanarak yardım çağırınız. 85. It doesn't matter to any of us how many stars the hotel has so long as it is close to the sea and the food is good. A) Otel denize yakınsa, yemekleri de iyiyse kaç yıldızlı olduğu bizim için o kadar da önemli değil. B) Bizim için önemli olan otelin kaç yıldızlı olduğu değil, denize yakın olması ve iyi yemek sunmasıdır. C) Hiçbirimiz otelin kaç yıldızlı olduğuyla ilgilenmiyoruz ama denize yakın olması ve yemeklerinin iyi olması bizim için önemli. D) Otel denize yakın ve yemekleri de iyi olduğuna göre, kaç yıldızlı olduğu hiçbirimizi ilgilendirmiyor. E) Denize yakın ve yemekleri iyi olduğu sürece otelin kaç yıldızlı olduğu hiçbirimiz için önemli değil. 86. - 110.sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz.

86. How I wish I could join my friends, who are going to the hot springs on Saturday, instead of staying here with loads of reports to type! A) My friends are going to the hot springs on Saturday, but I'd rather stay here and type my reports than join them. B) I'd really like to go to the hot springs with my friends on Saturday, but I have to stay here and type lots of reports. C) If I hadn't had to finish typing all those reports on Saturday, I would have gone to the hot springs with my friends. D) I could have gone to the hot springs with my friends on Saturday; however, I preferred to stay here and finish typing my reports. E) If my friends helped me with the loads of reports I have to type, I would be able to go to the hot springs with them on Saturday. 87. I don't agree with testing products on animals unless it is required to aid medical research. A) Animal testing should not be used if it causes animals suffering. B) Medical science has been improved largely as a result of testing new products on animals before they are used on humans. C) A lot of unnecessary products are tested on animals before they are sold to consumers. D) The only time I think testing products on animals is justified is when it is necessary to medical science. E) Animal testing should only be carried out under strict medical supervision. 88. The Spice Girls might not have become famous so quickly if their albums hadn't been so heavily promoted. A) If their albums hadn't been son heavily promoted, it would certainly have taken the Spice Girls longer to become so famous. B) It is not the quality of their music but the promotion made for their albums that made the Spice Girls so famous in such a short time. C) The Spice Girls had been quite an obscure pop group until they started to promote their albums heavily. D) One of the reasons why the Spice Girls are so popular is that they are so quick at producing new albums one after another. E) Without the intensive promotion made for their albums, the Spice Girls would probably not have become famous in such a short time. 89. Children often rebel when they reach their teens if their parents are too strict with them. A) If parents don't want their children to dislike them, they shouldn't try to discipline them after their teens. B) Being too strict with one's children often leads to rebellious behaviour from them as teenagers. C) Discipline is good in small measures, but if it is done too harshly, it may affect children, and often teenagers, very badly. D) Very strict parents ought to know that no amount of discipline can stop rebellious children from behaving badly. E) Children often rebel as teenagers no matter how well they are treated by their parents.

90. The Gym wouldn't be so popular now if the owners hadn't installed the latest equipment. A) Modern exercise machines at the Gym are more popular than traditional exercise equipment. B) A lot of the Gym's customers use it because they like to exercise in a modern building fitted with the latest equipment. C) Because the owners equipped the Gym with the Gym with modern machines, it is very popular now. D) If the owners of the Gym hadn't invested in some modern exercise machines, the Gym might have gone out of business by now. E) Whether they liked it or not, the owners had to buy some new equipment to keep the Gym popular with its customers. 91. I would go skiing in the Palandöken mountains more often if they weren't so hard to get to from Istanbul. A) How unfortunate it is that the Palandöken ski area is so far from Istanbul because it would be a more popular ski resort were it closer. B) I have never been skiing in the Palandöken mountains because they are just too far from Istanbul. C) Lots of people who would go skiing in the Palandöken mountains can't go because they think the journey from Istanbul is too long. D) They should make the Palandöken mountains more accessible from Istanbul so that more people are attracted to the region. E) If the Palandöken mountains were easier to reach from Istanbul, I would go skiing there more frequently. 92. When picking up heavy loads, you should always bend your knees, or else you risk straining your back. A) You wouldn't have strained your back if you hadn't picked up that heavy object with your legs straight. B) If you lift heavy objects without bending your knees, you'll definitely cause severe back problems. C) Bending your knees when lifting heavy objects is good advice to avoid straining your back. D) Lots of people strain their backs because they don't bend their knees before lifting heavy things. E) If you have to lift heavy loads very often, try keeping your knees bent as it might protect your back. 93. It was a recommendation from a friend that made us change our minds at the last minute and go to the Italian restaurant instead of the Chinese one. A) Our friend thinks the Italian restaurant is not very good, so he suggested at the last minute that we should go to the Chinese one instead. B) If our friend hadn't suggested going to the Italian restaurant at the last minute, we would have taken him to the Chinese one. C) Taking our friend's suggestion into account, we decided, just before we went, not to go to the Chinese restaurant, but to go to the Italian one.

D) There were two restaurants, one Italian and the other Chinese, either of which we were considering going to, but a friend recommended the latter. E) In the opinion of our friend, the Italian restaurant is better than the Chinese one, so he took us there rather late in the day. 94. They should have returned my deposit after I moved out of the apartment leaving it in a spotless condition, but I haven't received it yet. A) Although I left the apartment in a clean and tidy state, I haven't yet got my deposit, which was supposed to be paid back. B) Even though I left the apartment in an immaculate condition, I have little chance of ever getting my deposit back. C) As yet I haven't received my deposit on my old apartment back, so I won't bother to clean it before I leave. D) They returned my deposit when I decided I would move into a different apartment. E) Although they said they would return my deposit when I moved out, they clearly have no intention of doing so. 95. The shop refused to refund my money because I hadn't got my receipt with me. A) If I hadn't got my receipt with me, the shop wouldn't have refunded my money. B) I shouldn't have thrown away my receipt, then I might have got a refund. C) Were the shop to refund my money, they would give me a receipt, the shop would have given me my money back D) Had I produced my receipt, the shop would have given me my money back. E) I couldn't prove that the shop had overcharged me because they hadn't given me a receipt. 96. The noise coming from the discos close to the hotel until early morning completely ruined our otherwise perfect holiday. A) The only disadvantage of the hotel was that there were lots of noisy discos near it; otherwise, it was an ideal place for a holiday. B) Our holiday would have been perfect if the noise from the discos near the hotel, which continued all night, hadn't turned it into a disaster. C) We might have got bored at the hotel all night if there hadn't been any discos, where we entertained ourselves noisily till early morning. D) The discos, which were open all night, were very close to the hotel we stayed at, so the noise was rather disturbing. E) Even though the hotel was a little too noisy because of the nearby discos, which were open till early morning, we had a perfect holiday. 97. The dense fog made any more ferry crossings impossible that day. A) The ferries had to stop running for the rest of the day due to poor visibility caused by fog. B) The ferry crossings became more and more dangerous later in the day as the fog got heavier. C) It is not safe to catch the ferry when it is as foggy as it was that day. D) The ferries will probably not be running today because the weather is so foggy. E) Poor visibility meant that the ferries were running behind schedule all day.

98. In order to avoid any misunder-standings, the company had printed the seminar paper both in English and in Turkish. A) There were a few misunderstandings eaten though the seminar paper had been printed in English as well as in Turkish. B) The seminar paper was printed both in English and in Turkish by the company so that misinterpretations could be prevented. C) Because of previous misunderstandings, the company decided to print the seminar paper not only in English but also in Turkish. D) Even if delegates to the seminar couldn't speak English, they would have understand the seminar because the paper was printed in Turkish as well. E) The company printed the seminar paper in English and Turkish, but they'd made several mistakes, which caused misinterpretations. 99. For fear that he won't stay long, sometimes employers are unwilling to employ a person who seems over qualified for the job on offer. A) Occasionally a highly qualified person takes a job he is over qualified for, but he usually leaves quite soon after taking it. B) Being well-qualified can sometimes be a disadvantage in finding a job if there aren't many jobs on offer at the time. C) Sometimes employers can't find a person qualified enough for the job offer on, so they take on less qualified one in the hope that they will find someone later. D) If employers consider an applicant over qualified for the job on offer, they sometimes don't want to employ him because they think he may only stay for a short time. E) No matter how well qualified a person is, he may still fail to satisfy the employer's requirements. 100. How she wishes that this morning she could have got out of bed on time. A) She could have got of bed earlier this morning, but she just didn't want to. B) As usual, she had trouble getting up on time this morning. C) She always wishes that she could get up on time, but never does so. D) At her own wish, she got out of bed rather late this morning. E) She deeply regrets that this morning she was unable to get up on time. 101. You can borrow my computer with pleasure, but on condition that you don't let anybody else use it. A) So long as you take good care of it, you can borrow my computer any time you like. B) If you promise not to allow anyone else to work on my computer, it will be my pleasure to lend it to you. C) Of course you can borrow my computer, but you know, I wouldn't allow anyone else to use it. D) Until I have to lend it to somebody else, I see no problem in your borrowing my computer for as long as you want. E) On condition that you don't damage any of my files on it, I will allow you to work on my computer with pleasure. 102. The logs would start burning immediately if you placed some rolled up newspaper underneath them.

A) Were you to put some rolled up newspaper under the logs, they would set alight very quickly. B) Had you have placed some rolled up newspapers beneath the logs, you would have found that the fire burned brighter. C) The best way to get a good log fire burning is to put some rolled up newspapers amongst the logs just before you set fire to them. D) Don't put rolled up newspapers very close to a log fire because they can catch fire very easily. E) Because you put some rolled up newspaper under the logs, the fire started burning really quickly. 103. They are determined to send their daughter to a good school whether they will have to economise in other areas or not. A) Unless they can save enough money by economising, they won't be able to send their daughter to a good school. B) They want to send their daughter to a good school, but they don't know whether they will be able to afford it or not. C) They really wish they could send their daughter to good school, but unfortunately they have to spend money on other things. D) In order to be able to send their daughter to a good school, they are economising on many other things. E) Even if they have to save money on other things, they will send their daughter to a good school. 104. I wouldn't have volunteered to work at the nature reserve if I weren't concerned about conservation of animal habitats. A) Although I am worried about the destruction of animal habitats, I've never had enough time to work on the nature reserve. B) As I am interested in conservation, I am going to volunteer to work at a nature reserve. C) Had I been worried about animal habitats, I would have offered to work on the nature reserve. D) Because I am interested in helping conserve animal habitats, I offered to work at the nature reserve. E) Even if I were concerned about animal habitats, I wouldn't be able to offer my services to the nature reserve. 105. Fortunately, we'd brought along a spare bulb, on our professor's advice, for the overhead projector as, half way through our presentation, the bulb failed. A) Because the bulb on the overhead projector went out half way through our presentation, it was lucky that we had listened to our professor and brought a spare one with us. B) We wished we had brought a spare bulb with us, as our professor had suggested, because we couldn't finish our presentation due to bulb failure. C) If we had brought a spare bulb with us, as our professor had suggested, we wouldn't have had to stop our presentation half way through. D) We should have brought a spare bulb with us in case of failure half way through our presentation, as our professor had suggested, but unfortunately, we didn't.

E) We were glad that the bulb on the overhead projector didn't go out during our presentation, as our professor feared, because we didn't have a spare one. 106. I made a photocopy of the certificate before I sent it in case the original got lost in the post. A) It was lucky that before sending the certificate, I had mode a photocopy of it because it got lost in the post. B) In the event that my certificate got lost in the post, I would send them a photocopy of it. C) For fear that the certificate might get lost in the post, I took a photocopy of it prior to sending the original. D) I should have thought that the original might get lost in the post and made a copy of it before I sent it. E) If the original had got lost in the post, I would have sent them a photocopy of it. 107. If we keep attracting as many customers as we are at the moment, we'll be able to open a second branch next year. A) If we lose some of our customers, we'll never be able to open our second branch. B) Whether or not we open another branch next year depends on how many of our present customers keep working with us. C) Because we have so many customers at the moment, we are opening a second branch next year. D) If we open a second branch next year, I guess it will attract as many customers as this one. E) We can open a second branch next year as long as we continue to draw as many customers as at present. 108. We can't possibly offer a higher salary in these terrible economic conditions. A) It is impossible for us to employ you until the economic conditions improve. B) We could have offered you a higher salary if we had been better off financially. C) Unless the economic conditions improve, you will not be able to earn a higher salary. D) If the economic climate was better, it would be possible for us to offer you a higher salary. E) For fear that the economic conditions worsen, we are not offering you any pay rise. 109. The only thing they don't like about living in Australia is the heat. A) They are probably thinking of leaving Australia because it is so hot. B) If it weren't for the heat, they would be totally happy living in Australia. C) They were quite happy during their stay in Australia, but they found the heat unbearable. D) Because they can't get used to the heat, they are quite unhappy living in Australia. E) The reason that they hate living in Australia is that the country is incredibly hot. 110. She was able to complete her first major operation so successfully thanks to the assistance of her superiors. A) The superior's assistant helped her with her first major operation, so it was a complete success. B) Without the help of her superiors, she couldn't have completed her first major operation with such great success.

C) She asked for the help of her superiors so that she could carry out her first major operation successfully. D) Her superiors should have helped her with this operation because it was her first major one and she wanted to be successful. E) Her superior asked his assistants to help her complete this operation successfully because it was her first major one. CONDITIONAL & WISH CLAUSES-3 1. If I were you, I ----- a new car instead of struggling with this old one. A) have bought B) was buying C) had bought D) would buy E) bought 2. It’s not long now before I start my new job in Menissa. I wish we ---- a suitable house for sale there, but it seems that we may have to hire one temporarily. A) have found B) could find C) can find D) will find E) find 3. I’m sorry that I sent our driver for you. I wish I ----- you at the airport myself, but I had a meeting with the production team. A) can meet B) could have met C) have met D) would meet E) meet 4. Take a couple of extra traditional Turkish gifts with you to Germany in case you ----- any other members of the Scholz family during your stay. A) meet B) had met C) were meeting D) met E) will meet 5. If you give me your tape recorder and a cassette in plenty of time, then, of course, I ----- the lecture for you on the day of your Aunt’s funeral. A) recorded B) had recorded C) would have recorded D) have recorded E) will record 6. If I ----- you would be on your own all weekend, I ----- you over to our house.

A) know / have invited B) have known / was going to invite C) had known / would have invited D) knew / will have invited E) will know / must have invited 7. I wish you ----- me from the station to inform me that you were on your way – I ----- the dinner ready for you upon your arrival home. A) phone / can prepare B) have phoned / will have prepared C) phoned / will be preparing D) would phone / have prepared E) had phoned / could have prepared 8. I wish a flight to Istanbul ----- less than two hundred pounds, then we would fly there a lot more often. A) costs B) could have cost C) has cost D) cost E) will cost 9. I wish I ----- to my friends in Germany every day without getting a huge telephone bill. A) can talk B) would talk C) will talk D) could talk E) have been talking 10. I’m sure my daughter ----- university life if she ----- but she is so shy. A) hat enjoyed / was socialising B) enjoys / will have socialised C) would enjoy / socialised D) enjoyed / had been socialising E) could have enjoyed / has socialised 11. If our caravan ----- with a shower, it ----- more practical for longer holidays. A) is to equip / can be B) were equipped / would be C) had been equipped / will be D) equipped / could be E) would be equipped / has been 12. Had the Millennium Dome not been built, 750 million pounds ----- on health and education. A) can be spent B) must have been spent C) could have been spent D) will have spent

E) had been spending 13. Apparently, a customer wanted to buy something in the window, but she had left by the time I arrived to open the shop. How I wish I ----- the bus. A) hadn’t missed B) aren’t missing C) wouldn’t have missed D) don’t miss E) haven’t missed 14. You ----- determined if you ----- to give up smoking permanently. A) have been / wanted B) have to be / wand C) could be / will have wanted D) had been / would have wanted E) were to be / would want 15. My uncle keeps his share certificates and property deeds in a fireproof box in case a fire ----- out at his office. A) had broken B) breaks C) broke D) was breaking E) will have broken 16. New strict laws to combat illegal immigration into the UK mean that if a lorry driver ----- an illegal immigrant into the country, he personally ----- a £2000 fine. A) brings / faces B) would bring / had faced C) had brought / is facing D) can bring / could have faced E) has brought / has faced 17. If ways of identifying criminals using DNA samples ----- the person who killed these two young teenagers five years ago would still be a free man. A) aren’t developing B) wouldn’t develop C) hadn’t been developed D) couldn’t develop E) won’t have been developed 18. I don’t know why you waste your money on sports centre membership. I you ----along the coastal path every morning, you ----- fit without spending a penny. A) had run / will get B) run / would have got C) were running / got D) ran / would get E) had been running / had got 19. You had better complain to the manager if you think you ----- an unfair proportion of the work.

A) would be given B) will have been giving C) had given D) would have given E) have been given 20. Tiger Woods is one of the most successful golfers ever, but he ----- into many clubs in the southern US because of his colour had he been playing 50 years ago. A) weren’t going to allow B) might not have allowed C) hadn’t been allowed D) wouldn’t have been allowed E) weren’t allowed 21. I wish I ----- for dinner as it looks delicious, but unfortunately, I have to collect my mother for her sister’s house now. A) will stay B) would stay C) can stay D) had stayed E) could stay 22. I really wish my older sister ----- so good at everything. Now the teacher expects a lot from me too. A) weren’t B) won’t be C) can’t be D) hasn’t been E) isn’t 23. You’re so wasteful! I wish you ----- so much potato off with the skin. Haven’t you heard the saying “waste not, want not”? A) haven’t cut B) wouldn’t cut C) won’t cut D) aren’t cutting E) don’t cut 24. If our health service were indeed excellent, Mrs Beard ----- two years for a hip replacement operation, during which time she has been hardly able to move. A) won’t have waited B) hasn’t been waiting C) wouldn’t have been waiting D) isn’t going to wait E) weren’t waiting 25. I wish Turkish courses ----- at a college or university near my home, as I would like to continue my study of the language here in Shrewsbury. A) had offered B) would be offering

C) could have offered D) have been offered E) were offered 26. If we were to buy a boat, we ----- down the river at the weekends. A) are going to sail B) had been sailing C) have sailed D) could sail E) may have sailed 27. If Atatürk ----- alive today, do you think he ----- flattered by the number of plaques, quotations and photographs displayed in his honour. A) were / would be B) has been / was C) had been / has been D) will be / were E) would be / had been 28. The ordinary people who live in the area ----- if a solution isn’t found. A) must have suffered B) have been suffering C) will suffer D) would suffer E) had suffered 29. I wish I ----- to the shop for mint. If I had, my lentil soup ----- nice. A) would run / tastes B) ran / tasted C) had run / would have tasted D) were running / would taste E) have run / could be tasting 30. If only you ----- this Japanese lacquered table with a harmful liquid, we ----- it for more than 1000 pounds, but now it won’t be worth anything. A) wouldn’t clean / are selling B) hadn’t cleaned / could sell C) aren’t cleaning / must have sold D) wouldn’t be cleaning / had sold E) don’t clean / were selling 31. I wish you ----- a camera already as my cousin works in a camera shop and can get up to twenty-five percent staff discount. A) aren’t buying B) wouldn’t buy C) hadn’t bought D) haven’t bought E) won’t buy 32. Nobody would have been killed in the fight if one of the teenagers ----- a knife at the time.

A) wouldn’t be carrying B) hasn’t been carrying C) isn’t carrying D) must not have carried E) hadn’t been carrying 33. I’m sitting here in my car wishing the breakdown truck ----- . A) arrives B) will arrive C) has arrived D) would arrive E) is arriving 34. I think Jake wishes he ----- to keep the family home, but such a big house with land costs a lot to maintain. A) would afford B) will be affording C) would have afforded D) could afford E) has afforded 35. I ----- to go the Antique Auctions in town one Friday if I can get the day off. A) have liked B) would like C) had liked D) liked E) were to like 36. I’ll allow you to go to the park .......... you come home before it gets dark. A) even if B) in case C) as long as D) so that E) unless 37. ----- they improve the quality of their products will we order any more handbags from them. A) Even if B) Only if C) Unless D) Whether E) In case 38. You shouldn’t wash your car with washing up liquid; -----, you’ll damage the paint work. A) otherwise B) in case C) only if D) unless E) as long as

39. Your advertisement might look more attractive ----- it were printed in colour. A) if B) even if C) until D) whether E) in case 40. I wouldn’t be able to afford an Armani suit ----- I ate bread and water for a month. A) as long as B) because C) only if D) in order that E) even if 41. ----- you are as bored at work as you say, why don’t you look for a more interesting job? A) As though B) If C) Even if D) In case E) Whether 42. A lot of people bought shares in the company ----- the newspaper predicted it would be successful. A) if B) in case C) because D) only if E) unless 43. I’m afraid we won’t be able to come to Devon ----- the repairs to our car can be completed in time. The garage is waiting for parts at the moment. A) unless B) if C) in case D) because E) so that 44. She described her holiday job at the factory ----- it were torture. A) even if B) only if C) because D) as though E) unless 45. He has been busy most weekends ----- he started voluntary work for the hospital radio station. A) if B) until

C) since D) as if E) unless CONDITIONAL & WISH CLAUSES-4 1. I wish my mother ----- while she does the housework or, at least, I wish she ----- in tune. A) doesn’t sing / can sing B) wouldn’t sing / would sing C) couldn’t have sung / sang D) hadn’t sung / will be singing E) isn’t singing / is singing 2.If you like, we ----- volleyball with the children while the men ----- up the barbecue. A) could play / are setting B) could have played / have set C) will play / were setting D) can play / had been setting E) would play / could have set 3.If his father ----- home in time for his birthday party, Jake ----- so upset now. A) would arrive / hadn’t been B) has arrived / hasn’t been C) had arrived / wouldn’t be D) would have arrived / isn’t E) should be arriving / won’t be 4.Children between the ages of 5 and 15 living in poverty are more susceptible to rheumatic fever. If living standards of the poor -----, the incidences of this disease ----- . A) had raised / are dropping B) would have been raised / dropped C) will raise / were going to drop D) were raised / would drop E) are raised / have been dropped 5.Just imagine! If Aunt Sue ----- us for the TV game show Family Fortunes’, we ----in this new car now. A) wouldn’t enter / aren’t travelling B) won’t enter / haven’t been travelling C) couldn’t have entered / won’t travel D) hadn’t entered / wouldn’t be travelling E) haven’t entered / couldn’t have driven 6.Let’s take our travel chess set in case we ----- bored on the train. A) had got B) are getting C) get

D) have got E) will have got 7. I can’t believe I just said that. I wish I ----- my words back into my mouth. I’ve really upset her now. A) will suck B) would suck C) could suck D) can suck E) have sucked 8. OK, I ----- the findings of our research if you ----- the handout for the audience. A) have presented / would write B) had presented / would be writing C) presented / are writing D) would present / have written E) will present / write 9. Eggs are generally good for your health, -----, of course, you exaggerate and eat an excessive amount of them. A) unless B) whether C) as though D) otherwise E) in case 10. Drink plenty of water during your walk; -----, you’ll become dehydrated. A) therefore B) otherwise C) in case D) as though E) even if 11. You had better by a semi-dry suit rather than a wet suit ----- you plan to dive in the cold seas surrounding Britain. A) in case B) otherwise C) if D) as if E) as though 12. I’m sure Jessie ----- a great sales-woman provided she ----- appropriate training. A) had made / received B) was to make / had received C) has made / would receive D) is making / will receive E) will make / receives 13. We really should have checked whether the covered bazaar is open on Sundays. We ----- somewhere else, but now we’ve wasted our afternoon coming here.

A) visited B) had visited C) will visit D) have been visiting E) could have visited 14. If this carpet cleaner can’t remove the wine stain, what ----- you ----- to your mother? A) will / say B) were / to say C) could / have said D) have / been saying E) would / be saying 15. I really wish I ----- but I don’t have enough patience. A) could have knitted B) could knit C) would knit D) have knitted E) will be knitting 16. ----- the Australian gold mining company ----- more care with the storage of cyanide, the catastrophe could have been prevented. A) Had / taken B) Has / taken C) Would / take D) Should / take E) Can / take 17. If you ----- a new car, you ----- not only the purchase price but also fuel consumption and maintenance costs. A) have bought / considered B) will buy / might have considered C) bought / were considering D) can buy / would consider E) are buying / should consider 18. Some businessmen at the meeting were complaining ----- they feel the government isn’t doing enough to support business. A) in case B) whether C) only if D) because E) even if 19. Young Annek talks to her imaginary pet rabbits as if they ----- real. A) would be B) will be C) had been

D) were E) are 20. The boys looked as though they ----- bored playing soldiers, so I suggested them going for a cycle ride. A) had become B) become C) will become D) have become E) became 21. Rheumatic fever can be a crippling disease; -----, the name is misleading. There is normally no, or little, fever experienced by sufferers. A) otherwise B) because C) unless D) however E) as though 22. ----- my husband were here, he would be able to unscrew the wheel nuts on the car. A) In case B) Even if C) If only D) As if E) Unless 23. Let’s face it! We will need to save for months to be able to afford a skiing holiday ----- we decide to go to France or Canada. A) as if B) however C) whether D) otherwise E) because 24. You’ll have to be careful about what you eat between now and your wedding, ----you won’t fit into your wedding dress. A) as if B) even if C) only if D) in case E) or else 25. ----- you have lost your job because of a factory closure can you understand how devastating it is. A) Even if B) As if C) In case

D) Only if E) As though 26. You had better learn how to use the Internet; -----, you’ll miss opportunities in the future. A) however B) otherwise C) whether D) unless E) so long as 27. The head of Tibetan Buddhism could have lived a normal peasant existence on the foothills of the Himalayas, -----, at the age of three, he was chosen by Buddhist monks to become their leader. A) even if B) but C) whether D) otherwise E) since 28. Without washing machines, vacuum cleaners, etc. -----, it ----- impossible for us to have as much leisure time as we now do. A) would be B) should be C) will be D) has been E) ought to be 29. A: I think lottery tickets are a waste of money. B: Perhaps they are, but ----- you buy a ticket, you can’t even hope to win. A) because B) whether C) in case D) if E) unless 30. A: I wonder if Dee enjoyed my lemon dessert. B: Well, she must have. She ----- for a second helping if she ----- the first. A) won’t ask / hasn’t been enjoying B) hadn’t asked / wouldn’t have enjoyed C) wouldn’t have asked / hadn’t enjoyed D) wasn’t asking / wouldn’t be enjoying E) didn’t ask / won’t have enjoyed 31. The mountaineers knew that if they ----- shelter before dark, they ----- to death. A) haven’t reached / are freezing B) weren’t able to reach / have frozen C) aren’t reaching / were freezing D) wouldn’t have reached / had to freeze E) couldn’t reach / might freeze

32. Had we learnt about the Cairns to Kuranda Railway earlier, we ----- a trip on it, but we are flying home tomorrow. A) may be taking B) could have taken C) will have taken D) should be taking E) used to take 33. When the children returned from their cycle ride; James’s mother prepared sandwiches and snacks for them. They grabbed the food ----- they hadn’t eaten for a week. A) even if B) only if C) in case D) as though E) even though 34. If you ----- too much pain while you ----, you can take one of these painkillers. A) could experience / had been recovering B) would experience / have recovered C) must experience / will recover D) should experience / are recovering E) experienced / would have recovered 35. I ----- less worried about Michael if he ----- more interest in his school work. A) will be / had taken B) would have been / is taking C) had been / was taking D) have been / has taken E) would be / took 36. I wish we ----- to this football match, then we ----- in the middle of all these hooligans now. A) weren’t coming / hadn’t been B) wouldn’t have come / aren’t C) didn’t come / haven’t been D) hadn’t come / wouldn’t be E) don’t come / won’t be 37. If you are serious about becoming a professional ballerina, you ----- every day. A) could have practised B) must be practised C) will have to practise D) ought to have practised E) had been practising 38. If the price of lamb ----- any further, we ----- enough to cover our costs. A) falls / won’t earn B) had fallen / won’t have earned

C) were falling / hadn’t been earning D) will be falling / don’t earn E) are falling / couldn’t have earned 39. If we ----- up our web site, our business ----- so quickly. A) won’t set / hadn’t been growing B) hadn’t set / wouldn’t have grown C) aren’t setting / weren’t growing D) didn’t set / won’t have grown E) don’t set / hasn’t grown 40. Suppose that a war ----- out between your country and your husband’s, which side ----- you support? A) has broken / did B) is breaking / may C) had broken / do D) broke / would E) had been breaking / must 41. If you ----- a VW Golf this week, you ----- a £1000 discount. A) buy / will receive B) had bought / will have received C) would buy / receive D) bought / had received E) were buying / will be receiving 42. If I ----- better attention, I ----- you a better description of the man, but it didn’t seem important at the time. A) was paying / had been giving B) could have paid / gave C) had been paying / could have given D) had paid / will have been giving E) should pay / am giving 43. Were you to become a really famous person, ----- you still ----- my friend? A) must / have been B) would / be C) should / be D) might / have been E) have / been 44. Deep sea diving should always be carried out in pairs. In this way, another source of oxygen is available ----- one system fails. A) as if B) in case C) otherwise D) only if E) whether 45. ----- you meant it as a joke or not, it wasn’t kind to mention the incident to Peter. A) Whether

B) Even if C) As though D) Because E) Providing 46. ----- the price of dairy products rises, the farm won’t make a profit this year. A) Providing B) In case C) As if D) However E) Unless 47. ----- I were being held hostage by terrorists, would you pay the ransom? A) Providing B) Because C) Supposing D) As if E) In case 48. I wish a shorter charity walk ----- because twenty miles is too far for my mother and me. A) would organise B) would have organised C) are being organised D) had been organised E) will be organising 49. We will get their order ----- another company quotes them a lower price, which I doubt will happen. A) in case B) as if C) unless D) suppose that E) because 50. If the charity ----- a few famous singers for the concert, they ----- a lot of people. A) must be inviting / attracted B) should invite / have attracted C) invited / are attracting D) can invite / had attracted E) invites / might attract 51. The whole incident probably ----- if the fans ----- so much alcohol. A) wouldn’t happen / aren’t drinking B) won’t happen / weren’t drinking C) wouldn’t have happened / hadn’t drunk D) doesn’t happen / won’t have drunk E) didn’t happen / haven’t been drinking 52. Jeremy passed the entrance exam for the grammar school. He is pleased, of course, but part of him wishes he ----- the same school as his friends.

A) attends B) will attend C) is attending D) were attending E) would attend 53. Shall I put a hot water bottle in your bed for you as it ----- quite cold tonight? A) may have got B) might get C) could have got D) would be getting E) had got 54. Yesterday, I was sitting on the beach with a cold drink in one hand and a Catherine Cookson novel in the other. I felt ----- I were in paradise. A) even if B) even though C) provided D) in case E) as if 55. He must have changed his mid about animal welfare; otherwise, he ----- for a ban of fox hunting now. A) hasn’t campaigned B) weren’t campaigning C) isn’t campaigning D) hadn’t campaigned E) wouldn’t be campaigning 56. - 65. sorularda, yarım bırakılan cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 56. You can't be sure of the standard of service you will receive ----. A) only if a trained mechanic was in charge B) whether it cost you more than your local garage for the service C) unless you take your Mercedes to an authorised dealership D) in case the car breaks down on the motorway E) or, instead, l will repair the car for your myself 57. l will agree to you handling the sale of my house ----. A) as long as l can be present at every viewing B) unless he had decided not to sell it C) whether or not it could have been sold for the asking price D) if l had wanted to move to another country E) even if you weren't interested in buying them 58. Thousands of people could starve to death in Ethiopia ----. A) when the rains failed for the third year in a row B) if food aid doesn't reach them soon

C) even if they hadn't asked for food aid D) unless the crops fail again E) as long as the economy improves 59. ---- were she alive today. A) Princess Diana would be proud of the children receiving awards in her honour B) Natalie is suffering from a rare disease which has weakened her heart C) Van der Stappen created the Sphinx Mysteriux in 1897 D) Even if they had operated on her as soon as she arrived at the hospital E) Emmeline Panchurst campaigned bravely for the rights of women to vote 60. There has been a flood warning in operation ___. A) when the river burst its banks again B) since the heavy snow began to melt C) if we receive any more heavy snow falls D) as the snow was finally beginning to settle E) after government's environmental officer had inspected the area 61. We had better start taking the threat of global warming seriously ----. A) if we all used environmentallyfriendly methods of refrigeration B) as long as scientists agree on a solution to the problem C) only if we cooperate with other countries on the issue of public health D) because the ozone layer over Europe has been reduced by two – thirds E) as if they were concerned about the findings of the research 62. ---- if the car factory hadn't closed down. A) l wonder if my father would still be working there B) l guess he doesn't want to work on the production line any more C) My brother had decided to apply for an office job D) Only if BMW had decided to buy our company E) l used to enjoy working together with my friends 63. ----, l will have to wallpaper the whole dining room again. A) Unless l can find a shop that still sells this pattern B) As if it had only been decorated yesterday C) ln case some parts of the wall paper got damaged D) While my husband was tiling the bathroom E) Supposing I didn't like the colour you chose 64. ----, l'm sure you will enjoy yourselves there. A) Until we went on holiday later the same year B) Unless you had taken your family with you C) lf you decide to go to Marmaris on holiday D) Just in case the sunshine is really strong E) Only if l can get the time off from work 65. lf we provide transportation, ----? A) would you have been given a company car B) did you find travelling by train more comfortable C) have you needed a lift to the training centre

D) can you attend a training course in Scotland E) could you have found your way there yourself 66. – 75. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 66. Dış görünüşü o kadar değişmiş ki yanıma gelip kendini tanıtmasaydı, onu asla tanıyamazdım. A) Physically, he was completely different from earlier, which is why l didn't recognise him until he came up to me and introduced himself. B) He had changed so much physically that l would never have recognised him if he hadn't come up to me and introduced himself. C) He had altered so much that l didn't recognise him at all until he walked up to me and introduced himself. D) As he had changed so much physically, l only recognised him when he walked up and introduced himself personally. E) Although l didn't recognise him by sight as he looked so different physically, l know who he was because he introduced himself to me 67. Bu kadar müsrifce para harcamayı bırakmazsan, korkarım yakında sokaklarda dileniyor olacaksın. A) lf you don't want to beg for money in the streets, you should stop being so extravagant and be careful about your money. B) lf you had stopped spending money so extravagantly, you wouldn't be begging in the streets now. C) You had better stop spending money so extravagantly; otherwise, you'll soon start begging in the streets. D) l'm afraid it was your financial extravagance which was responsible for your downfall. E) Unless you stop spending money so extravagantly, l'm afraid you'll soon be begging in the streets. 68. Eğer her şeyi önceden hazırlarsan, son anda bir şeyler yapmak için koşuşturmak zorunda kalmazsın. A) You can prepare everything beforehand so that you won't have to rush around doing things at the last minute. B) Had you prepared everything beforehand, you wouldn't be rushing around trying to do things at the last minute. C) lf you prepare everything in advance, you won't have to rush around to do something at the last minute. D) l'd prepare everything in advance were l you, in order to avoid rushing around at the last minute. E) Whether you prepare well in advance or not, you usually find yourself rushing around at the last minute trying to do things. 69. Keşke bir ülkenin milletvekillerinin en az yarısının otuz beş yaşın altında olmasını gerektiren bir kanun olsaydı. A) They want to bring in a law requiring all MPs of this nation to be under the age of thirty–five B) l wish half the MPs who are responsible for making the laws for our nation were under the age of thirty–five

C) Don't you wish about half of the MPs of this nation were under the age f thirty–five? D) l wish there were a law that required at least half the MPs of a nation to be under the age of thirty–five E) l thought there was a legal requirement for at least half the MPs of the country to be under the age of thirty–five. 70. Dün gece saati ayarlamayı unutmuş olmalısın yoksa bu sabah her zamanki gibi vaktinde çalardı. A) You must have forgotten to set the alarm clock last night, or it would have gone off on time as usual this morning. B) The alarm clock usually goes off early in the morning, but you probably forgot to set it last night. C) The alarm clock would have gone off as usual this morning if you had remembered to set it last night as you claim. D) We didn't hear the alarm clock go off this morning, so l don't think you set it properly last night. E) l can only assume that you didn't set the alarm clock last night; otherwise, it would have woken us up as usual this morning. 71. Eğer her şey planlandığı gibi giderse, ay sonunda yeni evimize taşınabileceğimizi umuyoruz. A) Everything is going as we planned, so we will be able to move into our new house at the end of the month. B) According to the planners, we should be able to move into our new house at the end of the month. C) Presuming we don't encounter any problems, we plan to move into our new house toward the end of the month. D) We should be able to move into our new house at the end of the month providing nothing goes wrong. E) lf everything goes as planned, we expect to be able to move into our new house at the end of the month. 72. Araba yolculuğunun bu kadar uzun süreceğini bilseydim, uçakla seyahat ederdim. A) l didn't know that the car journey would take so long; otherwise, l would have flown. B) l would have travelled by plane had l known that the car journey would take so long C) l would have taken a plane, but l didn't realise how far it was to drive. D) l wouldn't have travelled by plane even if l had known how long the car journey would take. E) The only reason l drove there was that l don't like long journeys by plane 73. Yeni uygulamaların, hali hazırda çalışma izni olan yabancıları etkileyeceğini sanmıyorum. A) l think the new regulations will affect all foreign workers except those who are already in possession of a work permit. B) l believe that only foreigners who already hold work permits won't be affected by these new regulations.

C) l don't think the new regulations will affect the foreigners who already hold work permits. D) As they obtained their work permits in advance of the new regulations, l don't think they will be affected. E) Those foreigners who already hold work permits will also be affected by these new regulations. 74. İngilizce, uzun süredir ticaret dilidir e giderek uluslararası ilişkilerde de ortak dil olmaktadır. A) English has long been the language of commerce, and it is gradually becoming the common language in international relations as well. B) English has become not only the language of commerce, but also a common language used in international relations. C) ln addition to being the recognised language of commerce worldwide, English is becoming commonly used in international relations as well. D) Over the years, English has gradually become an international language, which is commonly used in commerce and international negotiations. E) Long used to conduct international business meetings, English is also gradually becoming a common language in international political meetings. 75. Eğer bu konuyu tablolarla örneklendirerek anlatmazsan, öğrenciler kesinlikle hiçbir şey anlamazlar. A) The students will definitely understand more of this subject if you use illustrations and tables with your explanations. B) Unless you explain this subject by illustrating it with tables, the students will certainly not understand anything. C) When you explain this subject to the students, illustrating it with tables will certainly lead to better understanding. D) This subject would certainly be better explained to the students if you used illustrations and tables. E) lf you want the students to understand anything, you had better illustrate your explanations with tables 76. – 85. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 76. ln order for me to finish this project by tomorrow, l need to work without being interrupted at all. A) Hiç bölünmeden çalışmam gerekse de bu projeyi yarına kadar bitireceğim. B) Bu projenin yarına kadar bitmesi ancak hiç kesintisiz çalışırsam mümkün olabilir. C) Bu projenin bitmesi için yarın hiç bölünmeden çalışmak zorundayım. D) Bu projeyi yarına kadar bitirebilmem için hiç bölünmeden çalışmam gerekir. E) Bu projeyi yarın bitirebilmek için ara vermeksizin çalışmam gerekebilir. 77. lf there are people at your workplace with whom you don't get on, you can't work in a peaceful atmosphere, and thus, you can't be very productive. A) Verimli çalışabilmek için iş yerinizde huzurlu bir ortam yaratmalı ve iş arkadaşlarınızla iyi geçinmelisiniz.

B) İş yerinizde birbiriyle anlaşamayan insanların olması sizinde huzurunuzu bozabilir ve veriminizi düşürebilir. C) Eğer iş yerinde anlaşamayan insanlar varsa, huzurlu bir ortamda çalışılamaz, bu nedenle de çok verimli olunamaz. D) İş yerinizde anlaşamadığınız insanlar varsa, huzurlu bir ortamda çalışamaz, dolayısıyla da çok verimli olamazsınız. E) Anlaşamadığınız insanlarla aynı iş yerinde çalışmak zorunda olmak huzurunuzu kaçıracağı gibi veriminizi de düşürür. 78. With the many electrical appliances that we have, life is much easier today compared with the past. A) Sahip olduğumuz bu kadar çok elektrikli alet, bugün yaşamımızı geçmişe göre daha da kolaylaştırabilmektedir. B) Bu kadar çok elektrikli alete sahip olduğumuz için geçmişe göre bugün çok daha kolay yaşamaktayız. C) Geçmişle karşılatırdığımızda bugün yaşamın bu kadar kolay olması sahip olduğumuz bunca elektrikli alet sayesindedir. D) Bugün yaşam geçmişle karşılaştırıldığında çok daha kolaysa bu, sahip olduğumuz elektrikli aletlerle mümkün olmuştur. E) Sahip olduğumuz bu kadar çok elektrikli aletle, bugün yaşam geçmişle karşılaştırıldığında çok daha kolay. 79. lt'd have been very hard for us to commute to work if we had had to sell our car. A) Zorda kaldığımız için arabamız satılsaydı, işe gidip gelirken çok zorlanacaktık. B) Arabamızı satmak zorunda kalsaydık, işe gidip gelmemiz çok zor olacaktı. C) Arabamızı satmak zorunda kalırsak, işe gidip gelmekte çok zorlanacağız. D) İşe gidip gelmemiz çok zor olacaktı ama arabamızı satmak zorundaydık. E) Arabamızı satmak zorunda kalışımız, işe gidip gelmemizi çok zorlaştırmıştı. 80. Althought it is very warm today, let's take our cardigans with us in case there is a breeze on the coast. A) Bugün hava çok ılık ama sahilde esinti olabileceğini düşünerek yine de hırkalarımızı yanımıza almalıyız. B) Bugün hava çok ılık olmasına rağmen, sahil serin olacağı için hırkalarımızı yanımıza aldık. C) Hava bugün çok ılık olsa da, sahilde esinti olabilir diye hırkalarımızı yanımıza alalım. D) Hava bugün çok ılık ama hırkalarımızı alalım çünkü sahilde hafif de olsa rüzgar vardır. E) Esintiye rağmen bugün hava çok ılık olduğu için hırkalarımızı alıp sahile gidelim. 81. Her showing off as though she'd done all the work on her own really annoyed the other members of the team. A) Sanki bütün işi tek başına yapmış gibi böbürlenmesi ekibin diğer üyelerini çok kızdırdı. B) Bütün işi sanki tek başına yapıyormuşcasına böbürlenmesine ekibin diğer üyeleri çok kızmıştı. C) Sanki bütün işleri tek başına yapıyormuş gibi böbürleniyor, bu da ekibin diğer üyelerini çok kızdırıyordu.

D) Ekibin diğer üyeleri, onun, sanki bütün işleri tek başına yapabilirmiş gibi böbürlenmesine çok kızıyordu. E) Ekibin diğer üyelerini en çok kızdıran, onun sanki bütün işi tek başına yapmış gibi böbürlenmesiydi. 82. lf the house has just been decorated as you say, then we can just clean it and move in. A) Eğer söylediğin gibi evin boyası tamamlanmışsa, o zaman temizlikten sonra hemen taşınabiliriz. B) Söylediğin gibi ev yeni boyanmışsa, o zaman hemen temizlik yapıp taşınalım. C) Senin de söylediğin gibi, ev yeni boyandığı için yalnızca temizlik yapıp taşınacağız. D) Senin sözünü ettiğin evi temizleyip hemen taşınabiliriz çünkü o ev yeni boyandı. E) Eğer ev söylediğin gibi yeni boyandıysa, o zaman sadece temizlenip taşınabiliriz. 83. The silkworm thrives and produces the fine silk threads for its cocoon only when it eats the tender leaves of the white mulberry tree. A) Sadece beyaz dut ağacının körpe yapraklarını yiyen ipek böceği hızla serpilip büyür ve kozası için ince ipek lifi üretir. B) İpek böceğinin serpilip büyümesi ve kozası için ince ipek lifi üretebilmesi ancak beyaz dut ağacının körpe yapraklarını yemesiyle mümkündür. C) İpek böceği sadece beyaz dut ağacının körpe yapraklarını yiyerek büyürse kozası için gereken ipek lifini üretebilir. D) İpek böceğinin, büyüyüp serpilebilmesi ve kozası için ince lif üretebilmesi için beyaz dut ağacının körpe yapraklarını yemesi gerekir. E) İpek böceği ancak beyaz dut ağacının körpe yapraklarını yiyince serpilin büyür ve kozası için ince ipek lifi üretir. 84. The police might have had to use force if the crowd hadn't dispersed peaceably. A) Sükunet içinde dağılmayan kalabalık polisi güç kullanmak zorunda bıraktı. B) Kalabalık sakin bir biçimde dağılmazsa polis güç kullanmak zorunda kalır. C) Kalabalık sükunet içinde dağılmayınca polis güç kullanmak zorunda kaldı. D) Kalabalık sükunet içinde dağılmasaydı, polis güç kullanmak zorunda kalabilirdi. E) Kalabalık sakin bir biçimde dağılsaydı, polis güç kullanmak zorunda kalmazdı. 85. Whether you take an active part in the group or not, in the end, you too will be affected by the decisions taken. A) İçinde bulunduğunuz grubun aktivitelerinde yer almasanız bile alınacak kararlardan siz de etkilenirsiniz. B) Grubun içinde aktif olarak yer alınsa da alınmasa da, sonuç olarak alınan kararlar sizi de etkileyecektir. C) Aktif olarak grubun içinde yer alsanız da almasanız da, sonunda alınan kararlardan siz de etkileneceksiniz. D) Bir grubun içinde aktif biçimde yer alınıp alınmaması da, sonuçta alınacak kararları etkileyecektir. E) Alınan kararlarda etkili olmak istiyorsanız sonunda grubun içinde aktif olarak yer almanız gerekecek. 86. – 110. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz.

86. How l wish l hadn't taken my holiday allowance already because, then, l could accompany you to Vienna. A) l'd really like to go with you to Vienna, but l have used up all my holiday entitlement. B) lf l accompanied you to Vienna, l wouldn't have any holiday entitlement left. C) lf you had some holiday entitlement left, you could accompany me to Vienna. D) l couldn't accompany you to Vienna even if l wanted to, as l'm not allowed to take any holiday. E) Only if my company allows it can l go to Vienna with you. 87. l don't approve of nuclear power because a hundred percent safety can never be guaranteed. A) l think there is almost no chance of a disaster with nuclear power these days. B) The safety of nuclear power can never be guaranteed because human error could always cause an accident. C) ln my opinion, nuclear power is extremely unsafe as it pollutes the atmosphere with radiation. D) Only if there could ever be a complete guarantee of safety would l approve of nuclear power. E) Nuclear power should only be generated when strict government guidelines for safety are followed. 88. She might not have been given the opportunity to record an album if she hadn't already been well known as an actress. A) Since giving up her acting career, for which she was famous, she has recorded an album. B) Had she not turned down the opportunity to become an actress, she couldn't have become famous by recording an album. C) One of the reasons she became famous as an actress is that she was already a successful singer. D) Until she recorded the album, she had been quite a well known actress. E) Had she not been a famous actress, she would probably not have been given the chance to record an album. 89. Colleagues at work will often bully you if you are too passive. A) lt is best to be aggressive with him if you want to bully someone at work. B) Not being assertive enough often means that you will get bullied by people at work. C) You can't stop people bullying you no matter how polite you are to them. D) Were you not so passive, your business partner probably wouldn't bully you so much. E) lt is believed that victims of bullying are very often kind people. 90. At this precise moment, l a wishing l had never enrolled on this Celtic Myth course. A) Had it not been compulsory, l wouldn't have taken a Celtic Myth course. B) Ever since l enrolled on this Celtic Myth course, l have been regretting it. C) Right now, l am regretting my decision to take this Celtic Myth course. D) How l wish l hadn't had to take Celtic Myth as part of my course. E) lf only Celtic Myth didn't form part of this literature course.

91. l am having my hair done at an expensive hairdresser's at the moment because l unsuccessfully attempted to dye my hair red myself. A) As l wanted my hair dyed red, l thought l had better go to an exclusive hairdresser's. B) l didn't expect it to be so expensive to have my hair dyed red at the hairdresser's C) l wouldn't have come to the hairdresser's just to have my hair cut, but l want it dyed red as well. D) lf l hadn't failed to dye my hair red properly myself, l wouldn't be paying an expensive hairdresser to correct it now. E) This hairdresser hasn't done a very good job of dying my hair red considering she charged so much money for doing it. 92. As l live so close to the border, l would consider studying Welsh, but l've heard that it is very difficult language to learn. A) lf l hadn't heard that Welsh is an extremely hard language to learn, l would think about studying it because l live near Wales. B) lf l didn't find learning languages so hard, l would probably learn Welsh, especially as l live so close to Wales. C) Of all the languages l have learnt, Welsh was by far the hardest even though l had the opportunity to practise because l live quite close to the border. D) Living so close to Wales, l have the opportunity to learn Welsh, but l think it is going to be difficult, or so l have heard. E) As l live close to Wales, l should learn Welsh, but l probably won't because l find the language extremely difficult. 93. Because seven students had their hands in the mixture, l don't recommend that you eat that marmalade. A) lf I were you, l wouldn't eat that marmalade as the mixture was handled by seven school children. B) l was discouraged from eating the marmalade because seven students at the school had handled the mixture. C) l would probably be more inclined to eat the marmalade if seven school children hadn't had their hands in it. D) The marmalade would probably taste nicer if seven students hadn't all put their hands in it. E) Were l you, wouldn't allow all seven students to put their hands in the marmalade; otherwise, no one will eat it. 94. When working on a computer, you should always take frequent breaks, or else you risk straining your eyes. A) You wouldn't have strained your eyes if you hadn't been working on the computer for too long. B) lf you work for a long period on a computer without taking a break, you will certainly damage your eyes. C) Many people suffer from eye strain because they don't take enough breaks when working on a computer.

D) lf you are suffering from eye strain as a result of working on a computer, try taking frequent breaks, which may help. E) Taking frequent breaks while working on a computer is good advice to avoid straining your eyes. 95. Had they realised the fort was no longer held by the enemy, they wouldn't have attacked it. A) They attacked the fort owing to the fact that it was in the hands of the enemy. B) They knew that the enemy no longer controlled the fort; nevertheless, they attacked it. C) lf the fort had been still under the control of the enemy, they would have attacked it. D) They attacked the fort because they didn't know that it was not under the enemy's control any more. E) They didn't realise that the enemy no longer intended to attack their fort. 96. Spoilt children often don't appreciat the value of possessions as adults. A) Pampered children will usually be from rich homes, so they don't need to realise the value of possessions. B) People who don't realise the value of possessions often spoil their children C) Not appreciating the worth of possessions can often be a result of a person's being spoilt as a child. D) Unless you are generous with your children, they won't realise the value of anything. E) Pampered children often damage their possessions because they don't realise the value of them. 97. l'm not sure that the Shrewsbury Amateur Dramatic Society's version of 'Twelfth Night' appeals to me, even if my sister can baby–sit. A) My sister might be able to baby–sit, but even so, l'm not convinced that the Shrewsbury Amateur Dramatic Society's version of 'Twelfth Night' is something l would enjoy. B) Had my sister been able to baby–sit, l might have gone to see the Shrewsbury Amateur Dramatic Society's version of 'Twelfth Night'. C) lf only my sister could have baby–sat for us, l'm sure l would have enjoyed the Shrewsbury Amateur Dramatic Society's version of 'Twelfth Night' D) lf my sister agrees to baby –sit, we can go to the Shrewsbury Amateur Dramatic Society's version of 'Twelfth Night', which l think you might enjoy. E) l probably wouldn't have enjoyed Shrewsbury Amateur Dramatic Society's version of 'Twelfth Night', but my sister couldn't baby–sit for us anyway. 98. lnitially, the school was refused a licence because the fire escapes were inadequate. A) Had the fire escapes met the required standard, the school wouldn't have been refused a licence initially. B) The school should have prepared the fire escapes up to the required standard before applying for a licence. C) The school should bring the fire escapes up to the required standard; otherwise, their application for a licence will be refused immediately. D) The school can't persuade the authorities to issue them a licence as the fire escapes aren't up to the required standard.

E) Even if fire escapes had met the required standard, the school would have been refused a licence initially. 99. The accident we were involved in on the way back from Şile spoilt an otherwise perfect day. A) Our day out to Şile was a disaster mainly due to the collision we were involved in while driving home. B) Being involved in an accident on our journey to Şile didn't stop our day out being almost perfect. C) Our day out to Şile would have been perfect if we hadn't been involved in a collision on our return journey. D) Having an accident on the way to Şile was the only thing which prevented us enjoying our time there. E) We couldn't enjoy our day in Şile because we were involved in a terrible accident while driving there. 100. How she wishes that she had been polite to her boss this morning. A) As usual, she wasn't very polite to the boss this morning. B) Generally, she is polite to her boss, but this morning she was a bit rude. C) The remarks her boss made to her this morning were unfair. D) She was rude to her boss this morning, and now she regrets it. E) She could have been a bit kinder to her boss this morning. 101. l'll give you the gardening contract on condition that you take all the leaves, branches etc. away when you have finished. A) You won't be given any gardening contracts unless you agree to remove all the leaves, branches, etc. after each job. B) You wouldn't get the gardening contract from me even if you agreed to remove all the leaves branches, etc. after completion of the job. C) According to the gardening contract, you should have taken the leaves, branches, etc. away when you had finished. D) l have given you the gardening contract because you have agreed to take the leaves, branches, etc. away when you finish the job. E) lf you agree to remove all the leaves, branches, etc. away when you have completed the job. l'll give you the gardening contract. 102. People would come into cafe and see what delicious food you sell if you gave out vouchers for a free cup of tea. A) Even if you handed out vouchers for a free cup of tea, people wouldn't order food at your cafe, although it is delicious. B) More people visited your cafe and saw the wonderful food you sold only when you handed out vouchers entitling customers to a free cup of tea. C) Were you to hand out vouchers for a free cup of tea, people would visit your cafe and see all the delicious food that you sell. D) Suppose we gave out vouchers for a free cup of tea, do you think people would visit the cafe and see our delicious food?

E) lf only we had given out vouchers for a free cup of tea, people might have visited our cafe opening and seen our delicious food. 103. They were determined to go skiing the next day even if conditions were treacherous. A) They really shouldn't have gone skiing the next day because the conditions had become very dangerous. B) Although the conditions were extremely dangerous, they ignored advice and went skiing anyway. C) Had they known the conditions were going to be dangerous, they wouldn't have planned to go skiing the next day. D) Whether the conditions were to be very dangerous or not, they had made up their minds to go skiing the next day. E) Only if the conditions were not treacherous would they go skiing the next day. 104. l wouldn't have entered the golf championship if l hadn't believed l could win it. A) l will enter the golf championship because l believe l have a chance of winning the event. B) As l am quite good at golf. l decided to enter the golf championship. C) Even if l didn't believe l could win the golf championship, l would have entered. D) l was confident that l could win, so l entered the golf championship. E) Although l didn't believe l could win, l entered the golf championship. 105. Fortunately, we'd taken out travel insurance as the travel agent had suggested my handbag was stolen in Tenerife. A) Since a thief stole my handbag in Tenerife, it was luckly we had taken out travel insurance, which our travel agent had recommended. B) We wish we had taken out travel insurance, as our travel agent had recommended, because my handbag was stolen in Tenerife. C) lf we had taken out travel insurance, as our travel agent had recommended, we would have been able to claim for my handbag, which was stolen in Tenerife. D) We should have taken out the insurance, which was recommended by our travel agent, as my handbag was stolen in Tenerife. E) I can't imagine what would have happened when my handbag was stolen in Tenerife if we hadn't taken out travel insurance. 106. My father took a photograph of the damage caused to his car in case there was a dispute about the accident later. A) lt was lucky that my father had taken a photograph of the damage as there was a dispute about the accident. B) For fear that there might be a dispute about the accident at a later date, my father took a photo of the damage to his car. C) My father should have taken a photograph of the damage at the time of the accident, which would have prevented this dispute. D) When a dispute arose about the damage to his car because of the accident, my father produced the photo he'd taken at the time.

E) Like my father, one should always take a photograph of any accident damage caused to a car to avoid later disputes. 107. We had better stop doing business with him if he doesn't start behaving professionally. A) He is so unprofessional that l don't understand why we still deal with him. B) Unless his unprofessional conduct stops, l'd advise we cease trading with him. C) We won't deal with him because his conduct is so unprofessional D) Luckily, we ceased trading with him as his conduct is now very unprofessional. E) lf he hadn't stopped being so unprofessional, we would have stopped dealing with him. 108. lf you had brought it to me this morning, l could have repaired it in time for the weekend, but it's too late now. A) This morning, l thought l could mend it before the weekend, but it looks doubtful now. B) Unfortunately, l don't have time to mend this for before the weekend, but you can drop it in any morning next week. C) l would have been able to mend it in time for the weekend had l been given it this morning, but there isn't enough time now. D) You should have brought it to me this morning for repair if you wanted it ready for the weekend, but still, l will try my best. E) lf you really need it mended before the weekend, you can bring it to me this morning; otherwise, any time later in the week will be more suitable. 109. The muddy path made it impossible to walk al the way around the lake. A) We couldn't walk around the whole lake shore because of the muddy path. B) lt was impossible to get down to the lake shore because the path was muddy. C) lf the path had got any muddier, we wouldn't have been able to walk completely round the lake. D) The muddy path made it extremely difficult for us to walk around the lake. E) When we heard how muddy the path to the lake was, we decided not to walk around it. 110. The chemist should have informed you about the side effects of this medicine. A) l don't think the chemist should have told you about the side effects of the medicine as it is the doctor's duty. B) Chemists should always inform patients of any negative side effects of medicine. C) lt was the chemist's duty to inform you about this medicine's side effects. D) Even the chemist hadn't mentioned these awful side effects of the medicine. E) lt isn't the doctor's but the chemist's responsibility to inform patients of the side effects of medicine. ADVERBIALS & SENTENCE CONNECTORS 1. A doctor and a teacher are similar______both of them must have a good training and talent. A) so that B) in that C) in order to

D) in case E) however 2.______she had a mental illness, she managed to look after her baby. A) despite B) in spite of C) because D) despite the fact that E) if 3. __________the book_______ he magazine is necessary for me I'll buy one of them A) Both/and B) Either/or C) As/as D) Neither/nor E) So/that 4. Babies need caring for carefully __________it is necessary for their emotional and intellectual development. A) so B) hence C) because D) however E) nevertheless 5. A man must have physical and mental power__________be considered a brave man. A) in order to B) for C) though D) since E) so 6. She didn't forgive him__________he apologized A) for B) until C) because D) nonetheless E) because 7. Parents buy everything for their children;________________the never satisfied. A) consequently B) because of C) since D) yet

children

are

E) even if 8. ________the women who get annoyed easily, men never lose their temper. A) Contrary to B) Although C) Even though D) Despite the fact that E) consequently 9. _________hard I study, I won't pass my class. A) Whatever B) No matter what C) No matter how D) Whenever E) Wherever 10. Bringing up a child is very difficult.________________, many young couples want to get a child immediately. A) So B) Thus C) However D) Besides E) What is more RELATIVE CLAUSES-1 1. The recreation plan construction of two new dams A) that B) on whom C) about which D) why E) who

__________

they disagreed would require the

2. The school programme ________ has been interrupted by revision tests requires a regular course study. A) whose B) who C) what D) that E) where 3. Credit________is given in this semester requires approximately three hours of classroom work. A) which

B) what C) when D) where E) whom 4. Two courses_________have the same subjects are in different times. A) that B) what C) when D) where E) who 5. You may enroll our course by e-mail _______ can be faster than other registration forms. A) who B) where C) which D) when E) why 6.

Students _______ register for courses do not have any problems.

A) whom B) who C) what E) when D) where 7. August 23rd is the last date_______________you may transfer to another course. A) which B) on which C) why D) what E) that 8. Our course needs some requirements______________are listed here. A) what B) when C) which D) where E) why

9. Before coming to my office, please check the appointment official calendar. A) that B) why C) when D) what E) where

are listed in my

10. The appointment____________continues beyond three hours is always very important for my customers. A) when B) which C) whose D) who E) what 11. The girl_________dress you admire has been working for an expo company since she left school. A) who B) what C) whose D) whom E) that 12. Students__________special accommodations should contact the private dormitory office immediately. A) requiring B) that are require C) whose require D) whom require E) require 13. The parking area__________the university is only for the instructors. A) which is B) is around C) which around D) around E) that is 14. This book is about an introduction to Indians_____________culture started in the medieval century. A) who B) whose C) what

D) whom E) that 15. Your company can see our records___________all technical information can be seen. A) which B) what C) from which D) at which E) on which 16. With reference to your e-mail____________20th, May, our firm thanks for your information. A) which dated B) which is dating C) dated D) what is dated E) dating 17. Aşağıdaki cümlelerden hangisi doğru “relative clause” içeren bir cümledir? A) The price of the equipment which described here is approximately 1.000.000.000 T.L. B) The price of the equipment which describing here is approximately 1.000.000.000 T.L. C) The price of the equipment described here is approximately 1.000.000.000 T.L. D) The price of the equipment that describes here is approximately 1.000.000.000 T.L E) The price of the equipment in which described here approximately 1.000.000.000 T.L. 18. I never forget the time___________my motorbike broke down in a very crowded street. A) where B) what C) when D) in which E) that 19. I couldn't remember the time______________there was no internet. A) what B) who C) which D) when

E) why 20. The restaurant___________we had our dinner was the most expensive in this city. A) where B) which C) when D) that E) what 21. The top model about_____________I was telling you is on TV now. A) who B) which C) that D) whom E) 0 22. I'm thinking of entering the university_________________ facilities are excellent. A) who B) whose C) when D) why E) that 23. Is there a reason___________she doesn't want to talk in the lecture? A) when B) which C) that D) why E) 0 24. Are you the student____________mother called me yesterday? A) whose B) who C) that D) 0 E) when 25. Is that the same film____________we watched last year? A) 0 B) when C) for which D) why E) who 26. Mary,_________has only been in Japan for 3 months, speaks Japanese perfectly. A) that B) whom

C) which D) who E) where 27 Dick_______ we met in New Jersey, is going to visit us next week. A)who B)when C) which D)that E) why 28. Who was the young boy----------------this morning? A) talked to you B) you talked to C)you talked D) whom you talked E) who you talked 29. The reason_________I didn't call you is that my father didn't let me use my cell phone. A) when B) which C) why D)what E) who 30. Which is your daughter? She is the child_______________has long, straight hair. A) whose B) who C) which D) 0 E) when 31. I don't think my ex-girl friend will remember the day___________________we saw each other for the first time. A) which B) on which C) at which D) why E) that 32. August is the month___________I always give my birthday parties. A) which B) in which C) what D) why

E) that 33 The purse _______ she had lost last week was found yesterday. A) which B) what C) whose D)whom E) of which 34. This is Mrs. Belinda_____book the chapters were prepared and edited perfectly. A) in which B) whom C) from whose D) in whose E) whose 35. The old lady____we were travelling told us her life story. A) of whom B) with whom C) whose D) whom E) with whose 36. She says the exam,_______ she took yesterday, was full of hard questions. A) which B) of which C) whom D) of whose E) in which 37. His new job is near enough_______he wants to live. A) where B) in which C) to where D) of where E) on which 38. The girl ____ I borrowed the dictionary asked me to use it carefully. A) whose B) from whom C) from whose E) whom E) of which 39.This is the wealthiest woman in our town _______________ house the jewellery was stolen last night. A) in which

B) whom C) whose D) from whose E) in whose 40. I called my cousin, ______ is a mechanic, to fix my car, _______ was broken A) who / which B) who / all of which C) that / all of which D) who / what E) whom / which 41. My only blue tie, __________ Richard wants to wear, is really an expensive one. A) that B) whose C) which D) whom E) who 42. This is the village_________my family and I lived for six years. A) in which B) that C) on which D) of which E) in where 43. She is a famous actress_________everybody admires. A) to whom B) whom C) to which D) of whom E) which 44. The food_____I like best of all is pie alamode. A) who B) whose C) whom D) that E) of which 45. Justine, ___________parents Southampton. A) whom B) which

live

in

Christchurch,

has

gone to

C) to whom D) who E) whose 46. The__________ old building was behind the local church fell down., A) of which B) which C) whose D) whom E) where 47. This is the sharp knife_______she cut the bread. A) with which B) with whom C) from which D) whom E) of whom 48. The pupils ____________ we took to the amusement park behaved themselves very well. A) which B) with whom C) whom D) of which E) which 49. They would like a teacher_____________native language is English. A) who B) whose C) whom D) that E) from whom 50. The person with____________she's been working for sometime is very friendly. A) who B) that C) which D) whose E) whom 51. My nephew chose a lot of toys at the Toy World store for________________his father,______________________________________________________________is my elder brother, paid a large amount of money.

A) which / whose B) whom / who C) which / who D) who / which E) whose / who 52. This the time of month_____________a lot of retired people are waiting in queues in front of the banks for their pensions. A) when B) which C) whom D) where E) whose 53. The man___________was in charge of the management didn't seem friendly to us at all. A) who B) whom C) where D) when E) 0 54. The physics teacher,_____________behaviour I don't like much, makes things harder for the students. A) who B) that C) whom D) whose E) when 55.The farmer says he can't remember a time______________the winter was as severe as it is this year. A) which B) when C) where D) whose E) why 56. I think the Chinese are the people _______________ habits are the most peculiar to us. A) which B) whom C) when

D) that E) whose 57. I saw several buildings,___________were damaged by the earthquake. A) most of which B) most of them C) all of whom D) some of whose E) none of which 58. The people to_________she was speaking didn't know German. A) who B) whose C) that D) whom E) why 59. She likes the village___________she was born. A) which B) whose C) Where D) on which E) that 60.Sunday is the day____________ most of the Christians usually go to church. A) in which B) when C) that D) at which E) where 61. The banker ________John quarrelled didn't want to sell him any bread. A) with whom B) who C) with whose D) to whom E) whose 62. Bournemouth,___________we are going to visit next summer, is a real paradise for the retired. A) that B) what

C) which D) whose E) in which 63. Thatcher,__________birthplace was above a shop in the small English town of Grantham, became Prime Minister of Britain four years after she had become the leader of the Conservative Party in 1975. A) where B) whose C) in which D) which E) at which 64. George Washington he never lived. A) in which B) that C) whose D) whom E) which

started

the

building

of

the

White

House,

65. First jeans,___________became fashionable for women after they saw them in Vogue magazine, were made by two Americans, Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss. A) who B) whose C) of which D) which E) that 66. The first television picture_____________John Logie Baird transmitted on 25 November, 1905 was a boy_________________worked in the office next to Baird's workroom in London. A) that / who B) which / whom C) who / which D) that / whose E) that / which 67. Felix Hoffman, a 29-year-old chemist_____________worked for the German company Bayer, invented the drug Aspirin in April 1879. A) where B) whose C) whom

D) what E) who 68. New Orleans is the home of jazz,_______ is a mixture of blues, dance songs, and hymns. A) what B) which C) of which D) whose E) that 69.Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Schubert and the Strauss family all came to work to Vienna,______ was the music capital of the world for many centuries. A) which B) where C) in which D) that E) whom 70. Joyce Bews,_________was born and grew up in Portsmouth on the south coast of England,______________she still lives, was 100 last year. A) that / in which B) who / where C) that / where D) whom / where E) who / that 71. Joyce Bews,_________husband died of lung cancer only 10 weeks after they married, gave up smoking. A) whom B) why C) that D) whose E) who 72. Pumas are large, cat-like animals___________are found in America. A) whose B) in which C) which D) whom E) where 73.In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer. A) whom

B) whose C) what D) where E) when 74.The big clock_______ used to strike the hours day and night was damaged during the war and has been silent ever since. A) whose B) that is C) what D) of Which E) which 75. The most valuable find of all was the ship's log, part of____________________it was still possible to readA) whose B) which C) that D) in which E) whom 76. The reason__________they arc holding a meeting today is to find out a solution to their financial problem. A) why B) of which C) for whom D) whose E) where 77. The reason ___________ she gave us for not coming early made us disappointed. A) that B) for which C) why D) whose E) what 78. Those_________approve of strip mining point out that coal is needed. A) who B) which C) whom D) whose E) of which 79. The pollution___________they were speaking is getting worse.

A) that B) about which C) which D) whose E) whom 80. The engineer___________our company relies is on holiday. A) who B) whom C) whose D) on whom E) that 81. The dam__________they plan to build will cover acres of forest. A) which B) to which C) whom D) where E) of which RELATIVE CLAUSES-2 l- A speedy response by life savers is essential in the icy waters of the Arctic, ........... it is a race against time to save victims at sea. A) which B) of whom C) whose D) where E) what 2- I had lunch with Janice Small, ....... son owns the shoe factory in our town. A) whom B) which C) — D) what E) whose 3- Liquorice, .......... contains clycyrrhetic acid, was a favourite ingredient of ancient Egyptian medicines. A) who B) when C) which D) where E) why

4- Robert Holden, ......... wrote 'Happiness Now', was the founder of Britain's first laughter clinic. A) who B) when C) where D) — E) how 5- He is a talented cricket player ........... abilities include fast bowling and powerful batting. A) where B) whose C) whom D) when E) of which 6- Eastern Rwanda is very different from the South-west, .......... monkeys, birds and orchids thrive in the high altitude primary forest. A) when B) where C) which D) why E) of whom 7Wednesday is the day .......... a tour guide leads a tour around the town's historical places. A) when B) which C) whose D) where E) how 8- Doura Europos, ......... is perched on a hill high above the river, is one of the most dramatic castles lining the Euphrates. A) what B) when C) where D) which E) who

9- Robert Riva, an Italian .......... used to play for Cremonese, now coaches the Reigate

under 11's football team. A) when B) which D) whom E) who

C) where

1O- In the end, my sister's husband, .......... steadfast determination never faltered, became a wealthy businessman. A) when B) whose C) that D) whom E) of which 11- For 65 years, the hermit Anthony lived in a cave ..........cut into a narrow ledge on the Al Galua mountain in Egypt. A) how B) what C) who D) whose E) _____ 12- Sidney this autumn, .......... the Olympic games took place, was host to approximately two million visitors. A) when B) which C) how D) that E) whose 13- I don't think I'll be going out much next month as the tires, .......... are quite expensive, need replacing on my car. A) which B) that C) where D) when E) why 14- The new batsman, .........everybody believes will strengthen the team, played superbly in yesterday's match. A) whose B) where C)whom D) why E)that 15- The little bay, ..........a small boat brings provisions daily in fine weather, cannot be reached by road. A) which B) where C) what D) whose E) when 16- Fewer chicks survive in years ..........lemmings, ......... make up the diet of the snowy

owl, are sparse. A) what/where B) why/how C) when/that D) that/which E) which /who 17- Everyone at the meeting yesterday, ........... proved very constructive, showed their support for the new stadium. A) that B) when C) who D) Which E) where 18- 2Oth June, Midsummer's day, ......... is the longest day of the year, is one of the days on ......... religious leaders called Druids meet and pray at ancient stone circles. A) that /why B) where /where C) when /when D) why/ — E) which/which 19- The other day ......... Druids gather at their religious sites is Midwinter's day, ........ is the shortest day of the year. A) when/which B) which/when C) where/what D) whom/where E) that/that 20- The town ........... the folk festival is taking place is usually a quiet resort. A) when B) where C) whom D) which E) what 21- Our hotel, ......... is a converted 17th century manor house, is very comfortable. A) where B) whose C) which D) when E) that 22- As a celebrity .......... many children admire, it is important for her to act responsibly. A) when B) where C) whom D) which E) whose 23- We always hold a family barbecue in our garden on Independence Day, ........ was on a Tuesday this year. A) what B) that C) when D) which E) where

24- There is a place on the form .......... we are supposed to write comments in, but they haven't left enough room for us to write much at all. A) why B) what C) when D) where E) which 25- Gigi Fernandez, .......... was born in Porto Rico, won the Wimbledon Championship four times in the 1990s. A) where B) that C) when D) whom E) who 26- When I was at school, there was a girl in my class ........ skin was so sensitive that she couldn't expose her skin to the sun even with cream on. A) where B) whose C) whom D) which E)that 27- We'll row until the spot ....... the river bends and then we'll turn back. Qy where B) when C) whose D) which E) _____ 28- Cornwall, ......... beaches and rocky coves attract tourist? from the UK and abroad, is one area to consider for your new hotel. A) which B) whose C) when D) of whom E) why 29- During summer months, ......... snow only remains on the highest peaks, very few tourists come to St Moritz. A) where B) which C) when D) why E) whose 30- The only hairdresser ......... Judy trusts to cut her hair is Caroline. A) which B) when C) where D) — E) how 31- On the days ......... I feel I need to reflect on the past and plan my future, I sit by the river and watch the swans swim past. A)when B) where C) whose D) whom E) which 32- One of the greatest leaders of all time was Ghandi, ......... peaceful rebellion against imperialism gained him respect at home and abroad. A) where B) whom C) who D) whose E) when 33- ......... you need to run this office smoothly is an efficient assistant. You can't do all the

work yourself, can you? A) Which B) What D) Where E) How

C) When

34- I can't imagine ......... she wants to go to Canada in the winter. A) what B) who C) where D) why E) which 35- One of the contestants ......... reached the final solved the puzzle in only twenty-three seconds. A) whose B) whom C) that D) where E) which 36- The new traffic system in the city, ......... reserves one lane for cars with more than one person in, has reduced congestion considerably. A) that B) why C) where D) when E) which

37- The academy, ......... students from all over the world can learn English, has a number of flexible courses. A) when B) where C) whom D) which E) that 38- The teachers ......... negligence resulted in the boy being left behind in France have been suspended. A)whose B) why C) that D) whom E) of which 39- My mother's Elvis Presley tape, ......... she listened to every day, has broken in the music centre. A) whose B) that C) where D) when E)which 40- The only reason .......... she stayed at the company was the additional money she was offered. A) which B) where C) whose D) whom E) why 41- Unfortunately, the friend with ......... I intended to go on holiday to Side is ill, so I'll have to cancel my trip. A) who B) whom C) where D) that E) which

42- According to the research, the time at.......... most road accidents happen is early evening. A) when B) which C) whose D) that E) — 43- Retirement, during .......... people have plenty of free time, should be a time of enjoyment and relaxation. A) whose B) that C) which D) when E) what 44- As a retired person, the place in .......... my mother spends the most time is the garden. A) that B) who C) where D) which E) what 45- In the end, we chose the restaurant ......... menu looked the most interesting. A) where B) that C) whom D) when E} whose 46- The police are trying to find out ......... was blackmailing the victim. A) when B) that C) whom D) who E) what 47- The new stadium, ......... will be completed next year, will seat 30,000 spectators. A) what B) where C) when D) how E) which 48- Blenheim Palace, .......... Churchill was born, is now open to the public. A) when B) where C) which D) that E) whose 49- Both modern philosophy and modern mathematics began with the work of Rene Descartes, ........ analytic method of thinking focused attention on the problem of how we know. A) where BJ when C) which D) whose E) whom 50- Sandra, a short, frail girl, .......... neither captain wanted in his team, burst into tears. A) whom B) which C) — D) why E) whose 51- The police officer, ......... the thief, was pushing him into a police vehicle to be taken to the station. A) to catch B) to have caught C) caught

D) having caught

E) being caught

52- The excuse .......... by the company for not delivering the product on time was unbelievable. A) to give B) having given C)given D) to be giving E) giving 53- ......... his sun cream at home, the man reluctantly bought a new bottle. A) Left B) To be leaving C) To leave D) Leaving left E) Having left 54- We will need someone ......... our daughter during the award ceremony. A) to be baby-sat B) baby-sat C) having baby-sat D) baby-sitting E) to baby-sit 55- If you leave the letters ......... on my desk, I will put them away first thing tomorrow morning. A) filing B) having filed C) to have filed D) to be filed E) to be filing 56- Her husband, ......... a garage of his own, repairs her car for her. A) to have B) having C) have D) has E) to have had 57- Various games ......... soccer have been played for more than 2,000 years, probably starting in China, but the modern game developed in England. A) resembling B) resembled C) to resemble D) resemble E) being resembled 58- .......... in a 'no-parking' zone, the Boss's car was towed away. A) To be parked B) Parking C) Having been parked D) To be parking E) To park 59- The smartest way ........ situations like this is to speak to the manager first. A) approached B) having approached C) approaching D) to be approached E) to approach 60- .......... cheerfully in the spring sunshine, the paper boy handed her 'The Guardian'. A) To sing B) To have sung C) Sung B) Singing E) To be singing 61- A scholar-explorer with an inborn love of adventure, Richard Burton was the first European ........ forbidden Muslim cities in Africa A) being penetrated B) to penetrate C) penetrated

D) penetrate

E) to be penetrated

62- All decisions .......... at this meeting will be published in the club's quarterly bulletin. A) made B) making C) to make D) having made E) to be making 63- ........... it to be certain that the horse was a winner, the man bet his entire wages on it. A) To have believed B) To believe C) Believing D) Believed E) To be believed 64- Yesterday the player, ......... with the singer for some time, announced his engagement. A) linking B) to be linked C) having linked D) linked E) to link 65- The vase, ............ for £2 in a jumble sale, was valued by the expert at £1500. A) bought B) buying C) to buy D) having bought E) to be bought RELATIVE CLAUSES-3 1- Isadora Duncan, .......... dance techniques revolutionised ballet, had a tragic personal life. A) whose B) where C) whom D) when E) which 2- Thanks to modern technology, people ......... steal from shops can be identified using closed circuit television. A) which B) when C) who D) where E) what 3- Our reporter is going to ask them .......... the effects of the new taxation will be. A) where B) what C) which D) why E) who 4- When I unpacked my suitcase, I was upset to find that the vase .......... I had bought at the market in Portugal as a gift for my mother was broken. A) what Bl who C) when D) which E) where 5- The Queen gave out medals for services to the community, most ......... were given to famous people.

A) that D) where

B) for whom E) of which

C) —

6- Goldau, a small Swiss town .......... a landslide took place in 18O6, is now called NeuGoldau and consists merely of a few houses. A) when B) where C) which D) what E) whose 7- St Andrews, a Scottish town, ........ golf course is one of the oldest in the world, is the host for this year's British Open Golf Championship. A) whose B) for whom C) with which D) that E) when 8- I'm glad that the snacks ......... we served at the reception were very popular with the guests. A) where B) what C) — D) whom E) how 9- There is now a radio station, called 'Talksport', ......... broadcasts sports twenty-four hours a day. A) where B) who C) whose D) when E) which 10- Leopald Grielin's 'Handbuch der Chemie', ........ originally written in German, was translated into English in the 1876s. A) where B) whom C) that D) — E) which 11- Galileo, ........ published works proving that the Earth revolves around the Sun, continued his scientific experiments even when he went deaf and blind. A) when B)who C) where D) which E) whose 12- The children ......... sang at the Mayor's parade were from the local school. A) whose B) — C) where D} who E) whom 13- All his staff, .......... he had good relations, admired him greatly. A) of which B) that C) where D) with whom E) whose 14- Genghis Khan, .......... name means 'very mighty ruler', was a Mongol emperor in the Middle Ages. A) whom B) whose C) who

D) what

E) how

15- Barbara Cartland, ......... light-hearted romantic novels were popular, died earlier this year. A)whose B) whom C) which D) what E) of which 16- Discus throwing is an athletic discipline ......... tests strength and agility. A) that B) what C) when D) where E) how 17- Today ethnic Ainus, ......... are the aboriginal inhabitants of Japan, are only found in the extreme north of the country and on a few scattered islands belonging to Russia. A) whom B) for whom C)who D) of which E) whose 18- The greatest number of Native American Indians are Navajos, one sixth ......... still live in traditional one-room houses called Hogans. A) for which B) in which C) for whose D) with whom E) of whom 19- We stood at the Grand Canyon looking down into the cleft below, ......... the Colorado river continues to carve deeper and deeper into the Earth's crust. A) when B) how C) which D)where E) that 20- Castle Combe, .......... Dr Doolittle was filmed, is considered the prettiest village in England. A) about what B) in which C) with whom D) of whose E) whom 21- There are about thirty workshops on the new industrial estate, half.......... are still empty. A) from whom B) where C) which D) what E) that 22- Hundreds of people have been evacuated from the town, many ........ will spend the night under the stars. A) for which B) whose C) of whom D) in which E) with whom 23- Nothing could stop the mud slide, .......... tore down houses as if they were made of match sticks. A) which B) where C) when

D) who

E) that

24- The police are searching the area ........ the boy was last seen. A) which B) where C) that D) how E) who 25- Tiger Woods, .......... the favourite to win the event, is placed second at the moment. A) that B) whose C)— D) where E) who 26- The transport secretary has announced that over the next ten years, 180 million pounds will be spent on transportation, some .......... will pay for the new railway system. A) for whom B) for what C)— D) of which E) that 27- The complex in the Forbidden City, Beijing, has an outer palace, ........ emperors held official audiences, and an inner palace, ........ served as living quarters for the imperial family. A) that/where B) — /when C) whose/that D) which/ — E) where /which 28- Noel helped the old woman, ......... could barely walk, board the plane. A) who B) when C) where D) whose E) that 29- We will always remember this as the day ......... we won our first match as team. A) whom B) what E) that D) where E) which 30- There is much less traffic in the city ......... the children are on holiday from school. A) which B) when C) that D) why E) whose 31- He managed to land the hot air balloon at a place ......... the land was flat and open. A) when B) where C) whose D) what E) which 32- The park is open to the public at no charge except for one weekend .......... the flower show is held there. A) when B) where C) which D) whom E) how 33- "Don't run away. Stay ......... I can see you," the mother shouted to her children. A) which B) how C) where D) why E) when

34- My sister has just bought the hairdresser's ......... she has worked for since she was a teenager. A) when B) where C) what D) ___ E) who 35- He almost laughed when he was shown the uniform ......... he is supposed to wear for work at 'Fattie Arbuckles American Style Diner'. A) when B} which C) where D) whom E) why 36- I had my first baseball glove in 1957, ........ my grandfather gave me one as a birthday present. A) which B) what C) — D) whose E) when 37- The philosopher .......... theories I am writing went insane before he died. A) about whose B) for whom C) with whom D) in which E) at which 38- Why don't you ask her .......... she likes to do most and then arrange something? A) that B) when C) who D) what E) why 39- Our managing director, ........ is Australian, misses the beaches and weather of his home town. A) whom B) who C) that D) — E) which-— 40- There was a time .......... coal was mined in this valley, but now all that remains to remind us of those days is the 'Miners' Male Voice Choir'. A) what B) whose C) where D) which E) when 41- Unlike many artists of his era, J.M.W. Turner, ......... entire life was devoted to his art, was successful throughout his career. A) — B) whom C) when D) which E)whose 42- Freckles, .......... are largely hereditary, are caused by an uneven distribution of pigments. A) whom B) that C) which D) where E) what 43- 4.23 p.m. is the time ......... the tide here will be at its highest.

A) for which D) that

B) whose

C) where

E) why

44- County Air Ambulance is a charity ......... provides emergency medical services to rural parts of the county. A) which B) what C) why D) where E) how 45- Mike, ......... brother I bought this car, is starting to work at our company tomorrow. A) from whose B) for whom C) where D) when E) about which 46- The meal, ........... we had paid twenty pounds, was tasteless. A) for whom B) for which C) about what D) whose E)____ 47- Walrus fur, ......... used by the Eskimos for clothing, has a special oily texture ......... stops it freezing. A) that /when B) which/ — C) — /that D) who/where E) whom/which 48- Davie Crocket, ....... the battle of the Alamo in Texas is associated with, may not have even been there. A) which B) that C) whom D) — E) where 49- Irish whiskey is made from rye, so it has a different taste from Scottish whiskey, ......... is made from wheat. A) who B) that C) — D) which E) when 50- Hundreds of United Nations peacekeeping soldiers have been sent to Sierra Leone, ....... there is a civil war at the moment. A) what B) where C) who D) which E) that 51- All the vegetables .......... on that farm are free from chemicals. A)grown B) having grown C) to grow D) to be growing E) grow 52- The only non-violent sport .......... by the King of England was golf in the 1400s, when the King thought his soldiers weren't doing enough archery practice. A) banning B) to ban C) having banned D) to be banned E) to be banning 53- Johnny, .......... Italian, didn't enjoy the Opera as much as Sonya did.

A) not being understood C) not to be understood E) not understanding

B) not to understand D) not understand not understanding

54- ......... ten times as fast as the old printer, the new printer has made our office much more efficient. A) To print B) Printing C) Being printed D) To be printed E) Printed 55- .......... several competitions as an amateur, he decided to play professionally. A) To win B) Won C) Having won D) Being won E) To be won 56- Before the lecture, you'll be given some notes ........... Freud's theory of the Ego and Alter Ego. A) explaining B) to be explained C) explained D) being explained E) having explained 57- ......... of the dangers many times by his mother, Cameron never swam in the river. A) To warn B) Having been warned C) To have warned D) Having warned E) To be warning 58- The bridge, ........... to the town by the Horticultural Society in 1882, crosses the river from the road to the park. A) having given B) given C) to give D) giving E) to be giving 59- ............ the required score in the qualifying round, the former champion will not take place in the final. A) Not to reach B) Not being reached C) Not having been reached D) Not having reached E) Not to be reaching 60-.......... in superstitions, Jess walked confidently under the ladder. A) Not to believe B) Not to be believing C) Not believing D) Not believed E) Not believe 61-All the people .......... to the committee are experts in this subject. A) appointing B) having appointed C) to appoint D) to be appointing E) appointed 62- It would be nice if I had someone ........ on to look after the shop when we go on holiday.

A) having relied B) to rely D) to be relied E) relying

C) relied

63- The sand on this beach, .......... specially from Spain, is golden and not the black volcanic sand of most of the beaches on this island. A) to bring B) bringing C) having brought D) brought E) to be bringing 64- Stockholm is a city of broad streets and substantial buildings ........ of white granite, brick or stone that give the city a clean, uncrowded appearance. A) making B) to make C) made D) having made E) to be making 65- None of the men .......... on the building site have a work permit. A) working B) work C) being worked D) worked E) to be working PARAGRAPH TAMAMLAMA 1- Christopher Wren will be remembered as a great architect by the next generations and London abounds in examples of his architecture. ---- . Later, he turned his interest to secular buildings such as Hampton Court and Kensington Palace. A) B) C) D) E)

His architectural abilities actually developed late The great fire of London required a great need for new buildings It was a visit to Paris that brought Wren's interests in architecture to the fore His earlier buildings were nearly all religious ones At one time he was an academician at Gresham's College in London

2- The Whispering Gallery is a circular gallery just under the dome St. Paul's Cathedral in London. Here, a mere whisper can be heard with startling distinctness all the way round the circumference. ---- . Others suggest that the mechanism may be more complicated. A) Some architects have tried to explain the phenomenon on the basis of successive reflections of sound B) People enjoy listening to their own whispers in the cathedral C) Up to now, nobody has managed to give a logical explanation of why this happens D) In a church in Chester there is similar effect E) This phenomenon naturally gives an added charm to the building 3- Poetry is one of the oldest forms of literature. ---- . They used rhythm and rhyme to help them remember the stories better. Ballads are a good example of this, for they are stories In poetic form that were sung.

A) Before literature was written down, people told stories B) Each word and phrase in this poem is chosen with great care C) In poems, language is used in unusual and creative ways D) Prose is the language used in everyday life E) Even so, there are certain basic similarities between present-day poetry and that of the past 4- Most successful short stories are characterized by ompression. The writer's aim is to say as much as possible as briefly as possible. ---- . It only means that nothing is wasted and that all the words and details are chosen for maximum effectiveness. A) B) C) D) E)

Background and time are both chosen carefully Such details will obviously be omitted In other words, much emphasis must be put on the portrayal of the main character Some writers make even more use of symbolism This does not mean that in order to be good, a story has to be short

5- A biography is an account of a person's life. It will often concentrate on that person's achievements and on the difficulties that had to be overcome before success was possible. ---- . But at the same time, he must keep to the known facts about the person. A) B) C) D) E)

The background is sometimes equally important Most biographies are about people who have done something significant In an autobiography, the author is writing about himself The biographer must create living, believable characters For instance, many people have written biographies of Queen Victoria

6- The word "panic", meaning fear, comes from the name of the Greek god Pan, a noisy musician who was thought to play his pipes day and night in the woods. Long ago people thought Pan made the sounds that frightened travellers in the wilderness at night. —. A) The word "panic" soon came to describe their fear B) Sometimes an author does not state directly everything that is happening C) One way to find the meaning of unfamiliar words is to use the context D) A synonym is a word that has almost the same meaning as another word E) When we look up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary, we may find more than one definition 7- The answer to the question of how fire spreads is quite simple. ---- . This means that in a typical house fire, the flames and fumes move upwards until they meet an obstruction, such as a ceiling, where they mushroom out laterally until they reach a barrier to stop.

A) When air is heated, it becomes lighter, rises and seeks to escape through any openings that may be available B) Today fire-fighters receive their basic training with physics C) The opening of an alternative such as a door or window requires great caution as it may cause a violent outbreak of flames D) One of the techniques employed by fire- fighters is ventilation E) Ventilation helps to reduce the risk of explosions resulting from the build-up of hoc gases 8- There are more than 20,000 documented ship wrecks off the coast of Britain. ----. And they offer the scuba diver a fantastic world that is just asking to be explored. A) B) C) D) E)

They range from majestic passenger ships to historical war vessels There are several underwater skills to be learned before one can become a scuba diver Others among them sank after being torpedoed Another battleship lies on its side on the seabed Moreover, wrecks can contain dangerous materials

9- Politicians have traditionally sought out actors and musicians as a way of attracting the youth vote. ---- . But they know very well that they must do so. A) Celebrities do at least generate enthusiasm B) Celebrities naturally attract attention, and this is what every election campaign needs C) Public interest in celebrities has increased, but its interest in politics has decreased D) Indeed, politicians seem to know of no other way of attracting the attention of the youth E) The cost of an election campaign cannot be disregarded 10-The Titanic exhibition presents the story of the Titanic, starting with the early design, and then going on to its construction and launch and finally to how it sank. ----. These feature furnishings made by the original manufacturers. There is also a passenger gallery that recreates life onboard. A) The names of the 2,228 passengers are to be found in the memorial gallery B) There are reconstructions of first and third class cabins C) However, some of the items that were recovered from the bottom of the sea are still on display D) Among the other items recovered are clothes and jewellery E) A large piece of the ship is also on show 11- As a singer, Johnny Cash took on a very great variety of roles. ----. He could be a respectable family man or a condemned criminal. He felt sympathy for them all and made them all credible.

A) Sometimes he was a cowboy, sometimes he was a white outcast who rode with Indians B) Sometimes he has been likened to John Wayne, but the resemblance is superficial only C) It is generally agreed that his anti-war songs are not among his best numbers D) On the whole, deep voices like his are not valued as much as they deserve to be E) Sadly, people seem to forget that he was also a great folk singer 12- Humans have the largest brains in relation to body weight. ----. The brain of a blue whale is even larger, it is five times the size of a human brain. A) B) C) D) E)

The left part of the brain is for logical thought The brain uses about a fifth of our oxygen supply In fact, the brain is nearly 80 per cent water When a child is born, the brain weighs only 400 grams As regards actual size, however, the brain of an elephant is four times larger

13-The power loom was invented by Dr Lartwright in the 19th early century. But, many improvements were needed before it came into common use. Gradually its range was enlarged to include all fibres and types of cloth. --- . At the same time, speed and precision were increased. A) The running speeds of looms vary according to various factors, including width and type of cloth B) Recently, the craft of hand-loom weaving has gained in popularity C) In fact, by about 1850, it had superseded the hand loom almost completely D) The warp threads are kept taut by iron weights E) Since about 1900, automatic looms have been progressively introduced 14- Bullfighting in Spain is a multi-billion peseta business and it is estimated that around half a million Spaniards are employed either directly or indirectly in the sport known as ‘los toros’. ---- . Moreover, there is even a small, but growing, opposition to the sport by animal welfare groups. Contrary to claims that bullfighting was dying out in the 1980s, however, the 1990s saw a dramatic increase in the popularity of the sport. A) Los toros is a cultural activity in which aspects of both art and ritual are combined B) Fans argue that the life of a fighting bull is far better than that of one raised for beef C) Nevertheless, there are many Spaniards who have never seen a bullfight except on TV D) Regular ‘corridas’ are also held in smaller bullrings in the towns outside of Madrid E) Many often take part in ‘encierros’, where young bulls chase young men through the streets 15- London has several dozen theatres. ----- Outside London some quite big towns

have no professional theatres at all but usually there are amateur groups which produce interesting plays. A) You find people from all over the world gathering here B) A successful play may run for even longer C) Local authorities give financial aid to those who need it D) Many of them are professional but some of them are amateur E) It takes an actor many years to learn his art 16-In 1929, the stock market crashed and the Great Depression of the 1930's began. --- , and almost immediately the nation's confidence in its government and its political leaders vanished. A) Economic theory has never really explained how it happened B) There was to be terrible suffering in both Europe and America C) The prosperity that had seemed so permanent now ended abruptly D) Steinbeck wrote “The Grapes of Wrath” during these years E) The road to recovery was a long and slow one 17- The science of computers and the technology of their use are broad and complex subjects. ---- . Consequently, as in other similar fields so in computer sciences, there is a great variety of terminology and jargon. A) Even children in primary schools now learn to use computers B) Obviously, there are several types of computers which would serve this particular purpose adequately C) The languages the computer understands are easily understood by even ordinary people D) Moreover, the rapid rate of change in this field has contributed still further to this complexity E) One recent developments is that computers are getting smaller and smaller 18- ------ .Hundreds of objects which we consider necessary for a comfortable life are, for the most part, machine-made. Clothing, dishes, furniture, hardware — all can be purchased ready-made. A) B) C) D) E)

I wonder how many items each of us owns These days, the word “handmade” means expensive Have a look round your house and decide if all those items are essential Without doubt, we live in a mechanized age Most of us find it dreadful to part with anything

19- Sarah Dematera was 19 years old when she arrived in Saudi Arabia in November 1992 from her native Philippines to begin a job as a domestic worker. ---- . She has been held at al-Damma prison ever since. Five years after her arrest, Amnesty International learnt that she had been sentenced to death, but it appears that even today Sarah is still unaware of her sentence. A) As soon as she was captured, she managed to escape into Jordan after murdering the policeman B) Four days later, she was arrested for the murder of her employer, a crime she denies committing C) In less than a week, she was executed for the crime without ever having had a proper trial D) She had no lawyer and lost her case in court, so she appealed her sentence directly to the king E) It was later discovered that she had previously been charged with another murder in Oman 20-Taken in modest amounts, caffeine found in coffee may help some people to work more efficiently. ------ .More than two cups of coffee a day can cause unpleasant symptoms such as nervousness, irritability, stomach pain, and insomnia. A) That is why some people drink coffee all day long. B) However, some people prefer tea inasmuch as they know how stimulating it's. C) However, excessive indigestion of caffeine can cause several irritating, unhealthy side effects. D) It is better to drink coffee in the morning than in the evening. E) Therefore, children should not be allowed to drink coffee. 21- This particular sauce is one of the most popular in Britain now. Its history is a bizarre one. ----- Being short of money, he sold the recipe to a customer. The customer was a good businessman and made a fortune out of it. A) B) C) D) E)

I find it overpowers the taste of whatever else one is eating I suppose people are attracted to its rich, brown colour At one time it was made and sold privately by a small shop-keeper My mother still makes a similar sort of sauce which we all enjoy Any shop-keeper will tell you that this one sells well.

22-Two of the most vital functions performed by individuals and institutions in any economy are saving and investment. Without these, economies would not grow and flourish. ---- . The ant worked diligently all summer to put away enough food for the

winter, while the frivolous grasshopper chirped and played. When winter arrived, the grasshopper had no food to eat; the ant, however, had plenty. A) The concept of saving is at least as old as Aesop's fable "The Ant and the Grasshopper" B) People in a society of abundance may not notice the limits on resources until a crisis occurs C) Grasshoppers and katydids are among the noisiest and most musical of the insects D) In any economy, individuals have two ways to use income — they can spend it or save it E) In "The Dove and the Ant", a dove saves an ant from drowning in a river 23- ----, so they were frightened when a total eclipse cut off the sun's light. Fortunately, total eclipses last only a few minutes at most, so the people were soon reassured that the sun would continue to shine. A) Solar and lunar eclipses have long been of interest because they are easily seen without a telescope B) Accounts of total solar eclipses are found among the oldest records of history C) The people of some early civilisations thought that the sun was a god, the source of all life D) Total solar eclipses have helped scientists obtain much knowledge about the nature of the sun E) Some Plains Indian tribes held sun dances that sometimes continued for over a week 24- In an election campaign, a promise to reduce direct taxation can be counted on to attract votes. No one likes to pay taxes. -----, and the result on a country's economy is frequently a negative one. A) A sudden change in policy would naturally have been most welcome B) Another popular promise at election time has to be made C) The majority of wage-earners are not even aware that they pay taxes D) The system of taxation could not have been overhauled at a more favourable time E) A cut in direct taxation, however, has almost always to be compensated for in some way 25- ----- . The feudal lords in England had always run their own law courts and profited by the fines paid by those brought to court. But King John took many cases out of their courts and tried them in his own, taking the money for himself. A) King John always had the full support of the feudal lords B) The administration of justice in Medieval England was completely centralized C) King John, who lived in the 13th century, was unpopular mainly because he was greedy

D) Medieval economy in England was based on agriculture E) The history of the British Parliament goes back to the signing of Magna Carta 26- ---- . This is because a dog for a growing family must be able to stand rough treatment. A toy dog would be a poor choice for such a family because its tiny bones are fragile enough to break when children handle it roughly. In general larger dogs, such as Labrador retrievers or German shepherds, are better adapted both physically and temperamentally for a young family. A) Dogs, unlike people, are not usually bound by the rules and regulations of human society B) The presence of young children in the family should be a factor in selecting a dog C) Dogs have long suffered punishment under human laws but have never enjoyed any rights D) People in the city as well as those in other areas can enjoy a dog E) Medium-size or small dogs are best suited for the confines of the city 27- A lot of people like to live, not in apartment blocks, but in houses. The houses are set in gardens of various sizes. ----- . However, a large garden means a lot of work and a small garden can be made to look extremely attractive. A) One doesn't get much pleasure out of a garden in the winter B) Many such gardens look their best in the spring C) Keeping a garden in good order is hard work. D) Obviously, in a large garden, there is room for fruit trees and vegetables as well as flowers E) There are really only two kinds of people; those who like gardening and those who don't 28- Most of our misconceptions of art arise from a lack of consistency in the use of the words "art" and "beauty". ---- . This identification of art and beauty is at the bottom of all our difficulties in the appreciation of art for art is not necessarily beauty. Whether we look at the problem historically or sociologically, we find that art has often been a thing of no beauty. A) B) art C) D) E)

There are certain characteristics common to all the arts We always assume that art and beauty go together and that ugliness is the opposite of Such a theory of art is as inclusive as any theory of art needs to be For the ancient Greeks, art was an idealization of nature, and especially of man In this sense it is true to say that art is expression - nothing more, and nothing less

29- The primary purpose of notes is to aid learning. Whether the notes are taken

from a lecture or a discussion, one obviously doesn't want to put all the material on record. -----The items selected in the notes should be sufficient to enable one to reconstruct the rest of the material. A) Even so, note-taking from lectures requires more skill than note-taking from books B) For many types of curse there are printed notes sold by booksellers C) Rather, one makes notes of the most important items only D) Unfortunately, some students can't see that notes are their primary source of information E) It is helpful to bear in mind that this is not the only way of taking notes 30- ----, but, in fact, he did invent several vaccines, and he developed pasteurization, the heating process that protects beverages and food from microbe contamination. A) Through the use of vaccines, humanity has been able to protect itself against many deadly diseases B) The first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner in 1776 to protect against smallpox C) The French scientist Louis Pasteur is not usually thought as an inventor D) When Jenner performed his historic vaccination, he didn't know why the process prevented smallpox E) Pasteur sought no profits from his discoveries, and he supported his family on his professor’s salary 31- The work of a check-in clerk at an airport is extremely mechanical and repetitive. Tickets are checked, luggage is weighed, seats are allocated. ----- . But this does not lead to a change for the better, for the clerk now has to deal with a lot of angry and frustrated people. A) B) C) D) E)

The monotony is only broken when flights have to be cancelled The clerk rarely has the opportunity to fly himself The conversation between a clerk and a passenger is thus frequently an interesting one The passengers are usually too excited to listen to what the clerk is saying By the end of the day, he will be lucky if nothing has gone seriously wrong

32- A supermarket needs a very large floor area. It usually has two doors on the side facing the street, one of which is still used as the entrance, the other as the exit. ---- . The other three walls are generally decorated in light colours to suggest cleanliness and brightness. A) The pictures in a supermarket can thus be kept down and this naturally attracts more customers B) Most supermarkets make use of one floor only

C) It may help if the shelf units are numbered D) Soaps and cleaning equipment should be on separate shelves E) The rest of the side is usually of glass, with goods or advertising material on display 33- ------- . Not easy, is it ? Yet 150 years ago, that’s exactly what it was. Over a century and a half the people of Hong Kong have managed to transform that rock into a world financial centre. With a government committed to free trade and free enterprise, and also because of its location in the heart of the Asia Pacific region, Honk Kong has thrived and is now the world’s eleventh largest trading economy. A) Imagine Hong Kong as a barren rack B) There are a host of reasons behind Hong Kong’s economic success C) Hong Kong has a harbour which has been described as the world’s busiest D) Imagine what one can achieve in Hong Kong E) Think of the excellent investment opportunities Hong Kong offers today 34- The planets are the celestial bodies that revolve round the sun in elliptical orbits. ------ . There are also a large number of minor planets, commonly called asteroids. Today many important questions concerning the planets can be answered by means of probes sent to them. These include the measurement of the magnetic field, if any , of the planets, the study of their atmospheres and, in some cases, surface conditions. A) Among them Pluto was the last planet to be discovered in 1930 by the American astronomer Tombaugh B) At present, only eight major planets are known, and they are different in many respects from the fixed stars C) Scientists have recently managed in land on the surface of Mars an extremely efficient instrument foe exploration D) Yet, the moon revolves round the earth and has already been explored E) However, Pluto is the most distant of the planets and has an orbit more elliptical than the other planetary orbits 35- It was the worst Ice-storm in living memory. What started in the clouds as rain became ice as it hit power lines, trees and roads. ----- . Well over 100,000 people had to flee their freezing homes for those of luckier or better equipped neighbours. A) It fell for days and it was regarded as one of the worst natural disasters ever to hit supply to 3 million people B) Until then it was regarded as one of the worst natural disasters ever to hit Canada C) The cleaning up process was soon in full swing and life returned to normal D) Old people in particular are at risk if temperatures continue to fall in this way E) The midweek forecast for the area is far from encouraging

36- In 1666, a great fire lasting five days destroyed much of medieval London. Though it was a disaster in many respects, ---- . For example, it cleansed the area of plague infection and gave rise to the first town-planning laws in England. A) B) C) D) E)

it took Londoners some time to recover from the damage of this calamity as large fires in large cities often tend to be thousands of people lost their homes and families Christopher Wren, a genius architecture, rebuilt many ancient churches It also had some long-tasting favourable effects

37- Some psychologists believe the great principle in attitude towards the child is to make the wrong thing very easy for him to do and the right thing very hard,-- ; thus, they contend, once something is made difficult, it is made desirable. A) but this makes the assumption that all children are persevering by nature B) others believe that it is through education and example that children learn right from wrong C) however, he then has to pass through the experimental stage of trying the easy thing first D) as it is the fighting against difficulties which charms the child E) though some research has shown that this not always the right approach 38- The invention of paper making is attributed to the Chinese. In A.D: 105, Tsai Lun, a Minister of Agriculture under the Han dynasty, made some paper from rags and fishing nets. ----, and the first English paper mill was set up in the 15th century. A) From the eight century the use of paper sequentially spread westwards, finally reaching Europe B) Even in the early days, paper was presumably made in much the same way as today C) The word ‘paper’ is derived from a Latin word, ‘papyrus’, a type of writing material used in ancient Egypt D) The first man-made paper, the papyrus, was made by peeling the stems of the reed into layers E) The French invention at the end of the 18th century allowed the production of paper in large sizes 39- Canada is geographically the second- largest country in the world,---- .This is because the vast majority of the country’s 26 million people live in a narrow band along the border with the USA. A) but most of its territory is very sparsely settled B) as well as having some of the most captivating scenery

C) with celebrated sights all around D) however in world politics it is not as renowned as other smaller nations E) and it has a mixture of English and French-speaking people 40- ---- .The usual causes unsanitary tools and careless manicurists .To protect yourself ,check that the tools used in your salon are sterilised before and after each, use either will heat or a disinfectant . A) A lot of people in the health services recommend nail care at beauty salons B) One sign of an affluent society is that more and more beauty salons are being opened C) With the growing popularity of manicure salons all across the country dermatologists are reporting a sharp rise in nail infections D) In a hairdresser’s salon one can usually find an experienced and reliable manicurist E) It is generally felt that nail deformities must always be treated in a hospital 41- Today’s deflation comes in both benign and malign guises. ---- .But weak demand is also creating harmful deflationary pressure in some countries. A good way to detect this is to look at “output gaps”, that is the difference between actual output and output at full capacity. A) “Deflation”, like many economic concepts, is a widely misunderstood and often misused term B) There are several causes for concern, and none of them are easy to control C) New technology is pushing down prices of goods and services around the globe which should be good for most economies D) Official consumer price indices often overstate inflation rates E) Inflation is equally misunderstood by the majority of ordinary people 42- Innovation has become the industrial religion of the late twentieth century. ---- . Governments also reach for it when trying to fix the economy. In fact, around the world, the rhetoric of innovation has replaced the post war language of welfare politics. A) It is only later that people realise that any special product constitutes an innovation of the highest order B) Businesses see it as the key to increasing politics and market share C) One way to describe innovation is to explain what it is not D) Otherwise, innovation would have been hard to explain and even harder to measure E) Two centuries later economists are still no nearer the truth 43- For eating out in towns there is a marvellous variety of choice. Many of the Indian restaurants in particular, are very good indeed. ----- . Some of them provide simple dishes, some more ambitious ones. A) On the whole the British prefer to eat at home

B) But there are several other restaurants of different nationalities that are also extremely good C) Last night we had a most enjoyable dinner at that Chinese restaurant D) Indeed, eating out need not be as expensive as most people think E) Even so, a lot of English people like wine with their meals 44- ------, but until quite recently great numbers of sharks were killed for their oil. Shark oil was used to light lamps, and shark liver oil was found to be rich in vitamins A and D. Sharkskin also had its uses, and sharks' tooth are still worn as decorations, of course, by Pacific islanders. A) Nowadays human beings mainly kill sharks for sport B) Man's innate fear of sharks has resulted in many 'battles" at sea C) Hunting sharks, which has proved to be rather dangerous on a number of occasions, still a popular pastime D) The most dangerous and most feared shark of all is the Great White E) It is not only our knowledge of sharks but also their appearance that frightens us 45- ------ .One is air pollution caused by improperly monitored burning from chemical plants. Another is water pollution resulting in a water supply dangerous for human consumption. Third, we suffer from excessive noise pollution caused by supersonic jets, automobiles, arid the other machines that are a part of twentieth century life. A) Of all the types of pollution, air pollution is the most dangerous. B) There are three major areas of environmental pollution in our society today C) Factories and chemical plants cause air pollution. D) In the twentieth century pollution is inevitable. E) Unless everybody tries consciously to make less noise, ours will be too noisy an environment. 46- On the whole we enjoyed the play though our seats weren't particularly good. ----- . This meant that we couldn't see some of the stage at all, and sometimes we could hardly hear what was being said. Still we are lucky to find any seats. A) I fact they were on the back row and right at the side B) I don't really like the front row; you can see all the make-up C) They cost even more than I expected D) They can't think why you told us to go E) Did you really enjoy reading the play? 47- Switzerland is only a small country but has rich natural endowments, especially magnificent lakes surrounded by massive, snow-clad mountains. -----, since it is this scenery that has brought so many tourists to the country.

A) However, it has no access to any sea B) The capital of the country is Bern C) It is to its scenery that the country owes much of its wealth D) In the Alps the weather is generally cool even in the summer E) There is a French speaking part and a German speaking part 48- Antarctica is a potent symbol of the environmental crisis. It has been called the last great wilderness on Earth. Many conservationists went [to] this unique area to be protected forever as a world park, ----- . Its future is uncertain. A) If waste chemicals from industry are deposited there B) and the only solution is to cut down the amount of harmful gases we discharge into this atmosphere C) but this would cause widespread environmental damage and loss of life D) but many governments want to begin mining operations there E) even if the planet heated and mountains of ice began to melt 49- Some people take large amounts of vitamins and minerals over periods of years. ----- . There is no evidence to support their view. In fact a recent study says that people who take vitamin supplements are not really healthier for it and do not live longer. A) B) C) D) E)

Children suffer more from vitamin deficiencies than adults do Our bodies use vitamins in tiny amounts to build and repair tissues Exercise and no smoking are essential for good health They assume that if a little is good for them a lot must be better To work out your own nutritional needs, it's best to consult a doctor

50- Scientists measuring the global climate here found that the world's climate is changing. The average world temperature has increased by about half a degree Celsius since the 1850s. ----- . By the middle of the next century it is likely the world will be 1,5 °C warmer than today. A) If the ozone layer thins, the extra ultraviolet light may have an adverse effect on plant growth B) Flooding would also cause widespread environmental damage and loss of life C) Most nations are willing to accept the inevitable consequences of global warming D) Population of the land, sea and air occurs as a result of many activities E) Scientists are predicting that this trend will continue 51- "Art Deco" is the name given to the decorative style of the 1920s and 1930s. ------ . The style of it is not simple but gay, elegant and even frivolous. It resembles superficially Cubism, using squares, circles and triangles in interesting combinations

for ornament. A) The term stems from the long official name of the Paris Exhibition of 1925, which concentrated on the decorative arts B) The main stream of art in eighteenth century had been orderly and polished C) For the past two decades some critics have argued that art, science and technology should cooperate to improve the environment of cities D) However, Impressionism ultimately led to the. anti-naturalist movement of PostImpressionism E) Cubism, for example, with its attention to form, is classical, whereas Surrealism, with its attention to content, is romantic 52- Over the past ten decades or so, glaciers in the Alps have changed almost beyond recognition. In this the Alps are not unique. ------- . What is special about the glaciers of the Alps is that only small changes in them have been recorded over a very long period of time. A) From the Andes to the Himalayas the tale is the same B) Without the water from the melting snow throughout the spring, agriculture would become nearly impossible C) The melting of mountain ice is more than just an aesthetic concern D) There has been a two-degree rise in minimum temperatures in the Alpine region E) The Alps feed Europe's major rivers, and river levels are going down 53- ------- . In fact, productivity-driven deflation, in which costs and prices are pushed down by technological developments, is beneficial. This is because lower prices lift real incomes and consequently the spending power. A) People rightly fear deflation, but it is a condition that has to be faced B) Deflation only becomes acceptable when it is unavoidable C) Deflation is not always a bad thing D) The risk of outright deflation has clearly increased E) Deflation is particularly dangerous for countries that have a large corporate debt like Russia 54- Underwater explorers are only just beginning to examine the seabed. Remotecontrolled submarines are bringing up sediment from an apparently lifeless sea floor. ------ . In fact, so many new species are being identified that the deep seabed may turn out to support a greater bio-diversity than the rainforests. A) B) C) D)

There are trenches in the seabed that are 1 km deep However, under the microscope this sediment teems with life There, ocean-floor magma vents support an ecology independent on sunlight Sedimentation is a slow process of creating land masses

E) By means of echo-sounding, much can be learned about the surface of the seabed 55- A few decades ago measurements on ice cores showed that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was lower during ice ages than it is today. ---- . Some researchers have sought an explanation by suggesting that the whole- ocean reservoir of algal nutrients was larger during glacial times than it is now. Some others assumed that the biological pump was more efficient then. A) However, so far no one has ever tried to solve this puzzle B) As yet there is no broadly-accepted explanation for this difference C) The reason for this was soon obvious D) There have been large cyclic variations in climate and glaciations during the past few million years E) The experiment focuses on the open ocean surrounding Antarctica 56- Concrete is strong in compression however, it is relatively weak in tension. This means it is strong when pushed together, but a continuous flat surface, for instance, will not stretch well and might crumble. ------ . Iron or steel bars are generally used for this purpose as it improves the elasticity of concrete. A) Signs of corrosion and cracking sometimes appear soon after constructing B) Different percentages of the base ingredients are used depending on the strength required C) The base materials of concrete are sand cement and aggregate D) To overcome this weakness and control cracking, concrete is to be reinforced E) Nevertheless, concrete is not as popular a building material as previously 57- ----- . In other words, all our power is based upon the control of natural sources, in the sense that the energy or fuel is never man-made. It already exists as in the wind and in rivers; it may be stored up as in oil or coal or uranium. A) Man derives energy from many different sources B) All our sources of power are ''natural'' C) Energy is as indestructible as matter itself D) Power can be defined as energy under control E) In due course all energy returns whence it came 58- With the Renaissance the arts ceased to be primarily religious. The heavens fell into the background and the earth came to the force. ----- . Fewer pictures were painted of the angels in heaven and more of the people in the world. A) B) C) D)

There was obviously a great deal of corruption in the church The Renaissance means the rebirth of classical learning Leonardo da Vinci, for instance, painted many pictures with religious themes Michelangelo is a typical product of

Renaissance times E) The trend was to build palaces rather than cathedrals 59- During the Middle Ages, Venice flourished greatly as her trade expanded ----- . At that time, she not only controlled the main trade route between East and West, but she also built up a considerable empire on the mainland of Italy and down the Adriatic Coast, including parts of Greece. Apart from the Ottoman Empire, there was no other power to challenge her. A) Furthermore, the city was originally founded by refugees who had fled here from the attacks of Atilla and his armies on the mainland of North Italy B) In fact, by the fifteenth century she was enjoying her golden age C) However, when new routes to the East ere discovered, her power and wealth began to decline D) On the other hand, it was ruled by a supreme magistrate, called the ''Doge'', and by councillors elected from among the aristocracy E) Moreover, she came into fierce conflict with the other sea-trading power, Genoa 60- What is soul? From Plato onwards, many answers have been given to this question, but no answer has ever been found to be adequate. ------ . Presumably, we must mean something by it. A) B) C) D) E)

His definition, quite understandably, soon returned to favour At a still later period soul and character were adequate Even so, the word is still in constant use If there had been further developments in this line, they might have proved significant The new step would then have been to differentiate soul and body

61- There are no less than 140 countries comprising the so-called ''third world'' known variously as ''less developed'' or ''underdeveloped'' or poor countries. There is a great diversity among them, and yet they have a number of features in common. ----- . For instance, some of the oil-producing countries have achieved very high levels of income per capital while retaining many of the other characteristics of less developed countries. A) Their natural sources are so limited that economically they are mostly dependent on international aid B) Population explosion is a major problem many countries are unable to cope with C) In such countries there is a great demand for an educated and skilled workforce D) Death rates have fallen sharply in response to improved health services. E) Foremost among these is their poverty, but even poverty is not universal. 62- At the beginning of this century, a group of writers from scattered Midwestern

towns came together in bustling, commercial Chicago. From the rough immediacy of the city, they forced a style that was distinctively and unsparingly realistic. ----- . In fact, the critics were soon to describe Chicago as the literary capital of the US. A) Most of them, however, eventually moved away from Chicago B) The “Chicago Renaissance”, fuelled by these writers, son captured the attention of the rest of the nation. C) It is now a commonplace of literary criticism that there is a close relationship between cities and their writers. D) Chicago is indeed a city of absorbing contrast, and not least in the field of architecture E) American realism differs n many obvious ways from European realism 63- 1972 was not an easy or a successful year for the Heath Government in Britain. It was a year of confrontation with the unions. ----- . Indeed, it was even forced to adopt certain policies similar to those which it had attacked so vehemently when it had been in Opposition. A) Finally, after 1972, there was industrial action in protest against the Government’s priced and incomes policy B) These problems were aggravated by persistently high levels of unemployment, especially in certain regions C) It was also a year in which the pressure of circumstances forced the Government to abandon many of the initiatives it had started in 1970 D) Moreover, negotiations with the EEC started immediately after the general election of 1970 E) Consequently, a 90-day standstill was imposed on wages, and prices and charges for goods and services were similarly frozen 64- Italy is the greatest country of fountains, and the fountains of Rome are world famous. ----- . It was built in the time of Pope Clement XII about the middle of the eighteenth century. The fountain and the palace behind it are a good example of the Baroque style of architecture, which gives a feeling of magnificence, movement and excitement. A) The fountain of Trevi, in Rome, is one of the most magnificent in the city B) This style is especially effective for fountains because of the moving water C) The water is brought underground from a spring many miles outside the city D) A statue of Neptune in the fountains is surrounded by numerous other figures E) The city of Rome has been the capital of Italy ever since it was founded thousands of years ago. 65- --------- . His principal equipment is a leather couch for patients to lie on and a

cabinet of mysterious drugs of one kind of another to send them of to sleep. He is particularly interested in the dreams of his clients and may use from of hypnosis to study their repressed thoughts and secret emotions. A) More and more large firms are realising the advantages offered by psychiatry B) No one may prescribe drugs of surgery in treating mentally sick individuals C) The popular image of a psychiatrist is a fairly well-defined one D) It is important to realise that psychologist are first and foremost trained as scientists rather than as medical experts E) Psychologists are primarily concerned with behaviour and its abnormalities 66- The Japanese have a strong aesthetic sense; they beautify, adorn and decorate everything they touch. -------- . It is cut into an artistic an artistic shape given a colour scheme with carefully placed pieces of tomato and herbs. A) Presumably they a great deal of satisfaction out of such elegant displays B) The art of flower arrangement is particularly well developed in Japan C) Many of those arrangement consist of merely two or three flowers and a spring of green D) Naturally this is especially true of the women of that country E) A sandwich in Japan is not a sandwich. It is a work of art, designed to appeal not just to the appetite but also to the eye. 67- ------- . Composers such a Schubert, Schumann Listz, and Belioz sought a new freedom in musical expression. Form became of less importance than content; and that content often had literary connections. A) Wordsworth is one of the best-known of all the English Romantic poets B) Mendelssohn and Brahms are the two most typical representative composers of the romantic era C) The Romantic movement, which began around the year 1800 in literature, also had its counterpart in music D) In fact, the Romantic movement itself did not last very long E) Among the Romantic composers. Brahms has generally been the most popular. 68- ------- .The type of food is something new for them, as is the way in which it is served. In warmer Mediterranean countries, people prefer a mixture of smaller dishes which they distribute amongst themselves. This contrasts sharply with the typical English meal, where each person has his own plate and portion and none of the food is shared. A) A pleasant difference for English people abroad is the cuisine they encounter B) We make a special effort to cook some- thing nice whenever we have guests for

dinner C) Oriental, especially Chinese, food has become incredibly popular in the West D) When a person decides to stop eating meat and become a vegetarian, it isn't always easy E) It is quite true that in hotter climates people feel less inclined to eat a lot 69Underdeveloped countries are those in which economic structure and development are held back. The causes of the condition of unemployment are complex, but two opposing sets of theories dominate discussion. -------- . On the other hand, there are the theories that ascribe underdevelopment directly to the distortions of economic structure and the explanation in the relations between the developed and the underdeveloped countries. A) In other words, development and underdevelopment are mutually interdependent B) This view implies that the state and process of underdevelopment in certain countries in inevitable C) On the one hand, there are those theories that attribute underdevelopment to the internal characteristics of the underdeveloped countries themselves D) Accordingly, such countries are responsible for their own underdevelopment E) However, no country in the world is completely isolated from the current monetary policies 70- The main power of the media lies in the fact that it can shape what we know about the world and can be a main source of ideas and opinions. ------- . This power is greater if we consider all the various media together, not just one, such as the Press. A) B) C) D) E)

The most influential media is obviously television Indeed, it can influence the way we think and act more than we realise Journalists are jealous of the power of television In recent decades, the main concern of the media has been democracy Most governments ignore the influence of the media on society

71- Driving alone through the scenic countryside of southern France, one cannot help but be affected by the impressive surroundings. From the top of a mountain on a clear day, a vast and spectacular picture unfolds before you . ---- . A) B) C) D)

With careful observation, it is even possible to glimpse the blue of the Mediterranean Travellers usually take a packed lunch with them However, most photographers prefer to take their own equipment A number of climbers regularly camp near the summit

E) Going further up the road, there are a number of well-preserved beauty spots 72- When tourists eventually start arriving in space they will need somewhere to stay. -----. A three-day stay at these hotels will cost roughly £40,000, but they are confident the public will be prepared to pay. A) They are hoping to produce a reusable rocket large enough to carry three people 100 km into space and back B) Scientists and researchers worldwide were consequently trying to make space tourism affordable C) Orbiting space hotels have already been designed by a Japanese construction giant and a group of international hotel architects D) A notable reduction in prices finally opened up the aviation industry to the general public E) The problem is not simply to launch people into space but to see that they remain comfortable throughout the flight 73- University was a great challenge for John as he was thirty-five and had been out of education for a long time. ---- .Upon graduation, he immediately took another course to qualify as a practicing psychiatrist. A) The unemployment situation is now more serious than ever B) He has always derived great pleasure from helping patients with their problems C) His lifelong interest in psychology finally prompted him to apply for a degree course D) However, dissatisfied with the results, he gave up and returned to business E) His only regret was that he might have been too old to compete 74- ---- . Sometimes the two may be of the same value, and sometimes it happens that five dollars’ worth of art is to be found in material like worth five cents. Sometimes, even, an antique work of art will fetch as much as a million dollars while its material is not even worth five cents. A) There is only one way of evaluating an art’s value accepted by all the people concerned B) If an antique is taken to the antiques market, it could be sold easily C) A work of art can only be sold for the price of its iron no matter how much effort has been spent for it D) The value of an art is always determined according to its art that is expressed in it E) In an art work, the value of the material it is made of differs form the value of art expressed in it 75- The woman didn't see the child crossing the road in front of her until it was nearly too late. ------ .The car shot over the grass embankment and slammed into a signpost.

Dazed, the woman crawled out of the mangled wreck and just managed to see the young girl running towards her before she passed out. A) B) C) D) E)

She had been driving for so long that her eyes were tired and her head hurt Instinctively, she swerved sharply to one side to avoid her The little girl was crying and couldn't see where she was walking She ran desperately after her to pull her out of the road The driver of the oncoming truck hit his brakes, but couldn't stop in time

76- -----, because many things have been made more convenient. For example, clothes can be bought ready-made, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker and milk arrives on to the doorstep. A) With the advent of supermarkets and giant hypermarkets, shopping is no longer the chore it once was B) The modem housewife has the advantage of electrical appliances to ease her work C) People have to do much less at home for themselves today than they used to do D) Living in a modern city has many benefits which a small town doesn't E) In the past a woman needed many skills to maintain her house 77- Although the suffragette movement began in Britain in the middle of the 19th century, it was not until the early 20th century that it gained momentum. ----- . They encouraged women to break the law by painting on walls, smashing shop windows and chaining themselves to railings. Progressively, public opinion changed and women over 30 won the right to vote after the First World War. A) Men thought that women were less intelligent and more emotional B) The first suffragettes believed in being legal and peaceful and so, only wrote letters to parliament. C) In 1913, a suffragette called Emily David-son ran in front of the king's horse on Derby Day and was killed D) It was only in 1928 that women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote E) In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst and her two daughters decided they needed more publicity for their cause 78- Subliminal advertising came to the force in the latter half of the twentieth century. One of the most eminent examples of such advertising was in the case of Coca Cola. ------ .The viewers would not realise what they were being shown but, would nevertheless feel the urge to drink Coca Cola during the interval. A) Coca Cola has had remarkable success since it was first introduced B) However new rules and regulations have forced all advertisers to be explicit about their products

C) Tobacco companies which sponsor racing car drivers have employed other methods D) A picture of a bottle of coke was flashed on screen every thirty frames of normal film E) Most soft drink manufacturers create advertisements which appeal to young people 79- About 70 million years ago, the huge animals on earth died out. We are not sure of the reason for this. Perhaps they couldn't get their food because conditions an the earth changed. But we do know one thing: ----, for they'd all gone from the earth when the first men appeared. A) they weren't the gentle vegetarians that many people believe B) no man ever saw any of these great animals C) even the mighty elephant is not of such giant proportions D) they would not have been able to survive the ice-age which followed E) our primitive ancestors lived in co-existence with them for a short period 80- ------ .The buildings are constructed of cobbles or adobe and the mortar is weak and crumbles under the rolling motion of the groundswell. Consequently, houses collapse on their occupants, and many who escape are killed in the narrow streets. Wooden houses would decrease the death toll by 90 percent, but wood is scarce in Iran, and wooden dwellings would not easily shut out the chill winters of the high plateau. A) The relatively large number of deaths in earthquakes of magnitude 7 in the Iranian Plateau is attributable to the design of buildings and villages there B) Earthquakes have always frightened the Iranian people who have experienced quite a few in recent decades C) There are different construction techniques that can minimize the destruction of earthquakes. D) Without earthquakes, the world would be a much better place to live in. E) People insist on building houses the way they have been taught. 81- On 5 December 1952, Londoners received a rude awakening. They opened their curtains to find a choking dark cloud hanging over their city: a corrosive mixture of fog and smoke and gas. -----. That week there were more deaths in London than at the height of the cholera epidemic of 1866. A) For some inexplicable reason the fog stayed for the next four days causing an epidemic of bronchitis B) Indeed, air-pollution had never been regarded as a serious matter C) Even so, it was not until 1956 that the Clean Air Act came into force D) Consequently, smokeless zones were established to reduce domestic sources of smoke, and in these only smokeless fuels could be burnt E) Those four, dark smoky days marked a turning point in public and political thinking

about pollution 82- ------- .Infants usually satisfy this very basic need in the course of an ordinary day with their parents through feeding, kissing, bathing, etc. However, if a baby is neglected or even mistreated by being deprived of touch, his development will suffer on all levels -physical, intellectual, and emotional. Some children have even been known to die from this lack of tactile stimulation. A) B) C) D) E)

Most families work hard to provide a good life for their children Physical contact is an important factor in an infant's overall development Infants usually need to play with their toys Children, if healthy, will develop a rapid growth of intellectual capacity Infants die at an early age if proper health care is not provided

83- Prague is one of the few Eastern European capitals whose architecture has survived two world wars and three decades of communist rule. The buildings in the old town date back to the 9th century. ------ . By far the most picturesque construction in the city is the medieval “Charles Bridge”, which, while being of great historical interest, also serves as a link between the two parts of the city. A) Since the fall of socialism, many industries have moved to the outskirts of the city B) Even in the newer areas, buildings which have stood untouched for hundreds of years are world famous C) Foreigners, however, are still not allowed to invest in property without a nativeborn partner D) Like other river cities, it has exceedingly benefited from its goods transportation services E) Notwithstanding this, the modern night life of Prague, with its bars and jazz, is very attractive for foreign tourists 84- People will exchange any goods or services for money; this is its most important function. In order to be a medium of exchange, money must be acceptable; ------ . Initially, this confidence was created by using such metals as gold and silver which in themselves are valuable. The coins, notes and cheques which are used as money today are not in themselves worth what they represent. Nevertheless, they are accepted by everyone in business transactions. A) this primitive method of exchange is no longer used B) therefore, it plays a vital role in international trade C) that is, it must enjoy everyone’s confidence D) the creation of money made business transactions much easier E) money provides a standard measurement in business

85- Our life style is often based on the sort of work we do. Some jobs let us have flexible schedules which enable us to take time off to deal with personal and family affairs. ------ .Other jobs are quite flexible. With these, we only have evenings and weekends to deal with family chores. But when we do go home, work stays at the job site. A) There is an important disadvantage with these types of jobs; we often have to take our work home with us B) Naturally, most of us work not only for financial opportunities but also for status C) Consequently, the type of work we do tends to turn us into stereotypes D) Changes in traditional family roles are gradually having an effect, usually adverse, on the work place E) Actually an ordinary worker doesn’t even hope for job satisfaction 86- When we classify, we divide the members of a group into categories whose members share similar characteristics. ---- –a guideline for our classifying procedure. For example, the students in a multilingual English class might be classified according to the languages they speak natively, or according to their careers, etc. A) For instance, with animals we divide the main species into smaller sub-species B) This makes it easier for us to handle large numbers of something, such as books in a library C) But this classification should be based on a principle D) Obviously this means that some items cannot be categorised at all E) Thus, when we find a new example, we can immediately give it a title, or classification 87- ----- . Children obviously cannot undertake the same activities as the fully grown and trained adult. Because of their slight build and smaller muscles, women cannot undertake tasks that are possible for men. Small men, or men with sedentary tendencies cannot do what miners or steel workers do. A) More and more people today are becoming aware of the importance of taking exercise B) Taking regular exercise plays an important part in physical endurance C) People suffering from high blood pressure should consult their doctors before taking up any activity D) Activities must be within the individual’s own capacity E) A society should offer its members opportunities to involve them in activities 88- Ozone is very damaging at ground level, but in the atmosphere it is absolutely essential for maintaining life on earth. --- . If the ultra-violet light which reaches us is not filtered in this way, it can cause serious eye troubles and skin cancers.

A) However, in 50 years time, more than a quarter of all species will have become extinct B) The ozone layer encircles the world and protects us from the sun's rays C) Environmental pollution has become a major national and international issue D) Therefore, many substances in the environment may be essential for the maintenance of the ecologic system E) But the temperature of the planet has risen only about 3° C since the last ice age 89- All considered, the United States has the world's most efficient overall economy. ----- . This increase in efficiency has in part been made possible by the fact that this sector is less heavily unionized than the manufacturing sector. A) Unfortunately many American car manufacturers have lost a sizeable share of the world market B) In fact, Japan has become one of the biggest exporters of high-tech goods C) Many American steel plants have entered a period of recession D) Europe, however, has been making itself more efficient in the services industry E) Competition from Germany is a threat both to Japan and the US 90- ----, but as far back as I can remember, I have never had the desire touch one of them. The first thing I think of when a person says the word “roach” is its detestable looks. The dark brown colour reminds me of something dirty and gives me a feeling of disgust, which is exactly what a roach is -disgusting, with its long, skinny, black feelers protruding from its head. This is certainly an immediate cause of my fear. A) The only way to overcome my fear of roaches is to exterminate them from where I live B) People are usually afraid of roaches because they appear during the night, when it is completely dark C) I’m not sure when my fear of roaches started D) It’s quite ridiculous that roaches frighten people so much , because they are so small E) Roaches are found in terrifying numbers especially in buildings with certain central heating system 91- The most important idea of the 19th century was that everyone had the right to personal freedom, which was the basis of capitalism. This idea had spread widely through Adam Smith's book “Wealth of Nations”, written in the 18th century. ----- . Fewer laws, they claimed, meant more freedom, and freedom for individuals would lead to happiness for the greatest number of people.

A) The British government at this time was reluctant to make use of his ideas B) The result was a number of laws were passed to prevent people carrying guns C) Obviously Adam Smith was well informed about working conditions in the factories D) After Adam Smith, several capitalist economists argued that governments should not interfere in trade and industry at all E) By the turn of the 20th century, capitalism had grown less popular outside England 92- In Britain during the nineteenth century, middle class women were usually expected to stay at home and look after their households. But in the early years of the twentieth century, this was beginning to change. ----- . Some succeeded. For instance, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became a qualified doctor and, in 1908, was England's first woman mayor. A) In the war years, thousands of women were needed to work in the factories B) Middle class women were struggling to enter the professions on equal terms with men C) Most women were indifferent to the issues of the items D) Therefore, most men withheld their support from the movement E) Some women are not allowed to work even though their families need the money they could earn 93- The Queen Elizabeth II is the name of a large, modern passenger ship, and there are not many ships like her now. ----- . Compared to air travel, sea travel on a luxury liner is very slow and very expensive; but the five-day voyage on the Queen Elizabeth II is really a holiday in itself, and an experience to remember always. A) B) C) D) E)

Another drawback is the number of people they pack onto the ship These ships take people across the Channel at half hour intervals Indeed, travel by sea has recently become the fashion again Until air fares come down, people will continue to go to new York by sea This is because most people prefer to travel by air rather than by sea

94- Newcomers to London often complain of the lack of public activities, especially in the evenings. ----- . Evening classes, for instance, are flourishing at present. There are evening classes leading to professional qualifications; there are also classes related to hobbies like painting, folk dancing, and local history; but at first, one is not aware of these. 95- The British people are great readers of newspapers. There are few homes to which one newspaper is not delivered every morning. -----. One newspaper may be delivered at the house, a member of the family may buy one at the station bookstall to read on the train as he goes to town, and someone else in the family may buy an evening newspaper later in the day.

A) Actually, daily newspapers are those that are published daily from Monday to Saturday B) Many households have two, or even three, newspapers every day C) As in other countries, newspapers in Britain vary greatly in their ways of presenting the news D) There are popular newspapers for those who prefer entertainment to information E) There are serious papers for those who want to know more about important happenings at home and abroad 96- Mount Everest, 29,002 feet high, is situated on the border of Tibet and Nepal. since the end of the nineteenth century climbers have been ambitious to conquer it and stand on the highest point of land in the world. However, it was on 29 may 1953 that Everest was conquered for the first time; two British climbers were able to reach the top. -----. In fact, before this successful climb, there had been ten other attempts, and they had all ended in failure. A) The first climbing expeditions to Everest were organized by the Royal Geographical Society in London. B) One should remember that snow and ice are not the climber's greatest enemies on Everest. C) On the other hand, after the Second World War, Everest expeditions had to start not from Tibet but from Nepal. D) Thus, they were the first men known to have done so. E) For instance, the aim of an expedition organized in 1921 was to examine Everest and its surrounding area. A) The Royal Opera house is situated in central London B) No one wants to see a play more than once C) There are, actually, many activities which newcomers may not notice D) Now that everyone has a television set fewer people go to watch a live football match E) Musical entertainments are more popular as the language problem is not apparent 97- Roman law is one of the greatest legal systems that has ever existed. -----. The law of most European countries in particular is based upon it. Historically, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, much of Roman law seemed to be lost or forgotten, but it reappeared in the eleventh century, when there was a great revival of learning. Then, many European countries began to use Roman law in their courts. A) B) C) D)

Over the centuries it has had a great influence upon the law of the world In fact, the Romans were well advanced in architecture and military techniques The great Roman statesman Cicero wrote many books on legal matters In Roman courts, it was necessary to speak effectively to defend one's case

E) It was in 55 B.C. that the Romans invaded Britain and made it part of their empire 98- For forty years or more, the pesticides used by farmers all over the country have been blamed for the contamination of water supplies in Britain. ------ . This is the fertilisers that are being so widely used. The most important one seems to be nitrate. Only half of the nitrogen put into the soil is taken by the plants. Most of the rest gradually drifts to the underground water table. A) Arable land needs to be fertilised regularly B) Nevertheless, farmers continue to use pesticides in very large amounts C) In fact, pesticides should have been banned long ago D) More recently, a new cause has been recognised E) Research is presently being carried out on the harmful side-effects of pesticides on humans 99- In the days of white rule, the South African economy suffered immensely from global indifference. Sanctions deterred foreign firms from investing in the country. ------ . Since they could not easily operate abroad, they started to expand sideways. The mining company Anglo Tech, for instance, diversified into cars, newspapers and other enterprises. A) At the same time, rigid exchange controls prevented South African firms from expanding overseas B) As a result , there was no foreign competition and this proved disastrous C) The crisis is not yet over and interest rates remain steep D) In fact, South Africa desperately needs access to global capital E) Actually neither of these expectations materialised 100The ascendants may have been on to something when they worshipped the Sun. ---- . Compared with other stars, however, the Sun is remarkably average, and is a multicoloured yellow dwarf. A) Without modern day “ sun-worshippers”, there would be no tourist industry B) It is assuredly the biggest and brightest thing in our immediate vicinity C) Modern study of the Sun began in 1611 with observations of sunspots by Galileo D)They were aware that it played a pivotal role in the thriving cultivation of crops E) Nevertheless, it was far easier to pay homage to a god that was visible than to a sightless spirit

READING PASSAGES The official language of the Czech Republic is Czech, a highly complex western Slavic tongue. Any attempt from foreigners to speak Czech will be heartily appreciated, so do not be discouraged if people fail to understand you, as most will be accustomed to hearing

foreigners stumble through their language. If you don't know any Czech, brush up on your German, since, among the older generation at least, it is still the most widely spoken second language. Russian, once the compulsory second language has been practically wiped off the school curriculum, and the number of English speakers has been steadily increasing, especially among the younger generation. 1 -It is clear from the passage that ----. A) more Czechs speak German than any other foreign language B) as their own language is so difficult, Czechs prefer German C) everyone in the Czech Republic speaks several languages D) Czechs usually laugh at foreigners who try to speak Czech E) Czechs learn English during childhood and German later 2 -The author informs us that ----. A) it is now illegal for Czechs to speak Russian B) Czechs do not want to speak German as it reminds them of the German occupation C) most Czech schools offer courses in the Russian language D) the influence of Russia is still felt in certain areas of the Czech Republic E) Czechs were once required to study Russian at school 3 -This passage would most likely appear in ----. A) a grammar book of the Czech language B) a history book of the Czech Republic C) a book about English language teaching D) a travel guide for the Czech Republic E) an article on the social history of the Czech people The religion of the Jewish people, Judaism, is based largely on the teachings of Moses and other leaders as recounted in the Old Testament of the Bible. It is significant for being the oldest monotheistic religion-belief in one Supreme Being, which is given various names by the Jews themselves, including Yahweh, Jehovah and God. The two other important sacred books are the Talmud and the Torah, which contain the many laws and observances orthodox Jews are supposed to keep. The principal festival is the Feast of Passover: the principal place of worship is the synagogue and the priests are called Rabbis. Judaism is also noted for being the religion from which Christianity and Islam developed. There are about 14 million followers, about 3 million in Israel itself, and the remainder distributed throughout the world. 4 -The passage suggests that Judaism is an important religion because ------ . A) it has three gods, all of whom are extremely powerful B) it has many laws that the orthodox must follow C) Moses was brought up under Jewish tradition D) it was the first religion to believe in a single god E) it has the largest number of followers among the major religions

5 -It can be understood from the passage that -----. A) Yahweh and Jehovah are the names of Jewish holy writings B) synagogues are rarely used these days, except by the orthodox C) the constitution of Israel is based largely on the Torah D) the job of the Rabbi is to enforce the law of the Talmud E) the Jewish religion has at least three important sacred books 6 -According to the passage, -------. A) a large majority of the world's Jews live in Israel B) Christianity and Islam have historical ties with Judaism C) Judaism is the most common religion in the world D) there is quite a strong Christian influence on Judaism E) the Jewish religion is influenced by the teachings of both Islam and Christianity Laws are the collection of rules by which any state maintains order within a society. In Great Britain, the law -making process is conducted by Parliament. Proposed new laws are presented as Bills and if, after debate, they are accepted by a majority vote in the House of Commons, they duly become law. In Great Britain, as in most countries, there are several distinct types of laws. Constitutional law is concerned with the processes of the government itself Company law deals with the operation of many of the nation's commercial and financial activities. These are branches of State law, that is, laws made by acts of Parliament. Common law, by contrast, is based on past decisions taken by the courts on various issues. 7 -The aim of laws, as described in the passage, is --- . A) to punish people who insist on violating them B) to secure the people's control of the government C) to protect the government and people from chaos D) to increase the government's authority over the people E) to keep threats to the existence of the state under control 8 -The author informs us that Constitutional law ----- . A) cannot be changed by simple acts of Parliament B) is composed of several distinct types of Bills C) causes great concern to Members of Parliament D) has little bearing on the government of Britain E) is related to the way the government does its job 9 -As is stated In the passage, the difference between State and common laws is that --- . A) State laws only effect Members of Parliament, not common people B) common law was only valid in the past, while State law is still used C) only State laws actually have financial consequences to the people

D) the former are made by acts of Parliament, the latter, by the courts E) the latter is applied to common people, but not to parliamentarians The term 'castle' is most commonly applied to the fortresses belonging to European kings or important nobles during the Middle Ages. The first of this type were built by the Normans in France, during the eleventh century. They were constructed of wood and consisted simply of a tower built on a mound and stood in a courtyard, which was surrounded by a fence and a ditch. By the twelfth century, the wooden tower had given way to a stone one, containing living accommodation for the whole household, centred on the Great hall, and surrounded by a strong wall. As new methods of attack developed, the outer fortifications became more elaborate in order to withstand them. 10 -We can conclude from the passage that -- . A) a castle was a certain type of early defensive structure B) every noble in the Middle Ages had his own castle C) the first fortress was built in Europe in the Middle Ages D) the first castle built by the Normans remained inhabited for a century E) castles were used for defence, not as residences 11-The author makes it clear that in the12th century, ----- . A) the Normans became less influential in Europe B) the towers were built of stone C) a castle consisted only of a tower D) a castle was still a residence only for the army E) castles were strong enough to repel any attack 12 -We learn that castles became stronger and more defensive ----- . A) as new and better construction methods were developed B) as they began to accommodate larger populations C) in reaction to the development of new military strategies D) as more and more buildings were added for the increasing population E) when stone and wood were used together as building materials Mozart made his first visit to Prague with his wife Constance in 1787, staying with his friend and patron Count Thun. A year earlier, his opera The Marriage of Figaro, which had failed to please the opera snobs in Vienna, was given a marvellous reception in Prague. Encouraged by this, he chose to premiere his next opera, Don Giovanni, in Prague rather than in Vienna. He arrived with an incomplete score in hand, and finished it there, dedicating it to the 'good people of Prague'. Mozart's final visit to Prague took place in 1791, the year of his death. The climax of the stay was the premiere of Mozart's final opera, La Calmness di Tito, according to legend, completed on the coach from Vienna to Prague. 13-We learn from the passage that TheMarriage of Figaro ----- .

A) B) C) D) E)

was given its first ever performance in 1786, in Prague was more highly appreciated in Vienna than in Prague had obviously not been a success in Vienna was clearly the first opera that Mozart had ever written encouraged Mozart to write his next opera Don Giovanni

14 -The passage tells us that Mozart ----- . A) gave the first performance of Don Giovanni in Prague B) wrote and performed two complete operas while in Prague C) only visited Prague twice, 4though he really liked the city D) died in 1791 while he was visiting Prague to see his opera E) moved from Vienna to Prague, where he was more appreciated 15 -It is mentioned in the passage that La Clemenza di Tito -- . A) was Mozart's least popular opera in Prague B) was based on a legend which Mozart had heard in Prague C) brought Mozart to Prague for a very short visit D) was given its final form in Prague E) was apparently unfinished when Mozart left Vienna Ever since the 1978 Camp David Agreement and the 1979 peace treaty signed between Egypt and Israel, the Suez Canal has been filled with a constant flow of maritime traffic. It is 163 km long, but still not wide enough to accommodate modern ships sailing in opposite directions. There are plans to widen the canal but, for now, ships can pass only at two points-the Bitter Lakes and Al - Ballan. With a depth of 19,5 metres, the canal is deep enough for most ships, except for super tankers. The canal is the prime source of hard currency for Egypt's troublesome economy. Each of the 50 ships that pass through the canal each day is charged a fee based on its size and weight. The average fee is about $70,000. 16-It is implied in the passage that ---- . A) the famous Camp David is located near the Suez Canal B) the Suez Canal was constructed sometime after 1979 C) there are no bridges anywhere that cr6ss the Suez Canal D) in the period before 1979, fewer ships used the Suez Canal E) the traffic on the Suez Canal makes shipping dangerous 17-The passage suggests that ---- . A) the Egyptians could make more money if they widened the Suez Canal B) without the canal, the Egyptian government would be much better off C) super tankers must proceed very carefully while going through the canal D) the bigger and heavier a ship is, the more it has to pay to use the canal E) the Israelis get a sizeable commission from the Suez Canal's traffic 18 -It can be determined from the figures in the passage that ---- .

A) B) C) D) E)

most ships on the Suez Canal are under 20 metres tail a large ship pays about $1,400 to pass through the canal the Egyptians make, on average, Over $3.500.000 a day from the canal the Suez Canal is less than 20 metres wide in most parts passage through the canal costs almost $100 per kilometre

The Normans originally came from Scandinavia and were of Viking descent. During the tenth century they invaded and conquered the northern part of France, which is still called Normandy. In the next century, under William the Conqueror, they invaded and subdued England. This event brought about the end of Saxon England and saw the start of a new era of English history, with new forms of architecture and a new form of social and political order called the feudal system. It is interesting to note that while William was conquering England, other Norman chiefs sailed down the coast of France and Spain, entered the Mediterranean Sea and conquered Sicily and some parts of southern Italy. Norman knights from France and Italy also played a leading role in the Crusades. 19 -It can be determined from the passage that ------ . A) for centuries, there was a war between the Normans and Vikings B) before coming to France, the Normans were peaceful people C) the Normans conquered France with the help of the people living in Normandy D) England was conquered by William in the eleventh century E) the Normans escaped from Scandinavia due to the oppression of the Vikings 20 -In addition to changing the government of England, the Normans ----- . A) incorporated many Saxon words into their language B) brought an end to the English feudal system C) altered the way the English constructed buildings D) forced the Saxons to help them invade Sicily and Italy E) ordered the re -writing of English history books 21 -From the passage, we understand that -----. A) the Sicilians and Italians welcomed the Norman conquerors B) the Normans were involved in conflicts in many places C) the Crusades were lost largely because of the Normans D) the French and Italians are essentially the same people E) the Norman chiefs had soldiers of many nationalities Each year, about 7.000 people in the United States are bitten by poisonous snakes. Fewer than a dozen of these persons die, but many are left with disability of a limb and scarring at the site of the bite. Persons at greatest risk are those who handle snakes for purposes of entertainment, religion or science. Outside the high -risk group, hunters, farmers and fishermen are the most likely to be bitten. The best way to tell the difference between a poisonous and a non -poisonous bite is to identify the snake. A non -poisonous bite doesn't usually cause much pain or swelling, though the wound may bleed freely. When there is any doubt as to whether the snake is venomous, presume that the bite was poisonous and

take precautions. 22 -According to the passage, the people who have the highest chance of being bitten by a snake are those who --- . A) hunt animals for sport or who deal with farming B) try to catch snakes and put them in captivity C) are unable to distinguish between different snakes D) work directly with snakes or worship using them E) are very religious and don't think they'll be bitten 23 -The passage informs us that in the USA ---. A) fewer than twelve people die of snakebites annually, although many people are bitten B) people who have been bitten by snakes get rid of its effects C) completely in the long term only twelve percent of those who have been bitten by snakes lose their lives D) farmers and fishermen are more likely to be bitten by snakes than entertainers using snakes E) many people bitten by snakes are too afraid to revisit the place where it happened 24 -The author suggests that if you have been bitten, and haven't managed to identify the snake, ----. A) you shouldn't panic but should wait to see whether the bitten area will swell or not B) you should make the wound bleed in order to remove any poison C) you can assume you're not at risk if the bite doesn't hurt a lot D) it is doubtful that the snake that bit you was venomous E) you should be treated as if the snake was poisonous The word 'politics' comes from the Latin politia, meaning 'policy', and politics is generally defined as the science or art of government. Politics has played ah increasing part in human affairs since men and women first organised themselves into societies, and most of history is an account of politics in one form or another. There were brief periods, of relatively free or representative government during the Greek and Roman eras. But until the seventeenth century, politics was mostly the concern of powerful monarchs or other people in positions of high authority, such as church leaders. The rise of political parties during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries introduced the concept of government by consent rather than by force. 25 -In the writer's opinion, politics -----. A) has always been dominated by monarchs or religious leaders B) has had little effect on ordinary people since the beginning of history C) is really what a great deal of history is about D) has always been a very expensive business E) is a much more interesting subject than history

26 -Obviously, during the Greek and Roman eras, there were short periods ---- . A) when the government members represented the people B) when people didn't have to give taxes to the government C) which were completely free from any kind of politics D) when government members all came from the same, royal family E) when there was absolutely no government whatsoever 27 -It is clear from the passage that in the 17th century -----. A) government and politics were always in the hands of kings B) there was a change in that governments started to rule by force C) church leaders began to govern countries instead of kings D) the state of politics was a cause of great concern to most leaders E) a radical change in the concept of government began to take place Rubber trees are tapped-that is, cuts are made in the bark so that the latex, a milk -like Juice, containing about 30 -40% rubber, can be obtained. The latex is then processed by exposing it to heat and wood smoke, or by mechanical means, so as to separate the rubber from the 'water, mineral salts, sugars, resins and protein matters. The rubber obtained in this way is known as, 'crude'-latex is extensively used in industry for making foam rubber, products. footwear, dolls etc. Untreated crude rubber is naturally soft and lacks the required strength for making into manufactured articles. To improve its strength and usefulness, it is vulcanised, or heated with sulphur, and the proportion of sulphur used determines the hardness and elasticity of, the rubber. 28 -From its description, we can say that latex ---- . A) is a hard substance similar to rubber B) must be a fairly thin, white liquid C) is almost entirely pure rubber D) is a by -product of rubber E) is less useful than crude rubber 29 –It’s stated in the passage that untreated crude rubber is not used in industry, because -- . A) its content of sulphur carries a nasty odour B) its milky colour is undesirable C) it lacks any kind of elasticity D) it's neither hard nor strong enough E) it contains far too many impurities 30 -In the process of vulcanisation, the principle is, that ---- . A) the heat applied to the mixture should be high enough for rapid evaporation B) the sulphur contained in the rubber should be extracted as much as possible

C) how hard or flexible the rubber becomes depends, on its sulphur content D) the more sulphur is used, the harder and the more elastic the rubber becomes E) the rubber can be separated from water by being heated at high temperatures The origins of a written literature can be found in most of the civilisations of the ancient world; in India. China and among the Jewish people, whose great work of literature is the Old Testament of the Bible. However, it is the Greeks whose literature is taken to represent the start of Western literature. Their greatest single contribution was drama, a form of literature that has continued undiminished to the present day. Other literary forms that developed from the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans onward have been poetry in its many different styles and forms, the essay, biography and autobiography, and the novel. Other types of written work from these periods, dealing with such matters as history, philosophy, politics, religion, science and criticism may also be classified as literature from the point of view of style. 31-We understand from the passage that --- . A) the Greeks were not alone as writers of early literature B) The Romans greatly influenced the Greek playwrights C) Jews wrote the Bible in places like India and China D) the Jews are responsible for the start of religious writing E) all ancient civilisations had their own characteristic literature 32 -It is clear from the passage that ----- . A) the best drama ever written was that of the Greeks B) drama is only one of many forms of literature C) drama has become increasingly better through the ages D) of all Greek literature, only drama remains today E) Greek and Roman drama contains lots of poetry 33-This passage suggests that written history, philosophy and science ----- . A) generally appear to have much more style than other literature B) are quite unrelated to what most scholars usually call literature C) can be considered literature because of the way they were written D) are much more important than forms stitch as drama and poetry E) frequently receive large amounts of criticism by literary people Our tour group of forty people made the train Journey from Hong Kong to Guangzhou on Christmas Day, 1979. We were taken to the thirty -three storey White Cloud Hotel. Even though it was only two years old, the rooms and furnishings already seemed frayed and old. Tips were not allowed and the hotel staff appeared rude. Breakfast was served promptly at seven forty -five. Forty fried eggs appeared on forty plates laid out at four separate tables, ten to a table. Most of our group were still asleep in their beds while their eggs awaited them. Metal teapots were banged on to the tables, together with eighty pieces of toast, twenty per table. At nine sharp, breakfast was over. Eggs, tea and toast were taken

away by waitresses within five minutes. This was our introduction to life in Communist China. 34 -The author makes it clear that the white Cloud Hotel ---- . A) was really quite a small hotel B) was modern but lull of antiques C) had thirty three rooms in total D) had rather unfriendly staff E) was close to a train station 35-It's implied in the passage that breakfast at the White Cloud Hotel ---- . A) was served from seven to seven forty -five B) was delivered by room service to some guests C) could be selected from a wide -ranging menu D) was generous and delicious with fast service E) was served whether guests wanted it or not 36 -We can conclude from the author's statements that her overall impression of the hotel was that ----. A) it was generally efficient and well -run B) it was extremely luxurious and relaxing C) the service was slow and inefficient D) it was shabby and totally impersonal E) the catering at the hotel was superb By his own account, Quintus Horatius Flaccus was a terrible soldier. He fought for the losing side in civil wars. When the order came to "Attack!", he dropped his shield and ran in the wrong direction. Back in Rome, he got a job as a petty bureaucrat. It was not a very good job, but it left him plenty of time to write. And his writing is what the poet whom we know as Horace is still remembered for to this day. Maybe it is a good thing that he dropped his shield and ran. Who remembers the ones who died, or their cause? This is, perhaps, the proof that the pen really is mightier than the sword! 37 -Quintus Horatius Flaccus is best known as ----. A) a terrible soldier B) a coward who ran away from battles C) the man who reformed the Roman bureaucracy D) the man who proved that the pen is mightier than the sword E) the poet who wrote under the name of Horace 38 -The author believes that ----. A) writers are more memorable than soldiers B) soldiers who died fighting for a good cause are remembered C) Rome was a dangerous place for poets

D) it is safer to be a bureaucrat than a poet E) soldiers are more patriotic than poets 39 -We learn from the passage that Horace" job as a bureaucrat ---- . A) occupied him too much to write poetry B) prepared him for higher ranks in his later life C) was not a high -ranking one D) proved that he was not a coward E) was not actually less dangerous than being a soldier The Hindenburg was the last in a series of airships designed to carry passengers and cargo over long distances. It could carry fifty passengers in twenty -five luxury cabins with all the comforts of a first class hotel. Cruising at 125 km per hour, it could cross the Atlantic in half the time of the great luxury ocean liners, which it had been built to compete with. But in 1937, the Hindenburg came to an unfortunate end in New Jersey just as it was about to land. In spite of extensive safety precautions, the highly flammable hydrogen with which it was filled burst into flames. Remarkably though, sixty -two of the ninety -seven people on board were able to escape. 40 -It is clear from the passage that ---- . A) the Hindenburg was one of the most successful airships of all times B) the Hindenburg had a component containing hydrogen C) in speed and size, the Hindenburg was much like a luxury ocean liner D) the Hindenburg exploded as it was taking off from New Jersey B) none of the passengers survived the disaster 41 -The passage tells us that ---- . A) only the very rich could afford to travel on airships like the Hindenburg B) the luxury ocean liners could cross the Atlantic twice the time that an airship could C) the number of passengers an airship could carry was almost half that of a luxury ocean liner D) life aboard the great airships was cramped and uncomfortable E) an ocean liner was slower, but much more luxurious than an airship 42 -It is stated in the passage that ---- . A) the Hindenburg was one of the first great airships B) there were sixty -two people on board at the time of the disaster C) ocean liners filled with hydrogen often ended up with explosions D) after the Hindenburg disaster, there were no more airships of the same type E) the great airships had a passenger capacity of from twenty -five to fifty passengers Mountaineering as a sport has developed since about 1857, when the Alpine Club was founded in London. Earlier, climbers did not climb for pleasure but for some scientific or monetary motive, Dr Paccard of Chamonix was the first to scale Mont Blanc, in 1786, to

show that man could live above the snow -line, but it was the lectures of Albert Smith, who climbed the peak in 1851, that kindled British interest. In 1854, Wills climbed the Wetterhorn and eleven years later, Whymper made his famous ascent of the Matterhorn. By 1880, all the major peaks of the Alps had been scaled, and so climbers went further afield to the Andes and the Himalayas. 43 -The passage states that before the 1850s, ---- . A) one had to pay in order to climb mountains B) mountain climbing cost a lot of money C) the Alpine Club opened in London D) people only climbed for research purposes E) climbing was not regarded as a hobby 44 -British People in general first paid attention to mountaineering when --- . A) Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time B) the Alpine club was initially founded in London C) they realised that man could live above the snow -line D) a man made a series of, speeches on the subject E) Dr Paccard climbed Mont Blanc in 1786 45 -It is implied that European climbers first started climbing mountains outside Europe ---- . A) because the Alps in Europe took far too long to climb B) once they had been inspired by Albert Smith's lectures C) in order to obtain the sizeable financial benefits on offer D) so that they could make field maps of other areas E) as they wanted to climb previously unclimbed mountains Fossil analysis reveals that at least five periods in the last 600 million years have seen a drastic reduction in the number of species of flora and fauna on the Earth. However, on previous occasions such changes were brought about by asteroids or dramatic climatic changes. Experts in general believe that this decline is the work of man. The dominance of a single species type, homo sapiens, threatens to turn the rest of the living 'world upside down. With a population of barely six billion, humans are rapidly destroying irreplaceable ecosystems. This sixth round of global dying of species could be far larger than the first five. 46 -According to the passage, the dominant belief among scientists is that ---- . A) throughout history there have been periods when many species of life have become extinct B) the present climatic change known as global warming is probably a natural phenomenon C) the Earth is in danger of being struck by an asteroid D) the present decline in the number of species is caused by the activities of mankind

E) we are experiencing the fifth period of species dying out 47 -From the passage, we understand that the term "homo sapiens” is ---- . A) a method of analysing fossils B) a way of referring to a large number of species of flora and fauna C) another term for the human race D) an irreplaceable ecosystem which is being destroyed E) a hostile environment in which many species die 48 -The author predicts that ---- . A) there will be no harmful effects from so many species dying B) the world might be turned upside down by colliding with an asteroid C) mankind will find a solution to the problem D) more species may die out this time than ever before E) the human population will soon reach six billion Rays of sunlight travel from 150 million kilometres away, and when they reach the Earth, they are parallel rays. The curve of the Earth means that the rays are vertical at the Equator but at quite a low angle when they reach temperate latitudes. As the rays lose heat passing through the atmosphere, the more direct the journey, the greater the heat which penetrates through to the surface of the Earth. The vertical rays in equatorial latitudes mean that it is much hotter at the Equator than it is in the regions where the sun's rays strike at a low angle. It is these variations in temperature that are largely responsible for the changes in weather. 49 -The purpose of this passage is to explain ---- . A) the distance between the Earth and the Sun B) why sun -rays travel in a vertical position C) why the weather is different in different parts of the Earth D) why sun -rays are parallel when they reach the Earth E) the way in which the Earth goes around the Sun 50 -From the information given in the passage, it is clear that ---- . A) temperate regions are cooler than equatorial regions as sun -rays travel through more atmosphere to reach them B) it is hotter in equatorial regions because they are closer to the Sun C) when it is summer in the northern hemisphere. It is winter in the southern hemisphere D) sun -rays lose heat in passing through space E) summer is when the Earth is closest to the Sun 51 -The angle at which the sun's rays strike the surface of the Earth is determined by -----. A) the density of the Earth's atmosphere B) the parallel nature of the sun -rays

C) the direct journey which the sun -rays make to equatorial regions D) the curvature of the Earth E) the variations in temperature on the Earth The concept of a national library is a recent one in the developing countries. In the developed countries, national libraries have existed since at least the sixteenth century. By the nineteenth century, most countries in Europe had already established national libraries. The typical national library is meant to be the finest collection of books in the country, the national book archive, and a source of national pride. Although it is important for a national library in a developing country to collect the national literature, and any other literature pertaining to that country, it is also important for the library to collect a wide range of scholarly literature published in other countries. 52 -We learn from the passage that --- . A) every country must have a national library. B) national libraries only exist in developed countries C) by the nineteenth century most developing countries had established national libraries D) developed countries have had national libraries for longer than developing ones E) a national library is relatively easy to establish 53 -According to the passage, in the 19th century, there were few ---- . A) European countries without a national library B) developing countries that hadn't established a national library C) libraries in the developing countries owning books published in other countries D) libraries having the finest collection of world literature E) developing countries having a work of literature that has existed since the l6th century 54 -The author believes that a national library in a developing country should ---- . A) contain the country's written works as well as foreign scholarly works B) try to be better than a similar library in a developed country C) take into account the prevailing climatic conditions of the country D) develop a concept that has existed for a longer time in developed countries E) establish guide -lines for the national literature The 'forest fire season' in Canada generally extends from the latter part of April to mid October. During last year's fire season, 9,317 forest fires burned a total of 2,618,299 acres of forest land. Weather conditions contributing to fire spread, coupled with unusually frequent and violent electrical storms, resulted in one of the most severe outbreaks of forest fires on record. Over the, season, 35.3% of all fires 'were caused by lightning. While these fires are generally considered to be more disastrous because of their tendency to start in difficult -to -reach areas -'88% of the total acreage burned last was attributed to lightning-man is nonetheless responsible for the greatest portion of forest fires. Human negligence was blamed 'for a total of 6,018 forest fires last year.

55 -The passage informs us that last year's forest fires were Particularly bad because of ---- . A) unfavourable weather conditions, combined with violent lightning B) the amount of damage caused to wildlife C) the inefficiency of the fire -fighters in reaching the burning area quickly D) the unusually long 'forest fire season’ E) human ignorance and carelessness 56 -We are told that fires started by lightning cannot easily be controlled because --- . A) they are extremely violent and severe B) they happen so frequently C) they usually start in inaccessible places D) they generally take place at night E) storms make it hard for firemen to work 57-In view of the figures given In the -age, most of the damage caused by forest fires last year A) was a result of fires started deliberately by humans B) came from fires which were started by lightning C) resulted from the lack of, people available to fight fires D) happened because of fires started accidentally by humans E) came about because people lit fires in remote places That evening we arrived in Delhi, the great walled city of the Mogul Empire, scattered with tombs and forts, many decayed or built over. Some scholars say that there are seven cities on the sites of Old and New Delhi, while some say more. The history is rich and stretches back centuries. At one time, Shah Jahan, the ruler who built the Taj Mahal, reconstructed Old Delhi, restoring large bazars and streets leading to the fortress. As there was no wall on the eastern side, where the River Yumuna flows; Delhi was sacked regularly over the centuries, the last time being in the eighteenth century, when the Persian ruler Nadir Shah looted treasures that included the Peacock Throne and the Koh -i -noor diamond. 58-From the description in the passage, It is apparent that Delhi --- . A) is about seven centuries old, according to some scholars B) has obviously not changed very much since it was first built C) is an extremely wealthy city, with many rich inhabitants D) is full of poorly -maintained and neglected historical sites E) was completely surrounded by walls during the Mogul Empire 59-We understand from the passage that Shah Jahan --- . A) was interested in restoration and new buildings B) was one of the earliest rulers of Old Delhi C) built the Taj Mahal in the suburbs of Old Delhi

D) constructed several large bazaars as well as a fortress E) built the Taj Mahal and Old Delhi at the same time 60 -From the information in the passage, It is likely that Nadir Shah --- . A) entered the city of Delhi from the eastern side B) was the first raider to enter Delhi after the 18th century C) was the only ruler to enter Delhi successfully in centuries D) paid a lot of money for the goods he got in Delhi E) only took the Peacock Throne and the Koh -i - noor diamond from Delhi The shiny metal supermarket shopping trolley. port of the landscape since the 1960s, is on the way out. Sainsbury's is introducing what it calls a bionic trolley, made of recyclable plastic, which is lighter, easier to control and, in theory, lasts for ever. Its headquarters in Ashford, Kent, has ordered 450 plastic trolleys and eventually the company plans to replace 250.000 metal ones at its 395 stores. The new brightly coloured plastic trolley is made of a substance called Durethan, which is a recyclable material used for making cars. The only metal part of the trolley will be the nuts used to hold it together. A Sainsbury's spokeswoman said that unlike the existing metal trolleys, which have to be removed from service if damaged and have an average life of seven years. the new trolleys can be taken apart and repaired. 61 -We may conclude from the passage that the old supermarket trolleys ---- . A) were supposed to last for ever when they were first introduced B) are being replaced in response to customer demand C) are not at all heavy or difficult for shoppers to use D) are often removed from the shops and left lying around E) are less environmentally -friendly than the new ones 62 -It is obvious from the passage that Sainsbury's .-. A) plans to supply the new trolleys to other firms B) is a company which runs a chain of supermarkets C) is replacing all its trolleys with 450 plastic ones D) will be constructing its own trolleys from Durethan E) has about 250.000 plastic trolleys in storage 63 -One way in which the new 'bionic' trolleys differ from the old metal trolleys is that -- . A) the new ones will only have to be repaired about every seven years B) the old style of trolley has to be repaired on a regular basis C) the old metal ones have to be sent away for regular servicing D) the new ones will last for about seven years longer than the old ones E) the new trolleys are reparable and thus don't have to be replaced

In 1948. in an effort to stabilise the currency, the Chinese government announced the issue of a new form of currency, called the Gold Yuan Certificate. This measure was necessary because the people had lost all confidence in the old currency, called the Fa Bi. Inflation had escalated to the point where one US dollar was worth 11 million Fa Bi Official announcements called for all Chinese to turn in their old banknotes, their gold and silver and their foreign currency. Gold Yuan Certificates would be given in exchange, supposedly backed by gold and each worth four to one American dollar. Immediately there was a gold rush, as most private depositors withdrew their precious metals and foreign currency from local banks, because no one with common sense believed that there was any gold to back those certificates. 64 -The writer states that the Chinese government had to issue the Gold Yuan Certificates ---- . A) in response to people and banks hoarding foreign currency B) owing to financial pressure from American bankers C) after the supply of the Fa Bi dropped to an all - time low D) because the people had lost faith in the old currency E) in order to compete with the American dollar on an equal basis 65 -We learn that the Gold Yuan Certificates ---. A) represented gold actually held by the Chinese government B) were the invention of the Chinese government's efforts to combat inflation C) were each worth approximately eleven million Chinese Yuan D) could be readily exchanged for American dollars at most banks E) were intended by the government to be used alongside the old Fa Bi 66 -One may deduce that people rushed to take their valuables out of the bank --- . A) because they believed the certificates were worthless B) in order to buy more gold in the gold rush C) because banks were going bankrupt D) so that they could buy Gold Yuan Certificates E) because they wanted to buy US dollars Cities are a universal symbol of civilisation. They have been found in every country that has gone beyond a simple agricultural economy, regardless of whether there was industrial or technological development. The history of civilisation is the history of the city. From their origins as places where people gathered for mutual safety or defence, cities have gone on to become marketplaces for goods and ideas, seats of government, and centres of religious devotion. By division of labour and by easing communication between people, cities created the opportunity to invent new technologies and new ways of viewing life. While many individual geniuses have come from rural backgrounds, it has been in the cities that they have found inspiration and scope for their talents.

67-The author argues that cities --- . A) have only arisen in countries that are industrially or technologically developed B) are also centres of agricultural activity and development C) are a worldwide phenomenon and have cultural and historical significance D) have developed in every country that has had a simple agricultural economy E) have created more geniuses than have rural areas 68 -We learn from the passage that initially, cities --- . A) were simply places where people could find work B) were primarily marketplaces where goods were traded C) had importance. as governments were located there D) functioned as places of safety in times of danger E) were centres where people gathered for religious reasons 69 -The author suggests that geniuses ---- . A) are almost never found in the country as they are of little use in such an environment B) eventually come to realise that they are better off in the stimulating setting of the city C) visit cities to get ideas and then return to their houses in more peaceful rural places D) have no chance to improve themselves in intellectually uninspiring rural situations E) can be born anywhere, but have more opportunity to develop their talents in cities One of the strangest sea stories is that of the sailing ship Mary Celeste. On November 5th 1872, she left New York bound for Genoa with a cargo of industrial alcohol and eleven people on board. A month later, she was seen by another ship, but the captain noticed that the Mary Celeste was sailing strangely, and decided to investigate. He found the ship to be completely deserted. The sails were set and in good condition, there was plenty of food and water, all the crew's personal possessions were on board, and there was food and drink on the cabin table. No one has ever been able to explain what happened, though there have been explanations varying from a mutiny among the crew to aliens in a spaceship taking everyone away. 70 -The reason why there was no one on board the Mary Celeste ---- . A) was discovered by the captain of another ship B) is that aliens took the captain and crew away in a spaceship C) took several years to be discovered D) has never been found E) was the mutiny among the crew 71 -The Mary Celeste was sailing strangely because --- . A) there was no one on board to sail the ship B) it was not big enough to resist the giant ocean waves C) the sails were not set properly D) the ship was too heavy because of the crew's personal possessions

E) her cargo of industrial alcohol was above her capacity 72 -It is clear from the passage that --- . A) there was a mutiny among the crew B) the Mary Celeste was one of the finest sailing vessels of her day C) the Mary Celeste was not well equipped for a long voyage D) the people on board the Mary Celeste disappeared inexplicably E) the crew of the Mary Celeste had been hit by an We are all born with a number of instinctive physical reactions, things we do automatically, which are called primitive reflexes. One of the most interesting is called "grasp reflex". If you touch the palm of a baby's hand, the fingers will close around, whatever object is doing the touching. The baby's grip is so strong that if a baby grasps a rod with both hands, it can be lifted right off the ground. Some psychologists think that this goes back to our evolutionary past when we had to be able to hang on to tree branches or to our mother's fur as she moved. The reflex disappears at about six months of age. 73 -We understand from the passage that primitive reflexes ---- . A) are concentrated in the palm of a baby's hand B) are a way of lifting babies off the ground C) sometimes disappear after six months D) are things which we do automatically from the time we are born E) are objects about which babies' fingers tend to close 74 -It is clear from the passage that ----- . A) human babies are good at hanging on to tree branches B) psychologists make babies hang from tree branches to test their theories C) until six months of age babies think their mothers have fur D) very young babies are sometimes stronger than we might think E) only people living in primitive conditions have reflexes 75-According to some psychologists, ----- . A) "grasp reflex" can be explained by the evolutionary phases of the human species B) a baby's grip is much stronger among the members of primitive societies C) lifting a baby off the ground provides good exercise for growing babies D) babies instinctively hang onto their mothers E) human beings are all born with a number of instinctive physical reactions In 1857, when scholars in the new reading room of the British Museum looked up from their books, they could gaze upon the inspiring vastness of the blue and copper dome above them. By the time it closed, 140 years later, they were cursing the many hours they had to look at the dome while they waited for their books to arrive. A book would seldom arrive within two hours of being ordered, and sometimes readers would have to wait up to two days. This was because, in addition to the museum, the books were stored all over

London, and some as far away as a depot in Yorkshire. 76-We learn from the passage that --- . A) after 140 years, the once beautiful dome had become ugly B) the reading room of the British Museum closed in 1997 C) readers protested against the closure of the reading room D) the staff of the reading room of the British Mu8eum were helpful and efficient E) the dome of the reading room of the British Museum attracted readers more than the books 77 -The passage states that readers in the reading room of the British Museum ---- . A) were actually there to admire the architecture of the building B) requested the authorities to keep the books on the premises C) did not mind waiting for their books because the building was so beautiful D) often complained about the inefficiency of the staff there E) often had to wait a long time for their books to arrive 78-According to the passage, the books read in the reading room of the British Museum -- . A) were published over a period of 140 years B) attracted scholars from all over London and as far away as Yorkshire C) were not always stored there D) were so boring that readers preferred to look at the dome E) included the best examples of the national literature The piranha, in spite of its tiny size, is one of the most feared fish in the world. Piranhas live in the Aaron River, have very sharp teeth, and are capable of eating four times their body weight daily. This would not be so bad, if it were not for the way they attack in numbers. Even the smallest movement, like splashing your hand in the water, is enough to attract 300 piranhas in an instant A piranha attack can transform a live cow into a skeleton in a matter of minutes. When there is nothing else to eat, they will even eat each other. 79 -According to the passage, the piranha ---- . A) is the world's smallest fish B) would not be so bad if it was better understood C) has sharp teeth and a large appetite D) lives largely on a diet of its own species E) is a salt water fish, similar to the shark 80 -The passage tells us that ----- . A) piranhas are dangerous because so many of them gather to attack their prey B) a single piranha can eat a cow in a matter of minutes C) the average piranha eats four other piranhas every day D) piranhas are useless because they are not edible

E) the Amazon River is full of cow skeletons 81 -It is stated in the passage that in the absence of food, piranhas ----- . A) feed on each other B) migrate to other rivers C) get smaller in size D) face a decline in their numbers E) attack anything moving in the water On August 11, 1911, the Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece, was stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris. The thief, Vincenzo Peruggia, a Louvre employee, stored the painting in the false bottom of a trunk in his flat for two years and then tried to sell it to his native Italy for $95,000. Italian officials promptly arrested him and returned the 300 -year old masterpiece to France without a scratch. At his trial in Florence, Peruggia convinced the jury that his act was one of patriotism-that his sole motive was to return the famous painting to the land of its creator. Because of this declaration, he received a relatively light sentence of 1 year and 15 days. 82-It's understood from the passage that the thief, Vincenzo Peruggia, ---- . A) stole the Mona Lisa at the wish of the Italian authorities B) was an Italian living and working in 'France C) had stolen many other priceless works of art D) was a master criminal wanted in many countries E) was a descendant of Leonardo da Vinci 83 -After its two -year stay in Peruggia's flat, the Mona Lisa ---- . A) had a few scratches on its surface B) was found by the French police C) had been totally destroyed D) was completely undamaged E) was sold to an Italian museum 84 -Peruggia's trail resulted in a somewhat easy punishment because --- . A) his crime was considered a minor one B) the Jury believed that the Mona Lisa actually belonged to Italy C) the Mona Lisa was not damaged at all D) the painting was safely returned to the Louvre Museum E) the Jurors were moved by his love of Italy A century ago, the feats of the magician Harry Houdini thrilled audiences in Europe and America. We now remember him for his daring escapes from strait -jackets, chains and locked chests. His astonishing illusions of stage magic are all but extinct in the West, but are alive and thriving in the East. The reason is simple., Houdini's kind of magic relied or potent chemicals, which were easy to get in Victorian times. Today, however, the people

in the West are more safely conscious, and there is little hope ,of finding the highly toxic ingredients necessary for Houdini's spells. But if you visit any Indian bazaar, even in the smallest towns, you can buy anything from phosphorus to nitric acid at bargain prices. 85 -Harry Houdini ---- . A) was an Indian who performed his tricks mostly in Europe and the USA B) was a famous magician who lived about a hundred years ago C) was the least safety -conscious chemist of the Victorian era D) used to buy all his chemicals in Indian bazaars E) had his life changed by a visit to India 86-It is stated in the passage that --- . A) the sort of magic Houdini performed a century ago can be seen in India today B) Houdini's kind of magic died out because it was boring, due to its extreme safety C) famous magicians such as Houdini perform in Indian bazaars D) Houdini cheated his audiences because he used chemicals instead of real magic E) India has produced some of the most famous magicians in the world 87 -The author believes that ---- . A) we can easily find the chemicals used by Houdini anywhere in the world B) the people in the West no longer like magical performances C) Westerners are more interested in their safety now than, In the past D) Houdini took the secrets of his craft to India before he died E) chemicals needed by magicians should be freely available to everyone There are two kinds of water pollution. The first is when rubbish, sewage or chemicals are thrown into the water. This waste upsets the natural environment and can prove dangerous or fatal to fish and other life in the water. The second type of pollution is thermal, or warm water pollution. This is most commonly caused by hydroelectric power plants. These take water from a lake or river, convert it into steam for running the plant's turbines, change the steam back into water, then return the water to the original lake or river. Though this water is no dirtier than when it was taken out, it is often five to ten degrees above its original temperature. This causes a change in the environment which can be as dangerous to, aquatic life as waste 'pollution. 88 -It is stated In the passage that ---- . A) thermal pollution is more dangerous than pollution from rubbish or chemicals B) warm water pollution Is as harmful as thermal pollution C) hydroelectric plants put dirty water back into the environment D) thermal pollution occurs when the temperature of a river or lake is raised E) aquatic life is merely disturbed by thermal pollution 89 -Rubbish, sewage or chemicals ---- . A) are all part of the natural environment

B) C) D) E)

can kill aquatic life when they are thrown into the water are the main cause of warm water pollution are by -products of hydroelectric plants have, on occasions, proved to be beneficial to aquatic life

90 -The author argues that ---- . A) there is nothing that can be done to correct thermal pollution B) water pollution is a fact of life that we must learn to live with C) tile world would be better off without hydroelectric power stations D) fish are less affected by the second kind of pollution than by the first E) both kinds of pollution are equally bad for the natural environment The SAT is a a-hour test of both verbal and mathematical abilities which is used as part of the process for evaluating applicants for admission to American universities. In 1995, the College Board, which administers the SAT, re -centred the scoring scale for the test. It did so by re - establishing the original average score of 500 on the 200 -800 scale. The scale had not been adjusted since 1941, when it reflected the norm of some 10,000 students, frequently from public schools and applying to the nation's most selective universities. Over the years the average score had shifted below 500 as a larger number of students began taking the test, and verbal and maths scores had ceased to become comparable. Now the scores represent a more diverse university-bound population of about 2 million students. 91 -The passage informs us that the SAT test ---- . A) has ceased to be used by the nation's most selective universities B) is one of the tests used to evaluate potential university students C) is the only criterion used for university acceptance in America D) can only be used to test either maths or language, but not both E) has recently evolved into a multi -million -dollar industry in the USA 92-It's mentioned in the Passage that ------ . A) formerly those who entered for the SAT were often from public schools B) the results of the SAT are no longer important to students C) the SAT test has become much more difficult over the years D) the average score on the SAT has remained virtually unchanged since 1941 E) no university applicant has ever got an SAT score of 800 93 -The article tells, us that the average score on the SAT -- . A) rose dramatically in 1995 because of the number of students taking it B) can be either 200 or 800 in any given year C) was achieved by approximately 2 million students in 1995 D) dropped a bit during the period from 1941 to 1995 E) cannot be computed due to the large numbers used

In the face of advancing Japanese troops during World War II, US and Filipino forces under General Douglas MacArthur abandoned Manila and retreated west to the Bataan Peninsula. Crippled by malaria, weakened from their decision to share their food rations with the civilians, and demoralised after MacArthur's departure for Australia, the surviving defenders surrendered when they became convinced that no outside help would arrive. What followed became known as the Bataan Death March. The Japanese led 55,000 American and Filipino prisoners on a brutal six - day, 120-mile trek to a prison in the Pampanga Province. Each day on the way ended with the slaughter of all prisoners too ill to continue. More than half the captives died in this way and another 25% perished in the camp before the war ended. 94 -According to the passage, General MaCArthur ----- . A) ended the war in the Pampanga prison camp in Bataan B) ordered his soldiers to march across the Bataan Peninsula C) suffered from malaria and gave his food to the civilians D) had gone to Australia before the soldiers surrendered E) decided to march to Australia to avoid being captured 95 -The passage tells us that the march to Pampanga Province-. A) started after the prisoners had tried to escape B) ended at a prison camp after nearly a week C) was led by thousands of Americans and Filipinos D) cost the lives of 55,000 Americans and Filipinos E) was stopped when everyone was too ill to go on 96 -The author implies that by the end of the war, ----- . A) fewer than one-fourth of the original prisoners were still alive B) only the Filipino prisoners had survived the ordeal C) the Japanese had murdered all of the captured soldiers D) the remaining 40,000 soldiers continued to help in the war effort E) no one had come to help the survivors at the prison camp New research suggests that among smokers who get lung cancer, women are nearly twice as likely as men to develop the most deadly form of the disease. Experts say that the British study represents the first time scientists have discovered a significant difference between the sexes in the risk of small -cell lung cancer. Virtually always caused by smoking, it is the hardest form of lung cancer to treat successfully. The study showed that women under 65 were 1.7 times more vulnerable than men to small -cell lung cancer, which spreads so rapidly that by the time it is diagnosed, it is usually too late to operate. 97 -The most deadly form of lung cancer ---- .

A) B) C) D) E)

is more likely to develop in men than in women accounts for 17 percent of deaths among women under the age of 65 is more common in Britain than anywhere else is caused by smoking in rare cases tends to spread too quickly to be treated by surgery

98 -It has only recently been discovered that small -cell lung cancer ---- . A) also affects women as frequently as it does men B) can be successfully treated C) is the worst type of cancer D) is more common among-women than among men E) can be diagnosed in earlier stages 99 -It is stated in the passage that ----- . A) scientists are hopeful of finding a cure for small -cell lung cancer B) new research into cancer is good news for anyone suffering from the disease C) the chance of overcoming cancer is the lowest for patients with small -cell lung cancer D) British scientists were the first to discover small -cell lung cancer E) small -cell lung cancer is diagnosed 1.7 times more effectively in women under One of the most famous panics in the United States was begun by a radio broadcast. In 1938, CBS radio broadcast a dramatisation of a science fiction novel by H.G. Wells called 'War of the Worlds". It told the story of an invasion from Mars with the Martians landing in New Jersey and taking over New York fifteen minutes later. The story was told in a realistic fashion with the actors playing reporters giving "live" reports from the scene. At the beginning of the broadcast, there was an announcement that the story was fictional, but most people tuned in too late to hear it. As a result, there were traffic jams all over New York and New Jersey as people tried to flee what they thought was a real invasion. 100-According to the passage ---- . A) a panic was caused by people believing a fictional radio broadcast B) H.G. Wells was a famous non -fiction author C) a reporter named H.G. Wells spread a fictional story to frighten people D) Martians landed in New Jersey in 1938 E) reporters giving live reports playe4 a trick on people 101 -One reason people panicked was that --- . A) the majority of them missed the announcement that the story was fiction B) New Jersey, which was invaded by Martians, was very close to New York C) people believed that Martians were cruel and frightening creatures D) CBS radio was known for its serious documentary programs E) the television scenes were so realistic that almost anyone would believe them 102 -One generalisation we can make from the passage is that-.

A) Martians have the power to take control of New Jersey and New York in just 15 minutes B) New York and New Jersey often suffer from traffic jams C) H.G. Wells wrote stories credible enough to take in everyone D) radio stations often broadcast fictional stories deliberately to cause a panic E) sometimes people will believe things no matter how improbable they are The worst hurricane in memory to hit the south- eastern part of the North Carolina coast was Hurricane Hazel in 1954. This storm destroyed every building on three islands. Apparently, the disaster didn't occupy people's minds for long, as in the decades that followed, beach houses sprang up everywhere, most of which were built by people who had never experienced a major storm. By the time Hurricane Fran struck in 1996, so dense was the development that a storm weaker than Hazel inflicted much greater damage. A man who had his newly renovated beach front home commented that he had had no idea that a storm could simply sweep his house away. 103 -After Hurricane Hazel hit the North Carolina coast in 1954, ---- . A) strict building codes made it impossible to build in coastal areas B) every building in North Carolina was destroyed C) people seemed to forget how bad the destruction had been D) the president declared a National Disaster E) Hurricane Fran followed soon after 104 -It can be inferred from the passage that the beach houses built after 1954 were ---- . A) constructed by the native inhabitants of the area B) mostly built by newcomers to the area C) better built than the earlier ones D) mostly destroyed by Hurricane Hazel E) able to withstand more powerful storms due to new building technology 105-It is stated in the passage that compared to Hurricane Hazel, Hurricane Fran ---. A) inflicted greater damage because it was a much stronger storm B) was responsible for more deaths because the area was more densely populated C) was a weaker storm and so caused less damage D) led to about the same amount of destruction E) caused greater destruction even though it was a weaker storm The prospectors who braved the Canadian winters to find gold in the Yukon and Klondike Rivers experienced the most difficult conditions imaginable. Every man who entered the area had to carry a years supply of food and mining equipment over the steep and frozen mountain passes. In order to do this, each man had to carry 25 kilos of stores about 10 kilometres, leave it there, and return for another load. Therefore to remove all of his stores less than 80 kilometres, each man had to walk nearly 1500 kilometres. It is estimated that

of the 100,000 men who set out for the Klondike, fewer than 40,000 actually arrived. Only 4000 ever found gold, and very few of these became rich. 106 -It is stated in the passage that ---- . A) about 40% of the men who tried to find gold in the Klondike became rich B) only about 4% of the people who set out for the Klondike actually arrived C) each of the 40,000 men had to walk about 1500 kilometres just to carry 25 kilos of stores D) more than 60,000 of the people trying to reach the Klondike failed on the way E) nearly everyone who reached the Klondike was able to find some gold 107 -The conditions around the Yukon and Klondike Rivers were so difficult because --- . A) the gold mines were all on the steep and frozen mountain passes B) each man needed 25 kilos of stores to get him through the winter C) the area was not big enough to support all of the 100,000 men who set out for the Klondike D) of a number of reasons including difficult terrain and harsh weather conditions E) they were nearly 1500 kilometres away from the nearest store 108-We can conclude from the passage that --- - . A) very few of the prospectors actually achieved what they'd aimed for B) searching for gold in the Canadian winter is the quickest way to get rich C) it is less difficult to find gold in Canada than in some other places D) there is still plenty of gold waiting to be found in the Yukon and Klondike Rivers E) a prospector is someone who lends money to people searching for gold Contrary to common knowledge, the water, milk and meat of coconuts only begin the list of uses of this versatile tree. The outer husk of the ripe nuts contains fibres that, when separated, can be twisted into twine rope of amazing toughness. It is quite resistant to rot from dampness or seawater. Despite the advent of nails and screws, this rope continues to be widely used for binding together the timbers of houses and the parts of canoes, tools and the like. Expert craftsmen can make sizeable ropes, which, after use, become quite flexible. The inner shell of the ripe nut can be cut and carved into ladles, scrapers, combs and cups and will take a high polish. Furthermore, the sap of the coconut -1 can be fermented to make a pleasant tasting wine, while the fresh sap can be used as food for babies. 109-According to the passage, twine rope --- . A) can be used for some of the same functions as nails B) is the best possible material for making small boats C) cannot be made into small ropes, but only big ones D) can easily be damaged if not protected from rain and sea water E) is sometimes used in the manufacture of polishes

110 -We learn from the passage that, despite the many uses of the coconut, it is --- . A) better known among people as a source of food B) not very profitable for the grower C) very difficult to grow, harvest and process the nut D) only the experts who know how to use it to the full E) most commonly used as a material for making ropes 111-It is clear from the passage that ---- . A) baby food made from coconut palms contains a bit of alcohol B) wine made from the coconut palm tastes surprisingly like baby food C) the same part of the coconut palm is used to make wine and baby food D) baby food made from the coconut palm has a great nutritive value E) wine made from the coconut tree tastes better than other types The central Arctic is an ice mass formed from part of the ocean, whereas the Antarctic is continental. Surrounding the Arctic are land masses which, in most cases, extend southward to the tropics. The Antarctic, on the other hand, is the only continent entirely set off from the rest of the world by great oceans. Furthermore, at some point of man's history, all of the other continents, except Austria, were joined by land bridges. Even Australia had been easy to reach by canoe. However, the only place Antarctica even approaches another continent is the long finger of the Antarctic Peninsula, reaching within 600 miles of Cape Horn, the southernmost tip of South America. In addition to distance, ice and stormy seas kept anyone from seeing this continent until about 1820. 112 -The difference between the Arctic and Antarctic is that ---- . A) the climate in the Arctic is much more likely to be tropical than that in Antarctic regions B) the Arctic is frozen water surrounded by land, while the Antarctic is land surrounded by water C) it is much easier to sail through the Arctic oceans thin the ones around Antarctica D) the Arctic continent is more easily accessible than the one in the Antarctic region E) because it's much further north, the Arctic is much colder thin the Antarctic 113 -We can conclude that ---- . A) with the exception of Australia and Antarctica, it used to be possible to walk between the other continents B) Antarctica used to be connected to South America by a land bridge C) throughout man's history. canoes have been the most popular means of travelling to Australia D) until the construction of a bridge connecting it to the mainland, Austria could only be reached by boat E) the coastline of the Antarctic Peninsula is about six -hundred miles long 114-The passage tells us that ---- .

A) South Americans were the first people to set foot on Antarctica B) the Antarctic Peninsula is the southernmost point of Antarctica C) at its nearest point, Antarctica is visible from the southernmost point of South America D) Antarctica was discovered in the early nineteenth century E) the first inhabitants of Australia were early explorers In order to overcome the limits of the nine -to -five schedule and to grant workers increased independence, thousands of companies have been experimenting with flexible work hour schedules, or flexitime, with flexitime, workers set their own schedules as long as the hours are compatible with company needs and are sufficient to complete assignments. Thus one worker may work from seven to three while another works from ten to six. One variation of flexitime is the four -day work week, in which workers put in four ten -hour days rather than five eight -hour days. When possible, employees are allowed to choose their days off, with many choosing three -day weekends. 115 -According to the passage, workers on flexitime ---- . A) are free to work whenever they want B) must still complete their work C) always work four days a week instead of five D) usually enjoy working the traditional nine -to - five schedule E) can carry on their work out of the office, if possible 116 -The passage states that one advantage of flexitime is ---- . A) to force workers to complete their assignments on time B) to compel workers into working ten -hour days C) to allow a more flexible dress code D) to give workers more freedom E) to make workers on a nine -to -five schedule more efficient 117 -The passage tells us that one reason a worker might choose flexitime is ---- . A) to avoid colleagues he or she does not like by working different hours B) to be able to work longer hours and impress his or her boss C) to earn more money by working more overtime hours D) to avoid the rush -hour traffic by commuting at different hours from the majority E) to get a longer weekend in return for longer working days Painting is the application of some coloured pigment to a surface and has developed into an expressive art form. The most common types of paints used today are oil paints and water colours. Most oil painting is done on a prepared canvas or wooden board. Oil paints take several days to dry, which allows the artist to work and rework on the canvas or other surface in the meantime. Water colour painting requires a totally different technique. As the name implies, water is the fluid mixed with the pigments, while paper is the only surface suitable for the paints. Because the water dries quickly into the paper, the work

itself has to be done quickly, and it is difficult to correct mistakes. Gouache paints are also water -soluble, but stronger in colour and tone than true water colours. 118 -The main focus of the passage is ---- . A) a history of painting as a type of expressive art form B) an explanation of why the best artists prefer to use oil paint C) an explanation of how various paints are manufactured D) a brief list of some types of paint and a description of their features E) an argument for the superiority of water colours in art 119 -As is stated in the passage, one feature of oil paint is that ---- . A) it takes a long time to dry, during which time it can be damaged B) artists must use it on specially prepared surfaces, not on paper C) it is generally much easier to clean up than water colours are D) images produced with it can be changed if the paint hasn't dried yet E) true artists prefer using it to the less artistic water col6urs 120 -It can be inferred from the passage that gouache paints ---- . A) are much more expensive than water colours B) are not considered to be true water colours C) produce longer lasting paintings than water colours D) take longer to dry than water colours do E) are used by more artists than water colours are About 1500 years ago, King Vaktang Gorgasali shot a peacock while hunting in the dense forests of the Kura Valley. When he bent down to pick the bird up, he felt the warmth of a hot spring on his fingers. At once, he announced that this would be the, site of his new city, which he named Thilisi, a word meaning "warm" in the Georgian language. Later Thilisi replaced Mtskheta as the country's capital. Since then, Thilisi has become the economic and cultural centre of Georgia. It has an area of 350 square kilometres and a population of 1.5 million, which is comprised mainly of native Georgians with a number of other peoples, such as Russians, Armenians and Azeri Turks, represented. 121 -From the passage, we can determine that --- . A) the hot springs of Thilisi have since cooled B) the Georgian language has changed greatly C) Mtskheta had to be destroyed to build Thilisi D) all ancient kings liked hunting and hot springs E) Thilisi was built some time around 500 AD 122-The passage states that Mtskheta ---- . A) was the capital Of Georgia before Thilisi B) has never been such a major city as Thilisi C) has no hot springs or dense forests

D) is generally colder than Thilisi E) was the name given later to Thilisi 123 -The author states that within the population of Thilisi, ---- . A) the number of native Georgiana is 1.5 million B) there are fewer natives than the outsiders C) there are several ethnic minorities D) Azeri Turks form the greatest portion E) Georgians and Russians are the biggest minorities An orchestra is a fairly large ensemble of musical instrumentalists. The orchestra, and the history of orchestral music, is considered to have started with the operas of Claude Monteverdi. Its familiar composition, divided into four basic groups of instrumentsstrings, woodwind, brass and percussion-dates from the second half of the 18th century and is especially connected with the work of Joseph Haydn. The orchestra grew dramatically in size during the 19th century, from an ensemble of 35 players to a company of well over 100. During the same period, the composition of orchestral music and the particular use made of individual instruments or groups of them, increasingly became the hallmark of a composer's individual style. 124 -It's mentioned in the passage that ----- . A) Joseph Haydn was a much better composer than Claude Monteverdi B) opera is an art form that is highly superior to orchestral music C) Monteverdi's operas are regarded as the first examples of orchestral music D) the size of orchestras has grown to include too many instruments E) the larger the orchestra, the better the music it will produce 125-We learn from the passage that individual instruments in orchestras ---- . A) are all made of either wood or some type of metal B) were much larger in the 19th century than in the 18th C) were primarily designed by the composer Haydn D) always appear in groups of either 35 or 100 E) can be mainly classified into four different types 126-It may be assumed from the information in the passage that --- . A) music performed with 100 players is no better than that performed with 35 B) composers in the 19th century were known for their characteristic styles C) it 18 difficult to determine the composer of a piece of music without being told D) large groups of composers worked together on most 19th century projects E) there was little variation in the style of music produced in the 19th century This summer Britons are predicted to spend £6 billion on package holidays. According to a new survey, the happiest holiday -makers are those who book with small, specialist companies. The survey suggests that choosing the right tour company may be more

important than choosing the right resort or hotel. So, how can you make sure you end up with the sort of holiday you had in mind? If your budget is tight, work out exactly what you can afford. Then, find a travel agent who has time to listen to your requirements. This can be hard though, as many large high street chains set sales targets for heir staff, and may even limit the amount of time employees spend per customer. 127 -The recent survey mentioned in the passage shows that ----- . A) small travel agencies usually satisfy their customers better B) British people spend £6 billion on package holidays annually C) most British people book their holidays through small travel agencies D) luxurious holiday resorts are rarely preferred E) the staff at travel agencies deal with customers efficiently 128 -Following the advice in the passage, if you want to have a low -budget holiday, ---- . A) it would be a good idea to go on a working holiday B) make sure that you choose an excellent resort C) decide exactly what you want before approaching an agency D) a package holiday would be the best option E) you should plan your finances carefully 129 -The author warns that you may have difficulty in finding a travel agent who will ---- . A) offer you a cheap holiday B) give you a discount on the price C) listen to you at length D) offer decent holidays at lower prices E) offer a wide variety of package holidays Scientists have warned that the Great Barrier Reef, meant to be one of the most strictly protected natural wonders of the world, is dying, and this is because of the western appetite for prawn cocktails, and a combination of other human activities, including tourism and oil mining. The Australian Conservation Foundation has said that the reef could soon be listed as "endangered". It is one of the world's richest natural sites, with more than 400 species of coral and 1,500 fish species. Every living thing in the 140,000 -square -rnile park is extremely sensitive to disturbance. The scientists' report reveals that large -scale prawn fishing-both illegal and licensed-has in a few years reduced seabed animals by more than half. For every tonne of prawns caught, up to 10 tonnes of marine life is being sacrificed. 130 -One can understand from the passage that the Great Barrier Reef ---- . A) has more regulations than any other natural wonder in the world B) is not being as carefully protected as it ought to be C) houses many species that are listed endangered

D) is not open to tourists unless they have a special permit E) has no regulations governing activity in the area 131 -The Australian Conservation Foundation --- . A) is concerned about the future of the reef B) only allows one tonne of prawns to be caught annually C) sponsors tourism and mining in the area D) has declared the reef to be an endangered site E) has classified various species in the area as endangered 132 -The author believes that prawn fishing ----. A) should be restricted to ten tonnes per year B) is the only means for the locals to earn their living C) only benefits the rich West D) is disturbing the balance of nature in the area E) is still carried out with primitive methods

All contact lenses are now made of plastic, but hard and soft varieties are available. The newer and more expensive soft lenses can be bent and will return to their original shape. Made of water - absorbing plastic, they cause very little discomfort and can be worn for as short or as long a period as you like. Lenses of hard plastic do cause discomfort during the adjustment period and must be worn regularly so that another break -in period isn't necessary. However, vision through soft contacts isn't as good as through hard contacts. Another disadvantage of soft lenses is their tendency to absorb eye secretions and mists from hair spray, room deodorant and the like. 133 -One advantage soft contact lenses have over hard ones is that they ---- . A) are made of natural products B) are completely flexible C) correct short -sightedness D) aren't as expensive E) come in two varieties 134 -We learn from the passage that hard plastic lenses --- . A) are water absorbent B) must not be worn too often C) are initially uncomfortable D) may break if dropped E) do not provide clear vision 135 -We can conclude from the passage that a person wearing soft plastic lenses ---- . A) ought to use them for short periods B) has to get them adjusted by the optician C) won't have any difficulty seeing clearly D) should avoid using aerosol sprays E) doesn't need to have them checked frequently Nowhere else in Italy is the art of making pasta so perfected as in Emilia. An ordinary housewife, in half an hour, can make enough taglierini, a kind of pasta, for a dozen people. With eggs and flour and just a drop of water she makes the dough. With a long rolling pin, she presses it out into circular sheets, paper thin. She then cuts it into ribbons a quarter of an inch in width. In Rome this pasta is called fettucfrie, and is boiled and drained like spaghetti, and served swimming in butter and melted cheese. In Emilia, they prefer it served with a sauce of meat, tomato, herbs and mushrooms. In Genoa, the same pasta, made in exactly the same way, is served al pesto-with an uncooked sauce of garlic, herbs and olive oil.

136 -Housewives in Emilia ---- . A) usually make the pasta special to their town B) make the most economical pasta in Italy C) usually cook for twelve or more people D) make most of the pasta produced in Italy E) are the best at making pasta in Italy 137-Clearly, in Rome, people ----- . A) prefer fettucirte to taglierini B) enjoy eating pasta with dairy products C) would rather eat spaghetti than jettucihe D) like to eat pasta on the riverbanks E) cook fettucine in butter, not in water 138 -From what the author says about taglierini and al pesto, we can understand that---- . A) they are cooked in different ways B) the people in Genoa eat much less pasta C) the Genoans generally use more herbs in cooking D) they are the same pasta with different names E) the people from Emilia like a thicker sauce Trinity College, or Dublin University, in the Republic of Ireland, dates from the sixteenth century. However, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, many Irish students went abroad, to Italy, Spain and France, to be educated, as Catholics, forming the majority of the population were forbidden to have schools. During that time in Ireland, many teachers operated outside the law. Known as Hedge Shoolmasters, they taught their pupils by the hedgerows in summer and in hillside huts in winter due to a lack of buildings of their own. They managed to teach Latin and Greek well, Without texts, masters and pupils had to rely on memory. Not until the nineteenth century did these banned 'hedge' schools disappear, when a system of public education was finally approved by the British Government. 139-The passage tells us that Ireland ---- . A) became a republic in the 16th century B) did not value education until the 19th century C) was an independent state in the 18th century D) was a predominantly Catholic state E) didn't have any schools until the 19th century

140-Hedge Schoolmasters ---- . A) had to teach secretly, as what they were doing was illegal B) provided the only legal education for Catholics at that time C) worked for one of the departments of Trinity College D) taught in order to raise money for school buildings E) began their work in Ireland in the 16th century 141 -One difficulty that Hedge Schoolmasters and their pupil were faced with was that ---- . A) the school masters weren’t properly trained B) the students had to study Latin and Greek C) they didn't have any school books D) the masters and pupils spoke different languages E) there were not enough teachers for all the students An average child of 5 years old uses only 1,500 of the 150,000 "dictionary" words that a modern language contains. But this small treasury is used very intensively, by him during the years of learning, at the rate of about 1,000 words an hour, or from 7,000 to 15,000 words each day for an active child. School quickly increases his vocabulary, but leaves him with less opportunity for using it. At 10 years old, his treasury amounts to 7,000 words, of which about 30% are used actively -the remainder is seldom or never used and in an hour he will use about 700 words. By the time he enters university, his word inventory will have grown to 20.000, and on graduation to 60.000, but of these only 10% -20%will be in active use. 142 -According to the passage, in general, a 5 -year old -child ----- . A) has an enormous, vocabulary for his age B) can learn 1.000 words in an hour C) knows, but doesn’t use, about 150~000 words D) learns about 7.000 to 15.000 words each day E) uses only one percent of avai1able words 143 -The passage tells us that when a child goes to school, ----- . A) the amount of vocabulary he knows, and his usage of it, increase considerably B) he is able to use more than half of the words found in a standard dictionary C) he learns many words, but uses a smaller percentage of them than before D) he finds more opportunity to use his ,vocabulary E) he starts using about 7.000 words daily 144-An average university student ------- .

A) B) C) D) E)

spends at least fifteen hours of a day listening or speaking uses about 7,000 words, though he knows almost all the vocabulary can only use half of the words he knows in everyday life graduates with less than half of the vocabulary of his mother tongue can actively use most of the words he has learnt during education

In the Pacific Ocean, over 4000 kilometres from the coast of Chile, the closest mainland, is a tiny island named Easter Island that amazed the first seafarers to land there in the 18tr century. What surprised them were the hundreds of colossal statues scattered all over the island. They were the remains of massive sculptures that had been cut from the volcanic mountains. No one has ever been able to explain why these statues were built. They are between ten and twenty metres high and weigh up to fifty tonnes. Even now, scientists are unable to explain how such huge monuments were constructed and moved about on such a remote island. 145 -The most extraordinary thing about Easter bland is-. A) the many huge stone images found on the island B) the fact that it was not until the 18th century that the first seafarers went there C) the existence of volcanic mountains there D) its location nearly 4000 kilometres from Chile E) the 4000 year old mountains that were discovered in the 18th century 146 -The passage tells us that ----- . A) there were no people on the island until the 18th century B) there are between ten and twenty statues on the island C) the reason for the construction of the statues is not understood D) there are many active volcanoes on Easter Island E) seamen in the 18th century often made up unlikely stories 147 -It is mentioned in the passage that ---- . A) the first seafarers to land on the island were very skilful B) the statues are situated in the most remote part of the island C) the civilisation of Easter Island was destroyed by a volcanic eruption D) the people who made the statues were excellent engineers E) Easter Island is a long way from the nearest continent

It is ironic that the name of such a corrupt and immoral politician as John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, has come down to us, while the names of some of his more honest colleagues are forgotten. He held several important positions in the 18th century, most notoriously as First Lord of the Admiralty. He is thought to have stolen from the Admiralty budget, and to have purchased inferior equipment for the navy at a profit to himself, causing the British Navy serious problems at sea. But of course what he is most remembered for is the invention of the "sandwich". A confirmed gambler, he is thought to have asked for slices of meat to be put between two pieces of bread and brought to him at the gaming table, go that eating would not cause him to waste any gambling time. 148 -According to the passage, the "sandwich" ----- . A) is a special way of gambling invented by John Montagu B) was invented in England, but is now most popular in the United States C) was John Montagu's favourite meat dish he ate with his gambling colleagues D) was the secret code John Montagu and some other corrupt politicians used E) was invented by John Montagu as a way to be able to eat while gambling 149 -Some of the British Navy's problems in the 18th century resulted from ---- . A) the gambling habit of the fourth Earl of Sandwich B) the corruption and immorality of the manufacturers C) the dismissal of the honest admirals of the time from the navy D) the bad equipment John Montagu bought for the navy E) the economic depression the country was suffering in general 150 -The author finds it ironic that John Montagu, an immoral person, ----- . A) was able to hold such important positions in the navy B) is still remembered today. but some of his more honest contemporaries aren't C) was awarded by the British Navy for his admirable work D) was held responsible for the increase in gambling in the country E) had become one of the four important figures of the region of Sandwich

Although the Kilim -Ijim forest in Oku, Cameroon, lies only about six degrees north of the Equator, at an elevation of over 2,500 metres, it has a pleasant climate. After the stifling humidity of the country's main city, Douala, this highland area feels decidedly cool. Kilim -Ijim is the highest and largest forest left in West Africa, with fifteen bird species found only in this mountain area of Cameroon. One, a dazzlingly beautiful bird called the turaco, is found nowhere else on the Earth. Although the turaco is confined almost entirely to the 200,000 hectares of the Kilim -Ijim area, it is not difficult to locate it. From dawn to dusk, its call can be heard. Because of this, the local people call the turaco the timekeeper, announcing the start and end of each working day in the fields. 151 -The author mentions that the Killm -Ijim forest has a nice climate ---- . A) though it is not as good as the climate in Douala B) even though it can be really quite cold there C) despite the fact that it is near the Equator D) because it is in a northerly area of Cameroon E) although it is not as cool as it is in Douala 152 -The turaco --- . A) is only found in the KiIim -ljim forest B) is not easy to find in the 200,000 hectares of the forest C) is the only bird species which is native to Cameroon D) has fifteen different varieties found only in the Kilim -Ijim forest E) can be found throughout Cameroon, but nowhere else 153 -The turaco is known as the timekeeper because -- . A) it calls twice a day-at sunrise and at sunset B) its call is heard in the fields from the start till the end of a work day C) it makes a noise that sounds like a clock D) its loud, distinctive cry can be heard day and night E) it calls as it goes to sleep at dawn and again at dusk, when it wakes up

Lacrosse is the national game of Canada and was developed there around 1850, and later in the US in 1877, from the centuries old Indian baggataway, played by rival tribes with teams numbering thousands. The name, French for "the crook," is from the stick used. The modem game is played on a field 100 by 60 metres, with caged goals about two metres square. A team consists of ten players: defence men, midfield players, attack players and a goalkeeper. The object is to score goals by carrying, throwing or batting a sponge rubber ball with the stick, which has a 25 - centimetre net at the end. Only the goalkeeper may touch the ball with his hands, and the game is divided into four quarters of 15 minutes each. 154 -According to the passage, a lacrosse game ---- . A) stimulates feelings of hatred between the sides B) allows the players to handle the ball with hands C) is only popular among the Indians living in Canada D) requires the teams to employ a lot of players E) is played for sixty minutes in four sections 155 -We learn from the passage that today, lacrosse is played --- . A) all over the world and is very popular B) on a field many times the size of a football pitch C) by teams of ten players in four distinct positions D) by people riding horses and carrying sticks E) by teams of thousands of people at the same time 156 -The passage tells us that lacrosse ---- . A) in its present form dates from the mid - nineteenth century B) was played enthusiastically by the Indian tribe of Baggataway C) used to mean a declaration of war in the Indian traditions D) is only played in Canada, where it's the national game E) is a French game developed by crooks and warriors

What have recently been found in Egypt could be the earliest known writings. The clay tablets have been carbon dated to between 3300 BC and 3200 BC. This discovery will upset the belief commonly held by hi8toriaas that the first people to write were the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, in about 3000 BC. Most of the tablets were found in the tomb of a king called Scorpion, south of Cairo. The writings in the form of line drawings of animals, plants and mountains are on clay tablets barely bigger than postage stamps. They have been deciphered as records of linen and oil delivered to King Scorpion I. Thus it seems that man's first writings were not a creative outpouring but the result of economics: when the chieftains expanded their areas of control, they needed to keep a record of taxes, paid in the form of goods 157 -According to the passage, the discovery of the clay tablets in Egypt --- . A) has upset a great many historians interested in this area B) has proved that the Sumerians were the first to write C) apparently took place in approximately 3000 BC D) will change the current understanding of the history of writing E) has not yet been officially confirmed by authorities 158 -The clay tablets mentioned in the passage ----- . A) were used as ancient forms of postage stamps B) are the earliest examples we have of Egyptian art C) reveals some information about the economic dealings of ancient Egyptians D) were specially created to be buried with King Scorpion E) originally belonged to the Sumerians of Mesopotamia 159-From this discovery, it appears that ---- . A) these tablets were a form of ancient money B) the tablets were bartered in exchange for oil C) King Scorpion was one of the first merchants D) only the kings had the authority to keep written records of events E) the first writing was for the purpose of recording economic transactions

According to local legend, the Russian Mikhail Bukanin entered a Prague cafe in 1848 and ordered tea. When the owner said that he'd never heard of the drink Bukanin marched into the kitchen and made the city's first cup of tea. Eighty years later, there were an estimated 150 tea - houses in Prague, but the culture died out under the Communist regime. Today's tea -houses are mostly a 1990s' phenomenon. Partly a reaction to the smoke -filled atmosphere of the Czech pub, and partly a reaction against the multinational, fast food culture that has recently arrived in Prague, tea -houses are non -smoking, peaceful places to enjoy a quiet cup of tea and relax. The tea drinking is taken very seriously, and many of the tea -houses stock a huge array of different kinds of tea. 160 -Legend tells that ----- . A) tea was forbidden in Prague until the year 1848 B) eating and drinking habits of the Czechs were greatly affected by the Russians' C) the Czechs used to drink tea themselves but did not offer it to their guests D) a Russian introduced tea to the people of Prague E) the first cafe in Prague serving tea was started by a foreigner 161-We can deduce from the passage that -----. A) today's tea -houses in Prague have generally been opened in the last ten years B) approximately 150 tea -houses have been opened in Prague since the 1920s C) the original tea -houses have lost a lot of business to pubs and restaurants D) the citizens of Prague don't really like drinking tea in public places E) the tea -houses in Prague have been in continuous existence for over 80 years 162 -We learn from the passage that Prague tea -houses ---- . A) do not encourage their customers to laugh and Joke B) keep a large samovar of tea boiling all the time C) sell fast food as well as the tea they are famed for D) offer many varieties of the beverage they serve E) were, in general, pubs before they became tea-houses

The development of geology owes much to the work of non -professional observers. In no other science, with the possible exceptions of astronomy and archaeology, has the keen amateur participated so actively or contributed so much. This is mainly because experimental methods of investigation involving complicated apparatus typical of chemistry, physics and biology are of only limited use in geology, which results from the fact that geological processes work slowly and depend on factors beyond human control. The advance of geological knowledge has depended on simple observations, patiently gathered, of the outcrops of rocks, their thicknesses, their angles and their fossil content. 163 -The purpose of the passage is to explain ------ . A) some experimental methods of geological investigation B) why geology is a science suitable for enthusiasts' contribution C) gradual developments in the field of geology over the years D) why it is so difficult to gather geological information E) how experts analyse geological data gathered in the field 164 -It is clear from the passage that complex equipment for geological investigation ---- . A) is vital to almost every part of the geologist's work B) is of no use whatsoever in the development of geology C) may be easily mastered and used by the amateur D) only plays a small part in the field of geology E) is much the same as that used in other scientific fields 165 -The author informs us that because of the way geological processes take place, ---- . A) humans will never really understand how geology works B) sophisticated equipment is vital to the geologist's work C) several other sciences can be useful to the study of geology D) data needs to be gathered over a long period of time E) it takes a long time to train in order to become a geologist

In Memphis, Tennessee, the unofficial capital of the Mississippi Delta, many people, black and white, have always been drawn to the blues music. It is this racial cross -over that helped inspire Memphis's most famous adopted son, Elvis Presley, to fuse black blues and white country and gospel music into rock'n'roll. Whereas rock'n'rol became universally popular, very few black blues musicians gained commercial success, and the blues remained no more than a side -show, appreciated mainly by the poor blacks who created it in the first place. Surprisingly though, it was white rock groups from Britain, particularly the Rolling Stones, who popularised the great American blues guitarists and singers by acknowledging their debt to them. 166 -According to the passage, rock'n'roll ----- . A) is a combination of black and white music B) helped to inspire Elvis Presley C) has never been appreciated by the black population D) has always been a side -show E) is most popular among poor blacks 167 -The author tells us that rock'n'roll ----- . A) has never been as popular as the blues B) achieved more popularity than the blues C) became popular owing to blues musicians D) became most famous in Memphis, the capital of Mississippi E) is better sung by whites than blacks 168 -The author finds it surprising that ----- . A) the Rolling Stones became so famous outside Britain B) Elvis Presley gained world fame as a rock'n'rol singer C) blues musicians were brought to public attention by white British rock groups D) blacks and whites in Memphis could get along so peacefully E) the Mississippi Delta has produced so many famed musicians, both black and white

Of the countries of Latin America, none has had a more melancholy history than Paraguay. For nearly 180 years, from 1811, when the country became independent from Spain, it had a very succession of dictators, some bad, some very bad. One allowed no newspapers or schools. Another claimed half of the country for himself. When the last one was overthrown in 1989, it was assumed that Andres Rodriguez, the general who organised the coup against his old master, would be a dictator too. To many people's astonishment, starting a democratic movement, he freed political prisoners, ended the ban on opposition political parties, lifted newspaper censorship, and successfully stood for president in what was acclaimed as the cleanest dirty election in the country’s history. 169 -It is stated in the passage that Paraguay ---- . A) was ruled by decent, fair -minded leaders only for a short period B) has suffered a series of unworthy dictators during its history C) is still affected by the traditions of the colonial period D) has never had enough newspapers or schools for its population E) had its worst times during the rule of the dictator Andres Rodriguez 170 -The most surprising thing about General Andres Rodriguez is that he ---- . A) was a hero of the independence movement, which ended in 1811 B) was overthrown by a dictator in 1989 C) became a dictator exactly like his predecessors D) claimed about half the country as his own personal property E) introduced democracy even though he came to power in a coup 171 -The passage implies that ----A) all of the countries of Latin America have had a sad history B) the most recent election in Paraguay was completely free and fair C) Paraguay's first ever elections took place under Andres Rodriguez D) there has never been a completely free and fair election in Paraguay E) Paraguay remained under the influence of Spain even after independence

Britain's Andy Green, piloting what looked like a wingless jet plane, became the first man in history to break the sound barrier on land in October, 1997. The car is powered by two jet engines, which develop a thrust equivalent to that of 1000 Ford Escort cars. Though the pilot, the vehicle and the team are all British, the feat was accomplished in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada, USA, because it is the flattest usable surface on the Earth. Coating his ten -tonne vehicle toward the legendary Mach 1, the measure used for aircraft flying at the speed of sound, which is 750 mph. Green culminated the two -minute, 13 -mile run with a supersonic spurt that sent him over the 760 mph mark for almost 60 seconds. 172 -‘Match 1’ in the passage refers to ----- . A) a unit of measure for supersonic speed B) an extremely powerful Jet engine C) the name of the vehicle which broke the sound barrier D) a spot in the Black Rock Desert E) a wingless jet 173 -It is stated in the passage that ----- . A) 1000 cars took part in the attempt to break the sound barrier B) the sound barrier can only be broken by aircraft C) flight over the speed of sound is called supersonic D) a jet plane without wings has broken the sound barrier on land E) a British team broke the sound barrier on land in the USA 174 -We learn from the passage that before October, 1997, ---- . A) it used to take 13 miles to reach the speed of sound B) the engines of 1000 Ford escorts were used for supersonic craft C) Andy Green had already travelled at over the speed of sound for one minute D) no one had gone faster than the speed of sound on land E) a few other speed tests had been carried out in the Black Rock Desert

The man responsible for greatly reducing the suffering resulting from surgery was Joseph Lister, who was born in 1827. In 1886 he made the discovery that wound infections following surgery were due to bacteria, and he began to use carbolic acid in an attempt to destroy the bacteria in the air around the operating table. Clean, sterile operating theatres as we know them were unfamiliar in Lister's day, and he was the first surgeon to realise the importance of antisepsis-killing the bacteria in and around the incision that is necessary for the operation. It was his pioneering work with antiseptics which led to the strict routines which surround modern operating theatres, where surgical instruments are sterilised before use, and all the theatre staff have to "scrub up" and wear sterilised gloves and clothing. 175 -Before Joseph Lister's discoveries, ---- . A) clean, sterile operating theatres were unknown B) there was an inefficient method of sterilisation C) theatre staff followed strict preparation routines D) surgery was always very dangerous E) nobody took his theories seriously 176 -We learn from the passage that ----- . A) the sterile conditions in a modern operating theatre are the result of Lister's work B) surgery includes danger despite all precautions C) doctors had long suspected the importance of antisepsis D) incisions are not necessary for minor operations E) Joseph Lister was the greatest surgeon of his time 177 -The passage mainly deals with --- . A) the type of bacteria which cause infections B) why it is important for everyone in an operating theatre to be clean C) how Joseph Lister changed the course of surgery with his discoveries D) how sterilised conditions reduced the numbers of post -operation deaths E) the use of carbolic acid in destroying bacteria

In recent years, a whole new generation of cargo vessels have begun sailing the oceans of the world at speeds that in the past were confined to fast passenger liners. They are known as container ships, monsters with powerful engines developing up to 90,000 horse power. These ships are primarily important due to the fact that the container method of transporting goods has revolutionised maritime cargo carrying because of the speed at which they can be loaded and unloaded when they arrive at a port specially equipped to handle the containers. These containers look like giant building blocks and are made to a standard size. 178 -The main advantage of container ships is that they are --- . A) bigger than other ships B) as comfortable as fast ocean liners C) able to compete with fast ocean liners D) loaded and unloaded extremely fast E) the most recent invention of mankind 179 -It is stated in the passage that container ships ---- . A) are the fastest ships in the world B) can travel so fast because they are loaded with standard size containers C) have virtually replaced passenger liners D) are described as "monsters" because they are ugly E) have recently begun sailing the oceans 180 -We learn from the passage that ------ . A) container vessels come in all sizes B) container vessels have been around for as long as passenger liners C) passenger liners still have a number of important advantages over container D) because containers are of a standard size, they can be used as building blocks E) container vessels can only be loaded and unloaded at specially equipped ports

The word alphabet is made up from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet-alpha and beta-and describes any group of symbols intended to represent the sounds used in speech. The letters of an alphabet can be assembled in thousands of different combinations to form words, and are therefore much more flexible than other symbols, such as pictograms or ideograms each of which can only stand for one particular object or idea. The origin of alphabets is obscure. Some scholars believe that the first true alphabets developed from Egyptian Hieroglyphics; others contend that the cuneiform scripts of the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians hold the key. 181 -The author tell us that an alphabet is ---- . A) two Greek letters, alpha and beta B) a group of meaningless symbols C) a group of signs that stand for vocal sounds D) the sounds used when we speak E) a combination of pictograms and ideograms 182 -It is clear from the passage that alphabets are well -suited for writing because ---- . A) they are not as rigid as other symbolic systems B) their letters represent specific words or ideas C) they derive from ancient hieroglyphics D) they can have thousands of different letters E) they are easy to learn for any member of the community 183 -It's mentioned in the passage that academics disagree about ----- . A) the disadvantages of alphabets B) Egyptian Hieroglyphics C) pictograms and ideograms D) the key to cuneiform scripts E) how alphabets originated

India, one of the poorest countries in the world. has the most HIV positive citizens, an estimated 4 million people. However, it is estimated that less than 1 percent of those living with HIV in India can afford the medication; about 20 pills of various types which has become known as the "AID cocktail". Indigenous production of drugs which will eliminate the cost of import, and perhaps even development of a vaccine may be the only way for India to combat AIDS But costs remain high, even though an Indian company has begun to produce some of the treatment drugs in India. 184 -It is stated in the passage that --- . A) 4 million people in India are taking medication for HIV B) none of the HIV medication is produced in India C) HIV positive Indians may have got the disease at cocktail parties D) if the HIV medication were a little cheaper, everyone would be able to afford it E) there is no country in the world with more HIV positive citizens than India 185 -The "AIDS cocktail" ---- . A) is widely available and inexpensive B) is produced in India by an Indian company C) is taken by all HIV positive Indians every day D) consists of about 20 different kinds of medicine E) was devised, by an Indian doctor to combat AIDS 186 -The word 'indigenous" in the passage probably means ------ . A) inexpensive B) local C) imported D) convenient E) efficient

US citizens are legally permitted to arrive in the Netherlands as tourists, 'and then look for work while they're there. However, nobody can work legally in the Netherlands, without a social -fiscal, SOFI, number: yet, the Tax Office won't issue a SOFI number to non -EU nationals without a residence permit, and the Aliens' Police won't issue the permit to anyone without a SOFI number. These regulations are designed to make things difficult, but there do seem to be ways around them. If you can find an employer who will give both the Tax Office and the Aliens' Police a written statement to say that you alone are the right person to do the job, you may be granted a residence permit and a SOFI number. Otherwise, apart from marrying a Dutch citizen, there is little you can do legally to establish yourself there. 187 -An American who wishes to week in the Netherlands ----- . A) is allowed to seek employment while on holiday in the country B) must get a written statement from the Tax Office to give to his employer C) must arrange all of the details before leaving the United States D) should arrive there with a residence permit and a SOFI number E) is required to register with the Tax Office upon arrival 188 -The author suggests that for an American to have any hope of securing a residence permit, you need -- . A) to be a non -EU national B) to open your own business there C) something in writing from an employee D) to have Dutch ancestors E) a friend in the Dutch Aliens' Police 189 -From the information given in the passage, it appears that ---- . A) it is illegal for an American without a SOFI number to marry a Dutch citizen B) an American wishing to marry a Dutch citizen cannot do so within the Netherlands C) being married to a Dutch citizen doesn't help an American who wants to work in Holland D) marrying a Dutch citizen increases an American’s chances of being allowed to work in Holland E) it is not legal for an American to get married to a Dutch citizen unless he's got a job in Holland

Many experiments have suggested that a child who has watched a violent video sequence is more likely to engage in aggressive acts than one who has not. According to one study, a preference for violent TV shows is a more accurate indicator of aggression than socio -economic background, family relationships, IQ, or any other single factor. Though it is difficult to say which comes first, an aggressive personality or a preference for violent shows, the relationship is certainly valid. A steady diet of TV violence can also make children numb to reality. One eleven -year -old was quoted as saying that he had seen so many assaults and murders on the screen that if he saw someone really get killed, it would not bother him. 190 -According to the study mentioned in the passage, the most likely people to be aggressive are --- . A) those with violent family relationships B) people with low IQ's C) those who are numb to reality D) people who watch too much violence on TV E) those from poor families 191 -The passage states that socio -economic background ---- . A) is less important than a taste for violent TV shows as an indicator of an aggressive personality B) is more important than family relationships or IQ in evaluating a violent personality C) leads to a preference for violent 'Iv programmes D) is the most important single factor in predicting aggressive behaviour E) can make people indifferent to reality 192 -The anther states that watching a large number of violent TV shows --- . A) may be an indicator of violent family relationships B) can make a child insensitive to real life C) makes children want to see people get killed D) Is one of the causes of a poor socio -economic background E) is related to a person's IQ

Amphibious vehicles, those that can move on both land and water, have been in use for a number of years. However, while most of them are quite fast on land, they move quite slowly when they are functioning as boats. The only truly amphibious vehicle that can move with equal ease on both land and water, is the Hovercraft. A Hovercraft actually travels on an air cushion produced by a large fan which blows air downwards between the body of the vehicle and the water or the ground. This lifts up the craft. Because the Hovercraft floats on the air cushion, there is no contact between the craft and the surface below. This allows it to travel over flat or rough ground, or water. 193 -The passage tells us that amphibious vehicles ---- . A) are not capable of travelling efficiently on water B) are the result of the very latest technology C) can also function as aeroplanes in certain situations D) are able to travel on water as well as on land E) are still in the early stages of development 194-The passage explains ---- . A) why the Hovercraft is more efficient ~n water than on land B) the system which enables all amphibious vehicles to function as boats C) that the Hovercraft can travel over various surfaces because it does not touch them D) the best method by which the inefficient amphibious vehicles can be improved E) that the Hovercraft is not truly an amphibious vehicle 195-According to the passage, of all amphibious vehicles, only the Hovercraft --- . A) offers the passengers seats supported with cushions B) operates with equal efficiency on both land and sea C) has a large fan which keeps the engine cool D) has become popularly known E) requires smooth ground or a calm sea

The Rhine is a European river which rises in the Swiss Alps and flows northward for a distance of 1320 kilometres, entering the North Sea just south of the port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. It is navigable all the way from the sea to Basle, Switzerland, and for this reason is of great commercial importance, serving the industrial region of Ruhr and such inland ports as Cologne, Manheim and Strasbourg. It is connected by canal with the Danube and the Rhone Its most famous stretch is the Rhine Gorge, the steep sides being given over to vineyards. Politically, too, the Rhine has played a big part in European history, providing a natural frontier between French speaking people to the west and Germanic peoples to the east. 196 -It is stated in the passage that the industrial importance of the Rhine --- . A) stems from its role as a link between Switzerland and the sea B) comes from its length of more than a thousand kilometres C) is a direct result of its rising in the Alps in Switzerland D) is due mainly to the river's political significance E) has been lessened in recent years because of failed vineyards 197 -We understand from the passage that, the Danube and the Rhone ---- . A) have, over the years, lessened the commercial importance of the Rhine B) flow through more countries than does the Rhine C) are of greater significance for Europe than the Rhine D) flow into the same sea as the Rhine E) are not connected with the Rhine naturally but artificially 198 -Apart from being a transportation route, the Rhine ---- . A) contributes to the tourist industry in the Ruhr region B) is seen by the Dutch as a link to the east C) provides natural beauty for the local people D) serves as a political barrier as well E) has no other important function Herodotus was a Greek historian born in Halicarnassus four years before the battle of Thermopylae. He is believed to have been exiled in his later life because of his opposition to the tyrant Lygdamis. He spent much time on Samos, thereafter travelling in the Persian Empire, Scythia and Egypt, observing with fascination the local customs and beliefs. He lived some time in Athens and travelled as an Athenian colonist to Thurli, in Italy, where he is supposed to have spent the rest of his life writing The Persian Wars, earning the title of Father of History from Caesar. This 9 -book work is an inquiry into the origins of, and a description of, the Persian invasions of Greece. The first 6 books tell of the customs, geography and history of the combatants and their neighbours; the last three treat the war

itself. 199-The passage suggests that Herodotus ---- . A) made a fortune from the sale of his books B) is one of the earliest historical writers C) did not actually visit the places he wrote about D) played a major role in the history of the Persian Empire E) could speak Persian, Arabic and Scythian

200 -It can be inferred from the passage that during the battle of Termophylae, Herodotus --. A) took detailed notes and did not fight B) attacked the evil king Lygdamis C) was too young to have played a role D) lost his father through a Persian arrow E) was assisting the enemy Persian army 201 -The author tells us that Herodotus died ---. A) having completed only 6 of a planned 9 -book collection B) while paying a visit to Caesar in Italy C) before he could visit his own country D) in a battle in the Persian War E) in the Athenian colony of Thuril

Vitamin C occurs most abundantly in oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and raw tomatoes and cabbage. Several other fruits and vegetables, including potatoes, contain lesser amounts. It is, however, easily destroyed by cooking. vitamin C is necessary for the development of bones, teeth, blood vessels, and other tissues, and plays a part in the functioning of most of the cells in the hotly. Deficiency shows itself in painful haemorrhages around the bones and in swollen, bleeding gums, a condition called scurvy. For a long time, in the days when a sailor's diet consisted of salted and dried food and ship's biscuits, scurvy was the curse of sailors on long voyages. 202 -It is obvious from the passage that vitamin C --- . A) is an essential part of a healthy diet B) is present is both raw and well -cooked vegetables C) is less important for adults than it is for children D) was once more important than it is now E) is the best cure for a cold 203 -The passage implies that scurvy among sailors was caused by --- . A) a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables B) cooking food for too long C) having to work under difficult conditions D) the fact that their journeys were too long E) their fondness for fish and biscuits 204 -The best way to ensure having enough vitamin C in one's diet is to --- . A) thoroughly cook all food to destroy harmful bacteria B) try to avoid diseases affecting bones and teeth C) make sure that it includes lightly cooked meat D) eat plenty of salads and citrus fruits E) include such items as salted and dried food At least half of all visitors to Nepal go to the lakeside town of Pokhara. The symbol of the region is the 6.993 -metre high Machhapuchhare Mountain, which means “ fish tail” in English. Indeed the mountain is shaped like a fish tail and viewed from Pokhara, is a majestic sight. Yet one detail singles out this giant mountain from the others in the region: no one has ever climbed it, and it is unlikely that anyone ever will. In the 1960s, the Nepalese government declared it a holy mountain, forbidden to mountaineers. Sherpas, in particular, respect this. And without sherpas, the indispensable porters of the high valleys of Nepal, the Europeans and Americans who constantly attempt to conquer the mountains in the region are helpless.

205 -It is obvious from the passage that -- . A) there are a lot of fish in Pokhara Lake B) no one has ever climbed most of the mountains near Pokhara C) the mountains around Pokhara have English names D) tourism in Nepal has grown in importance since the 1960s E) Pokhara is one of the most popular destinations in Nepal 206 -Machhapuchhare has never been climbed because-. A) it is one of the tallest mountains in the world B) it is regarded as sacred, and so mountaineers are not allowed to climb it C) it is dangerously steep, which discourages mountaineers from attempting to climb it D) it is not as challenging for climbers as the other mountains in the region E) there aren’t any Sherpas experienced enough to lead mountaineers to it 207 -What the passage stresses about Sherpas is that they ---- . A) are members of a religious sect trying to ban mountain -climbing in Nepal B) climbed high mountains until the government forbade them in the 1960s C) are essential to climbers who want to conquer the mountains in Nepal D) don't approve of Europeans and Americans climb their mountain E) want to be the first people to climb Machhapuchhare Plants can summon an insect rescue team when they are attacked by pests, just as if they were calling for a microscopic ambulance. In fact, researchers say the signal is specific enough to tell the helpful insects exactly what to expect when they arrive on the scene. For example, two kinds of caterpillars attack numerous crops and cost US farmers about $6 billion annually. The plants summon a black, parasitic wasp that it is the natural enemy of the caterpillars. Scientists have known for years that plants could send out distress calls to wasps and other insect bodyguards, but they are just beginning to understand how sophisticated the messages can be. They hope to find out more about the signals and eventually use them to develop chemical -free pest control systems. 208 -The passage states that ----- . A) most of the agricultural crops produced in the USA are lost to pests B) caterpillars can help plants attacked by black wasps C) scientists have known all about plants' distress calls for years D) friendly insects can help plants against unfriendly ones E) researchers have only recently become aware of the distress calls of plants

209 -According to the passage, further research into the plants' distress calls is necessary in order for scientists ---- . A) to act promptly when plants need help B) to develop new chemicals to be used against pests C) to understand whether plants really have this ability D) to distinguish between useful and harmful insects E) to make use of them in the fight against pests 210 -One can understand from the passage that "pest" means a ---- . A) microscopic ambulance B) specific signal C) harmful insect D) type of researcher E) helpful insect Not so long ago, most companies were family affairs, owned by different members of the same family. Some still are, but now many companies have survived the founding families and grown into big organisations which own smaller, or subsidiary companies. These companies work in other countries to form multi -national groups, such as the big oil companies like Shell or Esso, and the big car manufacturers like Ford. The big multi -national companies each control more money than many countries do. These companies only exist to make profits for their owners, or shareholders. 211 -According to the passage, most companies --- . A) used to belong to a single family B) are subsidiary companies belonging to larger organisations C) have larger budgets than some countries do D) are owned by the oil companies E) have now been taken over by multi -nationals 212 -The author states that ----- . A) multi -national companies usually belong to a single family B) some multi -nationals are richer than some nations C) there are no longer any family -owned large companies D) the biggest organisations are called subsidiary companies E) the big oil companies are usually owned by single families

213 -The author believes that multi -national companies ---- . A) are a positive force in the world B) are largely controlled by the countries where they work C) sometimes become too involved in family affairs D) have no other purpose but to make money E) employ many people from the original founding families The "dead cities" of Syria are coming alive and archaeologists are seriously concerned. Pushed by a booming population, farmers are moving into the hills of northern Syria and making homes in villages that have been deserted but nearly intact for a millennium. The government is trying to limit the destruction of archaeological sites by barring people from moving into hundreds of deserted ancient villages and imposing fines for destroying antiquities. In some cases, officials can pull down newly -built houses that are too close to the dead cities. This has outraged the new villagers; mostly poor Muslim farmers and shepherds who feel little connection to antiquities from Syria's Christian past. 214 -The passage tells, us that archaeologists are worried ----- . A) about the impoverished state of the farmers and shepherds B) because they are not allowed to continue excavations in Syria C) because buildings of historical value have officially been given to villagers D) due to the government's decidedly anti - Christian stance E) because the growing population is threatening historic sites in Syria 215 -The passage suggests that the villagers’ lack of concern comes from --- . A) the government's policy of not fining them heavily for destruction B) their belief that the cities have always belonged to Syrians C) their cultural and religious distance from Syria's Christian past D) the government's lax attitude to drive them out of their new homes E) the great profit to be made from selling antiquities to archaeologists 216 -It may be gathered from the passage that the ancient cities of northern Syria ---. A) are in very good condition despite being empty for a thousand years B) are hard to find since they are simply shapeless piles of rocks C) are really quite new cities but are very poorly maintained D) have been continuously inhabited for a least a millennium E) are also home to a large number of Christians For the first time after the Apollo moon landings, NASA is launching a mission into outer

space to bring back extraterritorial material. This time, NASA is going after comet and interstellar dust. "Stardust", the robotic spacecraft that will collect the tiny grains, is scheduled for a journey of seven years that will cover 5.1 billion kilometres. It is NASA's first attempt to bring back pieces of a comet. This particular comet, Wild -2, rarely came close to the Sun until the 1970s, and so still should contain the original, frozen components of the solar system. By studying samples from this well -preserved comet, scientists hope to better understand how icy, rocky comets may have provided the water and organics necessary for life to form on the Earth, and possibly elsewhere. 217 -According to the passage, so far, ---- . A) the Apollo spacecraft has brought back several pieces of comets B) NASA has regularly sent missions to bring back material from outer space C) the "Stardust" spacecraft has completed some other major missions D) pieces of a comet haven't been brought back from space by NASA E) the comet Wild -2 has never come close to the Sun 218 -The passage suggests that the Wild -2 comet --- . A) came close to the Sun for the first time in 1970 B) travels about 5.1 billion kilometres every seven years C) was discovered In the 1970s D) probably consists partly of frozen material E) is the first comet to come dangerously close to the Earth 219 -Scientists wish to study the comet because it ---- . A) seldom comes near the Sun B) is full of extraterritorial material C) could help them explain how life started D) is considered to be the oldest comet in the universe E) may melt if it goes too close to the Sun

In order to avoid the traditional form, writers like the Irishman James Joyce tried to find other structures around which to build their novels. Joyce broke away from the regular beginning, middle, and end technique of earlier writers with his novel 'Ulysses'. Using the Greek mythology contained in The Odyssey', written by Homer, Joyce devised a completely new technique which combined Greek mythology with tales of modern life. In the novel, the adventures of Homer's Ulysses are paralleled to the happenings of one day in the life of a group of characters in Dublin, Ireland. As this novel shows, if a writer actually describes every single thing a character does throughout one day, that one day can easily produce a whole long novel. 220-James Joyce's novel 'Ulysses' --- . A) is a traditional novel with a beginning, middle and end B) was a modem translation of Homer's 'Odysseus' C) revolutionised classical Greek literature D) was written in one day E) was meant to be different from novels written up to that time 221 -According to the passage, 'Ulysses' reflects similarities between --- . A) the lives of a mythological figure and a group of contemporary people B) the writing techniques used by Homer and James Joyce C) the moral values of Homer's day and those of Joyce's own D) the lives, over a number of years, of a number of people in Dublin E) a writer in ancient Greece and one in contemporary Ireland 222 -The passage states that the action of the novel takes place --- . A) in a traditional settling B) over a long period of time C) in ancient Greece D) in a single day E) in a mythical setting

Under the great Moghul emperors, artists emerged from their previous anonymity. They were allowed, for the first time, to sign their work, and even encouraged to include self -portraits in their paintings. And the artists' skills did not go unrewarded : one emperor even presented a favourite painter with an elephant, the ultimate status symbol of the age. Yet little is known about the artists' lives. The more successful may have enjoyed an economic status similar to lower -level nobles. However, their simple dress in the self - portraits suggests that the rewards for many painters did not always match their unquestionable talent. 223 -In the passage, the word "anonymity' in the first sentence refers to a condition in which --- . A) the people had to live in extreme poverty B) the artists were well -respected C) the emperors employed only very talented artists D) the artists worked for very little money E) the artists of paintings were not known by name 224 -At the time of the Mogul emperors, ---- . A) artists could only earn very little money B) not all the artists earned well C) artists had the same status as the nobles D) most of the artists were not rewarded for their paintings E) every artist was allowed to have his own elephant 225 -We can infer from the passage that one way artists were able to become better known was by --- . A) including pictures of themselves in their work B) riding status symbols through town C) selling paintings to Moghul emperors D) having an economic status similar to lower - level nobles E) matching their unquestionable talent with simple dress

Four years ago, Craig Keilburger, a Canadian boy then only 12 years old, founded Free the Children, a youth organisation aimed at ending child labour and encouraging youth involvement in community service. Since then, hundreds of local chapters have formed all over the world, participating in everything from letter -writing campaigns to programmes like "Rugmark", a labelling system for carpets made without child labour. Now 16, Keilburger has travelled extensively, meeting children from Pakistan to Brazil and giving speeches on child exploitation. 226 -According to the passage, Free the Children is --- . A) an association opposed to children having to work B) an organisation which was founded 16 years ago C) dedicated to teaching children how to write letters D) a group of adults who want to help children E) a charity founded in Canada, but now active in Pakistan and Brazil 227 -It can be inferred from the passage that ---. A) Craig Keilburger is now 19 years old B) child labour has been ended because of the efforts of Free the Children C) Free the Children is one of the most effective organisations in the world D) children are often exploited in making carpets E) Canadians understand the world better than other people 228 -The passage states that Craig Keilburger ---- . A) has personally founded hundreds of local chapters of Free the Children B) has become one of the youngest successful businessmen in the world C) travels around the world lecturing on the exploitation of children D) labels carpets made without child labour E) believes that children should help to support their families

The producer is the person who starts and controls the whole process of making a film. He may buy the film rights to a book or employ a scriptwriter to write a script. He employs all the staff, both technical and creative involved in the making of the film, including the director. He is also in control of the finances of the film, and it is his responsibility to see that the cost does not exceed the budget allowed. Unlike today, in the golden age of Hollywood in the 1930s and '40s, the famous names were the producers like David Selnnick and Samuel Goldwin, and not the directors. 229-We learn from the passage that --- . A) the producer is the most creative person involved in making a film B) producers have not been very important since the 1940s C) the producer is responsible only for technical parts of film -making D) the direct6r plays the most important role in making a film E) the producer is involved with every aspect of making a film 230 -It is implied in the passage that ---- . A) directors and producers have equal status today B) producers finance films, but other people are more important in making a film C) producers usually write scripts for their films D) producers are no longer as famous as they once were E) films were better in the 1930s and '40s than they are today. 231 -According to the passage, ---- . A) the cost of a film often exceeds its budget B) it is the producer who oversees the finances of a film C) today. the producer and the director of a film are usually the same person D) films with the largest budgets are always the most successful E) no contemporary producer has ever been as successful as David Selznick or Samuel Goldwin

At present, there are only two people in the world who have undergone successful hand transplants. This operation has only recently been available and the second successful transplant was carried out in January, 1999. Since this operation, more than one hundred people have contacted the doctor who carried out the operation. Potential candidates are put through medical, psychiatric and psychological tests. Their medical histories are scrutinised. Moreover, they are bluntly told of the risks of the medication that suppresses the immune system. This is necessary to prevent the body from rejecting the foreign tissue in the new hand, which is taken from a dead body. 232 -The passage tells us that --- . A) more than one hundred people have recently had hand transplants B) having a hand transplant is a new craze in cosmetic surgery C) effective techniques for transplanting human hands have only been recently developed D) two people have recently died due to the failure of their immune systems during hand transplants E) the same doctor has carried out more than a hundred operations recently 233 -In the case of a hand transplant, the immune system --- . A) might reject the new hand if not controlled B) plays the major role on the psychological situation of the candidates C) is suppressed to reduce the risk of spreading the infection D) is risky to people with certain medical histories E) of a dead body might not be compatible with that of the person receiving the hand 234 -It is implied in the passage that ---- . A) most hand transplant operations are successful B) the doctor who carried out the second successful operation is advertising for more business C) only the person whose immune system functions well is considered suitable for the operation D) there may be psychological as well as physical problems for those who receive the operation E) it is still too soon to tell how successful the two most recent operations have been

One of the smallest of all mammals is the shrew, a mouse like creature with a head and body length of only 3.8 centimetres. All shrews are small, with dense, velvety fur, long tails, and tiny eyes and ears. Shrews have been called bloodthirsty, though the label is not entirely accurate because they must eat almost constantly to stay alive. The animal is believed to have a very high metabolic rate and cannot live more than a few hours without food. In the absence of normal prey, it will turn to cannibalism to survive. The shrew, or some closely related animal, can be found on every continent except Australia. Since this tiny animal has a reputation for having a very bad temper, the adjective "shrewish" is sometimes used to describe a certain type of women. 235 -The passage tells us that the shrew --- . A) has a very short life span B) is similar to a mouse in appearance C) lives in dense forests D) makes an exceptionally good pet E) is in the habit of eating every two hours 236 -The passage states that shrews ---- . A) are found in huge numbers in Australia B) are the smallest living mammals C) eat each other when they can't find any food D) feed on the blood of other mammals E) eat rarely but in large amounts at a time 237 -From what is stated in the passage, we can infer that a shrewish woman is someone who --- . A) has tiny eyes and ears B) is very fond of velvet and fur C) keeps shrews as pets D) easily gets annoyed E) is noticeably smaller than the average

Over the past 30 years, children's consumption in Britain has increased dramatically. In the average family of two parents and two children, spending on toys and children's clothing has more than tripled, and spending on sweets, ice -cream and soft drinks has risen by one -third. Research has recently found that spending is around £3,000 per child per year. The growth in spending reflects higher living standards, but it has been boosted by the efforts of the advertising industry. Campaigns directed straight at children account for much advertising expenditure. Most children in Britain over eight now have a television in the bedroom; on average, they watch 900 hours of TV a year, which is more than the 750 hours the average child is actually being taught in school. Thus a child could see at least 10,000 commercials a year. 238 -The average family 30 years ago --- . A) bought more children's clothes and books and less ice -cream and candy B) watched more TV commercials than today C) had a higher living standard than today D) didn't have a television set E) spent far less on children's products 239 -One reason that children's consumption in Britain has risen is that ---- . A) parents tend to have fewer kids now B) more kids are involved in advertising campaigns C) researchers advise parents to spend £3000 per year D) the living standard has risen in the country over the years E) children have much more money themselves nowadays 240 -The author concludes the fact that most children over 8 now have their own television set means --- . A) children prefer watching television to going to school B) children are not as healthy as they were C) more, children are missing school in order to watch television D) an increasing amount of commercials are being watched by children E) children spend a lot of time away from their parents

A movement called Jubilee 2000 is campaigning for Third World debt cancellation as a fitting way to mark the millennium. Launched two years ago, the group is now working in 42 countries, and is now supported by a large number of celebrities. Leaders of the group are harsh critics of the big creditors' role in the developing world. In Tanzania, for example, one child in six dies before the age of five due to the lack of proper health care, but the government spends four times more on paying the interest on its debts than on primary health care. Money needed for health and education programs goes instead to rich international creditors, whose billions have often supported corrupt elites. 241 -According to the passage, the purpose of Jubilee 2000 is --- . A) to hold a charity concert involving a lot of celebrities B) to allow poor nations to escape paying back large loans C) to criticise big creditors in the developing world D) to have a big party on New Year's Eve at the millennium E) to raise as much money as possible to help poor nations 242 -The leaders of Jubilee 2000 argue that ----. A) 42 countries need to have their debts cancelled B) creditors should lend poor nations more money for primary health care C) celebrities of the developing countries are not responsible enough D) celebrities are important in making the world a better place to live E) paying interest on huge debts is one reason many children die in developing countries 243 -The passage implies that ordinary people in the developing world --- . A) cannot afford to celebrate the millennium B) should be helped by the big creditors in their countries C) would benefit from large debts being cancelled D) are often the ones who haven't received any education E) are ignorant of basic principles of health care

Palmistry is the practice of 'reading hands', of gaining knowledge about personality, past individual history, and likely future events by examining the shape and size of the fingers and, most important, the lines and bumps on the palms themselves. There is some evidence that palmistry may have begun in the Stone Age. Hand outlines can be seen in black and red pigments on the walls of the ancient caves of Almira in Spain and in other European caves. Palmistry as it exists today probably had its origins in ancient India long before recorded history and found its way into western Europe through nomadic bands of Gypsies, who made contact with Europe in the 15th century. 244 -Of the following, the one not mentioned in the passage as part of palmistry is --- . A) foretelling the future B) changing the events of the future C) exploring people's pasts D) learning about things that may happen E) learning about character 245 -It is stated in the passage that the most essential thing for a palm reader to do is ---- . A) to examine people's past histories B) to inspect the fingers carefully C) to practise by 'reading' many palms D) to look closely at the surface of the palm E) to learn about different personality types 246 -The passage explains that it is most likely that palmistry as we know it began ---. A) in various parts of Europe B) in India in ancient times C) in caves in Spain D) in the 15th century E) in the Stone Age

Aphids are tiny green insects that are a chronic pest for farmers. Spiders and ground beetles living along field margins can keep their numbers under control. But as fields have become larger, the spiders and beetles take longer to get to the middle of them, so farmers began using pesticides for a problem that was once controlled naturally. An insect ecologist came up with a new solution called "beetle banks". These are one metre -wide strips of grass planted at 100 -metre intervals across the fields. After two years, there will be enough beetles and spiders in one beetle bank to eat 52 million aphids a week, and the farmer will get rid of aphids without using a single drop of pesticide. 247 -We can infer from the passage that --- . A) all insects are pests for farmers B) spiders and beetles are beneficial for farmers C) farmers want to keep the number of spiders and beetles under control D) farmers are legally not allowed to use pesticide' E) aphids are only dangerous if they amount to large numbers 248 -The passage states that ---- . A) beetle banks are a natural method of pest control B) beetles can eat 52 million aphids every two years C) farmers have to keep checking the numbers of aphids in their fields D) one of the jobs of insect ecologists is to develop pesticides E) the main purpose of pesticides is to kill beetles and spiders 249 -Though he does not state it directly, the author seems to believe that ----- . A) natural methods are inadequate to control aphids B) pesticides are usually the best way of controlling pests C) beetle banks are one -metre wide strips of grass D) spiders and beetles should stay in field margins so they won't bother the farmers E) natural methods are better than pesticides for controlling pests

The ancient Greeks built open -air theatres, usually on a hillside, with semi -circular rows of seats overlooking a circular space called the orchestra. The restored theatre at Epidaurus, dating from about 350 B.C., is a good example of a Classical Greek theatre. The Romans altered this plan by introducing a raised platform for the performers. The first theatre in London was erected in Shoreditch by Richard Burbage, a colleague of Shakespeare; a little later, in about 1590, he built the more famous Globe theatre across the River Thames at Southwark. However, the first theatre in the modern sense was built at Parma, Italy in 1618, with the familiar plan of an auditorium with a raised stage and a curtain. 250 -It is clear from the passage that ancient Greek theatres --- . A) had no ceilings at all B) were restored in 350 B.C. C) had elevated stages D) were built in valleys E) had circular seating 251 -We learn from the passage that the Globe theatre was ---- . A) built by Shakespeare himself with the help of Richard Burbage B) built in Shoreditch, a London district on the River Thames C) on the other side of the Thames from London's first theatre D) the first theatre ever built in London E) next to London's first ever theatre 252 -It is implied in the passage that all modern theatres --- . A) have semi -circular rows of seats B) have a familiar plan C) closely resemble the Classical Greek theatre D) are built on flat ground E) employ a large orchestra A team of mountaineers is to search Everest to try to settle once and for all a claim that the world's highest peak was conquered 29 years before Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay's 1953 triumph. British climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappeared about 700 feet from the top of Everest in 1924, inspiring one of mountaineering's most enduring legends. Their bodies have never been discovered-and neither has the Vest -Pocket Kodak camera Mallory was carrying in his knapsack. According to Kodak, the cold conditions may well have preserved the film. If the film featured a photograph of either of the two men at the mountain peak, the discovery would turn their story of glorious failure into one of sweet success.

253 -A team of mountaineers is going to climb Everest in order to ---- . A) prove that Hilary and Norgay actually climbed to the highest peak B) try to found a settlement there on the world's highest mountain C) find the bodies of Mallory and Irvine so that they can be buried D) attempt to solve a seventy -five -year old unsolved mystery E) try to stake a claim for Britain on the world's highest peak 254 -What is not known from the passage is whether -- . A) Mallory and Irvine actually disappeared in 1924 B) Hillary and Norgay really climbed the peak when they said they did C) Mallory and Irvine had a camera with them when they were climbing Everest D) Mallory and Irvine were ascending or descending when they disappeared E) Mallory and Irvine were real people or merely legendary figures 255 -In reference to this situation, Kodak claim that --- . A) the mountaineers should have made a film of this expedition B) they managed to get the film taken by Mallory and Irvine at the peak C) Mallory and Irvine were able to photograph the mountain peak D) their cameras operate perfectly even in extreme cold E) there's a good chance that any photographs found could be developed Incessant violence' has been only one aspect of Pakistan's national tragedy since independence. The country has never had an elected government that survived long enough to be voted out of office. The country has spent half its life under military, dictatorships, with the result that now soldiers outnumber doctors 9 to 1. More than half the population is illiterate. Per capita economic growth is approximately zero, and Pakistan has been named as one of the five most corrupt countries in the world. Yet no one in Pakistan believes that their country should have remained part of India. 256 -We learn from the passage that ----- . A) Pakistan is not a particularly violent country B) the Pakistani experiment with democracy has enjoyed considerable success C) less than half the population of Pakistan knows how to read and write D) there have to be a lot of doctors in Pakistan to take care of all the soldiers E) India is more peaceful and prosperous than Pakistan

257 -Of the following, the problem that the author hasn't mentioned is ---- . A) the religious disputes that led to the split from India B) the disproportionate number of military men to medical staff C) the unusual number of military governments since independence D) the lack of any economic growth in real terms E) corruption among Pakistani officials 258 -We can conclude from the passage that the Pakistani citizens ----- . A) would not be in favour of reunification with India B) say that Pakistan has a bright future ahead of it C) believe that Pakistan should never have broken away from India D) seem content with the current economic growth E) are hopeful that democracy in Pakistan has a bright future Rarely does a century begin so clearly and cleanly as did the present one. In 1900, Freud published 'The Interpretation of Dreams", ending the Victorian Era. Queen Victoria, as if on cue, died the following January after a 63 -year reign. Her empire included one quarter of the world's population, but already the Boer War in South Africa was signalling the end of the colonial era. In China, the Boxer Rebellion heralded the awakening of a new giant. In America, cars were replacing horses, and the average life -span was about 50, which is today 75. 259-The main point of the passage is that ---- . A) the Victorian Era ended in the year 1900 B) at the end of the 19th century, the British Empire was huge C) a number of events, unlike the usual way, clearly defined the beginning of the 20th century D) China used to be an important part of the British Empire E) the 19th century was marked by Freud's 'The Interpretation of Dreams" 260 -It is clear from the passage that around the year 1900, --A) people finally learnt the true meanings of their dreams B) Queen Victoria disliked people who interpreted dreams C) many African nations had already gained independence D) people in the United States did not live as long as they do today E) cars had not yet been invented 261 -It is implied in the passage that --- . A) Freud waited until the turn of the century to publish his book

B) C) D) E)

the Boer War meant more revolts against colonialism were to come one quarter of the world's population lives in China there is some connection between life expectancy in America, cars, and horses Queen Victoria was the longest serving monarch

Thirty years after his assassination, Martin Luther King is still regarded as a black leader of a movement for black equality. That assessment, while accurate, is far too restrictive. For it is only because of King and the movement that he led that the US can claim to be leader of the "free world" without inviting smirks of disdain and disbelief. Had he and the blacks and 'whites who marched beside him failed, vast regions of the US would have remained morally indistinguishable from South Africa under apartheid, with terrible consequences for America's standing among nations. 262 -We learn from the passage that ----- . A) Martin Luther King's movement did not go beyond helping black Americans B) Martin Luther King died a natural death C) the usual assessment of King reflects the entire nature of his movement D) Martin Luther King was a great South African leader E) white people as well as black people participated in King's government 263 -If Martin Luther King's movement had failed, ---- . A) no assessment of Martin Luther King could possibly be accurate B) another similar organisation would have achieved the same things C) some areas of the USA would resemble South Africa under apartheid D) many Americans would have moved to South Africa. E) he might not have been assassinated 264-The author believes that --- . A) the United States has always been the best possible leader of the "Free World" B) had Martin Luther King not been assassinated, his movement would have failed C) Martin Luther King helped white people more than he helped black people D) the USA owes its current position among nations to King's movement E) King's movement has had terrible results for America's image among nations Other nations have medical air services, but Australia's is the oldest and covers the most ground. For more than 70 years, the Flying Doctors Service has been a mainstay of the sparsely populated Australian Outback, providing medical supplies and treatment to areas where there is often no alternative, and where the difference can be life and death. If you drive just a few hours inland from the coast, where most Australians live, you are in Flying Doctors country. The 53 pilots share duties in 38 planes stationed at 17 bases

dotted across the country. They serve 7 million square kilometres of scrubland and desert, an area more than two -thirds the size of the United States. 265 -The passage tells us that ---- . A) the majority of the population in Australia live a few hours from the coast B) a sparse population makes it easy for doctors to treat their patients properly C) Australia's medical air service is the most extensive in the world D}the "flying doctor" service is no alternative to a proper medical service E) some of the doctors in the medical air service are more than 70 years old 266 -Were it not for the Australian Flying Doctors Service, -- . A) other nations would have similar services B) there would be almost no medical treatment for those in the Australian Outback C) the Australian Outback would be sparsely populated D) most Australians would have to live on the coast E) hospitals on the coast would be over -crowded 267 -The passage emphasises that the Flying Doctors Service ---- . A) is having difficulty finding staff to work with them B) is essential to the life of people in the Australian Outback C) is in need of help from other well -off nations D) is responsible for almost two -thirds of the country E) employs 83 pilots and 38 planes stationed at a single base

On the introduction of coffee to England, in about the middle of the 17th century, many coffee shops were opened throughout central London. A great deal of business was transacted in these coffee shops, including public sales of ships and goods. One among them, owned by a Mr Lloyd, appears to have been a great favourite among businessmen. In 1696, Mr Lloyd started one of the earliest commercial newspapers in London, under the name of Lloyd's News, containing commercial and shipping information both from home and abroad. This paper attracted man customers from the shipping trade, and very shortly, led to Lloyd's coffee house becoming the headquarters of the maritime insurance business. Today, hundreds of years later, Lloyd's of London remains the name of the world's biggest maritime insurance company. 268-The 17th century coffee shops mentioned in the passage-. A) were originally started in certain businessmen's offices B) must have sometimes seemed more like shops than cafes C) were all owned by one man, who was called Mr Lloyd D) were new to Londoners E) were generally not open at first to the general public 269 -Mr Lloyd --- . A) increased the popularity of his coffee shop by starting a newspaper B) was a very popular, well -liked businessman C) was the original owner of what is now the largest shipping company D) expanded his original coffee shop into a very successful chain of shops E) started what may very well have been London's first ever newspaper 270 -It is implied that Lloyd's of London --- . A) is still based on the site of the original coffee shop B) is, coincidentally, named after a popular coffee shop C) is the largest shipping company in the world D) is still run by members of the first Mr Lloyd's family E) has been in business for what must be over 300 years

At the turn of the century, the European powers were hard at work attempting to claim as much land in Africa as possible. Britain's General Kitchner had pushed through the gates of Khartoum, and French troops were fighting Moroccans resisting them. A hundred years later, the possessors of the past have come and gone, and the continent is unfettered from colonialism. It has been a long and painful march to freedom. The African people have been weighed down beneath the yoke of historical circumstance and traumatized by some 400 years of a slave trade, which only ended around 1850. Yet for better or for worse, Africa is finally its own master. 271 -The passage makes it clear that a century ago, --- . A) Africans achieved freedom by holding protest marches B) Khartoum won a major victory against Britain's General Kitchner C) Africa was still mostly unknown to Europeans D) Europeans were trying to conquer as much of Africa as they could E) General Kitchner fought against the French in Africa 272 -The word "unfettered" probably means ---- . A) being held as a slave by another country B) being forced to march from one place to another C) traumatic historic circumstances D) the colonisation of a nation by a stronger one E) to be set free from some control or restraint 273 -The author states that ---- . A) all will be well for Africa now that the colonial powers have departed B) the British and the French should never have left Africa C) Africans had to struggle hard for their independence D) Africa's history provides a firm foundation for the steady growth of its nations E) most nations in Africa are still ruled by European countries

For hundreds of years, the nomadic Sami reindeer herders of Sweden have taken their animals to the lowland snow forests over winter and spent the summer in the high Arctic. However, the timber companies are now excluding them from their winter grazing. The animals survive the cold and snow by grazing on tree lichens, but the forest owners claim that the reindeer damage their property by breaking the tops off the young trees, and are using the courts to try to evict them. The Sami community, on the other hand, say that every village has its own forest areas where they have been taking their reindeer for hundreds of years, since before the settlers arrived from the south. However, the Sami have no written language and cannot prove their rights in court as they have no documents. 274 -The conflict described in the passage ---- . A) has been building up over many hundreds of years and has now reached a peak B) has arisen between the traditional inhabitants of the area and the timber industry C) could be avoided if the Sami were prepared to remain in their native land D) is about the Sami's use of certain mountain forests which they do not own E) has only recently arisen because of ecological changes in the disputed area 275 -The Sami's reindeer --- . A) depend on trees for their nourishment during winter B) have lived permanently in the forests for centuries C) need the forests in order to shelter from the snow D) especially like eating the tops of young trees E) live in the nearby Sami villages when not in the forest 276-The Sami say that their claim to grazing rights in the forests is based on --- . A) legal papers which the Sami will produce in court B) the fact that they bought the forests many years ago C) documents which have unfortunately been lost D) the fact that they were using the land before anyone else E) the forest areas being very close to the Sami's own villages

Born in 1898, Paul Robeson was the son of a runaway slave. He was the only black student to try out for the Rutgers University football team. In response, the other players beat him up and pulled out his fingernails. He bore the abu8e to prove his worth. He not only graduated at the top of his class, but had been an All -American, the top honour for a university football player, twice. Within four years after graduation, he was one of the best -known actors and singers in the United States. Yet because he was a black man with strong political beliefs, he was forced to spend much of his life in England, and when he did return to the United States, his passport was taken away. 277 -We understand from the passage that ----. A) Paul Robeson was born as a slave B) the other players on the Rutgers University football team were all white C) the Rutgers University football team was the best in the country D) Paul Robeson was the only black student at Rutgers University E) Paul Robeson abused the other players on the football team 278 -It is obvious from the passage that Paul Robeson ---- . A) had few talents besides playing football B) was a man of many talents C) was a determined but not particularly good football player D) was highly respected in England E) was a good athlete but an academic failure 279 -The passage tells us that, in his football life, Robeson -- . A) was only able to play against other university teams a few times B) failed to accomplish much due to the pressure from white players C) was rarely given the chance to play in major competitions D) was physically tortured by the other players in his team many times E) was chosen the best university football player twice

Touring the monuments to Thailand's past will take the traveller to all parts of the country. Just a short distance west of Bangkok, for example, stands Phra Pathom Chedi, the world's tallest Buddhist monument. Travel a little further west and an episode of more recent history is recalled at Kachanaburi, site of the infamous bridge over the River Kwai. In contrast, north -east Thailand offers a glimpse of the ancient Khmer civilisation with a number of extremely well -preserved temple ruins, which rank as the finest surviving Khmer monuments to be seen outside of Cambodia. Elsewhere, ancient cities and venerable temples bear witness to the kingdom of Lanna, founded in the late 13th century in northern Thaaand, while in the south traces of the Srivajaya kingdom survive as testament to one of the most influential of the pre -Thai civilisations. 280-We can conclude from the passage that ----- . A) the best reason to visit Thailand is to relax on its beautiful beaches B) the Bridge on the River Kwai is one of the oldest monuments in Thailand C) most of the historical monuments in Thailand are concentrated in a small area D) anyone who loves history should enjoy a visit to Thailand E) Thailand has been an isolated country throughout most of its history 281 -Part of the passage implies that --- . A) the "Khmer" civilisation was probably centred in the country today called Cambodia B) the world's tallest monument is in Thailand C) many historical buildings in Thailand are not well -preserved D) there are world -class facilities for tourists everywhere in Thailand E) Cambodia has a better -developed tourist industry than Thailand 282 -It's clear from the passage that the monuments in Thailand --- . A) belong to the same period of the nation's, history B) are all within easy reach from the capital C) are scattered all over the country D) are all from pre -Thai civilisations E) attract millions of tourists to the country every year

In a land famous for loving all creatures great and small, one of the smallest-the bat-is not at all popular in some historic churches. The furry flying mammals, which are strictly protected by British law, like to bring up their little offspring in the ceilings of old churches. But they can make a terrible mess of the inside of a church, and have caused irreparable damage to rare medieval paintings, carvings, and brass work. The leader of the Movement Against Bats in Churches was quoted as saying, "Our heritage itself is an endangered 3pecies when bats move into churches and use them as public lavatories day and night." 283 -According to the passage, one of the greatest dangers to Britain’s medieval churches is --- . A) the air currents caused by flying bats B) baby bats playing in the ceilings of churches C) the ignorance of people using their lavatories D) damage caused by the waste products of bats E) public lavatories located near churches 284-It is clear from the passage that --- . A) British people love all animals, except for bats B) there is a law against keeping bats as pets C) bats are the most popular animals in Britain D) the damage caused by bats is easily repaired E) the law forbids any disturbance to bats 285 -The passage states that Britain is well - known for ---- . A) making its heritage an endangered species B) its attitude toward furry flying mammals C) a unique pressure group known as the Movement against Bats 'in Churches D) making messes inside its historical churches E) being extremely fond of animals of all sorts

Babies whose mothers smoke during pregnancy could be at higher risk of growing up to be criminals, new research suggests. This is the first study to examine the relationship between mothers who smoke and their children's adult behaviour. The findings were based on data for 4,169 males born in Copenhagen between September 1959 and December 1961. Their arrest records at age 34 were studied. It was discovered that the number of cigarettes their mothers had smoked during the last third of their pregnancy affected the men's arrests for both violent and non -violent crimes. This was true even when other possible causes, such as use of alcohol, divorce, income, and home environment had been taken into consideration. 286 -The main idea of the passage is that --- . A) smoking during pregnancy increases the possibility of the child committing crimes in adult life B) pregnant women who smoke should be regarded as criminals and be punished C) 4.169 males were born in Copenhagen between the years 1959 and 1961 D) most criminals are heavy smokers E) most of the men at age 34 in Copenhagen have arrest records 287 -The research mentioned in the passage ---- . A) concentrated on the effects of smoking before and after pregnancy B) was a repetition of several previous studies, which were inconclusive C) mainly dealt with the adult behaviour of the children of smoking mothers D) worked with smoking mothers below the age of 34 E) studied only the last third of a mother's pregnancy 288 -From the passage, we can say that the researchers were careful because --- . A) they monitored the lives of their subjects from birth to age 34 B) they chose subjects who had only committed minor crimes C) all men born between September 1959 and December 1961 were studied D) other possible causes of crime were also considered E) they studied so many men from so many different countries

James Harrison thought he could make a fortune if he could freeze and transport surplus beef and mutton to England, where meat prices were very high. Ice -making machines had been developed in the, 1830s, but in order to keep the food frozen, a refrigeration machine had to be developed to ensure a stabilised temperature. Harrison patented his machine in 1857 and by 1873 had perfected his method. He arranged a special meal to celebrate his invention. The meat he served had been completely frozen for six months, but not one dinner guest could tell that it wasn't freshly slaughtered. 289 -It appears that Harrison's efforts to develop effective refrigeration ---- . A) were realised in a few years once he got started on them B) came from his wish to help Australian farmers C) were made possible by funding from the wealthy D) stemmed from his love of frozen food and drink E) were motivated by his desire to make a profit 290 -The author suggests that a problem with transporting frozen food was ---- . A) finding a way to keep its temperature constant B) developing a profitable way to ship it abroad C) knowing whether there would be a demand for it D) the price difference between England and Australia E) making enough ice to keep it from melting 291 -One may infer from this passage that ---- . A) frozen meat is actually better than freshly - slaughtered meat B) meat cannot last much longer than six months in a freezer C) meat must be frozen immediately after slaughter to taste fresh D) Harrison's method of preservation was quite successful E) only the food experts could understand that Harrison served frozen meat

Benjamin Franklin, who was to become one of the best known American writers, politicians and scientists, was born in Boston in 1706. He was one of 17 children, and as a child, he worked in the shop of his father, who was a soap and candle maker. As he loved to read and study, however, working for his father did not appeal to him, so when he was 12, he was sent to assist his brother James, who had a printing shop. There, surrounded by books, he would often stay up late at night reading on a wide range of subjects. As he read, he practised improving his own style of writing. 292 -It is stated in the passage that Benjamin Franklin ------ . A) was born into a family including well -known people B) started to work in his father's shop when he was 12 C) was not content to be working with his father D) had a decent formal education E) came from a wealthy background 293-We can conclude from the passage that the work Benjamin's brother was doing ---- . A) required Benjamin to work until late at night B) was, in the first place, financed by their father C) was a lot more profitable than his father's work D) was too hard for a twelve -year -old E) was well suited to Benjamin's interests 294 -It is obvious from the passage that ---- . A) Benjamin Franklin's father had plenty of free time to spend with his son B) Benjamin Franklin grew into a man of many talents C) lacking a formal education, Benjamin Franklin didn't achieve much in writing D) Benjamin Franklin's relationship with his father was distant E) Benjamin's father was illiterate

The world's first liquid -fuelled rocket took off on a cold afternoon in March 1926, from a farm in New England. The result of years of trial and error by a physics professor named Robert Goddard, it rose about 14 metres. Goddard was certain that this modest flight was the first step towards future space flight, but few others shared hisenthusiasm. The director of the Smithsonian - Institution, from which he had been receiving a small amount of financial assistance, was disappointed. The newspapers made fun of him. Yet today, space scientists consider the 1926 experiment an event as important as man's first successful flight. 295 -The passage makes it clear that ---- . A) hardly anyone took Goddard and his rocket seriously at the time B) Goddard found financial support after the experiment C) Goddard was not in the habit of exaggerating things D) space flight was considered a real possibility by many people after 1926 E) it is best to experiment with rockets when the weather is cold 296 -We learn from the passage that ---- . A) it is always cold in New England in March B) the Smithsonian Institution met the entire expense for Goddard's rocket C) Goddard's experiment was important in the development of future rockets D) Goddard was put on trial for his errors as a physics professor E) Robert Goddard owned a farm in New England 297 -We can assume from the passage that before the experimental flight in 1926, ---. A) many others had tried to do a similar thing B) the director of the Smithsonian Institution was not hopeful of any success C) other scientists had attempted to do it D) no one believed that it would be successful E) Goddard had made other trials but had failed

In 1920, after some thirty -nine years of problems with disease, high costs and politics, the Panama Canal was officially opened. This linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships to pass through the fifty -mile canal zone instead of travelling some seven thousand miles around Cape Horn. It takes a ship approximately eight hours to complete the trip through the canal, and costs a tenth of what it would cost the average ship to round the Horn. More than fifteen thousand ships use the canal annually. 298-The passage gives us the information that ----- . A) the Panama Canal was built in order to combat certain diseases B) there were more political problems than problems with disease during the construction of the canal C) the Panama Canal is built at the narrowest point between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans D) it took a little less than four decades to build the Panama Canal E) the Panama Canal has been used by about fifteen thousand ships since its construction 299 -The Panama Canal ----- . A) provides a cheaper and shorter alternative route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans B) reduces the distance between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by 90 per cent C) is seven thousand miles from Cape Horn D) makes it possible to cover fifteen thousand miles in eight hours E) was begun in 1920, despite opposition from the natives 300 -We can infer from the passage that before the Panama Canal opened, ---- . A) there was a lot of disease in the region which has now been eliminated B) fifteen thousand ships a year went around Cape Horn C) there was no connection by sea between the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean D) there were too few ships to make such a project profitable E) the journey by ship from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean took much longer A fire extinguisher, even a small one, located near the kitchen is a wise investment. But be sure that the extinguisher is rated to put out kitchen fires. What the extinguisher is designed to do is stated on the outside. Rather than bother trying to determine which one is best for you, just get an extinguisher that is rated to control all three primary types of fires: (1) ordinary combustibles such as paper and wood; (2) flammable liquids, such as fat, gasoline and grease; and (3) electric fires. Read the directions carefully. Teach everyone in the family how to operate the extinguisher, and do not buy one that is too heavy for a child of nine or ten to lift.

301 -We learn from the passage that ----- . A) fire extinguishers can be very expensive B) it is best to keep the extinguisher in the kitchen C) a large extinguisher is more effective than a small one D) only one fire extinguisher per household is advisable E) not all extinguishers are useful in all types of fires 302 -The author advises people wanting to buy an extinguisher for kitchen fires to purchase one --- . A) that displays its functions on the outside B) that can put out the main types of fire C) that comes with a full set of instructions D) that is based on whether they have an electric or gas cooker E) that does not work by gas or electricity 303 -According to the information in the passage, when one has installed a fire extinguisher, ---- . A) one should learn how to prevent fires in the first place B) one should remember that youngsters will find it hard to use C) the whole household should be instructed in its use D) one should' keep the instructions in a safe place E) young children should be kept away from this equipment In the early 20th century, the population of Macedonia was composed of many different peoples, usually fighting one another. That such a land of violence and conflict in the last days of the Ottoman Empire would produce a future winner of the Nobel Peace Prize would have seemed highly improbable. Yet in Skopje, one of the two men who opened the town's first theatre was an Albanian married to a Serb. A daughter was born into this typically cosmopolitan Macedonian family, who, as Mother Theresa, would find her vocation in far away places, doing charitable work among the victims of poverty and neglect- particularly in the slums of Calcutta, India. In 1979, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of her humanitarian efforts. 304 -The passage states that in the early 20th century, ---- . A) the Macedonian population was uniform B) there was little hostility between different peoples in Macedonia C) Macedonia was a land of conflicts and disagreement D) the Ottomans were trying to expand into Macedonia

E) Macedonians produced a hero who was to receive the Nobel Peace Prize 305-Mother Theresa's father ----- . A) was Serbian, but he married an Albanian B) fought against Ottoman rule throughout his life. C) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize D) established, with another friend, Skopje's first theatre E) emigrated, with his family, to Calcutta, India 306-Mother Theresa ----- . A) found her life's work among the impoverished people of India B) spent most of her life trying to solve the conflicts in her native land C) helped her father open the first theatre in Skopje D) would not have won the Nobel Peace Prize had she not been from Macedonia E) acted as a peace -maker between Albanians and Serbs Melville Bell, the father of Alexander Graham. Bell, the inventor of the telephone, studied the anatomy of speech and approached his subjects with scientific thoroughness. In 1864, he completed a universally applicable phonetic alphabet. by which he could describe the manner of production of the sounds of nearly all known languages. He called this alphabet 'Visible Speech" and its various symbols-thirty -four in all showed how the vocal organs would be positioned to make a sound. This alphabet was to become the direct ancestor of the international phonetic alphabet, which is used today. 307 -According to the passage, Melville Bell ----A) was the man who invented the telephone B) inspired his son, Alexander Graham Bell, to invent the telephone C) advanced the scientific study of speech in the 19th century D) made several discoveries in the areas of vision and human anatomy E) was the sole creator of the current international phonetic alphabet 308-It is clear from the passage that by using "Visible Speech" , ------ . A) the sounds of almost every known language could be reproduced B) subjects could be approached with scientific thoroughness C) a language spoken by the whole world has been created D) people who spoke different languages were able to communicate with each other E) scholars were able to learn more about the languages spoken by their ancestors 309 -One can conclude from the passage that the languages studied by Melville --- .

A) B) C) D) E)

require the use of different organs even when the same sound is produced were the ones spoken in the major countries of the world belong to the same language family include at least some of the 34 sounds he had noted consist of exactly the same sounds

After several years of wandering around in the eastern part of the United States, supporting himself as a printer and with his writing, Samuel Clemens returned to the Mississippi River to realise his old ambition of becoming a steamboat pilot. In 1857, after 18 months apprenticeship, he earned his pilot's licence, and for the next four years he steamed up and down the Mississippi getting to know the name and position of every feature on the river. In addition, he learnt the special language used on the steamboats, where the phrase "mark twain” meant the water was deep enough to be safe. He used his knowledge of the river and his experiences there later when he wrote his most famous novel. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" under his pen name, Mark Twain. 310 -It is obvious from the passage that Samuel Clemens ---- . A) became close friends with Mark Twain when they were working as steamboat pilots B) is the name of the hero in Mark Twain's most famous novel C) was one of the most enthusiastic apprentices of Mark Twain D) told Mark Twain his experiences as a steamboat pilot E) is the actual name of the author known as Mark Twain 311 -From the information in the passage, one can conclude that the setting in Twain's most famous book --A) is purely from imagination B) resembles the actual geography of the river C) is the wilderness in 19th century America D) includes the coastal parts of the New World E) has no connection with any real place on the Earth 312 -Before becoming a steamboat pilot, Mark Twain ---- . A) learnt the names of all the geographical points along the Mississippi B) wandered around the world aimlessly C) wrote his famous novel. 'Huckleberry Finn' D) learnt a variety of foreign languages E) made a living as an author and printer As a boy, the famous inventor Thomas Edison was not a good student. His parents took him out of school after three months and his mother taught him at home, where his great

curiosity and desire to experiment often got him into trouble. One day, he set fire to his father's barn. "to see what would happen". When he was ten, he built his own chemistry laboratory. He sold sandwiches and newspapers on the local trains in order to earn money to buy supplies for his laboratory. His parents became accustomed to his experiments and the explosions which sometimes shook the house. 313 -We can infer from the passage that young Thomas Edison --- . A) was not an intelligent child B) had very strict parents C) would have been more successful. had he received formal education D) got his curiosity from his mother E) had a questioning mind 314-When he was a child, Thomas Edison ----- . A) was in the habit of setting fire to things B) was so intelligent that he did not have to go to school C) had a part -time job that enabled him to buy the things he needed for his experiments D) tried to blow up his house several times E) left school because he wanted to spend more time with his mother 315 -The best generalisation we can make from the passage would be that ---- . A) someone's not doing well at school does not necessarily mean that he is dull B) mothers can educate their children better than professional teachers C) it is good to have a part -time job as a child D) the society has always regarded inventors as strange people E) unintelligent children may sometimes put the whole family in danger Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but in such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule. 316 -The common point of all petroleum products is that they --- . A) are alike in appearance B) all contain impurities C) are all very durable

D) contain huge quantities of trace elements E) consist of only two elements 317 -According to the passage, hydrocarbons are ---- . A) chemical elements classed as impurities B) chemical compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen C) trace elements that give petroleum products their individual characteristics D) refined using a complex system of distillation E) found in compounds in small quantities 318 -Petroleum products vary so much in physical appearance because --- . A) impurities change the nature of the substance so much B) there is a great' demand for them in different forms C) their chemical composition is made up of countless elements D) carbon and hydrogen atoms can join in thousands of different ways E) trace elements have a remarkable effect on hydrocarbons

There is an advantage to launching satellites from the equator. The Earth spins faster there, giving rockets a boost in reaching orbit that allows them to carry heavier payloads. But there are few suitable launching sites on the equator that would not involve political problems. Therefore, an international consortium has converted an oil - drilling platform into a floating launch pad, rocket assembly plant, and mission control. They hope to develop the capacity to launch commercial telecommunications satellites. 319 -The main advantage of launching satellites from the equator is that ---- . A) it is easier to put larger satellites into orbit from there B) it does not cause political problems in the countries concerned C) there are a number of oil -drilling platforms available in the area D) the weather is more reliable there E) life is cheaper for the mission control and rocket assembly staff 320 -The passage states that an international consortium ----- . A) is planning to launch satellites from the equator B) has had problems as to the use of the oil - drilling platform in the equator C) is negotiating with the equatorial countries for a launching pad D) is ignoring the political problems having arisen in the area E) is temporarily launching satellites from an oil - drilling platform 321 -Considering the circumstances stated in the passage, the oil -drilling platform mentioned must be, ---- . A) cheap to convert into a floating launch pad B) positioned at the best point in the ocean C) unable to launch rockets with heavier payloads D) in international waters, where it does not cause political problems E) away from any of the equatorial countries

In 776 B.C., the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honour the Greeks' chief god, Zeus. The ancient Greeks emphasised physical fitness and strength in the education of youth. Therefore, contests in running. Jumping, discus and javelin throwing. Boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cities, and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winners were honoured by having olive wreaths placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds. Originally these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to allow the games to take place. 322 -It is implied in the passage that one purpose of the Olympic games was to -- . A) increase the number of followers of their chief god, Zeus B) help the participating athletes make a lot of money C) provide encouragement for young men to remain strong and physically fit D) prepare an atmosphere f6r the poets to produce good literature E) to ensure the continuity of friendship between the different cities of the area 323 -It is stated in the passage that the competitors in the Olympic games --A) had to take part in more than one sport B) were poets who read out their poetry to an audience at Mount Olympus C) used to spend 'the four years between the two games training D) were the winners of similar competitions held in provincial cities E) were all followers of the cult of Zeus 324 -A particularly impressive feature of the ancient Olympics mentioned in the passage was that ---- . A) the winners were regarded as heroes B) the competitors came from different social classes C) they took place annually at Mount Olympus D) wars were postponed while the games took place E) the winners of individual events often became extremely wealthy

The most popular national amusement in Burma is the pwe. This entertainment may consist of acting, singing, dancing, clowning or even puppetry. These plays are performed outdoors-most often on moonlit nights. They usually last all night for several nights in succession. The audience sits on reed mats to watch the show. The pwes are free, and more often than not are given by a wealthy individual for the entertainment of his friends and anyone else who cares to attend. The pwe plays are usually legendary tales about princes and princesses and almost always have a happy ending. Actors wear old -time court costumes and proclaim long speeches, but there is always a down to relieve any boredom. Judging by the laughter the clowns provoke, they are found really funny. 325 -The author seems to be suggesting that ---- . A) pwes are a lot more effective in daylight B) the audience is expected to participate in the majority of pwes C) each performer at a pwe must be good at several different art forms D) puppetry is the most common art form to be included in a pwe E) the audiences at pwes find the plays a bit boring at times 326 -We learn from the passage that pwes -----. A) are a form of entertainment solely for the rich and their friends B) cannot be attended by people who do not have their own reed mats C) are performed by actors who come from extremely rich families D) can be seen by anyone who's interested, and don't require tickets E) were originally designed to entertain princes and princesses 327 -The author concludes that the clowns at pwes are humorous ---- . A) although they wear traditional clothing and costume B) because the pwes are so often very boring C) as they manage to make the audience laugh a lot D) despite the fact that they make long, tedious speeches E) since clowns everywhere are thought to be funny

A lost tribe of Stone Age people known as the Tasaday was discovered in the tropical rain forest in the Philippines in the 1970s. The tribe consisted of 24 people, with completely unique customs and language. They displayed no aggressive tendencies, either to outsiders or each other. They reached decisions at informal meetings at which men and women spoke equally. Age alone commanded respect. They lived a nomadic existence, and knew nothing of farming. Living mostly on wild potatoes, fruits and bamboo shoots, the Tasaday derived some protein from crabs and small fish. Monkey meat was considered a delicacy to be brought out only on special occasions. Although they appeared in good health, they practised no medicine, and confessed to leaving the sick to die. 328 -It is understood from the passage that the Tasaday ---- . A) are generally friendlier to strangers than they are to one another B) have survived without the benefit of modern technology C) look more like monkeys than humans D) cultivated bamboo and fruits E) discovered in the 1970s consisted of equal numbers of men and women 329 -The author suggests that in Tasaday society, ----- . A) both sexes have equal status in decision making B) women have similar roles to most Western cultures C) spoke a language similar to the language of the Philippines D) the oldest member takes decisions alone E) the young are cared for by the old 330 -It is clear from the passage that the Tasaday ---- . A) have developed no way in which to treat illness B) kill the sick in order to cease their suffering C) feel guilty about their treatment of sick people D) have a great desire to learn Western medicine E) are not nearly as healthy as they seem to be

On her first day at the University of Nebraska, Willa Cather was mistaken for a professor. She was only 16, fresh from a small prairie town. Yet, the students were impressed when she peeked around a classroom door and asked, "Is this elementary Greek?" They had been expecting someone like this, with a deep, commanding voice, a solemn face topped with short hair, and a straw hat. So they nodded politely, then burst into laughter when the stranger entered-and proved to be a young girl. Of course, they could not know that she would grow up to be a major American writer. 331 -After their first encounter with Willa Cather, the students laughed because --- . A) she was a great American writer B) they were impressed by the inherent humour of elementary Greek C) her straw hat and short hair looked funny D) she was the youngest professor they had ever seen E) they recognised their own mistake 332 -At the age of sixteen, Willa Cather ---- . A) already spoke fluent Greek B) was impressed by the other students C) was already a university student D) was already a famous American writer E) was often laughed at by other students 333 -It is clear from the passage that ---- . A) no one at the University of Nebraska realised Willa Cather's potential B) Willa Cather's writing ability impressed the other students C) even at the age of sixteen, Willa Cather was an impressive person D) the University of Nebraska specialised in educating young, gifted students E) straw bats were common at the University of Nebraska

There is an ancient belief that when a female wolf loses a young cub, she seeks a human child to take its place. Romulus and Remus, the legendary twin founders of Rome, were supposed to have been cared for by wolves. The idea actually became believable in the late 19th century when a French doctor found a naked ten - year -old boy wandering in the woods. He did not walk upright, could not speak intel1igently, nor relate to people: he only growled like a wolf and stared at them. Finally the doctor won the boy’s confidence and began to work with him. After many long years of devoted and patient instruction, the doctor was able to get the boy to clothe and feed himself, recognise and say a number of words, and even to write a little. 334-It is implied in the passage that ---- . A) the legend of Romulus and Remus is certainly based on reality B) Romulus and Remus were the actual founders of Rome C) the boy found in the woods was like a wolf in appearance but not in emotions D) people have believed for a long time that female wolves sometimes adopt human children E) it took a long time for the doctor to train the young wolf 335 -The doctor who found the boy must have concluded that ---- . A) the boy had possibly been raised by wolves B) Romulus and Remus were the twins who founded Rome C) it is not possible to train a human child who grew up in the wild D) the boy could not speak because he was of sub -normal intelligence E) the boy was half -human, half -wolf, with supernatural powers 336 -Many years after the doctor began working with the boy, ---- . A) he soon started to behave as a normal human child does B) he became more like a human child, but couldn't function completely normally C) he behaved exactly like Romulus and Remus in the legend D) he began writing a book about his experiences living with wolves E) his progress was too slow for the doctor to continue with the initial enthusiasm

In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first woman on the Earth, created by Zeus to avenge Prometheus's theft of fire. Pandora, whose name means ‘all -gifted', was endowed with every charm, but sent to the Earth with a very special deadly box. Prometheus was too wise to be deceived by Pandora's beauty, but his younger brother, Epimetheus, fell in love with her and accepted the box as a wedding present from the gods. When Epimeteus allowed Pandora to open the box, a cloud of evils flew out, spreading death, disease and destruction throughout the world. All that remained inside the box was one small comforthope. 337 -It can be inferred from the passage that in Greek mythology, ---- . A) a long with the evils in the box, the gift of fire was included in it B) women were seen to be wiser and more talented than men were C) the gods were jealous of women's beauty and punished them for it D) the world was a much better place before women came into it E) people were taught not to accept wedding gifts as they might be evil 338 -It's obvious from the passage that ----- . A) though she caused many problems, Epimetheus was happily married to Pandora B) Prometheus was disappointed that Pandora was not extremely beautiful C) Epimetheus really loved Pandora, but didn't actually want to get married to her D) Prometheus gave his brother a truly terrible wedding gift because he was jealous E) Pandora won Epimetheus's heart, though she was meant for Prometheus 339 -According to the legend that's related in the passage, hope ---- . A) was lost when Pandora released a multitude of bad things into the world B) was the only thing left behind to help deal with the problems released into the world C) meant that Pandora could still manage to deceive Prometheus D) was eliminated from the Earth by the bad things released from the box E) was the one thing that Pandora decided not to give to the world

Sir Isaac Newton was drinking tea under the apple trees in his garden one summer afternoon in 1665 when an apple fell from an overhanging branch, hit him on the head and immediately provided the inspiration for his law of gravitation. According to the story that is how it happened, anyway. It may indeed be true, but no one knows for certain. Even the famed British astronomer Sir Harold Spencer Jones, who stated in 1944 that the story was probably true, later changed his mind, noting that ‘one cannot be sure either way.' The story of Newton's Apple first appears in Voltaire's Elements de la Philosophic de Newton, published in 1738, long after the great Englishman had died and 73 years from the time the disputed apple fell. 340 -The legend that's being questioned in the passage. ----- . A) has been shown to be complete nonsense B) refers to how Newton was prompted to investigate gravitation C) was first created by Sir Harold Spencer Jones D) is a complete fiction invented by the French author Voltaire E) expresses the luxurious life Newton was leading 341 -According to the passage, Sir Harold Spencer Jones --- . A) has a reputation for knowing everything about Newton B) should not be taken too seriously as he is known to be indecisive C) is well known for his work, which involves observing the universe D) firmly denies that the incident with Newton and the apple ever happened E) feels that nothing, including the story about Newton, can be known for certain 342 -We can conclude from the passage that ---- . A) Voltaire knew more about Newton's life than anyone today possibly can B) Newton deliberately spread the apple story to make his discovery striking C) Newton came up with his theory just a few years before he died D) Newton asked Voltaire to tell people about his incident with the apple E) it's doubtful whether the popular myth about Newton's Apple is true

Penn Wood, one of Britain's last surviving areas of ancient woodland, with.432 acres of mixed trees as well as grassland, is in a place of outstanding natural beauty. The wood has a record of public usage, stretching back through recorded history, but recently, the menace of 'development and improvement' threatened its survival. In a region already well -endowed with golf courses, the owner submitted plans for yet another 18 -hole course. However, this angered local residents. They put up so much opposition to the plans that they were turned down by the Environment Secretary. Frustrated by the strength of the opposition he was receiving, the landowner eventually sold up, and the land was bought by the Woodland Trust, which will preserve the whole site as a prime wildlife habitat. 343 -The author seems to ---- . A) think that environmentalists go too far when they interfere with landowners' rights B) be content with the outcome of the case mentioned in the passage C) be too pessimistic about Penn Wood's chances for survival D) have lived in the area called Penn Wood for a long time E) like golf, but thinks that some of the land in Britain should remain wild 344 -Penn Wood is located in a region ---- . A) which is really underdeveloped B) where there are plenty of golf -courses C) which is home to several rare species D) where the residents are not interested in golf E) which is desperately in need of a golf -course 345 -Following pressure from local people, Penn Wood's former owner ---- . A) founded a nature preserve instead of a golf course B) established a nature group called the Woodland mist C) built an 18 -hole golf course in the area D) took the case to the Environment Secretary E) had to sell the land to a nature group

Sleep researchers have found that people can make themselves wake up at a given time simply by deciding to do so before they go to sleep. Scientists took two groups of volunteers and, at nightfall, told one group that they would be woken at 6 a.m. and the other that they would be woken at 9 a.m. The sleepers' levels of the hormone adrenocorticotropin, which is known to cause spontaneous awakening, were then measured. In each group, there was a rise in the levels of the hormone one hour before the volunteers expected to get up. The three -hour difference between the rise in hormones in the two groups suggests that the body can be programmed to wake up on command. 346 -The people studied by the researchers ---. A) participated in the experiment at their own will B) suffered from insomnia C) were having difficulty getting up early D) were unable to wake up by other means E) came from similar backgrounds 347 -It seems that adrenocorticotropin ---- . A) exists in higher levels in people who wake up very early B) is produced by the body some time before a person wakes up C) can't be measured without waking up the person being studied D) is used by doctors for people who have difficulty getting up E) is responsible for causing sleeplessness in a number of people 348 -The experiment related in the passage has indicated that -- . A) people who wake up at 6 a.m. have more hormones than 9 a.m. risers B) computers can be used to help people wake up earlier than usual C) our bodies are capable of being conditioned to wakeup at a suggested hour D) the hormones that wake people up have a three -hour long cycle E) hormones are more effective than outside stimuli for waning people

The Romanesque style of architecture flourished in the 11th and 12th centuries. Its primary characteristics are the round arch and thick walls, reminding people of the structures of ancient Rome. But the period is also noted for the reappearance of large figure sculptures and for the achievement of uniting sculpture with architecture. In the Romanesque period large numbers of figures began to be carved in stone in many cathedrals, churches and monasteries. These figures generally portrayed religious scenes, as the principal intent was to proclaim the teaching of the Christian faith. But at the same time, neither artists nor patrons had lost their taste for pure ornament. Thus, along with the biblical narrative appeared brilliant abstract decoration, based on the forms of plants, trees and animals. 349 -We can assume that in the Romanesque period, architects ---- . A) imported ancient buildings from Rome, stone by stone B) were less skilled than the sculptors they worked with C) designed identical buildings to those in ancient Rome D) excelled in plain designs, with few illustrations E) must have worked closely with sculptors on the design 350 -The carved figures in Romanesque churches ---- . A) were painted onto the wooden panels B) mainly illustrated biblical stories C) were brought into churches from Rome D) were only created by religious men E) had been removed from older buildings 351 -The sculptors who worked on Romanesque religious buildings --- . A) not only created religious works but also images from nature B) were only interested in Christianity, and had little interest in art C) had to focus on the religious message and weren't allowed any ornamentation D) regarded themselves as superior to architects E) preferred to decorate their work merely with religious themes

Stuttering is the term given to the condition in which the sufferer speaks with difficulty because he or she cannot easily say the first sound of a word. Overall, there are about 50 million stutters in the world. Despite decades of research, the cause of stuttering is not known, though-contrary to popular opinion-it is not thought to be caused by emotional distress. Some believe it might be caused genetically, but scientists have been unable to pinpoint the actual reasons. What is known, however, is that it affects four times more men than women, and that 25% of all children go through a stage of development during which they stutter. Stuttering can be extremely demoralising. Those who are severely affected often attempt to avoid speaking situations altogether. 352 -The passage tells us that stuttering --- . A) is passed down genetically from fathers to sons B) usually stems from the sufferer experiencing a sudden shock C) is a type of speech problem that affects a large number of people D) can be avoided by neglecting to say the Initial sounds of words E) is an incurable disease, and sufferers have no hope of recovery 353 -We learn from the passage that scientists---- . A) know that stuttering is genetic, but haven't found the gene that causes it B) doing research into stuttering generally agree with public opinion C) have not yet been able to determine exactly what causes stuttering D) have discovered that both genetics and psychology cause stuttering E) feel that stuttering is caused by emotional problems but can't prove this 354 -It is implied in the passage that stuttering---- . A) will always cause people suffering from it to be unable to speak at all B) can be avoided by trying not to speak around too many people C) affects only one -quarter of all women, but practically all men D) can have a large negative impact on the social life of the sufferer E) is easily treated if people are willing to avoid speaking in public

Women do not compete against men in sport because of medical misconceptions about their bodies, says Ellis Cashmore, a professor of sociology. He claims it's only in the past 300 years that anatomists have pointed out the differences between men’s and women's bodies, apart from the most obvious ones. Before then, they were seen as fairly similar. By the late 19th century, closer examination led to anatomists looking for inferiorities in women's bodies and believing that even their organs had different functions to men's. Cashmore's argument is that despite women's exclusion from most sports for the first half of this century, they have caught men up rather rapidly. Women's best times in the marathon have improved by an average per year of 2 minutes 47 seconds while men's have improved by a mere 66 seconds. 355 -It can be inferred from this passage that Cashmore believes that ---- . A) modern medicine is based more on myth than on genuine scientific fact B) sociologists are better qualified to discuss human anatomy than medical researchers C) in the last three centuries, there have been significant changes in the anatomy of women D) it is quite obvious that women should not be allowed to participate in sport against men E) there's no good reason why men and women shouldn't compete against each other in sport 356 -Accordlog to the passage, 19th century anatomists ---- . A) were surprised to learn that there were hardly any differences between men and women B) were Claiming that women shouldn't be excluded from various sports C) discovered that, apart from the obvious differences, men and women were alike D) supported the idea that women were physically weaker than men E) were concerned with the reasons why men seemed to outperform women in sport 357 -The author quotes the times 2 minutes 47 seconds and 66 seconds to illustrate that --- . A) despite progress, women still take more than twice as long as men in marathons B) women are actually superior to men in long distance running C) the gap between men's and women's performances in sport is shrinking D) his theory is scientific by including mathematical figures E) women will one day surpass men in athletic endeavours MODAL TEST

1

1. The company had sent the advertisement to the newspaper when they realised they’d mistyped the salary they were offering for the position. Luckily, they ---- the newspaper to correct their mistake before they printed it. A) could have asked B) were able to ask C) must have asked D) were supposed to ask E) might have asked 2. A: I wish I hadn’t criticised Mark’s drawings yesterday because he hasn’t spoken to me today. Do you think he’ll come to my party on Friday? B: Possibly, he ---- you by then. A) has forgiven B) was able to forgive C) might have forgiven D) must have forgiven E) used to forgive 3.Since the day his manager transferred him to the foundry section of the steel works, he ---- safety goggles. A) will be wearing B) has had to wear C) ought to wear D) must have worn E) is wearing 4. A: This student has circled the mistakes in the text, but he hasn’t corrected them, so he’ll only get half marks. B: He ---- the instructions properly. A) would rather not read B) had better not read C) needn’t have read D) shouldn’t have read E) must not have read 5. As a single woman, Lucy ---- quite a lot of money on clothes, jewellery and cosmetics, but now married with two children, she can’t spare so much money on them. A) might spend B) had spent C) would rather spend D) would spend

2

E) should have spent 6.A: Are you going to enroll on the second course when we finish this one? B: I don’t know. It’s tiring coming every day after work. I ---- a month before I start the second course. A) may wait B) am supposed to wait C) have waited D) have to wait E) could have waited 7.James will book the hotel rooms for the German representatives and you ---- them at the airport at eight o’clock. Is that clear? A) have met B) can meet C) are to meet D) had met E) would meet 8.---- lending me $20 so that I don't have to give the taxi a $100 dollar note? A) Would you like B) Would you rather C) Would you mind D) Had you better E) Do you mind if 9.A: Jack doesn’t work for a computer company, so why has he gone to the computer exhibition? B: I don’t know. He ---- interested in buying a computer to use at home or perhaps he’s thinking of starting his own company. A) must be B) has to be C) will be D) ought to be E) could be 10.You ---- anything to me. If you want to spend virtually your entire wages on lottery tickets, then that’s up to you. A) couldn’t have explained B) don’t have to explain C) weren’t able to explain D) shouldn’t have explained E) weren’t supposed to explain 11.You ---- anything until after your operation. The nurses will tell you when it is all right.

3

A) needn’t eat B) don’t have to eat C) couldn’t eat D) mustn’t eat E) might not eat 12.Oh dear, my fruit cake is a little too sweet. I ---- the amount of sugar I add to the mixture next time. A) have been reducing B) should have reduced C) will have to reduce D) have had to reduce E) must be reducing 13.Isn’t it great that Tim and Sue have given up smoking? The both ---- too much. A) used to smoke B) ought to be smoking C) must be smoking D) would rather smoke E) have been smoking 14.A: What’s happened to Mr. Meyer? B: He’s ill in hospital. They ---- keep him in overnight, and if they do, he ---- travel back to Germany tomorrow morning. A) may / won’t be able to B) would / ought not to C) shall / doesn’t have to D) can / couldn’t E) ought to / didn’t use to 15.A: ---- we paint the kitchen this weekend? B: We could, but I ---- wait until the weather gets better because we’ll have to open the windows. A) Ought / prefer B) May / must C) Can / would like D) Shall / would sooner E) Would / had better 16.A: I couldn’t persuade John to come to the match with us. He said he couldn’t afford it. B: You ---- to lend him the money. A: I did, but he said he ---- borrow any money at the moment. A) have offered / ought not to B) could have offered / would rather not

4

C) may have offered / used not to D) must have offered / wouldn’t like E) can offer / had better not 17.---- I ask you a favour? ---- you work on Thursday night this week instead of Friday night? A) Can / Did B) Would / Will C) May / Could D) Might / Shall E) Must / Would 18. Amy Johnson, the first woman pilot who ---- from England to Australia, ---several times during her flight to fill her plane with petrol. A) had flown / has stopped B) could fly / was stopping C) used to fly / might stop D) was flying / would rather stop E) flew / had to stop 19. ---- you take this screwdriver back to Mr. Smith next door and thank him for lending it to us? A) Will B) Must C) Ought D) Shall E) May 20. They ---- their house yet. They only put it up for sale yesterday. A) haven’t been selling B) might not be selling C) needn’t have sold D) ought not to sell E) can’t have sold 21. We ---- get a visa before we ---- go to Bulgaria. A) could / would B) are to / must C) have to / can D) may / have to E) will / shall

5

22. I only had a brief chat with Mary at the bus stop, so I ---- to ask her how she ---on in her new job. A) might forget / could get B) forgot / was getting C) have forgotten / used to get D) would forget / gets E) must have forgotten / should get 23. A: Well, I’ve got lots of great ideas, but I haven’t written anything down yet. B: But you ---- us a written outline of your section of the project today! A: Don’t panic. I’ll do it tomorrow. A) would rather have given B) were able to give C) must have given D) were supposed to give E) had to give 24. Our father ---- a small present for me and my sister every month when he ---- his salary. A) was buying / had received B) has had to buy / was receiving C) must have bought / could receive D) would buy / received E) bought / could have received 25. I ---- listening to pop music at all, but recently I have realised that I quite like certain pop-songs. A) didn’t use to enjoy B) ought not to enjoy C) must not have enjoyed D) can’t have been enjoying E) wasn’t enjoying 26. When their baby was born, Lucy ---- up work until they found someone to look after the baby. A) must give B) ought to give C) had to give D) used to give E) has given 27. They had their baby daughter in June and, since then, they ---- in restaurants very often. A) didn’t use to eat B) couldn’t eat

6

C) aren’t supposed to eat D) haven’t been able to eat E) weren’t able to eat 28. Do you think he ---- to watch the match with us? I know he enjoys football. A) would sooner B) had better C) would mind D) preferred E) would like 29. Would you mind if I ---- the secretary for half an hour, Mr. Pitt? She has two thousand leaflets to send out. A) helping B) helped C) help D) have helped E) to help 30. A: I missed this week’s episode of “The Simpsons”. What happened? B: I don’t know. I don’t watch it any more. A: Why not? I thought you were a fan of the show like me. B: Yes, I ---- it three times a week, but now I go to German lessons every night. A) used to watch B) had watched C) must have watched D) have watched E) was able to watch 31. I believe you ---- this computer programme in your previous job, so you ---it difficult at times. Please don’t hesitate to ask me for help. A) didn’t use / might find B) haven’t used / must find C) couldn’t use / have found D) may not use / will find E) hadn’t used / can find 32. Apparently, the man across the road ---- his car after all because he took down the for-sale sign a week ago and he is still driving to work. A) used to keep B) had better keep C) was keeping D) was able to keep E) is keeping 33. A: Hopefully, Peter booked the tickets for us yesterday.

7

B: He ---- them yesterday. The booking office is closed on Saturdays. A: Oh well, I’m sure he’ll order them tomorrow then. A) had better not look B) hasn’t booked C) couldn’t have booked D) needn’t have booked E) wasn’t supposed to book 34. A: I didn’t think Paul and Sam were coming to the picnic. B: They ---- their minds. A: Well, it’s nice to see them again. A) would rather change B) used to change C) must have changed D) should have changed E) had better change 35. I’m glad that I ---- hard to persuade my parents because they were already keen on the idea. A) ought not to try B) didn’t need to try C) needn’t have tried D) mustn’t try E) wasn’t able to try 36. When it was completed, the Eiffel Tower ---- the tallest building in the world, but now there are many others which are taller than the Eiffel Tower. A) would be B) must be C) used to be D) was E) has been 37. Cats are very alert to any movement. For this reason, they will pounce when a victim ---- but ---- prey that remains still. A) can move / couldn’t attack B) is moving / shouldn’t attack C) has moved / aren’t attacking D) moved / don’t attack E) moves / may not attack 38. When I lived in England, I ---- Indian food several times a month, but here in Istanbul it’s virtually impossible to find. A) shall eat B) would eat

8

C) ought to eat D) have eaten E) had eaten 39. A: Mrs. Parkinson ---- three accidents in the last month. B: She ---- a very careful driver, then. A: Couldn’t it have been just bad luck? A) was having / can’t be B) has / shouldn’t be C) has had / must not be D) is having / wasn’t E) used to have / isn’t 40. The weather is awful again today. Let’s look in the newspaper. There ---- a good film showing at the cinema. A) can be B) had to be C) would rather be D) might be E) should have been 41. Cellulose is indigestible by humans, but herbivores, such as cows and horses, ---it because they retain it long enough for digestion by micro-organisms present in their digestive system. A) can digest B) have to digest C) used to digest D) have digested E) ought to digest 42. You ---- all your holiday money on the first day. You will need some for the rest of the week. A) didn’t use to spend B) mustn’t spend C) don’t spend D) might not spend E) haven’t spent 43. Using lasers to produce extremely short and repeatable pulses of light, today scientists ---- events happening in time intervals as short as 1,000 trillionth of a second. A) must have measured B) were measuring C) used to measure D) may have measured

9

E) are able to measure 44. Living cells exist in a variety of shapes; for example, they ---- cube-shaped or flat. A) may be B) must be C) were D) have been E) ought to be 45. We ---- the football match on television yesterday, but we ---- because there was a power cut. A) should be watching / may not B) were supposed to watch / haven’t C) were going to watch / couldn’t D) had better watch / needn’t E) were watching / aren’t 46. Oh no, look at the sign! We ---- here. These spaces are for doctors and emergency patients only. A) needn’t have parked B) won’t be parking C) haven’t got to park D) aren’t supposed to park E) couldn’t have parked 47. You ---- your children some freedom; otherwise, they will resent you. A) used to allow B) must allow C) have allowed D) allow E) are able to allow 48. It’s not easy learning Turkish at home. Do you think I ---- an evening course? A) must have taken B) have taken C) should take D) had to take E) used to take 49. I refused to give my son any money for the “Mega Death” sweatshirt he wants to buy, but I’m sure he’ll try to get some from his grandmother. I’d really rather she ---- him the money, because I don’t want him to wear such an awful thing. A) didn’t lend B) won’t lend C) not to lend D) not lending

10

E) had better not lend 50. He ---- safety goggles, but he wasn’t and, as a result, the hot steel badly damaged his eyes. A) could have been wearing B) must have been wearing C) had been wearing D) should be wearing E) ought to have been wearing 51. I ---- my car last week if I had accepted James’ offer. He offered me two thousand dollars for it, but I wanted more. A) used to sell B) could have sold C) had sold D) may have sold E) was able to sell 52. In parts of Africa, women still ---- water a long way to their village. A) used to carry B) might carry C) could have carried D) have to carry E) must have carried 53. Why did you bother so much trying to change your money? You ---- it, you know, as they accept US dollars in Mexico. A) couldn’t have changed B) haven’t changed C) didn’t use to change D) needn’t have changed E) can’t change 54. I’d rather ---- the match on television than here in the pouring rain. I’m sure we’ll all catch a cold! A) I watched B) have watched C) to watch D) to have watched E) be watching 55. You knew that we had to walk a long way today, so you really ---- those high heeled shoes. You only have yourself to blame for your aching feet. A) don’t have to wear B) must not have worn

11

C) shouldn’t have worn D) might not wear E) can’t have worn 56. I think Victoria ---- to the party, although she really wants to, because she is flying to Paris the next day and has to pack her things. A) may not come B) couldn’t come C) wouldn’t come D) didn’t come E) must not come 57. You ---- this report to the managing director personally. Do you understand? A) would sooner hand B) would like to hand C) may have handed D) are to hand E) have handed 58. You ---- for the cocktail party after the conference if you are worried about arriving home late. A) needn’t have stayed B) don’t have to stay C) haven’t stayed D) weren’t able to stay E) didn’t use to stay 59. He ---- handball quite often, but his new job requires him to travel a lot now, so he doesn’t have time any more. A) must have played B) has to play C) should be playing D) could have played E) used to play 60. Would you mind ---- your cigarette smoke in my face? It’s getting on my nerves. A) not to blow B) didn’t blow C) not blowing D) haven’t blown E) not blow 61. You ---- your jacket on a clothes hanger and not leave it on the chair. You’ll crease it!

12

A) must have hung B) would hang C) may hang D) ought to hang E) will have hung 62. It’s a long journey and there may not be any restaurants on the way. You ---something before you leave. A) might have eaten B) would eat C) had better eat D) are able to eat E) must have eaten 63. I knew that Marcus didn’t have much money, but he has just bought a new car. He ---- the money from someone. A) could borrow B) must have borrowed C) would rather have borrowed D) is able to borrow E) is supposed to borrow 64. ----- I get some plates while you are cutting the cake? A) Do B) Let C) Shall D) Did E) Would 65. We ---- anything tonight. We ---- the leftovers from yesterday’s dinner party. A) didn’t cook / used to eat B) must not have cooked / will eat C) won’t have cooked / should eat D) might not cook / would eat E) needn’t cook / can eat 66.- 80.sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. 66. Because it was pouring down so intensely, I had to pull over the car and wait for the rain to get lighter. A) The rain intensified just as I was about to start the journey, so I decided to wait until it got lighter.

13

B) I was lucky that the rain had become less intense by the time I had to leave, because I couldn't have waited. C) I had to pull the car to the side of the road for some reason, but just then, the rain started to get more and more intense. D) The heavy downpour made it impossible for me to continue driving, so I had to stop and wait until it became less intense. E) I shouldn't have kept driving ignoring the heavy downpour, as the vision was poor and I very nearly drove off the road. 67. Generous people prefer giving to receiving. A) People who are generous would rather give than receive B) People in general should give more and receive less. C) Generous people don't like receiving gifts, but they like giving them. D) More people ought to buy things for other people as well as for themselves. E) Generous people feel that they have to think of others as well as themselves. 68. He can't have read the report prior to the meeting because he didn’t know anything about the project. A) He needn't have read the report, but he didn't know they weren't going to talk about the new project. B) It was clear that he hadn't read the report before the meeting as he knew nothing about the project. C) They didn't talk about the project in the meeting, so he needn't have read the report anyway. D) He didn't read the report before the meeting because he didn't know that they were going to discuss the project. E) He had to read the report carefully before the meeting because he knew nothing about the project. 69. He had better not forget my book today, or I'll never lend him anything again. A) I am angry with him because he keeps forgetting to bring my book back. B) He was supposed to bring my book back today, but as usual he forgot it, so I'm no longer lending him anything. C) I won't lend him anything in the future if he doesn't remember to bring my book today. D) He's promised to bring my book back as soon as he gets better, but I can't believe him. E) I think it will be better for me not to lend him any more books from now on. 70. Let's go out for a walk in the sunshine instead of sitting at home watching TV. A) Would you rather stay at home and watch TV or take a walk in the sunshine? B) Rather than watching TV here at home, why don't we go out and take a walk in this nice, sunny weather? C) We wouldn’t be at home watching TV if the weather was nice; instead, we could go out and take a walk

14

D) I wouldn't mind taking a walk as I find staying at home boring especially in this sunny weather. E) I would much sooner be outside in the sunshine than be here at home just watching TV. 71. The shoes you bought may be a fashionable style, but they are not at all appropriate for school. A) You shouldn't have chosen these shoes because the school will not allow you to wear them. B) You are not going to a fashion show but to school, so take those shoes off and put on a pair suitable for school. C) Next time you go shopping, I'll come with you and help you choose shoes more suitable for school. D) Buying these shoes was a mistake, as they are neither fashionable nor suitable for school. E) You have chosen a pair of shoes, stylish though they are, totally unsuitable for school. 72. It was only towards the end of the sixth month in her swimming course that she could swim across the pool. A) She'd been taking swimming lessons for almost six months by the time she was able to swim across the pool. B) She found it difficult to swim across the pool even after six months of swimming lessons. C) She should never have expected to learn how to swim across the pool in a period of less than six months. D) She was unable to swim cross the pool despite having taken swimming lessons for six months. E) Because she had only taken swimming lessons for six months, she had difficulty swimming across the pool. 73. We can't change the date of our party because the hotel has reservations for every other day this week. A) We should have decided earlier which date we wanted our party because now the hotel has bookings for the whole week. B) We'll either cancel the reservation or hold the party at the weekend because the hotel is full on weekdays. C) As the hotel is fully booked for all the other days this week, to change the date of our party is out of the question. D) We could have changed the date of the party if we had decided earlier and told the hotel which day we wanted. E) The hotel should have told us that we couldn't change the date of our party once we had booked it.

15

74. The parents needn’t have given their children any money as the school paid the museum entrance fee. A) The parents didn't give their children any money because they knew the school was going to pay for them to go into the museum. B) The school had to pay for the children to get into the museum as their parents hadn’t given them any money. C) The school paid the children's entrance fees so that the parents didn't have to give their children any money. D) The school paid the entrance fee of the museum for the children, so the parents had given them some money unnecessarily. E) The school didn't have to pay the entrance fee of the museum for all the children as some parents had given their children some money. 75. We'll have nowhere to stay if we can't find a new flat by the end of this month, when our contract is due. A) I don't think we'll be able to find a new flat by the end of this month, and then we won't have anywhere to stay. B) Our contract will be over at the end of this month, so we’ll have to find a new flat by then, if we don't want to be homeless. C) We only have one month to evacuate this flat and move into a new one, because our contract is due to end at the end of this month. D) We don't have to start looking for a new flat just yet, because our contract is valid until the end of this month. E) If we have to evacuate this flat at the end of this month, then we have one month ahead of us to look for a new one. 76. As a child, I used to believe that the old woman who lived in the cottage in the woods was a witch. A) The old woman who lives in the cottage in the woods is very scary because she looks just like a witch. B) I was terrified to hear that the old woman who lived in the cottage in the woods was a witch as a child. C) The old woman who lives in the cottage in the woods used to say she was a witch, but I didn't believe her. D) As a child, whenever I saw an old woman living in a cottage in the woods I used to think that she was a witch. E) When I was young, there was an old woman living in the cottage in the woods, who, then I thought, was a witch. 77. He must have forgotten that today is my birthday.

16

A) He'd forgotten about my birthday, so I had to remind him. B) I'm really cross at his forgetting my birthday today. C) He'll probably remember later in the day that today is my birthday. D) It is highly likely that he hasn't remembered that it's my birthday today. E) I don't think he'll remember that today is my birthday. 78. Airmail service, including parcels, is available at relatively low cost throughout the world. A) You can send letters and parcels to your relatives by air wherever they are in the world, and it'll cost you very little. B) Choose airmail service for your post and parcels if it is available to where your relatives live because it is not as expensive as generally considered. C) It’s possible to send your post as well as your parcels everywhere in the world by air, and it isn't expensive at all. D) Airmail service is available for letters throughout the world, but not for parcels as the cost is relatively high for them. E) The postage you'll pay to send your mail and parcels by air varies depending on where in the world you're sending them. 79. I doubt that he realised the importance of the situation despite your excellent explanation. A) You should have found a better way to explain the importance of the situation to him. B) Although you explained it perfectly, he might still not have understood how important the situation is. C) In spite of your perfect explanation, he seemed doubtful about whether the situation was indeed so important. D) I admit that you explained the situation excellently, but he couldn't understand it. E) You couldn't have explained the importance of the situation any better, but he still didn't understand it. 80. Would you mind if I used your mobile phone to tell my mother about my exam results? A) Do you think I should telephone my mother and tell her that I passed all my exams? B) My mother will be happy to hear that I passed all my exams. Can I use your mobile to phone her? C) Have you got your mobile with you as I need to phone my mother and tell her about my exam results? D) Is it all right with you if I telephone my mother on your mobile to tell her about my exam results? E) Would you mind telephoning my mother on your mobile and telling her about my exam results?

17

81. - 90.sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 81. O kaba davranışından sonra cezayı haketti ama cezanın bu kadar ağır olması gerekmiyordu. A) Although she deserved to be punished after that rude behaviour, you could have given her a less severe punishment. B) The punishment she was given was a little too severe compared with what she had done. C) She should have been punished for that rude behaviour of hers, though not with a severe punishment. D) After that rude behaviour of hers, she deserved a punishment, but it needn't have been such a severe one. E) She deserved to be punished for that rude behaviour with an even more severe punishment than the one she was given. 82. Resmi işlemler sırasında karşılaştığı pek çok tersliğe rağmen turizm sezonu başlamadan önce bürosunu açabildi. A) He could have opened his office before the tourism season started if he hadn't encountered so many problems during the official procedures. B) The officials caused him so many problems during the procedures that he very nearly didn't open his office before the tourism season started. C) Despite the many mishaps he encountered during the official procedures, he was able to open his office before the tourism season started. D) He failed to open his office in time for the approaching tourism season due to the many mishaps he encountered during the procedures. E) Even if he had encountered a few problems during the official procedures, he still had enough time to open his office before the tourism season. 83. Sınav gözcüsü sürenin bitmek üzere olduğunu hatırlattığında ben daha soruların yarısını bile yanıtlayamamıştım. A) The examiner should have reminded us about the time because I'd only answered half of the questions. B) I was about to finish answering the questions when the examiner told us that we'd left half an hour behind. C) When the examiner reminded us that the time was almost up, I hadn't even been able to answer half of the questions. D) I couldn't answer all the questions because by the time examiner told us about the time, we were already about to run out of it. E) By the time the examiner told us to hand in our papers because our time was up, I'd only answered half of the questions. 84. Şeftalilerin fazla olgunlaşmış olanlarını önce yiyelim yoksa yarın onları atmak zorunda kalırız.

18

A) We ought to eat the overripe peaches first because they won't keep until tomorrow. B) Some of these peaches are overripe and should be eaten before tomorrow. C) If we don't want to throw away these overripe peaches tomorrow, we have to eat them first. D) We'd better eat the overripe peaches first; otherwise, they'll be rotten by tomorrow. E) Let's eat the overripe peaches first, or we'll have to throw them away tomorrow. 85. Zavallı adam kazada hem karısını hem oğlunu kaybettiğini duyunca yıkılmış olmalı. A) The poor man must have collapsed upon hearing that he'd lost both his wife and his son in the accident. B) When he heard that both his wife and son had died in the accident, the poor man collapsed in despair. C) The news that his wife and son had been killed in the accident was too much or the poor man to bear, so he collapsed. D) The poor man felt so desperate as he'd lost not only his wife but also his son in the accident. E) It must have been a real shock for the poor man to hear about the accident as he'd lost not only his wife but also his son. 86. Çok fazla eşyası olduğu için havaalanına gitmektense taksi tutmayı tercih etti. A) She had to hire a taxi to the airport instead of taking the bus because she had too much luggage. B) Even though she had too much luggage, she could still have taken the bus to the airport, but she preferred a taxi. C) She might not have gone to the airport by taxi but have taken the bus if she hadn't had so much luggage. D) As she had so much luggage, she preferred to hire a taxi to the airport rather than take the bus. E) She'd rather go to the airport by taxi than take the bus because she has too much luggage. 87. Yüzündeki mutlu ifadeye bakılırsa, kötü haberi henüz duymamış olmalı. A) She can't have heard the bad news yet because look how happy she appears to be. B) Judging from the happy look on her face, she must not have heard the bad news yet. C) We gathered from the happy look on her face that she hadn't heard the bad news yet. D) As she had a happy look on her face, we couldn't understand whether she'd heard the bad news. E) It was obvious that she hadn't heard the bad news as she looked very happy. 88. Tüm geleceğini etkileyebilecek bu kararı almadan önce, en azından annen baban olarak bizim de fikrimizi alabilirdin. A) Before you took this decision, which might affect your whole future, as your parents, you could have at least asked for our opinion as well.

19

B) As your parents, we were expecting that you would ask for our opinion before you took this decision about your future. C) Although you didn't consult us before taking this decision, as your parents, we must warn you that it might affect your whole future. D) You took a decision that will affect your whole future, but didn't even bother to ask for our, that is, your parents' opinion. E) You should have consulted your parents too before you took this decision because it will affect your whole future. 89. Eski denizciler Albatros kuşunun doğa üstü güçleri olduğuna ve onu öldürmenin kötü şans getireceğine inanırlardı. A) Because they believed that the bird Albatross had supernatural powers, ancient sailors were not very keen to kill one. B) Ancient sailors used to believe that the bird Albatross had supernatural powers, and that killing one brought bad luck. C) Ancient sailors believed that , whoever had bad luck at sea, he must have killed an Albatross, the bird they considered to have supernatural powers. D) Ancient sailors attributed all bad luck to the bird albatross, so wherever they saw one, they wanted to kill it. E) In the ancient sailors' belief, the one who killed an albatross, the bird which brought bad luck, had supernatural powers 90. Yarın teslim etmem gereken raporu bitirmek için bütün gece uyanık kalmak zorundayım. A) I have to hand in this report tomorrow, and I can only finish it if I stay up all right. B) I can only finish this report by staying up all night, or I won't be able to hand it in tomorrow. C) I'll have to stay up all night today for this report as I'll need it tomorrow. D) I may have to stay up all night so as to get this report ready for tomorrow. E) I have to stay up all night in order to finish the report I'm supposed to hand in tomorrow. 91.- 100.sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 91. As it might cause drowsiness and dizziness, you mustn't drive for a period of two hours after you've taken this medicine. A) Uyku ve baş dönmesine neden olduğu için bu ilacı aldıktan ancak iki saat sonra araç kullanabilirsiniz. B) Uyku ve baş dönmesine yol açabileceği için bu ilacı aldıktan sonra iki saat süreyle araba kullanmamalısınız. C) Uyku ve baş dönmesini yaratabilir endişesiyle bu ilacın etkileri geçinceye kadar, yani iki saat süreyle araba kullanmayınız.

20

D) İki saat sonra araç kullanacaksınız, bu ilacı hemen alın ki uyku ve baş dönmesi gibi etkileri o zamana kadar kaybolsun. E) Bu ilacı şimdi aldığınıza göre iki saat araba kullanmayacaksınız demektir çünkü bu ilaç uyku ve baş dönmesi yapar. 92. Thanks to his experience and his calm attitude throughout the incident, the pilot was able to land the plane, damaged badly during the hurricane, safely. A) Fırtınada ağır hasar görmüş uçağı sağ salim yere indirdiğine göre, pilot çok deneyimli ve soğukkanlı biri olmalı. B) Deneyimli ve olay boyunca takındığı sakin tavrı sayesinde pilot fırtınada ağır hasar görmüş uçağı sağ salim yere indirebildi. C) Fırtına sırasında deneyimi ve sakinliğiyle dikkat çeken pilota, büyük hasar gören uçağı sağ salim yere indirmeyi başardığı için herkes teşekkür etti. D) Tüm yolcular, fırtına sırasında çok hasar görmüş olan uçağı, soğukkanlı davranarak usta bir şekilde yere indiren pilota şükran borçluydular. E) Pilot çok deneyimliydi ve fırtına sırasında büyük hasar görmüş uçağı, soğukkanlı davranarak, usta bir şekilde yere indirmeyi başardı. 93. When New Zealand was deforested, the huia bird, which was used to living in the forest, was no longer able to feed in its accustomed way and soon became extinct. A) Yeni Zelanda ormanlarını yitirince, ormanda yaşamaya alışmış olan huia kuşu artık alışkın olduğu biçimde beslenemez oldu ve kısa sürede nesli tükendi. B) Yeni Zelanda'nın ormanlarında yaşayan huia kuşu ormanlar yok olmaya başlayınca yeterli besin bulamadı ve bir süre sonra nesli tükendi. C) Huia kuşunun neslinin tükenmesinin başlıca nedeni, Yeni Zeanda'da ormanların yok edilmesidir çünkü bu kuş sadece orman koşullarında yaşamaya alışkındı. D) Yeni Zelanda'da ormanların yok edilmesi, ormanda yaşamaya alışkın huia gibi bazı kuş türlerinin neslinin tükenmesine neden olmuştur. E) Huia kuşu Yeni Zelanda ormanlarında yaşardı ancak ormanlar yok olunca alışkın olduğu besinleri bulamayan bu kuşun nesli tükendi. 94. With proper care, buildings made of adobe, which is an excellent building material in dry climates, may last for centuries. A) Özellikle, kurak iklimler için uygun olan kerpiç binaların asırlarca dayanması için çok iyi bir bakıma ihtiyaçları vardır. B) Kurak iklimler için mükemmel bir inşaat malzemesi olan kerpiçten yapılmış binalar, iyi bir bakımla, asırlarca dayanabilir. C) İklimin kurak olması koşuluyla, iyi bakılan kerpiç binalar yüzlerce yıl mükemmel ayakta kalabilirler. D) Çok iyi bakılsalar bile, kerpiçten yapılmış binaların yüzlerce yıl ayakta kalabilmesi ancak kurak iklimlerde mümkün olabilir. E) Kurak iklimlerde yüzyıllardır inşaat malzemesi olarak kullanılan kerpiçten yapılmış evler, uzun süre ayakta kalabilmeleri için iyi bakılmalıdırlar.

21

95. She knew that they couldn't afford a holiday abroad, yet she still called at a travel agent's and took a few brochures. A) Bir seyahat acentasından istediği broşürler eline geçene dek, yurt dışında bir tatil rahatlıkla karşılayabileceklerini zannediyordu. B) Yurt dışında tatil yapmaya güçlerinin yetmeyeceğini bile bile bir seyahat acentasına telefon etti ve birkaç broşür istedi. C) Yurt dışına tatile gitmeyi çok istiyordu ama seyahat acentasından aldığı broşürlerdeki rakamları asla karşılayamacaklarını da biliyordu. D) Seyahat acentasından aldığı broşürleri inceleyince, tatil için yurt dışına gitmeye güçlerinin yetmeyeceğini anladı. E) Yurt dışında bir tatile güçlerinin yetmeyeceğini biliyordu ama yine de bir seyehat acentasına uğrayıp birkaç broşür aldı. 96. Would you mind if I sat here and had a look at the magazines while you're working? A) Burada oturup dergilere göz atmam çalışmanı engellememiştir umarım? B) Sen çalışırken burada oturup dergilere göz atmak istiyorum, olur mu? C) Sen çalışırken burada oturup dergilere göz atmamın bir sakıncası var mı? D) Senin çalışmanı engellemezse eğer, burada oturup dergilere göz atabilir miyim? E) Sen çalışırken benim dergi okumam seni rahatsız eder mi? 97. People who are overweight, past middle age, or who suffer from heart disease should consult a physician before starting any exercise program. A) Orta yaşı geçmiş kişiler, üstelik kilolu iseler ve kalp rahatsızlıkları varsa, bir egzersiz programına başlamadan önce mutlaka bir hekime danışmalıdırlar. B) Orta yaşı geçmiş kişiler kilo vermek amacıyla bir egzersiz programına başlamadan önce bir hekime başvurup kalp kontrolünden geçmelidirler. C) Kilolu, orta yaşı geçmiş ya da kalp rahatsızlığı olan kişilerin herhangi bir egzersiz programına başlamadan önce bir hekime danışmaları gerekir. D) Orta yaşın üzerindeki kişiler eğer kilolu iseler ve kalp rahatsızlıkları varsa, uygun bir egzersiz programı için bir hekimin tavsiyesi gerekir. E) Orta yaşın üzerindeki kişilerin kaldırabileceği egzersiz programları için kilo ve kalbin durumu önemli olduğu için mutlaka hekim tavsiyesi gerekmektedir. 98. Even if we'd found out in advance that the speaker was not coming, we couldn't have found someone in such a short time to replace him. A) Eğer konuşmacının gelmeyeceğini bu kadar kısa bir süre önce öğrenmeseydik, belki de onun yerine bir başkasını bulabilirdik. B) Konuşmacının gelmeyeceğini önceden öğrenemediğimiz için sürenin azlığı nedeniyle yerine birini bulamadık. C) Konuşmacının gelmeyeceğini son anda öğrendiğimiz için yerine bir başkasını bulacak kadar zamanımız yoktu.

22

D) Konuşmacı gelemeyceğini bize o kadar geç bildirdi ki yerine bir başkasını bulmamız mümkün değildi. E) Konuşmacının gelmeyeceğini önceden öğrenmiş olsaydık bile bu kadar kısa sürede yerine birini bulamazdık. 99. International air travel has become so extensive that it's now possible to reach any place in the world in less than a day on one of the more than 350 airlines operating worldwide. A) Dünya çapında 350 havayolları tarafından sürdürülen uluslararası hava taşımacılığı çok yaygın ve sık olduğu için dünyanın herhangi bir yerine günübirliğine gidip gelmeniz mümkündür. B) Uluslararası hava taşımacılığı yapan şirketlerin sayısı şu anda 350 dir ve bu şirketler dünyanın hemen her yerine günlük seferler düzenlemektedirler. C) Uluslararası hava taşımacılığı şu anda dünyanın 350 merkezine seferler düzenlemektedir ve bu merkezlerden en uzak olanına bile bir günden daha az bir sürede ulaşılabil mektedir. D) Uluslararası hava taşımacılığı o kadar yaygınlaştı ki dünya çapında hizmet veren 350 havayollarından biriyle bir günden daha az bir sürede dünyanın herhangi bir yerine ulaşmak artık mümkün. E) Dünyanın her yerine çok sık seferler düzenleyen 350 havayollarından herhangi biriyle bir günden daha az bir sürede dilediğiniz yere gitmeniz hiç de imkansız değildir. 100. The long coastline and large number of rivers and lakes provide Africa with plenty of fish resources. A) Afrika'da balığın bol olmasının nedeni sahip olduğu uzun kıyı şeridi ve çok sayıdaki nehir ve gölleridir. B) Uzun kıyı şeridi ve çok sayıda nehir ve göl Afrika'ya bol miktarda balık kaynağı sağlamaktadır. C) Afrika'da balık bol bulunmaktadır; çünkü kıta uzun bir kıyı şeridine ve çok sayıda nehir ve göle sahiptir. D) Afrika'nın başlıca yiyecek kaynağı, sahip olduğu uzun kıyıları, nehirleri ve göllerinden sağlanan balıktır. E) Uzun kıyı şeridinin yanı sıra, çok sayıda nehir ve göl, Afrika'ya bol miktarda balık sağlayan kaynaklardır. MODAL AUXILIARIES & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS PART II 1. You ---- your own canoe in order to join the canoe club. They cost a lot of money. You ---- mine whenever you want to go canoeing. A) mustn’t buy / had borrowed B) won’t haven bought / should borrow C) needn’t buy / can borrow

23

D) might not buy / would borrow E) can’t buy / used to borrow 2. He is so poor now it’s hard to believe that when he was young, he ---- down the street in his Rolls Royce or sometimes his Jaguar car. A) has been driving B) would drive C) should have driven D) has driven E) may be driving 3. Just as my daughter was about to leave the house on her wedding day, my son spilt some tea on her dress. Fortunately, we ---- the stain with some special soap before the wedding took place. A) were able to remove B) must have removed C) might be removing D) could remove E) used to remove 4. A: Is Julian not visiting aunt May with us today. B: Well, he has been called out to an emergency, but he ---- us there if he finishes early. A) has joined B) could have joined C) was joining D) might join E) would be joining 5. A: What were you doing at the bank yesterday? B: I ---- my bank manager for a loan to repair our house, and luckily, I managed to get it. A) must have asked B) used to ask C) had to ask D) should have asked E) ought to ask 6. A: I can’t believe Jane isn’t here to collect her award. B: She ---- the invitation. We definitely should have checked that she had got it. A) would rather not receive B) had better not receive C) isn’t supposed to receive D) needn’t have received E) must not have received

24

7. A: Did you speak to Sam about the plans for the cake sale to raise money for charity? B: Yes I did and she ---- bake some biscuits and cakes if she has time. A) might be able to B) was able to C) used to D) had better E) has had to 8. Our plane ---- in Cairo hours ago, but we haven’t even taken off from Heath-row yet. A) was supposed to land B) must have landed C) ought to be landing D) will have landed E) might be landing 9. This steak is a little bit undercooked for my taste. ---- putting it back under the grill for another five minutes? A) Why don’t you B) Would you mind C) Would you like D) Do you prefer E) Do you mind if I 10. A: I wonder why Mary didn’t want to come shopping in Oxford street with us. B: I don’t know. She ---- short of money these days because her new kitchen cost her a lot of money. A) will be B) has been C) can be D) would be E) could be 11. I ---- to the office to send e-mail any longer. The company has bought me a lap top computer and a mobile phone which can be used for electronic mail and the Internet. A) didn’t use to return B) may not return C) needn’t have returned D) don’t have to return E) must not have returned

25

12. You ---- so envious of your brother. He is successful because, unlike you, he works extremely hard. A) haven’t been B) won’t be C) weren’t D) shouldn’t be E) may not be 13. Oh dear, we seem to have run out of salt. I ---- to the corner shop before dinner. A) am able to go B) needed to go C) could have gone D) must have gone E) will have to go 14. I can’t understand why Dad is now so careful with his money. He ---- such a generous person. A) would be B) has been C) used to be D) will be E) must be 15. Trade is so poor these days! We ---- just two cars since I started working here a month ago. A) have been able to sell B) used to sell C) had to sell D) will have sold E) are supposed to sell 16. A: ---- we drive to Sultan Ahmet in our new car? B: Well, I ---- take the ferry to avoid the traffic. A) May / must B) Can / would like C) Must / prefer D) Shall / would sooner E) Would / had better 17. I was going to write my essay about the British nuclear tests in the Australian Desert, but I ---- the topic when I ---- much information about them. A) have changed / wasn’t able to find B) had to change / couldn’t find C) must change / haven’t found D) might have changed / don’t find

26

E) used to change / might not find 18. ---- you do me a favour please? ---- you ask Mrs. Green if the interview room is available? A) Might / May B) May / Could C) Would / Do D) Shall / Might E) Could / Would 19. I was falling asleep while I was typing my speech last night. The only way I ---awake was by drinking lots of strong coffee. A) ought to stay B) would rather stay C) have stayed D) may stay E) could stay 20. ---- you hold this shelf here while I go and get my hammer? A) May B) Must C) Should D) Will E) Shall 21. The tyres of my car ---- thin already. I only replaced them in January. I’ll have to buy better quality ones next time. A) shouldn’t have worn B) needn’t have worn C) didn’t wear D) aren’t supposed to wear E) haven’t worn 22. According to their letter, we ---- them with a copy of our company’s accounts before we can order any cars on contract hire. A) have supplied B) have to supply C) may have supplied D) used to supply E) had supplied 23. I suppose I ---- to type his report for him, but, at the time, I didn’t know how important it was. A) have had to offer B) may have offered C) could have offered

27

D) would rather offer E) was able to offer 24. A: Why is Mom still in hospital? She ---- home today. B: They wanted to do some more tests. A) must have come B) was supposed to come C) had better come D) used to come E) may have come 25. I’d like to have some people for dinner tonight, but it is too late to ask anyone because they ---- their plans already. A) had better make B) used to make C) are making D) may have made E) can make 26. George ---- better in the tennis tournament than I thought he ---- because he got through to the finals. A) must have played / could B) will have played / ought to C) should be playing / did D) ought to play / can E) had better play / should 27. Ever since he took on this part time job, he ---- enough time on his studies. A) can’t spend B) isn’t able to spend C) hasn’t been able to spend D) wasn’t able to spend E) couldn’t spend 28. Now that they have raised the prices at the gym, I ---- going there or I’ll have difficulty paying it. A) must have stopped B) used to stop C) had better stop D) might have stopped E) had stopped 29. My brother’s eye sight is perfect, but I ---- glasses since I was seven years old. A) ought to wear B) must have worn C) have to wear

28

D) had better wear E) have had to wear 30. Would you mind if I ---- these trade magazines home to read? I never get time to read them in the office. A) to take B) took C) am taking D) taking E) have taken 31. I am really surprised that Robby hasn’t signed up yet for skiing holiday this year. He ---- the first to book every year. A) will be B) may have been C) would be D) could be E) used to be 32. Your mother ---- a restaurant. She is such a wonderful cook. If she opened a restaurant, I’m sure it would be full every night. A) must have opened B) used to open C) should open D) would open E) was able to open 33. We ---- offices soon. I saw the boss this morning viewing the new office block next to the station. A) would rather be moving B) had better move C) would have moved D) may be moving E) have been moving 34. A: Peter in the accounts department retired yesterday. B: He ---- permanently yesterday. I saw him at his desk only this morning. A: Oh well, he had his retirement presentation yesterday, but perhaps that was because the chairman was here. Maybe he is leaving on Friday. A) can’t have left B) ought not to leave C) hasn’t left D) needn’t have left E) had better not leave

29

35. A: Did you have a busy day at the shop? If you did, you ---- rushed off your feet without me there. B: No, I wasn’t. It was quite a quiet day. A) must have been B) have been C) used to be D) would rather be E) might be 36. I was just about to buy a new pair when the police rang to say my handbag had been found with my glasses still inside. So I ---- a new pair after all. A) needn’t have bought B) mustn’t buy C) wasn’t supposed to buy D) shouldn’t have bought E) didn’t need to buy 37. A: Why is she still perspiring? She ---- too hot- I’ve taken her jumper off. B: In that case she ---- a fever. You’d better take her temperature. A) can’t be / must have B) isn’t / would rather have C) wouldn’t be / is having D) needn’t be / ought to have E) shouldn’t be / had 38. Please Mum, ---- I watch the film tonight? I have finished all my homework. A) would B) may C) do D) should E) must 39. I really missed Istanbul, where I lived when I was younger. On summer evenings, we ---- along the coast by the sea of Marmara when the sun was setting behind Kınalıada. A) ought to walk B) have walked C) would walk D) had walked E) might walk 40. A: Julester looks so slim. B: Has she been dieting? A: Not that I am aware of. B: Well, she ---- very hard then. She goes horse riding, doesn’t she?

30

A) must have been exercising B) was exercising C) had better exercise D) was able to exercise E) will have been exercising 41. You ---- a tie on Friday they don’t let men into the restaurant unless they are wearing a tie. A) would wear B) must wear C) can wear D) may wear E) could wear 42. Jennifer ---- the promotion that she is expecting as she hasn’t reached her sales target yet. A) shouldn’t have got B) hadn’t got C) didn’t use to get D) wasn’t getting E) may not get 43. Mom, according to what the doctor instructed you to do, you ---- any salt on your food. You know! If you insist on eating that much salt, you are bound to have another heart attack! A) needn’t have put B) didn’t use to put C) haven’t put D) don’t have to put E) aren’t supposed to put 44. Alfred ---- his ankle badly as we ---- in the mountains last Saturday. A) used to sprain / hiked B) has sprained / could be hiking C) must have sprained / have hiked D) sprained / were hiking E) may sprain / have been hiking 45. ………… I look after Catty for a couple of hours so that you and Kevin can go to cinema? A) Would B) let C) do D) did E) shall

31

46. During the strike of the railway workers, many commuters ---- a taxi to and from work by coming three or four people together so that they could afford it. A) have been hiring B) had to hire C) ought to hire D) will be hiring E) might hire 47. We ---- by the river, but unfortunately, the riverside car park was full. A) should be parking B) had parked C) had better park D) were going to park E) are supposed to park 48. You ---- some more appointments to get some more business. You’re never going to achieve your sales target at this rate. A) used to make B) were making C) should make D) have made E) would make 49. You haven’t got time to do the gardening. I think you ---- a gardener, don’t you think so? A) ought to employ B) have employed C) are employing D) must have employed E) employed 50. I’m glad that you ---- your father to let you come on this trip with us. It wouldn’t be so enjoyable without you! A) must have persuaded B) could have persuaded C) might be persuading D) were able to persuade E) used to persuade 51. - 55. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 51. Bana daha fazla ayrıntı vermeyi reddettiğiniz için sizi mahkemede savunamayacağımı üzülerek bildiriyorum. A) Your refusal to give me further information was the reason why l had to inform you that it was impossible for me to defend you.

32

B) l'm sorry that l can't defend you in court because you haven't given me all the particulars required. C) Your refusal to provide further particulars, regrettably, led to my refusal to agree to defend you in court. D) Since you refuse to give me further particulars, l regret to inform you that l won't be able to defend you in court. E) Regrettably, l cannot agree to defend you in court unless you give me further particulars. 52. Mutfak pencerisinin önündeki çam ağacını kesmek zorunda kaldılar çünkü binanın temeline zarar veriyordu. A) lf they hadn't cut down the old pine tree from in front of the kitchen window, it might have damaged the foundations of the building. B) They were forced to cut down the pine tree in front of the kitchen window for fear that it would damage the foundations of the building. C) Basically, they had to cut down the pine tree in front of the building because it was blocking the kitchen window completely. D) They only cut down the old pine tree, which stood in front of the kitchen window, when it started to damage the foundations of the building. E) They had to cut down the pine tree in front of the kitchen window as it was damaging the foundations of the building. 53. Bir ev hanımının dünyası sadece mutfak ve çocuk odasıyla sınırlı olmamalıdır. A) She shouldn't restrict her world to that of a housewife, merely working in the kitchen and the nursery. B) A housewife's world should not be restricted to just the kitchen and the nursery. C) A housewife's life should also include experiences outside the kitchen and the nursery. D) As a housewife, her world has been restricted to the kitchen and the nursery. E) A large part of a housewife's life is limited to working in the kitchen and the nursery. 54. Her şeyi tek başına yapmaya çalışmak yerine, bizden ya da profesyonel birinden yardım isteyebilirdin. A) You didn't need to ask for a professional's help as, with our help, you were able to manage everything without it. B) lt would have been better if you had asked for our or a professional's help, but you tried to do everything yourself. C) You could have asked for our or a professional's help instead of trying to do everything on your own. D) lnstead of doing everything all alone, you should have asked for our help, or even a professional's. E) You needn't have asked for our or a professional's help as you could have easily managed everything by yourself.

33

55. Birkaç emlakçıya uğrayıp kiralarla ilgili genel bir fikir edinince, o bölgede oturmaya gücümüz yetmeyeceğini anladık. A) When we'd called at a few estate agents and got a general opinion of the rents, we realised that we couldn't afford to live in that area. B) After we'd asked several estate agents for their opinion, it became obvious that we couldn't afford to live around there. C) Though we were aware that the area was unaffordable for us, we still visited a few estate agents in order to get a general idea of the rents there. D) lf we had spoken to a few estate agents and grasped the general level of rent charged there, we wouldn't have decided to move to that part of town. E) Most of the estate agents we visited held the opinion that the rents charged in the area were too high for us to afford. 56. – 60. sorularda verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 56. Since my sister was very shy as a child, whenever she was invited to a party, she would make up an excuse and not want to go. A) Kardeşim çok çekingen bir çocuk olduğu iin bir partiye davet edildiğinde heen bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmezdi. B) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu için ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse, bir mazeret uydurur gitmek istemezdi. C) Çocukluğundan beri çok çekingen olan kardeşim ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse, hemen bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmez istemez. D) Çocukken çok çekingen olan kardeşim istemediği partilere katılmamak için mutlaka bir mazeret bulurdu. E) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu için hiçbir partiye katılmaz, davet edildiği zaman da bir mazeret uydururdu. 57. Parents should not be too permissive with their children, or they may lose their control over them completely when the children grow up. A) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onlar üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirmiş olan ebeveynler küçükken onlara karşı çok tavizkar davranmış olmalılar. B) Ebeveynlerin çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olmaması gerekir yoksa çocuklar büyüdüklerinde onları kontrol etmek zor olur. C) Çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olan ebeveynler çocukları büyüdüğünde onların üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirirler. D) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onların üzerindeki kontrollerini yitirmek istemiyorlarsa ebeveynlerin, çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olmaması gerekir. E) Ebeveynler çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olmamalılar yoksa çocuklar büyüdüğünde onlar üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirebilirler.

34

58. Even the owners of the houses not damaged during the earthquake could not return on their houses for days due to fear. A) Evleri hasar görmediği halde bazı insanlar depremden sonra günlerce içeri girmekten korktu. B) İnsanlar, depremden günler sonra, hiç hasar görmemiş evlere bile korkarak girebildiler. C) Depremden günler sonra, yıkılmayan evlerin sahipleri bile korkudan evlerine giremiyorlardı. D) Depremde hasar görmemiş evlerin sahipleri bile, korkudan günlerce evlerine giremediler. E) İnsanlar depremden o kadar korkmuştu ki evleri hasar görmemiş olanlar bile günlerce içeri giremedi.

35

59. ln an effort to sabotage others' computers, some users, called hackers, create software that can damage a computer's programs or data. A) Başkalarının bilgisyarlarını sabote etmek amacıyla, hacker adı verilen bazı kullanıcılar, bilgisayarın programlarına ya da verilerine zarar verebilen programlar üretiyorlar. B) Başka bilgisayarları sabote etmek için, bilgisayarın programlarına ya da verilerine zarar veren programlar üreten kişilere hacker denir. C) Hacker adı verilen bazı kullanıcılar, bilgisayarların hem programlarına hem de verilerine zarar verebilen programlar üreterek başkalarının bilgisayarlarını sabote etmektedir. D) Hacker diye adlandırılan bazı sabotajcılar, bilgisayar programları üreterek başkalarının bilgisayarlarına ya da verilerine zarar vermeye çalışmaktadır. E) Hackerlar, bilgisayarın sadece programlarına değil verilerine de zarar verebilen programları, başkalarının bilgisayarlarını sabote etmek amacıyla üretirler. 60. Although they seem to offer an escape from problems for a few hours, in fact, drugs create more problems than solutions. A) Sorunlardan sadece birkaç saatliğine kaçış sağlamaya yarayan uyuşturucular aslında sorunları daha da büyütürler. B) Uyuşturucular sorunları gerçek anlamda çözmez, sadece kişiyi birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan uzaklaştırır. C) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçış sağlıyor gibi görünseler de aslında uyuşturucular çözümden daha çok sorun yaratırlar. D) Sorunlarından sadece birkaç saatliğine uzaklaşmak için uyuşturuculara baş vuran biri, gerçekte kendine daha büyük bir sorun yaratmıştır. E) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçmada yararı görülmüşse de uyuşturucular sorunları çözmez, daha çok sorun yaratırlar. 61. – 75. sorularda verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. 61. Every should save water as it is not only economical but also resourceful. A) All of us must have used less water as we have saved a lot of money on our water bill. B) Every person must try to use less water not in order to save money but to save valuable resources. C) Everybody ought to save water because by doing so, they will save both money and this resource. D) Using less water should be everybody's concern as it saves valuable resources. E) Someone must have used a lot of water as our water has cost more than usual. 62. l will let you take the dog for a walk, but you are not to take off its lead at any time. A) l will allow you to walk the dog; however, you must not take his lead off at all. B) Our dog should not be let off his lead at any time, so you can't take it for a walk.

36

C) We used to take off the dog's lead during walks, but now l find it dangerous. D) You were supposed to take the dog's lead off while you were walking it. E) l won't let you take the dog for a walk until you promise not to let it loose. 63. You might have difficulty finding the files for some of these customers on the list, so ask me if you need any help. A) Perhaps you would have found it easier to work on these customer files if you had asked for my assistance. B) l could have helped you find the files on these customers, but l didn't know you were having trouble. C) You were supposed to find the files on all of these customers on your own, but you needed my help when you had trouble. D) Ask me if you require assistance as it is possible that you won't find all these customers' files easily. E) You must have had difficulty finding the files on some of these customers, but you should have asked for help. 64. lf you would prefer us not to supply an alarm with the vehicle, we can provide a cheaper price. A) l'm afraid we cannot supply an alarm with the vehicle at such a cheap price. B) We would much rather supply an alarm with the vehicle, but this of course increases the price. C) Would you like us to supply an alarm with the vehicle, which we will be able to include in our price? D) As you've asked us to supply an alarm with the vehicle, you'll have to pay extra money for that. E) We can give you a better price if you would rather we didn't supply the vehicle with an alarm. 65. lf we can get a baby–sitter on Saturday, let's go for a meal at that ltalian restaurant by the river. A) We should have got a baby–sitter on Saturday, so we could have gone for an ltalian meal by the river. B) Why don't we eat at that ltalian restaurant by the river on Saturday if we can find someone to look after the baby? C) Shall we ask our baby–sitter to stay up for Saturday night so that we can go to that ltalian restaurant by the river? D) We needn't have hired someone to look after the baby on Saturday,. as we didn't go to the ltalian restaurant by the river after all. E) We were able to get someone to look afer the baby on Saturday, so we went to the ltalian restaurant by the river. 66. l've just learned from the doctor that Peter has to stay in hospital until they remove his stitches.

37

A) According to what the doctor has just told me, Peter can only leave the hospital after they have taken his stitches out. B) The doctor has just informed me that Peter wants to leave the hospital as soon as they have take his stitches out. C) According to the doctor, they might allow Peter to go home from the hospital when they have taken his stitches out. D) As far as l know, the doctors ought to have taken his stitches out before they allowed Peter to leave the hospital. E) l know that Peter has to stay in hospital a little longer because the doctors still haven't taken his stitches out. 67. Rather than buying curtains, why don't we make them ourselves? A) l would rather buy somu curtains than make my own. B) Would you rather buy curtains or make them yourself? C) Let's make our own curtains instead of buying some ready–made ones. D) l wouldn't mind making our own curtains, if you don't want to buy any. E) Do you think we can manage to make our own curtains or should we buy them? 68. We used to walk around the shopping centre for ages doing nothing but window– shopping when we were teenagers. A) When we were teenagers, we went to the shopping–centre very often but rarely bought anything. B) lt used to take us hours to decide what to buy at the shopping–centre when we were teenagers. C) For ages, window–shopping at big centres has always been quite exciting for teenagers. D) As teenagers, we would spend hours at the shopping–centre just looking in the shop windows. E) l shouldn't have spent so many hours window–shopping when l was a teenager. 69. lt is impossible for us to give you a further discount on this price. A) We can only offer you another small discount on this price, and that's all. B) There is no way we can reduce this price further. C) We shouldn't have reduced the price so much D) Seeing as you can't affort it, we'll have to drop our price. E) l can assure you that our price is the lowest you will find anywhere. 70. You ought to have asked for the departure times of the trains yesterday. A) You shouldn't have left home yesterday without knowing the departure times for trains. B) lt was a mistake on your part not to have found out departure times for trains yesterday. C) You were supposed to find out the departure times for trains yesterday, not today. D) You couldn't have learned the departure times for trains yesterday even if you'd tried to.

38

E) They ought to have told you the train times yesterday when you asked them. 71. He had better hand me his report today, or l'll inform the manager. A) The manager ought to deal with employees who fail to give me their reports. B) He was supposed to hand me his report today, but he didn't, so l've told the manager. C) l had no alternative but to tell the manager because he failed to give me his report again. D) l would rather not inform the manager, but l think l have to because he won't give me his report today. E) l'll let the manager know if he fails to give me his report today. 72. Would you mind if l picked you up half an hour later? A) l won't be able to get there to pick you up for half an hour. B) Would you pick me up thirty minutes later than usual, if you don't mind? C) lf that's all right with you, can l pick you up thirty minutes later? D) Can l collect you in half an hour if that won't make you late for work? E) Do you want me to pick you up in half an hour? 73. He must have been on his way to class; otherwise, he would have stopped to chat. A) l'm pretty sure he was on his way to his lesson and couldn't stop to talk. B) l saw him on his way to his lesson, but he still had time to stop and talk. C) l saw him going to his lesson, but instead of stopping to chat, he ignored me. D) lf he had been on his way to class, he wouldn't have stopped for a chat. E) He is always late for his lessons and never has time to stop to chat. 74. lt's possible that he hurt your feelings unintentionally. A) You may not have heard him properly. B) He might not have meant to hurt you feelings. C) He should have told you about that without hurting your feelings. D) He couldn't have explained this without hurting your feelings. E) As far as l can see, he hurt your feelings deeply, though not on purpose. 75. However worthless they may seem to most of us, antique hand–crafted buttons are avidly collected by enthusiasts. A) ln the opinion of many, collecting antique hand–crafted buttons is a complete waste of time. B) Most of us may not be aware of the value of hand–crafted buttons; however, enthusiasts spend a fortune on them. C) lt's surprising how many people are enthusiastically taking up the hobby of hand– crafted antique button collecting. D) Collectors enthusiastically make antique hand–crafted button collections despite their apparent worthlessness to most of us. E) l think most people would agree that making a worthwhile collection of hand–crafted buttons takes enthusiasm.

39

SET 2 1. You ---- the meeting this week if you are too busy. There is going to be another one next week and you ---- to that one. A) might not attend / would go B) needn’t attend / can go C) can’t attend / have gone D) won’t have attended / go E) didn’t attend / used to go 2. You look as if you are having trouble with your homework. ---- you like me to help you with it? A) Could B) Did C) May D) Would E) Shall 3. I thought that I had my keys with me, but I can’t find them in my coat. I ---- them in my other coat. A) am supposed to leave B) am able to leave C) would rather have left D) must have left E) could leave 4. I’ve heard that Mr. Benner is the toughest teacher for this course. You ---- to get another teacher, or you can’t get a good mark. A) had better try B) must have tried C) have tried D) would try E) might have tried 5. You ---- to bed early the night before an exam. A good night’s sleep will do you more good than studying all night and then falling asleep in the exam. A) will have gone B) may go C) ought to go D) would go E) would rather go 6. Would you mind ---- your music so loudly? I am trying to study. A) not play B) not playing C) didn’t play

40

D) not to play E) haven’t played 7. The former president never ---- to the press, but this one is much more accessible. A) could have talked B) should be talking C) must have talked D) has to talk E) used to talk 8. Hurray! We ---- to school today because it is snowing so hard. A) haven’t been going B) shouldn’t have gone C) must not have gone D) don’t have to go E) may not have gone 9. Wilber ---- smoking and eating meat after his heart attack, but he didn’t and now he has had a second one. A) should have stopped B) must have stopped C) was able to stop D) will have stopped E) used to stop 10. According to the weather report, it ---- tomorrow, and if it does, we ---- the hike I’ve been looking forward to. A) ought to rain / cancelled B) must rain / were able to cancel C) may rain / will have to cancel D) would be raining / had to cancel E) has been raining / must cancel 11. I know you have a lot of work to do, but it is your own fault; you ---- everything until the last minute. A) can’t have left B) might not leave C) must not have left D) shouldn’t have left E) haven’t been leaving 12. I’d really rather ---- in Hawaii at he moment than stuck behind this desk all day. A) I am surfing B) to be surfing C) to surf D) have surfed

41

E) be surfing 13. You ---- your plane ticket so far in advance because flights to Birmingham are never full. A) can’t buy B) needn’t have bought C) didn’t use to buy D) haven’t bought E) couldn’t have bought 14. In Iran and Saudi Arabia, all women ---- their heads outside of the house, but in most Muslim countries it is optional. A) have to cover B) must have covered C) could be covering D) might cover E) used to cover 15. I ---- a stockbroker if I had wanted to, but I thought life as a bass guitarist in a heavy metal band would be far more interested. A) was able to become B) may have become C) had become D) could have become E) used to become 16. You ---- more carefully. Now the insurance company won’t pay you anything because the accident was your fault. A) must have been driving B) should be driving C) had been driving D) ought to have been driving E) have been driving 17. I’d rather you ---- out tonight because, according to the news, there could be trouble downtown. A) haven’t gone B) not to go C) didn’t go C) won’t go E) not going 18. A friend of mine told me that I ---- India in the summer, because that is the monsoon season, when it is both too hot and too wet. A) didn’t use to visit B) needn’t visit

42

C) haven’t visited D) might not visit E) shouldn’t visit 19. Hawaii is such an expensive place to live and the wages are so low that you ---very hard just to get by. A) are able to work B) have to work C) have worked D) must have worked E) used to work 20. We had better hurry if we want to get back to the hotel before the curfew. No one ---- out after dark, expect for the petrol forces, you know. A) could have been B) is supposed to be C) has been D) has to be E) should have been 21. Mike couldn’t attend university because he ---- his family when his father died. A) had to support B) must have supported C) could be supporting D) has been supporting E) will have supported 22. Petroleum deposits can occur almost anywhere - they ---- under deserts, under fertile land, or even under the sea. A) ought to be B) may be C) must be D) were E) should have been 23. Using the latest and most expensive technology, including nuclear batteries, space scientists ---- to the furthest reaches of our solar system now. A) were probing B) may have probed C) used to probe D) are able to probe E) must have probed 24. Now remember, when you are in the race you ---- to run too fast in the first few laps because you will need plenty of energy for the final sprint. A) haven’t tried

43

B) shouldn’t have tried C) mustn’t try D) might not try E) didn’t use to try 25. There are some sounds that are out of the range of the human ear but which dogs ----. A) ought to hear B) have heard C) can hear D) have to hear E) used to hear 26. My sister ---- a German teacher because her German was fluent, but she decided to become an accountant instead. A) has become B) had to become C) will become D) could have become E) must have become 27. You ---- me at work. The boss was really angry because he had warned me before about personal calls. A) must not have phoned B) shouldn’t have phoned C) didn’t phone D) didn’t use to phone E) can’t have phoned 28. Sally …… Italian like a native, but since she moved to Indiana, she has forgotten most of it. A) used to speak B) had spoken C) was supposed to speak D) has been speaking E) must have spoken 29. While there seem to be plenty of unexploited petroleum reserves, some experts worry that there ---- enough to carry us through the next century. A) may not be B) haven’t been C) didn’t use to be D) don’t have to be E) had better not be

44

30. Today no one can imagine what a battle at sea was like in the days of sail. It ---both an impressive and a frightening sight. A) might be B) could be C) ought to be D) has been E) must have been 31. When we went to Japan, we ---- anything for ourselves because our Japanese hosts took care of everything. A) must not have done B) needn’t have done C) didn’t need to do D) couldn’t have done E) ought not to do 32. A: I hear a noise coming from the kitchen. B: My greedy brother ---- for something to eat. A) must be looking B) should have looked C) used to look D) ought to be looking E) has looked 33. A: Did you know that classes were cancelled yesterday because the heating in the building failed? B: No, but I ---- anyway because I was in bed all day with flu. A) didn’t use to attend B) won’t be attending C) must not have attended D) haven’t attended E) couldn’t have attended 34. I know I ---- for a job, but there are so few jobs for a person of my abilities that is discouraging. A) had been looking B) ought to look C) must have looked D) was able to look E) used to look 35. I ---- the same computer program when I worked at a bank, so it ---- easy for me to adjust to this new job. A) should be using / could be B) used to use / should be

45

C) need to use / would be D) must have used / must be E) might have used / can be

46

36. He ….… as carefully as he claimed he was. Why did he bump into the lamp post then? A) doesn’t have to drive B) isn’t supposed to drive C) won’t have been driving D) shouldn’t have driven E) can’t have been driving 37. Would you mind if I ---- early this afternoon? I have a dentist appointment at 4:30. A) to leave B) had left C) leaving D) left E) have left 38. I’m so glad that I …….… to the meeting place on time yesterday despite the heavy traffic, or the boss would have been really annoyed. A) was able to get B) have got C) used to get D) should have got E) had to get 39. Sean ---- married three months ago and since then he ---- out drinking with his old friends. A) had got / ought not to go B) used to get / couldn’t have gone C) got / hasn’t been able to go D) has got / shouldn’t be going E) was getting / didn’t have to go 40. These days, he ---- to stop smoking and playing cards as well because his wife is so strict with him, so his life will have changed completely soon. A) used to try B) is trying C) tried D) had to try E) could have tried 41. It is hardly surprising that he gets depressed and wonders if he can really ---married. A) could have got B) must have got C) used to get

47

D) had better get E) ought to have got 42. Though Sally ---- how to swim, when she met a young man who was a professional diver, she learned quickly. A) hasn’t known B) might not know C) can’t know D) wouldn’t know E) didn’t know 43. Our father never earned much money, but he ---- something nice for us whenever he …………. A) should buy / did B) had to buy / does C) would buy / could D) must have bought / can E) would rather buy / has 44. Where have you been? You ---- here at 2 o’clock, and it’s almost 3. A) must have been B) were supposed to be C) were able to be D) are going to be E) have been 45. I told my flatmate to buy some bread, but he ---- because there isn’t any here. A) must have forgotten B) ought to be forgetting C) could forget D) should have forgotten E) was able to forget 46. Sue has only been in Egypt for a year and she already speaks Arabic fluently. She ---- it that quickly. I’m sure she had started studying it before she left England. A) shouldn’t have learned B) won’t have learned C) can’t have learned D) didn’t use to learn E) isn’t supposed to learn 47. Do you think Jeff ---- to join us on our hike? Does he like this sort of activity? A) would rather B) was able C) has been able

48

D) had better E) would like 48. Sam is such a good swimmer that he --- the Olympic record for the 100 metre race, but unfortunately he didn’t compete because of a pulled shoulder muscle. A) is going to break B) must have broken C) could have broken D) is supposed to break E) had to break 49. I wonder what the problem was in the restaurant last night. Three members of staff ---- tables, but there was only one, I must speak to the restaurant manager. A) could be clearing B) ought to be clearing C) should have been clearing D) must have been clearing E) were clearing 50. Hey, watch where you are going! You ---- me! A) could have killed B) should have killed C) have killed D) will have killed E) used to kill 51. - 65. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. 51. Would you mind if l borrowed your car to take my sick friend to the hospital? A) Do you think l should drive my friend to the hospital? He seems very ill. B) Would you give us a lift in your car to the hospital as my friend is very ill? C) Did you bring your car, because l need to take my sick friend to the hospital? D) Will you give me your permission to take my sick friend to the hospital in your car? E) Do you think l should borrow a car and take my sick friend to the hospital? 52. In spite of the many news reports, l am not sure he understands the gravity of what has happened. A) The news reports have emphasized how serious the situation is, but he does not care at all. B) Had it not been for the news reports, he would not have realised how serious the situation actually is. C) Although what has occurred has been in the news a lot, l doubt that he is aware of its seriousness. D) l feel sure that he would understand the seriousness of the situation if the news reports were more complete.

49

E) No matter how well the news reports put it across, he is incapable of understanding how serious this is. 53. Private parcel delivery services provide a faster and more secure alternative to postal services around the world, but they are relatively expensive. A) International postal services are facing stiff competition from private parcel delivery services, so they have lowered their prices in response. B) Although postal services around the world are cheaper, parcels have a better chance of arriving more quickly and securely through private parcel delivery services. C) While it is more expensive to use local postal services, privatised parcel delivery services are faster and more secure. D) Private parcel delivery services, with their faster, more economical and more efficient delivery, are driving postal services out of business all over the world. E) You can use a normal postal service for your parcels, or alternatively, if you are willing to take a chance and wait a little longer, you can use a private parcel delivery service. 54. He must have changed his phone number because l can't get hold of him. A) He could have changed his phone number after l last got in touch with him. B) He had to change his phone number because l couldn't get through to his old one. C) It is possible that he'll change his phone number, but l won't know for sure until l talk to him. D) He should have changed his phone number because no one could get in touch with him. E) l am unable to get in contact with him, so it is highly likely that he has a new phone number. 55. As a student, l used to think that all my teachers wanted me to fail. A) In spite of being a good student, l did badly because of the attitude of my teachers. B) l was such a bad student that l got used to thinking that all my teachers wanted me to fail. C) Though it sometimes seemed that all my teachers wanted me to fail, l knew that it was not true. D) When l was a student, l held the belief that none of my teachers wanted to see me succeed. E) During my time as a student l was confident of passing despite the attitude of my teachers. 56. In order to be able to hand your essay in tomorrow, you had better stop making notes now and start typing. A) Why don't you type your essay directly, without taking notes, if you are to hand it in tomorrow?

50

B) lf you had wanted to finish your essay in time to hand in, you should have finished your note–taking yesterday. C) l guess you stopped taking notes and started typing your essay in order to be able to get it ready for tomorrow. D) It is time to stop note–taking and start typing; otherwise, you won't be able to give your essay in tomorrow. E) You don't need to stop writing notes and start typing yet as you can explain tomorrow why you haven't finished it. 57. It was not necessary for me to study as hard as l actually did for the exam because it was easier than l expected. A) l must not have studied as hard as l thought l did because the exam did not seem easy. B) Having hardly studied for the exam, l was hoping that it would be easier than they usually were. C) l didn't use to study very hard for my exams because l usually found them so easy. D) Because l knew the exam was going to be easy, l studied very little for it. E) The exam was not as difficult as l had anticipated, so l needn't have studied so hard for it. 58. This can't be the house l grew up in because l don't recognise anything. A) l should have come here to find my home before it changed so much and there were still familiar things. B) It is not possible that this is the house where l spent my childhood as nothing is familiar to me. C) As this is the house where l was raised, l am surprised that l recognise so little. D) l am unable to tell if this is my childhood home or not because so much is unfamiliar. E) l can tell that this used to be my home when l was a child, even though everything is so different now.

59. It was only after he had lived in Egypt for five years that he was able to read the newspapers without much difficulty. A) Although he had lived in Egypt for five years, he was still unable to decipher the articles in the newspapers. B) While he could read the newspapers after five years in Egypt, he was still having great difficulty understanding them. C) In spite of only having lived in Egypt for five years, he was able to read the main headings of the newspapers. D) He had lived in Egypt for five years before he could understand the newspapers without finding it very difficult.

51

E) His ability to read the newspapers was impressive for someone who had only lived in Egypt for five years. 60. Going into a house with your shoes on may be acceptable in the West, but it isn't in most of the East. A) Though Westerners usually enter a house with their shoes on, they are careful not to do so if they are in the East. B) You should remember when visiting the East that customs like not wearing footwear inside a home are very important. C) The Western custom of going into a house wearing shoes is unacceptable in the majority of Eastern societies. D) You should not wear shoes inside a house in some countries no matter how normal it might seem in your own country. E) Though no one can explain why it is inappropriate to wear shoes inside a house in the East, Westerners should remember not to do it. 61. Let's take a taxi instead of walking home even though it is expensive. A) l wouldn't mind spending the extra money and going home by taxi although it is a nice walk. B) Rather than spending the money on a taxi, why don't we walk home instead? C) lf we had enough money, we wouldn't have to walk home; instead, we could take a taxi. D) In spite of the expense, l would rather we took a taxi home than walked. E) Should we take a taxi despite the expense, or should we walk home? 62. It is possible that this will be your last opportunity if you do not do well on the report. A) l think it is better if you don't get another chance to do a report after the last one. B) You will only get another chance if you have done your best on this report. C) As soon as you are better, you will get another chance to do a good report. D) You must have done a good report as you know that you will never get another chance, if you haven't. E) You had better do a good job on the report, or you may never get another chance. 63. You can't have written this paper yourself because the English is perfect. A) You did not write the paper in perfect English because you are not able to. B) The English in this paper is so good that l know you must have worked hard on it. C) It is not possible for this paper to be your own work because you are unable to write such flawless English. D) You must not have worked very hard on this paper, or the English would have been perfect. E) No one would have thought that you were capable of writing such good English.

52

64. It must have been a terrific feeling when you heard about your lottery win. A) I'm sure you felt great upon learning that you were the winner of the lottery. B) l can imagine how you felt when you learned that you had almost won the lottery. C) l guess your first feeling was fear when you heard about winning the lottery. D) You should have felt better about all the money you won from the lottery. E) You ought to have chosen different numbers if you wanted to win the lottery. 65. You had better wait for the rain to stop before you leave, or you might catch a cold. A) It is so cold and rainy that it would be a good idea for us not to leave just now. B) It's likely that you'll catch cold in this rain, so you shouldn't leave until it stops. C) You will certainly get cold and wet if you go out into this rain. D) Do you really think it is a good idea to risk catching a chill in this rain? E) It is too cold to go out and it might rain, so l think you should wait before you leave. 66. – 70. sorularda verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 66. l was relieved to learn that l didn't have to decide immediately, and that they could wait until the end of the week. A) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebileceklerini söyledikleri için hemen karar vermek zorunda değildim. B) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebilecekleri için hemen karar vermek zorunda olmamak beni çok rahatlattı. C) Karar vermek için hafta sonuna kadar vaktim vardı çünkü bir süre bekleyebileceklerini duymuştum. D) Hemen karar vermek zorunda olmadığımı, hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebileceklerini öğrenince rahatladım. E) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyeceklerini öğrendiğimde, hemen karar vermek zorunda olmadığım için rahatladım. 67. Because it is both unknown and inevitable, death has always been a source of wonder and fear. A) İnsanlar, kaçınılmaz olduğunu bildikleri ölüme karşı her zaman merakla karışık korku duymuşlardır. B) Her zaman bir korku kaynağı olan ölüm, hem bilinmeyen hem de kaçınılmaz olduğu için hep merak edilmiştir. C) Hem bilinmeyen hem de kaçınılmaz olduğu için ölüm her zaman bir merak ve korku kaynağı olmuştur. D) Ölümün her zaman bir merak ve korku kaynağı olmasının nedeni hem bilinmemesi hem de kaçınılmaz olmasıdır.

53

E) Bilinmeyen bir şey olduğu için insanların merak ettiği ama aynı zamanda korktuğu ölüm kaçınılmaz bir olaydır. 68. By the end of the first nine months, most babies will be able to sit without support and balance well enough to play as they sit. A) Dokuzuncu ayın sonunda bebekler, destek olmaksızın denge sağlayabilir ve oturarak oyun oynayabilirler. B) İlk dokuz ayın sonunda bebek desteksiz oturabiliyorsa, oturarak oyun oynamasını sağlayacak dengeyi de kurabilir. C) Dokuzuncu ayın sonunda, oturarak oyun oynayabilecek kadar denge sağlayabilen çoğu bebek desteksiz oturabilir. D) Bebeklerin çoğu ancak dokuzuncu aydan sonra desteksiz oturmayı ve otururken oyun oynayacak kadar denge sağlamayı becerir. E) İlk dokuz ayın sonunda çoğu bebek, desteksiz oturabilir ve otururken oyun oynayacak kadar denge sağlayabilir. 69. Pregnant women should avoid cigarettes and alcoholic beverages since these substances may harm the baby. A) Hamile kadınlar sigara ve alkollü içeceklerden kaçınmalıdırlar çünkü bu maddeler bebeğe zarar verebilir. B) Mademki sigara ve alkollü içecekler bebeğe zarar verebiliyor hamile kadınların bu maddelerden uzak durmalıdır. C) Hamile kadınların sigara ve alkollü içeceklerden kaçınmasının nedeni bu maddelerin bebeğe zarar verme olasılığıdır. D) Sigara ve alkollü içecekler bebeğe zarar verebileceğinden hamile kadınlar için bu maddeler sakıncalıdır. E) Hamile kadınların kaçınması gereken sigara ve alkollü içecekler, ileride bebeğe zarar verebilir. 70. Accidents and suicides are the leading causes of deaths among youths and frequently are the result of alcohol and drug use. A) Çoğunlukla alkol ve uyuşturucu kullanımının sonucu meydana gelen kaza ve intiharlar, gençler arasında en yaygın ölüm nedenleridir. B) Kaza ve intihar, gençler arasında önde gelen ölüm nedenleridir ve çoğunlukla da alkol ve uyuşturucu kullanımının sonucudur. C) Kaza ve intihar, gençler arasında alkol ve uyuşturucu bağımlılığı sonucu meydana gelen ve çoğunlukla ölümle sonuçlanan olaylardır. D) Çoğunlukla gençler arasında başlıca ölüm nedeni olan kaza ve intihar olayları, alkol ve uyuşturucu kullanımının yaygınlaşmasının sonuçlarıdır. E) Gençler arasında kaza ve intihar sonucu ölüm olaylarının çok yaygın olmasının başlıca nedeni alkol ve uyuşturucu bağımlılığıdır. 71. – 75. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz.

54

71. Kızkardeşinin düğünü için aldığı elbise son moda olabilir ama ona hiç yakışmamış. A) The fashionable dress she has bought to wear to her sister's wedding doesn't suit her at all. B) l don't think the dress she bought for her sister's wedding suits her at all, but at least it is the latest fashion. C) The dress she bought for her sister's wedding may be the last fashion, but it didn't suit her at all. D) Not only does the dress she bought for her sister's wedding suit her, but it is also highly fashionable. E) Her sister's wedding dress was the latest fashion, but l didn't think it really suited her. 72. Babamı, daha büyük bir eve taşınmamız konusunda ikna etmek için çok fazla uğraşmam gerekmedi; çünkü o da bir süredir aynı şeyi düşünüyormuş. A) Persuading my father about moving to a larger home was easy as he had also been thinking it might be a good idea. B) l realised that l needn't have tried so hard to persuade my father to move into a bigger house as he had had the same idea some time ago. C) l had been trying to persuade my father for some time to move to a larger house when he finally agreed to this idea. D) l didn't need to try hard to persuade my father about moving to a bigger house as he'd been thinking about the same thing for some time. E) My father had been considering moving to a bigger house for some time anyway, so he didn't need much persuasion from me. 73. Eskiden insanlar modern çağın pek çok nimetlerinden yoksundular; ama bence günümüz insanından çok daha umutluydular. A) l believe that people in the past, even though they didn't have the benefits of modern times, were in general happier than today's people. B) In the past, people lived without many modern comforts, but in my opinion, they were even happier than most people today are. C) The modern age has brought people many benefits yet, my opinion is that we are not happier than people in the past were. D) Even through people in the past lacked many benefits of modern society, l believe that they were just as happy as today's people are. E) In the past, people used to lack many benefits of the modern age, but in my opinion, they were a lot happier than today's people. 74. Kitabı okumuş olamazsın; çünkü kitabın ne hakkında olduğu konusunda bile hiçbir fikrin yok. A) You could have read the book just in order to understand what it is about.

55

B) lf you had read the book, you would have some idea what it is about. C) You don't even know what the book is about, so it is clear that you haven't read it. D) You can't have read the book as you don't even have an idea what it is about. E) You clearly haven't read the book properly; otherwise you would have some idea what it is about. 75. Kompozisyon yazarken konudan uzaklaşmamaya özellikle dikkat etmelisiniz. A) When you write a composition, you must remember to keep to the main point. B) It is very important not to wander from the point when you write a composition. C) You must pay special attention not to wander from the point when you write a compositions. D) It is best to focus on one main point in written composition. E) Special attention should be made not to stray from the point in written compositions. NOUN CLAUSES, REPORTED SPEECH & TAG QUESTIONS 1. A traditional love of dishes made with minced meat, such as köfte, in Turkey explains ----- Mc Donald's restaurants are overwhelmingly popular here. A) that B) why C) where D) what E) whether 2. ----- Manchester Union football team will be promoted depends on the last match of the season. A) That B) Who C) Whether D) Where E) Which 3. By asking him a few questions about the topic, I tried to understand ----advanced my son was with compiling information for his term paper. A) whether B) how far C) which D) that E) whose 4. Do not just condemn the management, tell us ----- you would get rid of this problem were you in their place. A) who

56

B) which C) what D) how E) where 5. I'm sorry Sir, but I don't know ----- floor the maternity ward is on. A) that B) how C) when D) where E) which 6.My brother is really scared of large dogs and panics ----- he sees one. A) however B) whenever C) whichever D) whatever E) whomever 7.Can you please tell me to ----- I should apply in order to get this document signed? A) whom B) what C) when D) why E) how 8.I really don't remember ----- youths there were in the boat, but it was crowded. A) which B) what C) how many D) who E) where 9.I've looked through the menu, but I can't decide ----- to order. A) whom B) where C) when D) what E) how 10. I'm not sure ----- this material will retain its color, so I'd recommend you to handwash it first. A) which B) when C) whether D) whose

57

E) why 11. No one has heard anything about him ----, he was dismissed from the Navy. A) when B) since C) why D) where E) how 12. I can't recollect ----- day she started working here. A) which B) where C) when D) that E) whether 13. ----- you were driving thirty miles per hour above the speed limit at the time of the accident will count against you. A) The fact that B) Whether C) Whom D) Whenever E) Which 14. Are you implying ----- the area is unsafe? A) when B) where C) what D) that E) whether 15. ----- he had been dieting too strictly contributed to his collapse. A) However B) What C) Who D) Where E) The fact that 16. There are some spare climbing ropes for ----- needs them. A) wherever B) whenever C) whoever D) whatever E) however 17. May I ask ----- climbing ropes these are? A) who

58

B) whom C) whose D) how E) why 18. ----- dreams signify has puzzled mankind for thousands of years. A) Which B) Whether C) Whose D) What E) Since 19. It doesn't necessarily mean that you have the ability to teach others ----- to ski just because you are an excellent skier yourself. A) how B) what C) which D) whether E) when 20. I bought plenty of material for the dress and jacket I'm making because I'm not certain exactly ----- I will need. A) how many B) how much C) how far D) how long E) how often 21. Advertising ----- with the signs that merchants once put over their doors to inform the public, with symbols or pictures, exactly what ----- for sale inside. A) originates / has been B) has originated / had been C) will originate / were D) originated / was E) might originate / have been 22. It is generally acknowledged ----- smoking can cause cancer. A) what B) that C) which D) when E) whether 23. According to the fire chief, it still isn't clear where the fire ----- but he believes that it ----- in the storeroom. A) could start / has to start

59

B) starts / has started C) started / might have started D) was starting / ought to start E) has started / will be starting 24. Following his arrest for drink driving, he ----- from driving for twelve months. A) has disqualified B) has been disqualified C) will be disqualifying D) disqualified E) will have disqualified 25. Today agricultural machines of great size and complexity, some even computerized, ----- in hours what ----people and animals days to complete previously. A) accomplish / used to take B) have accomplished / takes C) will be accomplished / took D) are accomplishing / should take E) had accomplished / was taking 26. I'm worried whether the secretary ----- with the extra work load. Perhaps we should employ an office junior to help her. A) will be able to cope B) would have coped C) had to be coping D) had been coping E) could have coped 27. I couldn't believe ----- it took them to process my application. A) how much B) how many C) where D) how long E) when 28. I can't remember ----- stitches I have cast on my knitting needles. I'll have to count them again. A) how much B) how long C) how often D) how far E) how many

60

29. Can you tell me ----- is responsible for ordering stationery? We need some more envelopes in our department. A) whose B) when C) who D) where E) that 30. I might be able to tell you ----- road to take if I knew ----- on the map we are now. A) where / when B) which / where C) what / how D) how far / which E) whose / when 31. The management ----- that the workers would be sacked if they went on strike. A) discovered B) noticed C) threatened D) grumbled E) appreciated 32. My sister ----- me this morning that tomorrow is my mother's birthday. A) murmured B) questioned C) suspected D) requested E) reminded 33. ----- we drive over the Thames River in London, my father points out that my grandfather helped design the bridge. A) However B) Wherever C) Whenever D) Whichever E) Whatever 34. Our advertiser ----- that we should print our catalogues on recycled paper because he believes that an environmentally-conscious image will attract more customers. A) suggested B) alleged C) grumbled D) reported

61

E) revealed 35. Even after a lengthy discussion, it hasn't been ----- which branch will get the first automated office system. A) assumed B) replied C) proved D) resolved E) meant 36. After Farmer Giles caught them in the act, the boys had to ----- that they had been stealing his apples. A) insist B) confess C) forget D) claim E) decide 37. The guy from their service department showed me ----- to operate the machine, but I don't remember .----- this knob is for. A) why / which B) when / how C) whom / when D) how / what E) whose / why 38. ----- of these diets you follow to lose weight, you should combine it with some exercise. A) Whichever B) Whenever C) Whomever D) However E) Whatever 39. And now ladies and gentlemen, we will ----- that our newly designed vacuum cleaner picks up dust effectively and quickly. Just watch us. A) operate B) remind C) inform D) respond E) demonstrate 40. When you buy quality tweed fabric, it is important to know ----- it was made as only on the islands of the Outer Hebrides is still made by hand.

62

A) when B) whom C) where D) what E) which 41. All the research ----- that sunshine has a positive effect on one's emotions. A) demands B) pretends C) observes D) indicates E) wishes 42. Even though she hadn't said anything, her husband ----- that there was something wrong. A) objected B) proposed C) promised D) perceived E) explained 43. I wonder ----- the overriding factors were that led to such an unconventional decision. A) why B) what C) when D) how E) whether 44. The financial analyst ----- that the forthcoming introduction of a single European currency would draw attention to price differences between nations. A) inquired B) wondered C) pointed out D) asked E) occurred 45. Many psychological problems experienced during the Vietnam War by American soldiers were caused by the fact that many young men were not sure exactly ----- they were fighting for. A) why B) what C) where D) how E) when

63

46. - 55. sorularda, yarım bırakılan cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 46. ----- remains to be seen. A) Whether our team will make it to the finals B) If we play as well as we did last week C) Whenever he is supposed to practise D) How long had he been working on the report E) The fact that we were good enough to qualify 47. The headmaster was determined to find out -----. A) that the science laboratory at his school was better equipped than at any other B) if only he could have remembered to congratulate the winners of the competition C) how many students were there in the cafeteria at the time D) that the school system required a foreign language to be taught E) who had released all the frogs from the science laboratory 48. It was his greatest hope -----. A) whether the peace initiative could actually work B) that people could learn to live together in peace C) if he could ever be a rich man D) without the support and encouragement of his friends E) whenever he saw his old colleagues 49. -----, so it's quite likely that it will spend the night out in the garden. A) Whether he has remembered to take his keys with him or not B) I don't think I reminded him to bring the bird in C) I recall how he used to play with the dog in the back yard D) A dove has made its nest in one of the trees in our orchard E) Unless I phone him to say that I've found his keys in my bag 50. Vegetarians claim -----. A) to avoid any products which are obtained from animals B) whether they should include dairy products in their diet C) why animals should be killed to satisfy man's hunger D) whichever diet is the least healthy E) that eating animal flesh is unhealthy 51. The rules of the club stipulate -----. A) whether or not there'll be a charity ball in the spring B) whenever there is a meeting on the premises C) that nobody is to climb on his own D) even if somebody is to violate any of them E) whoever objects to the membership fee

64

52. ----- haven't been declared yet. A) The groups for the World Cup B) Which of the teams will qualify for the competition C) Whenever the Olympic Games take place D) Whether our team will take part in the games E) How the groups are going to be selected 53. I was half way to the bus stop when I realised -----. A) how could I have done such a silly thing B) if I had taken my pass with me C) whether I had turned the gas off D) that I had left my report at home E) the fact that the bus won't come for more than twenty minutes 54. ----- made it obvious once more what an excellent reputation the school has. A) Though it was extremely unfortunate for many hopeful students B) The fact that ten times as many students applied for the entrance exam as would be accepted C) Whether or not the owners will decide to open a second school in a different area D) However hard students may have studied for the entrance examination E) Many of the contemporary politicians and literary personalities had studied there 55. Have you asked the landowner -----? A) that we are not prepared to spend so much on the deposit B) why hasn't the kitchen tap been fixed yet C) who is going to pay for the repair work in the flat D) to get the contract ready before we moved in E) when can we go and collect our remaining furniture there 56. - 60. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 56. Avukat bazı delillere dikkat çekerek, tanıkların ifadelerinin doğru olmadığını ileri sürdü. A) As the lawyer stated, the statements of the witnesses contradicted some of the evidence they had. B) Claiming that the statements of the witnesses were incorrect, the lawyer produced some newly uncovered evidence. C) The lawyer strongly argued that the statements made by the witnesses were wrong as he had some evidence to refute them. D) The lawyer tried to refute the statements of the witnesses by producing some newly discovered evidence. E) Drawing attention to some evidence, the lawyer contended that the statements of the witnesses were not true.

65

57. 2004 Olimpiyat Oyunları'na hangi ülkenin ev sahipliği yapacağı henüz kararlaştırılmadı. A) Which countries are going to propose to host the 2004 Olympic Games is still not certain. B) It isn't certain yet where the 2004 Olympic Games are going to be held. C) They still haven't decided which country to assign as the host of the 2004 Olympic Games. D) The decision about where the 2004 Olympic Games will be held has not yet been taken. E) It hasn't been decided yet which country will host the 2004 Olympic Games. 58. Herkes neşe içinde sohbet ederken Tim'in neden sessiz kaldığını merak ettim. A) I was curious to learn why Tim kept silent while all the others were noisily chatting. B) Everybody was so cheerfully chatting that we didn't notice Tim appeared so silent. C) Tim, who was noticeably silent, asked me why everybody was chattering so noisily. D) I wondered why Tim remained silent while everybody was chattering cheerfully. E) I noticed that everybody but Tim, who kept silent, was chattering cheerfully. 59. Düşük performansın için moralini bozmak yerine onu nasıl yükseltebileceğin üzerine yoğunlaşmalısın. A) Instead of demoralising yourself about your low performance, you should focus on how you can improve it. B) Having a low performance is indeed demoralising, but you can improve it. C) In order to be able to improve your performance, you should concentrate on your task without being demoralised. D) If you concentrated on how to improve your performance, you wouldn't feel demoralised at all. E) Feeling demoralised will do you no good; instead, you should focus on different ways to improve your performance. 60. Geleceğin bize neler getireceğini tam olarak bilemeyiz ama en azından, iyi şeyler getirmesi için çabalayabiliriz. A) If we want the future to bring us good things, we must strive hard today to increase this likelihood. B) We can't exactly know what the future will bring to us, but at least, we could strive for it to bring good things. C) It's not possible for us to determine our future precisely, yet we can strive hard today in order to expect good things. D) Even if we strive hard, we cannot shape our future with precision; however, we can at least expect good things. E) If we knew for sure what the future would bring to us, we would strive hard to ensure good things.

66

61. - 65. sorularda verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 61. My father complains that his attempts at work are not sufficiently appreciated by his bosses. A) Patronları babamın işinde gösterdiği çabaların pek tatmin edici olmadığından şikayetçiler. B) Babamın işiyle ilgili tek şikayeti, patronların çok çabalayan elemanları yeterince takdir etmemeleridir. C) Babam işiyle ilgili olarak durmadan yakınıyor çünkü patronları onun çabalarını hiç takdir etmiyorlarmış. D) Patronları babamın çabalarını birazcık takdir etselerdi, işiyle ilgili hiç şikayeti olmazdı. E) Babam işinde gösterdiği çabaların patronları tarafından yeterince takdir edilmediğinden yakınıyor. 62. I doubt that she can cope with all these problems on her own. A) Tek başına nasıl bu kadar sorunun üstesinden gelecek bilmiyorum. B) Butün bu sorunlara karşı tek başına göğüs germesi bana zor gibi görünüyor. C) Onu tek başına bütün sorunların üstesinden gelebileceğinden kuşkuluyum. D) Tek başına bütün bu sorunlara karşı göğüs gerebileceğine inanmıyorum. E) Onun tek başına bütün bu sorunlara karşı ayakta kalabilmesi biraz kuşkulu. 63. Everybody in the office was wondering what the new manager, who was going to take over the position in a week, was like. A) Bir hafta içinde görevi devralması beklenen yeni müdürün nasıl biri olduğu bürodaki herkes için bir merak konusuydu. B) Bürodaki herkes bir hafta sonra görevi devralacak olan yeni müdürün nasıl biri olduğunu merak ediyordu. C) Bir hafta sonar göreve başlayacak olan yeni müdürü bürodaki herkes merakla bekliyordu. D) Bürodaki herkesin merakla beklediği müdür nihayet bir hafta sonra göreve başlıyordu. E) Bürodaki herkes tarafından nasıl biri olduğu merak edilen yeni müdür bir hafta içinde görevi devralacaktı. 64. The tourists demanded an explanation from the guide as to why they were unable to visit the pyramids that day. A) O gün piramitlere götürülmeyince turistler rehberden bunun nedenini açıklamasını istediler. B) Tursitler rehberden kendilerini piramitlere götürmesini istedikleri halde nedense bu ziyaret o gün gerçekleşemedi. C) Rehber turistlere neden o gün piramitleri ziyaret edemeyeceklerini açıklamaya çalıştı ama onlar ısrarla gitmek istediler. D) Turistler rehberden o gün piramitleri neden ziyaret edemedikleri konusunda bir açıklama istediler.

67

E) Piramitleri görmek isteyen turistlere rehber bu ziyareti o gün yapamayacaklarını söyledi. 65. As mother has placed no restrictions, we can decorate the house for my birthday however we like. A) Annem hiçbir kısıtlama koymadığına göre, doğum günüm için evi istediğimiz gibi süsleyebiliriz. B) Annem hiç karışmayacağını söylediyse, doğum günüm için evi süsleme işini kendimiz yapacağız demektir. C) Madem ki annem yer konusunda bir sınırlama getirdi, biz de doğum günüm için evi süsleriz. D) Annem kısıtlamaya çalışıyor ama doğum günüm için evi istediğimiz gibi süslememize izin verecektir. E) Bütün mesele, doğum günümde evi dilediğimiz gibi süsleyebilmek için annemin koyduğu kısıtlamaları kaldırtmak. SET 2 1. Jeremy was trying to assure me that Sarah ----- my ticket by 5 o'clock that day, as we ----- previously. A) has collected / will have arranged B) will have collected / have arranged C) had collected / have been arranging D) would be collected / was arranging E) would have collected / had arranged 2. That lady over there is asking whether the tennis club ----- lessons because she ----- to hire a private instructor for her daughter. A) has offered / wanted B) is offering / had wanted C) offered / has wanted D) offers / wants E) was offering / might want 3. Jack's mother asked me why I ----- in the previous week's match and wondered whether I ----- an injury then. A) haven't played / have been having B) hadn't been playing / had had C) didn't play / was having D) couldn't have played / am having E) wasn't playing / have 4. Before we ----- home, our father instructed us again and again not to lose sight of each other while we ----- around the fun fair.

68

A) had left / would be strolling B) leave / will have strolled C) left / were strolling D) were leaving / had strolled E) have left / are strolling 5. On the first day of the course, the trainees ----- by the manager that they ----- to learn everything in a few days. A) were informed / shouldn't expect B) had informed / didn't expect C) have been informed / hadn't been expecting D) are informed / can't be expected E) will have informed / mustn't be expected 6. We all wondered how Jack's wife ----- when she ----- about his new job in OuterMongolia. A) reacts / has heard B) had reacted / would hear C) has been reacting / hears D) would react / heard E) is reacting / will hear 7. I asked Jim whether he ----- his wife to the firm's annual party as well, and he said she ----- her sister's wedding ceremony then. A) had brought / has been attending B) has brought / will have attended C) brought / is attending D) was bringing / would be attending E) is bringing / has attended 8. Because I'm repeatedly leaving things behind, my mother always tells me that I ----- that I ----- all my belongings in my bag before leaving the sports centre. A) have to check / had had B) checked / had C) check / should have D) might check / was having E) must check / have 9. The art teacher ----- the headmaster that they ----- some good entries in the children's painting competition already. A) informed / had received B) is informing / will receive C) informs / receive D) had informed / will be receiving E) was informing / are receiving

69

10. I'm glad to tell you that we ----- our yearly target today, so new sales from now on ----- additional from the budget of our branch. A) were reaching / were B) had reached / are C) have reached / will be D) are reaching / have been E) will have reached / had been 11. Mr. Higgins phoned his wife to say that she ----- for him to eat dinner because he ----- home rather late. A) won't have to wait / had been B) shouldn't have waited / has been C) didn't need to wait / was going to be D) hadn't been waiting / would be E) didn't use to wait / was 12. We asked the receptionist if they ----- any rooms available, and she replied that she ----- the last free room to another couple just ten minutes before. A) were having / let B) had had / was letting C) have / has been letting D) had / had let E) would have / have let

70

13. What will you say if the interviewer ----- you why you ----- your present job? A) asks / are leaving B) asked / were leaving C) has asked / left D) will ask / have left E) would ask / had left 14. Mrs. Smith complained to her husband that the bathroom ----- in a terrible state because the bathtub ----- for days. A) has been / is leaking B) will be / will be leaking C) was / had been leaking D) had been / would be leaking E) would be / was leaking 15. When I went to collect the car from the garage, the mechanic said that he ----- the engine the day before, but he ----- the brakes yet. A) fixed / wouldn't have checked B) had fixed / hadn't checked C) was fixing / wasn't checking D) has fixed / won't have checked E) would be fixing / isn't checking 16. Tim: I don't suppose you have seen my glasses, ----- ? Ed: ----- . Where did you last wear them? A) haven't you / I expect not B) do you / I think so C) don't they / I don't think so D) haven't they / It appears so E) have you / I'm afraid not 17. Tim: I'm going to write about Franz Kafka for my literature essay. Ed: ----- I like his style and want to learn more about him. A) I expect so. B) So am I. C) Neither am I. D) But I don't. E) I have too. 18. The caretaker told us ----- in the sports hall with black soled shoes on. A) don't go B) not going C) not to go D) didn't go E) not go

71

19. I think there was a demonstration in front of the university today, -----? A) don't I B) was there C) did I D) didn't there E) wasn't there 20. The headmaster told the boy ----- the top button of his shirt and ----- at attention. A) fastening / standing B) being fastened / stands C) having fastened / stood D) to be fastened / stand E) to fasten / to stand 21. Ed: Is that the campsite in the next valley? Tim: -----. Ed: Me too, and I think it is. Tim: Great! We'll be there in no time. A) I don't either. It must be further. B) Yes, that's right. It is indeed. C) I'm afraid not. Are you getting tired? D) I hope so. I am exhausted. E) It could be. Let's look at the map. 22. Tim: Jerry won't be taking his dog to Germany with him, will he? Ed: ----- He was asking Roy whether he could look after her while he was away. A) But he will. B) I don't expect so. C) Do you think so? D) So he should. E) Will he, really? 23. What a shame! Our music lesson is cancelled. You were looking forward to it so much and, actually, ----- was I. A) neither B) too C) so D) also E) either 24. When we are on holiday, I love sunbathing on the beach, but my husband ----- . He prefers to sit in the shade reading his book. A) is B) does C) hasn't

72

D) doesn't E) isn't 25. He didn't tell you that he was going to join us for the meal, ----- he ? A) wasn't B) was C) didn't D) wouldn't E) did 26. My parents, who were dancing and chatting all night, seemed to enjoy the anniversary party, ----- . A) but I didn't B) and I was too C) I wasn't though D) and neither did I E) but so was I 27. The newspaper doesn't state why they have chosen to play the next national game in Bursa, ----- ? A) does it B) haven't they C) don't they D) hasn't it E) do they 28. The swimming-pool near our house opens in June, so after that we can go swimming ----- we like. A) wherever B) whenever C) whichever D) however E) whoever 29. Look at that ugly building! ----- designed it has no taste at all. A) Wherever B) Whenever C) Whoever D) Whatever E) However 30. Good luck for the future! I wish you happiness in ----- you decide to do. A) however

73

B) whoever C) whenever D) wherever E) whatever 31. I'm sure you will do well, ----- university you decide to go to. A) whenever B) whichever C) whoever D) however E) wherever 32. We didn't notice ----- we had strayed off the path until we were deep in the forest. A) how far B) so far C) how long D) so long E) how often 33. It's going to be a long journey, ----- we travel, because we can only take the plane as far as the nearest airport, which is more than 200 miles away from the area, and then we will have to take the coach. A) how far B) whichever C) how long D) how much E) however 34. Why don't you ask Auntie Doris? I'm sure she'll know ----- to make an apple pie. A) what B) how C) why D) which E) whom 35. I don't know ----- money to take on holiday with me because this is my first holiday abroad. A) how many B) whatever C) however D) how much E) whether

74

36. ----- you are going on holiday is probably the best place to go in Turkey at this time of year. A) Where B) Which C) When D) What E) Why 37. It's not clear ----- he is going to leave his house to in his will. A) whose B) which C) whom D) that E) what 38. ----- she wrote in reply to my question about her charity work was the most touching account I have ever read. A) Why B) Where C) What D) When E) How 39. He hasn't explained to us yet ----- he sacked the secretary. A) how long B) why C) what D) how often E) whom 40. I was surprised to find out ----- football team your brother supports. Why does he support Manchester United when he lives in London? A) which B) how C) when D) who E) where 41. His poor performance in examinations might have something to do with ----- he misses class. A) how long B) how many C) that D) how often E) whenever

75

42. The form requires you to state ----- you got divorced. A) how long B) what C) when D) which E) whom 43. Perhaps the driver's manual says ----- air pressure you should have in each tyre. A) how long B) which C) whether D) how often E) how much 44. ----- he only attended about sixty percent of the course contributed to his poor examination results. A) The fact that B) Why C) How much D) Whether E) When 45. I can't imagine ----- they are going to cope with three children now that he has lost his job. A) what B) why C) when D) how E) which 46. - 50. sorularda yarım bırakılan cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 46. It is commonly believed -----. A) so scientists needn't have worked hard to prove anything B) that global warming is causing freak weather conditions. C) as it is clear that we should be taking better care of our planet D) such disasters as hurricanes, floods and tornadoes that strike the earth E) whether the weather is affected by pollution of the environment 47. My grandmother always wants us -----. A) not to make any noise while she was taking her afternoon nap B) whether we could do her shopping while we were doing ours C) that we should add very little salt to foods due to her hypertension D) if we could turn the volume of the television up a little more

76

E) to speak a little more loudly because she is a little deaf 48. Did she explain -----? A) if she lets us know about their order well in advance B) only if we'd been informed about the alterations earlier C) why the report hadn't been faxed yet D) whenever there was something wrong with the photocopier E) however the report is to be sent there 49. The newspapers aren't revealing -----. A) whichever version of the story one listens to B) unless they are paid a substantial sum of money C) until they find the man responsible for the explosion D) who was responsible for the leak of official secrets E) as long as they know who was involved in the bribery case 50. The council don't appear to want to tell the residents -----. A) how will the new construction project affect them B) how much pollution the new factory will produce C) what percentage are bus fares going to be increased by D) will the new factory use up fertile farming land E) why is a new factory going to be built so close to people's homes 51. - 60. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. 51. I would rather go sightseeing than lie on a beach, and so would my husband. A) I don't care for sightseeing or lying on beaches and my husband agrees with me. B) Neither my husband nor I mind lying on beaches, but we really don't care for going sightseeing. C) My husband likes going sightseeing, while I prefer sunbathing. D) I would prefer it if my husband enjoyed sightseeing as much as I do. E) Both my husband and I prefer to go sightseeing than to sunbathe. 52. My father said I should never be ashamed of doing an honest job whatever it was. A) According to my father I should accept whatever job I'm offered if it is honest work. B) I was told by my father that I shouldn't be embarrassed doing any job so long as it was an honest one. C) Although I was ashamed of my job, my father said I should never have been so. D) My father told me to quit my job if it was embarrassing me even though it was honest work. E) My father says he doesn't think I should complain if I have an honest job. 53. Contrary to all expectations, she failed her final exams miserably. A) Everyone thought she would pass her final exams, but she failed them badly. B) Everyone knew she would fail her final exams because she was so unhappy. C) She was very miserable during her final exams, so, not surprisingly, she failed them.

77

D) If she hadn't been so miserable during her final exams, she wouldn't have failed. E) She failed her final exams, but she wasn't expected to pass them anyway. 54. Some doubt remained as to the accused man's possible motivation to murder. A) Some believed it was not possible that the accused could have committed a murder. B) Some people doubted that the accused had a really valid motivation to commit the murder. C) The man who is said to be the murderer has still not been shown to have had a clear motive for the crime. D) Whether the accused man had committed the murder or not could never be proven. E) What might have driven the accused to commit the murder had not become entirely clear. 55. Although I know they are vegetarians, I'm not sure if they eat eggs and cheese. A) Because they are vegetarians they probably eat eggs and cheese. B) I'm sure they are vegetarians, so they can't have eaten eggs and cheese at the party. C) I believe they are vegetarians, which means that they probably never eat any dairy products such as eggs and cheese. D) Being certain they are vegetarians, we should probably give them eggs and cheese instead of meat. E) Even though I'm not certain whether or not they eat eggs and cheese, I'm sure they are vegetarians. 56. I wonder where they bought their ceiling fan because I've been looking for something similar to it for a long time. A) I've been asking them for some time where they bought their ceiling fan as I want one just like it. B) I wish they would tell me the name of the shop where they bought their ceiling fan, so I would know where to go to buy one for myself. C) I asked them where they got their ceiling fan from as I bought one like it some time ago. D) I've been looking for a ceiling fan like theirs for a while, so I would be interested to know which stop they bought it at. E) Some time ago I was looking for a ceiling fan similar to theirs, so I wish they had told me where they had bought theirs. 57. She's so naive that she believes whatever she reads in the popular newspapers. A) She is so sceptical that she finds it difficult to accept anything she reads in the popular newspapers as the truth. B) If she weren't so sceptical, she would accept at least some of what is written in the popular newspapers as the truth. C) She never doubts the truth of anything she reads in the popular newspapers because she is so credulous.

78

D) According to her, whatever is published in the popular newspapers is the truth, but she still doesn't accept how naive she is. E) It's difficult to believe that she can be so credulous as to consider everything published in the popular newspapers the truth. 58. "I'm concerned to hear what you consider a normal diet, Mr Smith" the dietician said to the fat man. A) The dietician expressed his concern at discovering the opinion of Mr Smith, who was fat, on what a normal diet consisted of. B) After listening to Mr Smith listing what he ate in a normal day, the dietician advised him to follow a very strict diet. C) The dietician was surprised that a man could be so fat as Mr Smith while eating a quite normal diet. D) The dietician was worried about the fact that Mr Smith hadn't bothered to start a diet although he was fat. E) Mr Smith was surprised to discover that the dietician didn't hold the same opinion on healthy eating as he did. 59. "We really need to know by next Friday who wants to come on the club outing," said the chairman. A) The chairman didn't know until Friday, when the club trip was to be held, now many members wanted to attend it. B) The chairman insisted that by the following Friday they required the names of those who wished to go on the club trip. C) Only if the chairman had known by that Friday who wanted to go on the club trip could he have organised it. D) As he wants to organise a club outing, the chairman insists that all those who want to come along let him know at next Friday's meeting. E) Any member who doesn't let the chairman know by next Friday won't be able to go on the club trip. 60. Everybody is able to do something, however small, towards caring for this planet, aren't they? A) All of us should have helped stop the pollution of the planet, shouldn't we? B) Contributions to the task of cleaning up the planet can be made by us all, but too many people don't do enough, do they? C) Even small things help us look after the planet and everybody helps in one way or another, don't they? D) Something, even if very tiny, can be done by every person to help look after our planet, can't it? E) We are all able to do something to help look after the planet, but not all of us know how to do this, do we?

79

61. - 70. sorularda verilen Türçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 61. Önümüzdeki birkaç yıl içinde ekonomik hava ne olursa olsun bazı küçük işletmelerin iflası kaçınılmaz gibi görünüyor. A) Even if the economic climate turns out to be promising in the near future, some small enterprises will definitely go bankrupt. B) Whatever the economic climate is in the next few years, the bankruptcy of some small enterprises seems inevitable. C) Some small enterprises won't be able to prevent their bankruptcy even if the economic climate improves in the following years. D) It appears that some small enterprises will inevitably go bankrupt in the following years whatever they do in that economic climate. E) Some small enterprises may go bankrupt in the next few years because of the unstable economic climate. 62. Artık sınıfta öğrendiklerinizi uygulamaya koyma zamanı geldi. A) Now that you've learnt a lot in the classroom, we can now start putting them into practice. B) After you've completed the classroom section of your training, you'll start practising. C) You'll start practising some time after you've learnt quite a lot in the classroom. D) In time, what you have learnt in the classroom will be put into practice. E) It is now time to put what you have learnt in the classroom into practice. 63. Kırtasiyecimiz az önce telefon edip bu hafta siparişimizi biraz geç göndereceklerini söyledi. A) We'll receive our stationery a little later than usual this week, according to what our supplier said on the phone. B) Our stationery supplier telephoned just now and said they would be sending our order a little late this week. C) Our stationery supplier telephoned to say why they would be delivering our order a little late this week. D) On the phone, the supplier said that they'd dispatched our stationery order a little later than usual this week. E) Our stationery supplier, who has only just telephoned, said that our order would be delivered a little late this week. 64. İşinin en sevmediği yanı, haftada iki kez gece nöbetine kalmak zorunda olmasıydı. A) The fact that he had to work the night shift every two weeks made his job most unbearable. B) What he disliked most about his job was that he had to work the night shift twice a week. C) He didn't like his job just because of the fact that he was working the night shift twice a week.

80

D) The worst thing about his job was having to work the night shift every two weeks. E) Every two weeks, he had to work the night shift, which he thought was the worst part of his job. 65. Nihayet yetkililer harekete geçmeye karar verdiler ama ne yaparlarsa yapsınlar artık çok geç. A) When the authorities had finally decided to take some action, it was already too late to be of any use. B) Because the authorities took too long to decide on any action, what they did would be no use at all. C) The authorities have at last decided to take some action, but whatever they do now will be too late. D) What the authorities did had no effect at all because they had taken too long to decide on an action. E) By the time authorities decide to take certain actions, it will be too late to have any effect. 66. Bir yıl yurt dışında kalıp geri döndüğümde ülkemi ne kadar çok özlediğimi farkettim. A) I didn't realise how much I missed my country during my stay abroad for one year until I came back. B) I had missed my country so much during my stay abroad that I decided to return after just one year. C) I had to come back to my country after only one year as I had missed it so much when I was abroad. D) I realised how much I had missed my country when I returned from living abroad for a year. E) I realised that I couldn't bear being away from my country for any longer, and decided to return after one year. 67. Bir jimnastik salonuna düzenli olarak devam edecek kadar vakti olmadığı için evde ne zaman vakit bulursa yapabilsin diye kendine bir step tahtası aldı. A) As she doesn't have enough time to attend a gym regularly, she has bought her own step board so that she can work out whenever she finds time at home. B) Thinking that she would never have enough time to attend a gym, she bought herself a step board so that she could work out whenever she liked. C) Having realised that she wouldn't be able to attend a gym regularly, she decided to buy herself a step board and work out at home whenever she wanted. D) She bought her own step board because she wants to exercise at home at the most suitable times for her, without being dependent on the fixed hours of a gym. E) Because she can't attend a gym regularly, she exercises on her own step board at home whenever she has some time available.

81

68. Gruptan bazıları sinemaya gitmeye pek istekli olmadıklarını söyleyince, ben de hep birlikte canlı müzik olan bir yere yemeğe gitmeyi teklif ettim. A) Because some of the group were against going to the cinema, I proposed that we went out for a meal at a restaurant where there was live music. B) When some of the group said they were not very keen to go to the cinema, I suggested that we went for a meal altogether at a place with live music. C) I was very keen to go to the cinema, but some of the group weren't, so we ended up going out for a meal at a place with live music. D) Some of the group said that they were not interested in going to the cinema, so in the end we decided to go for a meal somewhere offering live music. E) My suggestion to go to the cinema altogether did not receive much interest from some of the group as they wanted to go for a meal somewhere with live music. 69. Karateyi pek çok Amerikalı ve Avrupalıya tanıtan, kısa ama parlak bir film kariyeri olan Bruce Lee'dir. A) Bruce Lee, who introduced karate to many Americans and Europeans, had a short but brilliant movie career. B) Many Americans and Europeans knew about karate when Bruce Lee, who had a short but brilliant movie career, introduced it to them. C) Bruce Lee, who didn't live long but had a brilliant movie career, was the person from whom many Americans and Europeans learnt karate. D) Karate was introduced to many Americans and Europeans by Bruce Lee, the man with a short but brilliant movie career. E) It was Bruce Lee, with his short but brilliant movie career, who introduced karate to many Americans and Europeans. 70. Bazı insanlar eğlenceyi hayatın asıl amacı, işi de bu amaca ulaşmak için yalnızca bir araç olarak görürler. A) For some people, recreation constitutes the basis of life, and work is something that helps them attain this aim. B) Some people enjoy recreation so much that they work just in order to be able to raise the means necessary to do that. C) Some people regard recreation as the main objective of life, and work merely a means to that end. D) Those who believe that the real aim of life is recreation claim that work is only a means which aids them reach that objective. E) For some people, the actual objective of life seems to be recreation, and thus they consider work merely a means to that objective. 71. - 80. sorularda verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 71. The report doesn't shed much light on how or why this tragic accident happened. A) Rapor bu korkunç kazanın neden ya da nasıl olduğu konusuna pek ışık tutmuyor.

82

B) Raporda yazılanlar bu korkunç kazanın nedenleri konusunda pek bilgi vermiyor. C) Bu korkunç kazanın nasıl ve neden meydana geldiği raporda hiç belirtilmemiş. D) Hazırlanan rapor bu korkunç kazanın neden ve nasıl gerçekleştiğini aydınlatmaktan çok uzak. E) Kazanın nasıl gerçekleştiği raporda belirtilmiş ama nedenlerine hiç yer verilmemiş. 72. If you have a computer and are connected to the Internet, it is now possible to obtain whatever information you want without stepping out of your home or office. A) Evinizden ya da büronuzdan dışarı adım atmadan dilediğiniz bilgiye ulaşmak istiyorsanız, hemen bir bilgisayar alıp Internet'e bağlanmalısınız. B) Evinizde ya da büronuzda otururken istediğiniz bilgiyi elde etmenizin tek yolu bir bilgisayar alıp Internet'e bağlanmaktır. C) Bilgisayarınız varsa ve Internet'e bağlıysanız, evinizden ya da büronuzdan dışarı adım atmadan dilediğiniz bilgiyi elde etmek artık mümkün. D) Bilgisayarı olup da Internet'e bağlı olanlar, evde ya da büroda oturdukları yerden istedikleri bilgiye kolayca ulaşabiliyorlar. E) Bilgisayar alıp Internet'e de bağlandığınıza göre, artık evden ya da bürodan dışarı adım atmadan dilediğiniz bilgiye ulaşmanız mümkün olacak. 73. No one knows when or where the first circus act was performed, but humans are thought to have had this type of recreation for centuries. A) İlk kez nerede ve ne zaman ortaya çıktıkları kimse tarafından bilinmeyen sirkler, insanoğlunu yüzyıllardır eğlendirmektedir. B) İnsanoğlunun yüzyıllardır sahip olduğu bir eğlence biçimi olan sirklerin ilk kez ne zaman ve nerede ortaya çıktığını kimse bilmiyor. C) İlk sirk gösterisinin ne zaman ve nerede yapıldığını kimse bilmiyor ama insanoğlunun bu eğlence biçimine yüzyıllardır sahip olduğu tahmin ediliyor. D) Sirkler insanoğlunun yüzyıllardır sahip olduğu bir eğlence biçimi olduğu halde hiç kimse ilk sirk gösterisini kimlerin ne zaman ve nerede yaptığını bilmiyor. E) İnsanoğlunun yüzyıllardır eğlenmek için sirk gösterisi yaptığı tahmin ediliyor ancak ilk gösterinin ne zaman ve nerede yapıldığı kesin olarak bilinmiyor. 74. Questions as to whether or not extrasensory perception really exists have been debated by scientists since the late 19th century. A) Altıncı his, 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ortaya atılan ve o zamandan beri de varlığı bilimadamlarınca çok tartışılan bir konudur. B) 19. yüzyılın sonlarında başlayan ve hala da devam eden altıncı hissin var olup olmadığına ilişkin sorular bilimadamlarını çok meşgul etmektedir. C) 19. yüzyılın sonlarında bilimadamlarının en çok tartıştıkları konulardan biri de altıncı hissin gerçekten var olup olmadığıydı. D) Altıncı hissin gerçekten var olmadığını savunan bilimadamları, bu konuya ilişkin tartışmaların 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru başladığına dikkat çekiyorlar.

83

E) Altıncı hissin gerçekten var olup olmadığına ilişkin sorular 19. yüzyılın sonlarından bu yana bilimadamlarınca tartışılmaktadır. 75. I haven't got the least doubt that, with the help of her strong will-power, she will overcome all the difficulties she is faced with. A) Çok güçlü bir iradeye sahip olduğundan en ufak bir kuşkum yok ama o kadar çok sorunu var ki yardımsız hepsinin üstesinden gelemeyebilir. B) O kadar güçlü bir iradesi var ki karşılaştığı sorunları hiç yardıma gereksinim duymadan tek başına çözüyor. C) Çok güçlü bir iradeye sahip olmasına rağmen yardımsız bu kadar çok sorunun altından kalkabileceğinden biraz kuşkuluyum. D) Güçlü iradesinin yardımıyla, karşılaştığı tüm sorunların üstesinden geleceğinden en ufak bir kuşkum yok. E) Karşı karşıya bulunduğu bütün sorunların tek başına altından kalkabileceğinden hiç kuşkum yok çünkü çok güçlü bir iradeye sahip. 76. I always avoid reading what critics write about new books as I believe these reviews rob me of the feeling that I'm reading something new. A) Yeni kitaplar hakkında eleştirmenlerin neler yazdığını okumaktan hep kaçınırım çünkü bu eleştirilerin benden yeni bir şey okuduğum duygusunu çaldıklarına inanıyorum. B) Yeni bir kitabı, o kitabın eleştirmenlerce yapılan analizini hiç dikkate almadan okumak isterim çünkü ancak o zaman gerçekten yeni bir şey okuduğum duygusunu yaşarım. C) Eleştirmenlerin yeni kitaplar hakkında yazdıklarını okursam o kitaplar benim için artık yeni olmaktan çıkıyor ve okurken yeni bir şey okuduğum duygusunu yaşayamıyorum. D) Ben kitap eleştirilerinin yeni bir şey okumanın verdiği duyguyu benden çaldıklarına inanıyorum bu yüzden de eleştirmenlerin kitaplar hakkında yazdıklarını hiç okumuyorum. E) Yeni bir şey okuduğum duygusunu elimden almamaları için eleştirmenlerin yeni kitaplar hakkında yazdıklarını okumaktan her zaman kaçınmışımdır. 77. The fact that the troops were retreating was an indication that our army was not in a good situation at all. A) Ordumuzun durumunun hiç de iyi olmadığı askerlerin geri çekilmesinden anlaşılıyordu. B) Askerlerin geri çekiliyor olması, ordumuzun hiç de iyi bir durumda olmadığının bir göstergesiydi. C) Askerler geri çekildiğine göre ordumuzun durumu pek iyi değil demek ki. D) Ordumuzun durumunun pek iyi olmadığını askerler geri çekilmeye başlayınca anladık. E) Askerlerin geri çekilmeye başlaması gösteriyor ki ordumuz hiç de iyi bir durumda değil. 78. The union leader emphasizes that they will continue struggling until they see the decisions taken in the negotiations in practice.

84

A) Sendika lideri bundan sonra mücadelelerinin görüşmelerde alınan kararların uygulamaya konması yönünde devam edeceğini söyledi. B) Sendika liderine göre mücadele, görüşmelerde alınan kararlar uygulamaya konuluncaya kadar devam edecek. C) Sendika liderinin özellikle vurguladığı şey, alınan kararları uygulamada görmeden mücadeleyi bırakmayacak olmalarıdır. D) Sendika lideri, görüşmelerde aldıkları kararlar uygulamaya konmazsa, mücadeleyi tekrar başlatacaklarını söylüyor. E) Sendika lideri, görüşmelerde alınan kararları uygulamada görene dek mücadeleyi sürdüreceklerini vurguluyor. 79. The management admitted that they wouldn't be able to survive the economic crisis unless they took effective measures. A) Yönetim, etkin önlemler almazlarsa ekonomik krizi atlatamayacaklarını kabul etti. B) Yönetim kabul etse de etmese de etkin önlemler almak şart yoksa bu ekonomik krizden yara almadan çıkamazlar. C) Yönetim etkin önlemler almaya ikna edilmezse bu ekonomik kriz kesinlikle atlatılamaz. D) Bu ekonomik krizden yara almadan çıkılmasında yönetimin aldığı önlemler çok etkili olmuştur. E) Yönetimin aldığı etkin önlemler sayesinde, ekonomik kriz çok hafif atlatıldı. 80. When I asked her whether she was satisfied with her new job, she avoided giving a straightforward answer. A) Benim soruma verdiği yanıttan, yeni işinden memnun olup olmadığı hiç anlaşılmıyordu. B) Yeni işinden memnun olduğunu hiç sanmıyorum çünkü ben sorduğumda yanıt vermek istemedi. C) Yeni işinden memnun olup olmadığını sorduğumda, net bir yanıt vermekten kaçındı. D) Nedense yeni işiyle ilgili sorulan tüm soruları, memnun olup olmadığı dahil, yanıtlamaktan kaçınıyor. E) Ne zaman işinden memnun olup olmadığını sorsam, bana hep kaçamak yanıtlar verirdi.

85

NOUN CLAUSES, REPORTED SPEECH & TAG QUESTIONS: PART II SET 1 1. I think Jeremy's aunt lives ---- they went for their honeymoon. A) what B) who C) when D) that E) where 2. The high value of the pound at the moment explains ---- manufacturers and exporters are suffering. A) when B) where C) why D) who E) how long 3. I'm sure I'm not the first to notice ---- your daughter is a very talented artist, especially for her age. A) who B) that C) what D) when E) where 4. ---- we rent this shop again next year depends on the amount of profit we make. A) When B) Who C) Whom D) Whether E) Which 5. We are not sure yet ---- we want to spend on flowers at our wedding. A) how B) how long C) how often D) how much E) how far 6. It wasn't until he refused to help his mother organise his aunt's funeral that I realised ---- selfish Mike is. A) how B) what 86

C) why D) which E) when 7. Will you ask the salesman to explain ---- they ordered their next year's supply from our competitors? A) who B) whom C) where D) what E) why 8. I would like to know ---- the trains will be running normally during the public holiday. A) whom B) who C) whether D) what E) which 9. The main question on the exam asked us to explain ---- glaciers were formed. A) how B) how much C) how far D) how long E) however 10. I'm sorry, I don't know ---- department Mrs Green works in. A) where B) when C) who D) which E) how 11. My sister-in-law collects Victorian cheese dishes and buys one ---- she sees one for sale in an antique shop. A) whatever B) whenever C) whichever D) however E) whoever 12. I can't see ---- the purpose of the new shopping centre is. There are more than enough in town already! A) who B) what 87

C) why D) which E) where 13. Do you have any idea about ---- I should send my letter of resignation to? A) what B) why C) how D) whom E) when 14. I'm not sure ---- the branch manager is the right person to send it to. A) when B) whom C) where D) which E) whether 15. I can't remember ---- people were killed in the explosion, but it was quite a few. A) how much B) how far C) how long D) how often E) how many 16. We can't decide ---- to do at the weekend. Have you got any interesting suggestions? A) where B) how C) what D) which E) when 17. I'm not sure ---- this sweater will fit my daughter. Can I exchange it for a larger size if it is too small? A) whether B) how C) when D) who E) whom 18. Thousands of cattle have starved to death ---- the drought in Ethiopia started. A) how B) since C) when D) which 88

E) why 19. I don't know ---- month you should plant tulip bulbs. Why don't you ask a florist? A) which B) when C) why D) whose E) how 20. ---- Ethiopia is at war with Eritrea has meant many Western nations are reluctant to send food aid to avert widespread famine. A) How B) When C) What D) The fact that E) Whether or not 21. For the last few weeks, medical teams ---- day and night in an effort to find out exactly what ---- this terrible illness, but they've had little success so far. A) are working / will cause B) have worked / will have caused C) have been working / is causing D) will have worked / will be caused E) were working / had been caused 22. The police were investigating who ---- the gate to the factory open the night before the robbery. A) is leaving B) has left C) had left D) was left E) will be left 23. How you look after yourself following your operation ---- whether you recover completely or not. A) was determining B) had determined C) is determined D) has been determined E) will determine 24. Today with 'mail merge' computer software, the same letter can be addressed to 100 different people at the touch of a button, so a secretary today ---- in hours what it ---- days to do 50 years ago. A) should have accomplished / may take B) could accomplish / takes 89

C) accomplished / will have taken D) can accomplish / used to take E) accomplishes / has been taking 25. I'm not sure whether I ---- able to speak German confidently when I ---- there next month as I haven't practised for so long. A) am / will go B) have been / went C) will be / go D) was / had gone E) should be / am going 26. It has been confirmed recently ---- using mobile phones can cause brain damage. A) if B) that C) what D) when E) where 27. I couldn't believe ---- hot chill powder Margaret had used in her curry. I could hardly eat it. A) how much B) how long C) how far D) how often E) how few 28. I've lost count of ---- times the children have watched their 'Toy Story' video. A) whether B) whatever C) how many D) whenever E) how much 29. I would like to know ---- bag this is because it's occupying my seat. A) how B) whom C) where D) which E) whose 30. I might be able to tell you ---- channel the firm is on if I can remember ---- I put the newspaper. A) which / where B) where / when C) what / how 90

D) whom / which E) whose / that 31. Mrs Holiday ---- that the builders had made a terrible job of her extension. A) commanded B) appeared C) requested D) predicted E) grumbled 32. The police ---- that the attack on the man was racially motivated. A) suspected B) arranged C) estimated D) guaranteed E) ordered 33. My husband and I eat at the Draper's restaurant ---- we go shopping in Shrewsbury. A) whenever B) however C) wherever D) whichever E) whoever 34. The professor ---- that the nutritionist said chocolate was healthy only because she is employed by one of the biggest chocolate company. A) wondered B) argued C) wished D) pretended E) commanded 35. The Royal Ballet are attempting to recreate the ballet "Dante Sonata" Luckily for the producer, some of the former dancers ---- how the dance was performed fifty years ago. A) allege B) hope C) remember D) reply E) predict 36. The accused man ---- that he acted in self-defense. A) suspected B) expected C) occurred 91

D) resolved E) claimed 37. Yes, that is ---- I want you to behave in public. A) what B) since C) which D) how E) why 38. Enjoyment of the film 'Erin Brockovich' rather depends on ---- you like Julia Roberts or not. A) what B) whether C) if D) how E) when 39. Donating some of your wages to a charity will not only help unfortunate people, but it will also give you a sense of pleasure, ---- charity you support. A) whoever B) whenever C) whichever D) however E) wherever 40. I guessed from the shape of the package ---- my birthday present was a cassette. A) which B) what C) when D) that E) how 41. Helen will be working as a representative for Thomson's Holidays in Turkey, but she doesn't know exactly ---- she will be posted. A) what B) why C) who D) where E) how 42. It's important to find out ---- she is actually allergic to. A) how B) when C) where D) why 92

E) what 43. The fans were sent home because the police ---- that the violence could escalate. A) proposed B) ordered C) feared D) hoped E) replied 44. In the United Kingdom, the law ---- that cars must be tested for safety every year. A) threatens B) stipulates C) teaches D) notices E) guesses 45. The results of the survey ---- that George Bush junior would win the election. A) warned B) indicated C) considered D) requested E) assumed 46. - 55. sorularda, yarım bırakılan cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 46. You really have to go to Australia for the conference ----. A) whether or not you are scared of flying. B) if your manager goes instead of you C) which town is it being held in D) how long it will take to get there E) who will be presenting the new proposals 47. ---- will become clear later. A) Whenever he goes to visit his family in lreland B) When will the new owners take over the car factory C) Since the businessmen decided to buy this loss–making factory D) How the new ownership will affect the employees E) Who will the boss appoint as the new manager 48. ---- was his only desire. A) Whether there would ever be peace in his country B) lf he could manage to afford a Mercedes Benz C) Without the compassion shown to them by the community D) That his family could live without fear of persecution 93

E) Although they had managed to arrive in Miami safely 49. ----, so it will probably take me longer than usual to get to work. A) l couldn't remember where l had put the shampoo B) My sister has bought a much faster car C) The reporter has just remarked that two lanes of the highway are closed D) The fact that she slows down at every junction E) Jennifer implied that l should buy a faster car as soon as possible 50. The environmentalist argues ----. A) how is the environment going to be affected if a nuclear accident should occur B) that genetically modified salmon are a threat to the wild species C) whether they will allow this species to be grown in te UK D) which could possibly breed with wild salmon E) who believes genetically modified fruit poses a danger to the human health 51. The Foreign Minister refused to comment on ----. A) whether we could withdraw food aid if the human rights abuses continued B) why hasn't the government done something about these human rights abuses C) how can they allow these abuses to happen without doing anything D) ever since a breakdown in law and order developed in the area E) the situation is now completely out of control in the area 52. The airline didn't explain ----. A) that the plane will stop to get fuel B) why the plane had been delayed C) that wasn't very nice of them D) what time did we leave Heathrow Airport E) how long does it take us to get to lstanbul 53. The police underestimated ----. A) when so many police officers leave the police force B) particularly which politician had the terrorists targeted C) how many demonstrators would turn up D) the fact was that the situation was out of control E) whenever there is a football match in the town 54. Do you know ----? A) how much sugar does he take B) where is Patricia going on holiday C) since Sonia was back from holiday D) is Freddie coming to dinner tonight E) how Julia likes her coffee 55. Yesterday at school, we learnt ----. A) how glass is made 94

B) C) D) E)

what is the procedure in making porcelain that was extremely interesting whether we enjoy it or not which concerned the teacher most of all

56. – 60. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 56. Naturally, you're very upset about what's happened, but now we must focus on what we can do from now on. A) Seni bu kadar çok üzen şeyin ne olduğuna değil, bundan sonra ne yapabileceğimiz konusuna yoğunlaşmaya çalışıyorum. B) Olanlar konusunda çok üzülmen doğal, ama şimdi asıl düşünmemiz gereken bundan sonra ne yapacağımızdır. C) Bütün bu olan bitenlerden sonra çok üzelmeni doğal karşılıyorum, ancak artık yapılabilecekler üzerine yoğunlaşalım. D) Doğal olarak, olanlar konusunda çok üzgünsün, ama artık bundan sonra ne yapabileceğimiz üzerine yoğunlaşmalıyız. E) Olanlar karşısında bu kadar çok üzülmeni doğal bulsam da, artık bundan sonra ne yapabileceğini düşünmen gerektiğine inanıyorum. 57. As a helicopter has no wing to stay in the air, ist rotating blades provide lift and movement through the air. A) Helikopterin havalanması, havada durması ve hareketi dönen pervanesince sağlanmaktadır çünkü tüm bunları yapmaya yarayan kanatları yoktur. B) Helikopterin kanatları olmadığından havalanmasını, havada durmasını ve hareketini sağlayan dönen pervanesidir. C) Helikopterin havada kalmasını sağlayacak kanatları yoktur; bu yüzden havalanması ve havadaki hareketi döner pervanesi tarafından sağlanır. D) Helikopterin havalanmasını ve hareketini sağlayan pervanesi, onun kanatları olmadığı için havada durmasını da sağlamaktadır. E) Helikopterin havada durması için kanatları olmadığından havalanmasını ve havada hareketini dönen pervanesi sağlar. 58. lt's known that, though the author attained fame and wealth in the later years of his career, he suffered great poverty in the earlier years. A) Yazar, kariyerinin ileriki yıllarında şöhreti ve parayı yakalasaydı da, ilk yıllarında büyük yoksulluk çektiği bilinmektedir. B) İlk yıllarını büyük yoksulluk içinde geçirdiği bilinen yazar, kariyerinin ileriki yıllarında şöhrete ve paraya kavuşmuştur. C) Şöhreti ve parayı ancak kariyerinin ileriki yıllarında yakalayabilen yazarın, ilk yıllarında büyük sıkıntı çektiği bilinmekteydi.

95

D) Yazar kariyerinin son yıllarında şöhrete ve paraya kavuşmuştur, ancak ilk yıllarında yaşadığı büyük yoksulluğu herkes bilir. E) Bilindiği gibi yazar, kariyerinin ilk yıllarında büyük yoksulluk çektiyse de, ileriki yıllarında şöhreti ve parayı yakalamıştır. 59. When l last met her, she appeared still very angry and said that she would never forgive him. A) Onu en son görüşümde, hala çok öfkeliydi ve onu kesinlikle bağışlamadığından sözediyordu. B) Onunla son karşılaştığımda, hala çok öfkeli görünüyordu ve onu asla affetmeyeceğini söylüyordu. C) En son görüştüğümüzde, çok öfkeliydi ve onu hala affetmemiş görünüyordu. D) Onu son gördüğümde, hala çok öfkeli olduğundan ve onu asla bağışlayamacağından söz ediyordu. E) En son karşılaştığımızda ona karşı hala çok öfkeliydi ve onu hiçbir zaman affetmeyecek gibi görünüyordu. 60. Because the part of the brain involved in memory is also involved in emotions, it is not surprising that emotions can affect a person's memory. A) Beyninin hafızayla ilgili bölümünün duygularla da ilişkisi olabileceği için, kişinin hafızasını duygular tarafından etkilenmesi şaşırtıcı değildir. B) Duyguların kişnin hafızasını ekilemesine şaşmamak gerekir; çünkü beynin hafızayla ilgili bölümü duygularla da bağlantılı olabilir. C) Beynin hafıza ile ilgili bölümü duygularla da ilgili olduğu için, duyguların kişinin hafızasını etkileyebilmesi şaşırtıcı değildir. D) Kişinin hafızasının duyguları etkileyebilmesi şaşırtıcı değildir; çünkü beyindeki hafıza ile ilgili bölüm duygularla da ilişki içindedir. E) Beynin hafıza ile ilgili bölümünün duygularla ilgisi bilindiği için, duyguların kişinin hafızasını etkilemesine şaşırmamak gerekir. 61. – 65. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 61. Hükümet vakit geçirmeden bir şeyler yapmalı; çünkü bölgedeki insanlar için barınma sorunu katlanılmaz bir hal aldı. A) Residents who are finding the problem of accommodation in the area intolerable are demanding that the government should act without delay. B) Problems of accommodation have become intolerable for the people in the area, but the government is delaying doing anything about it. C) lt is vital that the government should act without delay to solve the problems of accommodation in the area as the situation is becoming intolerable. D) The government must do something without delay as the problem of accommodation has become intolerable for the people in the area.

96

E) The government made a speedy response to the problem of accommodation in the area, which had developed to intolerable levels. 62. Aynı anda bu kadar çok orman yangınının çıkması, yangınların nedenleri konusunda kuşku uyandırdı. A) Police were suspicious about the causes of the forest fires, particularly because they had ignited simultaneously. B) Suspicion arose regarding the cause of the fires when several forest fires broke ou around the same time. C) The fact that so many forest fires broke out simultaneously aroused suspicion as to the causes of the fires. D) They were treating the circumstances surrounding the outbreak of forest fires as suspicious because several fires started at the same time. E) Because several fires ignited in the forest at the same time, the police believe that the circumstances are suspicious. 63. İki yıldır aynı şirkette çalışıp birbirimizle hiç karşılaşmamamız çok tuhaf. A) lt's very strange that we've been working in the same company for two years and have never met each other. B) lt is funny that we could have been working in the same company for two years, but had not actually met each other. C) We have been working for the same company for two years, but strangely, have only just met each other. D) lt's quite odd that we managed to work for the same company for two years without ever meeting each other. E) lt's rather strange that we worked in the same factory for two years before meeting each other. 64. Senin sınavlarındaki hatan, soruları yanıtlamaya başlamadan önce açıklamaları dikkatle okumamandır. A) You make so many mistakes in exams because you don't read the questions properly before you start answering them. B) Where you go wrong in exams is that you don't read instructions carefully before you start answering the questions. C) You would do better in exams if you read the instructions carefully before you started to answer the questions. D) Your mistake in the exam is to start answering the questions before you read all the instructions carefully. E) Your biggest mistake about exams is that you start answering the questions before you had the instructions thoroughly. 65. Doğum günü hediyesi olarak ona almayı düşündüğüm bluzun aynısını almış olması ne büyük tesadüf değil mi?

97

A) Wouldn't it have been a disaster if l had bought her that blouse for her birthday as she already has an identical one? B) Coincidentally, she bought exactly the same blouse l was thinking of buying her as a birthday present. C) What a mistake it would have been to buy her the blouse as a birthday present as she has just bought an identical one. D) She was wearing the same blouse as l had bought her as a birthday present, which was a very unfortunate coincidence. E) What a big coincidence it is that she bought exatcly the same blouse l was thinking of buying her as a birthday present, isn't it? 66. – 60. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. 66. As there were four of us, it was more economical to buy a group ticket. A)We knew that four people could travel on a group ticket, which would be more cost effective. B)We purchased a group ticket because, being four of us, it worked out cheaper that way. C)l saved some money by buying a ticket which is valid for four visits. D)All four of us should buy a season ticket in order to save money. E)A group ticket is designed for four people to use, so it is very economical. 67.l had no idea what to buy my sister for her birthday, so l asked my mother for her suggestion. A)My mother had no suggestions about what l should buy for my sister's birthday, so l don't know what l'm going to get. B) Having no idea what to buy my sister for her birthday, l asked my mother to buy something for me. C) l asked my mother what she thought would make a nice present for my sister's birthday, as l couldn't think of anything. D) l didn't know what l should get as a birthday present for my sister, but, luckily, my mother gave me some useful ideas. E) l never know what to get my sister for her birthday, but my mother usually gives me a suggestion, which works out quite well. 68.They maintain that this issue will be discussed at the forthcoming council meeting. A) Their claim was that this matter had already been discussed at the previous council meeting. B) They claimed that they were going to discuss this matter at the council meeting, but they didn't. C) lt is necessary that this topic should form the focus of the discussion at the next council meeting. D) They asserted that there was a need for this topic to be discussed at the impending council meeting. 98

E) They claim that there wil be a discussion about this topic at the next meeting of the council. 69.We were a little disappointed to find that the mayor himself had not attended the award ceremony. A) The fact that the mayor was not present in person at the award ceremony disappointed us a little. B) The mayor had promised to attend the award presentations, but he was unable to in the end. C) What disappointed us most about the ceremony was that the awards were not presented by the mayor himself. D) As we expected, the mayor didn't attend the award ceremony, which did not disappoint us at all. E) By not going to the ceremony, the mayor disappointed both the audience and the award winners. 70. lt took a long time for us to find the answer to what had seemed a simple question. A) Sometimes the simplest questions take the longest time for us to answer. B) lt took them quite a long time to think of an answer to the simple question we asked them. C) We spent some time looking for an answer until we realised how simple the question actually was. D) lt appears to be a very simple question, but people have been trying to answer it for a long time. E) We spent a lot of time looking for an answer even though we had considered the question to be an easy one. SET 2 1.When I went to collect my jacket from the dry-cleaner's, the assistant said that he ---- it but ---- able to remove the stain. A) was cleaning / won't have been B) had cleaned / hadn't been C) would have cleaned / hasn't been D) is cleaning / wasn't E) had been cleaning / isn't 2.The boy confessed that the had stolen the bread, but pleaded that his sister and he ---- at the time. A) will have starved B) are starving C) had been starving D) have starved E) will starve 99

3. Are you sure she was in when you ---- her but ---- the phone? A) will be phoning / won't answer B) had phoned / isn't answering C) are phoning / hasn't answered D) phoned / didn't answer E) have phoned / doesn't answer 4.We asked at the lost property counter whether a pink and blue bag .........., but the assistant told us that no one ---- in anything fitting our description. A) was found / has been handed B) is being found / would have handed C) will have found / is going to hand D) had been found / had handed E) might have found / will be handing 5.Mr Haughin phoned his wife to say that she ---- to cook anything for dinner that day as they ---- to his colleague's. A) doesn't need / have been invited B) didn't need / had been invited C) won't need / are invited D) hasn't needed / were being invited E) wouldn't need / will be invited 6.I was glad to hear that the factory ---down after all as a new owner ---- . A) won't have closed / had been finding B) shouldn't have closed / has found C) doesn't close / has been found D) wasn't closing / is found E) wouldn't be closing / had been found 7.We feared that the roads ---- too busy on a national holiday, so we ---- not to go anywhere but stay at home. A) will have been / decide B) are / could have decided C) would be / decided D) were / will decide E) had been / have decided 8.The sales manager ---- the director that some customers ---- models on special offer in the sale already. A) is informing / buy B) is informed / bought C) informed / had bought D) had informed / will be buying E) was informed / are buying 100

9. Because our last telephone bill was extremely high, my husband is always reminding me that I ---- until after six before I ---- my friends. A) have waited / called B) must wait / call C) waited / could call D) might wait / was calling E) wait / should call 10. I asked Nigel whether they were going somewhere for Bayram, but he said, unfortunately, his wife ---- in the accident and emergency department that week. A) has worked B) is working C) would be working D) has been working E) will have worked 11. During our training last Friday, I realized that I ---- a lot if I ---- carefully because the lecturer really seemed to know his subject. A) must learn / was listening B) have learnt / will be listening C) could learn / listened D) had been learning / would listen E) learnt / were listening 12. My mother handed me a considerable amount of money and instructed me ---Mrs Jackson buy anything for me while I was staying with her. A) don't let B) not to let C) didn't let D) not letting E) wouldn't let 13. The painter has assured us that he ---- the decorating by the weekend as he promised. A) will have completed B) had been completing C) has completed D) completed E) would have completed 14. Mr Partridge, the customer is asking whether he ---- the suit back if it ---- his son. A) would bring / won't fit B) was bringing / hadn't fitted C) is bringing / didn't fit D) could have brought / hasn't fitted 101

E) can bring / doesn't fit 15. The manager complained that the cleaners ---- at the time and wondered who ---them permission to leave early. A) wouldn't be working / will give B) wouldn't work / will be given C) aren't working / are giving D) hadn't been working / had given E) weren't working / have given 16. - 45. sorularda,cumlede bırakılan boşluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 16. It is widely believed ---- too much televisions isn't healthy for children. A) which B) where C) when D) who E) that 17. I could have been more enthusiastic at the training scheme, you know, and so ---you. A) should B) do C) can D) had E) could 18. We weren't given any homework for tonight, ---- ? A) did it B) wasn't it C) were we D) did we E) hadn't it 19. A: I haven't felt very motivated at work since the new manager, who doesn't seem to be doing a very good job, started. B: ---- . A) Neither was he B) So am I C) I expect he is D) Neither have I E) But I haven't 20. I think 'Erin Brockovich' is showing at the cinema in Moda, ..........? 102

A) isn't it B) don't I C) do I D) wasn't it E) is it 21. The shop manager told the sales assistant ---- idle and ---- something useful to do. A) don't stay / have found B) wasn't standing / has found C) didn't stand / finds D) not to stand / to find E) not standing / to be finding 22. A: Are we in Houston now? B: ---- . I'm tired of sitting on this bus. A: Me too, and we are. Look! The sign says Houston Central Bus Station. A) So is it B) Neither are we C) I hope so D) So we have E) Nor does it 23. A: I hope the Sims won't the bringing their children to the wedding. B: -----, because Julia's mother usually baby-sits for them on such occasions. A) I don't expect so B) Neither will I C) I'm afraid so D) I hope so E) So will they 24. It is such a pity that Vicki and Dave can't meet us at the restaurant for lunch because Vicki has the flu. I was looking forward to it, and ---- were you, weren't you? A) so B) nor C) either D) yet E) too 25. In the evening my husband likes to watch films, ---- . I prefer documentaries, so we have bought a second television set. A) and so am I B) but I don't C) and nor am I D) but I do E) and I don't either 103

26. You haven't heard from Bill since he left for India, -----? A) did he B) has he C) have you D) haven't you E) didn't you 27. Most of the members, who complained bitterly afterwards, didn't appear to agree with the committee's decision, ------? A) were there B) didn't it C) have they D) wasn't it E) did they 28. The label explains how long we should cook it for, -----? A) shouldn't we B) do we C) does it D) doesn't it E) should we 29. We live right next to the park, so I can take my daughter there to play ---- the weather is fine. A) however B) whichever C) wherever D) whenever E) whomever 30. Look at the rubbish under that tree! ---- dumped that has absolutely no sense of social responsibility at all. A) However B) Whoever C) Wherever D) Whenever E) Whatever 31. Good Luck. I hope you like Canada. Promise me that you'll write to me ---happens. A) whenever B) however C) wherever D) whoever E) whatever 104

32. I like them both, Mary. You will look beautiful in ---- wedding dress you choose. A) whoever B) whichever C) however D) whatever E) whenever 33. We didn't realize ---- some of the employees had been ill on Fridays and Mondays until we checked the company records. A) however B) how long C) how often D) where E) whether 34. It looks too cluttered ---- we arrange the furniture. It is smaller than our old living room and there just isn't enough space for everything! A) whenever B) wherever C) whatever D) however E) whichever 35. Once you have learnt ---- to center your work and the basic stitches, embroidery is not difficult. A) how B) whose C) that D) whether E) whom 36. Of course it is nice to go to Holland in the summer, but ---- you are going is the best time to see the daffodils and tulips in bloom. A) when B) where C) who D) how E) which 37. Nobody has any clear ideas ---- should captain the West Indies cricket team now that the present captain has announced his retirement. A) how B) who C) what D) when 105

E) which 38. ---- happened in Yemen will put tourists from Europe off visiting the area. A) When B) Which C) What D) Why E) Where 39. I was a little annoyed, but they explained ---- they had had to cancel the appointment. A) why B) whose C) how D) when E) whom 40. Do you know ---- agent Kate and Richard went to Turkey with because I'm thinking of booking a trip to Cappadocia myself? A) which B) who C) where D) when E) why 41. ---- people had been killed in the operation was kept secret. A) How many B) What C) Whenever D) Whomever E) Who 42. The immigration officer wants to know ---- you entered the country. A) which B) what C) who D) whom E) when 43. The price of a bracelet is determined according to ----- pure gold it contains. A) how many B) how much C) however D) what E) how 44. ---- he was tortured in his own country will be taken into account when his case for asylum is heard. 106

A) Whom B) What C) The fact that D) Where E) Which 45. I don't know for sure ---- bicycle this is, but it must be either Jane's or Jack's. A) what B) where C) how D) whose E) whom 46. – 50. sorularda yarım bırakılan cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 46. lt is widely believed in Turkey ----. A) although nothing has been proved about their superstitions B) whether a blue bead really protects me from the evil eye C) because had luck can wreck a person's life. D) as other cultures have a variety of good luck symbolls E) that an envious look cast upon you can bring had luck 47. Our boss always wants us ----. A) because our quotations had been taking a long time to prepare B) whether we could type some reports for him C) to celar our desks at the end of the day D) that we shouldn't receive any customer complaints E) if we could work some overtime next week 48. Did the company acknowledge ----? A) that we should be compensated for the delay B) if this is their normal level of service C) if only we could arrive before the meeting D) whether we can get a refund or not E) how much longer we are going to wait 49. All of us wondered ----. A) whether l have been told about the scandal involving the family or not B) why the whole family had suddenly moved to Canada without saying anything C) that is because of the problems he is having at his current school D) to know if the family had overcome all the difficulties there E) the fact that his son actually managed to become a doctor 50. The council don't seem to appreclate ----. A) how did they sell the land to the supermarket chain 107

B) C) D) E)

why aren't the opinions of the town's people being considered will there be free parking at the new supermarket how much the people of the town value their traditional market whatever the outcome of the meeting of the farmers had been

51. – 60. sorularda verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. 51. l don't like to waste my money eating at restaurants, and neither does my husband. A) l prefer eating out at restaurants whenever l can, but my husband thinks it is a waste of money. B) Both my husband and l eat out at restaurants often, althought we would prefer not to. C) Both my husband and l prefer not to spend our money needlessly on food in restaurants. D) My husband prefers to eat in restaurants, while l prefer to save my money. E) We would eat at restaurants more often if my husband liked that sort of thing. 52. My father says that you should treat people how you wish to be treated yourself. A) lt's my father's belief that you ought to behave towards other people the way you want them to behave towards you. B) My father told me that you deserved to be treated how you had treated others previously. C) My father always instructs me to consider how people want to be treated and behave accordingly. D) l have always behaved towards people as l wish to be trated myself. because this is what my father taught me. E) lf you had listened to my father, you would always treat others with the consideration you expect from them for yourself. 53. Contrary to all expectations, the man was found guilty of murder for killing a burglar. A) Everyone thought the man would be found innocent of murder after killing a thief, but he was found guilty. B) Everyone knew the man was guilty of murder because he killed a man who had broken into his house. C) He was convicted of murder, which was unfair, as the man he killed was robbing his house at the time. D) lt was obvious that he would be found quilty of murder because he shot a burglar and killed him. E) People expected that he would only be found guilty of burglary, but he was also convicted of murder. 54. lt surprised a lot of people that they went ahead with the match in such atrocious weather. 108

A) Even though the weather was awful, nobody thought they would cancel the match. B) Many people couldn't understand why they hadn't cancelled the match due to the dreadful weather. C) Had the match been cancelled because of the terrible weather, a lot of people would have been disappointed. D) Only a few people were interested in the match and the weather was dreadful, so they cancelled it. E) Everyone was disappointed that the match was cancelled because of bad weather. 55. They'll never be able to find out exactly why the ship sank. A) They are determined to discover the exact cause of the sinking of the ship. B) lf only they knew the precise cause of the sinking, they would be content. C) The accuracy of the report of the ship's sinking is open to question. D) What caused the ship to sink can never be determined with any accuracy. E) The findings of the report only explained what might have caused the ship to sink. 56. As l'm interested in learning German myself, l would be interested to find out which college she is studying as. A) l asked her where she studied German because l want to learn the language as well. B) l wonder which college she is learning German at because l'm considering studying the language too. C) l wish l had known where she was studying because, if l had, l would have gone to the same college. D) l wondered why she hadn't asked me where l was studying if she was interested in learning German too. E) l'd like to know which college she works at so that l can go and find her when l go to Germany to learn the language. 57. She is so miserable these days that she dismisses whatever l suggest as boring. A) She is really unhappy, and l admit that everything l recommend these days is particularly boring. B) l am trying to cheer her up at the moment by suggesting interesting things to do, but she is still bored. C) Because she is very unhappy at the moment, she rejects anything l suggest on the grounds that it is tedious. D) She wouldn't be so unhappy if she did some of the interesting things l have suggested. E) She rejects me as boring, but, at least, l'm not as miserable as she is. 58. "l'm horrified to hear what some parents consider suitable television viewing for children," said the teacher to the Parent–Teacher Association members. A) The Parent–Teacher Association members were surprised at the opinion of the teacher about what constituted suitable television for children. B) l was deeply shocked at the type of programmes deemed suitable for children by the presentation at the Parent – Teacher Association meeting. 109

C) The teacher expressed his shock to the Parent– Tecaher Association members at what are deemed by some parents to be appropriate television programmes for children. D) The teacher addressed the members of the Parent – Teacher Association on what shoud be considered suitable television programmes for children. E) The Parent – Teacher Association members shocked the teacher with their ideas of which programmes on television are suitable for children to watch. 59. The principal wrote a formal letter of recommendation for the teacher. A) The teacher that applied for the post had been formally recommended by the principal. B) The principal recommended the teacher witout putting it in writing. C) The teacher wrote to the principal asking for a recommendation. D) The letter the teacher gave the principal recommended him for the post. E) An official letter recommending the teacher was issued by the principal. 60. The west coast of Scotland is a beautiful place to go on holiday, but you can't depend on the weather, can you? A) The west coast of Scotland is beautiful, but the weather is always awful, isn't it? B) The west coast of Scotland is a picturesque holiday location, but the weather is unpredictable, isn't it? C) lf you go on holiday to the Scottish coast, you should remember the weather there is changeable, shouldn't you? D) The holiday resorts on the picturesque west coast of Scotland don't get much sunshine, do they? E) The holiday resorts on the west coast of Scotland would be perfect if the weather was dependable, wouldn't they? 61. – 70. sorularda verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 61. We checked the distance to London on a map to see how far it was. A) Londra'ya ne kadar uzakta olduğumuzu anlayabilmek için bir harita üzerinde mesafeyi hesapladık. B) Londra'ya olan mesafeyi bir harita üzerinde kontrol ettikten sonra ne kadar uzakta olduğumuzu anladık. C) Londra'ya ne kadar uzak olduğumuzu ancak harita üzerinde mesafeye bakınca anladık. D) Ne kadar uzakta olduğumuzu ancak bir harita üzirende Londra'ya olan mesafeyi görünce farkettik. E) Ne kadar uzaklıkta olduğunu anlamak için Londra'ya olan mesafeyi bir harita üzerinde kontrol ettik. 62. The fact that an outsider was appointed to the position upon the director's resignation greatly disappointed some members of the staff. A) Personelin büyük hayal kırıklığına uğraması müdürün istifasından sonra bu göreve dışarıdan birinin atanması yüzündendi.

110

B) Bütün personel üyeleri çok büyük hayal kırıklığı yaşadı çünkü müdür istifa edince yerine dışarıdan biri atandı. C) Müdürün istifasından sonra dışarıdan birinin bu göreve atanması, personelin bazı üyelerini hayal kırıklığına uğrattı. D) Müdür istifa edince, dışarıdan birinin bu göreve getirilmesi, personel üzerinde biraz hayal kırıklığı yaratmıştı. E) Müdürün istifasından sonra bu göreve dışarıdan biri atanmış olsaydı, personelin bazı üyeleri büyük hayal kırıklığına uğrardı. 63. By looking at their present economic situations, it's possible to understand how badly both countries have been affected by the war. A) Her iki ülkenin de savaştan ne denli kötü etkilendiklerini anlamak için şu anki ekonomik durumlarına bakmanız yeterlidir. B) Şu anki ekonomik durumlarına bakarak, her iki ülkenin de savaştan ne kadar kötü etkilendiğini anlamak mümkün. C) Ekonomilerinin şu anki durumuna bakılırsa, her iki ülkenin de savaştan çok kötü etkilendikleri anlaşılıyor. D) Bugünkü ekonomik durumlarına bakılınca, savaşın her iki ülkeyi de ne kadar kötü etkilediğini anlamak zor değil. E) Her iki ülkenin bugünkü ekonomik durumlarına bakıldığında savaşın kötü etkisinin ne kadar çok olduğu anlaşılabilir. 64. lt doesn't matter whether the clothes you wear are fashionable or not, as long as hey suit you. A) Giyidiğiniz giysilerin modaya uygun olmasından çok, size yakışması önemlidir. B) Giydiğiniz giysilerin modaya uygunluğuna değil, size yakışıp yakışmadığına önem veriniz. C) Size yakıştıkları sürece, giydiğiniz giysilerin modaya uygun olup olmaması önemli değil. D) Size yakıştığına inanıyorsanız, giysilerinizin modaya uygun olup olmadığını önemsemeyiniz. E) Asıl önemsemeniz gereken, giysilerinizin modaya uygun olup olmaması değil, size yakışmasıdır. 65. After l'd put the baby to sleep, l asked the children in the back garden to play without making too much noise. A) Bebeği uyutabilseydim, daha sonra arka bahçedeki çocuklardan çok fazla gürültü yapmadan oynamalarını rica ederdim. B) Bebek uyuduğu için, çocuklardan çok fazla gürültü yapmadan arka bahçede oynamalarını istedim. C) Bebeği uyuttuktan sonra, arka bahçedeki çocuklardan çok fazla gürültü yapmadan oynamalarını rica ettim.

111

D) Bebeği uyutup sonra çocuklara, arka bahçede çok fazla gürültü yapmadan oynamalarını söyledim. E) Bebeğin uyumasından sonra, çocuklara arka bahçede oynarken çok fazla gürültü yapmamalarını söyledim. 66. Since the park is not illuminated adequately, l don't find it safe to go walking there after dark. A) Park iyice aydınlatılmadığı sürece orada yürüyüş yapmanın pek güvenli olmayacağını düşünüyorum. B) Hava karardıktan sonra parkta yürüyüş yapmak bence güvenli değil çünkü oranın aydınlatılmasını yeterli bulmuyorum. C) Parkta yürüyüş yapmayı artık güvenli bulmuyorum çünkü hava karardı ve orası yeterince aydınlatılmış değil. D) Park yeterince aydınlatılmış olmadığı için hava karardıktan sonra orada yürüyüş yapmayı pek güvenli bulmuyorum. E) Hava karardıktan sonra parkta yürüyüş yapmanın güvenli olması için orada çok iyi bir aydınlatma olması gerekir. 67. Due to the ability of their chromosomes to undergo changes similar to those of humans, yeasts are important to scientists. A) Bilim adamlarının mayaları bu kadar çok önemsemesinin nedeni, kromozomlarının insanlarınki gibi değişiklikler gösterebilmesidir. B) Kromozomları insanlarınki gibi değişim gösterdiği için bilim adamları mayaları büyük bir dikkatle incelemektedir. C) Mayaların kromozomlarının insanlarınkine benzer değişiklikler göstermesini bilim adamları çok önemsemiştir. D) Koromozomlarının insanlarınkine benzer değişimler gösterebilmesi nedeniyle mayalar bilim adamları için çok önemlidir. E) Bilim adamlarına göre, mayaların kromozomlarının insanlarınkine benzer değişimler gösterebilmesi, onları çok önemli kılmaktadır. 68. The members of the weasel family can survive in highly diverse ecological habitats ranging from tropical forests to the Arctic tundra. A) Sansar familyasının üyeleri, tropikal ormanlardan kutup tundrasına kadar yayılan son derece çeşitli ekolojik ortamlarda yaşayabilmektedir. B) Tropik ormanlardan kutup tundrasına kadar yayılan sansar familyasının üyeleri, son derece çeşitli ekolojik ortamlarda bulunur. C) Sansar familyasının üyeleri, son derece farklı ekolojik alanlara yayılmış olup tropikal ormanlarda ve kutup tundrasında bile yaşamını sürdürebilir. D) Son derece çeşitli ekolojik ortamlarda yaşayabilen sansar familyası türleri, tropikal ormanlardan kutup tundrasına kadar uzanan alana yayılmıştır. E) Sansar familyası üyeleri, son decece değişik ekolojik ortamlarda yaşayabildiği için tropikal ormanlardan kutup tundrasına kadar yayılmıştır. 112

69. Like our Earth, other planets of the solar system are each enclosed in a thin layer of gas called an atmosphere. A) Dünyamız dahil, güneş sisteminin diğer bütün gezgenlerinin çevresinde atmosfer adı verilen ince bir gaz tabakası vardır. B) Dünyamız gibi, güneş sisteminin diğer gezegenlerinin çevresinde de, atmosfer denilen ince bir gaz tabakası bulunmaktadır. C) Dünyamız gibi, güneş sisteminin diğer gezegenlerinin de her biri, atmosfer adı verilen ince bir gaz tabakasıyla çevrilidir. D) Dünyamızı ve güneş sistemindeki diğer gezegenlerin her birini çevreleyen, atmosfer denilen ince bir gaz tabakasıdır. E) Atmosfer adı verilen ince bir gaz tabakası, sadece dünyamızı değil, güneş sistemindeki diğer gezegenleri de çevrelemektedir. 70. Though the climate is dry in Arizona, the river valleys and desert areas where irrigation is used are suitable for farming. A) İklimi kurak olsa da, Arizona'daki nehir vadilerinde ve sulanan çöl alanlarda tarım yapılmaktadır. B) Arizona'da iklimin kurak olmasına karşın, nehir vadileri ve sulama yapılan çöl alanlar tarıma elverişlidir. C) Arizona'nın iklimi kuraktır, ancak nehir vadileri ve sulanabilen çöl alanlar tarım amaçlı kullanılabilmektedir. D) Nehir vadileri ve sulama yapılan çöl alanlar, Arizona'da iklim kurak oluğunda da tarıma elverişlidir. E) Arizona'nın iklimi kurak olmasına rağmen sulama yapılan nehir vadileri ve çöl alanlar tarım amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. 71. – 80. sorularda verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 71. Personel müdürüne şirketin yeni politikasının ne olduğunu sordum ama doyurucu bir yanıt alamadım. A) We have been told that there is a new personnel policy, but nobody seems to be able to give us a satisfactory explanation of it when asked. B) Although l specifically asked the personnel manager about the company's new policy, he didn't give me a satisfctory answer. C) The personnel manager's answer to my question regarding the new company policy was totally unsatisfactory. D) l was not given a very satisfying answer regarding the company's new personnel policy when l asked our manager. E) l asked the personnel manager what the company's new policy was, but l couldn't get a satisfying answer. 72. Arka sıralarda oturan izleyiciler, konuşmacıyı tam olarak duyamamaktan yakındılar. 113

A) The complaint of the viewers sitting at the back was that they couldn't hear the speaker at all. B) Everyone except those in the back rows could hear the speaker perfectly well. C) They received some complaints from people sitting at the back about not being able to hear the speaker very well. D) Some people were sitting in the back row and had to complain because they couldn't hear the speaker well. E) The viewers sitting in the back rows complained that they couldn't hear the speaker properly. 73. Konferansa kaç kişinin katılacağı şimdiden tahmin etmek neredeyse imkansız. A) lt's impossible to calculate what the total number of guests at the conference is. B) At this early stage, it is extremely difficult to estimate the number of people who will attend the conference. C) We haven't received the estimates yet of how many people are expected to attend the conference. D) lt's almost impossible to estimate as yet how many people will attend the conference. E) Giving an accurate estimate of the number of people to be interested in the conference is impossible. 74. Mahkumun kaçmasına kimleri yardım ettiğini bulmak için polis geniş çaplı bir soruşturma başlattı. A) The wide–scale investigation, which was launched by the police, helped to find those who helped the prisoner escape. B) A wide–scale investigation has been launched in order to discover exatcly who was responsible for the convict's escaping. C) The police have started a wide–scale investigation in order to find out who helped the convict escape. D) The police carry out wide–scale investigations after a convict escapes to find out whether he has been assisted. E) The police carried out a wide–scale investigation in the hope of finding out who helped the convict escape. 75. Oğlunun üniversite giriş sınavında başarılı olup olmayacağı konusunda çok endişeli görünüyorsun. A) You appear to be very concerned about whether your son will be successful in the university entrance exam. B) You shouldn't concern yourself so much about whether your son will be successful in the university entrance exam. C) You seem to be very certain that your son will be successful in the university entrance exam. D) You look very anxious, but l'm sure your son will succeed in passing the university entrance exam. 114

E) There is no point in concerning yourself about whether or not your son will pass his university entrance exam. 76. Peru ve Bolivya'nın Ant dağları bölgesinde danslar, yerel gelenekleri, İspanyol sömürge dönemininkilerle birleştirilmiştir. A) The dances performed by inhabitants of the mountainous region joining Peru to Bolivia ombine traditional movements with those of the Spanish colonial era. B) ln the Andes mountain regions of Peru and Bolivia, dances blend indigenous traditions with those from the Spanish colonia era. C) Dances from indigenous traditions of the people living in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes region had been influenced by the Spanish colonial era. D) The dancers from the Andes mountain regions of Peru and Bolivia blend the indigenous traditions whith those introduced by the Spanish during their colonial rule. E) The dances in the Andes mountain regions of Peru and Bolivia are a curious blend of native culture and imported Spanish colonia movements. 77. Bilgisayar analizi, kan testi sonuçlarının doğruluğunu büyük ölçüde arttırmıştır. A) Because computers are now used to analyse blood tests, the results are more accurate. B) The accuracy of blood test results has improved since computers were introduced to analyse the specimens. C) The results of blood tests are much more accurate today because computers are used to analyse them. D) The rate of improvement in analysing blood tests has greatly accelerated since the introduction of computer programs into the process. E) Computer analysis has greatly improved the accuracy of the results of a blood test. 78. Çöllerdeki bitkiler, daimi kuraklıkla başa çıkabilmek için küçüktür ve bazıları yapraklarında, hatta gövdelerinde su depolayabilmektedir. A) As a result of constant drought, small desert plants have developed the ability to store water in their leaves and even in their stems. B) The little plant life there is in deserts has adapted to constant drouğht by storing water in their leaves or even in their stems. C) Because of the costant drought in deserts, plants are normally small and some have the ability to store water in their leaves and stems. D) To cope with constant drought, plants in deserts are small and some can store water in their leaves and even in their stems. E) The small plants which grow in deserts have special features, such as the ability to hold water in their leaves or stems. 79. Bugün vizon ve samur kürklerinin hemen hepsi çiftliklerde yetiştirilen hayvanlardan elde edilmektedir. A) Minks and sables are the most popular animals to be farmed for their fur today. B) Almost all mink and sable furs today are obtained from farm–raised animals. C) Very few mink and sable furs today are obtained from wild animals today. 115

D) A large proportion of mink and sable furs today are obtained from farm–reared animals. E) With very few exceptions, mink and sable fur items are produced from the fur of farm– raised animals. 80. Amaçları ne kadar farklı olursa olsun, bütün uzay araçları, uzayda temel fizik kanunlarına uygun hareket eder ve hepsi de birbirine benzer temel parçalardan oluşur. A) However varied they may be in purpose, all spacecraft move through space in accordance with fundamental physical laws, and all are made up of similar basic components. B) There are many different designs for spacecraft, but they all function in accordance with the same physical laws and have some common components. C) Spacecraft are designed for a variety of purposes, but they all comply to certain physical restraints in space and are costructed of similar materials. D) There are certain common components of spacecraft because the movement of them through space is governed by some basic physical laws whatever the purpose or direction of travel. E) Although all spacecraft are governed by some fundamental laws of physics, they can be constructed from a number of materials.

TENSES 1. Many girls want to go to the pub only a minority_________________to watch TV at home now. A) wants B) want C) wanted D) is wanting E) will want 2. Melanie_________her hand. It's bleeding heavily. A) cuts B) is cutting C) cut D) has cut E) had cut 3. I'm sure you can recognize her; she_____________a purple raincoat. 116

A) will have worn B) will be wearing C) is going to wear D) will have been wearing E) must wear 4. Due to the economic unrest, people______________happy lately. A) hasn't been B) aren't C) weren't D) haven't been E) hadn't been 5. At present I__________on a new project. A) study B) have studied C) am studying D) was studying E) studied 6. Everybody__________here except for Jill two hours ago. A) is B) was C) can be D) had been E) has been 7. My father____________about the way I behave A) is always complaining B) always complains C) has always complains D) had always complains E) always complained 8. The milk bottle_____________two litres of milk. A) is holding B) holds C) was holding D) has been holding E) had been holding 9. I'm sorry I can't come. I_____________my school friend tomorrow. A) see B) will see C) am seeing 117

D) saw E) have seen 10. While I__________very hard, my colleagues__________parties. A) was studying/gave B) was studying/were giving C) studied/was giving D) studied/gave E) studied/were giving 11. As my friend and I____________, my cell phone_________. A) are having a gossip/was ringing B) had a gossip /was ringing C) were having a gossip /rings D) were having a gossip/was ri. E) had a gossip/rang 12. So far, Teddy__________ten kilos. A) has been losing B) has lost C) had lost D)lost E) loses 13. Suzy________her clothes five times in the last two hours. A) has been changing B) had changed C) has changed D) changed E) was changing 14. I_ ______in the rain so my clothes are wet. A) have walked B) have been walking C) had walked D) walked E) was walking 15. I a response from the company even though I_______________________ two application forms. A) got/sent B) have got/have sent C) haven't got/have sent D) haven't got/have been sending E) have been getting/sent 16. It didn't rain in the spring. I think we______________water next summer. 118

A) will run out of B) are going to run out of C) have run out of D) run out of E) are running out of 17. I'm a lucky person. I___________in the sun at this time next week. A) will lie B) am lying C) will be lying D) will have been E) am going to lie 18. The new cook__________the soup at the moment. A) tastes B) is tasting C) tasted D) has tasted E) has been tasting 19. The video__________since 8 a.m. I wish somebody would turn it off. A) was playing B) is playing C) had been playing D) has been playing E) has played 20. When Jane________the plane, she'll wait for her luggage. A) will leave B) is leaving C) to leave D) leaves E) leave 21. We've never seen our history teacher so angry; he looks as if he A) explodes B) is going to explode C) is exploding D) was exploding E) exploded 22. They________for a walk but a sudden heavy rain put them off the idea. A) were going to go 119

lying

!

B) will go C) are going to go D) went E) had gone 23. Remember that we________ to our new flat by the time you come back from business trip. A) had moved B) will have moved C) will move D) are going to move E) move 24.I think my wife and I___________on a small farm when I am retired. A) will have lived B) had lived C) are living D) have lived E) will be living 25 A: What are you doing? B: we are getting ready. We______________ our uncle in hospital. A: Really? Give him my regards. A) are going to visit B) have been visiting C) was going to visit D) visit E) will visit 26. He________me with my homework as soon as he____________writing those reports. A) helps / is going to finish B) is helping / has finished C) was going to help / will finish D) will help / finishes E) has helped / is finishing 27. A: Your dad has made a terrible mess in the kitchen. B: Don't worry, mum. I_____________up immediately. A) am going to clear B) had cleared C) will clear D) am clearing E) clear 28.We'd better change this suitcase. Its handle before long. 120

A) is going to break. B) will be breaking c) have broken D) breaks E) is breaking 29. I the garage, but I couldn't find the brush to do that. A) am painting B) was going to paint C) painted D) have painted E) will have painted 30. His train__________at 4 p.m. on Tuesday. He doesn't need to call a tax' I him to the station. A) is leaving / will take B) will leave / take C) has left / took D) was leaving / have taken E) leaves / am going to take 31. My little brother says he_____________a soldier when he__________up. A) is being / will grow B) will be / grew C) is going to be / grows D) has been / is growing E) is / has grown 32. They say they___________my size at the moment, but they can order it for me. A) aren't having B) haven't had C) didn't have D) don't have E) won't have 33. A:_________the chemist's on your way? B: Yes. Do you need something? A: Yes, some aspirin and talcid, if you don't mind. A) Are you going to pass? B) Will you be passing? C) Do you pass? D) Are you passing? E) Have you passed? 34. Don’t ring my cell phone at 2 p.m. I______________the questions in the.Call me 121

later. A) will be answering B) am going to answer C) will have answered D) have answered E) was going to answer 35 Your luggage looks heavy. Wait here and I______________my car to drive you home. A) bring B) will bring C) have been bringing D) am bringing E) am going to bring 36. She was still working at eight o'clock yesterday evening. She since six o'clock in the morning. A) has worked B) was working C) worked D) had been working E) has been working 37- The match _________ put off because it ____________ heavily since early morning. A) has been / has been raining B) hasn't been / has been raining C) was / hasn't rained D) is / is raining E) is / had rained 38. Don't forget that we _____________ you for our engagement party next Friday. A) have expected B) are expecting C) have been expecting D) were expecting E) expect 39. While the nanny___________the little girl a story, she___________asleep. A) were reading / fall B) read / was falling C) read / fall D) was reading / fell E) reads / was falling 122

40. The goals of this course_____________me willing to start. A) had been made B) were made C) make D) makes E) making 41. The weight of the melons_____________. A) varies B) varying C) vary D) might have varied E) were varied 42. One of the men in the boat_____________into the sea. A) had dive B) can diving C) diving D) dive E) dives 43. Pupils’ minds ________about the word order in the sentences. A) had confused B) have confused C) have been confused D) has been confused E) has confused 44. The man whom I__________with________the headmaster of the school. A) was talking / was B) were talking / was C) can talk / were D) were talking / were E) was talking / were 45. Neither my dad nor my mum____________ of the idea. A) had convinced B) was convinced C) has convinced D) were convinced E) have convinced 46. Either George or Robert___________to the meeting tonight. A) are coming B) have come 123

C) is coming D) comes E) come 47.Although everybody in the group______________the schedule, one of them always____________late to the meetings. A) knows / comes B) knows / come C) know / comes D) know / come E) know / came 48. I for a very long time, so I___________________very angry with them. A) have been waiting / was B) had waited / is C) have waited / was D) have been waiting / was E) had been waiting / was

49. Mary__________a delicious meal till yesterday evening. A) has cooked B) hasn't cooked C) hadn't cooked D) doesn't ever cook E) was cooked 50. He can't remember any of the bad habits he_________________when he was younger. A) had had B) have had C) were having D) had E) have been having 51. Steve_________to the manager after lunch the day before. A) has spoken B) was speaking C) had spoken D) speaks E) spoke 124

52. When he came out of the cave, he_______________still like a statue for a while. A) stood B) is standing C) was stood D) stands E) is being stood 53. He_________smoke eight years ago. But he_________it up now. A) used to/had given B) use to / gave C) used to /gave p) is used to / gives E) gets used to / giving 54. Bv the end or next month, the author___________his sixth novel. A) will have written B) will have been writing C) has been writing D) has written E) had been writing 55. Their children __________ lots of new friends since they ______________ that town. A) were making / have moved B) have made / moved C) made / are moving D) made / have been moving E) have been making / move 56. Some people believe the Earth____________flat and the Sun_________round it. A) was / went B) is / goes C) is / has gone D) is / is going E) was / had been going 57- Sheila__ to stay alone. She is the least sociable student in the course. A) prefers B) referred C) had preferred D) is preferring E) has 58. Rick_________ badly, so the coach decided to leave him out of m, 125

team. He was very sorry. A) isn't playing B) played C) plays D) had been playing E) has played 59. Garry looks very tired. I think that he________________more load than he could manage. A) will take B) has taken C) had taken D) is taking E) was taking 60. This is the third cold he___________in four months. A) had had B) was having C) has been having D) had E) has had 61. The performance was a real financial disaster, for the organizers into account the cost of invitations and advertising. A) hadn't taken B) wasn't taken C) weren't taking D) haven't been taken E) haven't taken 62. The teacher________the pupils to their homes. She_______ down with something. A) had sent / has come B) was sending / came C) has sent / was coming D) sends / came E) had sent / came 63. They A) B) C) D)

______he

subject

but

the

are going to discuss were going to discuss will discuss were discussing 126

meeting

has

been

cancelled.

E) will have discussed 64. The appointment __________ earlier than previously decided. They it forward from 02:00 p.m. to 11:00 a.m. A) will have been / brought . B) will be / bring C) is /are bringing D) is going to be / have brought E) was going to be / brought 65. How many questions___________by the time the lesson finishes? A) will you have answered B) are you going to answer C) will you be answering D) have you answered E) do you answer 66. A: Can you join us for a picnic tomorrow? B: Thanks, but I_____________to the cinema with Anna. A) go B) will go C) am going D) will have gone E) have gone 67 Su —— Postcards all day. She______ ten postcards so far. A) wrote / has written B) has written / wrote C) has written / has written D) has been writing / wrote E) has been writing / has written 68. When it__________raining, they noticed that it_____________for more than four hours. A) has stopped B) stopped / had rained C) stopped / has rained D) stops / had rained E) stops / rained 69. Mr. Anderson__________the factory for six years before he___________ A) ran / died B) has run / died C) had run / died D) had run / was dying 127

E) ran / had died 70. I_______my books for my readers in a book exhibition at this time tomorrow. A) am going to sign B) will sign C) will have signed D) will have been signing E) will be signing 71. We_________her the truth when she___________home. A) are going to tell / will come B) will tell / comes C) will tell / will come D) are telling / comes E) tell / will come 72. In two months' time Raymond_____________from the college with a nig degree and will be expecting a respected and a well-paid jobA) graduated B) has graduated C) will be graduating D) has been graduating E) will have graduated 73. The_______ Dukes in Chicago before they_______New York A) had been living / moved B) were living / had moved C) had been living / had moved D) have lived / had moved E) have lived / moved 74 Ramon_______the sewing machine, but later it broke down again. A) is repairing B) repaired C) had repaired D) has repaired E) repairs 75. They ________ our winter house by the time we _______________ from our summer house. A) will have been painted / return B) will be painting / have returned C) will have painted / return D) have been painting / have returned 128

E) painted / had returned 76. A: Where________when I________you at the station yesterday? B: To Southampton.. A) did you go / saw B) were you go / saw C) have you gone / saw D) did you go / see E) were you going / saw 76. When she first came to our village, she didn't like our traditional clothes but at the moment she_______________the same clothes. A) will wear B) is used wearing C) was used to wearing D) is used to wearing E) is used to wear 78. They_________a picnic as a group of classmates in spite of the rain when we saw them last. A) have been going for B) had been gone for C) were going for D) will have gone E) would be going for 79. The students in Mr. Sharp's evening class______________for almost fifteen minutes when he finally________________ at the class door. A) have waited / appeared B) had been waiting / appeared C) had been waiting / has appeared D) have been waiting / has appeared E) have been waiting / appeared 80. Never in my life___________such a picturesque village. A) have I seen B) I have seen C) do I see D) did I see E) am I see 81. Clean drinking water is becoming a rarity day by day and now this many people in the town. A) disturbed B) disturbs C) is disturbing 129

D) will have disturbed E) had disturbed 82. As soon as his teacher___________ about his smoking, she ____________his parents to school to talk it over. A had learned / has invited B) has learned / invited C) did learn / invited D) learned / invited E) learned / had invited 83 Mr- Clayton always __________ working in the field early in the morning and____________a break at noon, when his wife brings him his lunch. A) begins / has B) begins / had C) began / has D) begins / has had E) has begun / has 84. She_______in the hotel lobby until we____________from shopping. A) was staying /have been returning B) stayed / were returning C) has stayed / returned D) had stayed / returned E) stayed / return 85- When Nadia first started her work in the company, she had some problems with her workmates. But at present she_________________them very well. A) is used to get along with B) is used to getting along with C) used to get along with D) used to getting along with E) gets along with 86. Let's take her some pizza and Coke. I'm sure she will be tir when we get home, because she_________________flat all afternoon. A) will be cleaning B) is cleaning C) is going to clean D) have been cleaning E) will have been cleaning 130

a

87. Till she__________how valuable her time was, she____________waste it. A) understood / got used to B) understand / is accustomed to C) understood / used to D) understand / didn't use to E) has understood / used to 88. She_________in Japan for seven years. By 2007 she____________in Japan for ten years. A) has been working / will have worked B) has worked / is going to work C) worked / will have worked D) has been working / will work E) had worked / will have been working 89. We_________there for a long time watching the plane flying further and further. A) have been standing B) stood C) are standing D) was standing E) stand 90.The bomb experts__________the people shopping to come out until they found out that the parcel at the market entrance wasn't a bomb A) haven't allowed 5) didn't allow C) won't allow D) hadn't allowed E) won't have allowed 91.Mr Curtis_________in a private language school in England for the past five years and____________beneficial experience. A) had been working / acquired B) had worked / had acquired C) has worked / acquired D) was working / has acquired E) has worked / has acquired 92. He_______busy________an article on financial world issues when I went in to see him. A) will be / study B) was / studying C) may be / studying 131

D) could be / to study f E) is / studying 93- At this time next Friday evening Mrs- Almanac_______ refreshments for her son's engagement party and her future daughter-in-law her. A) will prepare / will be helping B)will prepare / will have helped C) will be preparing / will help D) will be preparing / will be helping E) will prepare / will have been helped 94. To my surprise, she__________for three hours on the verandah without speaking to anybody. A) was sitting B) has been sitting C) is sitting D) had sat E) will have sat 95. In our country most of the big cities______________from air pollution. A) suffer B) suffers C) suffering D) suffered E) have suffered 96. The corpse of the prisoner who had run away was found in the forest. The police______________for him for about two weeks. A) have searched B) has been searching C) had been searching D) were searching E) would have searched 97. Computers __________ used in 1930's for the first time and they very important assistant of mankind in recent years. A) are / become B) were / became C) were / become D) were / have become E) was / has become 98. He assured me he_________again before the evening. A) will ring B) ring 132

C) would ring D) rang E) will be ringing 99. In six months' time she___________from the university. A) is going to graduate B) will have graduated C) will graduate D) will be graduating E) will have been graduated 100. On TV at the moment Mrs. Joyous___________her thoughts on visiting the concentration camps in Bosnia when she_________________a journalist. A) describes / is B) is describing / was C) has described / was D) will have described / will h) describes / was 101. My daughter has been accepted to the University of Michigan, so this time next week she'll_________________courses there. It is a four-year programme, so she will______________it in 2008. A) been attending / have finished B) be attending / have finished C) have attended / be finishing D) be attending / be finishing E) attend / finish 102. She_______ a video when she the car crash A) was watching / heard B) has watched / heard C) was watching / had heard D) had been watching / was hearing E) watched / was hearing 103. After a tiring day in June, Sam Glen____________ his car downtown when he suddenly______________a heart attack and hit Ron, a basketball player. A) drove / had B) was driving / had C) has driven / has D) has been driving / is having E) had driven / had 104.I_______her since the time she_______ married A) couldn't see / got B) didn't see / would get 133

be

C) haven't seen / had got D) haven't seen / got E) didn't see / had got 105. By the year 2005, they________in this factory for three years A) will work B) have worked C) will have been worked D) will have worked E) would be working 106. Britain for eleven years when she A) has governed / resigned B) had been governing / resigned C) had governed / has resigned D) governed / resigned E) was governed / resigned 107. We________ working for ten days when they pay our wages tomorrow. A) would be B) are going to C) will be D) were going to be E) will have been 108. By the time the police__________, the bank robbers A) had arrived / have already gone away B) had arrived / had already gone away C) arrived / had already gone away D) has arrived / had already gone away E) arrived / have already gone away 109. Before___________ a training camp with him I_______ that he______ an excellent leader, but now he is just an ordinary man in my eyes. A) joined / thought / was B) have joined / have thought / was C) have joined / had thought / was D) joined / had been thinking / is E) joined / thought / is 110. By the end of next month, I ________the project to the committee A) will present B) will have presented C) will be presenting D) will have been presenting E) am going to present 134

111. When I last________him, he________a haircut in the barber's. A) see / have B) have seen / has been having C) saw / was having D) see/had E) had seen / was having 112.My father had our car checked before we_______________on our journey. A) start B) had started C) are starting D) have started E) started 113. When we__________him off at the station this afternoon, he forward to coming back on the first occasion. A) see / has looked B) see / is looking C) saw / was looking D) saw / has looked E) see / was looking 114. There________an increase in the number of AIDS events recently. A) is B) has been C) will be D) had been E) was 115. When you look through the small window, you______________that the safe is its usual place. A) will discover B) discovered C) will be discovering D) would discover E) have discovered 116. The President_________to bring the problem before the whole club members so that everybody can express an opinion. A) has decided B) had decided C) decided D) will decide E) is deciding 135

117. Apart from catching cold a few times, I________ fairly healthy this winter. A) will be B) am C) have been D) had been E) was 118. Since she is not a very ambitious person by nature, competition at work______________her much. A) had interested B) interested C) will interest D) didn't interest E) doesn't interest 119. Fiona usually_________clothes that_________to my taste. A) wears / didn't appeal B) wears / don't appeal C) wore / don't appeal D) has worn / haven't appealed E) wears / appealed 120. Martin_______to remain in his present position for now in spite of being dissatisfied with the salary. A) had decided B) won't decide C) decided D) has decided E) is deciding 121. The author_________that it_________necessary for every adolescent to establish his own place in society. A) believed / is B) believes / is C) believed / has been D) has believed / was E) has believed / will be 122. When he________in the car, he_________the key in the ignition. A) got / put B) got / puts C) gets / put D) got / has put E) will get / will put 123. While he________for the light to change, he___________on the car radio. 136

the

A) waited / turned B) is waiting / has turned C) was waiting / turned D) has been waiting / had turned E) was waiting / was turning 124. George _______in the publishing business since he______________college. A) has been / finished B) is / finishes C) was / finished D) has been / has finished E) had been / had finished 125. Robert________up until he_________his work. A) will stay / will finish B) stayed / had finished C) had stayed / has finished D) has stayed / has finished E) is going to stay / will finish 126. Karen_______hard for the last three days. A) worked B) has been working C) is working D) was working E) works 127. She_______her lessons while I was watching television. A) has studied B) is studying C) was studying D) studies E) had been studying 128. Helen ________ in Denver for several years before she moved to Washington. A) was living B) has lived C) had lived D) has been living E) will live 129. What a lovely night! The moon____________brightly. A) shines B) is shining C) shone 137

D) was shining E) has shined 130. Tell him I_________anything with him until I have spoken with my wife. A) don't discuss B) haven't discussed C) won't discuss D) didn't discuss E) hadn't discussed 131. Mrs. Fairchild________in Paris for five years- from 1986 to 1991. A) lived B) has lived C) was living D) would live E) has been living 132. The girls seem to be fully satisfied with their English course. So far, they______________even a single class. A) don't miss B) haven't missed C) didn't miss D) won't miss E) hadn't missed 133. When I finish this course, I___________to the next level. A) have gone B) went A) will go B) will have been going E) would go 134. Sheila is a good girl. She______________ her room before she leaves for school. A) is always tidying B) always tidied C) always tidies D) had always tidied E) would always tidied 135. If you________here last week, you would have seen my garden at its best. A) had been B) have been C) are D) were 138

E) would be 136. I_______for sprouts but I__________any. A) have looked / didn't find B) have been looking / haven't found C) had looked / haven't found D) looked / haven't found E) have been looking / didn't find 137. Changes in temperature_________ rocks into pieces and the wind pieces away. A) broke / has broken B) has broken / blew C) broke / was blowing D) breaks / blows E) breaks / is blowing 138. As soon as the winter was over, the newly-planted trees__________________to put forth new branches. A) has begun B) will begin C) began D) had begun E) begins 139. Until education ___________a public service, the establishment of schools was left to private sector. A) would become B) became C) will become D) had become E) becomes 140. I_______waiting till everything___________ready . A) sat / was B) sat / is C) sat / will be D) will sit / will be E) have sat / was 141. The police officer showed us the room where the murder____ place. A) will take B) took C) was taking D) has taken E) is taking 139

142.1________that book such a long time before that I was unable to remember what it was about. A) have read B) would have read C) had read D) was going to read E) would read 143. She never________till she________what she wants. A) gives up / will achieve B) has given up / achieves C) gave up / has achieved D) gives up / achieved E) gives up / has achieved 144. The crowd waiting in the square_____________to grow impatient as the hours_____________by and the minister__________. A) began / went / didn't turn up B) began / have gone / didn't turn up C) begins / went / doesn't turn up D) have begun / went / didn't turn up E) begins / are going / hasn't turned up 145. When I________the novel I'll lend it to you. A) will finish B) am finishing C) will have finished D) finished E) have finished 146. By the time the vet__________from the town, half of the cows in the village . A) arrived / will have died B) arrives / died C) arrives / had died D) arrived / had died E) arrived / will die 147. In spite of the large sum of money she_____________from her family, she still____________about suffering from a lack of money. A) receives / complains B) received / complains C) receives / complained D) has received / is complaining E) is receiving / complains 148.1._______a girl whose beauty took everybody's breath away at the moment. 140

A) have seen B) had seen C) would see D) saw E) will see 149. They________how deeply the rows between his parents________________the child. A) didn't realize / have affected B) didn't realize /had affected C) don't realize / affected D) had realized / have affected E) will never realize / had affected 150. These statistics_________that life expectancy_________quite significantly longer in cold climates than that in warm ones. A) show / was B) showed / is C) show / is D) showed / will be E) show / had already been 151. She is really worried that she ______________to the exam because she doesn't have her identity card on her. A) won't be admitted B) is not admitting C) don't admit D) haven't admitted E) hadn't been admitted 152. I've just noticed that she___________a haircut. It________wonderful. A) will have / has looked B) are having / looked C) has had / looks D) had / is looking E) had had / would look 153. By the end of the term, I___________all eight volumes. A) will be reading B) will have read C) am reading D) read E) have read 141

154. When we_________out, the chest cavity__________smaller. A) breathe / becomes B) breathe / became C) will breathe / will become D) had breathed / had become E) will breathe / becomes 155. Our local grocer said he_________the groceries as soon as he__________my order. A) will have sent / has received B) had sent / was received C) has sent / receives D) had sent / had received E) sent / had received 156. He_______the mayor of the town for seven years until his death last year. A) would have been B) has been C) is D) will have been E) had been 157. A: You've just missed the last bus.... B: Never mind, I______________. A) will walk B) will be walking C) walk D) am walking E) have walked 158. As we________tired of waiting, we__________to go without them. A) are / are deciding B) were / have decided C) were / decided D) are / decided E) have been / decided 159. That cat_______you if you pull its tail. A) scratches B) will scratch C) is scratching D) is going to scratch E) has scratched 160. I see you have a saw in your hands.______________you_______the dry-tree branches? 142

A) Are / going to cut off B) Will / cut off C) Did / cut off D) Will / be cutting off E) Do / cut off 161. I_______coal into the stove. That's why my hands are all dirty. A) had put B) was putting C) have been putting D) had been putting E) will put 162. The committee __________ a report when it ___________ all the available information. A) will submit / collected B) submits / collected C) will submit / will collect D) will submit / has collected E) has submitted / collected 163. The patient_________after he________ill for a long time. A) died / had been B) dies / had been C) will have died / will be D) will die / will be E) died / has been 164. Although he_________to listen to the teacher, he___________of the football match all the time. A) has pretended / thought B) pretended / has thought C) was pretending / will have thought D) pretends / was thinking E) pretended / was thinking 165. He_______so much money that he___________what to do with it. A) earned / hadn't known B) earns / doesn't know C) earns / didn't know D) will earn / hasn't known E) has earned / didn't know 166. My father asked me if I___________an increase in salary the following month. A) was getting 143

B) am getting C) am going to get D) will get E) have gotten 167. It_______for two days now. There will be a flood soon. A) had been raining B) had rained C) has been raining D) was raining E) rained 168. By the time the security guards____________what________, the gang________ already inside the bank. A) will have realized / will be happening / were B) had realized / was happening / were C) realized / happened / are D) had realized / happened / are E) have realized / happened / were 169. Ford_______his friend, some of whom earn more money than he does. A) doesn't envy B) didn't envy C) won't envy D) hasn't envied E) wouldn't envy 170. They_______it unless they__________there is no other way. A) aren't doing / will be thinking B) don't do / will think C) haven't done / thought D) won't do / thought E) won't do I think 171. In spite of the fact that he___________his cousin, he__________drinking. A) warned / doesn't stop B) warns / isn't stopping C) warned / didn't stop D) has warned / didn't stop E) warned / hadn't stopped 172. She_______French since she__________to Illinois. A) had studied / came B) has been studying / came 144

C) has studied / has come D) will be studying / has come E) studied / came 173. Henry was packing the suitcases while his wife_______________the room. A) tidies B) was tidying C) has been tidying D) had tidying E) had tidied 174. Christine_________as a nurse for seven years, then she became a teacher. A) has worked B) worked C) works D) has been working E) was working -[75. Although she lives in Istanbul, she____________Topkapi Palace. A) has never visited B) didn't visit C) is not visiting D) hadn't visitrd E) has visited 176. Before we knew what was happening, the roof. A) has f lien in B) wi [all in C) had been falling in D) had fallen in E) will have fallen in 177. She says she won't phone us until she_____________the information. A) had B) is having C) will have D) has E) had had 178. While they________to Wyoming, their car ran out of gas. A) drove B) had been driving C) were driving 145

D) have driven E) are driving 179. Alice looked much slimmer because she_____________for a few months. A) diets B) has dieted C) was dieting D) had been dieting E) has been dieting 180. When she's done the ironing, she____________the length of the dress for me. A) is altering B) will alter C) has been altering D) has altered E) altered 181. You are too slow. I'm sure that by the time you phone them, they that car to someone else. A) will have sold B) will sell C) are going to sell D) are selling E) have sold 182. My father________to rent a car when one of his friends phoned him to offer his own car for the trip. A) has decided B) decides C) had decided D) was decided E) will have decided 183. Because the children___________forward to seeing Harry Potter for so long, I took them even though it was really inconvenient for me. A) looked B) were looking C) have been looking D) had been looking E) are looking 134. When we_________at the airport we________that we________our passports at the office. A) arrived / noticed / had left 146

B) arrived / had noticed / had left C) have arrived / noticed / left D) had arrived / have noticed / have left E) had arrived / had noticed / left 185. Generally he__________ to work by car, but today he_____________by bus because his car is in the garage. A) went / went B) was going / is going C) goes / is going D) had gone / has gone E) has been going / goes 186. He----------for over three hours when he finished the report. A) is typing B) was typing C) has been typing D) had been typing E) will have typed 187. Three days ago her boyfriend___________her and she_________continually ever since. A) left / has been crying B) has left /has cried Q left/ is crying D) had left / was crying E) had left / cried 188. Andrew________the plants in the garden right now but I_____________sure that it will rain this afternoon. A) is watering / was B) waters / am C) is watering / am D) has been watering / have been E) watered / was 189. She should have informed the police as soon as she_______________that her purse was missing. A) discovers B) would discover C) was discovering D) has discovered E) had discovered 190. As soon as they__________my last book, I__________you a copy with my autograph. 147

A) print / will send B) had printed / will send C) printed / will be sending D) will print / will send E) are printing / am going to send 191. When he________he _____ on a bed in a room with no windows. A) had woken up / was lying B) wakes up / is lying C) woke up / was lying D) will wake up / will be lying E) woke up / lay 192. The teacher _________ to the class before the students _______________ the problems. A) has come back / solved B) will come back / have solved C) came back / have solved D) comes back / solved E) is coming back / solve 193. Yesterday on TV they_________a heavy shower for today, but I____________ even a single drop yet. A) announced / haven't seen B) announced / didn’t see C) have announced / haven't seen D) announced / am not seeing E) had announced / hadn't seen 194. You don't have to worry about the children, they_______________all about this by the end of the semester. A) forget B) will forget C) will have forgotten D) are going to forget E) will be forgetting 195. By ten o'clock tomorrow, they___________in Houston. A) will arrive B) will have arrived C) will be arriving D) are going to arrive E) will have been arriving 196. While she_________for her sister outside the supermarket, someone 148

her handbag. A) was waiting / stole B) waited / had been stealing C) had waited / was stealing D) had to wait / had stolen E) has been waiting / would have stolen 197. This time in July we__________in our new summer house. A) had to stay B) will be staying C) would stay D) have been staying E) have stayed 198. This is the first customer we___________something today. A) had sold B) were sold C) have sold D) were selling E) had been selling 199.1 came across her at eleven o'clock just after the exam; I_______________her since. A) will not have seen B) didn't see C) haven't seen D) hadn't seen E) couldn’t see 200. This is the forty-second composition paper I_____________so far, and there seventy-five more. A) will have checked / are going to be B) had checked / were C) am going to check / have been D) checked / will be E) have checked / are 201- They_______some of the damage to the houses yet. A) haven't repaired B) didn't repair C) aren't repairing D) won't repair E) had repaired 202. The carelessness of parents often____________children to be subject to many household accidents. 149

A) have caused B) causes C) had caused D) is caused E) was caused 203. We turned down her invitation because we_______________already_________ another appointment. A) have / made B) are / making C) had / made D) will have / made E) have been / making 204. According to the statistics, the number of women divorced from their husbands______________ recently. A) is increasing B) had increased C) will increase D) has increased E) increased 205. You________free from pain soon after you_____________a couple of these pills. A) will be / have taken B) are / take C) are / took D) have been / have taken E) are going to be / took 206. We_______our washing-machine three years ago, and we______________still happy with it. A) bought / have been B) had bought / are C) bought / were D) have bought / are E) bought / are 207. Since the scandal, the two families____________hostile to each other. A) are B) were C) have been D) will be E) are being 208. When the peasants__________in the field, it__________to rain. A) are working / began B) work / had began 150

C) worked / will have begun D) were working / began E) were working / has begun 209. My mother and sister___________the cleaning until my father and I back home from shopping. A) did / have come B) did / had come C) had done / come D) will do / came E) were doing / have come 210. Her telegram_________just as we_________the door. A) arrived / are locking B) would arrive / lock C) arrived / were locking D) had arrived / have locked E) was arriving / had locked 211. Media reports of attacks and robberies_____________people much more wary of strangers than were in the past. A) have made B) have been made C) made D) would make E) could be made 212. By the time Carlos gets back home, Elvin_____________the ironing. A) will finish B) will have been finishing C) will have finished D) is going to finish E) will be finishing 213. The little bird_________a song since this morning. A) san8 B) sung C) has been singing D) is singing E) had sung 214. Computer_______a vital role in our every day life by 2008 A) will have B) will have had C) will be having D) is going to have 151

E) will be had 15- Hi, Judy. I_________you for a long time. Where have you___________? A) have seen/gone B) haven't seen/gone C) have seen/been D) haven't seen/been E) had seen/been 216. I'd rather ________you a salad. A) make B) made C) making D) to make E) will make 217. I always hate________the cell phone and let it___________. A) answer/ring B) answers/ring C) answering/to ring D) answering/ring E) to answer/ring 218. My landlady made me__________the contract. A) to sign B) sign C) signing D) signed E) have signed 219. After Molly_________out the school, she__________to New York A) dropped/moves B) dropped /had moved C) had dropped/moved D) drops/moved E) was dropping/was moving 220. How many times_________you_______to open this lock? A) do/try B) have/tried C) are/trying D) have been/trying E) had/tried 221. My husband and I_________married for 10 years. We_________married in 1994. 152

A) were/got B) was /got C) were/had got D) have been/got E) have been/have got 222. Mark_______some important public buildings. A) has already designed B) has already been designed C) is already designed D) already designs E) will already design 223. My husband _________home yet. In fact he ____________ home before 9 o'clock. A) comes/never gets B) has come/has never got C) hasn't come /has never got D) has come/got E) came/never gets 224. Susan and I_______ tennis since last week. A) didn't play B) haven't played C) hadn't played E) weren't played D) won't play 225. My ex-friend__________from me when I_________to phone her. A) hides /tried B) was hiding/tries C) was hiding/tried D) had hidden/tried E) hides/was trying 226. CSO orchestra______ that piece of music beautifully for half an hour. A) has been playing B) played C) is playing D) had played E) plays 227. By the time his family A) arrives/let B) arrived/let C) had arrived /let 153

D) arrived/had let E) arrives/lets 228. Nowadays, all the___________ me to go on a strict diet doctors A) order B) had ordered C) have ordered D) have been ordered E) had been ordered 229-Why________she_______ ? Is she still upset? A) does/cry B) is /crying C) had cried D) was / crying E) has/cried 230. A: Why________you cold now? B: Because it___________a lot two hours ago and I____________wet. A) were/rained/got B) are/rains/get C)are/rained/got D) are/rained/get E) were/was raining/got

231. Don't talk loudly here. He___________ on the chair. A) overslept B) has overslept C) oversleeps D) will oversleep E) had overslept 232. Susan________a very polite girl. She__________flowers to all her friends on special occasions. A) was/send B) is/sends C) is /sending D) is/sent E) was/sends 233.1________ at the meeting last Saturday. In fact, I_____________there nearly every weekend. 154

A) was/went B)is/go C) was/go D) was/had gone E) had been/go 234. Tom is a talented boy. He_____________Spanish over the last five years and he_____________Italian these days. A) had learned / studied B) has learned / studies C) learns/studies D) learned/is studying E) has learned/is studying 235. My mother_________me why I________with a stupid boy like him. A) asks/dated B) asked/date C) asked/had dated D) was asking/date E) asked/will date 236. Sally_______eating junk food since she____________her job. A) started / left B) has started / left C) has started/has left D) starts/leaves E) starts /left 237. John_________for a travel agency when he first____________his wife. A) was working /was meeting B) was working/met C) worked/was meeting D) worked /met E) works/meets 238. The young couple__________each other only yesterday and they____________ to go on holiday an hour ago. A) see/decide B) saw/ decided C) saw/have decided D) have seen/decided E) saw/decide 239. The boy_______ that he his wallet. A) realizes/loses B) realized/has lost 155

C) realized/had lost D) had realized/had lost E) had realized/lost 240. Help the little child. He___________down. A) falls B) is going to fall C) woud fall D) had fallen E) fell 241. While Jill________in bed, her husband_______all the housework. A) was lying/did B) lay/did C) lay/does D) lay/was E) had lain/did 242. These three women__________in front of the building for over an hour. A) has been sitting B) have sat C) have been sitting D) sat E) had sat 243. When I _____ his face, I discovered that I____________him before. A) see /meet B) saw/met C) saw/had met D) had seen/met E) see /met 244. Nobody believes me but I____________since yesterday. A) have slept B) haven't slept C) slept D) didn't sleep E) hadn't slept 245. The authorities_________the odd painting of Da Vinci recently. A) discovered B) had discovered C) have discovered D)are discovering E) discover 156

doing

246. By next week I___________ all my duties. A) will complete B) will be completing C) am going to complete D) will have completed E) will have been completing 247. Roberto________Turkish customs before he___________our country. A) learned/visited B) had learned/visited C) had learned/has visited D) had learned/had visited E) learned/had visited 248. A small amount of money at the hotel but the owner of the money______ it yet. A) has been found/has been got B) has been found/has got C) has found/has been got D) has been found /hasn't got E) has found/hasn't got 249. My thesis___________ about teaching English through visual materials. Hence, I have to collect related data. A) is B) has been C) was D) would be E) had been 250.One day Susan and her son_________ down the street when they______ across one of their relatives. A) walked/came B) was walking/come C) were walking/came D) walked/were coming E)walked/had come Find the best completion 1-…………. , but I'd guess he must be about sixty. A)My husband will phone the tour company and ask the price of the trip to Egypt B)I don't remember how much the shop assistant told us those jeans cost C)I don't know exactly how old Tim's father is D)Frank weighed himself and was horrified to see he is eight kilos 157

E)Tom may be heavier than you, but don't forget that he is also taller 2- If you're not sure how to spell a word, ………….. . A) one must first learn how to pronounce the English alphabet B) you should look it up in a dictionary C) homophones are words that sound the same D) it is because, in Turkish, every sound is represented with a symbol E) then you should have avoided using them in your essay 3-…….., most citizens of the sultanate actually live in poverty. A)Since the Sultan of Brunei is one of the wealthiest people in the world B)Considering that the largest concentration of urban population is in Brunei's capital, Bandar Seri Begawan C)Because Brunei earns billions of dollars a year from petroleum exports D)When Queen Elizabeth paid an official visit to the Sultan of Brunei in ear1y1998 E)Although the average income in Brunei is among the world's highest 4-The cost of living in Alaska is extremely high, ……… . A) as the price of petrol there is surprisingly low B) whereas Eskimos live in ice houses called igloos C) due to the fact that only about 500,000 people live there D) unless you really enjoy extremely cold weather and snow E) because nearly everything has to be imported 5-In Africa, summer starts in the middle of December, …….. . A) however the inhabitants don't have much opportunity to take advantage of this B) while in Europe, the season begins in the middle of June C) when vast stretches of land were frequently covered in snow D) but they're going to change this system so as to be like the rest of the world E) though the modern twelve-month calendar is of little use to them 6-……….,so the family of the victim were outraged. A) They won their case and the burglar had to go to jail B) The girl completely recovered from the brutal attack C) They were relieved to see the murderer locked up in prison D) The murderer was only given a two and a half year prison sentence E) The judge had given the robber a harsh punishment 7-…..., though she carefully kept it from me. A) I'm surprised to hear about the problems she faced there 158

B) I've tried to make my daughter talk to me C) I was expecting her to tell me all her secrets D)Kim tells me almost everything that happens at school E) She mentioned to Roberta about her new boyfriend 8- ….. , which has a wonderful view of the harbour. A) The restaurant on Galata Tower serves specialities of Turkish cuisine B) My friend, Jason, lived in the same house for more than ten years C) I'll show you Molly's new car as we drive past it on our way home D) Whenever I have a little time, I love climbing up Shooter Hill E) Most of the flats in this block are a little cold as they face north 9- Despite abundant rain throughout the winter, ….. . A) the city is still suffering from a shortage of water this summer B) when there were severe floods destroying a large part of the region C) the local fruit growers no longer complain about the drought D) it was after a long period, without a drop of rain for many months E) irrigation is only necessary for a few farms where they grow vegetables 10- Are you aware that we will have been waiting here for four straight hours ……..? A) if we had toured around the city instead of coming here so early B) what time exactly is the plane going to take off C) since they last made an announcement about the fate of our flight D) as soon as they arrived in Spain at 3p.m. E) by the time the plane leaves at eight, after a two-hour delay 11- ………, Barbara was appointed to district manager. A) Unless she displayed considerable talent in her job B) Due to her dedication to her work C) As she has just been promised by the director D) No wonder she just couldn’t believe her eyes E) In spite of her managerial skills she gained at university 12-I didn’t know what to say……….. . A) when Nicole came in with her new hair style and asked for my opinion B) if I don't think I'll have finished reading the report before then C) that Tim has always asked his questions in such a straightforward manner 159

D) the fact that I lust wanted to leave work without any major reasons E) and so get the lowest mark of my life 13………….., he has not written a new book for over ten years. A) Once considered one of the most promising authors of his generation B) When the critics felt that he was sure to be a huge success C) After putting his feet up on the desk and looking me straight in the eye D) As his publisher tried to urge him to work more productively E) What his readers really appreciate is the consistent quality of his writing 14-While New York is one of the most exciting cities in the world, ……………. A) it's because its residents consist of people from various cultures B) it's certainly not one of the cheapest though C) make sure you visit the Metropolitan Museum during your visit D) it can also be one of the most stressful and dangerous E) the sightseeing tour which we Joined was really unforgettable 15- Though it's been years since he last visited his parents,……………… . A) he always felt so depressed when he returned home B) they both seem to be very healthy for their age C) he had taken a round-the-world trip in the meantime D) he was glad that they both looked quite healthy E) he still feels close because of the frequent phone calls and letters 16-Some people are terrified of thunderstorms …….. A) as long as they feel certain that there is no reason B) even when they are safely indoors C) where thunderstorms are extremely common D) as most of them only last 30 to 40 minutes E) if only they knew that they are not as dangerous 17-………, yet it is one of the most important archaeological sites in the world. A) Unlike many important archaeological sites, the Great Pyramid was never buried or lost B) Because of the political situation, few people visit Ankor Wat today C) One of the most beautiful places I have ever seen is the Valley of the Kings D) The modem architecture of the Sydney Opera House arouses admiration in people E) Archaeological investigations are still continuing at the Valley of the Kings

160

18-…………… in spite of there being no tourist facilities there. A) We really enjoyed our trip to a remote part of the Himalayas B) The best way to attract a lot more tourists to the area C) They thought that Angola was one of the worst places they had ever visited D Whatever your age is, there is so much for everyone to do at the resort E) I spent most of my last holiday cold, wet and miserable 19- …….., others are happy with the role of the traditional housewife. A) Because it is not very satisfying staying home and looking after children B) As the traditional extended family has almost ceased to exist in the West C) Whichever methods overweight women try in order to lose weight D) Since one salary is often not enough to support a family E) Although many women work in full time jobs 20-Jeff ‘s parents allow him to stay out late ………….. . A) but not until he promised to come back before midnight B) by the time they find out his whereabouts C) since his eighteenth birthday two months ago D) so long as he calls to report where he is E) whenever he got a high mark on a test 21-…………., they had to book the hall for two more nights. A)Since so many people wanted to go to the concert B)Even if more people want to attend the conference than expected C)Although all the tickets sold out within hours of going on sale D)In spite of the risks of using untrained personnel E) The play was originally planned to be performed on Saturday night 22-It is essential that no one leaves the building …………… . A)so that the building is very crowded B) until the police have checked everyone's identity C)as though everyone was still inside D) yet it is still possible that there were a lot of people inside at the time E) provided that nobody could state a valid excuse 23-Last year there was such a lot of rain in the south of the country…………. A)so there was not enough in the rest of the country B)than the amount which was forecast by the weather station C)when there was a lot of suffering and homelessness caused by them D)that it appeared as though it would never stop 161

E)since there had not been that much rain for a long time 24-One of the main causes of heart disease is…………. . A)as people eat the wrong things and don't get enough exercise B)since people do not have to work physically as hard as they used to C)yet treatment is available if you are sensible and have regular checkups D)that many people are unaware of the dangers of smoking combined with poor diet E)when chest pains occur after exercise 25-I'm sorry for the misunderstanding, but if you had only phoned, …………. . A)I told you on the e-mail that I wouldn't be able to meet you at the airport B)you should have checked with me that we had meant the same restaurant C)whether the meeting has been put off or not D)I have had the date and the address of the conference confirmed E)we could have been sure that we understood each other 26-..........., until his car was stolen and he got mugged on the same day. A)His life was so bad that he was sure he was due for a spell of good luck B)The police were sure that they knew where the robbers were hiding C)He never believed that he lived in a. dangerous part of town. D)He enjoyed the security of his job even though the salary was low E)No matter how hard he worked\ he always seemed to have trouble paying his bills 27-Some people feel that the American political system has steadily deteriorated ……….. . A)when people became more concerned with the people who took decisions for them B)while the media is one of the main causes of it C)so that the candidates are now more honest and better qualified than ever D)since the mass media began to make image more important than ideas E)during the first televised TV debates between Kennedy and Nixon 28- ………, sometimes things all work out for the best. A)Though it can be quite disappointing not to get to the university you set your heart 9n B)Because in some countries there is no longer any compulsory military service C)We all had a great time hiking through the woods last weekend D)I've never seen such a terrible hotel or eaten at such a bad restaurant E)It was unbelievable how he lost his entire fortune in a single night of gambling 162

29-………….., advances in medicine have also led to the present threat of worldwide over-population. A) While they've undoubtedly improved the quality of our lives B) Although sometimes more than one form of therapy is used to treat an illness C) Because they have played an important part in raising our standard of living D) Once dreaded annual events, polio epidemics are now mentioned only in history books E) Even if family planning remains one of the great challenges of the late 20th century 30-Unless the two sides begin to negotiate seriously,......... . A) there is likely to be violence in the region B) everyone is confident that there won't be a war C) a peace-keeping mission will no longer be needed D) they should be able to find a solution with no difficulty E) the people in the region are now enjoying a peaceful atmosphere 31-Even though it was defended by so few armed men, …......... . A) it didn't take the invaders long to capture the fortress B) the city managed to hold out against its attackers until help arrived C) the attackers were well aware of the town’s lack of ammunition D) no one knew how many there really were E) most of whom also had no war experience 32- Prepositions are one area which students of English find quite hard, ……….. . A) as the rules for them are so logical and clear B) because native speakers find them very easy to use C) another being to gain an understanding of articles D) once they have memorised all of them by heart E) although they never really seem to understand them 33-There is going to be a big protest…………… . A) when a ceremony was organised for the opening of the new motorway B) in case the council continued pulling any more historical buildings down C) while they were cutting down so many trees for a new housing development D) if only taxes have been brought down a little by the new government E) if the government tries to build a road through that residential area 34-I admit that I should have confirmed the reservations, …………… . A)considering the fact that there have never been any problems before B) but I really thought everything had been taken care of 163

C) so you could have done it as well, had you thought of it D) so that we won't have to bother looking for accommodation E) thus it is definitely not my fault, but the travel agent's 35- Whenever there is an international incident, …… . A)the United Nations was not able to solve it B)powerful nations try to use it to their advantage C)it has not been fair to expect too much of the United Nations D)athletic competitions have certainly stimulated good-will between nations E)it also includes such music contests as Eurovision 36-……….., it is obvious that the whole thing was a waste of time and effort. A)None of us wanted to go in the first place B)Staff meetings are often boring and have no apparent point to them C)Since the results were far more satisfactory than anyone had expected D)Seeing that we couldn't solve anything in the end E) Except for the fact that everyone thought the food was terrible 37-………….., the south coast of Spain has been destroyed by insensitive planning and building. A) Since it remains one of the nicest places you are likely to visit B) As tourism has made a major contribution to Spain's spectacular economic growth C) Once one of the most attractive spots in Europe D) Because it accounts for just under 15 percent of Spain's total area E) There was once one of the most beautiful resorts imaginable 38-……………when driving for long distances on a motorway. A)Make sure you take occasional rest stops B)You can arrive at your destination quicker than taking the back roads C)On Sundays there are lots of cars along the Bosphorus D)People who drive down the centre lane at low speed E)A lot of young people return to university at certain times of the year 39-…………, melting ice will cause sea levels to rise, flooding many coastal regions. A)By the time something was done about the situation B)If only we had listened to the weather forecast C)Unless drastic action is taken to halt global warning D)While attempting to understand the greenhouse effect E)Since drought continues to cause concern in many parts of the world 164

40-It is quite clear from the evidence……………… . A)because no one else knew so much about the victim's habits B)while he is trying to think of a reasonable defence C)whether he actually did it is still the question we have to answer D)though the police are trying to reach his accomplices in the robbery E)that he is the only person who could have committed the crime 41-Due to the crime and pollution associated with city centres, ……… . A)everyone wants to live there for a better quality of life B)it is not the nicest place for some people to live C)there could be no better place for the new office block D)they are no better than the slum areas though E)more and more people are moving to the suburbs 42-In order to become competent in a foreign language, . . A)is best achieved by marrying someone who speaks that language B)there are now far more language schools than there used to be C)it is really necessary to live in a country where the language is spoken D)whether you have the chance to use the language at work or not E)requires patience and takes years of hard work and study 43-Although there is now more consumer choice than ever before, …………. . A)it is certainly a result of mass-production, beginning with the Industrial Revolution B)many people do not seem as satisfied as they used to be C)going shopping when things are on sale is so economical D)it depends on whether you have enough capital or not E)it might have been due to the unprecedented increase in demand 44-Despite the disadvantage of playing away from home in front of a hostile crowd, ……… . A) our team put in one of their, best performances of the season B) they knew they'd never have a chance to win C) we were rather late and were unable to get tickets D)the players were a little demoralised, and couldn't do their best E)I don't have satellite TV, so I couldn't watch the match anyway 45- The cease-fire has now held for six months, ………. . A) so both sides still distrust one another B) everyone is certain that the situation will soon be resolved 165

C) thus the relationship between the two countries has never been an easy one D) when all the parties involved in the conflict had been in agreement E) yet no one is ever sure what will happen from one day to the next 46-……….., the world has had to adjust to a new set of international realities. A)Until the outstanding events of the late 1980s B)While several countries were undergoing a traumatic period C)Ever since the break-up of the Soviet Union D)After the peace conference, which is due to take place next month E)Though there had been speculation about the state of the Prime Minister's health 47-We went to the travel agent's to book a flight, …………… . A)only to learn that there were no seats left on the planes B)who is likely to tell us that we'll need to get a visa before going C)considering that the plane ticket was very expensive indeed D)which also includes a few historical places, such as Hagia Sophia E)and landed at Gatwick Airport in the middle of the night 48-…………unless he does very poorly in the final exam. A)Dave has only done very little work for his finals B)Joseph is certain to do well in his course C)Greg has never been very good at taking tests D)Paul couldn't have answered that question E)Bill won't be able to graduate next month 49-Though both sides claim that they don't want a war, ………… . A)it causes a lot of suffering to civilians B)maintaining a military is very expensive C)the peoples of both countries are against it as well D)they don't seem to be able to agree in the negotiations E)the presidents of both countries were once very strict generals 50-Harry has been earning a lot of money recently, ………… . A)although he is one of the most industrious workers in the company B)but he hasn't managed to save a thing C)so he can barely afford to look after his expensive house by the sea D)in spite of the fact that his job pays rather well E)until he'd contracted a serious disease and missed a month of work 166

51-……… ,yet it is much safer than it used to be because of modern safety equipment. A)With a little care, you won't encounter any mishaps B)considering the great risk involved in automobile races C)Skiing can be counted among the most dangerous sports D)Household accidents account for many deaths of children E)Drink-driving poses a great threat for innocent pedestrians 52-Whereas I really love the taste of coffee, …………. . A)I can't stand it with milk and sugar B)it is definitely my favourite hot drink C)instant coffee is much easier to prepare D)it is becoming increasingly popular in offices E)it helps keep me awake when I have to work at night 53-……….., but with glasses, he can see as well as anybody. A)Jeff used to wear contact lenses B)Roy's eyesight is so bad that he's nearly blind C)As a child, Richard's vision was perfect D)Tim lost his glasses when he went camping E)John leaves his glasses behind wherever he goes 54-Russia lost a lot of land when the Soviet Union broke up; ……….. . A)nevertheless. not very many of them are very useful B)even though many other things happened in the same year. C)moreover, it is possible that they may try to find it again D)in contrast, the rubble collapsed at the same time E)however, it's still the largest country in the world 55-…………, which is a sport combining skiing and shooting. A)I'm opposed to the use of guns in sport B)Canadians traditionally do well in the biathlon C)Every year many people die in hunting accidents D)The Swedes have a skiing division in their army E)More people die from guns in cold, snowy places

167

56- If the' rain hadn't stopped……….. . A)the river would have flooded its banks B)the tennis match has been cancelled C)I wouldn't have taken an umbrella D)it had rained heavily for almost a week E)I will still be staying at home on New Year's Eve 57- Having never been out of England, ……………. . A)Indonesia was a very confusing place for Richard B)seeing new places and experiencing new things will have been exciting C)it was a place that he had never had the courage to visit D)Tom found everything about India to be completely overwhelming E)it'd never been the thing that he most wanted to do though 58-What is impossible to forgive is………….. . A)whether he'll telephone us during his stay there or not B)his ingratitude after all that we have done for him C)she should have married him after she'd got to know him better D)even if you do apologise, it won't make any difference E)I don't understand why she did something so insensitive 59-………….since it'll be dark when they arrive. A)They won't be here until 9 B)Let's leave the outside lights on C)There's no moon tonight D)They're not travelling by train this time E)They can't have got lost in town 60- Before Maria starts university, ………….. . A)she decided to have a holiday first B)her father seems to be very proud of her success C)she didn't expect to find a well-paid job D)she had to pass the entrance exams E)her family will give a small party for her 61-……….., whereas he is very like his brother. A)Pete doesn't look like his sister at all B)John really doesn't like his cousin C)Jane likes both Graham and Nicholas D)Bob can't stand living in a big city 168

E)Robin really loves his little sister 62-Although Egypt was once thought to be the home of the world's oldest civilisation, ……….. . A)archaeologists now believe that there were even more ancient ones in India B)Cleopatra is probably the best known queen in history C)it was based on the yearly flooding of the Nile D)this is why they make a lot of money from the tourist trade now E)with so many dynasties spanning a period of several thousand years 63-…………, even after we had stayed up all night working on it. A)In the end everything was ready and the boss was really pleased B)We could have watched the film on TV last night if it had been working C)In the morning we were disheartened to see how much work remained to be done D)We found that the project only got its funding through last Friday E)There were no more problems with any of the machinery 64-Despite the high cost of living, ……………… . A)salaries are fairly high these days B)people seem to live quite well C)prices will have been quite reasonable D)inflation just keeps going up E)everybody wants to find a well-paid job 65- Not having ever ridden on a motor-cycle before, …………. A)everyone says that nothing else is so much fun B)the first couple of kilometres were really terrifying C)the traffic made it even more frightening than it would have been D)I was really frightened when I saw how fast we were going E)my brother has also participated in several motor races 66- Though we live in a rational age, when there is a scientific explanation for everything, there are certain places in the world……… . A)which has a lot more tourist attractions than others B)so you should visit them before they lose their authenticity C)like the beautiful palm-fringed beaches of the Pacific Islands D)but you must decide which ones you most want to visit E)where the landscape still seems to exert a strong spiritual force 67-Despite the remarkable economic growth of recent years , …………… . 169

A)some people are much richer than their grandfathers B)you should have invested wisely to earn a lot of money C)severe economic inequalities still exist in China D)there is no longer any real hardship in Japan E)formerly there was still too much economic inequality 68- However much he tried to discipline himself, ……… . A)Albert Einstein was the man I most admired B)there never seemed to be enough time to get everything done C)his mother always thought he was the perfect son D)he was already the top student in his class E)it was the most successful year he had ever spent 69- You will understand why I am so fond of this place…. . A)once the rain has stopped and we can go outside B)because I have never seen such a good place for sailing small boats C)if only you had not travelled so much and seen more exciting places D)which offered much less to see than your hometown E)when you saw there is nothing else like it in the entire world 70-………., so she wasn't very pleased when it was cancelled. A)My uncle had bought us all tickets to the play B)Mary wasn't planning on seeing the film anyway C)Elizabeth was very excited about her birthday D)Ann had been looking forward to the party E)Joanne took out two magazine subscriptions 71-…………., youths from their countries often become friends when they meet. A)Because of historical forces, some countries have never been on good terms B)It is difficult to understand why some countries are always on the brink of war with one another C)Since the peoples of some countries seem destined to hate each other D)However much the political leaders of some countries may dislike one another E)Due to the many diplomatic problems between countries with different political ideologies 72-While he was upset when his pocket was picked, …………….. . A)it was done by a boy who looked no older than twelve B)he could not help but admire the efficient way in which it was done C)he knows that he shouldn't keep all the money in one place D)he may decide to leave the country and never return 170

E)there wasn't anything worthwhile in his rucksack anyway 73-Just as a diver never knows what he will bring up from the seabed, ………….. . A)since there are so many things to discover down there B)especially in a country, like England, where the water is often so murky C)it's not often that a novelist knows how his book will end up when he begins it D)a good engineer plans out every stage of his work meticulously E)a footballer does not know how the match will turn out 74-Although the temperature was below freezing, …. . A)it had been snowing heavily for days B)the old beggar was only wearing a thin jacket C)everybody at home had gone down with flu D)the ice on the pond was a foot thick E)it was not warm enough to play tennis 75-There are religious festivals almost every month in Kathmandu , ……… . A)which is held in honour of their gods B)while they are some of the most interesting sights a visitor is likely to see C)however much everyone seems to enjoy them D)where even the paving stones seem to be worshipped as some sort of god E)when it is the happiest time imaginable 76-Despite the fact that the price was reasonable , …….. . A)there were long queues outside the shop B)Jacqueline really wanted to buy the dress C)it shouldn't be reduced by 50% in the sale D)we managed to buy a new car last month E)no one was interested in buying the house 77- ……… ,whereas drinking hot milk can help you to sleep. A)You shouldn't drive when you're tired B)While tea and coffee contain caffeine C)Milk should be kept cool in the fridge D)Coffee may keep you awake at night E)If you have trouble getting to sleep 78-When opening a bank account, ……….. . A)the staff of the bank are very helpful with the completion of the forms 171

B)interest rates have gone up dramatically C)It won't be open on Saturdays anyway D) you have to provide some' form of identity E)your money will be much safer there 79-………., provided that I didn't tell my father. A)My mother said she would let me borrow the car B)I bought my father a surprise birthday present C)I wouldn't have been able to borrow the money D)No one found out that my brother was in trouble E)We have decided to stay up late and watch television 80- During the hot summer of 1976, ……… . A)it was, fortunately, followed by a mild winter B)many regions in the country experienced a terrible drought C)we have been on holiday in Cornwall for only a week D)there's never been a summer as hot as that E)we have been finding it difficult to sleep 81- ………..in case we couldn't find an open shop. A)We weren't able to buy any butter B)We took everything we needed with us C)Our house was in a very remote area D)We drove along the road for a long time E)A large supermarket had been opened in the area 82-If the bus hadn't driven past our stop without stopping, ………. . A)we hadn't got so wet waiting in the rain B) there wouldn't be so many people in it C)there weren't any seats available for us D)passengers could be more comfortable E)we would have been home by now 83-The bigger our advertising campaign is , ………….. . A)even though we are likely to have some success 172

B)the more likely it is that we will get a lot of new business C)we should be able to do very well in the upcoming year D)so we may have more chance of finding a lot of new customers E)than all that we have had since we started business 84-……….. by lowering the risk of heart attack and some types of cancer. A)As you get older, you should watch your diet and consume less red meat B)Becoming a vegetarian is one of the most healthy things a person can do C)There is now a healthy trend toward eating more fresh fruit and vegetables D)Too much red meat and fatty food is not 'good for you E)Eating a lot of fresh fruit and vegetables can improve a person’s health 85-…………, in case he called while we were out? A)Did you remind William to phone us today B)Do you think these instructions I'm leaving for the repairman are clear enough C)Why don't you check your answering machine D)Have you left the back door open for Sam E)Do you really think we should go out today 86-Since I had never eaten raw fish before I went to Japan, …………. . A)coupled with the fact that I do not normally eat fish, even cooked B)perhaps I will' like it when I have tried it C)I was a little nervous the first time it was put in front of me D)it is difficult, though. to explain what it tastes like E)it was one of the most delicious Japanese dishes 87-…….., probably the best one is that it can give you an insight into a different culture and way of life. A)While there are many reasons for learning a foreign language B)Even though a number of countries use English as a first language C)Due to the number of good reasons for studying a foreign language D)Except for the fact that there is a saying, "travel broadens the mind" E)There are many disadvantages to travelling abroad if you don't speak a foreign language 88-Instead of taking advantage of the time to prepare for the big match ……………. . A)they practised every day and were in top form when the time came B)they would not have played so well otherwise C)there were still some injury problems as the date approached D)the team members stayed out late every night and hardly bothered to practise E)each new day was full of tension and excitement 173

89-Because so many people are trying to get visas, ………… . A)the authorities were making it more and more difficult B)there is, however, no reason that they should make it so hard C)the economic situations in the countries of the applicants worsened D)it is a good place to emigrate to for economic reasons E)the consulate puts as many difficulties as possible in the way 90-………., it can be more beneficial to have a vocational qualification. A)Not until a lot of people were able to get university degrees B)Whereas most young people have their hearts set on a university degree C)Everyone wants a university degree because they can use it to get a high-paying Job D)Because the best way to a successful future is a university degree E) If only youths could get into the university they want to go to 91-As they become capable of more and more tasks, …………. . A)most calculators can only perform the basic mathematical functions B)duplicating machines are devices used for making copies of a document C)machines are only as good as the people operating them D)microscopes use a beam of light and lenses to magnify objects E)computers will take over more of the work now done by people 92-…………. that even their fans were absolutely amazed. A)Their brilliant performance in the cup final was so unexpected B)They only had to win two more matches to be sure of the championship C)Even if they had won after such a shocking performance D)with their expensive foreign players doing so well, they have hardly lost a match all season E)It was the biggest crowd of the season, and probably one of the best behaved 93- As a result of the oil crises of 1974,………….. . A)the British economy has never really recovered from these problems B)most car manufacturers began making smaller, more economical cars C)really necessitates a large increase in petrol prices D)pollution in Istanbul is becoming worse and worse as the population grows E)it may even affect some of the countries that produce their own oil 94-We'd hoped for great things from the new manager……… . A)on the condition that he is really as qualified as he claims to be B)and we were all disappointed when we heard he was coming 174

C) but his arrogance soon destroyed our optimism D)even though he had such a good reputation E)so he would sort out all our outstanding problems 95-………….., the meat in the stew was still not tender enough to chew easily. A)Not having bought it from our usual butcher's B)So as to make sure that it was delicious C)Although I had only put it in at the last moment D)The time given in the recipe must have been wrong E)In spite of having been cooked for two hours 96- No matter how many times I look up that word in the dictionary, ………… . A)I've finally managed to memorise it B)I just do not seem to be able to remember it C)my dictionary can't be a really good one D)there are so many other words that seem to mean the same thing E)I really hoped that it wouldn't appear on the exam 97-In order to learn a foreign language, ………….. . A)a student must be willing to take every opportunity to practise speaking B)the grammar is sometimes so complicated that it takes years to master C)it can be difficult for people without strong motivation though D)there are a lot of new words to memorise E)it is still not possible to be as fluent as a native speaker 98-……………until you've made an improvement in your work. A)You used to be one of our best employees B)Your performance has not been very satisfactory recently C)I have noticed that you are becoming lazy D)You will soon be looking for a new job E)You shouldn't expect to get a promotion 99-Mel Gibson began his career in low quality action films,………… . A)though he is unable to play in any serious films B)so he is, in fact, a surprisingly good dramatic actor C)while he was still a young man trying to make his way D)since Jack Nicholson also spent years in the same kind of films E)because he turned out to be an extremely versatile actor 100-……………before you can expect to obtain a decent job. 175

A)You have been unemployed for so long B)You have, unfortunately, failed your entrance examination C)These days you have to know how to use a computer D) In a country where university education has always been free E)The rapid population growth plays a major role 101-While baseball is the most popular sport in America, …………. . A)every team consists of 9 players, each with his own responsibility B)it is rarely, if ever, played in most other countries C)meanwhile, football is becoming increasingly popular D)there are countless leagues for people of all ages E)newspapers and sports magazines report results and records in great detail 102-….., though, surprisingly, pigs are cleverer than either. A)Cats are more intelligent than dogs B)As pork is prohibited by Jewish law C)The farmer raises chickens and plants D)Kim has a very clever puppy E) Both cows and sheep provide milk 103-Everyone assumed the sailor had drowned at sea, ……………. . A)which was quite a shame, since he had never learnt to swim very well B)although his wife decided to remarry within a year of the accident C)so they were pleasantly surprised when they learnt he had been rescued D)until the coast guard confirmed the loss of all men from the small beat E)although he probably would, have lived, had he been wearing a life jacket 104-………, but as it wasn't very cold, it melted as soon as it hit the ground. A)A blizzard left up to three feet of snow in parts of Austria B)The plane crashed into the mountain at the speed of sound C)The child dropped his ice-cream onto the kitchen floor D)It was snowing very heavily when I woke up this morning E)Astronomers watched the meteor as it entered the atmosphere 105- …………, we managed to get to the top though. A)The building was only two floors high B)We walked up the gentle slope of the hill C)The cat was frightened and ran up the tree D)The Eiffel Tower has a wonderfully fast lift E)It was a hot day and the mountain was high 176

106-……….., whereas in America, they are actually quite cheap. A)I don't remember what cigarettes cost in India B)In Europe, taxes make the price of petrol very high C)Pineapples are extremely expensive in Turkey D)It costs a lot of money to use the Internet in Hungary E)Bottles of beer cost practically nothing in Bulgaria 107-I haven't seen Jack since 1979, ……………. . A)while we've met occasionally in recent months B)which explains why we have remained so close C)because of the fact that he lives only two miles away D)so I recognised him instantly at our class reunion E)when we were students at secondary school together 108-………..because it was so windy and noisy. A)Hurricanes are capable of causing a lot of damage B)The storm caused high winds and a lot of rain C)The village was generally quiet and peaceful D)I had great difficulty staying asleep last night E)Visibility was very low during the blizzard 109-Our flight was delayed by several hours; …………… . A)however. we managed to leave a bit early B)otherwise. we had a great time on holiday C)in case we bought a few magazines at the airport D)moreover, the hotel was incredibly comfortable E)because even a bus would have been quicker 110-I eventually managed to find the office, ………… . A)but not until after I'd got lost several times B)so I had been bolting for over an hour C)that was easy and didn't take very long D)since it wasn't clearly marked on the map I had E)according to the directions I had given him 111-……………, since I don't understand it myself. A)I tried to help my sister with her homework B)I've been going to English classes C)It's difficult for me to do these sums 177

D)The teacher didn't show us how he got the formula E)I can't explain the situation to you 112- I thought it was impossible for me to learn a foreign language………… . A)except that I could master a language completely different from my own B)no matter how bad I was at languages when I was at school C)until I lived for six months in a place where no one spoke my mother tongue D)especially when I consider how much vocabulary I need to learn E)unless I go and live in the country where the language is spoken 113-………., but he'll eat anything you put in front of him. A)Paul doesn't care what you serve B)We usually feed the dog mince C)Red wine doesn't go well with fish D)Dave is practically dying of hunger E)My niece has always been a strict vegetarian 114-Unless the number of orders increases, ……….. . A)the recession is getting much worse B)this has been our worst year so far C)the sales manager is getting worried D)the entire factory has closed down E)some of us may soon become unemployed 115-………, in case you have to stay there overnight? A)Have you booked the hotel for a fortnight B)Please give me a call when you arrive C)I'm not sure which hotel you should book D)Why don't you take a change of clothes E)Can you tell me what time you'll be back 116-What I don't like about Mondays……….. . A)have to work hard on the first day of the week B)is the fact that I'm always tired C)I really enjoy the weekends though D)it's no wonder I love it when Friday comes E)some of the clients come regularly once a week 117-…………, so we were shocked to learn that they had lost. 178

A)No one really thought they had much of a chance anyway B)The match had been cancelled because of bad weather C)Everyone had expected the team to have an easy victory D)Our team was losing by three goals when we turned off the TV E)Their opponent was ranked number one in the league 118-Evcn though I’ve never tried bungee jumping A)I can imagine how terrifying it must be B)I couldn't wait when I had the opportunity C)I'm not a big fan of dangerous sports D)I still remember how frightened I was at first E)I was brave enough to Join my friends for a trial 119-As there was no work in his home town for someone with his qualifications, ………… . A)he had got his degree from the most respected university in the country B)which meant that he had to remain unemployed, or take a boring job with low pay C)his mother would miss him if he moved away though D)it was only a small town with no industry at all E)he moved to a place where there were more opportunities 120-……, but I won't, of course, if you don't want me to. A)I don't think I will be home by 6 o'clock B)I'd love to repaint the living room C)I haven't made any plans for today D)I certainly wouldn't tell anyone that E)I am deeply concerned about the environment 121-……….., provided that my parents agree. A)I've booked the tickets for the play on Friday B)I'm really pleased that you're coming to dinner C)My whole family is full of admiration for you D)I'll be going to England to do a summer course E)My brothers and sisters are always arguing 122-As long as you're enjoying your job, ……… . A)it really doesn't matter how much money you make B)you should have tried moving to another city for a change C)it was rewarding both emotionally and financially D)you didn't keep yourself in good physical health though 179

E)so many people are unable to achieve real happiness 123- Had I not seen it with my own eyes, …………. . A)I thought I should have my eyes checked B)you can't imagine how everything happened so suddenly C)I promise there was nothing really worth seeing D)I might not have missed such an interesting story E)I would have considered it impossible to believe 124-Although she's not very good at writing letters, ………… . A)I have no idea where she's living nowadays B)we haven't been in contact since about 1990 C)we've managed to keep in touch for over ten years D)I never have much to say to her on the phone either E)she has to pay large telephone bills every month 125-……………; however, hardly any of them stayed until the end. A)There weren't many students in the class B)Quite a few people attended the meeting C)The topic of the lecture was not very interesting D)My wife and I went to the opera last week E)The ending of the film was disappointing 126-What her born admire most about her…………. . A)she is so beautifully dressed at all times B)most of us wish we were a bit like her C)I wish she would boast about herself less D)is the way she is always so organised E)haven't prevented her from coming to work late 127-………….., but despite that, I think I should. A)I don't feel like going to my language class this evening B)I asked her why she hadn't told me about her problem in advance C)1 think you ought to visit your parents more often D)I don't expect that tomorrow’s exam is going to be very hard E)I know I shouldn't have been so rude to the customer 128-Although he loved her, he said he wouldn't he able to marry her ……………. . A)so they set the date for the second week in June B)until he was earning enough money to support them both 180

C)and it was one of the nicest weddings anyone had ever seen D)when he had a better salary and could support her in style E)since he was making good money and thought it was time to start a family 129-He has lived in China for five years and claims to be fascinated by the country and culture, ……… . A)which he speaks like a native B)yet he speaks not a word of the language C)that he has never lived anywhere else for so long before in his life D)so he has never made an attempt to learn their history E)in order to make a thorough study of the language 130-………..; on the other hand, it offers very low leisure facilities. A)There is nothing to do on the school premises, except for attending lectures B)Socially and academically, it has the worst reputation of any British university C)Having such a superb academic reputation in the country D)The materialism of the 1990s is very dull compared with the idealism of the '608 E)Academically, it is supposed to be one of the best universities in England 131-…………that he was persuaded to get a job. A)As his new book was reviewed very favourably B)When, after years of trying, he finally achieved success as an author C)It was only after his three books failed to secure him any income D)Though he had lived happily enough on welfare for ten years E)Having written his best and most popular book for years 132-In the event of rain during tomorrow's celebrations, …………… . A)we will just have to change our plans and do something indoors B)as there is always a chance of severe flooding if it does C)after we had made such elaborate plans it was really a disappointment D)we knew that the weather forecast had predicted it would be sunny E) everyone has brought their umbrellas along just in case 133-The two great boxers, Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson are not contemporaries, ……….. . A)that is, they both became very famous in the same country B)whenever they met, their match used to be watched by the millions the world over C)although he is getting too old to ever be champion again D)the former was the youngest heavyweight champion of all time E)but many believe that the latter could never have beaten the former in his prime

181

134-The hotel was awful not simply because it was miles from the beach and town, …………… . A) moreover there was a good night club there B) and besides it was the perfect place to relax C) nevertheless there were no other guests D) but also because there was nothing to do at night E) there weren't many activities for the entire family 135-………, the company was going through hard times and couldn't afford to pay any more. A)Because he has been a model worker for the past two years B)Although his boss agreed that he deserved a higher salary C)While the present economic situation is unfavourable D)However much the boss might oppose increasing anyone's salary E) As a result of increased sales leading to one of the best financial years ever 136-Having only recently completed his university education, ……….. . A)there were only poorly-paying jobs available B)the company could not offer anything very attractive C)he could hardly expect to get a top-paying job right away D)the bank was still after him to pay back his student loans E)he is sure to get a first-class honours degree 137-As the journey to Ankara is quite long, …………… . A)I want to make sure we leave early B)we have to drive for seven hours C)stopping overnight won't be necessary D)we would be there sooner than we'd expected E)we'll take turns at the wheel, though 138-……..until the manager rang me yesterday with the good news. A)I have always been nervous about job interviews B)I was not sure whether I would get the job C)Though the interview went well. I don't know if I'll be employed D)I've heard that the date of my interview has been changed E)I’m certain l did very well at the interview yesterday 139-……., which is the capital city and cultural centre. A)Quito is situated high in the Andes Mountains B)Tourists to Hungary usually go to Budapest 182

C)The London Underground is very expensive D)There are several minority groups scattered all over the country E)Apparently. Paris is most beautiful in the spring 140-Many educated people in my developing countries Russian………….. .. A)which has the longest border of all the countries on the Earth B)where education was highly centralised during the Soviet period C)because a lot of doctors receive their training there D)believing that they will be able to complete their education abroad E) so that they could further their education in the Soviet Union

used

to

learn

141-You should not have decided on the date for your holiday……… . A)so you can take it then because we won't be too busy B)even though you have a date with her next Friday C)without talking to your manager about it first D)thus you may not be able to find tickets in the busy season E)before you make sure that there are tickets available 142-Ceila seems to be quite happy in her job……….. . A)when she got it after spending a whole year trying to find one B)ever since she started working there three months ago C)however she has developed good relationships with her colleagues D)even though everyone thinks she could do better elsewhere E)in spite of the good pay and two three-week paid holidays a year 143-I don't know how my brother managed to get up early on Monday morning…………. . A)if he didn't stay out until well after midnight B)after spending most of the previous night out with his friends C)owing to his healthy life style and good eating habits D)as he is already in the habit of going to bed late even on weekdays. E)when he spends such hectic weekends in discos or bars 144-…………., neither of which was very appropriate for my qualifications. A)Both children looked at me gratefully B)I couldn't have bought the car without the money my parents gave me C)There were several companies which I could apply to D)Both Sally and Nancy have invited me to their parties E)I had two job offers upon graduation 183

145-They haven't decided yet………… . A)that two employees had been dismissed for misconduct B)and he is one of the best directors we have had so far C)whether to open the office on Christmas Eve D)when is the next meeting going to be held E)nor have l been able to understand what's going on 146-……………..that we should have brought a present. A)My parents celebrated their fiftieth anniversary last week B)We thought that it would be a rather informal party C)It would have been better if we had planned D)When we saw that everyone else had brought something E)It was not until we arrived that we realised 147-………., my mark was not as good as I had hoped. A)Since I've, done so well on the exam B)While the exam was very difficult C)As l was expecting the exam to be a lot more difficult D)Although I managed to pass the exam E)Not only was it disappointing for me 148-Since trekking around the Himalayas three years ago, ………… . A)the spiritual values he encountered there changed his life B)he has wanted nothing so much as to go back there C)it was one of the greatest experiences of his life D)he had never seen such beautiful scenery or met such friendly people E)the best thing is coming back and telling all his friends about his experiences 149-While the best time to visit India is in the winter, when the weather is at its best, …………. . A)longer trips are always better than shorter ones B)the monsoon generally lasts from mid-June to mid-September C)it can be inconvenient for families with school-age children D)you should be sure to see the holy city of Benares E)there are many temples dedicated to the elephant-headed god, Ganesh 150-……….., we could tell there was going to be trouble. A)As soon as he learns how badly he was cheated B)No matter what the problem that disturbs him is C)if only he had stopped treating others so rudely all the time D)Just by the way he walked into the room looking angry and distressed 184

E)There was nothing to do but leave as soon as possible 151-Considering that you have never had any formal training as a computer programmer, ……… . A)you show a remarkable amount of ability B)so that you can do the job as well as anyone else in the office C)which is the way everyone always did it until recently D)you will have finished the course by early next year E)you should have achieved a lot more by now 152-……….., even though it was not the sort of day we had hoped for. A)We were forced to cancel our trip B)We had been looking forward to our trip for so long C)We were all eager to go hiking anyway D)Our car wouldn't start and we had to call a mechanic E)My father was unhappy about the weather 153-………..; on the other hand, he can be quite helpful to me at times. A)Jerry is always helping his mother in the kitchen B)If you ever need something done, ask Ferdinand C)Mark seems to know how to manage every Job in the office D)I'm not very pleased to be working with Max E)!n contrast, he's a great contribution to the team 154-Because there has never been a better time than the present, ……………. . A)at which every sort of investment appears to be very profitable B)you should take advantage of the opportunity before it is too late C)and you have chosen an unusual area to invest in D)I vividly remember the post-war period, when people were in great poverty E)it is still necessary to make a thorough investigation beforehand 155-…………, I have no option but to terminate your contract. A)Because everything you have done has exceeded our expectations B)Since you have ignored repeated warnings about the poor quality of your work C)Even though you did not do very well on the last project D)The reason why you are late for work every morning E)Unless you attempted harder to solve your problems with the rest of the staff

185

156-Even though I wasn't really enjoying that book, …… . A)I can recommend it without reservation B)I'll lend It to you If you'd like to read it C)I thought it was pointless and sentimental D)which was about a boring woman and her job E)It was irritating to find half the pages missing 157-……….., surfing can be as safe as any other sport. A)Provided you are careful not to go out in waves too big for you B)As going out in big waves can sometimes be hard to resist C)Although very few people are actually killed in surfing accidents every year D)When you forget to take the proper safety precautions E)Because of the fun you can have doing It 158-……….there had been rumours about it for months. A)When the public sees the stories about the scandal in tomorrow's papers B)As the truth will be printed in the newspapers anyway C)Only if everyone told the truth about what really happened D)By the time the whole story came out in the press E)Everybody wishes someone would tell the truth 159-…….., so my Dad wasn't very pleased with it. A)I didn't enjoy the film last night as much as I'd expected B)The neighbour's dog dug up several of our flowerbeds C)I'm afraid my friends will be a bit noisy tonight D)Mum cooked a marvellous dinner last night E)My brother may have failed his final exams 160-When people are contemplating a big step in life. like buying a house, ……… . A)prices have gone up rather steeply in the last year B)they were not entirely sure that they could afford it C)they should be sure that it Is what they really want D)it may otherwise be very difficult to break their promise E)and they might want a new car as well 161-……….., Joseph Conrad was, and still is, one of the most famous English writers. 186

A)Although his tales of seafaring life depicted the concerns of all people B)Because English remained a second language to him all his life C)Having received British citizenship after 16 years in the British merchant navy D)As his visit to Africa provided him with the seed of his most famous story. 'Heart of Darkness' E)In spite of being a Polish seaman who only learnt English later in life 162-Unless people who have had a heart attack stop smoking, …………. . A)it's only then that they realise how bad smoking is B)there is a good chance that they will have another one C)they want to reduce the chances of having a second one D)they should have given it up years before anyway E)they can count themselves lucky that they survived It 163- Everyone agreed that he had been a terrible Prime Minister; ………… . A)on the other hand, he was one of the most corrupt politicians in the country B)however bad his term in office had been C)nonetheless, he lost the next election by a large vote D)moreover, he had a terrific reputation for honesty and efficiency E)furthermore, he was so corrupt that no one trusted the government any more 164-Carlos hadn't even heard of baseball until he moved to the States at 15, …….. . A)as he lived only a few miles from a professional stadium B)and there he finally got to see the players he'd read about C)although he grew up playing the game with his friends D)but within a year, he was among the best players of his school E)yet he had seen hundreds of games on his uncle's television 165-Considering that you have never had any formal training as a computer programmer, ……….. . A)you show a remarkable amount of ability B)so that you can do the job as well as anyone else in the office C)which is the way everyone always did it until recently D)you will have finished the course by early next year E)you can probably recommend a suitable software for my aim 166-If more people had bought his first novel, ………. . A)it hadn't been properly publicised, according to some critics B)he gave up writing as a career and found a steady job C)the competition from more established novelists was too keen for him 187

D)he might have been encouraged to continue writing E)he keeps trying anyway in spite of his economic hardship 167-Rotterdam has few old buildings, ………… . A)including the brand new bridge over the new harbour B)because the city was nearly destroyed in World War II C)as the city will be rebuilt in the next couple of years D)unlike Brasilia, which was almost totally rebuilt in the 1970s E)since Amsterdam was established in the Middle Ages 168-………..since he died before he could write the final chapter. A) He always preferred the quiet of the shed in his garden B)It was the best thing he had ever written C)We will never know how the story ends D)The book could have sold out as soon as it was published E)There was nothing particularly inspiring about the technique 169-Because of the poor sanitation during the Middle Ages, ………… . A)skin diseases have since become much less common B)boiling all drinking water is one precaution against the disease C)some people tried to be clean, but most were very dirty D)typhoid epidemics are common in developing countries E)many people died from infectious diseases, such as cholera 170-In view of the fact that he had just recovered from tuberculosis, ……… . A)he had been left very weak by the disease B)it hasn't been a very severe attack anyway C)and also he was not naturally very strong D)he performed surprisingly well in the race E)he appears to be extremely cheerful 171-Whatever the final result, ......…… . A)we can be proud that we have done our best B)it is a shame that we lost after playing so well C)there is a good chance that we might win D)both sides play so well that it is difficult to predict E)we'll either win the match or lose it by a small margin 172-…………, he had been unemployed for many months. A)Before he found a job as an engineer 188

B)As he has finally managed to get a job interview C)Although the company he worked for went bankrupt D)As soon as he'd heard about the result of the interview E)During the entire time he worked as an accountant 173-We can always start our journey without him……… . A)even if the car hadn't suddenly stopped working B)as he' has been looking forward to it for a long time C)whereas he is usually late anyway D)so making a new plan didn't prove too difficult E)if he is late again after all our warnings 174-Having searched everywhere in the house for her lost bracelet, ………….. . A)she finally remembered that she had left it at her friend's B)her father had given it to her for her birthday C)there was a possibility that her sister might have borrowed it D)it was a really nice silver bracelet, hand-made in India E)it had somehow got stuck down the back of the sofa 175-………, and he should also be considerate of his co-workers. A)There was a man who worked here last year who was always late for work B)People should always phone in 'and let the boss know if they are sick C)Because a lot of people must work together in a confined area D)A good employee should always be punctual E)An employee who expects others to do his work can be very unpleasant 176-Even though there is no way to know what the future will bring, …………. . A)it's been interpreted by many as an unforeseen disaster B)no one can even be sure of what will happen tomorrow C)making predictions can sometimes cause frustration as well D)we can protect ourselves from disasters by taking certain precautions E)fortune tellers actually make up all their predictions 177-You can only practise as a doctor……… . A)whereas you have completed your medical studies B)after you have completed your studies and served your internship C)if you hadn't quit medical school for the sake of acting D)although you have been studying for years now E)indeed it takes years and years of study and, lots of energy 189

178-……….., considering the poor workmanship and the inferior materials used. A)There has been a church on the site since the 9th century B)Susie's genuine Ming vase fetched less than expected C)Buckingham Palace was rebuilt in 1703 D)The new bridge will connect Zealand with the Danish mainland E.)It is hardly surprising that the building collapsed 179-………., the US Declaration of Independence has served as a model for many later documents. A)Once the Declaration had been adopted B)Representatives from each of the original 13 colonies C)Signed on 4 July, 1776 D)When the colonies fought a War of Independence E)Even before the French Revolution 180-………, labour-intensive industries are more practical than capital-intensive ones. A)Since Bangladesh is a poor country with a large population B)Bangladesh, most of which is at low elevations C)Though there is no shortage of labour in a country like Bangladesh D)While the country is Inhabited almost entirely by people who speak the Bengali language E)As the extensive river systems were fundamental to the nation's economy 181-Dissatisfied with the quality of' the education he was getting, ……….. . A)the college was obviously not a very good one B)he decided to transfer to a better college C)if only he had listened to his parents and gone to a better college D)there were plenty of other colleges around to choose from E)but it was the best that was offered in such a small town 182-…………unless all sides strictly obey the conditions. A)The new peace plan will certainly succeed B)The talks would not have been a success C)One of the groups boycotted the talks and another left in disgust D)There is no chance of the peace plan succeeding E)There do not seem to be any problems with the new plan 183-…………, but by the time the first snow fell, she couldn't fit into any of them. 190

A)Janice has decided to buy an expensive leather and fur Jacket B)Melanie bought tons of new winter clothes at the sales in May C)Annette rented three post-office boxes for her business ventures D)Lucy picked up a second-hand encyclopaedia at the library sale E)Maggie's father owned three holiday houses near the ski resort 184-……….until people realise that public transport is much more efficient than travelling by car. A)Traffic problems will continue to get worse B)Nowadays commuters have to sit in traffic Jams for hours C)In spite of all the new roads, traffic problems have not improved D)No one could go anywhere since the traffic was barely moving E)We're living in an age of car mania 185-Though I was ultimately unsuccessful, at least, I met a lot of interesting people…………. . A)when tens or hundreds apply for a single position B)that I didn't know unemployment was so widespread C)which may soon leave me short of money D)while I was looking for a job E)were waiting for interviews as well 186-She decided not to have any lunch………… . A)while sitting there, swallowing the sandwiches she'd brought from home B)skipping meals, however, is not advised by dieticians C)as she wanted to have a big appetite for the special dinner D)though she was supposed to be dieting very strictly E)when she has a lot of customers to deal with 187-The main reason that so many people want to emigrate to Britain is………. . A)since the end of the British Empire B)when they were actively recruited during the labour shortage in the 19505 C)as they sometimes encounter racism and discrimination D)that some even left the opportunities in their own countries behind E)to take advantage of the economic opportunities available there 188-While there are a number of good reasons for studying a foreign language, ………… .

191

A)many companies want their employees to speak a second language B)few working people can find the time to study one properly C)everyone should try their best to learn at least one foreign language D)people who can't speak a second language are at a disadvantage E)the most successful students tend to be the ones who want to communicate most 189-………., many people like living in London regardless of the weather. A)Because of all the cultural activities available B)Since it's wet and gloomy for most of the time C)Unless they were satisfied with the standard of living there D)Had they lived in the country for a long time E)Rarely does one encounter a city so brimming with cultural activities 190-As soon as I walked into the room, ………… . A)I could sense that they had been arguing B)people were behaving very strangely C)she turns around and walks back out of the door D)for there was a certain atmosphere that was unmistakable E)it's the special feeling I have always associated with the place 191-………..grew into a nation-wide campaign. A)If only they had publicised their organisation better B)In the absence of any real competitors C)What started as a neighbourhood initiative D)Even in these difficult circumstances they persevered with their project E)Because they enlisted a professional publicity company 192-There is the possibility of strike action………… . A)otherwise the workers would not have any money B)if the management rejects the pay rise suggested by the union C)thanks to the success of the negotiations between shareholders and the board D)if they hadn't worked so hard during the previous month E)ever since the management made some of the workers redundant 193-Once you've tried my mother's spaghetti, ………….. . A)you'll never want to eat anyone else's B)it's rude to eat off other people's plates C)she has a secret recipe for tomato sauce D)it is common around here to make your own pasta 192

E)I'm glad you have really loved its taste 194-As soon as the building work is completed, ………. . A)the owners moved in immediately B)the builders would have left C)it has been more than seven months D)they'll call in the electricians E)the flats have been purchased 195-………….., but they used to be in deadly rivalry. A)Americans and Russians bitterly disagree on several issues B)The USA and the Soviet Union were engaged in the Cold War for decades C)Everyone was surprised when the two former political enemies decided to negotiate D)It's hoped that the United Nations will be able to solve some of the world's worst problems E)The Americans and the Russians co-operate on many space projects today 196-Mike replaced his old Ford with a brand-new Honda, …………… . A)even though his present one keeps breaking down all the time B)when he inherited a large sum of money from his grandfather C)if it breaks down again creating such an awkward situation D)but no one believes that he can afford E)until he finds a new job with a better salary 197-........ it is important to know which foods contain the proper nutrients. A)Unless you want to remain healthy B)Despite the fact that many young people Buffer from eating disorders C)Because people who don’t smoke and exercise regularly tend to live longer D)Although it is possible to be perfectly healthy as a vegetarian E)A poor diet can lead to serious health problems 198-………….as long as he stayed out of trouble and did community service. A)He has never been a well-respected member of society B)Everybody knows how hard he tried to be a good citizen C)He is known to be a good husband and father D)The judge told him he would not have to go to jail E)He promises that he will not get into trouble again 199-Unless new ways are found to process and dispose of sewage, ……….. . A)obviously not enough has been done up to now 193

B)there' is a better way to handle the problem C)water pollution will continue to grow worse D)and so6n the rivers will be teeming with fish again E)there may have been severe damage to marine life 200-………, the management fired them all and hired new ones. A)If the management and the union couldn't reach an agreement B)Had the staff not performed their duties effectively C)When the Air Traffic Controllers went out on strike D)As there are a lot of potential workers about to graduate from university E)Should they be late for work three days in a row 201-My uncle is a very unpleasant person, …………… . A)as his wife was one of the sweetest people I have ever met B)so no one seems eager to invite him to the family reunion C)that the whole family feel obliged to visit him in the hospital D)than anyone else in the family, as far as I know E)though no one could ever remember him having any friends 202- While few people have ever seen one, ………… . A)they will never forget their first encounter with a shark B)nearly everyone knows what a polar bear looks like C)it is, therefore, unlikely that UFOs actually exist D)many other people live in snow for most of the year E)not many people would recognise a pelican though 203-…….......in order not to lose our way, it was obvious we would have to hire a guide. A)We had to spend a lot of extra money B)Because it had seemed so interesting to everyone in the party C)We should make sure that we know a lot about the terrain D)As we had a good map and a compass E)Though it was an expense that we hadn't counted on 204-I feel that I now have much more energy…………… . A)until I began a full-time job again B)ever since I began exercise classes at the local gym C)when l began to walk my dog in the mornings D)because of the exercise I've been taking recently E)just after I began to practise meditation 194

205-……….., despite owning hundreds of them himself. A)The prophet, Jesus of Nazareth was well-known as a carpenter B)Paul's never actually liked the taste of yoghurt or cheese C)Thomas Jefferson was opposed to the idea of keeping slaves D)Ross Perot has an enormous collection of automobiles E)Frank has never been very good at making new friends 206-In spite of being dangerous and feared fish, ………. . A)sharks attack over a hundred people annually B)piranhas usually attack their prey in large numbers C)Stephen Speilberg's film "Jaws" gave them a powerful reputation D)more than thirty-five people have been killed by sharks this year E)piranhas are caught for food by South Americans 207-Research carried out recently suggests………….. . A)which involved many well-known doctors and nutritionists B)that one or two glasses of red wine every day is good for your heart C)to eat five small meals a day instead of three big ones D)so we can be sure that grape juice is the best nutrient for the brain E)as some people do not believe there can be any benefit in eating vegetables raw 208-He is hoping to be able to earn a lot of money…………… . A)when he started his own business five years ago B)as soon as he graduates from university C)which turned out great as he was able to buy the boat D)if he had taken the opportunity when it presented itself E)but the stock market crashed at a very bad time for him 209-……………, yet I have hardly been so disappointed by anything in life. A)I know that I am going to be the happiest man alive after we get married B)We were looking forward to seeing one of the world’s most beautiful sights C)My father has warned me about failing if I don't study hard D)I have never seen anything so beautiful as the Taj Mahal by moonlight E)We were told that it was one of the worst restaurants in town 210-……….,which are ground, mixed with spices and fried in oil. A)Köfte recipes vary from place to place B)Pumpernickel is a tough and close-textured loaf C)Lahmacun is enjoyed by many people D)Pasta is a speciality of Italy 195

E)Falafel is made from chickpeas 211-Though there can be many parties in a general election, ………… . A)the majority of the host's acquaintances will be attending B)a few parties would gain too much power C)only a few of them can win seats in Parliament D)nobody actually votes for him anyway E)they failed to win any seats in the new government 212-………..; otherwise, there's no way he would have known the time and place. A)Felix must have been told about the picnic B)Stan arrived late for his own wedding C)You should ask Paul to come to the dance D)Jim was aware of the staff meeting E)Gerald can't have been invited to the party 213-Despite the fact that everyone thinks the boss's plan is not practical, ……….. . A)he himself would be among the first to agree B)many others think his ideas have quite a bit of merit C)there is no way it can be effectively implemented D)he is generally rather useless at such things E)he owns the company and thus makes the decisions 214- ………….., it would be more enjoyable to do it over a week or so, and stop to enjoy the sights. A)While the trip generally takes about seven or eight days B)I think I can manage to finish painting the house in a day C)We were planning to spend a fortnight driving to California D)Though it's possible to drive across America in two days E)The train journey across Siberia is a very long one indeed 215-……….,as it looks as if it's going to be raining for a while. A)The rivers and streams are already flooding B)There's no point in buying a new umbrella C)I had no idea that rain had been forecast D)I wish I'd taken advantage of the nice weather E)The weather in March can be quite changeable 216-After your plane lands at Sky Harbour Airport, …… . 196

A)the flight is scheduled to arrive at 9.15 am. B)your connection to Texas had been delayed C)you'll be taken to the Baltimore Hotel by taxi D)the plane to Mexico was about to arrive E)the trip has only taken about two hours 217-Harold is the director of a large company and supervises many people at work, ……….. . A)although he has been working with the firm for twenty years B)but at home his wife is the boss and tells him what to do C)however, he hasn't missed a day for illness in a decade D)as long as he's a hard worker and completely reliable E)considering what an important position he's got there 218-Before going to Africa to teach English, …………….. . A) Tom lives in Singapore with his four children B) Dennis had been an employee of the British government for 30years C) Scott would have been better off staying in France, serving diners D) the rest of Joe's family thought he should have become a lawyer E) Steve has discovered that he can make much more money by selling cars 219-…………, you must subtract 32, multiply by 5 and divide by 9. A)Though you may not be too keen on mathematics B)A person's weight can be recorded in either pounds or kilos C)In order to convert Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius D)The metric system has all but replaced the old imperial one E)The weather report said that today's average would be 86F 220- Though the Dutch Reformed Church is the largest religious groups in Holland, …………. . A)Roman Catholicism has been losing popularity in France B)who follow a belief established by a former king of the Netherlands C)the majority of the population are Shiite Muslims D)the fact that there are very few of them in America E)there are more atheists than followers of this religion there 197

221-……………, I'll let you know the minute I find out anything. A) If 1 had been told what we were supposed to do B) Since you'll probably find out before I do C) Where we're going to meet is up to you D) Although now I have no idea when the party is E) As I've known about the examination for ages 222- Upon overhearing the name of the new manager mentioned, ………… . A)I think "Kylie" is a really dreadful name B)it was a group of employees from the sales department C)he was, obviously not well-liked among the staff D)I became curious about what they were talking about E)I don't think they should have promoted him really 223-………..but in the past few years, he's developed a taste for it. A) I don't know what they use to make spaghetti B) Steve's always loved the flavour of Coca-Cola C) Lance used to think that ayran was repulsive D) While Karl can't stand his own mother's cooking E) Bill will never get used to eating olives at breakfast 224- The children were screaming so loudly upstairs in their bedroom…………. . A)that nobody heard the burglars enter the house through the back door B)even though their mother was punishing them for their terrible behaviour C)because of the neighbours, who are always complaining about the noise D)so there was nothing at all anybody could do to get them to be quiet E)until their father calls a baby-sitter and leaves to go to the supermarket 225-………..yet to be honest, at such a young age, I can't tell the difference. A)I saw our neighbour's baby this morning and I think she's had a boy B)When Joey was a baby, she would only eat one kind of biscuit C) The seeds that I planted last month have finally begun to sprout D) Both of the twin sisters wore exactly the same dress and hat E) In America, children start school when they're about five 226-……………., there's no way you'll understand my grandmother. A) Even though she bas an impossible northern accent B) As you can speak Ukrainian as fluently as I can C) of course she's a very nice old woman 198

D) Unless you pay great attention to what she's saying E) Ever since she became senile a few years ago THE PASSIVE VOICE 1. The results of the research ---- that, presently, several East Asian countries ---rapidly. A) have indicated / were developing B) indicate / are developing C) are indicated / have been developing D) were indicated / had developed E) had indicated / developed 2. Understandably, her friends ---- when Julia married someone else after being engaged to John for two years. A) are surprising B) were surprised C) surprised D) will be surprised E) had surprised 3. The facsimile ---- when the secretary returns from lunch. A) will be sent B) is going to send C) should have sent D) was being sent E) has been sent 4. Because James ---- to physical work, he ---- after he had spent a week on the farm. A) isn’t accustomed / might be exhausted B) hadn’t accustomed / had exhausted C) won’t be accustomed / will be exhausted D) hasn’t accustomed / has exhausted E) wasn’t accustomed / was exhausted 5. Animals ---- to survive in the wild, rather than kept in captivity. A) are helping B) have been helping C) should be helped D) could be helping E) ought to have helped 6. Films of violence ---- on television until after 9.30 at night, the time when the majority of children ---- to bed. A) cannot be shown / went 199

B) aren’t being shown / had gone C) didn’t use to be shown / are going D) shouldn’t be shown / go E) needn’t be shown / have gone 7. Normal climbing boots slip in icy conditions, so climbers ---- iron plates with spikes, known as crampons, to their boots. A) should be fixed B) have to fix C) have been fixed D) used to fix E) must be fixed 8. “Fragile, handle with care” ---- on the package, but still the contents of the parcel ---- when it arrived. A) had written / would be broken B) is being written / will be broken C) was written / were broken D) would have written / had broken E) has been written / could break 9. An apple tree ---- fruit until it is five to eight years old. A) did not bear B) was not bearing C) has not been borne D) does not bear E) will not be borne 10. The hill where Jane Austen set one of her romances ---- Box Hill because of the box trees which ---- there. A) calls / are grown B) has been calling / grew C) used to call / used to grow D) are calling / were growing E) is called / grow 11. Your chances of success in an examination ---- if you ---- the course work thoroughly. A) enhance / are revised B) were enhancing / revised C) had enhanced / were revising D) could be enhanced / would revise E) are enhanced / revise 12. When he ---- an essay in on time for once, his professor ---- him a look of surprise. A) handed / gave 200

B) was handed / was giving C) is handed / will be given D) has handed / would give E) hands / is given 13. You ---- plenty of time in case the bus ----; otherwise, you’ll risk missing your ferry. A) must have allowed / delays B) used to allow / delayed C) ought to be allowed / has delayed D) had better allow / is delayed E) were allowed / was delayed 14. It’s true that happiness ---- with money, but some money ---- life easier. A) mustn’t be bought / made B) shouldn’t buy / has made C) can’t be bought / makes D) doesn’t buy / is making E) hasn’t been bought / is made 15. Cells ---- for the first time by the English scientist Robert Hooke, who, in 1665, ---- a book about his findings. A) were described / published B) had described / would have published C) could be described / was published D) has described / had published E) would be described / could be published 16. Portland cement, when it ........... with water, ---- a paste that binds sand, gravel and stone into a rock-like mass called concrete. A) will be combined / formed B) has combined / is formed C) was combined / was formed D) combines / has been formed E) is combined / forms 17. The twentieth century, now nearing its end, ---- the century when mankind ---- to realise that the Earth’s resources are limited. A) was / was coming B) will be / had come C) has been / has come D) had been / came E) will have been coming / is coming 18. Up to now, the equipment ---- regularly, but from now on, we ---- it before every outing. 201

A) wasn’t checked / are checking B) hasn’t checked / will be checking C) isn’t being checked / should be checked D)hasn’t been checked / are going to check E) hadn’t checked / have to be checked 19. Judging from the speed of mechanization, it ---- that very few things in the world ---- by hand in the twenty-first century. A) has been predicted / will be making B) can be predicted / will be made C) will be predicted / were made D) is being predicted / have been made E) is predicting / will have been made 20. Considering the meager resources we ---- with for the project, we ---- a wonderful job. A) had been provided / did B) were provided / can do C) have been provided / used to do D) will be provided / have done E) provided / will be doing 21. Solutions to the problem of unemployment ---- , but none of the measures that ---so far has been very successful. A) have sought / will be tired B) will be sought / have been trying C) had been seeking / were trying D) are being sought / have been tried E) have been seeking / are tried 22. Africa’s population growth rate is much higher than the world average and it ---that, by the year 2050 Africa ---- for twenty-one percent of the world’s population. A) has estimated / accounts B) was estimating / had been accounting C) will be estimated / accounted D) will have estimated / is accounting E) is estimated / will account 23. Following stricter “drink driving” regulations, the number of accidents which ---drunk drivers ---- significantly. A) have been involved / is reduced B) involve / has been reduced C) were involved / was reducing D) are involved / is reducing E) involved / has been reducing 202

24. I managed to translate most of the letter for you, but I ----- stuck on one or two sentences. A) am getting B) get C) got D) was getting E) will get 25. The world’s first dental school, Baltimore Collage of Dental Surgery, ---- by two Americans, Horace Hayden and Chapin Harris, in 1839. A) would have founded B) was founding C) was founded D) had founded E) would be founding 26. The works of Shakespeare ---- into every major language in the world. A) are going to translate B) have been translated C) had translated D) had been translating E) will have translated 27. He ---- about this meeting for weeks, so I don’t know why he ---- anything for it yet. A) is known / isn’t preparing B) was known / doesn’t prepare C) knows / didn’t prepare D) has known / hasn’t prepared E) knew / hadn’t prepared 28. There were such a lot of different things to do at the resort where we ---- our holiday that none of us ---- . A) spent / was bored B) were spending / bored C) were spent / had bored D) have spent / could be bored E) spend / are bored 29. A place ---- for you, Madam, as soon as you ---- the deposit. A) has been reserved / will pay B) reserved / had paid C) is reserving / are paid D) is reserved / were paid E) will be reserved / have paid 203

30. There is no way you ---- all of your project in an hour, so you ---- the most important points and talk about those. A) should be covered / ought to choose B) used to cover / can choose C) must cover / will be chosen D) ought to cover / have chosen E) can cover / had better choose 31. If a person ---- in more food than required to meet the body’s needs, the excess calories ---- to fat. A) will take / have converted B) takes / are converted C) is taken / convert D) has taken / were converted E) was taken / had converted 32. Because I ….. up in a house next to a main railway line, I rarely get disturbed by noises during the night. A) was brought B) had brought C) have been bringing D) used to bring E) am bringing 33. Women ---- dress design until the last half of the 19th century. A) were dominated B) have dominated C) dominated D) are dominating E) would be dominated 34. Luckily, he realised that he had forgotten his passport in time to return to the hotel and collect it; otherwise, we ---- the hovercraft. A) must not have caught B) ought not to be caught C) hadn’t been caught D) couldn’t have caught E) needn’t have caught 35. Everybody was very concerned when one of the representatives ---- half way through the main course. A) will collapse B) is collapsing 204

C) has collapsed D) collapses E) collapsed SET 2 1. I hope the new timetable ---- by Friday as I want to start a driving course next week, but I need to know which afternoon I will be off before I can enroll on it. A) has been announced B) is going to announce C) will have been announced D) has been announcing E) is being announced 2. Obviously, the management ---- that we ---- the new conditions without questioning the consequences. A) have assumed / are accepted B) assume / will accept C) were assumed / have accepted D) will be assumed / will be accepted E) assumed / were accepted 3. Look! The other team must be about to play their substitute because he ---warmed up at the side of the pitch. A) has got B) gets C) had been getting D) is getting E) will get 4. To the ancient Romans, a census ..... simply counting the people and valuing their estates for the purpose of the taxation, but today the range of information collected by a census taker is very wide, and the statistics gathered ---- to many uses. A) meant / are put B) was meant / have put C) used to mean / have been putting D) had been meaning / put E) means / are being put 5. I really dislike ---- to work on Sundays because I feel torn between my family and work. A) to be asking B) asking C) being asked D) having asked 205

E) to have asked 6. The FBI ---- that he knew where the body ----. A) has suspected / was burying B) suspects / had been burying C) was suspected / will be buried D) is suspected / had buried E) suspected / was buried 7. Animal lovers would like industrial testing on animals ---- to medical experiments. A) being limited B) to have limited C) having limited D) to be limited E) to be limiting 8. The end of slavery in America ---- by the passage of the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution on 18th December, 1865. A) would have achieved B) was achieving C) had achieved D) has been achieved E) was achieved 9. Medicines and chemical cleaning liquids ---- out of children’s reach. A) should be kept B) must have kept C) need to keep D) have kept E) used to keep 10. The United Kingdom ---- a period of time until 1995 to clean up its beaches by the European Union, but Morecombe Bay in Lancashire was so dirty that it ---- two more years to bring the area up to the required standard. A) was given / was allowed B) is given / has allowed C) gives / will have allowed D) has been given / has allowed E) gave / had been allowed 11. Five armed men ---- a Zurich Post Office last night in a van which ---- as a Post Office repair vehicle. A) were robbing / disguised B) robbed / was disguised C) were robbed / had disguised D) had been robbed / has disguised 206

E) would be robbing / is disguised 12. Advertising is very old. Examples of advertising ---- as far back as ancient Greece, where criers ---- out messages about their clients’ wares to the public. A) have found / were shouting B) would be found / had been shouted C) might be found / were shouted D) used to find / had been shouting E) can be found / shouted 13. The coach driver couldn’t see through the window because it......... properly. A) doesn’t clean B) didn’t use to clean C) wasn’t supposed to clean D) hadn’t been cleaned E) hasn’t cleaned 14. Portugal’s government ---- down by a military coup in 1974 and the new administration ---- the rights of Portuguese African territories to independence. A) was bringing / was recognised B) has brought / recognises C) was brought / recognised D) has been brought / is recognised E) had brought / had recognised 15. In order to keep his land fertile, a farmer ---- animal, plant or chemical fertilizers. A) had been used B) has to use C) must be used D) used to use E) can be used 16. During some of the war years, my father and his brother were separated ---- their parents because they were evacuated from London to the countryside. A) with B) for C) about D) from E) towards 17. In our company the sales representatives and the managers are provided ---- a company car. A) with B) from 207

C) by D) into E) for 18. The film “Rainmaker” is based ---- the book of the same name by John Grisham and tells the story of a newly qualified lawyer. A) for B) from C) on D) with E) by 19. Local residents ---- to radio-activity for weeks now because of the leak at the Nuclear Power station. A) are exposing B) have been exposed C) will have been exposed D) were exposed E) had been exposing 20. I’m sure they ---- with your gift. They --- a toaster for a long time. A) will thrill / wanted B) had thrilled / have wanted C) are going to thrill / had been wanting D) will be thrilled / have been wanting E) will have been thrilled / want 21. Under UK equal opportunity laws, an employee ---- against on the grounds of race, religion or gender. A) didn’t use to discriminate B) should not discriminate C) won’t have discriminated D) hasn’t been discriminating E) cannot be discriminated 22. The company ---- the advertisement because several viewers ---- that it was offensive. A) was being withdrawn / will complain B) withdraws / had complained C) had been withdrawn / were complaining D) could have withdrawn / complain E) had to withdraw / complained 23. Strict dieting to lose weight ---- only under a physician’s care. A) has attempted 208

B) should be attempted C) is attempting D) must have attempted E) had been attempting 24. Are you sure my table ---- by this cleaning fluid? A) won’t have damaged B) hadn’t damaged C) won’t be damaged D) isn’t damaging E) hasn’t been damaging 25. It’s our principle that the petrol tank ---- before the rental car ---- to the customer. A) is filled / is delivered B) must be filled / has delivered C) has filled / has been delivered D) was filled / had delivered E) will have filled / delivers 26. This morning, the attendant ---- a baby who ---- in an old blanket on the steps of the country hospital. A) finds / wrapped B) was being found / has been wrapped C) is finding / was wrapping D) found / was wrapped E) was found / had been wrapped 27. The sailing ship ---- about like a toy by the strong November wind. A) threw B) had thrown C) throws D) was being thrown E) has been throwing 28. All of the trees that ---- by the disease ---- ; otherwise, the problem will spread through the whole orchard. A) affect / must have been destroyed B) are affected / should be destroyed C) have been affected / destroy D) have been affecting / might be destroyed E) are affecting / will have been destroyed 29. In some states in the USA, prisoners who have received the death sentence ---- by lethal injection, while other states ---- prisoners in an “electric chair”. A) have been killing / are executed 209

B) had been killed / will execute C) are killed / execute D) will kill / are going to execute E) are killing / are executing 30. Most of the animals which now ---- wild on the island ---- there during the 19th century. A) live / were brought B) are living / had brought C) were living / are brought D) have been living / brought E) lived / have been brought 31. I ---- scuba diving lessons since last year, but I still ---- accustomed to breathing with all that equipment. A) took / hadn’t got B) am taking / didn’t get C) have been taking / haven’t got D) am taken / wasn’t getting E) will be taken / won’t be getting 32. You ---- the dogs in; otherwise, they ---- frightened when the fireworks go off. A) must have brought / got B) should have brought / have got C) are brought / are getting D) had better bring / will get E) have been brought / get 33. As far as I know, the body ---- by a child who ---- his bike through the park. A) has discovered / is riding B) had discovered / was ridden C) was being discovered / rides D) is discovered / is being ridden E) was discovered / was riding 34. The secretary ---- ---- in the conspiracy, but we don’t know whether she actually shot the senator or not. A) has been known / to be involving B) is known / to have been involved C) will have known / to involve D) knew / to have involved E) had been known / having involved 35. Robert is so clumsy with words that whenever he ---- his mouth, he ---- somebody. A) opens / insults B) opened / is insulted 210

C) will open / has insulted D) will have opened / is insulting E) had opened / was insulted SET 3 1. Oh, gosh! You ---- with a shark coming straight towards you. A) must have been terrified B) could have terrified C) must have been terrifying D) should have terrified E) used to be terrifying 2. The forest fire ---- an area of the Amazonian rain forest the size of France. A) was destroyed B) destroys C) will be destroyed D) has destroyed E) had been destroyed 3. Spiders ---- by many people, but most of them ---- to be harmless. A) had feared / were known B) have been feared / knew C) are feared / are known D) have feared / have known E) will be feared / know 4. Although specifically directed against slavery, the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution ---- since ---- by the federal courts as applicable to all forms of enforced labour. A) is / being viewed B) has / been viewed C) will / have been viewed D) has / been viewing E) is / viewing 5. My mother is quite old now and sometimes she ---- up and down steps. A) was to be helped B) has helped C) used to help D) must have helped E) has to be helped 6. As none of us have been there before, we ---- how much time we ---- for the journey. A) won’t decide / allowed 211

B) can’t decide / should allow C) might not decide / had allowed D) aren’t decided / allow E) haven’t been decided / will allow 7. As we ---- towards the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, thousands of people ---- in the opposite direction to protest about the increase in telephone rates. A) were being walked / have marched B) were walked / are marching C) were walking / have been marching D) walked / were marching E) are walking / had marched 8. After my father ---- me his old bicycle, I ---- to university, which was better for my health. A) was given / had cycled B) has been given / have been cycling C) was giving / will be cycling D) has given / will cycle E) had given / cycled 9. When the meadow behind the farm ----, my brother’s hayfever ----. A) was mowed / deteriorated B) mows / has deteriorated C) had been mowed / deteriorates D) mowed / had been deteriorating E) will have mowed / is deteriorating 10. The Irish people ---- to Christianity by Saint Patrick in the 5th century and Ireland had been a great centre of peace, culture and learning until it ---- by Vikings in the 9th century. A) have converted / invades B) were converted / was invaded C) were converting / has invaded D) have been converting / was invading E) had converted / was being invaded 11. I ---- to see that the thing which ---- out of the bushes in front of me in the dark alley was only a cat. A) had relieved / was jumped B) would relive / was jumping C) have been relieved / is jumping D) was relieved / jumped E) am relieved / is jumped 12. I wonder whether the hotel ---- us with towels or not. 212

A) is provided B) was provided C) had provided D) will provide E) is being provided 13. Fog over a city is usually more intense than over the surrounding countryside because the city ---- a greater amount of moisture into the atmosphere. A) is discharged B) has discharged C) discharges D) was discharged E) will be discharged 14. While she ---- the documents, she ---- several new French words. A) was translating / learnt B) translated / is learning C) is translated / has learned D) has been translating / will learn E) translates / was learning 15. It’s has been a wonderful party! I ---- myself so much in a long time. A) don’t enjoy B) won’t enjoy C) wasn’t enjoying D) haven’t enjoyed E)am not enjoying 16. Usually I ---- cash for things because I ---- using credit cards. A) pay / don’t like B) have paid / didn’t like C) am paid / am not liked D) am paying / haven’t liked E) have been paid / won’t like 17. I know that you ---- here in the bathroom, son, because I ---- the smoke at this very moment. A) smoke / am smelling B) smoked / could smell C) have been smoking / can smell D) were smoked / used to smell E) are smoking / might smell 18. This is the fifth time they ---- this record this morning. I wonder when they ---tired of it? A) play / are getting 213

B) were played / got C) had played / were getting D) are played / have got E) have played / will get 19. Sugar-free chewing gums ---- in the 1950s, and by the 1980s several brands ---- on the market. A) were introducing / were appearing B) were introduced / had appeared C) had been introduced / will appear D) would have introduced / appeared E) have been introduced / would be appearing 20. I really hate ---- waiting at the dentist. A) being kept B) keeping C) to have kept D) having kept E) to keep 21. Are you going to hold a party when you ----? A) were promoting B) will promote C) are promoted D) have promoted E) will be promoting 22. The twins ---- after by a German nanny for the last three years, so they can both speak German quite fluently. A) are looking B) were being looked C) have been looked D) will have looked E) have been looking 23. A: What have you done to your ankle? B: I ---- over while I ---- on Sunday. A) was tripped / had hiked B) would be tripping / have hiked C) had tripped / hiked D) had been tripped / would be hiking E) tripped / was hiking 24. Jeff ---- himself how to play the guitar during his years at university, and now he ---- the instrument like a professional. A) has taught / is played 214

B) taught / plays C) was teaching / will play D) will be taught / has played E) had been taught / was played 25. I ---- able to understand a lot more Turkish since the principles of vowel harmony ---- to me. A) will be / explained B) was / had explained C) should be / were explaining D) am / are explaining E) have been / were explained 26. By the end of the month, you ---- to lessons for two months, so you ---- to take your proficiency test. A) are coming / have been allowed B) are going to be coming / have allowed C) will have been coming / will be allowed D) have been coming / are allowed E) had been coming / will have allowed 27. You ---- your machine on the 13th March, so, allowing seven days for delivery, it ---- on or before the 20th. A) ordered / will be delivered B) have been ordering / has delivered C) are ordered / will be delivering D) are being ordered / is going to deliver E) will have ordered / delivers 28. They ---- the brochures but they haven’t bound them yet, so they ---- them until Monday. A) have been printed / shouldn’t deliver B) have printed / can’t deliver C) are printing / haven’t delivered D) are printed / couldn’t deliver E) will print / wouldn’t deliver 29. The teacher was certain that some of the students ---- by the new grammar, but they ---- any questions. A) had confused / weren’t asked B) were confusing / hadn’t asked C) had been confused / aren’t asked D) were confused / didn’t ask E) will be confused / haven’t asked 30. Saturated fats ---- ---- the level of cholesterol in the blood. 215

A) have known / to be raising B) know / having raised C) were known / to be raised D) knew / to have been raised E) are known / to raise 31. The results ---- by now, so let’s phone dad and see if he knows the score. A) should have broadcast B) might broadcast C) ought to be broadcasting D) must have been broadcast E) will have been broadcasting 32. We ---- some sleep when we get home because we ---- on a coach for sixteen hours. A) will need / will have been travelling B) needed / have been travelling C) are needed / are going to travel D) were needed / had been travelling E) need / are travelling 33. The head chef ---- that only fresh vegetables ---- in the production of their soups. A) has claimed / will have used B) was claimed / used C) is claimed / have been used D) claims / are used E) claimed / were using 34. A monastery ---- on this site in the 11th century, but these remains are of a later structure, which ---- in the 13th century. A) was founding / had built B) founded / was building C) was founded / was built D) had been founded / has been built E) have founded / would be built 35. Unfortunately, the student had confused the “present perfect” ---- the “past perfect” and therefore, he scored rather badly on his last examination. A) for B) with C) about D) by E) from 36. As long as I ---- at least three times a week, I’m sure I ---- any stage fright before the performance. A) rehearse / won’t experience 216

B) am rehearsing / haven’t experienced C) was rehearsing / hadn’t experienced D) will rehearse / am not experiencing E) rehearsed / don’t experience 37. Hopefully, I ---- refreshed and invigorated by the time I ---- from holiday. A) am feeling / have returned B) was feeling / was returned C) will be feeling / return D) am going to feel / am returned E) will have felt / had returned 38. Why is it always regarded as so funny when someone ---- on a banana skin? A) is slipped B) slipped C) was slipped D) had slipped E) slips 39. I ---- her only when she ---- that she was wrong. A) forgave / was admitted B) forgive / is admitted C) will forgive / admits D) am going to forgive / admitted E) have forgiven / will admit 40. Are you sure you ---- an umbrella? It looks as if it ----? A) didn’t need / has rained B) haven’t needed / has been raining C) don’t need / had been raining D) won’t need / is going to rain E) hadn’t needed / was raining 41. The party ---- only to employees. The employees’ families ---- as well. A) doesn’t limit / have invited B) isn’t limited / are invited C) wasn’t limited / invited D) hasn’t limited / had been invited E) won’t limit / were invited 42. The letters ----- in a drawer, in which Emily ---- all her personal keepsakes. A) are hidden / was kept B) were hidden / kept C) are hiding / is kept D) hid / was keeping E) had hidden / keeps 217

43. We ---- the evening until Frank ---- to an emergency. A) enjoyed / has been called B) enjoyed / was calling C) were enjoying / was called D) had enjoyed / has called E) will be enjoying / had been called 44. The parcel ---- back to the Post Office, because I was at work when they ---- to deliver it. A) took / were tired B) has been taking / are trying C) is taken / are tired D) had been taken / have tried E) was taken / tried 45. The nations of Central America ---- many cultural characteristics, and except in Belize, Spanish ---- in all of them as the official language. A) share / is spoken B) are sharing / has spoken C) are shared / has been speaking D) were sharing / had spoken E) shared / is speaking SET 4 1. The leader of the “Help the Children” program hopes that every child in the area ---- by a doctor before the end of the month. A) will be seeing B) is going to see C) had been seen D) has been seen E) will have been seen 2. Temperature ---- by a thermometer, a glass tube in which the height of a column of mercury or alcohol ---- with variations in temperature. A) is measured / changes B) measures / has been changed C) measured / had changed D) is measuring / has changed E) has measured / is changed 3. Before steel and concrete ---- as building materials, the carpenter ---- the major role in constructing all building frameworks. A) had introduced / was playing B) were introduced / played 218

C) have been introduced / would play D) were introducing / had played E) would introduce / has played 4. During World War II, the town of Coventry in England ........... almost completely ---- . A) was / destroying B) has been / destroyed C) had / destroyed D) was / destroyed E) would / have destroyed 5. Disease ---- ---- by creatures invisible to the naked eye that enter the body. A) is said / to be caused B) is saying / to cause C) has said / to be causing D) was said / to have caused E) said / to have been caused 6. Rosa Bonheur ---- as a great artist in her ownlifetime, when she ---- a medal in the name of King Louis Philippe. A) acknowledged / had awarded B) has been acknowledged / awarded C) was acknowledged / was awarded D) has acknowledged / was awarding E) was acknowledging / would be awarded 7. The Olympic Games ---- on television by millions of people worldwide. A) have watched B) will be watching C) are watched D) will have watched E) have been watching 8. Many recent works ---- that all children go through the same stages of language development regardless the language they ----- . A) are stressing / are learnt B) have stressed / are learning C) will be stressed / have learnt D) stressed / will be learnt E) were stressed / learn 9. Mary’s aunt ---- in hospital for some more tests. A) was supposed to keep B) is keeping C) was keeping 219

D) must have kept E) has been kept 10. If you ---- by the children while you ----, I can send the children outside to play. A) are troubling / have worked B) trouble / have been working C) will be troubled / worked D) are troubled / are working E) were troubled / had worked 11. I ---- excited at the thought that in less than a week we ---- in the mountains. A) am getting / will be skiing B) have got / have been skiing C) had got / will have skied D) will get / had been skiing E) will have got / ski 12. Mr. Grunfeld ---- for his humour already, but on this occasion the whole class ---hysterically. A) knew / had been laughing B) is known / was laughing C) has known / laughed D) knows / were laughed E) was known / laugh 13. She says that she ---- her mind whatever others ---- her. A) isn’t changed / have told B) wasn’t changed / were telling C) won’t change / tell D) didn’t change / were told E) hasn’t changed / are told 14. Originally, only the Chinese ---- acupuncture, but since the 1970s Western interest in this form of medical treatment ---- . A) were using / will have grown B) have used / was growing C) used / has been growing D) were used / is growing E) had been using / grew 15. In medieval times mattresses were filled ---- natural materials like feathers, straw and horsehair. A) of B) to C) from D) with 220

E) by 16. Until he ---- his name for the movie business, John Wayne ---- Marion Michael Morrison. A) was changing / called B) was changed / had been called C) has been changed / would call D) had changed / has been called E) changed / was called 17. New homes ---- in a safer area for the people whose village ---- away by the flood waters. A) are building / has been swept B) have been built / was sweeping C) will have built / has swept D) were building / had been sweeping E) were built / had been swept 18. The water tank on the iron ---- before the iron ---- away. A) has been emptied / puts B) must empty / has been put C) had to empty / put D) should be emptied / is put E) could have emptied / had been put 19. Mr. Swindle ---- at the moment because of the accusation of fraud. A) is being questioned B) was questioning C) has been questioning D) is questioning E) had been questioned 20. Social drinking, if it ----, ---- to alcoholism. A) doesn’t control / must lead B) isn’t controlled / can lead C) didn’t control / might lead D) hasn’t controlled / has led E) wasn’t controlled / had led 21. I would like these reports ---- as soon as the photocopier is available. A) to photocopy B) photocopy C) being photocopied D) to be photocopied E) having photocopied

221

22. The French brochure about the new machine ---- so that we can produce a leaflet in Turkish. A) used to be translated B) might have translated C) has to be translated D) must have translated E) will have translated 23. Because she is worried ---- walking home in the dark, she doesn’t like working late. A) of B) about C) from D) with E) for 24. I hope that the new calf ---- while I’m at home because I want to see it straight away. A) was born B) will bear C) bears D) bore E) will be born 25. The first official automobile race ---- in France in 1894. A) was held B) held C) had held D) has been held E) would have held 26. She thinks that she ---- against at her present work place just because she is a woman. A) discriminates B) discriminated C) is being discriminated D) will have discriminated E) had discriminated 27. He used to get so absorbed ---- his paintings that some days he would even forget to eat. A) of B) about C) for D) in 222

E) from 28. Employees who don’t have a good attendance record ---- on the management training scheme. A) haven’t accepted B) didn’t accept C) couldn’t have accepted D) don’t accept E) won’t be accepted 29. When you ---- a product in a foreign country, you ---- customs and cultural differences into consideration. A) have marketed / might have taken B) market / have been taken C) are marketing / ought to take D) are marketed / have to take E) were marketed / had to be taken 30. With the growing interest in tennis, today the sport ---- either competitively or informally by about forty million people worldwide. A) is played B) has been playing C) is playing D) has been played E) was played 31. Drugs ---- into the country mostly by sea and only a small percentage of them ever ---- discovered. A) had smuggled / got B) will be smuggling / have got C) were smuggled / will be getting D) are smuggled / get E) have been smuggling / are getting 32. Scotland’s national winter sport, curling is similar to bowling, but it is played ---ice. A) by B) with C) for D) in E) on 33. We all knew who she ---- , but no one ---- the actor’s name. A) will mean / should be remembered B) meant / could remember C) is meant / must have remembered 223

D) was meaning / could be remembered E) means / can remember 34. A ten percent pay rise has been offered ---- the corporation, but the employees aren’t very pleased ---- this amount. A) of / from B) in / about C) by / with D) at / of E) from / at 35. You ---- all deliveries before you ---- any paperwork. A) are checked / have signed B) have checked / will sign C) could check / are signed D) must check / sign E) may be checked / signed 36. Certain species of fish ---- their life among the corals, for they ---- them as a refuge from predators. A) are spent / are using B) spend / use C) will be spent / have used D) are spending / are used E) have spent / were used 37. "Coca Cola" ---- in almost every country in the world. A) is drunk B) has drunk C) is drinking D) drank E) was drinking 38. Don't talk about her award because she ---- embarrassed every time the subject ---- . A) is getting / has mentioned B) got / was mentioning C) gets / is mentioned D) has got / will be mentioned E) has been getting / mentioned 39. The police inspected the building and it appears that the bolts on the gate were cut ---- bolt cutters. A) from B) with 224

C) by D) on E) against 40. If a piece of granite is crushed ........... powder, one can easily pick out tiny fragments of the separate substances, or minerals, that it is composed ---- . A) by / from B) on / by C) to / with D) of / for E) into / of 41. The whole evening was spoilt ---- one stupid argument. A) by B) on C) in D) from E) for 42. She knew that, thanks to the influential acquaintance of hers, she would be hired ---- the position even if the interview didn't go well. A) with B) for C) about D) by E) from 43. The organization "Friends of the Earth" are ---- to the production of any form of nuclear power. A) obsessed B) blessed C) annoyed D) involved E) opposed 44. Mother Teresa ---- her life to helping people, particularly ill people and the poor. A) devoted B) blessed C) involved D) excited E) associated 45. Sarah's friends are concerned that she is getting too ---- in charity work and ignoring her studies. A) dedicated 225

B) involved C) estimated D) convinced E) related 46. I'm sure that she ---- with you. After all you tried every shop in town to get her what she wanted. A) hasn't annoyed B) won't have annoyed C) doesn't annoy D) didn't annoy E) won't be annoyed 47. Tomorrow is the start of a public holiday, so I guess all the buses and trains ---with people trying to benefit from the day-off. A) have been crowded B) will be crowded C) were crowded D) will have crowded E) are crowded 48. The day that Princess Diana got married ---- Prince Charles was a public holiday and flags were hung from houses and offices all over the country. A) with B) by C) to D) for E) from 49. The United Arab Emirates ---- by Qatar and the Persian Gulf on the north, Saudi Arabia on the west and south, and Oman on the east and northeast. A) is bordered B) has bordered C) bordered D) borders E) is being bordered 50. On the first day at her new company, she ---- to all of the staff, except for the salesman, whom she still hasn't met. A) is introduced B) will have introduced C) had introduced D)was introduced E) will be introduced

226

51.-65 sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakin olan seçeneği bulunuz. 51. Many English words are derived from Latin or Greek words. A) English people often use Latin and Greek words when speaking. B) The English language is a mixture of Latin and Greek. C) Most of the English words are a combination of Latin and Greek words. D) The origins of a lot of English words can be traced back to Latin or Greek. E) When there isn't an English word to describe something, English people often use Latin or Greek. 52. The link between smoking and cancer had never been acknowledged before this research. A) With the findings of this research, it was the first time anyone had acknowledged the link between smoking and cancer. B) Despite extensive research, the connection between smoking and cancer hadn't been proved. C) The connection between smoking and cancer hasn't been acknowledged yet, and it requires plenty of further research. D) The aim of the research was to find whether there was a link between smoking and cancer. E) No one has yet fully accepted that there is any connection between smoking and cancer. 53. The police kept the names of the suspects secret until after they'd arrested them. A) Although the police suspected certain people, they did not mention any names. B) The suspects didn't want their names broadcast until after they were in custody. C) The names of the suspects were not released by the police before their arrest. D) The police didn't know the names of the suspects before their arrest. E) Only after the suspects had been arrested did the secret become known to everybody. 54. A solution will never be found unless both parties discuss the problem openly. A) A solution can only result from both parties being satisfied with the conditions. B) Both sides must discuss the problem openly; otherwise, they wil never be able to solve it. C) There is never going to be a solution because both sides will not discuss the problem openly. D) lf one party does not turn up to the discussion, then it will be difficult to find a solution. E) After both sides have discussed the problem in detail, a solution will be found.

227

55. lt is believed to be impolite to ask a man about his salary. A) Asking a man how much he earns is supposed to be impolite. B) A lot of people think a man should never be asked how much money he has. C) You should never ask a man how much he earns because he will think you are very rude. D) lt is more impolite to ask a man how much he earns than it is to ask a woman. E) Asking a man about his salary is the easiest, but also the rudest, way to upset him. 56. lt was not until the 20th century that the north and south poles were reached by human beings. A) Before the 20th century, there were no human beings living at the north and south poles. B) Many attempts were made to reach the north and south poles, but the first successful one was in the 20th century. C) Before the 20th century, human beings didn't know that the north and south poles existed. D) Man was only able to reach the north and south poles in the 20th century. E) Until the 20th century, man lacked the equipment for a safe exploration of the north and south poles. 57. Many rivers are getting more and more polluted due to our thoughtless disposal of industrial waste. A) A problem we should look at today is that many factories dispose of their waste by releasing it into nearby rivers, which causes pollution. B) Because we dispose of industrial waste without thinking of the consequences, pollution levels in many rivers are getting worse. C) The problem of river pollution should be given more thought; otherwise, it is only going to get worse. D) River pollution is a growing problem because industrial progress has meant that once clean rivers are now too dirty to swim or fish in. E) We cannot keep disposing of our industrial waste by pouring it into rivers, and therefore, another solution must be found. 58. The whole team were committed to the project and devoted their spare time to it. A) Everybody was very excited about the project and spent lots of time planning it. B) All the members of the team were dedicated people who worked very hard. C) Everyone in the team was committed to the project, but those with more free time worked harder. D) The success of the project depends on all the members of the team being committed and devoted. E) All the members of the team devoted themselves to the project and dedicated their free time to it.

228

59. lt is claimed, but not proven, that watching violence on television affects children's behaviour. A) Parents should not let their children watch violence on television because it will have serious effects on their behaviour. B) Whether or not a child may be allowed to watch violence on television depends on how he reacts to it, but it is safer to restrict his viewing hours. C) Children's behaviour is claimed to be affected by watching violence on television, but this has not been proven. D) There are many experts who believe that some children are affected by watching violent films, while others are not. E) Studies carried out by a group of experts have proved that watching violence on television affects how children behave. 60. The new mayor of our town used to be a colleague of mine a long time ago. A) l worked for the new mayor of our town for a long time. B) The new mayor of our town was my colleague for a long time before he was elected C) One of my colleagues from many years ago is the new mayor of our town. D) It's a long time that l have known the person who has just been elected as mayor of our town. E) Many years ago, one of my colleagues was the mayor of our town. 61. Many people think that Sue and Dave are divorced, but they are, in fact, only separated. A) Sue and Dave don't live with each other any more and a lot of people think that they are going to be divorced soon. B) lt's widely believed that Sue and Dave are no longer married to each other; they are actually still married but living apart. C) Although Sue and Dave live apart from each other, the widespread belief among people is that they are still married. D) Sue and Dave told a lot of people that their marriage was over, but they haven’t got divorced yet. E) Some people thought that Sue and Dave were going to get divorced, but actually they only decided to get separated for some time. 62. The Moon is the only body in the universe, other than the Earth, whose surface features have been mapped in detail. A) The Moon and the Earth are two of the cosmic objects which have been explored in detail by human beings. B) When man landed on the Moon, it became possible to map its surface in almost as much detail as the Earth's. C) Despite the many travels man has made into space so far, he has only been able to map the surface of the Moon in a similar way to the Earth's.

229

D) Apart from the Earth, the only cosmic object with detailed maps showing its surface features is the Moon. E) The surface features of the Moon have been mapped in detail and found to be very similar to those of the Earth. 63. Someone should have warned us about the likelihood of being bitten by mosquitoes there at this time of year. A) We ought to have been warned that we were likely to be bitten by mosquitoes there at this time of year. B) Before we can decide whether to go or not, we need to know if there will be mosquitoes there at this time of year. C) We'd better ask someone there about the possibility of our contracting disease if we are bitten by mosquitoes. D) We didn't know mosquitoes were such a problem at this time of year, so we haven't brought any mosquito repellent. E) We made a big mistake by going there without asking anyone whether there were any mosquitoes there at this time of year. 64. Your salaries are going to be paid before the weekend. A) You'll have received your wages by the weekend. B) We can only pay your salaries at the end of the week. C) You should receive your wages sometime this week. D) We're definitely paying your salaries at the weekend. E) lt doesn't seem possible for us to pay your salaries before the weekend. 65. Our Rotary Club finances the children's home annual outing every year. A) The expenses for the children's home this year will be financed by the Rotary Club. B) The Rotary Club paid for the children's home, which has an outing every year. C) The children's home yearly outing is always paid for by our Rotary Club. D) The profit we get from the children's home yearly outing meets the expenses of our Rotary Club. E) Because of their financial problems, the children's home yearly outing will be met by our Rotary Club. 66. – 75. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 66. The measures the police took at last week's match were severely criticised by the supporters. A) Polisin geçen haftaki maç için aldığı önlemlere karşı taraftarların şiddete başvurmaları eleştirildi. B) Geçen haftaki maçta polisin aldığı önlemler taraftarlarca şiddetle eleştirildi. C) Taraftarlar, polisin geçen haftaki maçta aldığı önlemleri aşırı bularak eleştirdiler. D) Polis, geçen haftaki maçta taraftarlara karşı şiddet kullandığı için eleştirildi. 230

E) Taraftarların eleştirdiği nokta polisin geçen haftaki maçta aldığı önlemlerin çok aşırı olmasıydı. 67. The risk of developing heart disease in later life can be reduced by healthy eating and regular exercise. A) İlerki yaşlarda kalp hastası olma riskini azaltmak için sağlıklı beslenmeli ve düzenli egzersiz yapmalısınız. B) Sağlıklı beslenme ve düzenli egzersiz ilerki yaşlarda kalp hastalığına yakalanma riskini çok azaltmaktadır. C) İlerki yaşlarda kalp hastalığına yakalanma riskini azaltmanın tek yolu sağlıklı beslenmek ve düzenli egzersiz yapmaktır. D) İlerki yaşlarda kalp hastası olmak istemeyenler sağlıklı beslenerek ve düzenli egzersiz yaparak bu riski azaltabilirler. E) Sağlıklı beslenme ve düzenli egzersiz ile ilerki yaşlarda kalp hastalığına yakalanma riski azaltılabilir. 68. Propaganda may be defined as the spreading of information in order to influence public opinion. A) Kamuoyuna bilgi ulaştırmak ve onu etkilemek için propaganda yapılmaktadır. B) Kamuoyuna bilgi ulaştırmanın en etkin yolu propaganda yapmaktır. C) Propaganda yoluyla yayılan bilgi kamuoyunu etkileyebilir. D) Propaganda, kamuoyunu etkilemek için bilgi yaymak biçiminde tanımlanabilir. E) Propaganda yoluyla bilgi yayılabilir ve böylece kamuoyu etkilenebilir. 69. Scientists are concerned that the warming of the Earth's surface could reach dangerous extents and cause severe damage to the environment. A) Bilimadamları, tehlikeli boyutlara ulaştığı takdirde çevre bakımından zararlı olacağı için dünya yüzeyindeki ısınma ile yakından ilgilenmektedirler. B) Bilimadamlarını endişelendiren, dünya yüzeyindeki tehlikeli boyutlara varan ısınmadan dolayı çevrenin büyük zarar görüyor olmasıdır. C) Bilimadamlarını en çok ilgilendiren konu dünya yüzeyindeki ısınmadır çünkü bu ısınma tehlikeli boyutlara ulaşmış ve çevreye zarar vermeye başlamıştır. D) Bilimadamları, dünya yüzeyindeki ısınmanın tehlikeli boyutlara ulaşıp çevreye büyük zarar vermesinden endişe duymaktadır. E) Bilimadamları, dünya yüzeyindeki ısınmanın tehlikeli boyutlara ulaşabileceğini ve bunun çevreye büyük zarar vereceğini iddia etmektedir. 70. The townspeople are closely watching every movement of the stranger, who has recently come and settled in our town and who is said to be a poet. A) Geçenlerde kasabamıza gelen ve kasaba halkı tarafından her hareketi ilgiyle izlenen yabancının şair olduğu söyleniyor. B) Kabasa halkı, geçenlerde kasabamıza gelip yerleşen ve şair olduğu söylenen yabancının her hareketini yakından izliyor.

231

C) Kısa bir süre önce kasabamıza gelip yerleştiğinden beri tüm kasaba halkının merakla izlediği yabancı şair olduğunu söylüyor. D) Kasabamıza gelen yabancının şair olduğu kısa sürede anlaşılınca, kasaba halkı onun her hareketini ilgiyle izlemeye başladı. E) Geçenlerde kasabamıza şair olduğu söylenen bir yabancı gelip yerleşti ve o günden beri kasaba halkı onun her hareketini yakından izliyor. 71. As business becomes more and more global in nature, the likelihood that one country will be affected by a crisis in another increases. A) İş dünyasında gittikçe büyüyen küreselleşme sonucu bir ülkedeki krizin diğer bir ülkeyi etkilememesi neredeyse kaçınılmazdır. B) Giderek daha çok küreselleşen iş dünyası bir ülkede başlayan krizin artarak diğer ülkelere de yayılacağı olasılığını dikkate almalıdır. C) İş dünyası yapı olarak küreselleştikçe, bir ülkenin başka bir ülkedeki krizden etkilenmesi olasılığı da artmaktadır. D) İş dünyasındaki küreselleşme, doğal olarak, bir kriz durumunda sadece bir ülkenin değil diğer ülkelerin de etkileneceği görüşünü kuvvetlendirmektedir. E) İş dünyasındaki küreselleşmenin doğal bir sonucu da, krizlerin bir ülkeden diğerine sıçrama olasılığını arttırmış olmasıdır. 72. Dolphins have been observed to be able to communicate with each other by using very high–pitched whistles. A) Yunusların, birbirleriyle iletişim kurarken kullandıkları ıslıkların çok yüksek perdeden olduğu saptanmıştır. B) Yapılan gözlemler sonucu yunusların, çok yüksek perdeden ıslıklar çıkararak kendi aralarında iletişim sağladıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. C) Yunuslar kendi aralarında iletişimi, çok yüksek perdeden ıslıklar kullanarak sağlamaktadırlar. D) Çok yüksek perdeden ıslıklar çıkarabilen yunusların, bu şekilde birbirleriyle iletişim kurdukları düşünülmektedir. E) Yunusları, çok yüksek perdeden ıslıklar kullanarak birbirleriyle iletişim kurabildikleri gözlenmiştir. 73. The sixth question should be excluded from the test as the students haven't been taught this subject yet. A) Öğrenciler bu konuyu henüz öğrenmedikleri için altıncı soruyu testten çıkarmak gerekiyor. B) Altıncı sorunun testten çıkarılması gerekir çünkü bu konu öğrencilere henüz öğretilmedi. C) Henüz öğrenciere öğretilmemiş bir konudan olan altıncı sorunun testten çıkarılması gerekirdi. D) Testten çıkarılan altıncı soru öğrencilere henüz öğretilmemiş olan bir konudandı.

232

E) Altıncı soru öğrencilerin henüz öğrenmedikleri bir konudandı ve testten çıkarılması gerekiyordu. 74. I’m opposed to children being given too much homework for the summer holiday. A) Yaz tatili için çocuklara çok fazla ödev verilmesine karşıyım. B) Yaz tatili için çocuklara çok fazla ödev verilmesini doğru bulmuyorum. C) Bence yaz tatili için çocuklara hiç ödev verilmemeli. D) Yaz tatili için çocuklara ödeve verilmeli ama çok fazla değil. E) Yaz tatili için ödev verilmesine itiraz eden çocukların haklı olduğunu düşünüyorum. 75. The ground–floor of the new shopping centre was opened last weekend, but the construction work is still continuing on the upper floors. A) Üst katlarda inşaat işlerinin hala devam etmesi nedeniyle yeni alışveriş merkezinin açılışı ancak geçen hafta sonu, giriş katta yapılabildi. B) Geçen hafta sonu açılışı yapılan yeni alışveriş merkezinin giriş katı hariç diğer tüm katlarında inşaat devam ediyor. C) Geçen hafta açılan alışveriş merkezinin giriş katının inşaatı bitti ancak üst katlarınki henüz tam olarak bitmedi. D) Üst katlarda devam eden inşaata rağmen yeni alışveriş merkezinin açılışı geçen hafta sonu giriş katta yapıldı. E) Yeni alışveriş merkezinin giriş katı geçen hafta sonu açıldı ama üst katlarda inşaat hala devam ediyor. 76. – 85. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 76. 1933'te Naziler, güç gösterisi yaparak, Berlin'de tanınmış Alman yazarlarının binlerce kitabını yaktı. A) in Berlin in 1933, the Nazis demonstrated their power by burning thousands of books by well–known German authors. B) Thousands of books by many well–known German authors were burnt by the Nazis in Berlin in 1933, in an attempt to display their power. C) As a means of protest to the Nazis’ display of power in Berlin in 1933, Germany's well known authors burnt thousands of their books. D) In 1933, demonstrating their power, the Nazis burnt thousands of books by Germany's best–known authors in Berlin. E) Germany's well–known authors burnt thousands of books as the Nazis entered Berlin in 1933, as a display of their power. 77. Kendisine gerçeğin söylenmediğini anlayınca büyük hayal kırıklığına uğradı. A) He was extremely disappointed, but he still refused to confess the truth. B) He was very disappointed when he realised that he hadn't been told the truth. C) in great disappointment, he realised that nothing he was told was true. D) It was very disappointing for him to realise that the truth was not what he had been told. 233

E) To his disappointment, they hadn't told him the truth. 78. Paris'te düzenlenen moda defilelerine dünyanın her yerinden pek çok insan katılır. A) Fashion shows which are held in Paris attract many people from all around the world. B) Many people from all over the world attend the fashion shows that are held in Paris. C) People from all around the world wish to see the fashion shows in Paris. D) The fashion shows held in Paris are attended by many people from all over the world. E) Many fashion shows are held in Paris, to which people the world over are attracted. 79. Yetkililer bölgede inceleme yapmadan depremin yol açtığı hasarın doğru bir değerlendirmesi yapılamaz. A) We can only assess the damage from the earthquake precisely after the authorities have completed their survey in the area. B) For a thorough assessment of the situation in the area, we have to wait for the authorities’ report listing the damage from the earthquake. C) No accurate assessment of the damage caused by the earthquake can be made before the authorities survey the area. D) This assessment of the damage from the earthquake cannot be precise as the authorities are still surveying the area. E) The assessment of the damage caused by the earthquake won't be accurate until we receive the report from the authorities surveying the area. 80. Ulaşım için pek elverişli olmasalar da Japonya'nın nehirleri sulama ve elektrik üretiminde yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. A) Japan's rivers are not used intensively for navigation, but they certainly are for irrigation and the generation of electricity. B) Although they are suitable for irrigation and the generation of electricity, Japan's rivers are not of any use for navigation. C) Besides their use for navigation, Japan's rivers are also widely used for irrigation and the generation of electricity. D) ln spite of having no use for navigation, the rivers are extensively used in Japan for irrigation and the generation of electricity. E) Though they are not of much use for navigation, Japan's rivers are used intensively for irrigation and the generation of electricity. 81. Dünyadan görüldükleri biçimiyle yıldızların yerini gösteren haritalar asırlardır yapılmaktadır. A) For many centuries, people have been mapping the stars as they see them from the Earth. B) Because some of the stars can be seen from the Earth, maps locating them are available. C) Many centuries ago, the stars that could be seen from the Earth were mapped. D) Maps locating the stars, as seen from the Earth, have been made for centuries. 234

E) Only maps of the stars that can be seen from the Earth have been drawn so far. 82. Yaklaşık 9 bin hektar tarım alanına sahip Tunus'ta çoğu ürün kuru tarım yöntemleriyle yetiştirilmektedir. A) In Tunisia, where about 9 thousand hectares are in cultivation, dryfarming methods are widely used. B) Tunisia has 9 thousand hectares of farming area and, in most of it, crops are grown using dry–farming methods. C) in Tunisia, which has about 9 thousand hectares of farming land, most crops are grown by dry–farming methods. D) Tunisia has no other choice but use dry–farming methods for its 9 thousand hectares of land in cultivation. E) Of the 9 thousand hectares of cultivated area Tunisia has, most is used for growing crops suitable for dry–farming methods. 83. Sınıf içi çalışmalar kişiye araba kullanmasını öğretemez çünkü bu beceri ancak pratik yaparak kazanılabilir. A) No classroom activities can teach a person how to drive, for this skill can only be acquired by practical experience. B) Driving skills can only be acquired through practice, so instead of wasting time with classroom instructions, the person should just practise driving. C) While practical experience is vital in acquiring driving skills, classroom activities are of little importance. D) Classroom activities alone can't teach a person how to drive, so he has to practise driving a car in order to acquire this skill. E) A person doesn't acquire driving skills by listening to the classroom instructions, but by getting practice out on the roads. 84. Cilt katmanlarındaki hasarın derinliğine bağlı olarak yanıklar birinci, ikinci ya da üçüncü derece biçiminde sınıflandırılırlar. A) There are three types of burns, first, second or third degree, classified according to the depth of the damage to the layers of skin. B) The classification of burns as first, second or third degree shows how deep the damage is to the layers of skin. C) The three degrees of burns, first, second or third, tell us how deeply the layers o skin have been damaged. D) In order to classify burns considering the damage to the layers of skin, the terms first, second or third degree are used. E) Burns are classified as first, second or third degree, depending on the depth of the damage to the layers of skin. 85. Tarih boyunca pek çok faktör insanların giyinme biçimini etkilemiştir. A) People have been affected by many factors throughout history concerning how they dress. 235

B) C) D) E)

Throughout history, many factors have affected the manner in which people dress. The factors that have affected the way people dress can be traced back through history. For various reasons, people have dressed differently throughout history. Dresses that people have worn throughout history have been of various styles.

PART II SET 1 1. The statistics ---- that education levels in the UK ---- in the areas of mathematics and English in recent months. A) are shown / are improved B) show / have been improving C) will be shown / will be improved D) had been showing / have improved E) were shown / might improve 2. Due to the pressure which ---- on schools to improve their results in mathematics and English, arts and crafts ----. A) is placing / were neglected B) will place / were neglecting C) was placed / have been neglected D) had been placed / are neglecting E) placed / will have neglected 3. Understandably, his colleagues ---- when John left his job just after he ---- . A) are shocked / was promoting B) have been shocked / is promoted C) were shocked / had been promoted D) had been shocked / has promoted E) are being shocked / is promoting 4. The sentence ---- out by the judge when the court reassembles after lunch. A) was read B) had been read C) should read D) will be read E) will have read 5. For today’s writing test, you ---- to write a composition of at least four paragraphs. A) have required B) require C) required D) will have required 236

E) are required 6. In my opinion, all the debts of the Third World countries … by the USA and the EU. A) should be cancelled B) are cancelling C) could be cancelling D) ought to have cancelled E) have been canceling 7. International relations is a 20th-century subject, though foreign policy ---- out between countries for many centuries. A) is being carried B) was carrying C) has been carried D) had been carrying E) will have carried 8. To achieve the unique coral red of the Ottoman tiles in the 16th century, craftsmen ---- a mixture of iron-oxide and quartz. A) used to fire B) were fired C) have fired D) will be fired E) could be fired 9. ‘PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL’ ---- in capital letters on the envelope, but still the letter was open when it ---- on my desk. A) was written / was put B) had written / was putting C) is being written / has put D) was writing / has been put E) has been written / will be put 10. The pretty flower Viola ---- in 1863 by a Scottish plant breeder, who ---- wild pansies with a garden variety. A) is created / had been crossing B) was created / crossed C) has been created / was crossing D) created / was crossed E) could create / had crossed 11. The area around the village of Grange in the Lake District ---- the ‘Jaws of Borrowdale’ because of the jagged rocks which ---- the valley. A) is being called / are bordered B) has been called / were bordered 237

C) is called / border D) had called / will border E) would be called / have bordered 12. The lead mine, which ---- since Roman times, ---- work for the local inhabitants. A) is using / provided B) will be used / has provided C) has been used / provides D) is used / will provide E) has used / is going to provide 13. Experts say that your chances of a long and healthy life ---- if you ---- plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables A) enhance / are eaten B) will be enhanced / were eating C) enhanced / are eating D) are enhanced / eat E) have enhanced / will be eaten 14. When he ---- his room for the first time in his life, his mother ---- him a look of surprise. A) will tidy / will be giving B) had been tidying / was given C) has been tidied / gives D) was tidying / has given E) tidied / gave 15. Since the 1960s, new roads ---- in Lhasa, Tibet’s capital, and now a highway system ---- the city with the major cities in neighbouring provinces. A) have been built / connects B) were built / is connected C) had built / is connecting D) are being built / has connected E) could have built / will connect 16. It’s true that life ---- as anything may happen at any time, but some precautions, such as insurance policies, ---- against disaster. A) mustn’t be predicted / have taken B) shouldn’t predict / have been taking C) doesn’t predict / are taking D) can’t be predicted / can be taken E) hasn’t predicted / might be taken 17. Harry&Senga’s octagonal-shaped home ---- by James Salmon in 1890. It ---- that he only designed ten octagonal properties. 238

A) was building / thinks B) has been built / was thought C) would have built / was thinking D) had been built / has been thinking E) was built / is thought 18. When yellow paint ---- with blue, it ---- green. A) mixes / is produced B) mixed / was produced C) has been mixing / has produced D) will mix / will be produced E)is mixed / produces 19. 1999 ---- a year when many tragedies ---- including the terrible mud slides in Venezuela and the horrific earthquakes in Turkey. A) is / were happening B) was / happened C) is being / will happen D) has been / had been happening E) had been / have happened 20. The last two times I ---- the health club, I ---- for my membership card, but we had better take them with us today. A) have visited / haven’t asked B) was visited / don’t ask C) visited / wasn’t asked D) was visiting / didn’t ask E) had visited / won’t be asked 21. As might be expected from China’s huge area and variety of regional climates, most of the types of plants that ---- in the Northern Hemisphere ---- there, except for those varieties common to the arctic and tundra regions. A) will grow / have found B) are grown / are finding C) have grown / were being found D) grow / can be found E) will have grown / used to be found 22. Mount Everest ---- as the highest point on the earth until 1852, when the governmental Survey of India ---- the fact. A) hasn’t been recognised / established B) didn’t recognise / has established C) hasn’t recognised / would establish D) wouldn’t recognise / was established E) wasn’t recognised / established 239

23. Alternatives to the ‘right to trial by jury’ system ---- , but all the ideas which ---so far are unacceptable. A) are being considered / have been discussed B) have been considering / were discussed C) had been considered / are discussing D) have considered / have been discussing E) are considering / are discussed 24. People now can buy and sell shares over the Internet and it ---- that over 50 new millionaires ---- this years by ‘e-commerce’. A) is estimating / are creating B) had been estimated / create C) is estimated / will be created D) estimated / had been creating E) will have estimated / were created 25. Numerous expeditions, which ---- by various countries, ---- since the first successful climb of Mount Everest. A) are sponsored / are being undertaken B) were sponsored / have been undertaken C) have sponsored / will be undertaking D) have been sponsored / undertook E) had sponsored / will have undertaken 26. Recently, a new vaccine against measles ---- . A) will have developed B) had been developing C) had developed D) was developing E) has been developed 27. The lounge carpet ---- after Ralf ---- some bleach on it. A) is ruined / was spilling B) has ruined / had spilt C) has been ruined / was spilt D) was ruined / spilt E) will have ruined / is spilt 28. All the expenses of shipping your furniture ---- by the company, so you needn’t worry about that. A) will bear B) will be borne C) are bearing D) were bearing E) might have borne 240

29. From the 4th to the 18th of next month, contemporary glass and ceramics ---- at the Fenny Lodge Gallery. A) will be displayed B) are displaying C) had been displayed D) will have been displaying E) have been displayed 30. Before the UN sanctions ---- , 60 to 80 percent of our dates ---- from Iraq. A) were imposed / were obtained B) are imposing / are obtaining C) were imposing / have obtained D) imposed / will be obtained E) are being imposed / have been obtained 31. A ‘Welsh dresser’ ---- as a piece of kitchen furniture which ---- shelves and cupboards in one unit. A) should be described / is combined B) has described / can combine C) can be described / combines D) used to describe / combined E) is described / could be combined 32. Since Bernard ---- from the bank, he ---- unable to find another job. A) was dismissed / has been B) used to be dismissed / is C) has been dismissed / had to be D) had been dismissing / was E) will be dismissed / might have been 33. By the time we ---- , all the covered seats ---- . A) arrive / might have occupied B) will arrive / have been occupying C) are arriving / will occupy D) were arriving / have been occupied E) arrived / had been occupied 34. I’m glad you didn’t give me this essay yesterday after all. We had a long power cut, so I ---- it for you. A) won’t be able to type B) couldn’t have typed C) had better not type D) may not be typed E) must not have typed

241

35. Experts are not sure whether skiing ---- into the USA for the first time by Scandinavian settlers or by Indians from Canada. A) is introduced B) will be introduced C) was being introduced D) was introduced E) can be introduced SET 2 1. Guns ---- away securely so that children ---- them. A) had better lock / won’t have reached B) ought to be locked / weren’t reaching C) may be locking / shouldn’t reach D) should be locked / can’t reach E) could have locked / may not reach 2. China ---- to have extensive petroleum reserves, both on land and offshore. A) believes B) has believed C) will believe D) believed E) is believed 3. St. John’s Wort, a natural herbal supplement which ---- Hypericin, ---- for centuries to treat minor ailments. A) is contained / used B) contains / has been used C) is containing / is being used D) was containing / is used E) has contained / has used 4. Many interesting relies of the Kennedy family ---- in Culzean Castle, Scotland. A) will have contained B) contain C) contained D) are contained E) have contained 5. Peace in Northern Ireland ---- after the two sides ---- for months. A) was achieved / negotiated B) is achieved / were negotiating C) will have achieved / are negotiated D had been achieving / have negotiated 242

E) has been achieved / negotiate 6. Animal lovers in England ---- that fox hunting with horses and dogs ---- illegal. A) are demanded / can make B) have demanded / is making C) demand / should be made D) have been demanded / was made E) will demand / will have made 7. The UN official ---- by Kosovan villagers to the spot where they believed the mass grave ---- . A) is taken / is locating B) is taking / locates C) will be taken / located D) had taken / had been located E) was taken / was located 8. I really dislike it when I ….… the incorrect change by the ferry cashiers in Istanbul. A) have given B) gave C) give D) am given E) had been given 9. Dogs, which .....… man since ancient times, were mainly used on farms or for hunting in earlier times, but today they ---- to a wide range of uses, such as drug or victim detection. A) are accompanied / have been put B) have accompanied / are put C) had been accompanying / are putting D) were accompanying / put E) accompany / are being put 10. In traditional cultures, it is widely believed that when a man ---- a mask, his religious or magical powers ---- by changing identity and becoming another being. A) has worn / release B) is worn / have released C) wears / are released D) had worn / will have released E) will be worn / are being released 11. Obviously, the headmaster ---- that students ---- better to the new teaching methods. A) is believed / are responding B) believes / will respond 243

C) has believed / have been responded D) was believed / had been responding E) will believe / will be responded 12. We ---- that my father’s new car ---- by Friday. He has promised to give his old one to me and I want to drive to Ankara in it at the weekend. A) are expected / will be delivering B) expect / will have been delivered C) have been expecting / is delivering D) had expected / was delivering E) are expecting / will have delivered 13. The book ‘The Lost Continent’ ---- Bill Bryson is based ---- the author’s own experience in America. A) from / at B) of / with C) with / from D) by / on E) for / about 14. Of the many attempts to find clues for predicting the location, time and strength of future earthquakes, the best results seem to be associated ---- seismicity studies using earthquake observations. A) with B) on C) about D) to E) in 15. Silvia repairs rush chairs and she is often so absorbed ---- her work that she barely notices the world around her. A) in B) on C) with D) from E) to 16. Because of the expense of their traditional wedding, they had to limit the guests ---- their close relatives and friends. A) towards B) at C) in D) to E) with

244

17. The Serbian warlord Zelijco Raxnatovic, who ---- as “Arkan”, ---- in Belgrade in January, 2000. A) had known / would be assassinated B) has been known / assassinates C) was known / was assassinated D) knew / had been assassinated E) is known / assassinated 18. When Tiger Woods ---- his sixth golfing title in a row, he equalled the record of Ben Hogen, which ---- 52 years ago. A) was won / had set B) is won / had been set C) won / was set D) wins / has been set E) has won / was setting 19. Although earthquakes ---- death and destruction through such secondary effects as landslides, tsunamis and fires, the greatest loses in terms of both lives and property ---- from the collapse of man-made structures during the violent shaking of the ground. A) are causing / were resulted B) have been caused / resulted C) had been causing / will result D) ought to be caused / have resulted E) can cause / result 20. This year a woman ---- President of Finland for the first time in the country’s history. A) was elected B) is elected C) has elected D) was electing E) elected 21. The civil war in Sudan ---- for seventeen years now, and so far, two million people ---- . A) continued / will have been killed B) has been continuing / have been killed C) is continuing / had been killed D) was continuing / were killed E) will have continued / will have killed 22. Most of the 700 protesters the police ---- at Mexico’s largest university---- within days. A) had arrested / will have freed 245

B) C) D) E)

are arrested / will be freed will be arresting / have freed arrested / were freed were arrested / may be freed

23. 20 million seahorses, which ---- in Chinese medicine, ---- from the oceans each year. A) will be using / are being taken B) were used / will have taken C) will be used / must have taken D) can be used / have taken E) are used / are taken 24. When Thailand ---- as Siam, mighty elephants ---- its kings into battle. A) had known / were carried B) is known / have been carrying C) knew / could be carried D) was known / used to carry E) has known / had to carry 25. In recent years, the elephant’s usefulness for labour and a means of transportation ---- by technology. A) will be eliminated B) has been eliminated C) is eliminating D) had been eliminating E) eliminated 26. Today, in many countries, as many as one third of all cancer deaths ---- to cigarette smoking. A) are attributed B) can attribute C) had attributed D) were attributed E) will have attributed 27. My cousin had emotional problems as a teenage because he ---- up properly. A) hasn’t brought B) isn’t bringing C) hadn’t been brought D) didn’t bring E) won’t be brought 28. Our horse ---- when the fence ---- down in a storm. 246

A) was escaping / blew B) is escaping / will be blown C) has been escaped / has blown D) must be escaped / had blown E) escaped / was blown 29. Human settlement at Sandford ---- back to Norman times, when a group of monks ---- a monastery there. A) had traced / were built B) has traced / are built C) could have been traced / build D) can be traced / built E) should be traced / had been built 30. The old lady ---- by two rottweiler dogs when a Shropshire huntsman ---- her life. A) had savaged / was saved B) was being savaged / saved C) was savaging / was saving D) could be savaged / had saved E) is being savaged / had been saved 31. Are you sure my tablecloth ---- permanently by this red wine? A) won’t stain B) isn’t being stained C) won’t be stained D) shouldn’t have stained E) didn’t use to stain 32. The ascent of Ben Nevis, the highest point in British Isles, ---- only in fair weather. A) should be attempted B) could have attempted C) may attempt D) ought to attempt E) will be attempting 33. The team of climbers ---- to return to the campsite because heavy cloud ---- their vision. A) were decided / was restricted B) decided / restricted C) can decide / will be restricted D) should decide / was restricting E) have been decided / restricts 34. Although the queen of UK has in fact little authority of her own, she ---- informed of events, and sometimes, she ---- by the government in power. A) keeps / has consulted 247

B) can be kept / should consult C) is kept / is consulted D) will keep / was consulted E) has kept / had consulted 35. I’m sure he ---- in your lecture. He ---- monarch butterflies for ten years now. A) had been interested / studies B) will have interested / is studying C) interested / will have been studying D) will be interested / has been studying E) interests / was studying SET 3 1. Your order ---- tomorrow, so you ---- it on Friday. A) is being sent / have received B) will be sent / should receive C) has been sent / must be received D) will have sent / can receive E) is going to send / are received 2. Apparently, the incident ---- the reputation of the club as it ---- quite a few members recently. A) was damaged / was losing B) has damaged / has lost C) will be damaged / is losing D) can damage / has been lost E) will have damaged / is lost 3. If the topsoil that ---- much of the Earth’s surface ---- in some way, it can be carried away by wind or washed away by water in a process called erosion. A) is covering / hasn’t protected B) has covered / wont have protected C) covers / isn’t protected D) is covered / won’t be protected E) was covered / hadn’t been protected 4. Although their carpets ---- primarily for mosques, sometimes, they ---- designs for restaurants and hotels as well. A) are designed / produce B) have been designed-were produced C) will be designed / were producing D) have designed / had been producing E) design / are producing 5. The board ---- that a takeover by a foreign company ---- at all costs. 248

A) was decided / should avoid B) has been decided / was avoided C) decided / may have avoided D) has decided / must be avoided E) decides-would avoid 6. I am attending a presentation by Ford today, but I ---- whether I ---- a really formal suit or something more comfortable A) won’t decide / have worn B) mustn’t decide / could have worn C) won’t be decided / wear D) haven’t been decided / will wear E) can’t decide / should wear 7. While the injured child ---- to the ambulance on a stretcher, a woman ---running, saying that she was his mother. A) had been carried / will come B) was carrying / was coming C) was being carried / came D) has been carrying / could come E) has been carried / has come 8. After he ---- his restaurant, he ---- hard every day to make it successful, so his business became a popular eating place. A) has opened / will work B) was opened / will be working C) was opening / had worked D) had opened / worked E) has been opened / is working 9. When the new road around the town ----, the noise levels in our street ---- . A) was completed / dropped B) has completed / have dropped C) had been completed / drop D) completed / had been dropping E) will have completed / will drop 10. After better lighting ---- in the office, Jennifer’s headaches ---- . A) is installing / should disappear B) was installed / disappeared C) had been installed / have disappeared D) will have installed / is disappearing E) installed / was disappearing 249

11. The tourists ---- about the way in which they ---- by the tour operators during the trip. A) can complain / were treating B) were complained / are being treated C) are complaining / have treated D) have been complained / are treated E) complained / had been treated 12. I wonder whether the electrical store ---- us tomorrow for the delivery of the freezer or not. A) is charged B) will charge C) has charged D) is being charged E) will be charged 13-The Prince Henry car ---- by Vauxball in 1911. Today only eleven ----, all of which are priceless. A) introduced / are existing B) was introduced / exist C) have been introduced / existed D) had introduced / have existed E) used to introduce / will exist 14. I ---- about the famous poet Celin’s tragic personal life while I ---- information for my essay. A) am learning / researched B) have learnt / had researched C) learnt / was researching D) will learn / have been researched E) was learnt / had been researching 15. According to archaeological records, chickens ---- for the first time in the cities of the Indus Valley in about 3000 BC. A) had domesticated B) have been domesticated C) were domesticating D) used to domesticate E) were domesticated 16. The origin of April Fool’s Day, the first day of April, is uncertain, but it ---- to arrival of spring in late March, when nature ---- to “fool” humanity with changes in weather. 250

A) has been related / has said B) may be related / is said C) ought to relate / has been said D) relates / is saying E) can be related / will say 17. Generally, Mr Eames ---- by his colleagues, but he ---- to be aware of this fact. A) isn’t liked / doesn’t seem B) doesn’t like / hasn’t seemed C) didn’t like / didn’t seem D) hasn’t liked / wont have seemed E) won’t have liked / didn’t seem 18. I know you ---- my cosmetics again as right now, I ---- my perfume in the room. A) are used / am smelling B) used / could have smelt C) have been using / can smell D) were used / must be smelling E) are using / have smelt 19. This is fifth time I ---- a phone call for a hairdresser’s. I wonder if our number ---by mistake in a hairdresser’s advertisement. A) am receiving / is printing B) was received / was printed C) had received / were printing D) have received / has been printed E) will have received / printed 20. Every year, more than 200,000 acres of forest ---- in the USA by fires in a single summer. A) are destroyed B) have been destroying C) will have destroyed D) were destroying E) ought to have destroyed 21. Serving as president of the National American Women Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt ---- success in 1920 when women ---- equal rights to vote in the US. A) achieved / were given B) had achieved / were giving C) would have achieved / had given D) could achieve / have been given 251

E) has achieved / would be given 22. The disease of cattle, Texas Fever, ---- in the Western Hemisphere during the Spanish colonisation of Mexico, but by 1980, it ---- completely from the US. A) had introduced / was eradicated B) introduced / was eradicating C) must be introduced / could be eradicated D) has been introduced / had eradicated E) was introduced / had been eradicated 23. Sait ---- in Salzkammergut, Austria, since prehistoric times, but the town ---- most of its income today from tourism. A) was being mined / is gaining B) was mined / has been gained C) has been mined / gains D) is being mined / gained E) will be mined / has gained 24. I really hate ---- by salespeople when I’m shopping. A) to have pestered B) being pestered C) to pester D) pestering E) having pestered 25. Don’t forget us all as soon as you ---- . A) were promoting B) will promote C) were promoted D) have been promoted E) will be promoting 26. The plants in the hall ---- after by the caretaker, who ---- them every day. A) are looking / is watering B) were being looked / has watered C) have been looked / is watered D) are looked / waters E) will have looked / watered 27. A: What have you done to your wrist? B: I ---- off a cliff face while I ---- on Saturday. A) fell / was climbing B) was falling / climbed C) had fallen / have climbed D) have fallen / was climbed 252

E) fall / would be climbing 28. When she ---- her husband, Silvia ---- herself to weave rush seats, and now she repairs them for her livelihood. A) was divorced / has taught B) has divorced / was teaching C) is divorced / will be taught D) divorced / taught E) was divorcing / had been taught 29. I ---- able to calculate quotations for customers since the company procedure ---to me. A) will be / has explained B) have been / was explained C) was / had explained D) should be / were explaining E) am / will have explained 30. At the end of the training session, you ---- a test. Students who pass ---- to scuba dive in the open seas. A) are given / have allowed B) have given / have been allowed C) will be given / will be allowed D) had been giving / are allowed E) have been giving / will have allowed 31. Oh gosh! You ---- meeting Leonardo Di Caprio in real life. I wish I had been you. A) could have excited B) must have been excited C) might have been exciting D) should have excited E) are supposed to be excited 32. The garden of our house ---- from the farm next door by a stream. A) is separated B) separates C) will separate D) has separated E) separated 33. So long as you ---- them a reasonable price, I’m sure they ---- the tiles from you. A) have been given / bought B) give / will buy C) had been giving / are buying D) will give / are bought E) are given / have been buying 253

34. Hopefully, I ---- comfortable in my job by the time I ---- my training. A) have felt / was finishing B) was feeling / was finished C) am going to feel / am finished D) will have felt / finished E) will be feeling / finish 35. Why is it always regarded as so funny when someone ---- in the face with a creampie? A) was slapping B) is slapped C) will have slapped D) has slapped E) had been slapped 36. I ---- him only when he ---- himself to be a decent manager. A) have trusted / was proved B) had trusted / has proved C) will trust / proves D) trust / proved E) trusted / had been proved 37. Are you sure you ---- your sun hat? It looks as if it ---- quite hot. A) haven’t needed / has been getting B) aren’t needed / has got C) won’t need / is going to get D) hadn’t needed / was getting E) don’t need / had been getting 38. Festivals and holidays ---- since ancient times. A) have been celebrated B) are being celebrated C) might have celebrated D) were celebrated E) are supposed to celebrate 39. We ---- into our new flat until the electricity ---- . A) wouldn’t move / was connecting B) shouldn’t move / has connected C) don’t move / will be connected D) haven’t moved / was connected E) can’t move / is connected 40. The police suspected that the drugs ---- in the basement, but they ---- any. A) are storing / aren’t finding B) were stored / didn’t find 254

C) could have stored / won’t find D) had been stored / don’t find E) will be stored / weren’t found 41. Carrots ---- to be good for your eyesight. A) are believed B) have believed C) believe D) will believe E) will be believed 42. Aunt Sue ---- on by now. Let’s telephone the hospital and inquire how she is. A) should have operated B) must have been operated C) might be operating D) ought to be operating E) will have operated 43. We ---- something to eat and drink when we have cleared up because we ---- for five hours without a break. A) were needed / had been working B) needed / have been working C) are needed / are going to work D) will need / will have been working E) need / are working 44. Their salesman ---- the all their cars ---- with air conditioning. A) was claimed / will be supplied B) is claimed / had been supplied C) claims / are supplied D) will claim / have supplied E) has claimed / are supplying 45. The original Mill House ---- down in the 19th century, and afterwards, it ---- with striking red bricks. A) was burnt / was rebuilding B) burnt / was rebuilt C) would burn / rebuilt D) has burnt / has been rebuilt E) had been burning / had rebuilt SET 4 1. By the end of the year, everybody who ---- unemployed for over two years ---- on a training scheme. A) is / will be sending B) was / had been sending 255

C) has been / will have been sent D) had been / has been sent E) will be / is going to send 2. The point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus, the point where the first movement ---- place, ---- the epicentre of an earthquake. A) takes / is called B) has taken / has called C) will be taken / has been called D) was taken / was called E) is taking / will have called 3. The Richter Magnitude Scale, which ---- upon the amount of energy released by the rock movements rather than upon surface damage, ---- earthquakes on a 1 to 10 scale. A) bases / has graded B) has based / was graded C) was based / is graded D) will be based / graded E) is based / grades 4. Forms of bread ---- as food since prehistoric times. Probably, the first bread ---from acorns or beechnuts. A) were used / has been made B) will have been used / was making C) have been used / was made D) are used / used to make E) were being used / is made 5. Constantin Brancusi, who ---- by the French sculptor Rodin, ---- works in bronze, stone and wood. A) influences / was created B) was influenced / created C) influenced / has created D) has been influenced / is created E) will be influencing / is creating 6. Thatched roofs ---- in London in 1212, but they ---- to be used elsewhere even today. A) are forbidden / are continued B) have been forbidden / will continue C) forbade / have been continuing D) were forbidden / continue E) had forbidden / have continued

256

7. The city of Plovdiv, on the Maritsa River in Bulgaria, ---- considerably in an earthquake in 1928. A) was damaged B) is damaged C) had damaged D) was damaging E) has been damaged 8. All video cassettes ---- before they ---- to the hire shop. A) have to rewind / return B) should be rewound / are returned C) must have rewound / are returning D) will be rewound / were returned E) can rewind / are being returned 9. Miguel de Cervantes ---- the idea for the novel Don Quixote while in prison. The second part of the story ---- one year before he died. A) was conceived / was completing B) had conceived / has completed C) used to conceive / completes D) has conceived / must be completed E) conceived / was completed 10. Mecca ---- by tens of thousands of pilgrims annually. A) has visited B) visits C) is visited D) visited E) may be visiting 11. Molasses ---- as a by-product of sugar production. Several light and flavourful varieties ---- as table syrups. A) obtains / have been used B) is being obtained / will be using C) was obtained / had used D) is obtained / are used E) has been obtained / are using 12. Mark ---- to let us know that they ---- for the party. A) has phoned / will be delayed B) has been phoning / have delayed C) had been phoned / were delaying D) will be phoned / delayed E) is phoning / had been delayed 257

13. If the direct sunlight ---- you, I can draw the blinds. A) has been disturbed B) was disturbed C) was disturbing D) is disturbed E) is disturbing 14. Microorganisms ---- into bacteria, protozoans, algae, fungi and viruses, and the study of each ---- a separate specialty within microbiology. A) have classified / is formed B) will be classified / has been formed C) are classifying / has formed D) were classified / was formed E) are classified / forms 15. The city of Bremen, Germany ---- into two sections; Altstadt and Neustadt. The two sections ---- by three bridges. A) is divided / are connected B) has been divided / are connecting C) was being divided / have connected D) was dividing / had been connected E) divides / connect 16. Mr Cartwright ---- at the moment for the promotion. I hope he gets the job as he ---- it. A) is interviewing / has deserved B) has been interviewed / is deserving C) is being interviewed / deserves D) will be interviewed / deserved E) interviews / will have deserved 17. If eating disorders ---, they can be fatal. A) aren’t treating B) aren’t treated C) weren’t treated D) don’t treat E) haven’t treated 18. The manager would like these letters ---- out today. A) to have sent B) having sent C) to be sent D) to send E) are going to send 19. The guest rooms ---- before your cousins from Canada visit us. 258

A) will have to be redecorated B) used to be redecorated C) will have redecorated D) must have redecorated E) had been redecorated 20. The actress Coral Atkins was so appalled by the way children ---- in state homes that she ---- her own children’s home. A) are treating / was opening B) have been treated / is opened C) had treated / opens D) were treated / opened E) will be treating / is going to open 21. Coral Atkins devoted her life ---- providing a home for unwanted children. A) with B) for C) to D) about E) in 22. I hope we ---- with lunch after the presentation as I haven’t brought any sandwiches. A) were served B) have been served C) serve D) are serving E) will be served 23. Professional microbiologists ---- in a wide variety of positions, but the majority ---- in universities, government agencies or industry. A) are employed / work B) used to employ / worked C) employ / have been worked D) were employed / will have worked E) can employ / should work 24. John ---- for his directness, but I think his remarks to David ---- as plain rude! A) has known / should be described B) is known / can be described C) knew / will be describing D) has been known / were describing E) knows / must have described 25. I ---- that the car is any good until I ---- it myself. A) haven’t been convinced / drove 259

B) wasn’t convincing / was driving C) won’t be convinced / have driven D) wasn’t convinced / had been driven E) cant be convinced / have been driven 26. The town of Balboa is situated on the site of a swamp, which ---- with the rocks dug out while the Panama Canal ---- . A) has been filled / was constructing B) has been filling / will be constructed C) was filling / had been constructed D) was filled / was being constructed E) will be filled / has been constructing 27. The tea tree ---- only in Australia, but recently people around the world ---- the oil for many medicinal purposes. A) grows / have been using B) was grown / were using C) has been grown / use D) is growing / will have used E) grew / had been used 28. Tom Thumb, the famous dwarf of the 19th century, was born Charles Sherwood Stratton, but later he ---- by his stage name. A) knew B) will know C) has been known D) has known E) was known 29. Tom Thumb ---- parents of normal height, but he only ---- to a height of 3 feet 4 inches. A) has / had been grown B) had / grew C) is having / will be grown D) had had / will grow E) was having / has grown 30. After the workers ---- from their jobs at the factory, not many of them ---- jobs quickly. A) were dismissed / had been found B) have been dismissed / were finding C) dismiss / are finding D) will have dismissed / can find E) had been dismissed / found

260

31. Residents who live near the nuclear power plant worry that their children ---- to radioactivity. A) expose B) exposed C) will have exposed D) had exposed E) are being exposed 32. Our manager usually comes to work dressed ---- a three piece pinstriped suit. A) with B) on C) in D) about E) for 33. The organizers claim that visitors ---- at the exhibits at the EXPO2000 exhibition in Hanover, Germany. A) will be amazed B) are going to amaze C) will have amazed D) have been amazing E) had amazed 34-When you ---- an advertisement, you ---- into account the type of people you want to be attracted to it. A) are being designed / must take B) designed / had better take C) are designing / have to take D) will design / have been taken E) had designed / will be taking 35. The National Lottery ---- twice a week in the UK: Wednesday and Saturday. A) is drawn B) is drawing C) was drawing D) draws E) has drawn 36. At the beginning of the 20th century, most solid waste ---- of by dumping it onto vacant land near where it ---- . A) had disposed / has generated B) has been disposed / generates C) will have disposed / is generating D) disposed / has been generated E) was disposed / was generated 261

37. Unlike many top tennis tournaments, the matches at Wimbledon are played ---grass courts. A) with B) about C) in D) on E) by 38. After I ---- ants in the kitchen, I ---- the crack in the wall with ant powder. A) had discovered / filled B) was discovered / was filled C) was discovering / should fill D) have discovered / was filing E) discover / have been filled 39. Many home appliances, like vacuum cleaners or microwave ovens, ---- for their labour-saving or time-saving capabilities, while others ---- for their convenience. A) have chosen / will purchase B) are chosen / are purchased C) will be chosen / purchase D) are choosing / have purchased E) choose / will be purchased 40. Airliners ---- parachutes because it is impractical to instruct passengers in their use in an emergency situation. A) aren’t carried B) weren’t carrying C) wont be carried D) don’t carry E) hadn’t carried 41. You ---- for the name of the caller before you transfer any calls. A) used to ask B) have asked C) may have asked D) should have asked E) must ask 42. It’s surprising that, of the few Viking helmets that ---- in excavations so far, none ---- horns. A) were found / may have B) were finding / had C) have been found / have D) had found / were having E) are found / are having 262

43. The enormously heavy bill which ---- the shoveler bird its name ---- for feeding on the surface of ponds and lakes. A) was given / had been adapting B) has been given / will be adapted C) was giving / has adapted D) gives / is adapted E) will give / had been adapted 44. Because air navigation is concerned with direction and distance, the plane must be equipped ---- devices for measuring these factors. A) about B) with C) by D) on E) from 45. Of the many methods that are available today, only radio navigation ---- for allweather flying. A) has been using B) will have used C) can be used D) had been used E) could have used 46. According to the autopsy results, the victim was shot in the back ---- a semi automatic hand gun ---- a left-handed person. A) for / from B) from / with C) in / about D) with / by E) by / for 47. Although very often the autopsy ---- only with forensic, or legal, medicine ---- in the determination of the cause or details of death from foul play, it ---- a number of other purposes as well. A) is associated / serves B) has been associated / is served C) associated / was serving D) was associated / has been served E) had associated / served 48. The community center can be used ---- meetings of the club whenever needed. A) with B) about C) by 263

D) from E) for 49. The manufacturer was ---- with excitement at receiving his first large order. A) influenced B) considered C) depressed D) filled E) covered 50. After his brother made his fortune on the stock market, Scoot was convinced ---the wisdom of investing his money in stocks and shares. A) with B) from C) for D) at E) of 51. - 60. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz. 51. Fransız yazar Albert Camus'un romanları ve oyunları duygusuz, anlamsız bir evreni yansıtır. A) In his novels and plays, the French author Albert Camus wrote mainly about an indifferent, nonsensical universe. B) The novels and plays of the French author Albert Camus reflect an indifferent, meaningless universe. C) Albert Camus's novels and plays are often set in an imaginary, nonsensical universe. D) The French author Albert Camus wrote many plays and books about an indifferent, meaningless universe. E) Albert Camus, the French author, has a selection of novels and plays describing an indifferent, absurd universe. 52. Duyduğuma göre, Brown'ların evi, hepsi evde bir filme dalmışken soyulmuş. A) According to what I've heard, the Browns' house was burgled while they were all at home absorbed in a film. B) I heard that the Brown's house was actually burgled while they were all at home watching a film. C) The Browns were so involved in a film that, apparently, they didn't even hear some burglars break into their house. D) I was surprised to hear that the Browns' house was broken into when they were all at home intently watching a film.

264

E) Apparently, thieves slipped into the back of the Browns' house while they were all watching a film on television. 53. Bölgedeki personeli korumak ve hassas enstrumanların güvenliğini sağlamak için nükleer reaktörlerin işletilmesinde büyük dikkat gerekmektedir. A) The safety of personnel and the protection of sensitive instruments are of great importance during the operation of nuclear reactors. B) During the operation of nuclear reactors, extreme care should be taken by the personnel in the area to protect the sensitive instruments. C) In the operation of nuclear reactors, great care is required to protect the personnel in the area and to secure the safety of the sensitive instruments. D) When operating nuclear reactors, the personnel have to take great care with safety procedures as the instruments are highly sensitive. E) They ought to take great care over the safety of personnel and the protection of the sensitive instruments in the area of the nuclear operations. 54. Eskiden Ortak Pazar ya da Avrupa Topluluğu diye bilinen, Avrupa'nın ekonomik ve politik entegrasyonu için kurulmuş organizasyon, 1993'te Avrupa Birliği adını almıştır. A) Founded in 1993, the European Union, formerly the Common Market or the European Community, aims to promote economic and political integration throughout Europe. B) The European Union, renamed in 1993, which had been formerly known both as the Common Market and the European Community, serves to promote economic and political integration of Europe. C) In 1993, the European Community, formerly known as the Common Market, took the name European Union and began to promote both political and economic harmony within Europe. D) Formerly known as the Common Market or European Community, the organisation founded for the economic and political integration of Europe took the name European Union in 1993. E) The institution which has promoted economic and political integration of Europe since 1993 used to be known as the Common Market, and later, the European Community. 55. Sığırlar önce Asya'da evcilleştirilmiş olmalı; çünkü en eski sığır kemikleri, oradaki yerleşim bölgelerinde bulunmuştur. A) According to evidence in the form of bones, Asians were most likely the first people to domesticate cattle. B) The practice of domesticating cattle most likely originated in Asia, where the oldest cattle bones have been found. C) Cattle bones which have been found in Asia are believed to be from the oldest examples of domesticated animals.

265

D) Because very old bones have been discovered in settlements in Asia, cattle might have been first domesticated there. E) Cattle must have been domesticated in Asia first, for the oldest cattle bones have been found in settlements there. 56. Dünya Bankası'nın amacı, üye ülkelerdeki ekonomik gelişmeyi destekleyecek projeleri finanse etmektir. A) The World Bank promotes economic development throughout the world by financing projects. B) The purpose of the World Bank is to finance projects that promote economic development in member nations. C) The member nations use the World Bank to finance projects which promote economic development. D) The World Bank aims to promote economic development in member nations by financing worldwide projects. E) The World Bank was set up to encourage development in the economies of member nations by financing projects. 57. Gilbert Stuart, özellikle George Washington'ın parlak renkli portreleriyle tanınır. A) George Washington was a favourite subject of Gilbert Stuart's luminously coloured portraits. B) Gilbert Stuart is especially known for his luminously coloured portraits of George Washington. C) Well-known artists, particularly Gilbert Stuart, painted some luminous portraits of George Washington. D) The famous artist Gilbert Stuart's portraits of George Washington are all luminously coloured. E) Gilbert Stuart's best-known work is a luminously coloured portrait of George Washington. 58. Zor durumlardaki davranış biçiminin, insanın gerçek karakterini açığa çıkardığı söylenir. A) It is believed that a person's behaviour under pressure is a test of his or her strength of character. B) People say that how a person behave in difficult times can show his or her true strength of character. C) Often people don't act their true selves when they are faced with great difficulties. D) It's said that the way one behaves in difficulties reveals one's real character. E) A person's true character is evident in his or her behaviour at times of real trouble.

266

59. Sence yeni program gelecek ay bu zamanlar uygulamaya konmuş olur mu? A) Do you think the new schedule will have been introduced by this time next month? B) You think the new schedule will be introduced about this time next month, don't you? C) In your opinion, the new schedule should be introduced by this time next month, shouldn't it? D) Do you believe that they will have introduced the new schedule by the end of next month? E) I believe we will have been introduced the new schedule before this time next month, don't you? 60. Özel diyetler ve daha bilimsel bakım sayesinde hayvanat bahçelerinde eskiden olduğundan çok daha fazla yavru doğmaktadır. A) A combination of special diets and scientific care has led to an increase in the number of baby animals born in zoos. B) The increase in births of animals in zoos recently is due mainly to special diets and more scientific care. C) Thanks to special diets and more scientific care, many more baby animals are being born in zoos than in the past. D) In the past, very few baby animals were born in zoos, but recently, this has improved due to scientific care and special diets. E) The baby animals born in zoos today are given special diets and scientific care, which results in more of them surviving than they did in the past. 61. - 70. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz. 61. In world markets, the bigger South American bananas are preferred over the African varieties. A) Dünya piyasalarında daha çok, Afrika türlerine göre daha irice olan Güney Amerika muzu rağbet görmektedir. B) Dünya piyasalarında, Afrika'daki türlerine tercih edilen Güney Amerika muzu daha iridir. C) Dünya piyasaları, Afrika'daki türlerine göre daha irice olan Güney Amerika muzunu tercih etmektedir. D) Dünya piyasalarında en çok rağbet gören muz, Afrika türlerinden daha iri olan Güney Amerika muzudur. E) Daha iri olan Güney Amerika muzu, dünya piyasalarında, Afrika türlerine tercih edilmektedir. 62. Many forms of anemia are acquired, which shows that they are not due to genetic disorders but develop after birth. 267

A) Bulgular göstermiştir ki aneminin, doğuştan gelen genetik bozukluklardan kaynaklanmayıp sonradan gelişen pek çok türü vardır. B) Pek çok anemi türü sonradan ortaya çıktığına göre, bu hastalığın bazı türleri genetik bozukluktan kaynaklanmıyor, daha çok doğduktan sonra gelişiyor. C) Aneminin pek çok türü genetik bir bozukluktan kaynaklanmayıp sonradan edinildiği için bu hastalığın doğduktan sonra geliştiği söylenebilir. D) Aneminin pek çok türü sonradan edinilmektedir ki bu da onların genetik bozukluktan dolayı olmadığını, doğduktan sonra geliştiğini göstermektedir. E) Bazı anemi türleri genetik bir bozukluktan kaynaklanmayıp doğduktan sonra ortaya çıkmaktadır ki bu da onların sonradan edinildiğini gösterir. 63. At yesterday's committee meeting, very interesting suggestions were made while the programme for the coming season was being discussed. A) Komitenin dünkü toplantısında, önümüzdeki sezonun programıyla ilgili çok ilginç öneriler tartışıldı. B) Dünkü komite toplantısında, gelecek sezonun programı tartışılırken çok ilginç öneriler yapıldı. C) Komite, dünkü toplantısında, gelecek sezonun programını görüşürken çok ilginç öneriler getirdi. D) Dünkü komite toplantısının gündemi, ilginç önerilerin tartışıldığı gelecek sezonun programıydı. E) Çok ilginç önerilerin yapıldığı gelecek sezonun program tartışması dünkü komite toplantısında yapıldı. 64. The police think that this assault case is connected with the murder committed last week in the dockyards. A) Polis, bu saldırı olayının geçen hafta tersanede işlenen cinayetle bağlantılı olduğunu düşünüyor. B) Polise göre, bu saldırı olayıyla geçen hafta tersanede işlenen cinayet arasında bağlantı olabilir. C) Polis, geçen haftaki tersane cinayetiyle bu saldırı arasında bağlantı olduğundan kuşkulanıyor. D) Polis, bu saldırı olayının geçen hafta tersanede işlenen cinayetle ilişkisi olabileceği kanısında. E) Polis, bu saldırı ile geçen hafta tersanede işlenen cinayet arasında bir bağlantı olduğunu zannediyordu. 65. Children learn to speak without any special training, but reading and writing need to be specially taught. A) Çocuklar konuşmayı özel bir eğitim olmaksızın öğrenirler ama okuma ve yazmanın özel olarak öğretilmesi gerekir. B) Çocuklar özel bir çaba sarfetmeden konuşmayı öğrenebilirler ancak okuma ve yazmanın öğretilmesi eğitimi gerektirir. 268

C) Çocuklar konuşmayı öğrenmek için özel bir eğitim almazlar fakat okuma, yazma öğrenmek için özel bir eğitime ihtiyaçları vardır. D) Çocuklar konuşmayı kendiliğinden öğrendikleri halde okuma yazmayı ancak özel bir eğitimle öğrenebilirler. E) Çocuklar konuşmayı öğrenirken özel bir eğitim gerekmese de, okuma yazma öğrenebilmeleri için özel bir eğitim şarttır. 66. Over many centuries people have cleared away great expanses of forests for agriculture and settlement. A) Asırlardır büyük miktarlarda orman insanlar tarafından tarım ve yerleşim için yok edilmektedir. B) İnsanlar, asırlar boyunca ormanları büyük ölçüde tarım ve yerleşim için yok ettiler. C) Asırlar boyunca insanlar, büyük miktarlarda ormanı, tarım ve yerleşim için yok etmişlerdir. D) İnsanlar, asırlardan beri büyük miktarlarda ormanı yok ederek tarım ve yerleşim alanı yapmışlardır. E) İnsanların, tarım ve yerleşim için büyük orman alanlarını yok etme eylemleri asırlardan beri devam etmektedir. 67. According to Aztecs law, theft of corn from a field used to be punished by slavery or execution. A) Tarladan mısır çalma suçu, Aztek yasalarına göre, köle olmayı ya da idam edilmeyi gerektiriyordu. B) Aztek yasaları, tarladan mısır çalmayı kölelik ya da idamla cezalandırırdı. C) Aztek yasalarında, mısırın tarladan çalınmasının cezası kölelik ya da idam olurdu. D) Yasalara göre Aztekler, tarladan mısır çalanları köleliğe ya da idama mahkum ederlerdi. E) Aztek yasalarına göre, tarladan mısır çalmak kölelik ya da idamla cezalandırılırdı. 68. The relics left in caves have helped greatly in tracing the movements of early people and in understanding their lives. A) İlk insanların faaliyetlerinin takip edilmesinde ve onların yaşamlarının anlaşılmasında mağaralarda bırakılan kalıntılardan yararlanılmıştır. B) Mağaralarda bırakılan kalıntılar, ilk insanların etkinliklerinin izini sürmede ve onların yaşamını anlamada çok yardımcı olmuştur. C) Mağaralardaki kalıntılar sayesinde ilk insanların etkinliklerinin izini sürüp yaşam biçimlerini büyük ölçüde anlayabildik. D) İlk insanların mağaralarda bıraktıkları kalıntılar, onların etkinliklerini izlememizi ve yaşam tarzlarını anlamamızı sağlamıştır. E) İlk insanların faaliyetlerini izlemek ve yaşam tarzlarını anlamak için büyük ölçüde mağaralardaki kalıntılar kullanılmıştır. 269

69. In ancient Egypt, not only humans but sacred animals, particularly cats, were also mummified. A) Eski Mısır'da kutsal hayvanlar olarak kabul edilen kediler, aynı insanlar gibi, mumyalanırdı. B) Eski Mısırlılar, yalnızca insanları değil, kedi gibi, kutsal kabul ettikleri hayvanları da mumyalıyorlardı. C) Eski Mısırlılar, kutsal olduğunu düşündükleri hayvanları, özellikle de kedileri, aynı insanlar gibi mumyalıyorlardı. D) Eski Mısır'da sadece insanlar değil, kutsal hayvanlar da, özellikle kediler, mumyalanıyordu. E) Eski Mısır'da insanların yanı sıra, özellikle kediler başta olmak üzere, kutsal hayvanlar da mumyalanmıştır. 70. As a breed, Holsteins are noted for producing the most milk, but their milk ranks among the lowest in butterfat percentage. A) Sütü yağ oranı bakımından en alt sıralarda yer almasına karşın, holstein cinsi, çok büyük miktarda süt verdiği için rağbet görmektedir. B) Cins olarak holsteinlar en fazla süt vermekle dikkati çeker ama sütleri yağ oranı bakımından en alt sıralarda yer alır. C) Cins olarak süt verimleri çok yüksek olsa da holsteinlar, sütlerindeki yağ oranının azlığı nedeniyle en alt sıralarda yer almaktadırlar. D) Süt verimlerinin yüksek oluşuyla dikkati çeken holstein cinsinin alt sıralarda yer almasının nedeni sütlerindeki yağ oranının azlığıdır. E) Holsteinlar, süt verimi çok yüksek bir cins olarak bilinir ama onlar sıralamada sütlerindeki yağ oranı bakımından en alttadır. 71. - 80. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. 71. This morning I drove past a pheasant, which had been run over. A) I passed a pheasant, which someone had run over, in my car this morning. B) This morning I overtook the driver who had run down a pheasant in his car. C) Unfortunately, I ran over a pheasant in my car this morning. D) I couldn't avoid running over a pheasant, which appeared in front of me so suddenly, this morning. E) I'm afraid I killed a pheasant this morning as I ran over it. 72. Due to a school boy's protests, a hazard warning sign has been erected at the point where ducks often cross the road. A) A school boy protested about the hazard warning sign, which had been put up at a place near a habitat of ducks. B) They put up a hazard warning sign at the place which is frequently used by ducks to cross the road after the protests by a pupil.

270

C) A school boy suggests that the ducks could be protected if they put a hazard warning sign on the road. D) A pupil from a nearby school put up a hazard warning sign at the side of the road in order to protect the ducks which often cross there. E) The hazard warning sign was erected to warn the school boys not to disturb the ducks which live near the side of the road. 73. Not being selected for promotion disappointed him. A) He will be disappointed if he is not chosen for promotion. B) To his disappointment, they gave the manager's job to someone else. C) He was disappointed when he was not chosen for promotion. D) He wasn't promoted because his performance was so disappointing. E) His disappointment must have been connected with his colleague's promotion.

74. Despite being criticised by journalists, the Millennium Dome has attracted thousands of visitors. A) Thousands of people have visited the Millennium Dome even though journalists criticised it. B) The Millennium Dome had received thousands of visitors before journalists criticised it. C) Many of the visitors to the Millennium Dome have criticised it to journalists. D) The criticism of journalists dissuaded thousands of people from visiting the Millennium Dome. E) The Millennium dome has been criticised by thousands of journalists who have visited it. 75. In England, as in Turkey, many surnames are derived from the skills and professions of ancestors. A) Most sons in England, as in Turkey, are named after their father's profession. B) Surnames in most countries, including England and Turkey, are based on the names of former skills and professions. C) Different from in Turkey, many of our ancestors in England were named after their skill or profession. D) Surnames in England can often be traced back to the skills and professions of ancestors, as is the case in Turkey. E) Many skills or professions in both England and Turkey are named after the surnames of the ancestors who carried them out. 76. This course of ours has been developed for users with no experience of Microsoft Excel. 271

A) We believe that the people who developed this course have never used Microsoft Excel. B) We require you to have at least some experience of Microsoft Excel to take this course. C) During this course, we will help you develop your skills on Microsoft Excel. D) Your skills on Microsoft Excel will be enhanced during this course of ours. E) We have designed this course for people who have never used Microsoft Excel.

77. An effective antibacterial substance in crocodiles' blood has just been discovered. A) They have very recently identified an effective antibody in crocodiles' blood. B) Crocodiles have remarkable antibacterial substances in their blood. C) The latest discovery in the field of medicine is that crocodiles have an effective antibody in their blood. D) They have just started looking at crocodiles blood in order to find an antibody which fights resistant bacteria. E) Scientists have concluded that crocodiles' blood must contain antibodies. 78. Generally, scientists prefer to keep the details of their research secret until something has been proved. A) Scientists often worry about public reaction to their research if they haven't proved something with concrete evidence. B) In general, up until they have proved something, scientists would rather not disclose details of their research. C) Usually, people would like to learn the details of scientists' research even before they have proved their theories. D) Scientists don't have to release information about their work until they have proved something. E) Generally, scientists keep their findings to themselves, especially when they are difficult to explain to the public. 79. Before Mozambique can be restored to normal, considerable investment is required. A) It's normal that Mozambique requires significant investment in order to achieve a higher standard of living. B) The fate of Mozambique can only be altered with sizeable investment. C) Normally, stability in Mozambique cannot be achieved without some investment from overseas. 272

D) They consider investing large sums to help relieve the suffering in Mozambique. E) Mozambique will need significant investment before the country can return to normal. 80. In Greek mythology, Medusa transformed whoever looked into her eyes to stone. A) According to Greek myth, anyone who glanced into the eyes of Medusa was turned to stone. B) The ancient Greeks believed that Medusa was capable of turning people to stone by looking at them. C) Medusa in Greek myth was a monster who turned lots of people into stone by glancing at them. D) It's believed that Medusa in Greek mythology was turned into stone when people looked into her eyes. E) Medusa is a Greek goddess who is believed to turn anything she looks at to stone. 81. Despite a great deal of improvements in public transport, congestion on the roads in Mirmingham is getting worse. A) The problem of Birmingham’s congested roads could be solved with sigificant improvement to public transport. B) A great deal of improvements in public transport are needed in order to relieve the congestion on Mirmingham’s roads. C) Public transport has been improved considerably, yet the roads in Birmingham are getting worse and more congested. D) More roads are needed in Birmingham to relieve the congestion, which has been increasing due to inadequate public transport. E) Congestion in Birmingham could not be reduced until they built new roads and improved public transport a great deal. 82. The current English national football team manager used to be a player for Liverpool. A) At the moment, he manages bith the English national football team and Liverpool. B) Before he managed the English national football team, he managed Liverpool. C) At one time the person currently managing the English national team played for Liverpool. D) He used to play for Liverpool, but now he only plays for the English national football team. E) Currently, he combines managing the English national football team with playing for Liverpool. 83. Every year, our local florist donates the flowers for the charity’s national annual concert.

273

A) The flowers for the yearly charity concert are always donated bye the florist in our neighbourhood. B) This year, the florist in our neighbourhood supplied the flowers for the charity’s annual concert. C) Our local florist didn’t charge the charity for the flowers which she provided for their concert. D) Every year, the charity asks the florists in our neighbourhood to donate some flowers for their concerts. E) Some of the profits from the flowers sold by our local florist go to fund the charity’s annual concert. 84. Why this girl was sacrificed on the mountain submit will probably remain a mystery for ever. A) It appears that it will take some time to prove why this girl was sacrificed on the mountain submit. B) The reason for this mountain top sacrifice of a girls has to be discovered. C) It isn’t yet clear why such a sacrifice of a young girl on a mountain top took place. D) It is likely that the reason for the sacrifice of this girl on the top of the mountain will never be known. E) We only have vague theories about why these sacrifices of girls took place on mountain tops. 85. Tom Higdon was dismissed from his job as a teacher in 1911 for suggesting that the children of farm workers should be educated. A) Tom Higdon was fired from hos job as a teacher in 1911 when he refused to educate the children of agricultural workers. B) In 1911, the teacher Tom Higdon was fired because he proposed the education of children of farm workers. C) Tom Higdon’s suggestions in 1911 that the children of farm workers didn’t deserve to be educated led to his dismissal. D) In 1911, Tom Higdon was fired from his post as a teacher for teaching the children of farm workers who shouldn’t have been educated. E) After being fired from his teaching position in 1911, Tom Higdon suggested that the children of farm workers ought to be educated. 1- Although I hadn't met Helen's brother before, ------ . A) he has been away at university for several years B) he's getting engaged to an Italian next Saturday C) he came back from doing his army service D) I am going to their house for dinner on Friday E) I recognised him instantly from the photograph 274

2A) B) C) D) E)

------- the number of members is growing. Despite the sport club's very high prices Owing to the inadequate publicity made by the management If the joining fee were reduced dramatically Due to the lack of new people joining In spite of the popularity of the club

3A) B) C) D) E)

Even though the job vacancy was only advertised yesterday, ----the salary is high and there are good benefits we have already received several applications we can't hold the interviews until next week I really hope that James will apply for the job there have been very few phone calls actually

4A) B) C) D) E)

------ until you've worked here for one year. You didn't really understand the job You might have received a generous salary The company failed to increase its profits You've learned every aspect of the job You won't be eligible for promotion

5A) B) C) D) E) 6A) B) C) D) E)

------ yet some people still complained about the cold. There was no record of such a cold winter in history A lot of people have been missing work this year with colds and flu It was the mildest winter most residents could remember The weather forecast predicted a severe blizzard Mediterranean people are known to be warm and hospitable ------ while the English traditionally drink tea. Tea is grown in Turkey as well as in China Most Americans have coffee for breakfast Tea was unknown in Europe in antiquity Some friends of mine simply can't stand hot beverages Orange juice is actually quite expensive

7A) B) C) D)

Grandmother still vividly remembers ----- . seeing her first aeroplane in 1920 whether Jack or I will pick her up from the station during which she had been a waitress how did she meet Grandpa for the first time 275

E) as she is apt to forget things nowadays 8A) B) C) D) E)

-------- we could have left work on time. Unless we receive any more orders today If that new order hadn't come in just at 5 p.m. In spite of working hard every day Knowing that we'd have to work late Not only should we complete the project

9A) B) C) D) E)

Having had three hard games of tennis with Seyfihoca, ------ . it was a very hot day, with a temperature above 25 degrees centigrade but she was still eager to continue with Roger it can also be played by four persons in doubles though she was a former professional tennis player, as far as I know I felt too tired to walk all the way back home, and hired a taxi

10A) B) C) D) E)

Though they were brought up by the same parents in the same way, ----- . Harry and George like all the same things they have the same birthday as well Fred is much older than his cousin Arthur Uncle John and my mother are very different people you would think they were exactly the same age

11A) B) C) D) E)

By the time the shop opened at 9 o'clock,------ . the shop-assistant unlocked the door everything had already been sold there was a queue of people waiting it usually closes at 5.30 on Saturdays we spent rather a lot of money that day

12A) B) C) D) E)

We didn't see the sign warning about the bull, ------ . yet it was an unpleasant encounter for the tourists or we wouldn't have dared to enter the field that was posted quite high on the gate because we thought it would be safe so we'd better not leave the gate open

13- I spent a lot of time tidying the flat, ----- . A) but nobody seemed to notice the difference B) when we have decided to hold the party in ours 276

C) or I should have cleaned it weeks ago D) although the party started at eight thirty E) before the wedding ceremony has taken place 14A) B) C) D) E)

------- the last native inhabitants were evacuated from the Island in 1930. Before the island is allowed to be populated Despite the threat of a hurricane Although no longer inhabited After a history of over 2000 years In spite of being better off on the mainland

15A) B) C) D) E)

------- despite not having booked in advance. There were no seats left for the film We were able to get a table for eight The theatre was almost completely empty l spent an enjoyable hour at the library Don't expect to get a seat on the plane

16A) B) C) D) E)

Even before the fighting had stopped, ---- . it's starting to break out again in some remote areas the leaders will start negotiating a peace treaty some of the refugees were returning to their homes few people believe that the peace will actually last the soldiers have refused to fight against each other

17A) B) C) D) E)

However muddled and irritating the old woman was, ------ . she didn't mind being despised by the bank employee the bank clerk lost his temper with her and shouted she didn't deserve to be shouted at in that manner I don't think anyone can stand her that long she paced up and down in the bank muttering to herself

18- -------, yet she didn't turn up. A) B) C) D) E)

I expected my mother to phone me I'd made an appointment with my uncle I'm hoping that Sandra will come by Though Jane had written it down I waited for the cleaner all morning

277

19A) B) C) D) E)

I wonder if you could tell me --------- . is this the way to the swimming pool that this is the oldest building in Essex whatever you might have thought then if there happens to be a station near here how much is the long green velvet coat

20A) B) C) D) E)

-------- but I didn't keep either of them. I tried on several dresses today I've made lots of friends around here I had two appointments this afternoon As a child, I always wanted a dog I've injured both my arm and my leg

21A) B) C) D) E)

The bigger our advertising campaign is,-------- . even though we are likely to have some success the more likely it is that we will get a lot of new business we should be able to do very well in the upcoming year so we may have more chance of finding 'a lot of new customers than all that we have had since we started business

22A) B) C) D) E)

----- by lowering the risk of heart attack and some types of cancer. As you get older, you should watch your diet and consume less red meat Becoming a vegetarian is one of the most healthy things a person can do There is now a healthy trend toward eating more fresh fruit and vegetables Too much red meat and fatty food is not good for you Eating a lot of fresh fruit and vegetables can improve a person’s health

23A) B) C) D) E)

----- in case he called while we were oat? Did you remind William to phone us today Do you think these instructions I'm leaving for the repairman are clear enough Why don't you check your answering machine Have you left the back door open for Sam Do you really think we should go out today

24A) B) C)

Since I had never eaten raw fish before I went to Japan, ----- . coupled with the fact that I do not normally eat fish, even cooked perhaps I will like it when I have tried it I was a little nervous the first time it was put in front of me 278

D) it is difficult, though, -to explain what it tastes like E) it was one of the most delicious Japanese dishes 25- ----- probably the beat one is that it can give you an insight into a different culture and way of life. A) While there are many reasons for learning a foreign language B) Even though a number of countries use English as a first language C) Due to the number of good reasons for studying a foreign language D) Except for the fact that there is a saving, "travel broadens the mind" E) There are many disadvantages to travelling abroad if you don't speak a foreign language 26A) B) C) D) E)

Instead of taking advantage of the time to prepare for the big match ----- . they practised every day and were in top form when the time came they would not have played so well otherwise there were still some injury problems as the date approached the team members stayed out late every night and hardly bothered to practise each new day was full of tension and excitement

27A) B) C) D) E)

Because so many people are trying to get visas, ----- . the authorities were making it more and more difficult there is, however, no reason that they should make it so hard the economic situations in the countries of the applicants worsened it is a good place to emigrate to for economic reasons the consulate puts as many difficulties as possible in the way

28A) B) C) D) E)

------ it can often be more beneficial to have a vocational qualification. Not until a lot of people were able to get university degrees Whereas most young people have their hearts set on a university degree Everyone wants a university degree because they can use it to get a high- paying job Because the best way to a successful future is a university degree If only youths could get into the university they want to go to

29A) B) C) D) E)

As they become capable of more and more tasks, ----- . most calculators can only perform the basic mathematical functions duplicating machines are devices used for making copies of a document machines are only as good as the people operating them microscopes use a beam of light and lenses to magnify objects computers will take over more of the work now done by people 279

30A) B) C) D) E)

Although the temperature was below freezing, ----- . it had been snowing heavily for days the old beggar was only wearing a thin jacket everybody at home had gone down with flu the ice on the pond was a foot thick it was not warm enough to play tennis

31A) B) C) D) E)

There are religious festivals almost every month in Kathmandu, ----- . which is held in honour of their gods while they are some of the most interesting sights a visitor is likely to see however much everyone seems to enjoy them where even the paving stones Seem to be worshipped as some sort of god when it is the happiest time imaginable

32A) B) C) D) E)

Despite the fact that the price was reasonable, ---- . there were long queues outside the shop Jacqueline really wanted to buy the dress it shouldn't be reduced by 50% in the sale we managed to buy a new car last month no one was interested in, buying the house

33- -----, whereas drinking hot milk can help you to sleep. A) B) C) D) E)

You shouldn't drive when you're tired While tea and coffee contain caffeine Milk should be kept cool in the fridge Coffee may keep you awake at night If you have trouble getting to sleep

34A) B) C) D) E) 35A) B) C)

When opening a bank account, ---- . the staff of the bank are very helpful with the completion of the forms interest rates have gone up dramatically it won't be open on Saturdays anyway you have to provide some form of identity your money will be much safer there ---- provided that I didn't tell my father. My mother said she would let me borrow the car I bought my father a surprise birthday present I wouldn't have been able to borrow the money 280

D) No one-found out that my brother was in trouble E) We have decided to stay up late and watch television 36A) B) C) D) E)

During the hot summer of 1976, ----- . it was, fortunately, followed by a mild winter many regions in the country experienced a terrible drought we have been on holiday in Cornwall for only a week there's never been a summer as hot as that we have been finding it difficult to sleep

37A) B) C) D) E)

---- in case we couldn't find an open shop. We weren't able to buy any butter We took everything we needed with us Our house was in a very remote area We drove along the road for a long time A large supermarket had been opened in the area

38- If the bus hadn't driven past our stop without stopping, ----. A) B) C) D) E)

we hadn't got so wet waiting in the rain there wouldn't be so many people in it there weren't any seats available for us passengers could be more comfortable we would have been home by now

39A) B) C) D) E)

Not having ever ridden on a motor-cycle before, ---- . everyone says that nothing else is so much fun the first couple of kilometres were really terrifying the traffic made it even more frightening than it would have been I was really frightened when I saw how fast we were going my brother has also participated in several motor races

40- Though we live in a rational age. When there is a scientific explanation for everything, there are certain places in the world ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

which has a lot more tourist attractions than others so you should visit them before they lose their authenticity like the beautiful palm-fringed beaches of the Pacific Islands but you must decide which ones you most want to visit where the landscape still seems to exert a strong spiritual force 281

41- Despite the remarkable economic growth of recent years, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

some people are much richer than their grandfathers you should have invested wisely to earn a lot of money severe economic inequalities still exist in China there is no longer any real hardship in Japan formerly there was still too much economic inequality

42- However much he tried to discipline himself, ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

Albert Einstein was the man I most admired there never seemed to be enough time to get everything done his mother always thought he was the perfect son he was already the top student in his class it was the most successful year he had ever spent

43A) B) C) D) E)

You will understand why I am so fond of this place -----. once the rain has stopped and we can go outside because I have never seen such a good place for sailing small boats if only you had not travelled so much and seen more exciting places which offered much less to see than your hometown when you saw there is nothing else like it in the entire world

44A) B) C) D) E)

----, so she wasn't very pleased when it was cancelled. My uncle had bought us all tickets to the play Mary wasn't planning on seeing the film anyway Elizabeth was very excited about her birthday Ann had been looking forward to the party Joanne took out two magazine subscriptions

45- ---- youths from their countries often become friends when they meet. A) Because of historical forces, some countries have never been on good terms B) It is difficult to understand why some countries are always on the brink of war with one another C) Since the peoples of some countries seem destined to hate each other D) However much the political leaders of some countries may dislike one another E) Due to the many diplomatic problems between countries with different political ideologies

282

46A) B) C) D) E)

While he was upset when his pocket was picked, ----- . it was done by a boy who looked no older than twelve couldn't help but admire the efficient way in which it was done he knows that he shouldn't keep all the money in one place he may decide to leave the country and never return there wasn't anything worthwhile in his rucksack anyway

47A) B) C) D) E)

Just as a diver never knows what he will bring up from the seabed, ---since there are so many things to discover down there especially in a country, like England, where the water is often so murky it's not often that a novelist knows how his book will end up when he begins it a good engineer plans out every stage of his work meticulously a footballer does not know how the match will turn out

48A) B) C) D) E)

If the rain hadn't stopped, ---- . the river would have Hooded its banks the tennis match has been cancelled I wouldn't have taken an umbrella it had rained heavily for almost a week I will still be staying at home on New Year's Eve

49A) B) C) D) E)

Having never been out of England, ----- . Indonesia was a very confusing place for Richard seeing new places and experiencing new things will have been exciting it was a place that he had never had the courage to visit Tom found everything about India to be completely overwhelming it'd never been the thing that he most wanted to do though

50A) B) C) D) E)

What is impossible to forgive is ----- . whether he'll telephone us during his stay there or not his ingratitude after all that we have done for him she should have married him after she'd got to know him better even if you do apologise, it won't make any difference I don't understand why she did something so insensitive

51A) B) C) D)

----- since it'll be dark when they arrive. They won't be here until 9 Let's leave the outside lights on There's no moon tonight They're not travelling by train this time 283

E) They can't have got lost in town 52A) B) C) D) E)

Before Maria starts university, ----- . she decided to have a holiday first her father seems to be very proud of her success she didn't expect to find a well-paid job she had to pass the entrance exams her family will give a small party for her

53A) B) C) D) E)

----- whereas he is very like his brother. Pete doesn't look like his sister at all John really doesn't like his cousin Jane likes both Graham and Nicholas Bob can't stand living in a big city Robin really loves his little sister

54Although Egypt was once thought to be the home of the world's oldest civilisation, ----- . A) archaeologists now believe that there were even more ancient ones in India B) Cleopatra is probably the best known queen in history C) it was based on the yearly flooding of the Nile D) this is why they make a lot of money from the tourist trade now E) with so many dynasties spanning a period of several thousand years 55A) B) C) D) E)

------ even after we had stayed up all night working on it. In the end everything was ready and the boss was really pleased We could have watched the film on TV last night if it had been working In the morning we were disheartened to see how much work remained to be done We found that the project only got its funding through last Friday There were no more problems with any of the machinery

56A) B) C) D) E)

Despite the high cost of living, ----- . salaries are fairly high these days people seem to live quite well prices will have been quite reasonable inflation just keeps going up everybody wants to find a well-paid job

57- We went to the travel agent's to book a flight, ----- . A) only to learn that there were no seats left on the planes 284

B) C) D) E)

who is likely to tell us that we'll need to get a visa before going considering that the plane ticket was very expensive indeed which also includes a few historical places, such as Hagia Sophia and landed at Gatwick Airport in the middle of the night

58A) B) C) D) E)

---- unless he does very poorly in the final exam. Dave has only done very little work for his finals Joseph is certain to do well in his course Greg has never been very good at taking tests Paul couldn't have answered that question Bill won't be able to graduate next month

59A) B) C) D) E)

Though both sides claim that they don't want a war, ----- . it causes a lot of suffering to civilians maintaining a military is very expensive the peoples of both countries are against it as well they don't seem to be able to agree in the negotiations the presidents of both countries were once very strict generals

60A) B) C) D) E)

Harry has been earning a lot of money recently, ----- . although he is one of the most industrious workers in the company but he hasn't managed to save a thing so he can barely afford to look after his expensive house by the sea in spite of the fact that his job pays rather well until he'd contracted a serious disease and missed a month of work

61A) B) C) D) E)

---- yet it is much safer than it used to be because of modern safety equipment. With a little care, you won't encounter any mishaps Considering the great risk involved in automobile races Skiing can be counted among the most dangerous sports Household accidents account for many deaths of children Drink-driving poses a great threat for innocent pedestrians

62A) B) C) D) E)

Whereas I really love the taste of coffee,---- . I can't stand it with milk and sugar it is definitely my favourite hot drink instant coffee is much easier to prepare it is becoming increasingly popular in offices it helps keep me awake when I have to work at night

285

63A) B) C) D) E)

----- but with glasses, he can see as well as anybody. Jeff used to wear contact lenses Roy's eyesight is so bad that he's nearly blind As a child, Richard's vision was perfect Tim lost his glasses when he went camping John leaves his glasses behind wherever he goes

64A) B) C) D) E)

Russia lost a lot of land when the Soviet Union broke up; ----- . nevertheless, not very many of them are very useful even though many other things happened in the same year moreover, it is possible that they may try to find it again in contrast, the ruble collapsed at the same time however, it's still the largest country in the world

65A) B) C) D) E)

---- which is a sport combining skiing and shooting. I'm opposed to the use of guns in sport Canadians traditionally do well in the biathlon Every year many people die in hunting accidents The Swedes have a skiing division in their army More people die from guns in cold, snowy places

66A) B) C) D) E) F)

----- when driving for long distances on a motorway. Make sure you take occasional rest stops You can arrive at your destination quicker than taking the back roads On Sundays there are lots of cars along the Bosporus People who drive down the centre lane at low speed A lot of young people return to university at certain times of the year

67A) B) C) D) E)

------ , melting ice will cause sea levels to rise, flooding many coastal regions. By the time something was done about the situation If only we had listened to the weather forecast Unless drastic action is taken to halt global warming While attempting to understand the greenhouse effect Since drought continues to cause concern in many parts of the world

68A) B) C)

It is quite clear from the evidence ----- . because no one else knew so much about the victim's habits while he is trying to think of a reasonable defence whether he actually did it is still the question we have to answer 286

D) though the police are trying to reach his accomplices in the robbery E) that he is the only person who could have committed the crime 69A) B) C) D) E)

Due to the crime and pollution associated with city centres, ---- . everyone wants to live there for a better quality of life it is not the nicest place for some people to live there could be no better place for the new office block they are no better than the slum areas though more and more people are moving to the suburbs

70A) B) C) D) E)

In order to become competent in a foreign language, ---- . is best achieved by marrying someone who speaks that language there are now far more language schools than there used to be it is really necessary to live in a country where the language is spoken whether you have the chance to use the language at work or not requires patience and takes years of hard work and study

71A) B) C) D) E)

Although there is now more consumer choice than ever before, ---- . it is certainly a result of mass-production, beginning with the Industrial Revolution many people do not seem as satisfied as they used to be going shopping when things are on sale is so economical it depends on whether you have enough capital or not it might have been due to the unprecedented increase in demand

72- Despite the disadvantage of playing away from home in front of a hostile crowd, ---- . A) our team put in one of their best performances of the season B) they knew they'd never have a chance to win C) we were rather late and were unable to get tickets D) the players were a little demoralised, and couldn't do their best E) I don't have satellite TV, so I couldn't watch the match anyway 73A) B) C) D) E)

The cease-fire has now held for six months, ---- . so both sides still distrust one another everyone is certain that the situation will soon be resolved thus the relationship between the two countries has never been an easy one when all the parties involved in the conflict had been in agreement yet no one is ever sure what will happen from one day to the next

74- ------ the world has had to adjust to a new set of international realities. 287

A) B) C) D) E)

Until the outstanding events of the late 1980s While several countries were undergoing a traumatic period Ever since the break-up of the Soviet Union After the peace conference, which is due to take place next month Though there had been speculation about the state of the Prime Minister's health

75- ----- that even their fans were absolutely amazed. A) Their brilliant performance in the cup final was so unexpected B) They only had to win two more matches to be sure of the championship C) Even if they had won after such a shocking performance D) With their expensive foreign players doing so well, they have hardly lost a match all season E) It was the biggest crowd of the season, and probably one of the best behaved 76A) B) C) D) E)

As a result of the oil crises of 1974, ----- . the British economy has never really recovered from these problems most car manufacturers began making smaller, more economical cars really necessitates a large increase in petrol prices pollution in Istanbul is becoming worse and worse as the population grows it may even affect some of the countries that produce their own oil

77A) B) C) D) E)

We'd hoped for great things from the new manager ---- . on the condition that he is really as qualified as he claims to be and we were all disappointed when we heard he was coming but his arrogance soon destroyed our optimism even though he had such a good reputation so he would sort out all our outstanding problems

78A) B) C) D) E)

---- the meat in the stew was still not tender enough to chew easily. Not having bought it from our usual butcher's So as to make sure that It was delicious Although I had only put it in at the last moment The time given in the recipe must have been wrong in spite of having been cooked for two hours

79A) B) C) D)

No matter how many times I look up that word in the dictionary,----. I've finally managed to memorise it I just do not seem to be able to remember it my dictionary can't be a really good one there are so many other words that seem to mean the same thing 288

E) I really hoped that it wouldn't appear on the exam 80A) B) C) D) E)

In order to learn a foreign language, ----- . a student must be willing to take every opportunity to practise speaking the grammar is sometimes so complicated that it takes years to master it can be difficult for people without strong motivation though there are a lot of new words to memorise it is still not possible to be as fluent as a native speaker

81A) B) C) D) E)

----- until you've made an improvement in your work. You used to be one of our best employees Your performance has not been very satisfactory recently I have noticed that you are becoming lazy You will soon be looking for a new job You shouldn't expect to get a promotion

82A) B) C) D) E)

Mel Gibson began his career in low-quality action films, ---- . though he is unable to play in any serious films so he is, in fact, a surprisingly good dramatic actor while he was still a young man trying to make his way since Jack Nicholson also spent years in the same kind of films because he turned out to be an extremely versatile actor

83A) B) C) D) E)

----- before you can expect to obtain a decent job. You have been unemployed for so long You have, unfortunately, failed your entrance examination These days you have to know how to use a computer In a country where university education has always been free The rapid population growth plays a major role

84A) B) C) D) E)

--- unless all sides strictly obey the conditions. The new peace plan will certainly succeed The talks would not have been a success One of the groups boycotted the talks and another left in disgust There is no chance of the peace plan succeeding There do not seem to be any problems with the new plan

85- -----, but by the time the first snow fell, she couldn't fit into any of them. A) Janice has decided to buy an expensive leather and fur jacket B) Melanie bought tons of new winter clothes at the sales in May 289

C) Annette rented three post-office boxes for her business ventures D) Lucy picked up a second-hand encyclopaedia at the library sale E) Maggie's father owned three holiday houses near the ski resort 86- ----- until people realize that public transport is much more efficient than travelling by car. A) B) C) D) E)

Traffic problems will continue to get worse Nowadays commuters have to sit in traffic jams for hours In spite of all the new roads, traffic problems have not improved No one could go anywhere since the traffic was barely moving We're living in an age of car mania

87- Though I was ultimately unsuccessful, at least, I met a lot of interesting people --- . A) when tens or hundreds apply for a single position B) that I didn't know unemployment was so widespread C) which may soon leave me short of money D) while I was looking for a job E) were waiting for interviews as well 88A) B) C) D) E)

She decided not to have any lunch ----- . while sitting there, swallowing the sandwiches she'd brought from home skipping meals, however, is not advised by dieticians as she wanted to have a big appetite for the special dinner though she was supposed to be dieting very strictly when she has a lot of customers to deal with

89A) B) C) D) E)

The main reason that so many people want to emigrate to Britain is ----- . since the end of the British Empire when they were actively recruited during the labour shortage in the 1950s as they sometimes encounter racism and discrimination that some even left the opportunities in their own countries behind to take advantage of the economic opportunities available there

90- While there are a number of good reasons for studying a foreign language, ----- . A) many companies want their employees to speak a second language B) few working people can find the time to study one properly C) everyone should try their best to learn at least one foreign language 290

D) people who can't speak a second language are at a disadvantage E) the most successful students tend to be the ones who want to communicate most 91A) B) C) D) E)

---- many people like living in London regardless of the weather. Because of all the cultural activities available Since it's wet and gloomy for most of the time Unless they were satisfied with the standard of living there Had they lived in the country for a long time Rarely does one encounter a city so brimming with cultural activities

92A) B) C) D) E)

As soon as I walked into the room, ---- . I could sense that they had been arguing people were behaving very strangely she turns around and walks back out of the door for there was a certain atmosphere that was unmistakable it's the special feeling I have always associated with the place

93A) B) C) D) E)

Carlos hadn't even heard of baseball until he moved to the States at 15, ----- . as he lived only a few miles from a professional stadium and there he finally got to see the players he'd read about although he grew up playing the game with his friends but within a year, he was among the best players of his school yet he had seen hundreds of games on his uncle's television

94Considering that you have never had any formal training as a computer programmer, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

you show a remarkable amount of ability so that you can do the job as well as anyone else in the office which is the way everyone always did it until recently you will have finished the course by early next year you can probably recommend a suitable software for my aim

95A) B) C) D) E)

If more people had bought his first novel, ---- . it hadn't been properly publicized, according to some critics he gave up writing as a career and found a steady job the competition from more established novelists was too keen for him he might have been encouraged to continue writing he keeps trying anyway in spite of his economic hardship 291

96A) B) C) D) E)

Rotterdam has few old buildings, ----- . including the brand new bridge over the new harbour because the city was nearly destroyed in World War II as the city will be rebuilt in the next couple of years unlike Brasilia, which was almost totally rebuilt in the 1970’s since Amsterdam was established in the Middle Ages

97A) B) C) D) E)

----- since he died before he could write the final chapter. He always preferred the quiet of the shed in his garden It was the best thing he had ever written We will never know how the story ends The book could have sold out as soon as it was published There was nothing particularly inspiring about the technique

98A) B) C) D) E)

Because of the poor sanitation during the Middle Ages, ----- . skin diseases have since become much less common boiling all drinking water is one precaution against the disease some people tried to be clean, but most were very dirty typhoid epidemics are common in developing countries many people died from infectious diseases, such as cholera

99A) B) C) D) E)

In view of the fact that he had just recovered from tuberculosis, ----- . he had been left very weak by the disease it hasn't been a very severe attack anyway and also he was not naturally very strong he performed surprisingly well in the race he appears to be extremely cheerful

100- Whatever the final result, ----- . A) we can be proud that we have done our best B) it is a shame that we lost after playing so well C) there is a good chance that we might win D) both sides play so well that it is difficult to predict E) we'll either win the match or lose it by a small margin 101- ---- he had been unemployed for many months. A) Before he found a job as an engineer B) As he has finally managed to get a job interview C) Although the company he worked for went bankrupt 292

D) As soon as he'd heard about the result of the interview E) During the entire time he worked as an accountant

102- ---- I have no option but to terminate your contract. A) Because everything you have done has exceeded our expectations B) Since you have ignored repeated warnings about the poor quality of your work C) Even though you did not do very well on the last project D) The reason why you are late for work every morning E) Unless you attempted harder to solve your problems with the rest of the staff 103- Even though I wasn't really enjoying that book, ---- . A) I can recommend it without reservation B) I'll lend it to you if you'd like to read it C) I thought it was pointless and sentimental D) which was about a boring woman and her job E) it was irritating to find half the pages missing 104- ---- surfing can be as safe as any other sport. A) Provided you are careful not to go out in waves too big for you B) As going out in big waves can sometimes be hard to resist C) Although very few people are actually killed in surfing accidents every year D) When you forget to take the proper safety precautions E) Because of the fun you can have doing it 105- ---- there had been rumours about it for months. A) When the public sees the stories about the scandal in tomorrow's papers B) As the truth will be printed in the newspapers anyway C) Only if everyone told the truth about what really happened D) By the time the whole story came out in the press E) Everybody wishes someone would tell the truth 106- -----, so my Dad wasn't very pleased with it. A) I didn't enjoy the film last night as much as I'd expected B) The neighbour's dog dug up several of our flowerbeds C) I'm afraid my friends will be a bit noisy tonight D) Mum cooked a marvellous dinner last night E) My brother may have failed his final exams 107- When people are contemplating a big step in life, like buying a house, ---- . 293

A) B) C) D) E)

prices have gone up rather steeply in the last year they were not entirely sure that they could afford it they should be sure that it is what they really want it may otherwise be very difficult to break their promise and they might want a new car as well

108- ---- Joseph Conrad was, and still is, one of the most famous English writers. A) Although his tales of seafaring life depicted the concerns of all people B) Because English remained a second language to him all his life C) Having received British citizenship after 16 years in the British merchant navy D) As his visit to Africa provided him with the seed of his most famous story, ‘Heart of Darkness’ E) In spite of being a Polish seaman who only learnt English later in life 109- Unless people who have had a heart attack stop smoking, ---- . A) it's only then that they realise how bad smoking is B) there is a good chance that they will have another one C) they want to reduce the chances of having a second one D) they should have given it up years before anyway E) they can count themselves lucky that they survived it 110- Everyone agreed that he had been a terrible Prime Minister; --- . A) on the other hand, he was one of the most corrupt politicians in the country B) however bad his term in office had been C) nonetheless, he lost the next election by a large vote D) moreover, he had a terrific reputation for honesty and efficiency E) furthermore, he was so corrupt that no one trusted the government any more 111- ---- that we should have brought a present. A) My parents celebrated their fiftieth anniversary last week B) We thought that it would be a rather informal party C) It would have been better if we had planned D) When we saw that everyone else had brought something E) It was no' until we arrived that we realised 112- ----, my mark was not as good as I had hoped. A) Since I've done so well on the exam B) While the exam was very difficult C) As I was expecting the exam to be a lot more difficult 294

D) Although I managed to pass the exam E) Not only was it disappointing for me 113- Since trekking around the Himalayas three years ago, ---- . A) the spiritual values he encountered there changed his life B) he has wanted nothing so much as to go back there C) it was one of the greatest experiences of his life D) he had never seen such beautiful scenery or met such friendly people E) the best thing is coining back and telling all his friends about his experiences 114- While the best time to visit India is in the winter, when the weather is at its best, ---- . A) longer trips are always better than shorter ones B) the monsoon generally lasts from mid- June to mid-September C) it can be inconvenient for families with school-age children D) you should be sure to see the holy city of Benares E) there are many temples dedicated to the elephant-headed god, Ganesh 115- ----- we could tell there was going to be trouble. A) As soon as he learns how badly he was cheated B) No matter what the problem that disturbs him is C) If only he had stopped treating others so rudely all the time D) Just by the way he walked into the room looking angry and distressed E) There was nothing to do but leave as soon as possible 116- Considering that you have never had any formal training as a computer programmer, ---A) B) C) D) E)

you show a remarkable amount of ability so that you can do the job as well as anyone else in the office which is the way everyone always did it until recently you will have finished the course by early next year you should have achieved a lot more by now

117- ----- even though it was not the sort of day we had hoped for. A) We were forced to cancel our trip B) We had been looking forward to our trip for so long C) We were all eager to go hiking anyway D) Our car wouldn't start and we had to call a mechanic E) My father was unhappy about the weather

295

118- -----; on the other hand, he can be quite helpful to me at times. A) Jerry is always helping his mother in the kitchen B) If you ever need something done, ask Ferdinand C) Mark seems to know how to manage every job in the office D) I'm not very pleased to be working with Max E) In contrast, he's a great contribution to the team 119- Because there has never been a better time than the present, --- . A) B) C) D) E)

at which every sort of investment appears to be very profitable you should take advantage of the opportunity before it is too late and you have chosen an unusual area to invest in I vividly remember the post-war period, when people were in great poverty it is still necessary to make a thorough investigation beforehand

120- As the journey to Eskişehir is quite long, ---- . A) I want to make sure we leave early B) we have to drive for seven hours C) stopping overnight won't be necessary D) we would be there sooner than we'd expected E) we'll take turns at the wheel, though 121- ----- until the manager rang me yesterday with the good news. A) B) C) D) E)

I have always been nervous about job interviews I was not sure whether I would get the job Though the interview went well, I don't know if I'll be employed I've heard that the date of my interview has been changed I'm certain I did very well at the interview yesterday

122- ---- which is the capital city and the cultural centre. A) B) C) D) E)

Quito is situated high in the Andes Mountains Tourists to Hungary usually go to Budapest The London Underground is very expensive There are several minority groups scattered all over the country Apparently, Paris is most beautiful in the spring

123- Many educated people in developing countries used to learn Russian ----- . A) which has the longest border of all the countries on the Earth 296

B) C) D) E)

where education was highly centralized during the Soviet period because a lot of doctors receive their training there believing that they will be able to complete their education abroad so that they could further their education in the Soviet Union

124- You should not have decided on the date for your holiday ----- . A) so you can take it then because we won't be too busy B) even though you have a date with her next Friday C) without talking to your manager about it first D) thus you may not be able to find tickets in the busy season E) before you make sure that there are tickets available 125- Celia seems to be quite happy in her job ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

when she got it after spending a whole year trying to find one ever since she started working there three months ago however she has developed good relationships with her colleagues even though everyone thinks she could do better elsewhere in spite of the good pay and two three- week paid holidays a year

126- I don't know how my brother managed to get up early on Monday morning ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

if he didn't stay out until well after midnight after spending most of the previous night out with his friends owing to his healthy life style and good eating habits as he is already in the habit of going to bed late even on weekdays when he spends such hectic weekends in discos or bars

127- ----- neither of which was very appropriate for my qualifications. A) Both children looked at me gratefully B) I couldn't have bought the car without the money my parents gave me C) There were several companies which I could apply to D) Both Sally and Nancy have invited me to their parties E) I had two job offers upon graduation 128- They haven't decided yet ---- .

297

A) that two employees had been dismissed for misconduct B) and he is one of the best directors we've had so far C) whether to open the office on Christmas Eve D) when is the next meeting going to be held E) nor have I been able to understand what's going on 129- Although he loved her, he said he wouldn't be able to marry her ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

so they set the date for the second week in June until he was earning enough money to support them both and it was one of the nicest weddings anyone had ever seen when he had a better salary and could support her in style since he was making good money and thought it was time to start a family

130- He has lived in China for five years and claims to be fascinated by the country and culture, --A) which he speaks like a native B) yet he speaks not a word of the language C) that he has never lived anywhere else for so long before in his life D) so he has never made an attempt to learn their history E) in order to make a thorough study of the language 131- ---- ; on the other hand, it offers very few leisure facilities. A) There is nothing to do on the school premises, except for attending lectures B) Socially and academically, it has the worst reputation of any British university C) Having such a superb academic reputation in the country D) The materialism of the 1990s is very dull compared with the idealism of the '60s E) Academically, it is supposed to be one of the best universities in England 132- ---- that he was persuaded to get a job. A) As his new book was reviewed very favourably B) When, after years of trying, he finally achieved success as an author C) It was only after his three books had failed to secure him any income D) Though he had lived happily enough on welfare for ten years E) Having written his best and most popular book for years 133- In the event of rain during tomorrow's celebrations, ----- . A) B) C) D)

we will just have to change our plans and do something indoors as there is always a chance of severe flooding if it does after we had made such elaborate plans, it was really a disappointment we knew that the weather forecast had predicted it would be sunny 298

E) everyone has brought their umbrellas along just in case 134- The two great boxers, Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson are not contemporaries, ---- . A) that is, they both became very famous in the same country B) whenever they met, their match used to be watched by the millions the world over C) although he is getting too old to ever be champion again D) the former was the youngest heavyweight champion of all time E) but many believe that the latter could never have beaten the former in his prime 135- The hotel was awful not simply because it was miles from the beach and town, ---- . A) moreover there was a good night club there B) and besides it was the perfect place to relax C) nevertheless there were no other guests D) but also because there was nothing to do at night E) there weren't many activities for the entire family 136- ----- the company was going through hard times and couldn't afford to pay any more. A) Because he has been a model worker for the past two years B) Although his boss agreed that he deserved a higher salary C) While the present economic situation is unfavourable D) However much the boss might oppose increasing anyone's salary E) As a result of increased sales leading to one of the best financial years ever 137- Having only recently completed his university education, --- . A) B) C) D) E)

there were only poorly-paying jobs available the company could not offer anything very attractive he could hardly expect to get a top- paying job right away the bank was still after him to pay back his student loans he is sure to get a first-class honours degree

138- As there was no work in his hometown for someone with his qualifications, ---- . A) B) C) D)

he had got his degree from the most respected university in the country which meant that he had to remain unemployed, or take a boring job with low pay his mother would miss him if he moved away though it was only a small town with no industry at all 299

E) he moved to a place where there were more opportunities 139- ----, but I won't, of course, if you don't want me to. A) B) C) D) E)

I don't think I will be home by 6 o'clock I'd love to repaint the living room I haven't made any plans for today I certainly wouldn't tell anyone that l am deeply concerned about the environment

140- ----- provided that my parents agree. A) B) C) D) E)

I've booked the tickets for the play on Friday I'm really pleased that you're coming to diner My whole family is full of admiration for you . I'll be going to England to do a summer course My brothers and sisters are always arguing

141- As long as you're enjoying your job, -----. A) B) C) D) E)

it really doesn't matter how much money you make you should have tried moving to another city for a change it was rewarding both emotionally and financially you didn't keep yourself in good physical health though so many people are unable to achieve real happiness

142- Had I not seen it with my own eyes, -----. A) B) C) D) E)

I thought I should have my eyes checked you can't imagine how everything happened so suddenly I promise there was nothing really worth seeing I might not have missed such an interesting story I would have considered it impossible to believe

143- Although she's not very good at writing letters, ----. A) B) C) D)

I have no idea where she's living nowadays we haven't been in contact since about 1990 we've managed to keep in touch for over ten years I never have much to say to her on the phone either 300

E) she has to pay large telephone bills every month 144- ---- ; however, hardly any of them stayed until the end. A) B) C) D) E)

There weren't many students in the class Quite a few people attended the meeting The topic of the lecture was not very interesting My wife and I went to the opera last week The ending of the film was disappointing

145- What her bosses admire most about her ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

she is so beautifully dressed at all times most of us wish we were a bit like her l wish she would boast about herself less is the way she is always so organised haven't prevented her from coming to work late

146- -----, but despite that, I think I should. A) B) C) D) E)

I don't feel like going to my language class this evening l asked her why she hadn't told me about her problem in advance I think you ought to visit your parents more often l don't expect that tomorrow's exam is going to be very hard l know I shouldn't have been so rude to the customer

147- ------ though, surprisingly, pigs are cleverer than either. A) B) C) D) E)

Cats are more intelligent than dogs As pork is prohibited by Jewish law The farmer raises chickens and plants Kim has a very clever puppy Both cows and sheep provide milk

148- Everyone assumed the sailor had drowned at sea, ----- . A) B) C) D)

which was quite a shame, since he had never learnt to swim very well although his wife decided to remarry within a year of the accident so they were pleasantly surprised when they learnt he had been rescued until the coast guard confirmed the loss of all men from the small boat 301

E) although he probably would have lived, had he been wearing a life jacket 149- -----, but as it wasn't very cold, it melted as soon as it hit the ground. A) B) C) D) E)

A blizzard left up to three feet of snow in parts of Austria The plane crashed into the mountain at the speed of sound The child dropped his ice-cream onto the kitchen floor It was snowing very heavily when I woke up this morning Astronomers watched the meteor as it entered the atmosphere

150- ------ , we managed to get to the top though. A) B) C) D) E)

The building was only two floors high We walked up the gentle slope of the hill The cat was frightened and ran up the tree The Eiffel Tower has a wonderfully fast lift It was a hot day and the mountain was high

151- -----, whereas in America, they are actually quite cheap. A) B) C) D) E)

I don't remember what cigarettes cost in India In Europe, taxes make the price of petrol very high Pineapples are extremely expensive in Turkey It costs a lot of money to use the Internet in Hungary Bottles of beer cost practically nothing in Bulgaria

152- I haven't seen Jack since 1979, ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

while we've met occasionally in recent months which explains why we have remained so close because of the fact that he lives only two miles away so I recognised him instantly at our class reunion when we were students at secondary school together

153- ----- because it was so windy and noisy. A) B) C) D)

Hurricanes are capable of causing a lot of damage The storm caused high winds and a lot of rain The village was generally quiet and peaceful I had great difficulty staying asleep last night 302

E) Visibility was very low during the blizzard 154- Our flight was delayed by several hours; ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

however, we managed to leave a bit early otherwise, we had a great time on holiday in case we bought a few magazines at the airport moreover, the hotel was incredibly comfortable because even a bus would have been quicker

155- We went to the travel agent's to book a flight, --- . A) B) C) D) E)

only to learn that there were no seats left on the planes who is likely to tell us that we'll need to get a visa before going considering that the plane ticket was very expensive indeed which also includes a few historical places, such as Hagia Sophia and landed at Gatwick Airport in the middle of the night

156- ---- unless he does very poorly in the final exam. A) B) C) D) E)

Dave has only done very little work for his finals Joseph is certain to do well in his course Greg has never been very good at taking tests Paul couldn't have answered that question Bill won't be able to graduate next month

157- Though both sides claim that they don't want a war, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

it causes a lot of suffering to civilians maintaining a military is very expensive the peoples of both countries are against it as well they don't seem to be able to agree in the negotiations the presidents of both countries were once very strict generals

158- Harry has been earning a lot of money recently, ----- . A) B) C) D)

although he is one of the most industrious workers in the company but he hasn't managed to save a thing so he can barely afford to look after his expensive house by the sea in spite of the fact that his job pays rather well 303

E) until he'd contracted a serious disease and missed a month of work 159- ----, yet it is much safer than it used to be because of modern safety equipment. A) B) C) D) E)

With a little care, you won't encounter any mishaps Considering the great risk involved in automobile races Skiing can be counted among the most dangerous sports Household accidents account for many deaths of children Drink-driving poses a great threat for innocent pedestrians

160- Whereas I really love the taste of coffee, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

I can't stand it with milk and sugar it is definitely my favourite hot drink' instant coffee is much easier to prepare it is becoming increasingly popular in offices it helps keep me awake when I have to work at night

161- -----, but with glasses, he can see as well as anybody. A) B) C) D) E)

Jeff used to wear contact lenses Roy's eyesight is so bad that he's nearly blind As a child, Richard's vision was perfect Tim lost his glasses when he went camping John leaves his glasses behind wherever he goes

162- Russia lost a lot of land when the Soviet Union broke up; ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

nevertheless, not very many of them are very useful even though many other things happened in the same year moreover, it is possible that they may try to find it again in contrast, the ruble collapsed at the same time however, it's still the largest country in the world

163- ---- , which is a sport combining skiing and shooting. A) I'm opposed to the use of guns in sport B) Canadians traditionally do well in the biathlon C) Every year many people die in hunting accidents 304

D) The Swedes have a skiing division in their army E) More people die from guns in cold, snowy places 164- We can always start our journey without him ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

even if the car hadn't suddenly stopped working as he has been looking forward to it for a long time whereas he is usually late anyway so making a new plan didn't prove too difficult if he is late again after all our warnings

165- Having searched everywhere in the house for her lost bracelet, ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

she finally remembered that she had left it at her friend's her father had given it to her for her birthday there was a possibility that her sister might have borrowed it it was a really nice silver bracelet, hand- made in India it had somehow got stuck down the back of the sofa

166- ----, and he should also be considerate of his co-workers. A) B) C) D) E)

There was a man who worked here last year who was always late for work People should always phone in and let the boss know if they are sick Because a lot of people must work together in a confined area A good employee should always be punctual An employee who expects others to do his work can be very unpleasant

167- Even though there is no way to know what the future will bring, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

it's been interpreted by many as an unforeseen disaster no one can even be sure of what will happen tomorrow making predictions can sometimes cause frustration as well we can protect ourselves from disasters by taking certain precautions fortune tellers actually make up all their predictions

168- You can only practice as a doctor ----- . A) whereas you have completed your medical studies B) after you have completed your studies and served your internship C) if you hadn't quit medical school for the sake of acting 305

D) although you have been studying for years now E) indeed it takes years and years of study and lots of energy 169- ----- considering the poor workmanship and the inferior materials used. A) There has been a church on the site since the 9th century B) Susie's genuine Ming vase fetched less than expected C) Buckingham Palace was rebuilt in 1703 D) The new bridge will connect Zealand with the Danish mainland E) It is hardly surprising that the building collapsed 170- ----, the US Declaration of Independence has served as a model for many later documents. A) B) C) D) E)

Once the Declaration had been adopted Representatives from each of the original 13 colonies Signed on 4 July, 1776 When the colonies fought a War of Independence Even before the French Revolution

171- ----, labour-intensive industries are more practical than capital-intensive ones. A) Since Bangladesh is a poor country with a large population B) Bangladesh, most of which is at low elevations C) Though there is no shortage of labour in a country like Bangladesh D) While the country is inhabited almost entirely by people who speak the Bengali language E) As the extensive river systems were fundamental to the nation's economy 172- Dissatisfied with the quality of the education he was getting, --- . A) B) C) D) E)

the college was obviously not a very good one he decided to transfer to a better college if only he had listened to his parents and gone to a better college there were plenty of other colleges around to choose from but it was the best that was offered in such a small town

173- Before going to Africa to teach English, ------ . A) Tom lives in Singapore with his four children B) Dennis had been an employee of the British government for 30 years 306

C) Scott would have been better off staying in France, serving diners D) the rest of Joe's family thought he should have become a lawyer E) Steve has discovered that he can make much more money by selling cars 174- ----, you must subtract 32, multiply by 5 and divide by 9. A) B) C) D) E)

Though you may not be too keen on mathematics A person's weight can be recorded in either pounds or kilos In order to convert Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius The metric system has all but replaced the old imperial one The weather report said that today's average would be 86°F

175- Though the Dutch Reformed Church is the largest religious group in Holland, --- . A) B) C) D) E)

Roman Catholicism has been losing popularity in France who follow a belief established by a former king of the Netherlands the majority of the population are Shiite Muslims the fact that there are very few of them in America there are more atheists than followers of this religion there

176- -----, I'll let you know the minute I find out anything. A) B) C) D) E)

If I had been told what we were supposed to do Since you’ll probably find out before I do Where we're going to meet is up to you Although now I have no idea when the parry is As I've known about the examination for ages

177- Upon overhearing the name of the new manager mentioned, ---- . A) I think "Kylie" is a really dreadful name B) it was a group of employees from the sales department C) he was, obviously, not well-liked among the staff D) I became curious about what they were talking about E) l don't think they should have promoted him really 178- ----, but in the past few years, he's developed a taste for it. A) I don't know what they use to make spaghetti B) Steve's always loved the flavour of Coca-Cola 307

C) Lance used to think that ayran was repulsive D) While Karl can't stand his own mother's cooking E) Seyfihoca will never get used to eating olives at breakfast 179- The children were screaming so loudly upstairs in their bedroom ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

that nobody heard the burglars enter the house through the back door even though their mother was punishing them for their terrible behaviour because of the neighbours, who are always complaining about the noise so there was nothing at all anybody could do to get them to be quiet until their father calls a baby-sitter and leaves to go to the supermarket

180- ----, yet to be honest, at such a young age, I can't tell the difference. A) B) C) D) E)

I saw our neighbour's baby this morning and I think she's had a boy When Joey was a baby, she would only eat one kind of biscuit The seeds that I planted last month have finally begun to sprout Both of the twin sisters wore exactly the same dress and hat In America, children start school when they're about five

181- ----, there's no way you'll understand my grandmother. A) B) C) D) E)

Even though she has an impossible northern accent As you can speak Ukrainian as fluently as I can Of course she's a very nice old woman Unless you pay great attention to what she's saying Ever since she became senile a few years ago

182- -----, yet I have hardly ever been so disappointed by anything in my life. A) B) C) D) E)

I know that I am going to be the happiest man alive after we get married We were looking forward to seeing one of the world's most beautiful sights My father has warned me about failing if I don't study hard I have never seen anything so beautiful as the Taj Mahal by moonlight We were told that it was one of the worst restaurants in town

183- ----, which are ground, mixed with spices and fried in oil. A) Köfte recipes vary from place to place B) Pumpernickel is a tough and close- textured loaf 308

C) Lahmacun is enjoyed by many people D) Pasta is a specialty of Italy E) Falafel is made from chickpeas 184- Though there can be many parties in a general election, ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

the majority of the host's acquaintances will be attending a few parties would gain too much power only a few of them can win seats in Parliament nobody actually votes for him anyway they failed to win any seats in the new government

185- ----; otherwise, there's no way he would have known the time and place. A) B) C) D) E)

Felix must have been told about the picnic Stan arrived late for his own wedding You should ask Paul to come to the dance Jim was aware of the staff meeting Gerald can't have been invited to the party

186- Despite the fact that everyone thinks the boss's plan is not practical, --- . A) he himself would be among the first to agree B) many others think his ideas have quite a bit of merit C) there is no way it can be effectively implemented D) he is generally rather useless at such things E) he owns the company and thus makes the decisions 187- -----, it would be more enjoyable to do it over a week or so, and stop to enjoy the sights. A) B) C) D) E)

While the trip generally takes about seven or eight days I think I can manage to finish painting the house in a day We were planning to spend a fortnight driving to California Though it's possible to drive across America in two days The train journey across Siberia is a very long one indeed

188- ----, as it looks as if it's going to be raining for a while. A) The rivers and streams are already flooding B) There's no point in buying a new umbrella 309

C) l had no idea that rain had been forecast D) I wish I'd taken advantage of the nice weather E) The weather in March can be quite changeable 189- After your plane lands at Sky Harbour Airport, ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

the flight is scheduled to arrive at 9.15a,m. your connection to Texas had been delayed you'll be taken to the Biltmore Hotel by taxi the plane to Mexico was about to arrive the trip has only taken about two hours

190- Harold is the director of a large company and supervises many people at work, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

although he has been working with the firm for twenty years but at home his wife is the boss and tells him what to do however, he hasn't missed a day for illness in a decade as long as he's a hard worker and completely reliable considering what an important position he's got there

191- ----, the management fired them all and hired new ones. A) B) C) D) E)

If the management and the union couldn't reach an agreement Had the staff not performed their duties effectively When the Air Traffic Controllers went out on strike As there are a lot of potential workers about to graduate from university Should they be late for work three days in a row

192- My uncle is a very unpleasant person,-----. A) B) C) D) E)

as ins wife was one of the sweetest people I have ever met so no one seems eager to invite him to the family reunion that the whole family feel obliged to visit him in the hospital than anyone else in the family, as far as I know though no one could ever remember him having any friends

193- While few people have ever seen one, ---- . A) they will never forget their first encounter with a shark 310

B) C) D) E)

nearly everyone knows what a polar bear looks like it is, therefore, unlikely that UFOs actually exist many other people live in snow for most of the year not many people would recognise a pelican though

194- ----, in order not to lose our way, it was obvious we would have to hire a guide. A) B) C) D) E)

We had to spend a lot of extra money Because it had seemed so interesting to everyone in the party We should make sure that we know a lot about the terrain As we had a good map and a compass Though it was an expense that we hadn't counted on

195- I feel that I now have much more energy ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

until I began a full-time job again ever since I began exercise classes at the local gym when I began to walk my dog in the mornings because of the exercise I've been taking recently just after I began to practise meditation

196- ----- despite owning hundreds of them himself. A) The prophet, Jesus of Nazareth was well-known as a carpenter B) Paul's never actually liked the taste of yoghurt or cheese C) Thomas Jefferson was opposed to the idea of keeping slaves D) Ross Perot has an enormous collection of automobiles E) Frank has never been very good at making new friends 197- In spite of being dangerous and feared fish, ------ . A) B) C) D) E)

sharks attack over a hundred people annually piranhas usually attack their prey in large numbers Stephen Spielberg’s film "Jaws" gave them a powerful reputation more than thirty-five people have been killed by sharks this year piranhas are caught for food by South Americans

198- Research carried out recently suggests ----- . A) which involved many well-known doctors and nutritionists B) that one or two glasses of red wine every day is good for your heart 311

C) to eat five small meals a day instead of three big ones D) so we can be sure that grape juice is the best nutrient for the brain E) as some people do not believe there can be any benefit in eating vegetables raw 199- He is hoping to be able to earn a lot of money ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

when he started his own business five years ago as soon as he graduates from university which turned out great as he was able to buy the boat if he had taken the opportunity when it presented itself but the stock market crashed at a very bad time for him

200- ----- grew into a nationwide campaign. A) B) C) D) E)

If only they had publicised their organisation better in the absence of any real competitors What started as a neighbourhood initiative Even in these difficult circumstances they persevered with their project Because they enlisted a professional publicity company

201- There is the possibility of strike action ----. A) B) C) D) E)

otherwise the workers would not have any money if the management rejects the pay rise suggested by the union thanks to the success of the negotiations between shareholders and the board if they hadn't worked so hard during the previous month ever since the management made some of the workers redundant

202- Once you've tried my mother's spaghetti, --- . A) B) C) D) E)

you'll never want to eat anyone else's it's rude to eat off other people's plates she has a secret recipe for tomato sauce it is common around here to make your own pasta I'm glad you have really loved its taste

203- As soon as the building work is completed, ---- .

312

A) B) C) D) E)

the owners moved in immediately the builders would have left it has been more than seven months they'll call in the electricians the flats have been purchased

204- ----, but they used to be in deadly rivalry. A) Americans and Russians bitterly disagree on several issues B) The USA and the Soviet Union were engaged in the Cold War for decades C) Everyone was surprised when the two former political enemies decided to negotiate D) It's hoped that the United Nations will be able to solve some of the world's worst problems E) The Americans and the Russians cooperate on many space projects today 205- Mike replaced his old Ford with a brand- new Honda, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

even though his present one keeps breaking down all the time when he inherited a large sum of money from his grandfather if it breaks down again creating such an awkward situation but no one believes that he can afford it until he finds a new job with a better salary

206- ----, it is important to know which foods contain the proper nutrients. A) B) C) D) E)

Unless you want to remain healthy Despite the fact that many young people suffer from eating disorders Because people who don't smoke and exercise regularly tend to live longer Although it is possible to be perfectly healthy as a vegetarian A poor diet can lead to serious health problems

207- --- as long as he stayed out of trouble and did community service. A) B) C) D) E)

He has never been a well-respected member of society Everybody knows how hard he tried to be a goad citizen He is known to be a good husband and father The judge told him he would not have to go to jail He promises that he will not get into trouble again

208- Unless new ways are found to process and dispose of sewage, ---- . 313

A) B) C) D) E)

obviously not enough has been done up to now there is a better way to handle the problem water pollution will continue to grow worse and soon the rivers will be teeming with fish again there may have been severe damage to marine life

209- I eventually managed to find the office, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

but not until after I'd got lost several times so I had been looking for over an hour that was easy and didn't take very long since it wasn't clearly marked on the map I had according to the directions I had given him

210- ----- since I don't understand it myself. A) B) C) D) E)

I tried to help my sister with her homework I've been going to English classes It's difficult for me to do these sums The teacher didn't show us how he got the formula I can't explain the situation to you

211- I thought it was impossible for me to learn a foreign language ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

except that I could master a language completely different from my own no matter how bad ı was at languages when I was at school until I lived for six months in a place where no one spoke my mother tongue especially when I consider how much vocabulary I need to learn unless I go and live in the country where the language is spoken

212- -----, but he'll eat anything you put in front of him. A) B) C) D) E)

Paul doesn't care what you serve We usually feed the dog mince Red wine doesn't go well with fish Seyfihoca is practically dying of hunger My niece has always been a strict vegetarian

213- Unless the number of orders increases, ---- . 314

A) B) C) D) E)

the recession is getting much worse this has been our worst year so far the sales manager is getting worried the entire factory has closed down some of us may soon become unemployed

214- ----- in case you have to stay there overnight? A) B) C) D) E)

Have you booked the hotel for a fortnight Please give me a call when you arrive I'm not sure which hotel you should book Why don't you take a change of clothes Can you tell me what time you'll be back

215- What I don't like about Mondays ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

have to work hard on the first day of the week is the fact that I'm always tired I really enjoy the weekends though it's no wonder I love it when Friday comes some of the clients come regularly once a week

216- -----, so we were shocked to learn that they had lost. A) B) C) D) E)

No one really thought they had much of a chance anyway The match had been cancelled because of bad weather Everyone had expected the team to have an easy victory Our team was losing by three goals when we turned off the TV Their opponent was ranked number one in the league

217- Even though I've never tried bungee jumping, ---- . A) I can imagine how terrifying it must be B) I couldn't wait when I had the opportunity C) I'm not a big fan of dangerous sports D) I still remember how frightened I was at first E) I was brave enough to join my friends for a trial 218- -----, advances in medicine have also led to the present threat of worldwide overpopulation. 315

A) While they've undoubtedly improved the quality of our lives B) Although sometimes more than one form of therapy is used to treat an illness C) Because they have played an important part in raising our standard of living D) Once dreaded annual events, polio epidemics are now mentioned only in history books E) Even if family planning remains one of the great challenges of the late 20th century 219- Unless the two sides begin to negotiate seriously, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

there is likely to be violence in the region everyone is confident that there won't be a war a peace-keeping mission will no longer be needed they should be able to find a solution with no difficulty the people in the region are now enjoying a peaceful atmosphere

220- Even though it was defended by so few armed men, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

it didn't take the invaders long to capture the fortress the city managed to hold out against its attackers until help arrived the attackers were well aware of the town's lack of ammunition no one knew how many there really were most of whom also had no –war experience

221- Prepositions are one area which students of English find quite hard, ------ . A) B) C) D) E)

as the rules for them are so logical and clear because native speakers find them very easy to use another being to gain an understanding of articles once they have memorised all of them by heart although they never really seem to understand them

222- There is going to be a big protest ------ . A) B) C) D) E)

when a ceremony was organised for the opening of the new motorway in case the council continued pulling any more historical buildings down while they were cutting down so many trees for a new housing development if only taxes have been brought down a little by the new government if the government tries to build a road through that residential area

316

223- I admit that I should have confirmed the reservations, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

considering the fact that there have never been any problems before but I really thought everything had been taken care of so you could have done it as well, had you thought of it so that we won't have to bother looking for accommodation thus it is definitely not my fault, but the travel agent's

224- Whenever there is an international incident, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

the United Nations was not able to solve it powerful nations try to use it to their advantage it has not been fair to expect too much of the United Nations athletic competitions have certainly stimulated good-will between nations it also includes such music contests as Eurovision

225- ---- ,it is obvious that the whole thing was a waste of time and effort. A) B) C) D) E)

None of us wanted to go in the first place Staff meetings are often boring and have no apparent point to them Since the results were far more satisfactory than anyone had expected Seeing that we couldn't solve anything in the end Except for the fact that everyone thought the food was terrible

226- ----, the south coast of Spain has been destroyed by insensitive planning and building. A) B) C) D) E)

Since it remains one of the nicest places you are likely to visit As tourism has made a major contribution to Spain's spectacular economic growth Once one of the most attractive spots in Europe Because it accounts for just under 15 percent of Spain's total area There was once one of the most beautiful resorts imaginable

227- ---- , he has not written a new book for over ten years. A) B) C) D) E)

Once considered one of the most promising authors of his generation When the critics felt that he was sure to be a huge success After putting his feet up on the desk and looking me straight in the eye As his publisher tried to urge him to work more productively What his readers really appreciate is the consistent quality of his writing 317

228- While New York is one of the most exciting cities in the world, ----. A) B) C) D) E)

it's because its residents consist of people from various cultures it's certainly not one of the cheapest though make sure you visit the Metropolitan Museum during your visit it can also be one of the most stressful and dangerous the sightseeing tour which we joined as really Unforgettable

229- Though it's been years since he last visited his parents, ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

he always felt so depressed when he returned home they both seem to be very healthy for their age he had taken a round-the-world trip in the meantime he was glad that they both looked quite healthy he till feels close because of the frequent phone calls and letters

239- I'm sorry for the misunderstanding, but if you had only phoned, ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

I told you on the e-mail that I wouldn't be able to meet you at the airport you should have checked with me that we had meant the same restaurant whether the meeting has been put off or not I have had the date and the address of the conference confirmed we could have been sure that we understood each other

240- ----- until his car was stolen and he got mugged on the same day. A) B) C) D) E)

His life was so bad that he was sure he was due for a spell of good luck The police were sure that they knew where the robbers were hiding He never believed that he lived in a dangerous part of town He enjoyed the security of his job even though the salary was low No matter how hard he worked, he always seemed to have trouble paying his bills

241- Some people feel that the American political system has steadily deteriorated ---. A) B) C) D)

when people became more concerned with the people who took decisions for them while the media is one of the main causes of it so that the candidates are now more honest and better qualified than ever since the mass media began to make image more important than ideas 318

E) during the first televised TV debates between Kennedy and Nixon 242- ----, sometimes things all work out for the best. A) B) C) D) E)

Though it can be quite disappointing not to get to the university you set your heart on Because in some countries there is no longer any compulsory military service We all had a great time hiking through the woods last weekend I've never seen such a terrible hotel or eaten at such a bad restaurant It was unbelievable how he lost his entire fortune in a single night of gambling

243- ----, but I'd guess he must be about sixty. A) B) C) D) E)

My husband will phone the tour company and ask the price of the trip to Egypt I don't remember how much the shop assistant told us those jeans cost I don't know exactly how old Tim's father is Frank weighed himself and was horrified to see he is eighty kilos Tom may be heavier than you, but don't forget that he is also taller

244- If you're not sure how to spell a word, ----. A) B) C) D) E)

one must first learn how to pronounce the English alphabet you should look it up in a dictionary homophones are words that sound the same it is because, in Turkish, every sound is represented with a symbol then you should have avoided using them in your essay

245- ----, most citizens of the sultanate actually live in poverty. A) Since the Sultan of Brunei is one of the wealthiest people in the world B) Considering that the largest concentration of urban population is in Brunei's capital, Bandar Seri Begawan C) Because Brunei earns billions of dollars a year from petroleum exports D) When Queen Elizabeth paid an official visit to the Sultan of Brunei in early 1998 E) Although the average income in Brunei is among the world's highest 246- The cost of living in Alaska is extremely high, ---- . A) as the price of petrol there is surprisingly low B) whereas Eskimos live in ice houses called igloos C) due to the fact that only about 500,000 people live there 319

D) unless you really enjoy extremely cold weather and snow E) because nearly everything has to be imported 247- In Africa, summer starts in the middle of December, ----- . A) B) C) D) E)

however the inhabitants don't have much opportunity to take advantage of this while in Europe, the season begins in the middle of June when vast stretches of land were frequently covered in snow but they're going to change this system so as to be like the rest of the world though the modem twelve-month calendar is of little use to them

248- ----, so the family of the victim were outraged. A) B) C) D) E)

They won their case and the burglar had to go to jail The girl completely recovered from the brutal attack They were relieved to see the murderer locked up in prison The murderer was only given a two and a half year prison sentence The judge had given the robber a harsh punishment

249- She wasn’t an able enough secretary ----- . A) though she pretented to be so B) to typing as fast as the previous one C) because she can’t speak a foreign language D) whenever an urgent meeting is called E) why she looked so nervous during the interview 250- ----- and not able to look after his affairs. A) B) C) D) E)

Though he is normally is a very businessman What he has been difficulty doing in the last week He says he has been very ill for some time He doesn’t think he is psychologically ready My brother got obsessed with his problematic private life

From Spain and North Africa through the central lands of Egypt, Syria and Iraq, to Iran and India in the East, and over a period of roughly twelve centuries, Islamic medicine has shown great variation and diversity. As cosmopolitan Islamic culture developed, shared traditions spanned vast areas and crossed many centuries. Yet local conditions and innumerable other factors produced considerable diversity. Communications over such a vast area during the course of several centuries were, as 320

would be expected, neither uniform nor very swift, and the dispersion of ideas and texts from one region to another was uneven. The general health of the Islamic community was influenced by many factors: the climatic conditions of the desert, marsh, mountain and littoral communities; the different living conditions of nomadic, rural, and urban populations; local economic factors and agricultural successes or failures; population migration as well as travel undertaken for commerce, for attendance at courts, or as a pilgrimage; the injuries and diseases attendant upon army camps and battles; and the incidence of plague and other epidemics as well as the occurrence of endemic conditions such as trachoma and other eye diseases. 1- From the passage it's clear that Islamic medicine ............. . A) started to be practised first in Spain and North Africa in the 8th century B) was not respected by European physicians due to its out-of-date nature C) spread over quite a wide region in a few centuries’ time D) gained its popularity partly because of the European methods it adopted E) was not so common a practice in European countries as it was in the East 2- If asked the reason of the diversity of Islamic medicine, having read this passage, one would answer that ............. . A) people had been looking forward to such modern medicinal techniques for ages B) there was a shortage of physicians who were skilled at curing once deadly diseases C) new methods were communicated fast with a short time thanks to new technology D) healing traditions shared by many people spread over a vast area over centuries E) same healing techniques which proved to be efficient and effective were practised 3-Among the factors by which the general health of the Islamic community was influenced, one not mentioned in the passage is that ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

lifestyles of diverse groups were also different financial conditions of local people were bad physicians used to travel a lot to help the ill armies were affected by injuries and diseases epidemics and endemic conditions were common

President Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe IV on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas, three months after his father died in a traffic accident. When he was four years old, his mother wed Roger Clinton. He excelled as a student and as a 321

saxophone player. As a delegate to Boys Nation while in high school, he met President Kennedy in the White House Rose Garden. The encounter inspired him to enter a life of public service. Clinton attended Georgetown University and in 1968 received a bachelor's degree in foreign service. He received a law degree from Yale University in 1973, then returned to Arkansas to teach law at the University of Arkansas and to prepare to enter politics. He was defeated in his campaign for Congress in Arkansas' Third District in 1974. The next year he married Hillary Rodham, a Wellesley College graduate. Clinton was elected Arkansas attorney general in 1976, then went on to win the governorship in 1978. He lost in his try for a second term, but he regained the office four years later and served as governor until 1992. That year Clinton defeated George Bush and third-party candidate Ross Perot for the Presidency. 4- According to the passage, Bill Clinton ............. A) B) C) D) E)

was originally trained as a musician was in politics when he was at school is an admirer of President Kennedy had been encouraged to politics by his father was a successful student at school

5- It can be understood from the passage that ....... A) Bill Clinton’s life has always been successful from the point of politics B) Bill Clinton was a professor at university before entering politics C) Roger Clinton, Bill Clinton’s father, didn't want him to be a lawyer D) being a lawyer was Bill Clinton’s first ambition, which he never fulfilled E) Hillary Clinton was Bill Clinton’s childhood love, with whom he married at 28 6- It is pointed out in the passage that ............ . A) Bill Clinton’s first attempt in politics was not a successful one B) before being elected for the Presidency, Bill Clinton was appearing as a lawyer at courts C) Hillary Rodham inspired Bill Clinton to be a successful politician D) Bill Clinton has taken deceased President Kennedy as an example in politics E) one must have a few degrees in order to run for the presidency Finding a solution for Central Europe is no easy task. All over the region there are many “ethnic pockets”. Also, Europe is very much characterised by nationalism, 322

wars, and ethnic tensions, which make it more difficult for true peace. There have been suggested solutions to the ethnic conflict problem, though. One author mentions that “ ... the key to reduction of ethnic conflict requires structural change...”. Although it's not possible to completely change the structure, some attention must be brought to it. The structure should be made into a new, democratic one. Conflicting groups should sincerely try to find compromise between their conflicts and resolve them peacefully. It is also important to bring honest, peace seeking governmental leaders to the countries; because no matter how one tries to change the structure, the ones leading the country must be sincere and try to convince others to do so. Only through peace is there a true possible solution. 7- It is stated in the passage that Europe ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

has a structure which has been shaped by ethnic tensions, nationalism, and wars is disadvantageous in solving it problems only due to its location and physical features has leaders whose primary concerns are to resolve the long-lasting ethnic problems should change its current governmental leaders as they get benefits from the conflicts must learn how to live with diverse ethnic groups in harmony

8- The problem with the current leaders in Europe is that ............. . A) they don't know what future will bring unless the conflicts are solved B) can't change the structure of their countries despite their efforts C) they lack sincerity and honesty which they must have to be able to solve the conflicts D) are hard to be convinced about how important resolving the problems is E) are worried about losing their positions if they are not successful 9- From the passage, it's clear that structural change in Europe ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

will be achieved sooner or later by just leaders will aggravate the current problems and conflicts seems the only means to resolve the conflicts is, currently, something unfeasible to carry out will, according to the author, never be achieved

Some experts think that labour by children is not productive. According to Jean Maurie Derrien, an expert at ILO (International Labour Organisation), children work power is a vicious circle and does not make nations rich, but only causes poverty. The reason is because if children work, the level of education, qualified work power or profession, and the rate of earning will get lower. The lack of healthy 323

food, poor housing and lack of immunisation from diseases brings low working capabilities and, thus, have many impacts on children for the rest of their lives. In order to solve these problems, ILO started a program called IPEC in such developing countries as Turkey, Brazil, India, which includes serial conferences, seminars, and other activities, The program is still continuing, therefore the results are yet to come. 10- The author of the passage seems to suggest that ............. . A) unless immediate measures are taken, most parts of the world will turn poor B) in a country where children work, poverty of the general public is inevitable C) children labour generally happens in rich countries D) children shouldn't work as it doesn't provide any benefit E) when the education level of the working children improves, most countries will be richer 11- According to the passage, one of the direct results of making children work is ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

an increase in the number of the wealthy less food and accommodation for them a huge deficit in the budget of the country a general decline in the level of learning a recession in the sectors where they work

12- From the passage, it's understood that IPEC will not implemented in most European countries because ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

the program is especially designed for developing countries they've already solved their problems using different programs they are members of European Union, where children labour is strictly restricted the program is not suitable for their current problems with regard to poverty, they are not as lucky as developed countries

Once the leaders of the rebellion were executed or dispersed, the British Government admitted its previous errors — tacitly, of course — and sought to rectify old wrongs. King George III, who had complained that he would go mad if his American colonies were lost, regained his spirits and proved surprisingly forgiving. No more than a third of the colonists had supported the insurrection, in any event, and six years of 324

bloodshed and hardship that followed were quickly forgotten in the era of good feeling after the war. The colonies were placed under a unified government for the first time, and a new capital was established across the East River from Manhattan, in the fertile fields of the Brooklyn. 13A) B) C) D) E)

The passage states that the British government ............. . was punished by the leaders of the rebellion in a way, apologised for its former mistakes after the rebellion was over agreed to release the rebels from the prison was supported by the majority of the colonies threatened the people in the colonies and this led to the rebellion

14- It's clear from the passage that ............. . A) King George was put in a mental hospital when the American colonies rebelled B) one third of the colonists were killed in the attempted rebellion C) after the revolt, the king was not as angry as people had expected D) the rebels were successful in their attempt to gain power E) the colonist rebels became more popular with their supporters 15- After the war, ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

a single government was formed to unite the colonies the clan fighting and rations continued for yet another six years most colonists were still not happy about their position the colonies were full of hatred because of the previous years of death and misery many colonists moved to Brooklyn and became farmers

Joseph Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay India, on December 30 ,1865. There he passed an idyllic early childhood in the company of Hindustani–speaking nurses who imbued him with their language and lore .This ended abruptly when ,at the age of six, he was billeted in the home of Captain and Mrs Halloway in Southsea England. Five miserable years of Mrs Halloway's browbeating and humiliating punishments drove Kipling to a nervous breakdown at age eleven. From the ages of twelve through sixteen ,Kipling attended United Services College ,Wetward Ho!, Devon ,the setting for Stalky and Co(1899).At seventeen, he returned to India where he worked as an assistant editor on The Lahore Civil and Military Gazette and later as an editor for The Pioneer in Allahbad. Kipling's seven years as a journalist in India would provide him with a wealth of experience which he transformed into stories of enduring value.

325

16- The reason Rudyard Kipling experienced a nervous breakdown was that ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

he lived in miserable conditions Mrs Halloway made him work hard regardless of his age. Mrs Halloway behaved cruelly for more than a few years he was deprived form learning a language he was forced to move to England reluctantly

17As a result of working for seven years as a journalist in India, J.R.Kipling ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

made plenty of money that would be sufficient during his lifetime returned England to set up his own newspaper using his experience wrote lots of stories reflecting his hard years in India became the editor of The Pioneer in Allahbad collected a great deal of experience to make his works long-lived ones

18- According to the passage, Rudyard Kipling............. . A) spent his childhood in India where he was born in the second half of 18th century B) was assimilated by his Hindustani speaking babysitters to get him to accept their culture C) was a member of a poor family with whom he spent only his childhood D) worked for a company teaching nurses and medical people how to speak his language E) was under the duress of Hindustani speaking nurses for a dozen of years Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families escape from poverty, they do not fall back into it. Middleclass children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills . They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for breaking these vicious circle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught these skills in school. 19- The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ............. . A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for them B) they cease to mix socially with the poor 326

C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners and ways D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor again E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry 20- According to writer, if poverty is to be overcome, ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

the only effective means for this would be to provide better education more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor. all children, regardless of their class should receive the same formal education middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities the education of children should be based on mental skills

21- The main argument of the passage is that............. . A) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty. B) middle class children do not need to learn basic mental skills at school ,since they learn them at home C) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if he poor and the rich attend the same school D) since basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is essential E) a child born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life It is an obvious fact that people of different nations tend to use different languages. Along with physical appearance and cultural characteristics, language differences are part of what distinguishes one nation from another. Of course it is not only across national boundaries that people speak different languages. In Canada, inhabitants of the same cities and rural areas have spoken different languages for centuries. In Quebec province, ethnic French-Canadians maintain a strong allegiance to the French language, while ethnic Anglos maintain a loyalty to English. In India, literally dozens of languages are spoken, some confined to small areas, others spoken regionally or nationally. In some parts of India, two or more languages are spoken by different ethnic groups. 22- We learn from the passage that ............. . A) in a country where different races live, it is quite normal for people to speak different languages 327

B) nations can be differentiated from each other only by their physical characteristics C) no matter where you are, you can hear a different language spoken by minorities D) one can use not only visible and cultural but also communication features to differentiate countries from one another E) there might be more than two ethnic groups speaking the same tongue 23- From the passage , we can understand that............. . A) no two ethnic groups use the same tongue B) urban and suburban people have been expressing themselves using different languages for hundreds of years C) dozens of languages are spoken by millions of people in Canada D) geographically and phonetically speaking, Canada lies between America and England E) having accepted French the formal language of Quebec, the government of Canada has opened the country to the effects of French 24- It is implied in the passage that, one of the functions of a language is to ............. . A) help us decide where our listener comes from B) help us find a suitable friend who may help us when we are abroad C) separate countries from each other D) allow us to make friends wherever we are E) provide easier methods to make financial contacts with foreigners It was said that the bottom of the lake was so cold that the bodies of drowned people never decomposed. An aged man who had suffered a heart attack while swimming and Indian virgins who had been thrown into the lake after having been killed in sacrificial rites many years ago were all floating around the bottom with their last look of terror on their faces. On still days, when the surface of the water was like glass, one could occasionally see them. Thus the dim outline of a face which one glimpsed over the side of a boat was not necessarily one’s own . 25- The passage tells us that the lake ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

had special water which helped people stay young was very popular with swimmers was a dangerous place where many people lost their lives contained preserved dead bodies was so cold that people often drowned in it 328

26- The writer states that the Indian maidens ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

found the lake too frightening to swim in it used to be killed before they were tossed into the lake were forced to put an end to their lives when they became too old had drowned alongside the old men were terrified of being killed in the lake as a sacrifice

27- According to the passage, at times, the lake............. . A) B) C) D) E)

distorted the reflection of a person’s face was perfectly clear during the cold winter months revealed the bodies in its depths was quite calm and still enabling you to see your reflection in water was so dirty that it was impossible to see the bottom

There really is no such thing as “Art”. There are only artists. Once these were men who took coloured earth and roughed out the forms of animals on the walls of caves. Today they are men who buy their paints and design advertisements or paint pictures which they hope to sell. There is no harm in calling all these activities art as long as we keep in mind that such a word may mean very different things in different times and places. 28- The writer points out that we cannot ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

give a simple single definition of the term “Art” imitate the works of primitive artists regard advertisements as works of art see any relation between art and trade separate art from the routine activities of life

29- One of the main points the writer makes in the passage is that ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

cave paintings are more meaningful than a lot of modern pictures the designing of advertisements has become a major art activity today the meaning of art changes according to time and place the practice of art in our times has become increasingly costly animals have, in all ages, been a popular subject for artists

329

30- The writer wants us to accept the idea that primitive cave pictures ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

always represent animals in a single colour are of a poor colour owing to the use of coloured earth have little artistic value for us, but we still feel we ought to preserve them are no less works of art than modern paintings and advertisement designs were made in a style very similar to that of modern painting

In The Call of the Wild, Jack London tells the story of a dog named Buck, which is kidnapped from the safety of his California home and turned by the brutality of humans into a leader in a sled dog in the Klondike, and finally into a leader of the wolves. Powerfully written and deeply disturbing, the book calls attention to the hidden forces – in both human beings and beasts – that come to the surface in a struggle for survival. London unconsciously shows his sense of identification with nature of the wolf, both as a lone animal and, through strength and cunning, as the leader of the pack. 31- We can infer from the passage that Buck.............. . A) B) C) D) E)

was a pet dog before he was kidnapped abandoned his home in California to join his own species originally came from wolf parents escaped from California because of humans’ brutality used to be a sled dog before his escape

32- The writer of the passage believes that TheCall of the Wild ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

is Jack London’s most powerfully-written book also reflects the characteristics London attributes to the wolf disturbed all those who read it basically deals with the brutality of human towards animals shows how human beings destroyed wolves

33- According to the passage, the main idea of London’s story is that .............. . A) B) C) D) E)

wild animals will, at all costs, try to return to their own environment hidden powers in humans and animals are revealed when they struggle to survive human being have treated animals throughout their history not only humans but also animals can be kidnapped a wolf has to be strong and cunning in order to be the leader of the pack 330

Many early adventurers and settlers in the New World withstood the rigors of a long, dangerous Atlantic crossing in the hope of finding treasure in America. But there were no mountains of gold – only a vast, silent land covered with unbroken forests, and penetrated from the Atlantic seaboard by a series of short rivers. North America offered millions of acres of virgin soil and luxuriant forests, huge mineral deposits, fur of many animals, and fish and game in abundance. Its position within the temperate zone, while guaranteeing a variety of climate, freed it from the extremes of arctic cold and tropical heat. Rainfall varied but was sufficient for raising a large variety of crops. 34A) B) C) D) E)

The writer implies that the treasure in America............. . was found in the mountainous areas disappointed those who had made the Atlantic crossing was the riches the land offered caused many to lose their lives while crossing the Atlantic was large quantities of gold

35A) B) C) D) E)

The writer states that North America’s being within the temperate zone ............. . made it subject to both arctic cold and tropical heat was what attracted the settlers in the first place meant there was barely enough rain to raise crops made millions of acres of soil impossible to cultivate meant it was neither too hot nor too cold.

36A) B) C) D) E)

According to the passage, it was not easy............. . to raise crops due to the rainfall levels to penetrate the huge forests for people to settle in North America once they had arrived for the settlers to reach America to find gold in the American mountains

When there has been a serious disaster such as an earthquake of flooding, various relief efforts are rapidly put into effect. However experience has shown that it is usually impractical to attempt mass immunisation immediately following a disaster and that, when attempted, it detracts from the overall relief effort without producing a discernible benefit. Effective immunisation requires prior planning,good systems of communication and transport, and access to the population at risk. These requirements cannot be met in the immediate post-disaster period. Efforts to achieve mass vaccination in the relief phase also drain whatever limited manpower, 331

communication facilities, and transportation exist. 37- It is pointed out in the passage that as part of the relief work following a disaster ............. . A) the most difficult to organise is the fair distribution of the supplies B) mass immunisation is not generally to be recommended C) communication facilities are among the most urgent measures to be taken D) it is important to plan comprehensively the evacuation of the badly wounded E) on of the priorities must be there is the settlement of the displaced population 38- We can understand from the passage that in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster ............. A) it is not often possible to have access to adequate communication facilities B) the transport of relief workers to the area should be carefully planned C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass immunisation D) the distribution of food and medicine is the main activity of the relief phase E) conditions are not favourable for the implementation of an efficient immunisation programme 39- We can gather from the passage that if transport and communication facilities are adequate ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

the relief efforts will be adversely affected the population at risk has to be moved to a safer place the problems facing relief workers will not be so obvious relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the situation the amount of man power has to be increased by every means available

Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our society. Their widespread use shows that they provide a common solution to the problems of vast numbers of individuals. The extend and nature of their use is not, however, uniform but varies with the particular sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, there are wide differences between the drinking habits and rituals of merchant seamen and businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each subgroup in society will have a conception of what is the appropriate situation for a drink; what the permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are; how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired state; what is normal and what drinking deviant behaviour.

332

40- It is pointed out in the passage that psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are widely used because ............. A) B) C) D) E)

sub-groups in society identify themselves with them people with problems find them helpful their affects have been proved to be harmless they are much cheaper than many other drugs and legally obtainable society at large regards them as harmful

41A) B) C) D) E)

According to the author, consumption of alcohol in the world ............. . is particularly widespread among members of sub- cultures is directly related to the economic prosperity of each sub-group varies from race to race, culture to culture and class to class is closely linked with the increase of deviant drinking behaviour has made the practices and behaviour of sub- cultures in society more uniform

42A) B) C) D) E)

The writer points out that there is little agreement among sub-groups ............. . as to how much alcohol can be properly consumed about the extent to which psychoactive drugs should be produced about the benefits of psychoactive drugs as regards why businessmen drink so much as to why Italians and Jews have different drinking habits

Psychologists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And the theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental ağabeylities were determined by the size of a person’s head. However, researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They therefore continue to discuss such basic debates as whether heredity or the environment is more effective in forming intelligence. 43-As we can understand from the passage, the basic controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

was hopefully discussed in the 1800s is now being avoided as it is seen to be fruitless does not seem to have ended yet has only recently become a solemn affair for serious researchers was much more significant in the 19th century than it is today 333

44- According to the passage, in the early 19th century, some people were in the opinion that a person’s mental capacity ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

depended on the size of her/his head could never be improved was completely changed by the environment was purely genetic was fundamental to his personality

45- One may conclude from the text that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

can only be received by exceptionally sophisticated minds has finally been obtained by modern scientists can be achieved within the next few years is unlikely to be achieved in the near future will emerge via the practical rather than experimental studies

A child will always tire of a toy when he no longer has any difficulty using it. He is like the boy with a bicycle; as long as he finds it difficult to avoid trees and to turn corners, so long will he spend all his spare time on it. But once he has thoroughly mastered it, he will only use it as a means of getting about, and not for its own sake. It is an unhealthy child who has no creative interest. Keep a child busy and he'll be happy, and conversely, a happy child will always be busy. 46A) B) C) D) E)

The writer states that a child’s happiness............. . is linked whether he is occupied or not can be increased by giving him more toys is directly related to its health is dependent on his being made to work hard is at its greatest when he has a bicycle

47A) B) C) D) E)

According to the writer, it is the challenge of using a toy that ............. . makes a child tire of it causes a child’s unhappiness attracts a child to it makes it difficult for a child to find the toy interesting lessens the child’s creativity 334

48. A) B) C) D) E)

The passage tells us that, while a boy is learning how to use a new bicycle ............. he may crash into quite a few trees he won’t develop any creative interests it will be impossible for him to turn corners it will absorb all his available time he’ll only use it if he needs to go somewhere

How many people can the earth hold? Will birth and death rates continue to bend downward? Can food production keep pace with population growth? Can technology supplement or replace today’s resources? What are the long-term effects of population on well-being, climate, and farm production? Debate over such issues has spawned many volumes, as scholars look to the future with varying degrees of optimism and gloom. In the oration called “ The Terror of Change” , Patricia Gulas Strauch cited three aspects of our future about which there is still disagreement: The speed of change will accelerate, the world will be increasingly intricate, and nations and world issues will be increasingly interrelated. Today’s problems, facing Third World megacities in particular ,cannot be ignored by developed countries. We cannot look to the past for resolutions, there is no precedent for such growth. We are in uncharted, challenging waters. 49A) B) C) D) E)

The points put forward in the lecture “ The Terror of Change” ............. . are, for the most part, accepted have changed scholars from a sense of optimism to one of gloom hadn’t been considered by scholars previously caused much debate and disagreement filled several volumes

50A) B) C) D) E)

According to the writer, having no equivalents in the past, ............ . analyses formulated by experts are open to discussion books on the world’s problems cause a great deal of debate Their World megacities are not sufficiently aided Modern technological developments do not meet the needs of the people today’s problems require new solutions

51- The outlook for the world’s future............. . A) arouses optimism in some experts, yet pessimism in others B) is a repetition of events which occurred in the past 335

C) depends entirely on technological advances made today D) is one of overpopulation, pollution and reduced farm production E) shows that the population will soon exceed the earth’s capacity Iron has been known since prehistoric times. Although how humans first learned to extract the element from its ores is still debated, it is fairly certain that earliest, highly prized samples of iron were obtained from meteors. Several references to “the metal of heaven “ –most probably iron –have been found in ancient writings. By about 1200 BC. Iron was being obtained from its ores; this achievement marked the beginning of the Iron Age. Even with the development of other elements, iron and its alloys remain important in the economies of modern countries. 52A) B) C) D) E)

According to the passage, iron ............. . is a very recent discovery was discovered at the beginning of the Iron Age was first obtained from a source other than iron ore was the most important discovery in humans history was not known until 1200 BC

53A) B) C) D) E)

The author is almost certain that ............. . iron ore was the only known source of iron until 1200 BC the best examples of iron work were produced during the Iron Age the statement “the metal of heaven” in ancient writings refers to iron modern industry couldn’t have developed without iron how humans discovered iron ore will still be debated in the future

54A) B) C) D) E)

It is pointed out in the passage that ............. . the method first used by man to extract iron from its ore is well known today other materials have not completely replaced iron in modern times meteors are still the primary source of iron iron alloys are much less important in industry than pure iron at no time has iron been considered as valuable as it is today

The question has often been asked why the Wright brothers were able to succeed in an effort in which so many others had failed. Many explanations have been offered but three reasons are most often cited. First, they were a team. Both men worked well together, read the same book, located and shared information, talked incessantly about the possibility of manned flight, and served as a consistent source of inspiration and encouragement to each others. They were also glider pilots. Unlike some other engineers who experimented with the theories of flight, Orville and 336

Wilbur Wright experienced the practical side of their work by building and flying in kites and gliders. In addition, the Wright brothers had designed more effective wings for the aeroplane than had been previously engineered. 55- The experience distinguishing the Wright brothers from their competitors was that............ . A) they were much cleverer than their contemporaries B) their backgrounds were full of aviation successes C) they had the chance to try their work ,being aviators D) they were inspired by their masters who made experiments before E) their erstwhile efforts were praised, which encouraged them to go ahead 56A) B) C) D) E)

The author’s main point in this passage is............. . the advantage of the internal combustion engine in the Wright brothers the Wright brothers’ experience as pilots the importance of knowing how to build and fly in kites and gliders the reasons why the Wright brothers succeeded in manned flight the Wright brothers’ using different tools and techniques

57A) B) C) D) E)

One of the things that the Wright brothers didn’t do is that ............. . they searched and obtained information from the same sources they encouraged and inspired each other they discussed ceaselessly about the probability of floating on air they couldn’t find explanations why those having tried to fly before failed they worked harmoniously for many years

Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia and the centre of Shiva city. Being the biggest city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa stands on a marshy plateau which is surrounded by hills and mountains in the middle of the country. It became the capital of the country at the end of the 19th century. Entoto , which was the erstwhile capital of the country and was on a high plain as well, was inadequate as a capital, being a cold city and not having enough combustibles. Taitu, who was the empress of the country, persuaded his husband Menelik II, who reigned over the country between 1889-1913, to have a mansion built near the hot water sources down the plain and to give out the soils around to the nobles. Founded in 1987, the city was named by the empress as Addis Ababa, which means “New Flower”. 58- From the passage, it is clear that ............. . A) there are large plains in the middle of the country, most of which are marshy B) Entoto was the first capital of Ethiopia 337

C) in winters, one cannot live happily in Ethiopia D) the emperor of Ethiopia is not so authoritarian E) it is quite difficult for Ethiopians to find something to burn for heating 59- It is referred obliquely in the passage that............. . A) a city should be warm enough to live in B) the emperor of Ethiopia could have had a mansion built even if his wife had not insisted that much C) for the people governing Ethiopia, it might be better to have a capital on a high place D) Addis Ababa takes its name from the vast flower gardens surrounding the city E) so far, Ethiopia has only had two capitals. 60A) B) C) D) E)

It is stated in the passage that nobles in Ethiopia ............ . are in sincere relationships with the emperor always get what they want without having to try too much were used to being humiliated by the empress were granted lands that were close to the hot springs wanted to find a name for the city themselves

The first universities developed in Europe in the 12th century. By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108 institutions of higher learning, many of which had obtained special privileges from existing regimes because of their close association with the Church. In most European countries, universities were designed primarily for the sons of nobility and gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and scholarship was irrelevant for most professions, Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine or law could be acquired after college by serving as an apprentice. 61A) B) C) D) E)

According to the passage, in the early years of the universities, ............. . most students wanted to train for a profession the church disapproved of much of their teaching Western European governments were not at all interested in education medicine was the most popular subject for study the majority of students came from upper class families

62- It is pointed out in the passage that, since most of the early universities enjoyed the support of the Church, ............. . A) state universities granted them various rights B) the number of students they admitted increased rapidly C) the academic level of the education they offered was extremely high 338

D) law naturally became one of the major subjects offered E) the education offered was free of charge 63- As explained in the passage, the real professional skills ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

were taught during the university years were normally acquired through a period of apprenticeship gained importance in the universities only after 1600 were acquired by nearly all university students were taught only to the children of nobility.

Paper has been known in one form or another from very early times. The papyrus reeds of the Nile swamps served the ancient Egyptians for sheets upon which to inscribe their records. The Chinese and Japanese, centuries later, were using something more akin to modern paper. In substance, an Asiatic paper mulberry, yielding a smooth fibrous material, was being utilised. With the spread of learning in Western Europe, the necessity of a readier medium made itself felt, and paper began to be manufactured from pulped rags and other substances. Other papermaking staples were later introduced, such as linen cotton and wood pulp. The chief raw material in the world paper industry now is wood pulp, the main exporters being the timber growing countries of Canada, Sweden and Finland. 64. A) B) C) D) E)

We can understand from the passage that, throughout the history, paper ............. has played a vital role in the advancement of learning has been a major expert item for Asian countries, and for China in particular has been produced a wide range from materials has been valued as a means of communication more in the West than in the East has largely been used for documentation rather than for learning

65- It is obvious from the passage that today the wood pulp needed for the manufacture of paper ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

is largely provided by the countries which produce a great deal of timber is produced from a variety of substances other than timber can only be produced economically with the aid of sophisticated technology is normally made from raw materials locally available can most readily be prepared form timber with a high fibrous content

339

66- The main concern of the passage is to ............. A) explain why there has been so little change in the development of paper making B) describe how the West learned the techniques of papermaking C) account for the economic implications of paper industry D) give a historical account of papermaking with emphasis on the main raw materials used E) alert the reader to the fact that very large amounts of timber are consumed in papermaking Since early times is has been assumed that the actions of animals are unconscious. Behaviour, in this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct. If animals behave in ways that seem pretty clever, they do so without thinking about it. Animals may know things, the argument goes, but –they don’t know that they know. Or do they know? Recent research reports suggest a startling depth of intelligence among animals. Although no one can yet prove the existence of animal consciousness, the data offered make a compelling case of at least considering it. 67- It is pointed out in the passage that traditionally, animals are believed to ............. . A) behave not instinctively but logically B) have an intelligence comparable with man’s C) imitate man in many ways D) act on instinct E) know exactly what they are doing 68- It is pointed out in the passage that modern research forces one to consider ............. . A) why animals behave differently under different circumstances B) the possibility of intelligence in animals C) the means by which animal behaviour can be improved D) how animals can be made to acquire new skills E) animals to be the equal of man in intelligence 69- The passage makes it quite clear that, in the light of modern research, our traditional assumptions about animal behaviour ............. A) have been totally disproved B) have been confirmed C) have to be reconsidered 340

D) were indeed based on scientific facts E) should never have been questioned Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist, bequeathed most of his vast fortune in trust as a fund from which annual prizes could be awarded to individuals and organisations whohad achieved the greatest benefit to humanity in a particular year. Originally, there were six classifications for outstanding contributions designated in Nobel’s will including, chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and international peace. The prizes are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm. In 1969, a prize for economics endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden was added. Candidates for prizes must be nominated in writing by a qualified authority in the field of competition. Recipients in physics, chemistry, and economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of sciences; in physiology or medicine by the Caroline Institute; in literature by the Swedish Academy; in peace by the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed by Norway’s parliament. The prizes are all presented in Stocholm on December, 10, with the King of Sweden officiating, an appropriate tribute to Alfred Nobel on the anniversary of his death. Each one includes a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one million dollars. 70- From the passage, it's understood that a person who has composed a symphony............ . A) is regarded as a great contributor to mankind B) used to take Nobel prizes before Alfred Nobel died C) doesn't have the same possibility to get Nobel as a writer D) might be awarded with a Nobel prize should the Nobel Foundation accept E) doesn't have the right to be awarded with Nobel 71- According to the passage, December, 10th is significant from the point that ............ . A) it coincides the delivery date of the Nobel prizes with its namesake’s demise date B) Alfred Nobel had chosen the date in his will before his death C) it is the date of the establishment of Nobel Foundation D) it's the earliest possible date for the Norwegian parliament who distributes Nobel prizes E) the works of the candidates are able to be examined until that date 72- In order to be nominated to one of the Nobel prizes, ............... . A) one should reside in Sweden and be a graduate of Royal Swedish academy B) someone authority in the related branch should show his written approval of it 341

C) a scientist must find someone who will talk in favour of him before the Nobel committee D) one should be experienced and have many research papers E) someone should be in good terms with the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm Serving as a stage for medical equipment manufacturers, Hospitalar 98 will be held at Expo Center Norte, San Paulo, Brazil in June. It provides a modern and convenient setting for this large trade show. The organisers expect over 50.000 visitors, including doctors, nurses and other health care organisations, and representatives, manufacturing and services companies. The 1997 event attracted 475 exhibitors and this number is likely to increase in 1998. Hospitalar 98 will, no doubt, be a crucial trade event for those involved in the provision of health care in Brazil and South America. 73- From the description of Hospitalar, we can deduce that ........... . A) it is a show for doctors wishing to exhibit their services to medical manufacturers B) the show would interest every business sector in Brazil C) the show would be of interest to professionals doctors merely D) the show is a vital trade event for those indulged in health care in South America E) this South American medical exhibition is the most important event in this sector world wide 74A) B) C) D) E)

According to passage , .......... . Hospitalar 97 was immaculate when visited by 475 people more than 50.000 people expected to visit this large show participation to this year’s show may not be as big as last year’s the show has been organised by 50.000 exhibitors the exhibition is organised by doctors and health care professionals

75A) B) C) D) E)

The exhibition centre is .......... . relatively obsolete but easily accessible suitable for this large trade event well located and conventional not spacious enough to hold more than 475 exhibitors a building specially made for Hospitalar

My husband and I were in a restaurant we used to dine in giving our orders as we, all at once, heard a tremendous voice in the kitchen. As the sound of the breakage of glass died away, I timidly quizzed a waiter about what it was.“ That, ma’am,” replied the unperturbed waiter quite dispassionately, “was the sound of a job suddenly 342

opening up.” . 76- Depending on the evidence revealed in the passage, we know that the crash in the kitchen.......... . A) was brought about by broken glass B) resulted from the sound of broken glass C) was due to carelessness D) precipitated the deferment of the order of the assiduous couple E) was induced by a question asked by a petrified lady 77- The waiter’s respond to the woman’s question suggests that whoever was responsible for the crash .......... . A) was likely to be made the head waiter B) was to be kicked out from work C) would never be allowed into the kitchen any longer D) was subject to apologising to customers E) was bound to be encumbered by extra work 78- The word ‘timidly’ in line 5 most probably means .......... . A) timely B) tamely C) bashfully D) highly E) clamorous The Middle East faces a difficult environmental problem. Until the 1960s, many countries in the region had economies based totally on recyclable materials. No harmful waste existed. Everything was usable and anything that was thrown away was reused by nature. Since then the region has wholly embraced the pre-packaged, thrown-away life style. Unfortunately, the modern man-made waste continues to be treated as though it were organic, and is thrown away carelessly, so now there is litter everywhere, including plastic, which was one of the worst things that could have happened to the region. 79- The passage claims that .......... . A) pollution used to be a greater menace to the environment in the past B) modern technology has created environmental challenges for the Middle East C) most of the man-made waste is organic D) being technologically advanced is an advantage for the Middle East E) pre-packaging has enhanced people’s lives 343

80- The author thinks there is so much litter in the region because people ........ . A) don’t realise that man-made materials are not reused by nature B) are concentrating more on their profits than on the environment C) already know that litter is a world wide problem with no solution D) believe creating a modern economy is more important than environmental concerns E) do not treat their waste in a special way before they discard them 81- One can infer from the passage that plastic......... . A) should be used in the region instead of other materials B) has always been an indispensable feature of life in the Middle East C) wasn’t common in the region until recently D) has enhanced the standard of living in the region E) is part of the traditional economy of many Middle East countries It was death, of course, that prompted the construction of the Egyptian pyramids but the incredible amount of resources, effort and time that went into them was indicative of many aspects of life in those days. The tombs served a lot of purposes, alongside their fundamental purpose to provide the final resting places of the owners and their material possessions. Obviously, the size and grandeur of the tombs were designed to enhance the owners’ glory in the eyes of their subjects during the owners’ lifetimes, but their tombs also became places of worship for their subjects after their deaths. 82- According to the passage, the pyramids were built .......... . A) after their owners died B) to provide places for people to rest C) before the owners passed away D) when the owners reached a ripe old age E) to show future generations how the Egyptians lived 83- It is stated in the passage that the owners were buried in the pyramids ........ . A) after being treated with special substances B) after a long funeral C) together with people important to them D) along with their belongings E) because they were thought to be gods

344

84- The author states that the magnificence of the tombs .......... . A) was due to the owners’ many possessions B) caused the owners to be worshipped during their lives C) was due to the fact that they were owned by gods D) was increased after the owners’ deaths E) increased an owner’s prominence while he was alive Though he was a fearless explorer and is often recognised today as the discoverer of the Americas, Christopher Columbus turned out to be a poor geographer. He ended up in a debtor’s prison. He never realised that he had discovered unknown western continents, and to his dying day in 1506 he never admitted to locating any place but the Indies. Geographers overlooked his contribution and named the Western continents after another mariner, Amerigo Vespucci, a merchant from Florence who participated in a Portuguese expedition to South Americas in 1501. In a widely reprinted letter, Vespucci contended that a “new world” had been found, and it was his name that caught on. 85- It is clear from the passage that ......... . A) B) C) D) E)

the New World was named after the sailor having claimed to have found it Columbus never wanted to believe that he had discovered the New World Amerigo Vespucci had financed the exhibition himself the majority of geographers have disdained Columbus’s contribution Columbus was afraid to declare the newly-found land to be a new continent

86- The author feels that .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

it was unfair for Columbus to die in debtor’s dungeon Amerigo Vespucci did not show consideration for Columbus’s success Columbus’s knowledge of geography was inadequate Vespucci was not as popular with geographers as Columbus was Columbus could not persuade people that he had found a new continent

87- It can be deduced that ......... . A) Vespucci and Columbus had never sailed together B) Columbus had wished the new continent to be called ‘Indies’ C) Vespucci was the mariner whose name really deserved to be given to America 345

D) the lifetime of Columbus and Vespucci did not coincide with each other E) Amerigo Vespucci was a better geographer than Columbus was The movement of people from the countryside into the cities naturally causes many problems there. The obvious one is overcrowding, which becomes a heavy burden on schools, hospitals and transport systems. The countryside is also negatively affected . As it is usually the young and healthy who leave the countryside , this creates a shortage in the workforce for farming and other rural activities. The best solution would clearly be to ensure that rural life has more to offer to the young. 88- It is implicitly mentioned in the passage that , inasmuch as large numbers of people residing in the countryside flock to the towns, .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

it brings more problems to the former there aren’t drawbacks for everybody new hospitals will have to be mounted the quality of public transport should be enhanced better to meet the demand rural life enjoys more things to lay at people’s feet indeed

89- The writer straightforwardly states that , as a result of migration, those left behind ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

are the ones who genuinely enjoy peace and quiet are no longer concerned with rural activities are mostly those preoccupied with farming often feel having been forsaken by the young who fled in the hope of a new life incorporate mostly the elderly and those too frail to take care of themselves

90- It wouldn’t be wrong to reason that ........... . A) opening new job markets for the new-comers would alleviate the trouble in cities B) migration seems to have slowed down a lot C) migration from rural areas is a much needed factor for the increase in the urban workforce D) moving from the country is likely to be averted through making the life there a bit more enticing to the dwellers E) losing its people to more congested areas may not pose a real menace to the life in rural areas if everyone has a job there Skiing is a popular sport enjoyed by people of all ages. The best skiers, that is, the 346

professionals have until recently been Europeans. The Austrians, the French, the Italians have generally been the fastest in international competitions. Recently, however, skiers from other countries have also come to the fore and demonstrated their skills. As a result, interest in the sport has become world- wide, and this has led to a highly competitive ski industry. 91- It is clear from the passage that European countries .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

are determined to improve their skiing skills are momentarily witnessing dwindle in their supremacy in skiing over others have all but lost domination in the ski industry in the world are prone to regard skiing as the world’s most popular sport has a great deal to do in the ski industry so as to regain the once lost reign

92- The writer can be understood to favour the notion that the development of the ski industry in the world .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

owes a little to the growing international interest in this sport is faster in countries outside Europe has been the result of the efforts made by the European professionals has been to the benefit of other countries, to the detriment of the European countries is attributable to the growing international idolisation of skiing as a sport

93- As cited in the passage, as a sport, skiing ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

shakes up little enthusiasm outside Europe is merely under the care of professionals isn’t confined to any special age group or gender ordinarily came into being in Austria has proved too expensive a sport to take up

Edith Wharton is, perhaps, the greatest women novelist America has yet produced. Her novels are skilfully constructed, and her style is smooth and elegant. Her richest gifts, however, are the result of her fearless search for truth in human relationships. She is largely interested in the emotions we all experience. Her novels record timeless truths; ant it is this fact that continues to make them meaningful and important. 94- All of the following statements are verifiable in the passage except that ........... .

347

A) no other author has been acclaimed as much as Wharton so far B) Wharton is masterful in the setting of her novels C) Wharton was concerned with the basis for human relations D) what the author talks about in her novels are substantiated in terms of being lasting truths E) Wharton’s novels are permanently significant 95- A novice novelist who wants to succeed Edith Wharton and gain reputation close to that of hers would be best advised to ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

talk about human relationships in his novels write with elegance to employ a way of writing that is particularly easy to understand be interested in the emotions of people touch on the facts that are perpetual

96- One characteristics of Wharton’s that the writer is clearly understood to admire as most Americans would do is that ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

she wasn’t afraid of anyone in her life she persevered a lot and was daring when looking into facts about man she was a very emotional person she always looked an intrepid novelist she was a versatile novelist

If you ask ten deer hunters about their sure fire method to bag a deer, you will get ten different recipes for a successful deer hunt. But there is one thing most deer hunters can agree on; the effectiveness of hunter orange clothing. The fluorescent blaze of hunter orange is a bright unnatural colour against the natural background. Because of this quality, it is the colour chosen by conservation agencies to be worn by big game hunters nation-wide to help prevent hunting accidents, which are not rare in such conditions as thick forest or dense fog. 97- According to the writer, deer hunters ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

are mostly agreed on how to successfully hunting have discovered a new method of hunting which is called bagging deer have varied opinions about which hunting methods are successful have been collecting recipes for successful hunting methods are not of the opinion that bagging deer 348

98- The passage explains that hunter orange has the desired effect of .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

blending into the landscape directing deer to traps standing out against the natural landscape protecting hunters against attacks from wild animals providing an attraction for deer

99- It’s clear from the passage that it is quite common for big game hunters ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

to shoot each other to become concerned with hunting dear to have bad weather in thick forests to miss the animals in dense fog to talk about their hunting experiences

The music of Louisiana, the USA, is as hot as its cuisine, and equally as varied, Jazz music was born in New Orleans, and there is still no city that is as strong as a magnet for jazz talent. Besides jazz, there is a strong tradition of blues music, which grew out of the cane and cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta, inspiring generations of musicians throughout the world and begetting the strong rhythm and blues traditions that are celebrated throughout the state. The Crossroads region of the state offers its own form, the ‘River Levee Blues’ alongside gospel and bluegrass music. 100- The passage tells us that , in Louisiana, .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

jazz music is more popular than other kinds of music all forms of traditional music stem from jazz music jazz music was developed from blues music there is a wide selection of music styles one can find every one of the music styles available in the USA

101- As it is stated in the passage that, musicians world wide .......... . A) B) C) D)

have contributed to the varied music styles in Louisiana have been affected by the blues music from Louisiana accept that Louisianan musicians are more talented recognise the superiority of blues music over other styles 349

E) have influenced the traditional music of the area 102- We learn from the passage that the crossroads region of the state ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

has more fertile soil is the birthplace of blues music is most suitable for cane and cotton lacks very prolific musicians boasts its own style of blues music

Disease was common among early Celtic communities. Poor sanitation and ignorance resulted in a hospital of ailments, ranging from intestinal worms and eye complaints to dental disease and poorly- healed injuries. Nonetheless, there wasn’t a total lack of medicine. Herbal remedies were doubtless widely used, and people certainly resorted to supernatural powers. Surgery was also conducted. Whether medicine was a speciality of, say, priests or local wise women is oblivious. There was a mix of herbal remedies, magic, religion, and limited surgery for those who could afford it and were prepared to risk its hazards and pains. 103- The passage mainly describes .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

forms of medicine and treatment available to the early Celts the total lack of medicine in early Celtic society the details of a surgical operation carried out by wise women how early Celtics solely relied on supernatural powers to cure their illnesses the doubt as to whether surgery was carried out at this time

104- The passage implies that .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

supernatural powers were more respected than medical surgeons surgery at this time could be precarious and menacing only the affluent could afford to get a complete recovery ignorance and poor hygiene were the direct results of ceaseless wars the total lack of medicine cost the lives of many people

105- The passage doesn’t make it clear-cut whether or not ............. . A) the Celts suffered from many and varied ailments B) herbal medicine was commonly applied C) priests or local wise women were the medical specialists 350

D) Celtic people held belief in supernatural power E) the Celts had ever been affected by dental disease Ecologists have recently discovered dozens of infectious wildlife diseases that pose a significant threat to the conservation of global biodiversity and the health of an expanding human population. For example, a newly discovered fungal disease has been linked to the drastic decline and possible extinction of amphibians in the rain forests of Central America and Australia. Other diseases have led to the extinction of African wild dog populations and blindness of kangaroos in Australia. Since wildlife can act as a natural reservoir for diseases that are extremely virulent among humans, such as influenza and West Nile virus, as the human population expands into wildlife habitat, the conditions ripen for a new disease to emerge. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife are caused by the spillover of pathogens from domestic animals to wildlife populations, the transport of domestic and wildlife species around the globe, and even climate change in pristine wilderness areas. 106- Among the reasons of the emergence of infectious diseases, one not mentioned in the passage is ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

the distribution of animals all over the world passing of micro-organisms from the tamed animals to the wild ones simplicity of the curing methods of contagious illnesses the expansion of the human populations to the wilderness changing of the climates in the habitats of the wild animals

107- The extinction of amphibians in the rain forests of Central America and Australia could have been caused by .................. . A) B) C) D) E)

some infectious diseases that are still unknown the expansion of mankind to new fertile regions a fungal disease which has been detected lately the fact that ancient people were ignorant of health-care unsanitary living conditions ancient tribes were in

108- As a result of the expansion of human populations into wildlife habitats, ................ . A) the possibility of the occurrence of new diseases increases B) people get more and more stalwart against such infectious diseases as influenza 351

C) they are affected by the different climate conditions positively D) people find more food resources to live on E) new residence areas are found where there is almost no risk of being ill Democracy had its beginnings in certain of the city- states of ancient Greece in which the whole citizen body formed the legislature; such a system was possible because a city-state's population rarely exceeded 10,000 people, and women and slaves had no political rights. Citizens were eligible for a variety of executive and judicial offices, some of which were filled by elections, while others were assigned by lot. There was no separation of powers, and all officials were fully responsible to the popular assembly, which was qualified to act in executive and judicial as well as legislative matters. Greek democracy was a brief historical episode that had little direct influence on the development of modern democratic practices. Two millennia separated the fall of the Greek city-state and the rise of modern constitutional democracy. 109- From the passage, it's clear that all the citizens in ancient Greece took part in the formation of legislature because ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

there was much more freedom then than there is now the number of the citizens, which was not that high, made it possible the rulers of that time overlooked such a trivial subject slaves and women were not so free to vote as they are now of the structure of the society and their open- minded leaders

110- According to the passage, while some executive and judicial positions were filled by elections ................. . A) B) C) D) E)

most of them were assigned by the will of the rulers many others were left unattended because there were no decent candidates only a few of them were filled by slaves and women the rest were appointed by chance the remainders were decided upon by local governors

111- It seems, from the passage, that almost a couple of thousands of years have passed since ........... .

352

A) B) C) D) E)

the Greek-city states proved to be better than the present system slaves and women were given right to vote powers used to govern a country were separated modern democracy were developed by the Greek the fall of the Greek city-state sort of democracy

Modern fox hunting took shape in the 19th century shortly after Hugo Meynell–the father of the modern English chase–started hunting; and it soon developed into a national upper-class pastime. Traditional procedure is still observed and the proper kit worn. A fox hunt is conducted by the master, and, in theory, all who take part in it do so at his invitation even when they pay for the privilege. The hounds, generally 15 to 20 couples (matched pairs), are controlled by the huntsman, who may be the master himself but who is generally the senior paid servant of the hunt. Two or three whippers-in assist in reconnaissance and in keeping the hounds together as a pack. Master, huntsman, and whippers-in take precedence over all other riders to hounds. The huntsman controls hounds by voice, his calls being known as cheers, and by his horn –a copper tube about eight inches long that produces two notes of great carrying and penetrating quality. 112- From the passage it's quite clear that Hugo Meynell ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

wouldn't have been so well-known if he hadn't embarked on reviving fox hunting is the first person having ventured to hunt fox with hounds is a member of high society who are fond of hunting is the man responsible for the modern conditions in fox hunting isn't loved by animal rightists, due to his cruel attitudes towards animals

113- One of the tasks the whippers-in have to do during fox hunting is ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

to search for areas where foxes exist to provide food and shelter for the hunters to help hunters communicate to each other to choose the most suitable hounds for the hunt to treat injuries suffered by hunters

114- To be able to participate in a fox hunting, it's necessary that one ............ . A) must have got an invitation from the master B) have adequate experience on hunting C) should be quite rich to afford it 353

D) has close friends in the organisation committee E) watch out for announcements concerning it Agriculture remains the most essential area for development: here it is felt that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may believe that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive can be seen for the individual farmer to increase his production, improve his techniques, and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and chances, agricultural education can have only little impact. 115- The author feels that improvements in the field of agriculture .................. . A) B) C) D) E)

have already introduced good results can easily be seen cannot be achieved only by means of scientific training have largely based on technology are absolutely unnecessary for productivity

116- We can infer from the passage that the agricultural community ................... . A) B) C) D) E)

is willing to have more vocational training disregards the problems of the individual farmer has already started to get benefit from the improved techniques is conscious about the long-term profits of scientific training is not the one that enjoys any change

117- The author is in the opinion that vocational training in agriculture ....................... . A) B) C) D) E)

will be the best way to eliminate resistance to change in society might supply farmers with a wide range of opportunities will be useless even if it is backed up with various incentives has often been disregarded by various authorities is supposed to be as a priority for social development

Some decades ago there didn’t use to be such a subject as the economics of education. However, today it is one of the most rapidly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics, it makes up the core of the economics of human 354

resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionising such orthodox subjects as growth economics, international trade, labour economics, and public finance. As a result, the economics of education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of traditional economics. 118- The author points out that the name “the economics of education” ..................... . A) B) C) D) E)

is of little importance in orthodox economics has only become popular in very recent years has for decades been a significant term among economists is slowly disappearing from economic writings has only been used in educational circles

119- According to the text, the economics of education ...................... . A) B) C) D) E)

has today become the forefront of economic thinking relates to a very limited area of human activity is not related to the investment in man in anyway has had no impact at all on other areas of traditional economics is one of the earliest areas of general economics

120- The author points out that the earlier branches of economics ..................... . A) have become very important B) paid great attention to the idea of human investment C) have been substantially modified as a result of the introduction of the economics of human resources D) have been virtually influenced by health economics or the economics of human resources E) formed the essence of the economics of human resources

355

Tiger usually grow to lengths of more than nine feet and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have great strength. They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws. They swim very well and can often be splashing about in water on very hot days, as they apparently suffer from the heat. When the air is cool, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not approach the leopard’s ability in this. They can survive in rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, and they cannot spot prey until it moves. 121- It clear in the text that tigers ................. . A) B) C) D) E)

are the most talented climbers of all wild animals rely heavily on their huge claws to catch their prey closely take after lions as regards speed, size and strength are sensitive to significant variations in climate rely on their eyesight in finding and catching prey

122- As is expressed in the passage, a flat terrain ......................... . A) B) C) D) E)

provides camouflage for other wild animals rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better chances to hunt usually has varied vegetation which shelters beter prey is usually chilly, so tigers prefer higher levels is usually the favoured place of the tiger

123- From the passage we can infer that, contrary to what is generally thought, ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

climbing is the least developed ability of the tiger the tiger’s senses are not well developed as soon as a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it hilly areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals the leopard’s hunting ability is much worse than that of the tiger

356

“Human rights” is a fairly new term for what was formerly called “the rights of man.” It was Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1940s who promoted the use of the expression “human rights” once she discovered, through her work in the United Nations, that the rights of men were not considered in some parts of the world to include the rights of women. The “rights of man” at an earlier date had itself replaced the original name “natural rights”, in part, perhaps, as the concept of natural law, with which the concept of natural rights was logically connected, had become a subject of controversy. 124- The passage illustrates the stages by which................. . A) B) C) D) E)

Eleanor Roosevelt discovered the idea of human rights the United Nations sometimes carries out its procedures human rights are today being violated in many countries. the various “rights of man” had to be recognised. the name “human rights” came into use

125- By referring to Eleanor Roosevelt, the author explains that, before the 1940s, the term “the rights of man” ..... A) B) C) D) E)

had often been misunderstood by some countries had faced severe criticism had always been used referring to “the rights of women” had already become useless in world politics had long been a subject of discussions among politicians

126- It is pointed out in the passage that the disagreement about the concept of natural law...... A) B) C) D) E)

was actually of no importance in many parts of the world forced Eleanor Roosevelt to introduce the name "human rights" was connected with the growing recognition of the rights women meant that the term “natural rights” was not acceptable anymore explained the work of the United Nations

357

In one century of strenuous research numerous resources about Leonardo da Vinci have been collected, reviewed, edited and annotated, including letters, contracts, poems, receipts, and biographies. Biographical and artistic data have been checked and rechecked, sometimes corroborating and sometimes changing our previous ideas and an abundance of new facts has been revealed. Long lost works have been rediscovered and every single known piece has been studied in its formal, iconographic, functional and genetic aspects. The artist’s character, his daily habits, his working methods, his personal attitudes, and his artistic and political viewpoints have been traced, as well as the peculiarities of the people with whom he had contact. In this way modern history of art has formed an image of da Vinci that is much nearer to truth than those presented by his biographers. 127- We can understand years ....................... .

from

the

text

that,

over

the

past

hundred

A) a vast amount of new facts concerning Leonardo da Vinci have come to light B) the research carried out about Leonardo da Vinci has proved inadequate and, in places irrelevant C) scholars have concentrated solely upon da Vinci’s artistic creativity D) in spite of much research, little has been learned about Leonardo da Vinci E) though many new biographies have been written about Leonardo da Vinci, they are all far from the truth 128- It is obvious from the passage that the source materials concerning Leonardo da Vinci ....... A) consists only of books written about him by his contemporaries B) have shed light only on his daily routine life C) have not received adequate critical attention D) not only include his letters, poems, and biographies but also documents relating to his commissions and sales E) have taken nearly a hundred years to be annotated and published 129- According to the passage, the new data about Leonardo da Vinci .................. . A) B) C) D)

have led to similar resources about his contemporaries have in some instances contradicted the traditional opinions about him have fully confirmed the views received from his early biographers have let to a great deal of controversy among historians 358

E) have yet to be collected and analysed Economic dynamics have decisively changed from the national economy to the world economy. From now on any nation-and also any business, especially an established one that wants to prosper will have to accept that it is the world economy that leads and that domestic economic policies will succeed only if they strengthen, or at least do not impair, the country’s international competitive position. This may be the most significant-it surely is the most striking-feature of the shifted world economy. 130- The writer explains that one significant development in economy has been .................. . A) B) C) D) E)

that national economies are now closely related to the world economy the growing needs for national economic policies the pressure on the importance of domestic economic policies a keener competition between national and international companies the decline of competition in domestic markets

131- From the passage it seems that, in order to achieve economic prosperity, it .................... . A) B) C) D) E)

must protect itself from new dynamics in national economy has to encourage and support big companies needs to be ruthless in economic policies must start competition within the domestic market has to think and plan according to world economy

132- The passage concerns with .................. . A) B) C) D) E)

the dangers of foreign competition in business the dynamics in the implementation of national economic policies some of the more striking features of the current national policies the question of how big firms can influence the world economy negatively the growing importance of internationalism in terms of economics

359

A WWF (World Wildlife Fund) project has resulted in over a hundred fish ponds being built in the lrian Jaya rainforest in eastern Indonesia. The fish ponds provide a much needed, reliable source of income and food for the local community. They also produce an invaluable by-product: a reason for the villagers to take care of the local rainforest. The ponds require a supply of clean, fresh water. This is only available throughout the year if water- retaining roots of the neighbouring trees are kept intact, which gave WWF good reason to provide plans and concrete for the ponds, and fish to stock them with. And because they believe it is more important to motivate by physical example than by just giving advice. WWF agricultural extension workers helped to construct concrete tanks and dig fish ponds. Now an entire community benefits and the entire community runs the fish pond program without outside help. 133- The aim of the WWF when building the ponds, as stated in the passage, is ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

because this area of Indonesia was badly in need of industry to motivate the villagers into looking after their area of rainforest to increase the local fish stocks which could not happen without assistance to provide the local villagers with a clean supply of fresh water to educate the local community to be self-sufficient

134- We can infer from the passage that the roots of the trees .............. . A) B) C) D) E)

are used to form a support when building the ponds had to be removed in many areas in order to make room for the ponds create natural pond areas which have been incorporated into WWF's plan have a function in that they are able to hold onto water help to provide protection for the valuable fish stocks

135- It is stated clearly that one of WWF's principles is ...................... . A) to promote small scale industries such as this in under-developed areas B) to encourage people to look after the environment through demonstration rather than through words C) to enable small communities to live independently without outside aid D) to build up fish stocks in areas where they have decreased because of pollution E) to develop the rain forests into agricultural areas for local people

360

How do advertisers try to disrupt our counter-arguing of their messages? Sometimes they literally sing, as with the Rinso commercial and many like it. Another class of distraction techniques is the extensive use of creative license in the layout and presentation of an advertisement. For a print ad in a magazine or newspaper examples of such 'artsy' techniques would include pictures of attractive models or unique objects that command attention, reverse white-on-black print, strange layouts that confuse the reader, and typefaces that are difficult to read. For television, "artsy' could mean a commercial with many short scene changes (similar to an MTV video), the use of strange camera angles, the playing of fast, rhythmic music in the background and the inclusion of offbeat characters and yelling, screaming spokespersons. All of these techniques can serve to provide a mild distraction and thus prevent counter-arguing. The trick for the advertiser is to provide just enough of a distraction to disrupt counter-arguing but not so much that it eliminates the reception of the message. 136- According to the writer, to be successful, an advertiser ................. . A) has to use rhythmic music, unusual characters, strange camera angles and many scene changes B) should use creative license extensively and include pictures of attractive models C) needs to be able to confuse the reader and even make things impossible to read D) ought to know 'artsy" techniques which can be found on MTV videos E) must get the message over, but at the same time take attention away from things we could dispute 137- The writer explains that the techniques used for TV. Advertising ................. . A) B) C) D) E)

are 'artsier' than those found in magazines or newspapers were originally developed when making MTV videos are less confusing than those used in print are different from those used for written advertising do not command as much attention as when the advertisement is written

138- It is implied that in some advertisements...................... . A) B) C) D) E)

counter-arguing is more likely than in others the reception of the message is less important than disrupting counter arguments the music is of great significance techniques are used so as to disguise the product being promoted the visual impact is more important than the message 361

Nowadays women are better trained than ever before. Half of all the pupils who leave school with a university entrance qualification are girls and around 40 percent of university students are women. A lack of qualifications is thus not the reason why women continue to be 'proportionally underrepresented", as the sociologists put it. The reasons for this have long been known. It is not only the "double burden" of having to cope with a family and a career or the widespread prejudices that still exist about women's abilities or management styles that prevent them from reaching the top and being more than "charming transitional solutions'. Psychologists have discovered that many women are their own worst enemies. Everything they do has to be done perfectly - they want to be perfect housewives and mother, perfect lover, perfect career women. In the real world, how-ever, maintaining such high standards is clearly impossible. This leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of self-confidence. Without self-confidence, however, you cannot reach the top. 139- We can infer from the passage that ...... . A) B) C) D) E)

women do better at school and university than men do women should get better education in order to reach the top psychologists have little sympathy with women who want careers it only prejudices that stop women from doing better in their careers the number of women with successful careers is not as high as with men

140- We understand from the passage that women who do reach the top .................. . A) B) C) D) E)

then begin to feel guilty and lose their self- confidence do so because of their managerial style do everything perfectly are often seen as being there temporarily are unable to maintain their high standards

141- According to the passage, women's lack of success is often due to their ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

not being able to impress men with their style of management fighting amongst themselves not being able to reach the high standards needed being too highly qualified and well-trained trying to achieve too much at one time

Although we live in a period when no part of the globe is more than a few hours away 362

and the cultural barriers that separate nations and individuals are weakening more and more every day, still we find differences of language and tradition are obstacles to understanding. Art, which people value for the pure pleasure it brings, is also a medium of communication which can break through barriers and overcome obstacles. Communication in this case depends on thick paint on a heavy canvas. Art, therefore, is not the capricious invention of a few geniuses as many believe, but one of the most basic and ancient communication mediums of the human race. Just as people remain basically the same yet are constantly changing, so art has common threads through time and yet is always new. 142- According to the passage, art .............. . A) is valuable because it is not stopped by barriers or obstacles B) is a way in which people can communicate despite problems that might hinder this C) can only be useful for communication purposes if it is on heavy canvas D) was devised by a few geniuses to be used for communication E) was first used in ancient times before any other methods of communications were available 143- The writer states that the world .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

is now very accessible is much weaker than before has many cultural barriers separating nations is easily travelled in a few hours has nations and individuals who are less strong

144- In the writers opinion people and art ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

can be linked throughout time and develop at the same rate have changed very little during their histories reflect each other in the way they have altered throughout history can both be recognised as modern versions of their original selves are similar because of the way they both alter but can still be linked with their origins

The Hittites were a people who lived in central Anatolia what is now the Asiatic part of Turkey - between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago. They came into contact with many of the ancient civilisations, with whom from time to time they fought wars made treaties, and even arranged royal marriages. A feature of Hittite culture is that, from the earliest days of their history they cremated their dead. In this the Hittites appear 363

to have been unique among their contemporaries, with the exception of the heroes of the Homeric legends. Homer's great epic poem, the Iliad, is set in and around the ancient city of Troy, which is at the western edge of the lands controlled by the Hittites at the height of their power. It is certainly possible, therefore, that the custom of cremation was passed on by the Hittite civilisation to the early Greeks. 145- According to the passage, the Hittites' custom of cremation ...................... . A) B) C) D) E)

was written about by the Greek writer. Homer was not practised by any other known civilisation at that time was the most important ritual in their lives came into being more than 4,000 years ago was something they learnt from earlier civilisations

146- The writer infers that Homer's poem, the "Iliad"..................... . A) reflects the possibility that the ancient Greeks learnt about cremation from the Hittites B) taught the ancient Greeks about the Hittite custom of cremation C) shows that the Hittites were, like Homer's characters, legendary heroes D) gave the Hittites the idea about cremation E) is based on heroes who came from the Hittite civilisation 147- From the passage we understand that the Hittites sometimes used to .................. . A) go to war with other civilisations because of disputes in the royal families B) be great peace makers because of their ability to make treaties C) organise weddings between members of their own royal family and those of other civilisations D) arrange for different civilisations to come together through royal marriages E) travel a lot in order to encounter other ancient peoples Dates and periods are necessary to the study and discussion of history, for all historical phenomena are conditioned by time and are produced by the sequence of events. Periods, especially, are retrospective conceptions that we form about past events; they are useful to focus discussion but very often they lead historical thought astray. Thus, while it is certainly useful to speak of the Middle Ages and of the Victorian Age, those two abstract ideas have deluded many scholars and millions of newspaper readers into supposing that during certain decades called the Middle Ages, and again during certain decades called Age of Victoria, everyone thought or 364

acted more or less in the same way -till at last Victoria died or the Middle Age came to an end. But in fact there was no such sameness. 148- The author argues that, contrary to common assumption, the behaviour of people ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

was more uniform in the Middle Ages than in the Victorian Age is a subject that should also be studied by historians in any given period is always the same is unrelated to the age we live in was not uniform, at all, in any given period

149- The division of history into periods ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

is avoided by modern historians was rejected in the Victorian Age is both useful and deceptive has been in use since the Middle Ages serves no useful purpose at all

150- According to the passage, the study of history ..................... . A) B) C) D) E)

began in the Middle Ages and reached its height in the Victorian Age has changed greatly in our time includes a great variety of interrelated subjects should concentrate on the reconstruction of past events requires a knowledge of dates and periods

The practical advantage of prefabrication are two-fold: it is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. Speed in building is important these days because of the high cost of land: the time during which such an expensive commodity is out of use must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly prefabricated methods of construction save time on the job because parts are prepared in the factory beforehand. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty because it means that the whole building is made of standard parts the behaviour of which is known and has been tested. 151- Since land is extremely valuable it is important that ..................... . A) costs do not continue to rise B) the building materials should also be expensive C) people should not disagree as to the advantages of prefabrication 365

D) it does not remain out of use for long E) building costs be reduced to a minimum 152- One advantage of using prefabricated parts is that ...................... . A) B) C) D) E)

buildings can be put up much faster fewer skilled workmen are required this method is much cheaper than standard methods less land is required there is more scope for experiment

153- 153-When a building is constructed from standard parts that have been welltested..................... . A) B) C) D) E)

there is no scope for originality one is still not sure how they will behave in a particular situation new method of construction are overlooked the costs will naturally be excessively high. one knows in advance that the result will be satisfactory

Both as a profession and as a science, economics lost considerable prestige during the recession of 1974-1975. The crisis that sized the western industrialised countries, including Japan, was of a character not to be found in economics textbooks: rate of inflation exceeding 10% a year coupled with declining production and high levels of unemployment. Hitherto, peacetime inflation had been associated with high employment and an overactive economy, while high rates of employment went with the recession and depression. The next combination was aptly called stagflation. 154- The term stagflation can be defined as ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

high unemployment in spite of high levels of production a decrease in the rates of inflation the combination of high inflation and economic recession inflation in an overactive economy high levels of peacetime inflation

155- The economic crisis of the mid-1970's ............ . A) followed the same pattern as earlier economic crisis B) caused people to lose faith in economics 366

C) had little effect on the industry of developed countries D) caused the economy to be overactive E) was characterised only by high inflation and low production 156- The main subject of the passage is ................. . A) B) C) D) E)

the growing unpopularity of economics as a science the unusual nature and the extensive effects of the economic crisis of the 1970's. the relationship between unemployment and recession the industrial decline of Japan and some Western countries how to combat high inflation and unemployment

It is obvious that the purpose of education will determine the content of the curriculum, the methods employed, the kind of education given to children and young persons. This functional relation-ship is frequently overlooked. Until recently there were many educationalists who thought that education should be discussed without reference to the objectives and values of the community in which it was given. The number of such theorists lessens under the impact of modern conditions, but there still exist many who appear to think that problems of the curriculum can be dealt with in this abstract manner. 157- It is now often, but not always, recognised that............... . A) problems of the curriculum are largely theoretical B) the contents of the curriculum should be determined by the community C) problems of the curriculum must be dealt with in terms of objectives D) more abstract matters should be included in the curriculum E) there is very little connection between the purpose of education and the values of the community 158- The passage emphasises that ........... . A) the methods employed in education has led to noticeable improvements in the curriculum B) many education theorists have been attaching too much importance to modern conditions C) in educational policy the needs of young people have been given undue consideration D) one must keep the ends in mind when determining the means of education E) the community feels it hasn't been adequately consulted in educational matters 159- According to the passage, there has, in recent years, there has been ................ . 367

A) a noticeable return of traditional educational techniques B) a steady decrease in the theoretical approach to education C) a growing discrepancy between educational, policy and the requirements of the community D) an unprecedented increase in the number of young people in need of education E) among the young, a more active interest in educational matters The great wave of international terrorist that first reached a climax in 1972 showed no signs of abating in 1975. Strictly speaking, the phenomenon was not new; what was new was its rapid growth in the 1970s, made possible by increasingly sophisticated technology. Some of this new technology consists of specialised equipment, such as miniaturised or remote-control detonating devices, hand-held rocket launchers, and the like, which make terrorism more lethal, more effective, and less risky for the terrorist. But even improvements in generally available technology are important. For example, self-dialling international telephone communications and jet travel facilitate conspiracies across national boundaries and the perpetration of political crimes by nationals of country in another. The growth of television has contributed to the easy dissemination of terrorist techniques, such as hijacking of aircraft and the kidnapping of diplomats or businessmen for ransom. 160- It is argued that ................... . A) various advances in technology have contributed to the increase in terrorism through the world. B) governments have not taken adequate measures to protect diplomats and businessmen. C) owing to technological innovations terrorism has been on the decline since the early 1970. D) among the methods resorted to by terrorists, kidnapping and hijacking are the most common. E) the manufacture of sophisticated technological equipment should be under strict governmental control. 161- Among the terrorist activities mentioned in the passage is ...................... . A) B) C) D) E)

drug-trafficking smuggling propaganda infiltration the taking of hostages 368

162- It is pointed out in the passage that ..... . A) B) C) D) E)

political crimes make up only a small part of terrorism because of more lethal weapons terrorists find themselves in greater danger today terrorism is no longer confined to one country alone prior to the 1970s terrorism was unknown improved communications have led to the capture of more terrorists

From the point of view of the control of diseases, World War II represented a transitional period for industrialised combatant countries. As far as infectious diseases are concerned, the five years of continual war and occupation had affected civilian populations in Europe surprisingly less than did warfare in previous conflicts. The most notable increases in disease levels. were those of new case of tuberculosis, which rose steadily throughout Western Europe, and of reported cases of typhoid fever. Most seriously affected were displaced persons, encamped refugees and inmates of concentration camps. In marginally nourished and starving patients, typhus, dysentery, scarlet fever, and diphtheria caused sporadic outbreaks and many deaths. 163- It is emphasised in the passage that...... . A) many of the deaths could have been avoided through better health care B) such infectious diseases such as typhus and dysentery caused the loss of many lives among the undernourished. C) Western Europe was not exposed to any of the infectious diseases during the war D) most of Western Europe was occupied for a large part of the war E) refugees and the homeless were adequately taken care of during the war 164- The author explains that .................. . A) among the homeless, it was children who were most seriously affected B) sanitary conditions in concentration camps were terrible C) owing to malnutrition, there was an unprecedented outbreak of tuberculosis among the fighting men D) during the Second World War, civilians were not affected by infectious diseases as much as it might have been expected E) due to the efficiency of health precautions, all the infectious diseases had only a marginal effect

369

165- The experience of the Second World War........... . A) showed how inhuman were the conditions in the concentration camps B) proved valuable as regards the control of diseases C) encouraged industrialised countries to provide housing for the homeless D) has inspired many countries of Western Europe with the idea of a lasting peace. E) has contributed to the rapid industrialisation of the western world As technological developments have altered production techniques, types of mechanical equipment and varieties of outputs, society has begun to recognise that economic progress involves not only changes in machinery but also in man - not only expenditures on equipment but also in people. Investment in people makes it possible to take advantage of technical progress as well as to continue that progress. Improvements in health make investment in education more rewarding by extending life expectancy. Investment in education expands and extends knowledge, leading to advances which raise productivity and improve health. 166- According to the author, investment in education ............... . A) B) C) C) E)

has a direct impact on production techniques as little significance for economic progress is far more important than investment in health has led to certain specific technological changes will contribute positively to human progress

167- The passage is mainly concerned with .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

the question of economic progress and productivity the necessity of improvement in health services the impact of economy in life expectancy long term benefits of investments in education new education policies to meet technological needs

168- It is argued in the passage that ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

questions of increased output must be given priority economic progress depends largely on technological developments society was slow to realise the need to invest in man expenditures should be evenly distributed among the secretary improvements in the health services are urgently required 370

After 1930s the Western world realised that it was leading in another age of absolutism or rather, an age of totalitarian dictatorship much worse than the worst of the old absolute kings: such regimes could be seen to be enforcing a “law” that was the command hardly of a “sovereign” but of cruel and genocidal despot. It was ordinary people who protested: “This cannot be law. Law, if it is to deserve the name of law, must respect at least some basic rights to which every human being is entitled simply because he is human.” 169- According to the passage, in comparison with the absolute kings of the past, modern dictators ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

have illustrated a relatively high respect for the rights of the individual have been much more cruel and oppressive have received great support from ordinary people have always been anxious to rule in a fair manner have shown tendency to the enforcement of law

170- The writer explains that a major distinctive feature of “law” is .................. . A) B) C) D) E)

to uphold respect for the king that it disregards the rights of human beings to prevent the rise of totalitarianism in the world to respect for basic human rights that it ought to make a return to absolutism impossible

171- According to the text, the major protest against the despots of modern times...................... . A) B) C) D) E)

has been largely related to their genocidal actions started to increase after 1933 has largely been confined to the Western nations has been owing to a growing fear of totalitarianism has come from ordinary people who are concerned about their basic rights

A great number of books have been prepared on computers, computer programming, and computer programming languages, particularly Fortran. Producing another book on Fortran, even the newest Fortran IV, probably seems unreasonable to most, and it is with mild trepidation that, I, the author, embark on this project. On the other hand, several good reasons can be stated for doing just 371

that. Most computer professionals will agree that the field of computer and information science has quickly become a valid discipline for academia, and that rapid changes are occurring in computer programming languages. Both of these facts suggest that a new direction be taken in presenting the subject. 172- From the passage we can infer that the writer is somewhat apprehensive in case .................. . A) developments in computer programming will become more and more expensive B) computer sales should drop rapidly C) his book will be felt, by many people, to be useless. D) programming languages should become much more complicated E) computer programming should be taken over by academia

173- According to the text, publications on computer technology ...................... . A) B) C) D) E)

are only concerned with Fortran language are created by academia for academia are largely repetitive and very expensive invariably lead to a great deal of public reaction have already reached a very big number

174- The writer of this passage thinks that his new book on Fortran is justified because .................... . A) computer science is quite new with little relevant literature B) it brings a new approach to computer programming languages C) computer professionals have not as yet recognise the changes occurring in computer science D) it will boost the sale of computers all over the world E) it will alter the concept of computer science among academia Until 1980s most British museums and art academies considered watercolour an amateur pursuit or a preliminary to serious work in oils. Many British watercolorists saw the medium as a holiday diversion, using portable paint boxes and a free style to make what they called “snapshots” of their travels. However, a few recognised the 372

exceptional capacity of watercolour as a medium of art to provide clear and luminous colours in works that would evoke the ever-changing nature of lakes and rivers they knew so well, and ultimately compete for supremacy with oil painting in major art collections. 175- We can infer from the passage that, in Britain, it was a long time before watercolours.................. . A) B) C) D) E)

were taken seriously as a means of art lost their appeal like oils fell out of public interest became an amateur hobby among the ordinary people were confined to the depiction of lakes and seas

176- According to the passage, not many British artists thought that watercolour ...................... . A) had been overworked for many decades B) and oil painting were equally effective as mediums for the portrayal of human feelings C) had always been more significant than oil painting D) was only to be used as a hobby on holidays E) was an ideal art form for representing nature in its various shades and colours 177- The passage illustrates clearly how ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

watercolour has changed landscape painting in Britain watercolour slowly gave way to oils as an art form British art galleries have collected their oil paintings and watercolours. watercolour has come to be recognised in Britain as valid art form watercolour is different in style and execution from oil painting

The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have usually been discussed, but the exact basis for these effects has not been clarified. Some believe nicotine to be the culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could cause a disease of the arteries resembling that observed in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by other investigators who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoke. 373

178- It is explained in the passage that nicotine .................... . A) hits animals more seriously than humans B) is the only dangerous factor in relation to smoking C) has a negative effect only upon the arteries D) is considered by some investigators as one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart E) has been considered more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers 179- According to the text, studies into the adverse effects of smoking .................... . A) have proved any relationship between smoking and cholesterol levels in humans B) have illustrated that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body C) have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a main factor D) have so far not raised any controversial ideas E) show that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors 180- The main concern of the text is to ................... . A) B) C) D) E)

show that the unfavourable effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate emphasise the effects of nicotine and vitamin d on heart disease describe some experiments on animals to observe the effects of harmful gases compare the harmful effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide exemplify the researches concerning animal disease

Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics. Unfortunately, “meaning” covers a variety of aspects of language and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, what aspects of it may properly included in semantics or the way in which it should be described. The term semantics is a recent addition to the English language. A detailed account of it is to be found in Read. 181- The passage indicates that .................. . A) language is one of the sub-branches of semantics B) giving a definition for semantics is a difficult task C) generally, meaning reminds the same thing whomever it is heard by 374

D) semantics is a wide concept including quite a few language items E) technically speaking, semantics is a method to analyse the definitions of apparatuses etc 182- According to the passage, the aspects of meaning ..................... . A) change from person to person B) can’t be determined from the point of semantics C) should be described properly D) aren’t included in what is called semantics E) create lots of problems to linguists 183- It is hinted in the passage that Read ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

is a kind of history book also dealing with semantics is a guidebook for those wishing to master semantics was the handbook of old linguists but is not now at all gives us useful information about the missing parts of semantics used to be taught by scholars in the past at universities

“Imaginary export” is an illegal process in which an imaginary party of goods is exported as if it were real. It is done in a few different ways. Firstly, a false invoice (or ‘nylon’ invoice) is prepared and no goods is sent at all. Secondly, if the goods to be exported is at a premium, different goods is exported ,but the processes are done according to the ones at a premium. Another way is to show the price of the goods more than its real prices. So as to do a imaginary export, one must agree with a recipient firm. Sometimes, those wishing to do such a business set their own firms abroad. The rumours of imaginary expert were quite common in 1980, when Turkey started an export breakthrough. But gathering certain numbers and figures about the extent of imaginary export in Turkey hasn’t been possible yet. 184- According to the passage, imaginary export........... . A) B) C) D) E)

was pretty common in 1980s is a business agreement with an illegal firm abroad is a subject that customs officials are very alert at can be done without any real goods is widely known among the countries doing maritime export

185- It can be concluded from the passage that exporting goods at a premium ................. .

375

A) B) C) D) E)

requires bribing customs officials can be done only with the fake firms set up abroad demands preparing spurious invoices is one of the money-making ways of the imaginary exporters is the most widespread imaginary export method

186- It can be understood from the information given in the passage that ............. . A) imaginary export rumours couldn’t be hindered in the latter part of the nineteenth century B) the invoices used in imaginary exports had better be made of nylon C) imaginary export in Turkey is far more common than in any other European country D) the best way to do an imaginary export is to prepare nylon invoices E) imaginary export cannot be done without having an accomplice firm abroad By the beginning of the 18th century, the population of Tokyo had grown about 1 million, making it the largest city in Japan and one of the most populous in the world. An especially lively section of the city was along the Sunida River, where pleasure boats and parties were common and whose banks were lined with fashionable tea-houses. Tea was central to the Japanese not only in their homes, but in the public life as well. In the bustling urban centres of the 18th-century Japan, teahouses served similar to the one played by coffee-houses in Europe which were centres of discussion and entertainment. 187- We learn from the passage that the Sumida River ................... . A) separated the poor area of Tokyo from the rich one B) could be dangerous and so boats sporadically used it C) run through one of the most popular parts of the eighteenth century Tokyo D) was a busy waterway since it was the commercial centre of the city E) has recently lost its popularity among the people of Tokyo 188- The writer points out that in the eighteenth century, there was .............. . A) a great likeness between Japan’s tea-houses and Europe’s coffee-houses B) an effort among other Japanese cities to imitate the social life of Tokyo C) a impromptu increase in the populace of Tokyo D) a growing interest among the people of Tokyo in European coffee-houses E) a widespread desire among the young in Japan for all kinds of entertainment 189- We can understand from the passage that no city in the eighteenth century Japan ................ . 376

A) B) C) D) E)

had as large a population as that of Tokyo could compete with Tokyo’s cultural life had as many tea-houses as Tokyo had had established as many centres of entertainment as Tokyo had consumed as much tea as Tokyo did

377

The novelist Davidson is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his stories within the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the frontpage news of 20th century Germany with the lives of his characters, Davidson gives readers the “feel” of an era, combining the unusual and the commonplace. His latest novel, The Wall, shows how the events of the turbulent 1940s helped mould the sensibilities of his young protagonist. 190- It is explained in the passage that Davidson’s novel The Wall ............... . A) is actually a full historical account of the great changes that happened in the 1940s B) describes the demanding effects of the turbulent 1940s on the sensitive young protagonist C) demonstrates how the thoughts and feelings of the main character are shaped by the period in which we lived D) illustrates his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society E) fails to give his reader a “ feel” of the 1940s in Germany 191- From the text we learn that a blend of fiction and history ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

is deliberately avoided by Davidson in his most recent novel has not always been Davidson’s primary concern cannot be found in the traditional novel is a striking feature of Davidson’s writing is commonly used by contemporary German writers, including Davidson himself

192- We see in the passage that Davidson’s purpose in bringing the usual and the extraordinary together in his novels .................. . A) B) C) D) E)

has been frequently criticised by the audience is to create a convincing picture of a period didn’t achieve the result he aimed for in The Wall has not been appreciated except in the case of The Wall has not been shared by other 20th-century German novelists

Many substances, whether man-made or natural, can cause harm to man or the environment. Some of these reach the environment in waste streams; however, emission limits and environmental quality standards can, in some instances, reduce the amounts released. But some other substances cannot be controlled in this way because they are release, not in industrial waste streams, but through the use of disposal of products which contain them. In many cases these substances pose little 378

or no threat if the product containing them is used and disposed properly. The right way to deal with them is usually through controls over their supply, use and disposal. 193- According to the passage, the threat of certain substances to the environment ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

is far less than that to man has been unnecessarily emphasised has to date been completely ignored can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste streams could be reduced by enforcing emission limits and environmental controls

194- The author points out that the danger posed to man by many substances .................. . A) is unrelated to environmental pollution B) is even greater than generally admitted C) arises from their misuse and wrong disposal D) continues to grow despite constant control of disposal systems E) is solely due to the use of industrial waste streams 195- The passage is concerned with the question of ................... . A) B) C) D) E)

why industrial waste streams have caused so much pollution whether man-made substances or natural ones cause more pollution what measures are to be taken against the supply dangerous substances how the harmful effects of certain substances can be brought under control who is responsible for taking the required measures

During 1974, the two major problems that have faced the industrially developed countries were an unprecedented rise in prices and a serious deterioration in the external payments position, both legacies of the quadrupling of oil prices at the end of the previous year. Most governments, therefore, were forced to adopt monetary and fiscal policies aimed at curbing inflation, and by the early 1975, the external payments position had improved somewhat in most Western industrialised countries. These anti-inflationary policies, however, depressed the level of business activity.

379

196- The economic crisis of 1974 ............ . A) had a serious and lasting impact on unemployment B) grew even more serious in 1975 in all the Western industrialised societies C) was a direct result of the sudden sharp increase in late 1973 of oil prices D) was confined to underdeveloped countries E) contributed to an increase in monetary transactions 197- In most countries efforts made in 1974 to curb inflation ............... . A) increased unemployment and caused political instability B) led to an improvement in the situation within a year C) caused an even greater deficit in external payments D) failed totally due to the ever increasing oil prices E) received the full support of industrialists 198- The author argues that inflation in 1974 ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

was mishandled by a majority of governments also showed itself clearly in the growing deficit in the balance of payments hit developed countries more than underdevel-oped countries eventually brought about a business boom finally did bring down the price of oil

Skin cancer is a condition about which people are becoming increasingly concerned. As yet, there is still a disturbing level of ignorance about the topic and not everyone fully understands the cause of the illness. In simple terms, sunburn and ultraviolet light can damage your skin, and this damage can lead to skin cancer. There are, of course, other determining factors including your heredity and the environment you live in. As such, it's not always a simple matter to clearly define the source of an individual case. However, it's still true to say that total amount of sun received over ten years and over exposure resulting in sunburn can cause skin cancer. 199- According to the passage ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

more people are becoming infected with skin cancer than ever before not many people realise at first that they've contracted the illness no one has yet found exactly what the reason for the disease is interest and anxiety over this type of cancer is rising it's not unusual for the sufferers to ignore their symptoms 380

200- The passage tells us that skin cancer ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

does not only occur because of exposure to the sun is not a very complex disorder is totally ignored by the scientific world almost always results from sunburn or sunlight develops if the person’s skin has already been damaged

201- One can infer from the passage that ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

sufferers should take the problem more seriously there is as yet no cure for skin cancer as it's difficult to pinpoint the cancer those in hotter climates are more prone to the condition than others sunbathing is highly effective in curing the illness a number of causes can lead to skin cancer

Many early adventurers and settlers in the New World withstood the rigors of a long, dangerous Atlantic crossing in the hope of finding treasure in America. But there were no mountains of gold – only a vast, silent land covered with unbroken forests, and penetrated from the Atlantic seaboard by a series of short rivers. North America offered millions of acres of virgin soil and luxuriant forests, huge mineral deposits, fur of many animals, and fish and game in abundance. Its position within the temperate zone, while guaranteeing a variety of climate, freed it from the extremes of arctic cold and tropical heat. Rainfall varied but was sufficient for raising a large variety of crops.

202- The writer implies that the treasure in America ....................... . A) was found in the mountainous areas B) disappointed those who had made the Atlantic crossing C) was the riches the land offered D) caused many to lose their lives while crossing the Atlantic E) was large quantities of gold 203- The writer states that North America's being within the temperate zone ..................... . 381

A) B) C) D) E)

made it subject to both arctic cold and tropical heat was what attracted the settlers in the first place meant there was barely enough rain to raise crops made millions of acres of soil impossible to cultivate meant it was neither too hot nor too cold.

204- According to the passage, it was not easy....................... . A) to raise crops due to the rainfall levels B) to penetrate the huge forests C) for people to settle in North America once they had arrived D) for the settlers to reach America E) to find gold in the American mountains It is an obvious fact that people of different nationstend to use different languages. Along with physical appearance and cultural characteristics, language differences are part of what distinguishes one nation from another. Of course it is not only across national boundaries that people speak different languages. In Canada, inhabitants of the same cities and rural areas have spoken different languages for centuries. In Quebec province, ethnic French-Canadians maintain a strong allegiance to the French language, while ethnic Anglos maintain a loyalty to English. In India, literally dozens of languages are spoken, some confined to small areas, others spoken regionally or nationally. In some parts of India, two or more languages are spoken by different ethnic groups. 205- We learn from the passage that ............... . A) in a country where different races live, it is quite normal for people to speak different languages B) nations can be differentiated from each other only by their physical characteristics C) no matter where you are, you can hear a different language spoken by minorities D) one can use not only visible and cultural but also communication features to differentiate countries from one another E) there might be more than two ethnic groups speaking the same tongue

206- From the passage , we can understand that .......... . A) no two ethnic groups use the same tongue B) urban and suburban people have been expressing themselves using different languages 382

for hundreds of years C) dozens of languages are spoken by millions of people in Canada D) geographically and phonetically speaking, Canada lies between America and England E) having accepted French the formal language of Quebec, the government of Canada has opened the country to the effects of French

207- It is implied in the passage that, one of the functions of a language is to ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

help us decide where our listener comes from help us find a suitable friend who may help us when we are abroad separate countries from each other allow us to make friends wherever we are provide easier methods to make financial contacts with foreigners

In recent years evidence has accumulated that polyunsaturated fatty acids function in protecting humans and some laboratory animals from diseases of the arteries and heart such as atherosclerosis. In this disease, small patches of fatty material, composed mostly of cholesterol, from on the inside lining of the arteries. As the deposits increase in thickness, they may cut down on the blood flow to the organs supplied by the arteries until the structures are severely damaged. If this occurs in a branch of the coronary artery supplying the heart muscle, that portion of the muscle dies, and the person experiences a painful and sometime fatal heart attack. Another danger of atherosclerosis is that pieces of the fatty deposits may break free and travel in the bloodstream until they lodge in small vessels and block the flow of blood. This blockage may also cause heart damage, or, if it occurs in the brain, may damage cells and lead to a grave stroke. 208- What the author is trying to explain in the passage is ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

what kind of consequences atherosclerosis may bring about the dangerous sides of taking too much cholesterol the possible reasons of the damages made in heart why people should eschew from eating fatty foods how much blood should flow to the organs

383

209- According to the passage, atherosclerosis may cause all of the following except ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

blockage of the arteries a serious stroke a deadly heart attack less blood flow to the organs cholesterol breakdown

210- Researchers have found that polyunsaturated fatty acids ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

might be able to guard people and certain animals from atherosclerosis are the substances that cause atherosclerosis are wrongly thought as helpful to the illnesses people face block the arteries and, thus, cause heart attacks cover the outside part of the blood vessels in thickness

Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases. In the past, when all writing was done by hand, abbreviations saved time and space. Today, when so much is printed about so many subjects, they serve the same purpose. Certain types of abbreviations, e.g. UNESCO, which stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation, are also spoken, if easily pronounced. The use of abbreviations dates back to ancient times, but widespread use of them has been most acute in the 20th century, which is directly related to the vast increase in information. 211- According to the passage, the function of abbreviations ............. . A) B) C) D) E)

was quite different in the past concerned writing in the past but now it concerns speaking has remained the same since ancient times used to depend on the purpose of the user has varied over the years alongside the increase in information

212- It's clear from the passage that the abbreviation UNESCO ............... . A) B) C) D)

is formed by using the initial letters of the words in its name started the tradition of shortening words or phrases is used in writing more often than in speaking was devised to make the pronunciation of its full form easier 384

E) has been used since the organisation was founded 213- The passage states that using the abbreviated form of a word or phrase .............. . A) B) C) D) E)

helps us to make ourselves better understood makes pronunciation much easier for us used to be more common in the past enables us to use less time and space has made organisations like UNESCO easily- remembered

The term caste refers to an extreme form social differentiation in which the groups that constitute society are ranked in a hierarchical scale. In all true caste system society as a whole is divided into a series groups recruited by birth: marriage is generally restricted to members of the same caste, castes are in some way associated ,with occupational specialisation, and the order of castes is linked to a moral order that dictates codes appropriate behaviour for each caste. The elaborate form of caste is found in Hindu India. Others with less elaborate systems include Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. 214- We can conclude from the passage that in true caste systems ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

members of each caste perform different tasks each member of a caste specialises In different occupation certain castes determine the moral codes followed by the whole society the members of certain castes try not contact each other In any way marriages between members of different castes are not common

215- The author states that, of the countries mentioned in the passage, .................... . A) none follows a true caste system B) all forbid inter-caste marriages C) India has the most complicated caste system D) Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal have the least tolerant caste systems E) all but India allow commercial relationships between the castes 216- The passage points out that ............. . A) B) C) D)

the birth rate is usually very high in countries with a caste system the caste which a person belongs to is determined by birth each caste encourages birth in order to maintain its population the population of a caste is affected by inter-caste marriages 385

E) trade between different castes is usually restricted to certain items Anger, fear or the shock of sudden sorrow brings physical changes in our bodies. The digestion is shut down, the blood pressure is raised, the heart speeds up and the skin becomes cold. Maintained over a prolonged period, this emergency status makes the body — and the personality —tight, dry and rigid. In people who are afraid to let themselves pour forth their painful emotions, doctors find the suppressed tears can trigger such ailments as asthma, migraine headache and many others. Weeping, on the other hand, comes as part of the reversal of conditions of alarm, shock and anger. Tears do not, therefore, mark a breakdown or low point, but a transition to warmth and hope and health. So there is a genuine wisdom in tears. In permitting ourselves to weep instead of repressing the impulse, we help ourselves to health. 217- From the statement in the passage, we can infer that some people ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

regard crying as a weakness or failure don't consult their doctors about certain ailments find that migraine headaches cause them to weep develop personality problems from ailments such as asthma go to the doctor more often for emotional reasons than physical

218- According to the writer, not crying ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

is a common characteristic of asthmatics is a sign that a person is in poor health causes the digestion to shut down helps us to control our feelings of shock or anger can bring on many unpleasant side-effects

219- In the writer's opinion ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

people should visit their doctors in times of emotional emergency we need to cry in order to recover from traumas weeping can cause alarm, shock or even anger in others doctors don't do enough to help patients with motional problems crying when we feel ill is as beneficial as visiting the doctor

For centuries dam design was based upon previous experience. Remains of ancient earth-fill dams still exist in India and Sri Lanka. The earliest recorded dam is 386

believed to be a masonry structure 49 feet high that was built across the Nile River in Egypt around 2900 BC. A rockfill dam built around 1300 BC in what is modern Syria is the oldest dam still in use. Dam builders in ancient Rome did not show the engineering genius that was employed in other projects, but Byzantine engineers utilized the Roman masonry arch to build a prototypical arch- gravity dam in 550 AD. There was little dam building in Europe for several centuries; it began in earnest only when the Industrial Revolution gave rise to the need for water power in the 18th and 19th centuries. 220- It is stated, though indirectly, in the passage that today Syria ............. . A) is one of the forerunners of dam-building technology B) has by far the most dams all over the world C) has the earliest type of dam which hasn't gone out of use yet D) was regarded as the cradle of dam building E) copied Egyptian architecture in its dam constructions 221- According to the passage, the reason why dam building was started to be taken seriously is that .............. . A) B) C) D) E)

if floods were to be prevented, dams would be more necessary than anything else in Europe, new techniques in dam-building were devised until then, they were thought as potentially dangerous people didn't have enough experience to build formidable ones industrialization made people feel the necessity of water to run machines

222- It is implied in the passage that ............ . A) engineers in ancient Rome didn't use their talents, for they were underpaid B) there were structures in ancient Rome reflecting the excellent talent of their designers C) Roman engineers were lucky in that their designs had already been tested earlier D) no dam was built in Europe till 550 AD E) building techniques in ancient Rome was poor In a popular sense, "insect" usually means the familiar pests or disease carriers. Many insects, however, are beneficial from a human viewpoint; they pollinate plants, produce useful substances, control pest insects, act as scavengers, and serve as food for other. Furthermore, insects are valuable objects of study in elucidating many aspects of biology. Much of our knowledge of genetics has been gained from fruit fly experiments and of population biology from flour beetle studies. Insects are often 387

used in investigations of hormonal action, nerve and sense organ function, and many other physiological processes as well. 223- The passage is mainly about ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

the benefits of insects, contrary to the negative assumptions about them the methods to get rid of pests in farming the importance of insects in food production a new type of insect employed in genetics the relationship between insects and physiological processes

224- All the following benefits of insects are referred to by the author except the fact that they ............... . A) B) C) D) E)

help to eradicate harmful insects are eaten by other insects are used in hormonal experiments eat the remains of plants and animals are believed to have curative powers

225- Insects are regarded as valuable in biology because ................. . A) scientists have grown used to working with them B) they enlighten many dark sides in this field C) they have many similarities with mankind D) people consider them to be good-natured E) of their low cost and simplicity Mars is the fourth planet in order of distance from the Sun and seventh in order of diminishing size and mass. It orbits the Sun once in 687 Earth days and spins on its axis once every 24 hours and 37 minutes. Owing to the relatively large irregularity of its orbital ellipse, the distance between Mars and the Sun varies from 206.6 million to 249.2 million km. Mars completes a single orbit in roughly the time in which the Earth completes two. At its closest approach, Mars is less than 56 million km from the Earth, but it recedes to almost 400 million km. Most Earth-based observations of Mars are best made when the planet is in the opposite direction in the sky to the Sun, allowing all-night viewing when Mars is closest to the Earth.

226- From the figures in the passage, it can be determined that ............. . 388

A) a year on the Earth is approximately 322 days shorter than that on Mars B) the distance between the Sun and Mars is nearly 228 million km C) there are 11 planets revolving around the Sun, the farthest of which is Mars D) Mars and the Earth completes and orbit around the Sun in the same period of time E) there isn't much difference between the closest and furthest points of Mars to the Sun 227- The distance between Mars and the Sun changes due to ................ . A) the big eccentricity of the former’s oval-shaped appearance B) the latter’s irregular shape C) the fact that there are atmospheric conditions in space D) the fact that the former completes its tour around the latter much later than the Earth E) the undetectable rays emerging from the other planets between them 228- “24 hours and 37 minutes” is mentioned in the passage to signify ............... . A) the length of time of one tour of the Earth around Mars B) the distance between Mars and the Sun from the point of time C) the span of one tour of Mars around itself D) the similarity between Mars and the Earth E) the duration when Mars can be best observed in a year

389

390

Superstition is a belief for which there appears to be no rational substance. Many persons, in nearly all times, have held, seriously or half-seriously, irrational beliefs concerning methods of warding off ill or bringing good, foretelling the future, and healing or preventing sickness or accident. A few specific folk traditions, such as belief in the evil eye have been found in most periods of history and in most parts of the world. Others may be limited to one country, region, or village, to one family, or to one social or vocational group. Superstition has been deeply influential in history. Even in socalled modern times, in a day when objective evidence is highly valued, there are few people who would not, if pressed, admit to cherishing secretly one or two irrational beliefs or superstitions. 229- According to the author of the passage, superstition is .................. . A) a practice of belief in something with no sensible explanation B) underrated in today’s modern world by all educated people C) being practiced only is rural villages and tribes D) no longer a concept not having been clarified E) regarded as illogical even by the least educated

230- While some superstitions have greatly been prevalent throughout the world ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

it's hard to convince people of their irrationality most of them are currently being forgotten we have little to do but to believe in them modern peoples don't esteem them to be rational others might be believed only a small number of people

391

231- Most people in modern societies ............. . A) don't underestimate superstitions due to their relevance to real life B) have already lost their faith in superstitions C) might have a couple of superstitions which will reveal when they are forced to recount D) have reasonable basis to believe in superstitions E) pretend as if they don't believe in superstitions Parakeets occur worldwide in warm regions; they are abundant from India and Sri Lanka to Australia and the Pacific Islands, throughout Southeast Asia, and in tropical America. Typically they form large flocks and may be serious pests in grainfields. Most species lay four to eight eggs in a tree hole. Dozens of colorful kinds are kept as pets. All are highly active and need much room; most are pugnacious-notably when paired--toward other birds; and a few become good, though smallvoiced, mimics. Many color varieties and intergeneric hybrids are known in the wild as well as in aviaries. 232- It is pointed out in the passage that ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

one can't find any parakeet in temperate zones India and Sri Lanka together have more parakeets than Pacific Islands and Americas you can never see a parakeet flying or living alone parakeets are considered to be the most-loved pet all over the world parakeets are both lovely and troublesome creatures

233- It is clear from the passage that parakeets ................ . A) B) C) D) E)

require a large environment as they are very energetic are very hostile against all other animals learn everything by memorizing what has been said are generally red and yellow, though there are green ones can easily find their mates through different colours they have

234- In general, most parakeets ................. .

392

A) B) C) D) E)

are colorful and quite attractive don’t have the ability to imitate what is said using their voices agitate their owners by behaving them cruelly belong to pure species, which have never mixed others so far are liked just due to their ability to imitate

Lung cancer occurs primarily in persons between 45 and 75 years of age. In the late 20th century, in countries with a prolonged history of cigarette smoking, between 80 and 90 percent of all cases of lung cancer were caused by cigarette smoking. Heavy smokers have a greater likelihood of developing the disease than do light smokers. The risk is also greater for those who started smoking at a young age. Passive inhalation of cigarette smoke is also linked to lung cancer in nonsmokers. In the early 1990s it was estimated that passive smoking caused some 2,500-3,300 lung cancer deaths each year in the United States, or about 2 percent of all U.S. lung cancer deaths. 235- It is stated in the passage that in the countries where cigarette smoking has a long history .............. . A) B) C) D) E)

most deaths of lung cancer sufferers are largely due to that habit innovative methods have been devised to break the habit heavy smokers are alleged to be more likely to develop lung cancer than light ones it is impossible to see someone who is a lung cancer sufferer the young are urged not to smoke by ads and public announcements

236- Passive inhalation ................... . A) B) C) D) E)

is considered as one of the most significant factors of lung cancer used to cause more deaths previously than it does now has nothing to do with those who smoke in public places is thought to be responsible for two percent of the deaths of lung cancer sufferers might be avoided if one doesn’t enter in places where people smoke

237- From the figures in the passage, it can be determined that ............ . A) no one older than 75 die because they have lung cancer B) almost 85 percent of lung cancer sufferers are affected by just cigarette smoke 393

C) on average, each year some 150,000 people die of lung cancer D) some 2800 people are affected by passive inhalation in USA E) lung cancer deaths were far more common in 1990s than ever before The Gulf Stream is part of a general clockwise rotating system of currents in the North Atlantic. It is fed by the westward-flowing North Equatorial Current moving from North Africa to the West Indies. It was first described by the Spanish navigator and explorer Juan Ponce de León early in the 16th century. In 1844 systematic surveying of the stream was begun. The marine organisms of the Gulf Stream system are not of great commercial value. Its warm waters, however, in mingling with the colder waters both on the Grand Banks and off north-western Europe, contribute to turbulence and the availability of nutrient salts that made these regions amongst the most productive commercial fishing grounds in the world until they were overfished in the 1980s and early '90s. (d,b,b) 238- It is stated in the passage that ............ A) B) C) D) E)

the Gulf Stream might have been first noticed by Spaniards the Gulf Stream has been a constant source of dispute among experts few people were aware of the Gulf Stream until 1844 there is a bigger current system which also includes the Gulf Stream there were people in the past who depended on the Gulf Stream for their lives

239- According to the passage, the Gulf Stream............ . A) B) C) D) E)

has nothing which is valuable and commercial is not a dependable source of livelihood in terms of its contents has been exploited for many years by fishermen might, soon, be dangerous for those living around it provides a good deal of fish and seafood to the nearby countries

240- Today, the waters of the Gulf Stream ............. . A) have one of the biggest amount of fish throughout the world B) don't have as much fish as they used to C) aren't habitable any more for any fish whatsoever 394

D) are being inspected closely by those who wish to produce salt E) are a lot saltier than they were previously Despite the ongoing Asian economic crisis, the Japanese government is planning to abandon earthquake-prone Tokyo and build a new capital. For over 30 years the Japanese have traumatised themselves over whether to move their government out of Tokyo. Commonly known truths about overcrowded conditions in the city, the need to decentralise the country, the threat of a major earthquake which appears to be due in the current capital, and the brain drain from the cities have compelled politicians and architects to claim that Tokyo has reached its limits as a national capital and propose alternative locations. A generation ago, the popular choice was the foot of Mt. Fuji, but the area's geological instability defeated the plan before the politicians could. (a,c,e) 241- It is implied in the passage that .......... . A) Japan's plan to change its capital isn't economical for the time being B) the Japanese government has had plans to relocate its capital for ages C) Tokyo, Japan's current capital, is no longer a pleasant city to live in D) most politicians in Japan are against the idea to build a new capital E) despite being more inhabitable than the other Japanese cities, Tokyo isn't liked by most as a capital 242- There is a disagreement among the Japanese as to whether ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

the government should reduce the number of ministries a different capital could solve all their financial problems it is sensible to change their present capital they should vote for the government in the forthcoming elections again the predictions about a possible quake for Tokyo are true

243- Among the reasons why Tokyo should no longer be the capital of Japan, one not mentioned in the passage is .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

the need to govern the country from a central city the likelihood of an immense earthquake the migration of well-educated people from the other provinces into Tokyo the city's being densely populated geographical instability of the city

395

Alfred Bernhard Nobel donated most of his vast fortune in trust as a fund from which annual prizes could be awarded to individuals and organisations who had achieved the greatest benefit to humanity in a particular year. Originally, there were six classifications for outstanding contributions designated in Nobel’s will including, chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and international peace. The prizes are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm. Candidates for prizes must be nominated in writing by a qualified authority in the field of competition. Recipients in physics, chemistry, and economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of sciences; in physiology or medicine by the Caroline Institute; in literature by the Swedish Academy; in peace by the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed by Norway’s parliament. The prizes are all presented in Stockholm on December, 10, with the King of Sweden officiating, an appropriate tribute to Alfred Nobel on the anniversary of his death. (e,a,b) 244- From the passage, it's understood that a person who has composed a symphony............ . A) B) C) D) E)

is regarded as a great contributor to mankind used to take Nobel prizes before Alfred Nobel died doesn't have the same possibility to get Nobel as a writer might be awarded with a Nobel prize should the Nobel Foundation accept doesn't have the right to be awarded with Nobel

245- According to the passage, December, 10th is significant from the point that .......... . A) it coincides the delivery date of the Nobel prizes with its namesake’s demise date B) it's the choice of Alfred Nobel in his will C) it is the date of the establishment of Nobel Foundation D) it's the earliest possible date for the Norwegian parliament E) the works of the candidates can be checked until that date 246- In order to be nominated to one of the Nobel prizes, ............... . A) one should reside in Sweden and be a graduate of Royal Swedish academy B) someone authority in the related branch should show his written approval of it C) a scientist must find someone to talk in favour of him before the Nobel committee D) one should be experienced and have many research papers E) one should be in good terms with the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm 396

Over the past 30 years, hurricanes have been responsible for four of the five biggest natural disasters to hit America. Although better forecasting and evacuation have, over the past century, reduced the death toll from 7,000 to a few score each year, the amount of hurricane-induced damage to property has risen enormously. Hurricane Andrew, the worst to hit America in the 1990s, inflicted $37 billion-worth of destruction. That is why the AAAS devoted a day-long session to the science of hurricanes and, in particular, to ways of improving the forecasting of their behaviour on time scales that stretch from hours to millennia. Such knowledge would be useful in many ways. It would help those in the path of a storm to decide their response. It would help those who govern storm-prone areas to plan and regulate their buildings more safely. And it would help those who pick up the bill — the world’s insurance and reinsurance companies — to prepare and to stay profitable.(d,a,b) 247- From the passage, it's clear that AAAS.............. . A) B) C) D) E)

has failed to come up with a solution the hurricanes hitting America was better at forecasting a couple of decades ago is the name of a hurricane which has recently hit America Is, perhaps, an institute making studies on climatic conditions of America wouldn't have caused so much damage in America if it had been forecast accurately

248- Compared with the beginning of the twentieth century, the damage resulting from hurricanes in America .............. . A) B) C) D) E)

has increased instead of decreasing has been decreasing each year has never been as much as it was in 1990s has caused less suffering to Americans has been much more reimbursable for insurance companies

249- One of the benefits of predicting a hurricane is........... . A) B) C) D)

that local governments will provide their citizens with better infrastructure that insurance companies won't have difficulty reimbursing the damages to help civil engineers and architects design safer buildings that those living in risky areas will easily be convinced of the danger 397

E) to be able to warn people about its dangers earlier During the 19th century painters in Western societies began to lose their social position and secure patronage. Some artists countered the decline in patronage support by holding their own exhibitions and charging an entrance fee. Others earned an income through touring exhibitions of their work. The need to appeal to a marketplace had replaced the similar, if less impersonal, demands of patronage, and its effect on the art itself was probably similar as well. Generally, artists can now reach an audience only through commercial galleries and public museums, although their work may be occasionally reproduced in art periodicals. They may also be assisted by financial awards or commissions from industry and the state. (c,d,e,) 250- According to the passage, some painters losing their patrons supported themselves by........... . A) B) C) D) E)

exhibiting their works without paying any money to the art galleries selling their best paintings to the upper class families opening exhibitions by themselves and collecting money from visitors going on tours to the countries where their works were appreciated painting portraits of the royal members

251- Today’s artists are luckier than those of 19th century in that ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

their paintings are thought to be more attractive advances in art make it easy for them to paint people appreciate art more than those lived in 19th century they can display their work with ease at art centres they no longer have trouble in getting sponsorships for their exhibitions

252- While artists painted to fascinate firstly their patrons in the past, today they paint ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

to earn livelihood without relying on anyone to display emotional states they are in to support art periodicals which will otherwise go bankrupt to please the owners of the art galleries to attract people who are interested in their paintings

398

For more than 100 years the Olympic Movement has conceived of itself as promoting culture, human development, international education, and peace through sport. Founded mainly by writers, educators, scientists, and scholars, the Olympic Movement's understanding of "culture" has shifted over the years among the finearts conception, the idea of general moral cultivation, and the anthropological understanding of total and distinctive ways of life. What hasn't changed is the commitment, in the words of the 1995 charter, to "symbolising the universality and the diversity of human cultures" through the Olympic Games, thereby serving intercultural understanding and reconciliation. (a,e,b) 253- One of the aims of the Olympic Games is .......... . A) B) C) D) E)

to represent the harmony between different cultures of the world to provide world-wide athletes a competitive atmosphere to eradicate nationalism from all over the world to promote companies which sponsor them to remind people what might happen if they don't live in harmony

254- This passage might not be seen in ........... . A) B) C) D) E)

a bulletin giving information about the activities of the Olympic Games committee a book written on the history of Olympic Games an encyclopaedia under the entry of “Olympic Games” a news periodical published on the anniversary of the Olympic Games a booklet brought out by United Nations on its centennial celebrations

255- The passage is mainly concerned with ............ . A) B) C) D) E)

how the Olympic Games were first held changing and ever-lasting objectives of the Olympic Games over decades the elements of the charter and its creators’ professions what the Olympic games were like at the beginning of 20th century the far-reaching benefits of the Olympic Games

An explosives factory can be separated into two zones: the "non-danger" and "danger" areas. The main function of the non-danger area lies in the manufacture of nitric and sulphuric acids for the nitration processes, including the recovery of these acids from the waste products of nitration. Other raw materials are also prepared in the non-danger area. The actual manufacture of explosives and their mixing and packing are carried out in the 399

danger area, which requires careful safety measures. The main danger in manufacture is starting a fire by spark, friction or impact, the latter two being especially hazardous if the explosive is allowed to become contaminated with gritty material. Naked lights, steel tools or anything which might produce spark or flame are, therefore, forbidden in the dangers buildings. Each building has a "clean" floor which may be approached only in specially cleaned shoes, while the workers are provided with factory clothing to ensure that grit is not carried into the plant. 256- We understand from the passage that in the non-danger zone of a typical explosives factory --------. A) nitric and sulphuric acids are produced and various other raw materials are got prepared B) nothing that might produce a spark or a flame is permitted C) the explosives are packaged and stored D) the workers are provided with heavy factory clothing E) the main waste products are the nitric and sulphuric acids 257- We can infer from passage that the danger of fire of friction or impact is greatly increased --------. A) B) C) D) E)

while the waste products of nitration are being packed when the explosive is contaminated with nitric acid if the explosive is contaminated with nitric acid after the manufacturing process is carried out if grit is present

258- It's stated in the passage that one of the safety measures taken in an explosives factory is ----. A) B) C) D) E)

the training of the workers in fire-fighting procedures the regular washing of the factory floors to keep them sterile the provision of special factory clothing for the workers in the danger area to keep the manufacturing processes separate from the packaging an storing processes the immediate removal of the explosives after packaging

The victory of the classic age of the machine-tool belonged to Joseph Whitworth. His pre-eminence lay not so much in any far-reaching innovations as in the quality and accuracy of the standard he was able to obtain. It was Whitworth who introduced the 400

common screw thread which was used in British engineering until 1948, and it was also Whitworth who established standards of measurement. Indeed the many measuring machines of the second half of the 19th century, though increasing the facility, did not greatly increase the accuracy Whitworth had aliened. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 his planning, slotting, shaping, drilling, punching and shearing machines made him the outstanding machine-tool maker of his age. 259- We can infer from the passage that Joseph Whitworth --------. A) will be rewarded for the improvements he made to the first standard screw thread B) was the most creative and gifted machine-tool maker of his age C) had only three machine tools ready in time for the Great Exhibition of 1851 D) had brilliant ideas but they were not appreciated E) invented nothing of importance 260- We conclude from the passage that whatever Joseph Whitworth produced --------. A) B) C) D) E)

were soon replaced by new and better machine tools were all unnecessarily appreciated were remarkable for their quality and accuracy went unappreciated have received more attention than they deserve

261- It is understood from the passage that, in the field of measurement --------. A) B) C) D) E)

British engineers were too slow to appreciate accuracy Whitworths's work was soon to be substituted by far better quality tools only a few advances would be made until the middle of the 20th century Whitworth achieved a remarkable degree of accuracy Whitworth's inventions attracted little attention

Weeds can cause considerable financial loss through the cost of their control and the damage they do to crops. Plants which become really troublesome as weeds are those which persist despite farmers’ efforts to control them. Such persistency is due to several factors, of which perhaps the most important are prolific seed production coupled with the often remarkably long inactive periods of the seed, and the ability of vegetative part of some plants to survive mechanical damage and adverse conditions and to set up new plants. Weeds may be controlled by hand, by cultivator and other mechanical means, by biological means and by chemical weed killers. Chemical weed 401

killers are widely used, either to kill totally and suppress all vegetation or to control weeds selectively in crops.

262- The author points out that weeds lead to considerable financial loss------- . A) since they appear where they are not wanted B) as very little effort is made to control them C) because all weed killers destroy the crops as well as the weeds D) as they are all aggressive and able to survive despite man's efforts to control them E) since the control of them is expensive and when they are left uncontrolled they harm crops 263- We can infer from the passage that one reason why some weeds can be particularly troublesome is --------. A) B) C) D) E)

that they resist chemical weed killers as they produce large quantities of seeds several times a year because new plants can grow out of the damaged parts of a plant that they can become dormant when weed killers are used since it is impossible to kill them in any way

264- It is understood from the passage that some chemical weed killers have been specially designed --------. A) to destroy a weeds capacity to produce seeds that can lie inactive over long periods of time B) to prevent weeds from producing too many seeds C) to clean the soil from all unwanted seed D) to destroy only unwanted vegetation E) to sterilise the earth and prevent all forms of vegetation from growing Just as railway bridges were the structural emblems of the 19th century, highway bridges became the engineering symbols of the 20 th century. The invention of the automoore created an irresistible demand for paved roads and vehicular bridges throughout the developed world. The type of bridge needed for cars and trucks;however, is fundamentally different from that needed for locomotives. Most highway bridges carry lighter loads than railway bridges do and their roadways can be sharply curved. To meet these needs, many bridge designers began working with a 402

new building material: reinforced concrete which has steel bars embedded in it. And the master of the new material was structural engineer Robert Maillart, who designed some of the most original and influential bridges of the modern age. 265- According to the text one important way in which highway bridges differ from railway bridges is that they -------- . A) B) C) D) E)

are in constant use. can have quite a sharp incline have to carry heavier loads must be quite straight are comparatively short

266- It is pointed out in the passage that, to meet the needs of the roadways, bridge designers --------. A) B) C) D) E)

were equally involved in the building of new motorways followed Robert Maillart technique and concentrated on highway bridges designed highway roads the same as railway bridges made some of the most spectacular bridges of the modern era began to use a new building material known as reinforced concrete

267- We infer from the passage that there was a great demand for highway bridges in the 20th century -------- . F) G) H) Ğ) J)

because more and more cars came into use as so many railway bridges were turned into highway bridges although the designing and building of them was uninteresting work though railway bridges continued to attract the best designers but engineers found they could not produce enough bridges

Aeroplane landing-wheel brakes are fitted to all sizes of aircraft for motion after landing, for steering during taxing by differential control of port and starboard brakes, and to keep the aircraft stationary as the engine is warmed-up or tested. Small aeroplanes have simple two-shoe internal expanding brakes manually operated and very similar to the standard road-vehicle brake but the larger planes require power-operated brakes using compressed air or hydraulic pressure from compressors or pumps driven by the inline. Landing-wheel brakes have to be as light and compact as possible and they must remain effective and balanced during very high rates of energy dissipation due to the great weight of the aeroplane and the very 403

high landing speeds. 268- It is pointed out in the passage that one of the functions of aeroplane's landingwheel brakes is to --------. A) B) C) D) E)

act as a steering aid prevent the craft from moving during engine warm- up keep the aircraft steady after landing prevent the aircraft from landing at very high speeds assist in the dissipation of energy on landing

269- We learn from the passage that the high landing speed of a large aeroplane --------. A) B) C) D) E)

has been one of the determining factors in the design of brakes of a large aeroplanes is proportional to its weigh opened the way to a more scientific study of friction has occasionally led to wheel-locking only becomes a problem on poor runways

270- In the passage, it is stated that the braking system of a small aeroplane --------. A) B) C) D) E)

differs little from that of a larger aeroplane is not very different from that of ordinary road- vehicles cannot be used to control the speed of the aeroplane after landing is specially designed for coping with high speed landings is both power-operated and manual

The greatest advantage of electrification on railways is that it is both pleasant and efficient. It brings the removal of a smoke nuisance from tunnels and from the vicinity of larger cities. Moreover, owing to high acceleration, it is possible to provide a more frequent and faster service on densely populated suburban lines. The track capacity is improved by electrification on mountainous lines because of increase of speed both up and down the gradient, generally using electric forms of braking in the latter case. Some of the major electrification schemes of the world, for example those in Switzerland and Sweden, have been emerged owing to the desire to operate the railway system without dependence upon imported fuel. 271- It is pointed out in the passage that the benefits of electric railway reaction ——.

404

A) B) C) D) E)

cover a cleaner environment and an improved performance are confined to mountainous areas do not outweigh the problems involved have only recently become apparent can best be seen in Sweden

272- The author states that on mountainous lines the track capacity is improved by electrification --------. A) B) C) D) E)

and the safety aspect is causing much concern however, upkeep expenses are high as it enables trains to go faster both up and down the line yet, this is not the case in other locations unless electric forms of breaking are used

273- In the passage, it maintained that Sweden and Switzerland have one of the world's major electrified railway systems --------. A) because they have small populations and the electrified system seemed adequate B) to keep their mountain air unpolluted C) as other railway systems were not practical in high altitudes D) as they wanted to develop a railway system that did not rely on imported fuel E) since the only safe braking system on a steep gradient is an electric Botanic gardens perform a threefold function: to please and educate the public; to carry out studies regarding the economic value of native and foreign plant products and acclimatization of plants; and to act as a place of information for scientific research in various fields of botany, such as anatomy, morphology and physiology for which museums, libraries and labourers are also needed. The search for drugs and spices particularly has tempted men from early times to explore all parts of the world and this has promoted a close link between exploration and botanic gardens. One famous botanic garden is the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh which was founded in 1670 by Robert Sibbald for the cultivation of medical plants. 274- We infer from the passage that one of the main functions of a botanic garden is to ------ . A) send out explorers in search of new drugs B) provide scientists with the means for carrying out researches into botanical subjects 405

C) provide more and more land suitable for cultivation D) support the production of natural medicines to replace chemical ones which sometimes have serious side-effects E) be economically self supporting and encourage young people to take interest in botany 275- The author claims that there is a close link between exploration and botanical gardens -------. A) because few nature British plants are of use medicinally and many people now prefer natural medicines to chemical ones B) but many people want to learn about the medicinal properties of various plants C) since the desire to find new drugs and spices has long been a reason behind many exploratory expeditions D) because plants from foreign parts will only grow in the special conditions they are used to E) although this is still a very new development 276- In this text, about botanical gardens, --------. A) they are presented as a very attractive sites B) the historical aspect is completely neglected C) the problems of financing them are carefully presented D) it is the functional aspect that is stressed E) the focus is on the rarer drug plants In fact, the term "avalanche" should be restricted to falls of snow and ice in mountainous regions. However, popular usage has extended its meaning to cover rock falls and landslips in all environments. The period of greatest danger from avalanches proper is during a thaw. When melt- water makes a good lubricant for the snow and ice banked steeply against rock faces, the rising cloud of white dust, the vertical grooves and patches of bare rock formed by the scouring action and the dull roar of the avalanche are all common features of mountains above the permanent snow line. Rock fragments may also be carried down, for the recurrent freezing and melting ice lodged in joints and crevices of the rock forms a powerful agent of disintegration. The action is the same as that which leads to burst pipes. Freezing causes expansion of the water in the spaces of a joint and produces a pressure sufficient to break the rock.

406

277- The author points out that most true avalanches --------. A) B) C) D) E)

are considered to be falling rock not of snow or ice happen when the snow has started to melt take place when the snow has melted a little and then frozen hard again rarely leave behind them a bare rock surface cause considerable disintegration of the rock surfaces they come in contact with

278- We can infer from the passage that during an avalanche -------A) rock fragments are likely to be carried down with the falling snow B) the falling snow and ice start to melt very soon C) there is an absolute threat of life D) the failing snow is immediately followed by excessive rain E) failing snow banks up steeply against the nearest rock face 279- The author states that the constant freezing and thawing of water in rock crevices --------. A) B) C) D) E)

is what causes an avalanche of snow and rocks is an unimportant detail for the avalanches produces a smooth rock surface causes a build-up of snow on the steep parts will cause the rock to break up

Provided the term employment is used in its wider sense as meaning work which is of economic value not only to the family but to the community as well. It might mean that women have at all times been thus employed. In primitive societies and in agricultural communities women shared in the productive work on the land, in the workplaces and the home; they took part in trade and they cared for the old and the sick at a time when there were no health and welfare services in the modern sense. Indeed, in any society in which the productivity of labour is low, women's active participation in the daily work is indispensable. Today, women work in the fields in all agricultural communities; they spin and weave, do building work and various other kinds of hard physical labour in many parts of the world which have not yet achieved the objectives of industrialisation. 280- According to the text, if we use the word "employment" in its general meaning ------- . A) we are referring to only domestic industries 407

B) C) D) E)

it refers almost wholly to the activities of women in workplaces it signifies any kind of work which contributes economically society it primarily signifies unpaid working activities it stands for all kinds of work in an underdeveloped country

281- The author maintains that, historically, women------- . A) B) C) D) E)

have played an important role in the growth of industrialisation have been involved in domestic activities but not on the land have never been regarded as economically productive have never done hard physical work have always played a significant part in the communities working activities

282- In the text it is pointed out that, in this present age, in many underdeveloped countries, ------ . A) B) C) D) E)

health care and other social services are more effective women are still involved in physically demanding jobs it is the women's responsibility to carry on the domestic activities only child labour is no longer practised spinning and weaving are the only major economic activities

If one wishes to glimpse the ancient trophies Pedra Furada, in a difficult, mountainous area of north- eastern Brazil, one must be prepared to fight intense dry heat, treacherous rocky ground, sudden flooding, boulders falling from cliffs, aggressive snakes and swarms of mosquitoes. It's worth it, though, for the archaeological treasures to be found there are exceptionally ancient. Rock paintings –vivid depictions of prehistoric ways of life, including dancing, hunting, war and sex rituals– have been dated at more than 12,000 years old, while curious pebble structures, primeval bonfires, early stone tools are up to 50,000 years old. The discovery of the remains had a profound effect on our knowledge of American prehistory, for they suggested that the first people in the New World arrived not via a bridge of ice from Siberia but by sea from Africa or possibly even Australia. 283- It is implied in the passage that Pedra Furada ------- . A) B) C) D)

is guarded and few people are allowed to see its treasures is situated in an extremely hostile environment is just one of many archaeological sites in Brazil . has rock paintings depicting activities of Africans 408

E) is easily reached, especially during the summer months 284- We can infer from the text that the rock paintings in Pedra Furada ------ . A) B) C) D) E)

depict a wide variety of activities in prehistorical times are far older than any of the other archaeological trophies in the world were blackened by the smoke from primeval bonfires are in a bad state of repair because of the dry climate are of less interest than the early stone tools found in Brazil

285- It can be understood from the passage that, before the ancient trophies of Pedra Furada came to light, ------- . A) north-eastern Brazil had never been inhabited B) people believed that the first inhabitants of the American continents came either from Africa or from Australia C) it had always been assumed that the first people in the New World came from Siberia over a bridge of ice D) it was not suspected that the rituals of dancing and hunting went-back 12,000 years E) this area was already attracting tourists A recent study has confirmed that a huge flood occurred about 7000 years ago in the Black Sea. The theory was first put forward last year by marine geologists William Ryan and Walter Pitman. In their book Noah's Flood, they claim that the great flood resulted from the last ice age, which peaked 12,000 years ago. When the poles froze, ocean levels dropped and cut off the Mediterranean from the Black Sea which dropped 150 m. to become a lake with fertile shores. When the ice melted, the Mediterranean rose back up and broke through what is known as the Bosphorus with a force equal to 200 Niagara Falls for a period of two years. The Black Sea rose, consuming a mile of shore a day. Those who had settled there sailed away, spreading their stories of the flood. 286- According to the text, the poles froze during the last ice age which caused ocean levels to drop and ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

and they turned into fish farming zones the Black Sea became a lake of 150 m deep remain low for the next 7000 years so no further flooding on such a scale is likely the Mediterranean was separated from the Black Sea 409

287- It is stated in the passage that, when the ice melted towards the end of the last ice age, ------- . A)the waters of the Mediterranean rose and forced a way thorough to the Black Sea B) several new seas came into being including the Mediterranean and the Black Sea C) the people living along the Bosphorus moved inland to avoid flooding D) the Mediterranean and the Black Sea once more became a unified ocean E) there was considerable flooding thought it was not on the scale of that known as Noah's flood 288- It is pointed out in the passage that the Black Sea flooded the land around it ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

until all the ice at the poles had melted and thus the Bosphorus was formed as it was cut off from the Mediterranean when the last ice age peaked 12,000 years ago at a rate of a mile a day

Mr. Mellon senior was a successful businessman whose golden touch gave him a grip on much of American industry, covering power, mining, civil engineering and insurance. The son, Paul Mellon, was a very different sort of person, but no less remarkable than his father. His achievement was that he managed to dispose of more money and goods than any other American of his time, but did it an unobtrusive and well-regarded way. Some capitalists of the 19th century, particularly Andrew" Carnegie and John Rockefeller, pioneered American philanthropy. Carnegie said the same aggressive energy that had made a capitalist rich should be used to return his profits to society. The man who died rich, died disgraced, Carnegie claimed. Without necessarily agreeing with such strictures, Paul Mellon set out to redistribute some of his wealth. Both men thought that what America needed was culture. Carnegie had favoured public libraries and Mr. Mellon went for public art galleries. 289- The author points out that Mellon senior made the money and that Mellon junior disposed of it, ------- . A) B) C) D)

so it is Mellon senior who is to be blamed but that the achievement of each was equally great which accounts for the tension between the two men but that both men were primarily interested in culture 410

E) he is therefore very critical of Mellon Junior's behaviour 290- As we can infer from the passage, Carnegie was of the opinion that ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

his father should have been more philanthropic the capitalist system was not wrong at all the best expression of a nation's culture was its art galleries the same energy that makes a man rich should be employed for the benefit of society Rockefeller was the first and the greatest of the American philanthropists

291- The author admires Paul Mellon because he used his father’s money ---- . A) B) C) D) E)

in a generous manner, for the benefit of the society at large and he had the same business skills to make those who had worked for his father happy to set up new businesses all over the world and increase his wealth rather more extravagantly than even Carnegie had ever dreamed of

Venice is famous for its both architecture and paintings. Venetian architecture reflects the Byzantine influence, though Gothic became the main style in the 14th century and the first Renaissance building dates from the second half of the 15th century. The Venetian school of painters was established firstly in the 15th century. The centre of Venetian life is St. Mark's square which is surrounded with marble pavements. Round this and the adjoining Piazzetta are grouped buildings of great beauty and interest. At the eastern end of the square is the basilica of St Mark, a fitting cathedral for the patriarch of Venice. 292- The author maintains that Venetian architecture ------- . A) makes use of marble as the main material in the buildings B) is best reflected by the basilica of St Mark C) actually reflects two different architectural characteristics prior to the Renaissance D) has remained almost unchanged since the second half of the 15th century E) was an important source of inspiration for Venetian painters 293- We can infer from the passage that prior to the 15th century Venice ---- . A) was not influenced in any way by Gothic architecture B) could show no examples of buildings in the Byzantine style C) was already famous for its great painters and architects 411

D) was already proud of her Renaissance buildings E) hardly produced any painters of importance 294- It is implied in the passage that St Mark's square in Venice ------- . A) was designed by the Venetian school of painters B) is dominated by buildings in the Gothic style C) stands next to the Piazzetta which architecturally has been neglected D) is both the cultural and the social centre of the city E) is surrounded by buildings which house the works of Titian and other great Venetian painters Radical changes in the life of European society were caused by the new technological inventions of the 18th and 19th centuries which resulted in a gradual but complete reorganisation of the productive process. This is generally known as" the Industrial Revolution". The most important feature of this Industrial Revolution was the increasing specialisation of labour and with it, the removal of more and more industries from the home to the factory. In addition, a growing number of activities, such as baking, soap making and dressmaking were taken over by industry. These changes profoundly affected the life styles of women. Many of them worked in the new factories for very low wages and for excessively long hours; others stayed at home and worked for manufactures. 295- According to the text, the 18th and 19th centuries in the West ------- . A) saw a great economic and industrial decline B) domestic industry developed alongside the reorganisation of industry C) were a time when working conditions were greatly improved D) experienced great technical advances which led to radical changes in the production process E) gave priority to domestic industries 296- It is stated in the passage that one of the most important changes introduced by the Industrial Revolution was ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

the improvement of the position of women in workplaces the development of such domestic skills as baking and dressmaking the gradual rise of specialised labour the reorganisation of working conditions for women an unprecedented increase in salaries 412

297- The writer makes the point that the Industrial Revolution ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

had a totally destructive effect upon the social life had a great effect on the way of life in the European society supported domestic activities, in particular dressmaking led to the building of very many factories just for women workers had no effect on traditional production methods

Winchester is known as a cathedral city in England. When it was at royal city and residence of the kings of Wessex, Winchester competed with London to be capital of England and rivalled Salisbury as an important centre of learning. The increasing agricultural use of the land and the rise in the population of the nearby towns and villages gave prosperity to Winchester and turned it into a major economic centre. Wool was an important local product, and its collection and distribution formed part of the city's economy. Under King Alfred, whose statue stands in the city, the cultural and ecclesiastical life of Winchester became firmly established. 298- The passage mainly emphasises ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

the cultural and economic importance of Winchester in its early history King Alfred and how he made Winchester an important town London's supremacy over Salisbury the architectural beauty of Winchester's cathedral the lives and works of the ancient kings of Wessex

299- The author points out that in early times Winchester ------- . A) depended solely on agriculture for her economy B) was a royal city for the Kings of England C) was not less important than either London or Salisbury D) had a small population compared with surroundings areas E) sold most of her wool to London and Salisbury 300- From the passage, it can be inferred that it was King Alfred ------- . A) who planned the growth of towns and villages in the Winchester region B) himself who had his statue set up in Winchester 413

C) who wanted to make Winchester the capital of England D) who first had the idea of building a cathedral in the city E) who turned Winchester into a cultural and ecclesiastical centre George Vancouver was a famous naval explorer who served as a sailor on Captain Cook's second voyage round the world between 1772 and 1775 and as a midshipman on his third voyage between 1776 and 1780. He then saw service in the West Indies. In 1791 he was placed in charge of an expedition to the north-west coast of North America to seek for a passage to the interior of the continent which was rumoured to exist in those parts. On the outward voyage by the Cape of Good Hope, a portion of the south-west coastline of Australia was searched and Tasmania, New Zealand and Hawaii were visited. Vancouver spent about three years in carefully surveying the west coast of North America. He was the first to circumnavigate Vancouver Island, to which his name was given by the Spaniards to commemorate his achievement. The standard of his survey was exceptionally high and worthy of his old captain, James Cook and his voyage proved that the existence of a water-passage to the interior along these coasts was not true. 301- From the text it is understood that by the time George Vancouver was sent to explore the north-west coast of North America, ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

he had already had a basic knowledge of the area with Captain Cook he had already gained considerable experience at sea Captain Cook had already instructed him on what to look for he had planned an exploratory expedition to the West Indies others had tried to find a sea passage into the interior but had failed

302- In the passage, it is pointed out that Vancouver's exploration of the north-west coasts of America ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

was greatly admired by British seamen who named Vancouver Island after him caused the Spaniards to give up their claims to North America brought to a successful end the explorations initiated by Captain Cook established that there was no water-passage into the interior was more successful than any expedition he had taken part in

303- From the passage it can be understood that Vancouver ------- .

414

A) made a thorough survey of the western coasts of North America B) wished to be recognised as a greater explorer than Captain Cook C) was terribly feared by Spanish sailors D) provided supplies for his ship and crew in Australia on his voyage home . E) was only interested in the exploration of North America and paid no attention to other territories Aspirin used to be considered safe to cure numerous disorders, and was widely used both in its soluble and insoluble form. Today, however, it is not so well thought to be useful for the relief of headache or other pains and it will reduce a fever for 2 or 3 hours and so make a patient feel more comfortable, but except in very rare cases it will cure nothing. Furthermore, there have been some very serious cases of poisoning as a result of taking aspirin. This is why children's aspirins are not recommended, for they are often nicely flavoured, so the children are tempted to eat them like sweets. For small children suitably small quantities of ordinary adult soluble aspirin should be used after having checked the dose with the physician. 304- We can infer from the passage that aspirin is a medicine which ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

is indispensable in the treatment of many serious illnesses can safely be given, in quite large amounts, to all patients including children is used not to provide a cure but to give relief should only be given in very special cases is particularly disliked by small children

305- It is stated in the passage that children's aspirins ------- . A) are not recommended as they cannot be safe for children B) have proved to be safe and nice C) are usually of the insoluble type D) are specially designed to relieve headaches E) have a long-lasting effect upon the patient's condition 306- The author suggests that children ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

can be given adult aspirin upon the advice of a physician prefer soluble aspirin to flavoured aspirin frequently suffer from headaches should not be given any medicines including aspirin recover from a fever more easily than adults do

415

Some underweight individuals enjoy an active, healthy life, but some people are underweight owing to smoking habits or poor health. An underweight person, especially an older adult, may be unable to preserve lean tissue during the fight against a wasting disease such as cancer or a digestive disorder, especially when accompanied by malnutrition. Without adequate nutrient and energy reserves, an underweight person will have a particularly tough battle against such medical stresses. In fact, many people with cancer die, notbecause of the cancer itself, but from malnutrition. Underweight women may become infertile. Exactly how infertility develops is unclear, but contributing factors cover not only body weight, but also restricted energy and fat intake and depleted body fat stores. 307- The author points out that infertility in women ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

may partly be due to the state of being underweight follows a distinct pattern as it develops can always be effectively treated with a balanced diet can lead to a variety of wasting diseases undermines the body's energy reserves

308- The points is made in the passage that an underweight person ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

is most probably suffering from stomach cancer is not necessarily to be unhealthy obviously has poor eating habits is likely to be a heavy smoker easily develops some form of digestive disorder

309- We can infer from the passage that under weight accompanied with malnutrition ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

is rarely found among old ladies has a negative effect on heavy smokers means that the body finds it difficult to resist a wasting disease has no damaging effect on the body's energy reserves is best treated with a generous intake of fat

For many years whooping cough has been considered to be a bother to the patient and a nuisance to others; as, in fact, an unimportant disease. Unfortunately, this is not so; as statistics show that it has caused more deaths than polio, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and measles put together. Whooping cough begins in a child as an ordinary 416

cold with cough and slight fever, and this stage lasts for a week or ten days. Then begins a series of coughs and the patient is unable to breathe. The "whoop" is caused by the noisy indrawing of breath when the fit stops. The face may become blue and congested. Bronchitis is usually present, and bronchopneumonia may result in a complication, so inoculation of all children before this disease has a chance to strike them is of great importance. 310- The writer points out that formerly whooping cough ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

was not as wide-spread as any of the other infectious diseases was taken more seriously than scarlet fever could be treated but not prevented rarely lasted for more than ten days was considered to be an unimportant disease

311- We can infer from the passage that the main immediate problem caused by whooping cough in a patient is ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

the permanent damage it causes in the lungs a dangerously high temperature the rapid development of bronchopneumonia its adverse effect on breathing that it causes physical weakness which exposes the patient to other diseases

312- The important point made by the author in this text is that ------- . A) the cause of whooping cough has only recently been fully understood B) inoculation is vital for the prevention of whooping cough C) bronchitis can also be controlled through inoculation D) such diseases as polio and measles always used to cause more deaths than whooping cough E) basically healthy children rarely catch infectious diseases In every animal test used in the late 1950s, it was thought that thalidomide had a clean bill of health. It was chemically related to other drugs which had been in use for a long time. Over-dosage with thalidomide was unlikely to prove fatal. It was labelled in Europe and in Britain as a "safe sedative". The tragic results that followed its use by women in the early weeks of pregnancy are now well known. Babies were born with severe deformities of limbs, internal organs or both. That 417

affect could not have been foretold from any animal tests in use at that time. Since that date new drugs have been subjected to strict testing in various animal species to check the effect on foetal development along with the older tests for toxicity which had always been undertaken by well-known drug companies. 313- We infer from the passage that when thalidomide was first developed in the late 1950s it looked safe ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

though the testing results were controversial so there was no need for extensive animal testing as long as it was used in reasonable quantities except in the case of pregnancy because chemically it was similar to drugs already long in use

314- We understand from the passage that the tragic thalidomide experience ------- . A) has forced drug companies to make drug testing even more carefully B) has turned people to support drug testing on animals C) was only confined to Britain D) put many well-known drug companies out of business E) actually affected very few people 315- The author states that the testing of thalidomide on animals ------- . A) produced no controversial results B) showed that it could cause physical defects C) was carried out by incompetent people D) included its effect on foetal development E) misled people into believing it was a perfectly safe drug Combined active and passive prophylactic immunisation is planned to get both the immediate but temporary benefit of protection supplied by serum and the more remote but lasting benefit afforded by vaccine injection. It has been used mainly in diphtheria. If, for example, this disease breaks out in a school, a small dose of serum, say 500 antitoxic units, may be injected at once into all the children and a first dose of diphtheria- prophylactic vaccine is administered four weeks later. The serum confers passive protection during the time when active immunity is developing. Since the main effect of the serum disappears in 3-4 weeks and active immunity is not established for 5-6 weeks, there may be a short intermediate period of relative susceptibility, but it has been found in practice that, as long as the children are protected from infection by temporary segregation of earners, there is very little risk of diphtheria breaking out again. 418

316- We can understand from the passage that the protection supplied by serum injection ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

should only be thought of in exceptional conditions is immediately effective but short-termed is unreliable and can have an adverse effect on the patient has generally proved unsuccessful except for during diphtheria epidemics lasts long and is entirely safe

317- The text gives a detailed account of ------- . A) how to determine who are vulnerable in an outbreak of diphtheria B) the special advantages of active prophylactic immunisation C) an immunisation scheme specially designed to deal with an outbreak of diphtheria in a school D) the stages through which diphtheria turns out an epidemic E) the various symptoms of diphtheria and the treatment called for at different stages of the disease 318- The writer maintains that, in an outbreak of diphtheria in a school, it is wise to keep carriers away from the other children ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

even if there are very few of them since this will make the treatment more effective even it this means closing the school otherwise they will all become re-infected especially in the period just before active immunity takes place

Worms are known as intestinal parasites, but the only common types found in France are thread worms, the tiny thread-like worms which cause irritability and itching in the skin of children, less often in adults. Then there are round-worms, somewhat resembling the ordinary garden earthworm, which seldom lead to symptoms. Finally, the third group is the tapeworms which my reach a length of 6 m. Many parasitic worms lead a double life, they spend part of their life in the human intestine and the other part in the muscles of another animal. The tapeworm, for example, while in the human intestine, lays eggs which pass out of the body in the excrete, and are then swallowed by various animals, especially in those parts of the world where human excrete are used as fertilisers in the fields.

419

319- This passage is largely concerned with ----- . A) how people in France get infected with parasitic worms B) the measures that should be taken to get rid of parasitic worms in French children C) the harmful effects parasitic worms have on people in France D) the life cycle of several parasitic worms commonly found in France E) the three common kinds of parasitic worms found in France, and their characteristics 320- We infer from the passage that the eggs of the tapeworm ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

are the cause of itching in children are laid in the muscles of various animals lead a double life in the human intestine leave the human body by way of the excrete quickly develop into 6 m worms

321- The author explains that of the three main kinds of parasitic worms in France, the round worm ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

is often found in gardens does not lead to symptoms in the body very often grows in human excrete when it is used as manure is the one that most often causes irritability in the body is more commonly found in adults than in children

Typhus used to be known as "jail fever" as it was very common in prisons; but it is a fact that overcrowding, poverty, and bad hygienic surroundings anywhere are suitable conditions for epidemics of this disease. Improved conditions in industrialised countries have made it unusual, since typhus is carried from one person to another by infected body lice. Typhus comes on suddenly with a rise in temperature to about 39°C, but within three or four days it may be as high as 42°C. There may or may not be a rash at this time, and in the second week, when the temperature is at its highest level there is delirium, physical weakness, and a weak pulse. 322- According to the text, typhus is commonly found ------- . A) B) C) D)

in especially overcrowded and dirty places among school children or babies in contemporary industrialised countries in the neighbourhoods close to prisons 420

E) in areas where the population is on the rapid increase 323- The author states that once typhus has started, ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

the non-hygienic conditions of prisons are put the blame on the body is immediately covered in a rash it is very difficult to avoid an epidemic it develops very fast the working conditions in factories have to be improved immediately

324- As is stated in the passage, when the fever reaches a peak, ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

the strength of the patient has to be carefully watched one of the effects is that the patient's pulse becomes very slow the rash on the patient's body begins to disappear gradually the danger of the illness being passed on decreases the patient will be confused and his speech disordered

Fundamental sanitary facilities are non-existent in many parts of the tropics, particularly in rural areas, and this state of affairs is responsible for the continuity of preventable diseases such as hookworm infection, dysentery and cholera. The solution lies in the provision of toilet facilities that are suitable for the local conditions, and the villagers should be educated to use them and to appreciate their value to the community. In view of the need to improve the fertility of the soil, local authorities are becoming increasingly interested in simple methods of composting village waste, in this way invigorating the soil with valuable humus without any risks of infection involved in the old practices of direct application. 325- We can infer from the passage that such diseases as dysentery and cholera are common in many parts of the tropics ------- . A) B) C) D) E)

though excellent sanitary facilities have been supplied since these are examples of diseases that cannot be prevented even though the villagers have been taught how to deal with epidemics but more in the towns than in rural areas owing to the lack of basic sanitary conditions

326- The author implies that the provision of adequate toilet facilities will not prevent cholera, ------- .

421

A) unless the villagers are made to understand how valuable they are to the community B) as the real problem is inadequate supplies of safe water C) while the children, in particular, remain undernourished D) unless the general health of the community improves E) as this is not one of the diseases that can be prevente 327- As it is stated out in passage, if village waste could be composted being added to the soil ------- . A) the risk of infecting water supplies would hardly be reduced B) this would improve the composition of the soil but would provide a health hazard C) the risks of infection would be halved D) this would increase the soil's fertility in a safe way E) this would be beneficial, but the process is too long and complicated one TRANSLATION TEST – 1 1. Artık, yatırım yaparken çevresel etkenleri göz ardı etmek mümkün değildir. A) Ultimately, it will not be possible to take environmental factors into account when making investments. B) It is no longer possible to ignore environmental factors when making investments. C) It is no longer right to defend investing in the environment. D) Environmental factors are no longer unavoidable when investments are under consideration. E) There is no point in deferring environment-oriented investments. 2. Çeşitlilik günümüzde en sık kullanılan kelimelerden biri olmuştur, ama hemen hemen hiç tanımlanmamıştır. A) Diversity has become one of the most often used words of our time, but it has almost never been defined. B) In these days, diversity is a much-used term but nobody wants to define it. C) The word diversity is almost always in use nowadays but no one is able to define it. D) Lately, diversity is a word that is often used though the fact is rarely recognized. E) Presently, diversity is one of the terms most frequently used, but it is a term that is almost always misused. 3. Böylesine bir durumda bir Roma heykeliyle hayatımda hiç karşılaşmamıştım. A) One can't expect to find a Roman statue of such perfection more than once in a lifetime. 422

B) I never estimated to find a Roman statue in such an admirable condition. C) Only once in a lifetime can -one hope to find a Roman statue in such a good condition. D) For the first time in my life I have found a Roman statue in really good condition. E) Never in my life have I come across a Roman statue in such a good condition. 4. Kasa üzerinde onun parmak izlerini bulamadığımız sürece, onun masum olduğunu kabul etmek zorundayız. A) If his fingerprints are not to be found on the safe we shall have to count him innocent. B) As long as we can't find his fingerprints on the safe, we have to accept that he is innocent. C) Should his fingerprints are found on the safe, then we will be obliged to admit that he is guilty. D) If his fingerprints are not found on the safe, he can never be accused of being guilty. E) Of course he is not guilty, for no trace of his fingerprints has ever been found on the safe. 5. 1980' lere kadar hiç kimse petrol üretiminin ve taşınmasının çevresel sonuçlarını etkili bir şekilde kontrol etme gücüne sahip değildi. A) Up to petroleum products were distributed widely in the 1980s no one realized how serious the ecological consequences could be. B) As in the 1980s, the ecological consequences of petroleum production and transportation could only be controlled by a powerful body. C) Up to the 1980s there were no serious limits put on anyone's rights to control the ecological consequences of petroleum production and transport. D) Until the 1980s no one had the power to control effectively the ecological consequences of petroleum production and transport. E) No one will admit that petroleum products and their distribution were any serious threat to the environment prior to the 1980s. 6. Coğrafi koşullar, topluluklar arasındaki kültürel etkileşim üzerinde çoğu zaman etki sahibidir. A) There can only be cultural interactions among communities when the geographical conditions are suitable. B) Geographical conditions frequently have an impact on cultural interactions among communities. C) Geographical conditions are seldom suitable for on cultural interactions among communities. D) Cultural reactions among communities depend largely on geographical conditions. E) The geographical conditions make for cultural reactions among communities.

423

7. Hükümet hayvancılığı desteklemediği takdirde, ciddi bir et sıkıntısının olması kaçınılmazdır. A) Even if the government decides to subsidize cattle farming, a meat shortage cannot be avoided. B) Unless the government subsidizes cattle farming, a serious meat shortage is inevitable. C) A shortage of meat will unavoidably force the government to subsidize cattle farming. D) Despite the government's decision to subsidize cattle farming, meat is still in short supply. E) The cattle farming subsidies decided upon by the government have not overcome the meat shortage. 8. On sekizinci yüzyıldan beri iktisatçılar, yeryüzünde durmadan artan insan sayısının sonuçta tüm kaynakları tüketeceği uyarısında bulunmuşlardır. A) Since the eighteenth century, economists have warned that the ever increasing number of people on earth would eventually exhaust all sources. B) Throughout the eighteenth century economists constantly warned that the increase in population would eventually lead to the exhaustion of all resources. C) In accordance with the economists of the eighteenth century, the ever-growing of people in the world would eventually exhaust all resources. D) The constant growth in population since the eighteenth century will, as economists warn, cause the earth's resources to be exhausted. E) The constantly growing population of the eighteenth century, as economists have pointed out, adversely affected the world's resources. 9. Biyologların DNA'nın molekül yapısını ortaya koymalarından kırk yıldan az bir zaman sonar genetik bilimi tıp biliminin sınırlarını yeniden çizmektedir. A) After discovering the molecular structure of DNA approximately forty years ago, biologists redefined the boundaries of genetics and medical science. B) Biologists unraveled the molecular structure of DNA approximately forty years ago and so redefined the boundaries of medical science. C) The boundaries of medical science were redefined over forty years ago when biologists worked out the molecular structure of DNA. D) For forty years before biologists discovered the molecular structure of DNA, genetics had been redefining the boundaries of medical science. E) Less than forty years after biologists unraveled the molecular structure of DNA, genetics is redefining the boundaries of medical science. 10. Ülkemizin su kaynaklarından enerji ve sulama amacı ile tam olarak yararlanmak için birkaç uzun vadeli proje hazırlanıyor. 424

A) With the schemes under preparation some of the country’s water resources will produce long-term benefits in the fields of energy production and irrigation. B) The schemes concerning the water resources of the country will in the long run be implemented for irrigation and energy. C) Some of the long-term schemes now under consideration are concerned with using the country's water resources for energy and irrigation purposes. D) Several long-term schemes to make full use of the country's water resources for purposes of energy and irrigation are under preparation. E) In the preparation of these long-term schemes the country's needs, such as energy and irrigation, should be given priority. 11. Tahrifat yapılan belgelerde parmak izi aranması bana göre yararsız bir çabaydı. A) To me it is an absurd effort to try to look for fingerprints on the documents that were falsified. B) It seems to me that it is a useless effort to try to find fingerprints on the falsified documents. C) To me it is a useless effort to look for fingerprints on the falsified documents. D) As far as I know, it is no use trying to search for fingerprints on the documents that were embezzled. E) In so far as I am concerned, it is not useful to look for his fingerprints on the embezzled documents. 12. Hükümete sunulan olabilirlik raporunun üretilecek tahmini elektrik enerjisine yer vermediği anlaşılıyor. A) It is clear that the feasibility report submitted to the government does not place in it the estimated electrical energy to be produced. B) It is the feasibility report given to the government that does not include the electrical energy produced which is estimated. C) The anticipated electrical energy which will be produced is clearly not mentioned in the possibility report presented to the government. D) It is obvious from the feasibility report to be submitted to the government that the conjectural estimates of the electrical energy to be produced is not included in it. E) It is understood from the feasibility report submitted to the government that it didn't deal with the estimated production of electrical energy. 13. Üyelik başvurun onaylanmadan önce, derneğe serbestçe girip, çıkmana izin vereceklerini hiç mi hiç sanmıyorum. A) I never think that you will be allowed to enter in the Society without the acceptance of your membership application. B) I doubt very much that they will allow you to freely enter in the Society before your 425

application for membership is approved. C) I don't think at all that your membership will be approved before you apply to them for free entrance. D) I have no suspicions about it that they will freely admit you to the Society before your membership application is approved, E) I don't think they will allow you to freely enter in the Society after your membership application is accepted. 14. Komisyonun, bakteri düzeyi belirli bir sınırı aşan patateslerin satışını yasaklayan kararına maalesef pek uyulmuyor. A) It is a pity that the decision made by the commission to ban the sale of potatoes with a bacterial level above a certain limit is not obeyed much. B) Unfortunately the decree of the committee which bans the sale of potatoes that have a high bacterial level above limits doesn't work. C) It is unfortunately observed by the commission that the lifting of the ban on the sale of potatoes that have a high bacterial level above a certain limit is not obeyed. D) The bacterial level of the potatoes to a certain limit is unfortunately banned by a pronouncement by the commission. E) The decision taken by the commission which bans the sale of the potatoes with, unfortunately, a bacterial level above a certain limit is not found suitable. 15. Böyle bir makineyi verimli bir şekilde çalıştırmak sizce ortalama bir işçinin yaklaşık olarak ne kadar vaktini alır? A) Approximately how long do you think this machine will take to work with an efficient worker to operate it? B) How long exactly, do you think, will it take an, ordinary worker to operate on this machine? C) In so far as you know, how long does it take an ordinary worker to operate this machine efficiently? D) Roughly how long do you think it will take an average worker to operate such a machine efficiently? E) Roughly speaking, how long do you thing we need an average worker to operate such a machine effectively? 16. Sırf nedeni siyasidir diye bir cinayeti önemsiz saymak bence cinayetlerin en büyüğü olurdu. A) I would think that the real murder is to consider a murder unimportant owing to its aim. B) I don't think that murders are important when the motivation is political. C) I think it will be a crime to say that murders committed for political reasons are important. D) I think the greatest murder is to think that the murder is not important since the aim is 426

political. E) In my opinion it would be the greatest murder to consider a murder unimportant simply because it is politically motivated. 17. Bu taraflı tutumun dikkat çekmemesi için elinden ne geliyorsa yapıyor ancak yanıldığını er geç anlayacak. A) He's doing his utmost so that his impartial attitude will not be noticed but he will soon know he is mistaken. B) He's doing whatever he can in order not to notice his partial attitude but sooner or later he will be mistaken. C) He's doing whatever he can so that is partial attitude will go unnoticed but sooner or later he will understand that he is mistaken. D) He's doing whatever is in his hands in order to go unnoticed with his partial behavior but he understood that he made a mistake. E) He has been doing his best for he wants his impartial attitude to be noticed but sooner or later he will be misled. 18. Karşılıklılık ilkesi çerçevesinde, her iki ülke de diğer ülke vatandaşlarının mülk edinebilmesini kolaylaştıran kanunlar çıkardılar. A) In the framework of mutual principles, both the countries put laws into force in order to make it easy for other country's citizens to buy bonds. B) In terms of reciprocity, both the countries laid down laws to make it easy for the citizens of the other country to buy properties. C) In terms of responsiveness, both the countries lay down laws which simplifies it for another country's citizens to buy properties. D) In terms of mutual principles, both the countries agreed to put laws into force so that their citizens could easily buy properties. E) In accordance with mutual principles, both countries were forced to lay down laws in order to simplify the formalities of possessing a property in the other country. 19. Bir ofis dizayn edilirken, yerin doğru kullanımına, firmanın ve bireylerin ihtiyaçlarına gösterilen dikkat çoğunlukla tamamen yetersizdir. A) When an office is designed the attention paid to the correct use of space and individual and company needs, is often totally inadequate. B) When an office is designed it is generally insufficient to pay attention to the use of space and individual and company needs. C) When an office is designed it is frequently totally not enough to draw attention to the individual and company needs as well as the correct use of space. D) When one designs an office, the correct use of space, and individual and company needs is paid no attention at all. 427

E) When an office is designed it is frequently not enough at all to care for the correct use of space, and individual and company needs. 20. Florence Nightingale' in olağanüstü kararlılık ve organize etme yeteneği gösterdiği tek savaş Kırım Savaşı olmamıştır. A) It was long before Crimean War that Florence Nightingale proved her extraordinary qualities of determination and organizing ability. B) It was when the Crimean War broke out that Florence Nightingale displayed extraordinary determination and organizing ability. C) During the Crimean War Florence Nightingale did not show any extraordinary determination or organizing ability. D) Crimean War was the only war during which Florence Nightingale confirmed her extraordinary determination and organizing abilities. E) It was not only during the Crimean War that Florence Nightingale showed extra ordinary determination and organizing abilities. 21. 1980'lerden bu yana, dünyadaki nükleer sanayi hızlı bir şekilde düşmektedir ve Avrupa Birliği içinde, on beş ülkeden yedisi nükleer enerjiden aşama aşama vazgeçmiştir. A) Since the 1980s, the nuclear industry in the world has been declining rapidly, and within the European Union, seven out of the fifteen countries have phased out nuclear power. B) Starting with the 1980s, there has been a steep decline in the nuclear industry all through the world, particularly in the European Union, where only seven of the fifteen countries continue to use nuclear power. C) The world's nuclear industry has continued to decline since the 1980s; in particular, this is true of the fifteen countries of the European Union, seven of which have slowly ceased to use it altogether. D) Seven of the fifteen countries of the European Union have gradually put an end to the use of nuclear power; the movement started in the 1980s and has continued would-wide ever since. E) After the 1980s, the nuclear industries of the world have fallen into disrepute, particularly in the European Union where seven of the fifteen countries have, step by step, stopped using it altogether. 22. Bush, radyo konuşmasında, bazı Amerikan okullarında verilen eğitimin toplumun en iyi değerlerini beslemediğini söyledi. A) Bush, in-his radio talk, concentrated on the various ideals of society and ,regretted that some American schools tailed to nourish them. B) During his radio talk, Bush explained how the education given in some American schools failed to uphold the best values of society. 428

C) In his radio talk Bush said that the education provided in soma American schools did not nourish the best values of society. D) Bush emphasized in his radio talk that it was the duty of the American education system to ensure that some schools encouraged the best values of society. E) In certain American schools, as Bush stressed in his radio talk, the education provided was not in accord with the ideals of society. 23. İnsan, Japonya'yı boydan boya trenle gezebilir ve bir istasyonda durduğunda, bir taşra kentini ötekinden ayırt etmenin hemen hemen imkânsız olduğunu hisseder. A) While traveling the length and breadth of Japan by train, one realizes at each station that one provincial town is very like another. B) One can travel the length and breadth of Japan when stopping at a station, that it is almost impossible to distinguish between one provincial town and the next. C) While traveling by train through Japan, one feels at each stop at a station that each provincial town is virtually identical with the next. D) Traveling from one end of Japan to the other by train, one recognizes, when stopping at a station, that one provincial town joins imperceptibly into the next. E) When traveling hither and thither by train in Japan, and stopping at various stations, one notices how each provincial town is identical with the rest. 24. Romancı Thomas Hardy, özyaşam öyküsünde babasından, "kalkınmakta olan kırsal topluluklarda gereksinim duyulan sanat ve becerilerin çoğuna sahip ender insanlardan biri" olarak söz eder. A) The novelist Thomas Hardy, in his autobiography, tells his father as "one of those rare people who had developed almost all the arts and skills needed to make a rural community survive." B) In his autobiography the novelist Thomas Hardy describes his father as "one of those rare people who possessed most of the arts and skills needed in thriving rural communities". C) In this autobiography, Thomas Hardy, the novelist, tells how his own father was strange in that he cherished the arts and skills that enable rural communities to flourish." D) The novelist Thomas Hardy describes in his autobiography how his own father was one of those valuable people who encouraged the arts and skills that help rural communities to thrive." E) The novelist Thomas Hardy describes in his autobiography how his father was "one of the few people to use his arts and skills to ensure that rural communities would flourish." 25. Bazı iktisatçılara göre komünist ekonomik sistemin çöküş nedenlerinden biri, çok yüksek maliyetle çok az üretim yapılmış olmasıdır. A) Some economists are of the opinion that high productions cost and low output were the 429

main reasons for the collapse of the communist economic system. B) According to some economists, the collapse of the communist economic system was in part due to the fact that too little was produced at too high a cost. C) Some economists are of the opinion that too little was being produced at too high a cost, and it was for this reason that the communist economic system collapsed. D) To some economists, the reason for the collapse of die communist economic system was that too few goods were produced at too high a price. E) According to some economists, one of the reasons for the collapse of the communist economic system is that too little was produced at too high a cost. TRANSLATION TEST – 2 1. Aydan bakıldığında dünya, uzayın karanlık boşluğunda bir yaşam vahası olarak görünmektedir. A) The world, when seen from the moon, seems like a bright oasis of life in the huge darkness of space. B) Observed from the moon, the world looks like an oasis of life in the dark vastness of space. C) Viewed from the moon, the earth appears as an oasis of life in the dark emptiness of space. D) In the infinite darkness of space, the earth, as seen from the moon, is really an oasis of life. E) It is as an oasis of life in the dark vastness of space that the world is seen from the moon. 2. Bugün Batı üçüncü Dünya ülkelerine borç para verme tekniğini, onları kontrol altında otutma aracı olarak mükemmelleştirmiş bulunmaktadır. A) The technique of lending money to the Third World countries has today been improved by the West so that it can control them. B) Today, the West has perfected the technique of lending money to the Third World countries as a means of controlling them. C) In order to control the Third World countries today, the West has developed particular money-lending techniques. D) Today, the money-lending techniques developed by the West have become a means for controlling the Third World countries. E) Today, the Third World countries are perfectly controlled by the West by means of money-lending techniques. 3. Savaş sonrası dönemde, Dünya Bankası'nın etkisiyle, yoksul tropikal ülkelerde çok geniş alanlar, şekerkamışı tarlalarına dönüştürülmüştür. 430

A) In the post-war period, under World Bank influence, vast areas in the poorer tropical countries were converted to sugarcane plantations. B) After the war, it was the World Bank that recommended that the poorer tropical countries should convert large areas into sugarcane farms as there was a profitable market for the product. C) After the post-war period, the poorer tropical countries, with large farming areas, encouraged by the World Bank, shifted to sugarcane production. D) Since there seemed to be a market, the poorer tropical countries, with the support of the World Bank, turned huge areas into sugarcane plantations as soon as the war was over. E) In the years following the war, the World Bank urged the poorer tropical countries with large farming areas, to torn to sugarcane cultivation. 4. Bizimki, seksen kadar çalışanı ile sebze ve tarla bitkilerinin genetik iyileştirilmesi üzerine ileri düzeyde araştırma yapan bir bitki biyoteknolojisi şirketidir. A) Approximately eighty of the employees of our plant biotechnology company are researching, at an advanced level, genetic improvement of vegetable and field crops. B) Our company specializes in plant biotechnology and has roughly eighty employees, who carry out advanced research into the genetic improvement of vegetable and field crops. C) Ours is a plant biotechnology company with approximately eighty employees carrying out advanced research into the genetic improvement of vegetable and field crops. D) Ours is a plant biotechnology company, and at least eighty of the employees are engaged in research into the genetic improvement of vegetable and field crops. E) Our company deals with plant biotechnology, and some eighty of the top- grade, employees are engaged in research into the genetic improvement of vegetable and field crops. 5. Son birkaç yıl içinde, gökbilimciler, kendi sistemimizin ötesindeki bir düzineden fazla yıldız sisteminde Jüpiter büyüklüğünde dev gezegenler ortaya çıkarmışlardır. A) The current discovery of a dozen or so massive Jupiter-sized planets in star systems beyond our own, has amazed even astronomers. B) Astronomers have, in recent years, brought to light dozens of huge planets, such as Jupiter, star systems outside our own C) Lately, a dozen or more astronomers have been suggesting that there are gigantic, Jupiter sized planets in star systems beyond our own. D) In the past few years, astronomers have detected giant, Jupiter-sized planets in more than a dozen star systems beyond our own. 431

E) For some years, astronomers have been of the opinion that there may be huge Jupitersized planets in at least a dozen star systems other than our own. 6. Amerika'da işçi sendikaları, sanayi sonrası ekonominin yükselişi ve ağır sanayinin öneminin azalması sonucu, diğer sanayileşmiş ülkelerde olduğundan daha az güce sahiptir. A) As the significance of heavy industry in this post-industrial economy has declined noticeably, the American workers' unions have less power than those in other industrialized countries. B) The power of workers' unions in America has fallen below that of the unions in other industrialized countries because of the transition from heavy industry to a post-industrial economy. C) With the rise of the post-industrial economy and the decline in the importance of heavy industry, workers' unions in America wield less power than in other industrialized countries. D) Since the post-industrial economy has replaced the heavy industrial one, the significance of workers' unions in America has decreased in comparison with other industrialized countries. E) In America, the workers' unions are no longer as powerful as those in other industrialized countries, since the rise of the post-industrial economy has eclipsed the importance of heavy industry. 7. Eski Doğu Almanya'da ücret eşitliğine ilişkin grevler, bazen endüstriyel çatışmanın nasıl kaçınılmaz olduğuna örnektir. A) In the former East Germany, strikes over wage equality can be regarded as an instance of the inevitability of industrial conflict. B) Strikes have been held in the former East Germany to demand equal wages, and this demonstrates how industrial conflicts cannot be avoided. C) The strikes held for the equality of wages in what once used to be East Germany, demonstrate that industrial conflicts are almost unavoidable. D) It is a fact that industrial conflict cannot always be avoided is best demonstrated by the example of the strikes held for the wage equality in the former East Germany. E) The strikes in the former East Germany over wage equality are an example of how industrial conflict is sometimes unavoidable. 8. Eğer hafif uçaklar veya helikopterler mevcut olsaydı, felaket alanı üzerinde bunlarla yapılacak alçak uçuşlar, zararın coğrafi boyutları ile ilgili hızlı bilgi sağlayabilirdi. A) If light aircraft or helicopters were available, low altitude flights over the disaster area would yield rapid information on the geographic extent of the damage. B) Had light aircraft or helicopters been ready, flights at low altitudes over the 432

disaster area could have provided useful information as to the geographic extent of the damage. C) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been established by low altitude flights if light aircraft and helicopters had been available. D) As long as light aircraft and helicopters for low altitude flights are available, valuable information concerning the geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area can be obtained. E) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been rapidly learned, if only light aircraft and helicopters could have been made available for low altitude flights. 9. Yönetim kurulu, yakın gelecekte hiçbir ücret artışı yapılmayacağını açıkça belirtti. A) The board declared that the questions of any wage increase could be brought up again in the near future. B) It was explicitly stated by the board that no increase at all in the wages could be seen in the near future. C) The board acknowledged that there could be no question of any wage increase in the near future. D) The board made it clear that there would be no wage increases whatsoever in the near future. E) The board announced that no wage increase was to be expected in the near future. 10. Sağlık hizmetlerini nasıl düzenlemiş olursa olsunlar, Avrupa ülkelerinin hepsinin, son otuz yıl içinde masraflarının yıllık ortalama 4.1 oranında arttığı görülmüştür. A) In whatever way the European countries have organized their health services, they have all seen their costs rise over the past three decades at an annual average rate of 4.1 percent. B) In spite of the fact that all the European countries have organized their health services efficiently, they have been unable to prevent a yearly rise in costs of 4.1 percent over the past three decades. C) The cost of health services has increased at an annual rate of 4.1 percent over the last thirty years although great efforts have been made by the European countries to organize them more efficiently. D) An annual increase of 4.1 percent in the cost of health services in the European countries during the last three decades led to even greater efforts to improve organization. E) Most European countries have failed to curb the yearly 4.1 percent increase in the cost of health services despite the efforts made over the last thirty years to makethe organization more efficient.

433

11. Soğuk savaş dönemi üzerine pek çok yayın yapmış olduğundan, kendisinden 1960'larda Batı'daki Sovyet casusluk faaliyetleri üzerine bir konferans vermesini rica ettik. A) Even though most of his publications have been on the Cold War era, we asked him to lecture on the work of the Soviet spies in the West in 1960s. B) His publications on the Cold War era are so illuminating that we have approached him to give a talk on the activities of the Soviet spies in the West in 1960s. C) As he has published a great deal on the Cold War era, we encouraged him to present a paper on the Soviet espionage activities throughout the 1960s in the West. D) Since he has published extensively on the Cold War era, we asked him to give a lecture on the Soviet espionage activities in the 1960s in the West. E) We asked him to give a lecture on the activities of the Soviet spies in the West in the 1960s, for most of his publications are related to the Cold War era. 12. Tropikal kereste ticareti, yağmur ormanlarının tahribinde oynadığı rol sebebiyle, uluslararası kaygının önemli bir odağı haline gelmiştir. A) Rain forest destruction deserves to be a focus of international concern as the tropical timber trade continues to grow. B) The tropical timber trade has caused a great deal of international concern since it is held to be a major cause of rain forest destruction. C) The tropical timber trade has been a major focus of international concern because of the role it plays in rain forest destruction. D) The role played by the tropical timber trade in the destruction of rain forests has been a matter of international concern. E) International concern has at last focused on rain forest destruction which is caused by the tropical timber trade. 13. Adam Smith, bir ülkenin yüksek kaliteli ürünler üretmede gerekli becerileri kazanabilmesi için en az 50 yıllık tecrübeye ihtiyacı olduğunu iddia etmiştir. A) The essential skills required for the production of high-quality goods can, as Adam Smith explained, only be acquired over a period of 50 years in any country. B) According to Adam Smith, a period of at least 50 years of experience is essential for the acquisition of the skills needed for high-quality production in a country. C) As Adam Smith pointed out, at least 50 years of experience is necessary ifa country is to produce high-quality goods. D) Adam Smith claimed that at least 50 years of experience was needed for a country to acquire the necessary skills to turn out high-quality goods. E) Adam Smith asserted that the production of high-quality goods in a country depended on the acquisition of skills gained over a period of 50 years. 14. Bir çok ulusun demokrasiye ve Pazar ekonomisine geçiş yaptığı son birkaç yıl, dünya 434

tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası olarak düşünülebilir. A) The past few years, in which many nations have moved toward democracy and a market economy, may be considered an important turning point in world history. B) While many nations have been moving toward democracy and a market economy, a significant change has taken place in world history due to the developments of the past few years. C) The movement among several nations toward democracy and a market economy during the past few years has brought forth a major change in the history of the world. D) An important turning point in history of the world has occurred as a result of the progress among several nations toward democracy and a market economy. E) This significant change in the world history following the progress of many nation toward democracy and a market economy has occurred only in the past few years. 15. Kitap fiyatları beş yılda yalnızca yüzde 40 artarken, dergi fiyatları yirmi yılda yüzde 400 artmıştır. A) The price of journals, unlike the price of books that has increased 40 percent in five years, has increased well over 400 percent in twenty years. B) Journal prices have risen 400 percent in twenty years, while the price of books has, increased only 40 percent in five. C) Over the last five years the price of books has gone up only 40 percent, while that of journals has soared to over 400 percent in twenty years. D) In contrast to the rise in book prices which has been only 40 percent in five years, that of journal prices has exceeded 400 percent in twenty years. E) Though book prices have only risen 40 percent in the last five years, those of journals, during the last twenty years, have gone up more that 400 percent. 16. Faiz oranlarının biraz düşmesine rağmen, müşterilerimizin sayısı artmaya devam ediyor. A) Although the number of clients is still going up the interest rates continue to fall slightly. B) As the interest rates are going down one cannot expect an increase in the number of clients. C) Even though the interest rates have gone down slightly, the number of our clients continues to increase. D) Unless the interest rates go up a little we cannot expect an increase in the number of our clients. E) Inspite of a slight fail in the number of our clients we have managed to keep up the interest rates. 435

17. Kasa üzerinde onun parmak izlerini bulamadığımız sürece, onun masum olduğunu Kabul etmek zorundayız. A) If his fingerprints are not to be found on the safe we shall have to count him innocent. B) As long as we can't find his fingerprints on the safe, we have to accept that he is innocent. C) Should his fingerprints be found on the safe than we will be obliged to admit that he is guilty. D) If his fingerprints are not found on the safe he can never be accused of being guilty. E) Since we have managed to identify his fingerprints on the safe, he has no other choice but admit being guilty. 18. Onunla ne zaman karşılaşsam hep konut sorununu ortaya koyuyor. A) The housing problem is so serious that he no longer mentions it at every meeting. B) The housing problem is a subject he usually avoids when we meet. C) Whenever the problem of housing comes up at our meetings, we take different sides. D) Every time we meet a problem, it always seems to be related to housing. E) Whenever I meet him he always brings up the problem of housing. 19. Hükümet hayvancılığı desteklemediği takdirde, ciddi bir et sıkıntısının olması kaçınılmazdır. A) Even if the government decides to subsidize cattle farming a meat shortage cannot be avoided. B) If the government does not subsidize cattle farming, a serious meat shortage is inevitable. C) A shortage of meat will inevitably force the government to subsidize cattle farming. D) Despite the government's decision to subsidize cattle farming, meat is still in short supply. E) The cattle farming subsidies decided upon by the government have not overcome the meat shortage. 20. Bildiğim kadarıyla, veliler toplantısı süresiz olarak ertelendi. A) It is not yet definite whether or not the governors' meeting will be delayed. B) As far as I know the meeting of the governors has been postponed indefinitely. C) I know the governors have been notified that their meeting will take place at a later date. D) In my opinion a meeting of die governors should be called soon. E) I assume the governors have already been informed that the meeting is to be out off. 21. Deprem bölgesinde bir salgını önlemek için derhal acil tedbirler alınmalıdır. 436

A) An epidemic has broken out in the earthquake area therefore we must take measures right away to prevent its spread. B) Various measures to overcome the epidemic in the earthquake area have already been taken. C) Urgent measures must be taken immediately to prevent an epidemic in the earthquake area. D) The earthquake area has been hit by an epidemic in spite of the measures urgently taken. E) If the epidemic following the earthquake in the area does not die down, urgent measures will be called for. 22. Ülkemizin su kaynaklarından enerji ve sulama amacı ile tam olarak yararlanmak için birkaç uzun vadeli proje hazırlanıyor. A) With the projects under preparation some of the country's water resources will produce long-term benefits in the fields of energy production and irrigation. B) The projects concerning the water resources of the country will in the long run be applied for irrigation and energy production. C) Several of the long-term projects now under consideration are concerned with using the country's water resources for energy and irrigation purposes. D) Several long-term projects to make full use of energy and irrigation resources of our country are under preparation. E) In the preparation of these long-term projects the country's needs, such as energy and irrigation, should be given priority. 23. Bakanlığa girmene izin verilmeden önce kimlik kartını göstermeni isteyecekler. A) They will ask you to show your identity card before you are allowed to enter the ministry. B) You can only enter the ministry if you have an identity card with you. C) You will be required to carry an identity card if you start work at the ministry. D) Everybody is required to show you an identity card on entering the ministry. E) You should wear an identity card if you are working at the ministry. 24. İki liderin zirve toplantısı, insanlığa büyük fayda sağlayacak bir antlaşmanın imzalanması ile sona erdi. A) Two of the leaders at the summit meeting have agreed to sign a treaty that will improve their relations. B) Finally the two leaders agreed to a summit meeting which will be to the benefit of mankind. C) The agreement signed by die two leaders at the summit meeting will certainly 437

contribute to the prosperity of the people. D) The summit meeting of the two leaders ended with the signing of an agreement that will be of great benefit to mankind. E) At the end of the summit meeting two of the leaders decided to sign an agreement that would be beneficial to both nations. 25. Dünyadaki birçok havayolunun tersine, "North Airlines" bu yıl kar etmeyi gerçekten başarmıştır. A) Unlike many of the world's airlines, "North Airlines" has actually managed to make a profit this year. B) "North Airlines" is just one of the world airlines which has managed to make a substantial profit this year. C) Very many of the world's airlines have, unlike "North Airlines", managed to make a good profit this year. D) Even though there are so many world airlines, "North Airlines" has still managed to make a profit this year. E) Contrary to what many world airlines have inferred, "North Airlines" really has made a profit this year. TRANSLATION TEST– 3 1) Fotoğrafçılık benim tutkularımdan biridir çünkü çektiğim fotoğraflarda kendi mesajımı vermeyi severim. A) Photography is one of my ambitions because I like to give my own massage in the pictures I take. B) One of my ambitions is photography and I like to give my own massage in the pictures I take. C) Photography I like to give my own massage in the pictures I take is one of my ambitions. D) I like to give my own massage in the pictures I take because photography is one of my ambitions. E) Since I like to give my own massage in the pictures I take photography is my only ambition. 2) Birden görülmeyen bir güç dikkatimi otobüse henüz binmiş olan bir çifte çekti. A) An invisible power pulled my attention to a couple who had suddenly gotten on the bus B) Suddenly, a mysterious power pulled my attention to a couple getting on the bus. C) Suddenly, an invisible power pulled my attention to a couple who had just got on the bus. D) An sudden invisible power pulled my attention to a couple who had just gotten on the 438

bus. E) Suddenly, a power pulled my attention to a couple who had just gotten on the bus invisibly. 3) Birisinin her defasında bir parça kağıdı çöpe atmasının bir kimsenin ağaçtan bir dal kesmesine benzediğini hayalinizde canlandırın. A) Imagine that every time someone throws a piece of paper in the garbage is similar to a person cutting a branch off a tree. a branch off a tree. B) It is imaginable that the garbage you throw into the dustbin is similar to a person cutting C) If you force the limits of your imagination you can see that throwing a piece of paper in the garbage is like cutting a branch off a tree. D) Imagining someone throwing a piece of paper in the garbage shows you that you are like a person cutting a branch off a tree. E) Whenever someone throws a piece of paper in the garbage it is similar to cutting a branches off a tree. 4) İdeoloji, herhangi bir grubun sosyal gereksinimlerini ve politik doktrinlerini yansıtan birdüşünce biçimidir. A) Social needs and political doctrines of an individual or group are reflectedin an ideology. B) Ideology is a way of thinking that reflects the social needs and political doctrines of any group. C) There is an ideology reflecting the social needs and political doctrines of a single group. D) The way of thinking that reflects the social needs and political doctrines of an individual or group is ideological. E) When you think ideologically it is the way of thinking reflect the social needs and political doctrines of an individual and group. 5) Ön yargı güçle yenilmez fakat insanların zihinlerindeki ve kalplerdeki iyiliğin güveniyle yenilir. A) You cannot defeat prejudice by forcing but faith in the goodness in the hearts and minds of men. B) Prejudice is defeated not by force but by faith in the goodness in the hearts and minds of men. C) Prejudice hasn't defeated it by force but faith defeats it in the hearts and minds of men. D) When prejudice is defeated by force, faith in the goodness in the hearts of men and their minds gets lost. E) Prejudice can defeat force but faith in the goodness in the hearts of men and their minds 439

cannot. 6) Bu bireyciliğin liberal ideolojisi Amerikan milli kimliğinin temel bir parçasıdır. A) The national identity of the American is the ideology of all individuals. B) The liberal ideology of an American individual is formed within the national identity. C) This liberal ideology which is a basic part of the American national identity is individualistic. D) These ideally individuals are the basic part of the American national identity. E) This liberal ideology of individualism is a basic part of the American national identity. 7) Bizim taburlarımız insanlığa karşı suçları engellemeye ve durdurmaya yardımcı olmak için farklı yerlere gönderilmiştir A) Our troops were sent to a different location to stop stopping crimes against humanity. B) Various troops in different locations of ours have prevented all the crimes against humanity. C) Our troops have been sent to various locations to aid in preventing and stopping crimes against humanity. D) We sent the troops to our various locations to prevent crimes against humanity after stopping it. E) The troops which were sent to various locations to aid in preventing crimes against humanity stopped it. 8) Ben Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 2000 yılında dünya polisi olarak hareket etmesinin zorunlu olduğuna inanmaktayım. A) I've believed that the United States of America has to act as the world police imperatively in the year 2000. B) The United States of America has been believed to act as the world police of 2000. C) I believe the United States of America will have to act as the world police of 2000 imperatively. D) I believe that it is imperative for the United States of America to act as the world police in the year 2000. E) I imperatively believe that the United States of America has acted as the world police in 2000. 9) Okullardaki şiddet böylesine bir ortamı bozar ve öğrencinin öğrenmeye olan güdülenmesini olumsuz olarak etkileyebilir. A) Schools destroy such an environment and can negatively affect student motivation for learning if there is violence. B) Violence in destroyed schools can negatively affect student motivation for learning besides environment. 440

C) So long as violence occurs in schools, it destroys the environment and can affect student motivation for learning negatively. D) Violence in schools destroys such an environment and can negatively affect student's motivation for learning. E) If there is violence in schools it can negatively affect student motivation for learning and destroys such an environment. 10) Binlerce yıl evvel eski Peru inkaları koka yaprağı çiğnerlerdi çünkü bunlar onların yüksek dağlarda daha uzun süreler boyunca çalışmalarına mümkün kılardı. A) One thousand years age of ancient Incas of Peru were chewing coca leaves because it was possible for them to work in the high mountains for longer periods of time. B) Thousands of years ago, there were coca leaf chewing Incas who discovered that they made it possible for them to work in the high mountains of Peru for a very long time. C) Years and years ago, the ancient Incas of Peru had been chewing coca leaves so that they could work in the high mountains for longer periods of time. D) The ancient Incas of Peru who chewed coca leaves knew that it was possible for them to work in the high mountains for longer periods of time thousands of years ago. E) Thousands of years ago, the ancient Incas of Peru chewed coca leaves because they made it possible for them to work in the high mountains for longer periods of time. 11) 19. yüzyılda, düşünür ve yazar Ralph Waldo Emerson belki de hepimizin her hangi bir şekilde hissettiği bir korkuyu ifade etti A) The 19th century writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson had been expressing a fear that we probably feel to some extent. B) In the 19th century, Ralph Waldo Emerson expressed a fear as a writer and thinker that perhaps we all feel to some extent. C) The writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson expressed a fear that we all felt to some extent in the 19th century. D) In the 19th century, writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson expressed a fear that perhaps we all feel to some extent. E) Ralph Waldo Emerson, the writer and thinker of the 19th century had expressed a fear that we all feel to some extent. 12) Bu tür düzenlemeleri yerine getiren pek çok şirket, işçinin verim seviyesinde bir değişiklik olduğunu gözlemlemektedir. A) The companies implementing such arrangements observed that there was a change in the employees' performance level. B) Companies having implemented such arrangements observe that there has been changes in the level of employees' performance. C) Many companies that have implemented such arrangements have observed that there is 441

a change in the employees' performance level. D) A lot of companies implementing these arrangements have observed that a change increases the employees' performance level. E) Companies that implement so many arrangements have to observe that there is a certain change in the employees' performance level. 13) Küresel ısınma, kirlilikten farklı olarak bilim adamlarının en büyük ilgi alanlarından birisidir. A) Global warming, aside from pollution, is one of scientists' biggest concerns. B) Except for global warming, scientists' biggest concerns has always been the pollution of the environment. C) Not only global warming but also environmental pollution is among scientists' biggest concerns. D) Despite the global warming, pollution has always been one of the biggest concerns of scientists. E) Global warming and pollution have always been scientists' biggest concerns. 14) Kısa bir süre sonra ülke ve hayatları için savaşacak olan pek çok acemi genç asker, savaş alanlarının yakınındaki eğitim kamplarına gönderildi A) Too many young inexperienced soldiers went to training camps near the battlefields so that they could soon be sent to fight for their country and their own lives. B) Too many young inexperienced soldiers who fight for their country and lives were soon sent to training camps near the battlefields. C) Too many young inexperienced soldiers who were sent to the training camps around the battlefields would be sent to fight for their country and their life later on. D) Too many young inexperienced soldiers being sent to the training camps beside the battlefields were ready to be sent to fight for their country and their lives. E) Too many young inexperienced soldiers who were in the training camps beside the battlefields were being sent to fight for their country and their life. 15) Daha yaşlı ve daha büyük ağaçlar genç bir ağaçtan çok daha fazla karbon dioksit depolayabilirler. A) The older, larger trees have had the capacity to store much more carbon dioxide than a young tree. B) The trees which are old and large are able to store a lot of carbon dioxide but than a young can not. C) Larger and older trees storing much more carbon dioxide are more productive than a young tree. D) Only the old and large trees are capable of storing much more carbon dioxide than young trees are. 442

E) The older and larger trees can store much more carbon dioxide than a young tree can. 16) Yangınlar ve diğer felaketler yüzünden ormanların eskiden olduğu gibi kolayca yetişmediklerini hatırlamalıyız. A) It must be remembered that forests hardly grow as well as they used to because of fires and too many disasters. B) We should have remembered that forests did not grow as well as they did in the past because of fires and other disasters. C) Everybody have to be reminded that forests have hardly grown as easily as they used to grow because of fires and various disasters. D) We must remember that forests do not grow as easily as they used to because of fires and other disasters. E) Because of the fact that there are fires and other disasters, we are obliged to remember that forests do not grow as easily as they used to. 17) Müze, bölgedeki insanların nasıl yaşamakta olduklarını ve aynı zamanda görme güçlerini ve sonuçlarını sergiler. A) It is displayed in the museum about how people used to live in the area and also about the visions and their results. B) How people lived in this area and their visions and their results are displayed around the museum. C) In the museum, they were displaying about how people had lived there and about the visions and their results a well. D) The museum displays how people used to live in the area and their visions and results. E) The museum displays how people have lived in the area and also the visions and their results. 18) Amerika'nın bu parayı vermek zorunda olan çalışkan vatandaşları belki de bu paranın bir meteliğini bile tekrar göremeyebilir. A) There are a lot of hard working citizens of the US who may never see even a dime of this money again. a dime of it again. B) The hard working citizens of the US gave money but they can never see even a dime of it again. C) Although the hard working citizens of the US have to give this money, they may never see even a dime of it again. D) The hard working citizens of the US who have to give this money may never see even E) Whether this money is given by the hard working citizens of the US, they can never see even a dime of it again. 19) Kölelik konusunda şaşırtıcı biçimde modern görüşleri olan bir grup bile vardı; bazı 443

insanların bugün bile kabul etmedikleri görüşler. A) There was just one group of people who have surprisingly modern views on slavery; however they haven't been accepted even today. B) There was even a group of people who held surprisingly modern views on slavery; views some people haven't even accepted today. C) Even a group of people who held surprisingly modern views on slavery haven't even accepted anything today. D) A group of people who had held modem surprising views on slavery haven't been accepted today. E) There was even a group of people who held surprisingly modern views on slavery; however nobody has admitted it today. 20) Alexander on üç yıl tahtta kaldı fakat babasının planlamış olduğundan çok fazlasını başardı. A) Alexander, who ruled for just thirteen years succeeded far beyond what his father had planned. B) After Alexander had ruled for only thirteen years, he succeeded far beyond what his father had been planning. C) Alexander ruled for only thirteen years but he succeeded far beyond what his father had planned. D) Alexander had been ruling for thirteen years and he succeeded more than what his father had planned. E) Alexander ruled for thirteen years but he achieved it better than what his father had planned. 21) Güvenli olmayan okul çevrelerinde öğretmenler maksimum güçleriyle öğretemez ve öğrenciler tüm kapasiteleriyle öğrenemezler. A) Teachers being in an unsafe school surroundings cannot do their best to teach, and students can never learn with a full potential. B) In unsafe school surroundings, teachers cannot teach to their maximum potential, and students cannot learn to their full potential. C) Unsafe school surroundings teachers hardly teach potentially, and students never learn with a full potential. D) Teachers cannot teach well potentially, and students cannot learn to so capably in an unsafe school surroundings. E) School surroundings can become unsafe when they cannot teach better, and students cannot learn themselves properly. 22) Geleneksel toplumda otorite çok daha merkeziydi ve halkın yaptığı tercihlerde daha çok etkisi vardı. 444

A) Central authority and its influence on the choices people made was influential. B) When there is a customary society, the authority was much more central and it affected the choices people had made. C) In customary society, authority was much more central and had more influence on the choices people made. D) Customary society was much more central and authority had more influence on the choices people made. E) Customary authority was much more central and society had influenced the choices people had made. 23) Tüm zamanını bu tür şeylere kaygılanarak geçirenlerin normal olduğu düşünülemez. A) People who spend their time worrying about such things are considered to be not normal. B) There are people who are not normal spending ail their time worrying about such things. C) Worried people who waste all their time on such things cannot ever be considered as normal. D) Who spend their time worrying about such things are considered abnormal. E) Those who spend all their time worrying about such things cannot be considered normal. 24) Einstein savaşın sonuna doğru savaşı sona erdirmek ve Avrupa'ya barışı geri getirmek için çalışan politik bir partiye katıldı. A) Einstein joined a political party that worked to end the war, and return peace to Europe when the war was over. B) Einstein, who joined a political party that worked to end the war towards the end of the war wanted to bring peace to Europe. C) When the war was ending, Einstein joined a political party struggling to end the war, and bring back peace to Europe. D) Towards the end of the war, Einstein joined a political party that worked to end the war and return peace to Europe. E) At the end of the war Einstein joined a political party which was struggling to end the war, and bring back the peace to Europe. 25) Tam şu andaki bir kolej eğitimi sizin ve geleceğiniz için sizin kavrayabileceğinizden çok daha kârlıdır. A) A college education right now is a lot more beneficial to you and your future than you may realize. B) A right college education is a lot of more useful to you and your future than you realiz now. 445

C) A college education is more useful to you right now than you may realize your future. D) A college education is said to be more useful to you and your future than you can imagine right now. E) A college education which is a lot more useful right now is better to you and your future than you can have. TRANSLATION TEST– 4 1) Yakma, atık maddelerin fiziki miktarını azaltsa da buna havayı kirletmenin en kolay yolu olduğu gözüyle bakılır. A) Burning reduces the amount of the waste materials, and it's considered the easies way of polluting the air. B) Although you can diminish the physical amount of the waste materials, it is still one of the best way of polluting the air. C) Burning waste materials diminishes the physical amount, but these materials are considered to be less air polluting ones D) Although burning lessens the physical amount of the waste materials, it is considered one of the easiest way to pollute the air. E) Even if you diminish the physical amount of the burning waste materials, it is the only way to pollute the air. 2) Dünya açlığı, gezegenimizdeki herkesi etkiler sadece fakirleri ve üçüncü dünya ülkelerine yaşayanları değil. A) Not only the poor but also those living in third-world countries are affected from world hunger on our planet. B) World hunger not only affects everyone on our planet, but also the poor or those living in third-world countries. C) World hunger affects everyone on our planet, not just the poor or those living in thirdworld countries. D) World hunger affects everyone, not only the poor or the third-world countries on our planet. E) Everyone on our planet, both the poor and those living in third-world countries are affected by world hunger 3) Genç bir kimse kötü bir suçtan suçlu bulunur bulunmaz pek çok sosyal gözlemci ahlaki standartların çöküşü için açıklamalar bulmaya çalışır. A) If a young person is found responsible of a terrible crime, some observers seek explanations for the decline in moral standards. B) Whenever a young person is found guilty of a terrible crime, many social observers 446

seek explanations for the decline in moral standards. C) As soon as the young are found responsible of a terrible crime, the social observers seek explanations for the decline in moral standards. D) Many social observers try to find explanations for the decline in moral standards even after a young person is found guilty of a terrible crime. E) Whenever a young person is found guilty of a terrible crime, many social observers feel obliged to seek explanations for the decline in moral standards. 4) Sıradan bir 19. yüzyıl ailesi, şimdi gereksinim olarak sözünü ettiğimiz çok şey olmaksızın idare etmek zorundaydı. A) Simple 19th century families had to survive without the basic things which would now be regard as necessities B) In the 19th century, an average family had to try to survive without many things which we would regard as necessities now. C) Average 19th century families were to have managed without those things which we would regard as necessities. D) The 19th century family had to manage with many ordinary things which we would now regard as necessities. E) An average 19th century family had to manage without many things which we would now regard as necessities. 5) Cinsiyet rollerini incelemenin amacı kadınlarla erkeklerin neden eşit olmaları gerektiğini cevaplamak içindir. A) Investigating gender roles is necessary to answer the question why women and men have to be equal. B) The object of investigating gender roles has been necessary to answer the question why both women and men must be equal. C) The main object of investigating these gender roles has been to answer the question why each woman and man have to be equal. D) The object of examining gender roles is to answer the question why women and men should be equal. E) The object of investigating gender roles is so important that it answers the question why women and men should be equal. 6) 1979 de kocamla Hindistan'dan buraya ilk geldiğimde umutsuz bir biçimde fakirdik. A) On our arrival here from India with my husband in 1979, we were completely poor. B) When I first arrived here from India with my husband in 1979, we were desperately poor. C) After I had first arrived from India with in 1979, we were desperately poor my husband 447

D) Whenever we first arrived here from India in 1979, my husband and I were desperately poor. E) When my husband first arrived here from India in 1979, we were desperately poor. 7) Onun benim talimatıma uymuş olup olmadığını görmek için beklemek zorunda kalacaktım. A) I would have waited to see whether she had obeyed my instruction or not. B) I had to be waiting to see if she had been obeying my instruction. C) I would have been waiting to see if she had to obey the instructions. D) I had to wait to see whether she had to be obeying the instructions or not. E) l would have to wait to see if she had obeyed my instruction. 8) Bir süre sonra konuşma tam umduğum gibi kaçınılmaz bir biçimde buluşmamızın gerçek amacına doğru kaydı. A) The conversation moved inevitably towards the real purpose of our meeting because I had expected it to be like that. B) When the conversation moved inevitably towards the real purpose of our meeting, I had expected it for a while. C) Soon afterwards, the conversation moved towards the real purpose of our meeting, for which I had been expecting. D) After a while, the conversation drifted inevitably towards the real purpose of our meeting, just as I had expected. E) The conversation drifted inevitably towards the purpose of meeting, just as I had expected for a while. 9) Bir Hint subayı aç İngliz askerlerinin fili kovaladığını ve öldürmeye çalıştığını görünce askerlerine fili korumalarını ve onu öldürmeye çalışan herkesi vurmalarını emretti. A) When an Indian commander saw hungry English soldiers chasing the elephant and trying to kill it, he ordered his soldiers to protect it and shoot anyone who tried to kill it. B) Once the Indian commander saw hungry English soldiers following the elephant in order to kill it, he ordered the troops to protect that elephant by shooting anyone who tried to kill it. C) The Indian commander who had seen hungry English soldiers chasing the elephant and trying to kill it, immediately ordered the soldiers to save it and shoot those who tried to kill it. D) As soon as an Indian commander saw the English soldiers following the elephant which they were trying to kill it, he ordered his soldiers to shoot anyone who tried to kill it. E) Not much later, the Indian commander who saw the hungry English soldiers chasing an elephant trying to kill it ordered his troops to save the elephant and shoot anyone who tried 448

to kill it. 10) Bu çocuklar aynı yaş seviyesindekilere kıyasla ortalama ağırlık ve boyda değillerdi. A) The children who were not the average weight and height can't be compared to the those at the same age level. B) These children were not the average weight and height compared to the children at the same age level. C) These children have never been average weight and height according to the children at the same age level. D) These children were under the average weight and height and cannot be compared to others at the same age level. E) These children who were under the average weight and height are being compared to the children at the same age level. 11) Ben kesinlikle ruhbilimci değilim, ruhbilimi alanında hiç bir öğrenimim yok, olmasını da istemem, ben gördüğü şeyleri gözlemleyen ve analiz eden sadece sıradan bir kimseyim. A) Since I am not a psychologist and I have no education in the field of psychology nor do I wish to have definitely, I am just want observe and analyze the things I see. B) I haven't been a psychologist actually and I have no education in the field of psychology and I do not wish to have it, I've just been an ordinary person that observes the things to analyze them. C) I am not a psychologist definitely, I have no education in the field of psychology nor do I wish to have, I am just an ordinary person that observes and analyzes the things I see. D) I am not a psychologist definitely, and I can't have any education in the field of psychology, I am just an ordinary person that observes and analyzes the things I see. E) Not being a real psychologist, I have no education in the field of psychology nor do I wish to have, because I am just an ordinary person that observes and analyzes the things I see. 12) Michael Jordan, Nike'tan yıllık olarak Malaysia'daki tüm Nike Fabrikası işçilerinden çok daha fazla para kazanır. A) Michael Jordan is able to earn more money from Nike than all of the Nike factory workers living in Malaysia. B) Michael Jordan who earns more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike factory workers has still been in Malaysia. C) Michael Jordan makes more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike factory workers in Malaysia. D) Michael Jordan is capable of earning more money from Nike annually than all of the other Nike factory workers in Malaysia. E) Michael Jordan has made much more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike 449

factories in Malaysia. 13) Birkaç bilim adamı İsa'nın yaklaşık Milattan önce 2 ile Milattan sonra 33 yılları arasında yaşadığını kabul etmiyor. A) There are several scholars who disagree that Jesus lived roughly between 2 BC and about 33 AD. B) Several scholars disagree that Jesus lived roughly between 2 BC and about 33 AD. C) Several scholars who never agree with each other say that Jesus lived roughly between 2 BC and about 33 AD. D) Some scholars do not agree that Jesus never lived approximately between 2 BC and about 33 AD. E) Several scholars against Jesus, disagree that he lived approximately between 2 BC and about 33 AD. 14) İneği kutsal olarak bulunduran bir toplum açlıktan ölmek üzere olsa bile bu ineği asla yemez. A) A society holding a cow as being sacred never eat this cow even on the verge of starvation. B) Any society holding cows as sacred creatures can never eat this cow even on the verge of starvation, C) The society holding a cow as being sacred will not eat this cow even on the verge of starvation. D) The society on the verge of starvation and holding a cow as being sacred do not eat that cow. E) The society holding a cow on the verge of starvation as being sacred never eat this cow. 15) Onların çoğu bu insanın çalışmasını anlamasa da herkes onun bilim dünyası üzerindeki etkisini bilir. A) However much the do not understand that man's work, everyone knows that his a large impact on the world of science. B) Most of them does not understand this man's work, but everyone knows that he has a great influence in the world of sciences. C) Despite the fact that many people never understand that guy's work, and he is known to have an influence on the world of science. D) Most of the people don't understand this man's work, but everyone knows that he has some influence on the world of science. E) While most of them do not understand this man's work, everyone knows his impact on the world of science. 16) Eğer geri dönüştürülebilen ürünleri pazarlamanın ekonomik olarak değeri yoksa geri 450

dönüşüm işleminin tümü ekonomik olarak etkili olmayabilir. A) Unless we market recycled products economically, the process of recycling is economically insufficient. B) If recycled products are not purchased as much economically as expected, you needn't go on this process anymore. C) When recycled products are not economically marketed, the worth of the whole recycling cannot be efficient. D) If marketing of recycled products is not economically worthwhile, the whole process of recycling cannot be economically sufficient. E) When you market the economic products recycled and it is economically precious, the whole recycling process cannot be so economic. 17) İnsanlar, avukatların istediklerini elde etmek için sadece yasal sistemi etkilemek istediklerine inanıyor. A) According to some people lawyers want to influence the legal system to reach their goals. B) People believe that lawyers only want to influence the legal system to get what they want. C) People believe that lawyers are trying to get what they want by influencing the legal system. D) According to some people's belief lawyers wanted to influence the legal system to get whatever they want. E) People believe there are lawyers who want to influence the legal system to get what they want. 18) 1666 daki büyük Pekin yangınında Pekin'nin yarısı yandı fakat sadece 16 kişi yaralandı. A) Only 16 people were injured In the great fire of Pekin in 1666 when half of Pekin was burnt down but. B) Sixteen people were injured in the great fire of Pekin in 1666 but half of Pekin was burnt down. C) In the great fire of Pekin in 1666, Pekin was half burnt down and only 16 people were injured. D) Only 16 people were injured in the great fire of Pekin in 1666 after they had burnt half of Pekin. E) In the great fire of Pekin in 1666, half of Pekin was burnt down but only 16 people were injured. 19) Erkeklerin yüzde sekseni ve kadınların yüzde doksanı aileyi toplumda en önemli kurum olarak tanımlıyor. 451

A) According to eighty percent of men and 90 percent of women, family is the most important institution in society. B) The most important institution in society is family for eighty percent of men and 90 percent of women. C) There were eighty percent of men and 90 percent of women identifying family as the most important institution in society. D) Eighty percent of men and 90 percent of women identify family as the most important institution in society. E) Not only eighty percent of men but also 90 percent of women identify family as the mos important institution in society. 20) Vampir yarasa kan emmez, jilet gibi keskin dişleriyle ufak bir kesik açar ve kanı yalar. A) Vampire bat make a small cut with razor sharp teeth and lick the blood up but they do not suck blood. B) Vampire bat which make a small cut with its razor sharp teeth and lick the blood up do not suck blood. C) When vampire bat make a small cut with their razor sharp teeth and lick the blood up they do not suck blood. D) Vampire bat does not suck blood, it makes a small cut with its razor sharp teeth and lick the blood up. E) Although vampire bats do not suck blood, they make a small cut with their razor sharp teeth to lick the blood up. 21) Pek çok insan okul kıyafet politikalarının benimsenmesinin artan bir okul güvenliğine, öğrenci disiplinine ve öğrenmeye öncülük edeceğine inanıyor. A) Many people consider school clothes policies to be increasing school safety, student discipline in addition to learning. B) According to too many people, adoption of school clothes will lead to increased school safety, student discipline and learning policies. C) People mostly believe that adoption of school clothes policies lead to an increasing school safety and student discipline with learning. D) Many people believe adoption of school clothes policies will lead to an increasing school safety, student discipline and learning. E) When too many people believe adoption of school clothes policies lead to increased school safety, students will learn discipline. 22) Yılda 3200 den fazla sol elini kullanabilen insan sağ elini kullanabilen insanlar için yapılan ürünleri kullanmaktan ölüyor. A) 3200 or more disabled people are killed in a year because they used products made for right handed people. 452

B) More than 3200 handy people are killed in a year when they use products made for right handed people. C) Over 3200 left handed people a year are killed from using products made for right handed people. D) Left handed people, who are more than 3200, are killed from using products made for right handed people in a year. E) More than 3200 people have been killed in a year because they have tried to use products of right handed people. 23) Televizyon, Muppet Show gibi şovlarla çocukları okuldan hoşlandırmak için çekici ve ayartıcı bir araç olarak kullanılıyor. A) Television which has used as an attractive and seductive device is making children to like school with shows such as Muppe Show. B) Television is being used as an attractive medium and it makes children to like school with shows like Muppet Show. C) Television is still used as an attractive and seductive medium to motivate children to like their schools by showing Muppet Show. D) Television is being used as an attractive and seductive medium to make children to like school with shows such as Muppet Show. E) They use television as an attractive and seductive medium to make children to like school by means of Muppet Show. 24) Birisi beni bir arkadaşıyla tanıştırmak isteyince başka bir şey yapmak için bir bahane bulurum. A) I try to make an excuse to have been doing something else when I'm introduced to a friend. B) When someone wants to introduce me to a friend, I make a reason to do something else. C) While I'm being introduced to a friend, I usually make an excuse and do something else. D) When people want me to introduce to a friend, I usually make an excuse and do something else. E) When I want to introduce someone to a friend, I'm used to making an excuse to do something else. 25) Ben Budistlerin hiç bir duruşmasında bulunmadım; onun için onların geleneksel cezalarının neler olduğunu bilmiyorum. A) I would be present at a trial of Buddhists so as to know what their customary penalties are. B) I had hardly been present at the trial of Buddhists, and so I didn't know what their 453

customary penalties were. C) I had to be present at a trial of Buddhists in order to know what their customary penalties were. D) Since I wasn't present at a trial of Buddhists, I'm unable to know what their customary penalties are. E) I was never present at any trial of Buddhists; therefore I do not know what their customary penalties are. TRANSLATION TEST – 6 1) Yarın öğle vakti bin kilometreden fazla yol yapmış olacağız. A) We will travel more than a thousand kilometres tomorrow. B) By noon tomorrow we will have travelled more than a thousand kilometres. C) At lunch time tomorrow we are going to travel a thousand kilometres. D) By noon we will have travelled a thousand kilometres. E) Tomorrow we will have travelled half a thousand kilometres. 2) Henry Ford zamanından bu yana endüstride seri üretim yöntemleri yaygınlaştı ve bir çok malın fiyatı düştü. A) Henry Ford's mass production methods became common in industry and increased the price of many articles. B) Henry Ford's mass production became common in industry and increased the price of many articles. C) Since Henry Ford's mass production became common in industry the price of many articles increased. D) Since the price of many articles reduced Henry Ford's mass production methods became common. E) Since Henry Ford's time, mass production methods have become common in industry and have reduced the price of many articles. 3) Konuk devlet başkanı havaalanında cumhurbaşkanı, başbakan, bazı bakanlar ve yüksek rutbeli subaylar tarafından karşılandı. A) The president met the visiting President, prime minister, some cabinet ministers and high ranking officers at the airport. B) The visiting President was met at the airport by the president, prime minister, some cabinet ministers and high ranking officers. C) The prime minister was met at the airport by the president, prime minister, some high ranking officers. D) Some cabinet ministers were met at the airport by the high ranking officers and prime minister. E) The high ranking officers met the visiting President, prime minister, some cabinet 454

ministers at the airport. 4) Başkan olarak atanmasından once, Henry Kissinger Harvard'da Uluslararası İlişkiler profesörüydü. A) After he was appointed a president Henry Kissinger became a professor of International Affairs at Harvard. B) He was a president at Harvard when Henry Kissinger was appointed as a professor and he was the leader of International Affairs. C) Before he became a president. Henry Kissinger was a professor of International Affairs at Harvard. D) After he became a professor of International Affairs at Harvard Henry Kissinger was appointed as a president. E) Prior to his appointment as a president, Henry Kissinger was a professor of International Affairs at Harvard. 5) Alanında en parlak bilim adamlarından biri olarak tanınmasına rağmen, Profesör White sınıfta kendi fikirlerini anlatabilmiş gibi görünmüyor. A) Although he is a brilliant scientist Mr. White is recognized as one of the professors who does not seem to make his ideas understood in class. B) Although he is recognized as one of the most brilliant scientists in his field, Prof. White can not seem to make his ideas understood in his class. C) He is recognized as one of the most brilliant scientists in his field, Mr. White seems to make his ideas understood in his class. D) In spite of his career, Professor White does not seem to make his ideas understood in his class. E) Despite being a brilliant scientist in his field Mr. White is recognized that he can not understand his students. 6) İsrail savaş uçakları tarafından Güney Lübnan'daki bir müslüman köyüne yapılan akşam saldırısı 10 sivilin ölmesine, 15'inin yaralanmasına yol açti. A) An evening raid by Israeli fighter bombers on a Muslim village in Southern Lebanon killed 10 civilians and wounded 15 more. B) Israeli fighter bombers attacked a Muslim village in Southern Lebanon and killed 10 civilians and wounded 15 more. C) A Muslim village in Southern Lebanon was attacked by Israeli fighter bombers and 10 civilians were killed and 15 were wounded. D) In Southern Lebanon, Muslim fighter bombers killed 10 civilians and wounded 15 more in Israel last night. E) In Southern Israel 10 Muslims were killed by fighter bombers and 15 civilians were wounded. 455

7) Başkentteki birçok köpek sahibi, bir toplatmadan daha korktuklarından dolayı, evcil hayvanlarını, kapıda bir ses duydukları zaman sessiz olmaları için eğitiyor. A) The dog owners in the capital are afraid of being roundup, so they train their dogs to be silent when they hear a knock at the door. B) Fearing another roundup many dog owners in the capital are training their pets to be silent when they hear a knock at the door. C) In the capital the dog owners are frightened by the police because of this they train their pets to be silent when someone knocks the door. D) When the dog owners hear a knock at the door, they train their dogs to be silent for another roundup. E) There is a round up, so many dog owners in the capital are training their pets to be silent when someone knock the door. 8) Kendi yaşamlarını başkaları için kurban eden, nefrete, savaşa ve ırk ayrımına karşı mücadele eden insanlar varken, nasıl eski Başkan Clinton'ı ciddi bir şekilde yılın adamı olarak ilan edebilirsiniz? A) How can you announce old President Clinton as man of the year when there are people who have not sacrificed their lives for others, fought against hate, war and discrimination? B) How have you seriously announced ex-President Clinton as man of the week when there were a lot of people who sacrificed their lives for others, fought against hate, war and discrimination? C) How can you sacrifice your life for others fight against hate, war and discrimination when there is a man of the year called President Clinton. D) How can you seriously announce ex-President Clinton as man of the year when there are people who have sacrificed their lives for others, fought against hate, war and discrimination? E) You can not seriously announce old President Clinton as man of the year when there are people who have sacrificed their lives for others. 9) İki olimpiyat altını ve son 119 dünya kupası şampiyonluğunu kazandıktan sonra, dünyanın en iyi kadın kayakçısı beklenmedik bir anda, geçen hafta Salzburg'da emekliliğini ilan etti. A) After winning two Olympic gold and the past three world cup championships, the world's best woman skier unexpectedly announced her retirement last week in Salzburg. B) Last week in Salzburg the world's best woman skier won two Olympic gold and three world cup championships, then she announced her retirement unexpectedly. C) After announcing her retirement last week in Salzburg, the world's best woman skier won two Olympic gold and three world cup championships. D) The world's best woman skier won two Olympic gold and three world cup championships, and she announced her retirement unexpectedly in Salzburg last week. 456

E) Before being the best woman skier she won two Olympic gold medals and three world cup championships, later she announced her retirement unexpectedly in Salzburg last week. 10) Sekreterin görevleri, toplantı tutanağını tutmak, yazışmaları postalamak ve toplantıdan önce üyelere haber vermektir. A) The duties of the secretary are taking the minutes, mailing the correspondence, and calling the members before the meetings B) Among the duties of the secretary, taking the minutes, mailing the correspondence and calling the members before the meetings are the most important ones. C) The basic duties of the secretary are taking the minutes, mailing the correspondence, and calling the members before the meetings D) The secretaries take the minutes, mail the correspondence and call the members before the meetings. E) Taking the minutes, mailing the correspondence, and calling the members before the meetings are the main duties of the secretaries, 11) Mahkum işkence altında kendinden geçti, ama başından aşağı bir kova buz gibi soğuk su döktükleri zaman kendine geldi. A) The safeguard fainted under the torture but came round when they threw a bucket ofwater full of ice. B) The prisoner fainted under the torture but came round when they threw a bucket of icecold water. C) When a bucket of ice-cold water was thrown on the thief, he came round. D) At first, the thief fainted, but later the safeguards threw a bucket of water full of ice he came round. E) The torture made the prisoner dizzy, but later the safeguards threw a bucket of ice-cold water then he came round. 12) Vatikan'ın İsrail'e gönderdiği ilk temsilci Kudüs'deki bir törende, cumhurbaşkanına güven mektubunu sundu. A) The first envoy of the Vatican to Israel presented his credentials to the Prime Minister at a wedding ceremony in Jerusalem B) The first President of Israel presented his credentials to the Vatican's prime Minister at a reception in Jerusalem. C) The Vatican's first President presented his credentials to the Israel's envoy at a reception in Jerusalem. D) Israel's first envoy to Vatican presented his credentials to the president at a farewell party in Jerusalem. E) The Vatican's first envoy to Israel presented his credentials to the president at a 457

reception in Jerusalem. 13) Zacarsky, Varşova'nın eski komunist rejimi lehine bir casus olarak calışırken tutuklandı ve 1981 yılında Birleşik Devletler mahkemesi tarafından casusluk faaliyetlerinden dolayı ömür boyu hapse mahkum edildi. A) Zacharsky, who worked as a spy for Warsaw's former communist regime, was arrested and sentenced by a United States court in 1981 to life imprisonment for espionage. B) While working as a spy for Warsaw's communist regime, Zacharsky was arrested and sentenced by a United States court in 1981- to life imprisonment for espionage. C) While working as a spy for Warsaw, Zacharsky was arrested and sentenced by a United States court in 1981 to life imprisonment for espionage. D) Zacharsky worked as a spy for Warsaw's former communist regime, and was arrested and sentenced by a United States court in 1981 to life imprisonment for espionage. E) While working as a spy for Warsaw's former communist regime, Zacharsky was arrested and sentenced by a United States court in 1981 to life imprisonment for espionage. 14) Mayıs ayından beri dördüncü kez, Alman yetkililer eski Sovyetler Birliği'nden kaçak olarak çıkartılmış olduğu düşünülen plütonyum ele geçirdiler. A) German authorities seized plutonium that appears to have been smuggled out of the Soviet Union for the fourth time since May. B) German authorities have seized plutonium that has been smuggled out of the Soviet Union for the fourth time since May. C) For the fourth time since May, German authorities seized plutonium that appears to have been smuggled out of the former Soviet Union. D) German authorities have seized plutonium that has been smuggled out of the former Soviet Union for the fourth time since May. E) German authorities have seized plutonium that has been smuggled out of the Soviet Union many times since May. 15) Şiddetli yağmurlar, Kamboçya'nın beş eyaletinde en az sekiz köylünün ölümüne neden oldu ve tahminen 50 bin kişiyi evsiz bıraktı. A) Torrential rains in Cambodia left at least eight villagers dead and an estimated 50 thousands homeless. B) Heavy rains in five provinces of Cambodia left at least 50 villagers dead and an estimated eight thousands homeless. C) Heavy rains in Cambodia left at least 50 villagers dead and an estimated eight thousands homeless. D) Torrential rains in five provinces of Cambodia left at least eight villagers dead and an estimated 50 thousands homeless. 458

E) Torrential rains in five villages of Cambodia left at least 50 villagers dead and an estimated eight thousands homeless 16) Bu dergi onbir yaşından küçük çocuklar için basitleştirilmiş resimler içermektedir. A) This magazine contains pictures simplified for children over eleven. B) This magazine, which contains pictures simplified, is for under eleven. C) This magazine contains simplified pictures for children. D) The magazine that contains simplified pictures is for children over eleven. E) This magazine contains pictures simplified for children under eleven. 17) Okuldan kovulan öğrenci başka bir muafiyet sınavına girmeyi reddetti. A) The student dismissed from the school refused to take another exemption test. B) The student dismissed from the school accepted to take another exemption test. . C) The student, who dismissed from the school, wanted to take another exemption test. D) The students who dismissed from the school refused to take exemption tests. E) The student dismissed from the school refused to take exemption test. 18) Onsekizinci yüzyılda Fransızca'ya çevrilen Shakespeare'ın oyunlarının, Fransız edebiyatı üzerinde önemli bir etkisi oldu. A) Shakespeare' splays had an important influence on French literature and they translated into French during the eighteenth century. B) The French translated Shakespeare's plays, which had an important influence on French literature, into French during the eighteenth century. C) Shakespeare's plays, translated into French during the eighteenth century, had an important influence on French literature. D) Shakespeare's plays, which were translated into French during the eighteenth century, an important influence on French literature. E) Shakespeare's plays, which, an important influence on French literature were translated into French during the eighteenth century. 19) Eğitimciler, dil öğretimi yapılan bir sınıfta en ideal bir sayının 17 olduğunda birleşmektedir. A) Educationists agree that the satisfactory size for a language class is 17. B) Educationists agree that the most satisfactory size for a class is 17. C) Educationists agree that the most satisfactory size for a language class is not less than 16 and not more than 14. D) Educationists agree that a satisfactory size for a language class should be 17. E) Educationists agree that the most satisfactory size for a language class is 17.

459

20) Yeryuzünde ortaya çıkan ilk bitkilerin denizde yaşadığı sanılıyor. A) It is supposed that the first plants to appear on earth lived in the sea. B) It is supposed that the first plants to appear on earth lived in the seaside. C) It is supposed that the first plants and animals to appear on earth lived in the sea. D) It is supposed that the first plants on earth lived in the sea. E) It is supposed that the first plants lived in the sea. 21) Sadece yazılı olarak güvenliğim garanti edilirse deneye katılmak için istekli olurum. A) Had my safety been guaranteed in writing I would have been willing to join the experiment. B) Only if my safety is guaranteed in writing am I willing to join the experiment. C) If my safety were guaranteed in writing I would be willing to join the experiment. D) Only if they guarantee my safety in writing am I willing to join the experiment. E) When my safety is guaranteed in writing I am willing to join the experiment. 22) Üniversitelerdeki eğitim fakülteleri, lisansüstü çalışmalarını güncellemek için ciddi bir şekilde çalışırlarsa devlet okulları geliştirilebilir. A) If the departments of education at the universities worked seriously to upgrade their advanced degree programs, the public schools could be improved. B) If the departments of education at the universities had worked seriously to upgrade their advanced degree programs, the public schools could have been improved. C) If the departments of education at the universities had worked seriously to upgrade their advanced degree programs, the public schools could be improved now. D) If the universities work seriously to upgrade their advanced degree programs, the public schools can be improved. E) If the departments of education at the universities work seriously to upgrade their advanced degree programs, the public schools can be improved. 23) Takım kaptanı, ne kendi başarısından ne de takımının çalışmasından memnun değildi. A) Neither the coach nor the team was satisfied with their own achievement and performance. B) Not only the coach but the team was satisfied with their own achievement and performance as well. C) Both the coach and the team were satisfied with their own achievement and performance. D) The coach was satisfied neither with her own achievement nor with the team's performance. E) The coach and the team were not satisfied with their achievement. 24) Nükleer enerji konusundaki konferansa sadece İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'nin 460

hocalarından değil, aynı zamanda onların öğrencilerinden de katılım oldu. A) Both Istanbul Technical University students and their professors are expected to attend the conference on nuclear energy. B) The conference on nuclear energy was attended not only by the professors of Istanbul Technical University but also their students. C) Istanbul Technical University professors and their students attended the conference on nuclear energy. D) Both Istanbul Technical University students and their professors were expected to attend the conference on nuclear energy. E) Neither the Istanbul Technical University students nor professors were expected to attend the conference on nuclear energy. 25) Ruhbilimciler TV'nin, gençlerin okuma ve yazma yetenekleri üzerine ne kadar etkisi olduğunu belirlemeye çalışıyor. A) Psychologists have tried to determine how much effect TV has had on the reading and writing abilities of young children for the last two years. B) Psychologists are trying to determine how much effect TV has on the reading and writing abilities of adults. C) Psychologists tried to determine how much effect TV had on the reading and writing abilities of young children last year. D) Psychologists are trying to decide how much effect TV has on the reading and writing abilities of young children E) Psychologists are trying to determine how much effect TV has on the reading and writing abilities of young children. TRANSLATION TEST– 5 1) Iktidarı ele aldığımda milletin varlık ve arazisinin çoğu küçük bir azınlığın elindeydi. A) When I took power, most of the nation's wealth and land were in the hands of a small minority. B) There was a small minority holding the nation's wealth when I gained all the power. C) Whenever I took power, I noticed that a small minority had had most of the nation's wealth and land. D) Taking power in hand, I noticed most of the nation's wealth and land were in the hands of a small minority. E) When we took power, a small minority's wealth was in the hand of a small minority. 2) Milliyetçilik Karl XII'un bir düşmanıydı çünkü milliyetçilik onun imparatorluğunun çökmesine yol açmıştı. A) Karl XII was aware that nationalism was an enemy because it led to the decline of his 461

empire. B) Nationalism, which led to the decline of his empire, was an enemy of Karl XII. C) Nationalism had been against Karl XII as an enemy because it led to the decline of his empire. D) Nationalism was an enemy of Karl XII because it had led to the decline of his empire. E) Nationalism, which Karl XII declared as his enemy, had led to the decline of his empire. 3) Einstein bombanın geliştirilmesine katılmadı ama fikir onun E=mc2 denkleminden ortaya çıkmıştı. A) Einstein might not have participated in the development of the bomb, but his idea, E=mc2, had caused it. B) Even though Einstein did not take part in developing the bomb, the idea did stem from his equation E=mc2. C) Einstein did not participate in the development of the bomb, but the idea did stem from his equation E=mc2. D) E=mc2, Einstein's idea, caused the bomb to be improved, in fact he did not take part in the development it. E) Einstein's idea E=mc2 was the base of the bomb, he did not contribute in the development of the bomb himself. 4) Ülkemizde silah kontrolüyle ilgili kanunları kendi güvenliğimiz için olmasa bile geleceğimizin güvenliği için bulundurmamız şart. A) We should keep gun control laws in our country either for our safety or for ourselves rather than for the safety of our future. B) Keeping gun control laws in our country is not only for our safety but also for the safety of our future. C) Gun control laws in our country have to be kept either for safety or for ourselves but not for the safety of our future. D) We keep gun control laws in our country and protect ourselves not only for our country but also for the safety of our future. E) It is imperative that we keep gun control laws in our country, if not for the safety of ourselves, then for the safety of our future. 5) Çin halkının komünizme geri dönmeye çalışacağına inanıyorum fakat durdurulacaklar, ya zorla ya da isteyerek. A) Although I believe the Chinese will try to turn back to communism, they will stop, either willingly or by force. B) I'm sure that the Chinese people will turn back to communism which will be stopped, either by force or by will. 462

C) I believe that the Chinese people will try to revert back to communism, but will be stopped, either by force or by will. D) Either willingly or reluctantly, the Chinese will have to try to go back to communism, but they will stop them. E) The Chinese people are going to try to go back to communism, even if they will be stopped, either by force or by will. 6) Bir insanın davranışı genellikle o insanın ussal durumuyla ifade edilebilir. A) The behavior of a person's state of mind can usually be explained by that person. B) The behavior of a person can usually be explained by that person's state of mind. C) The behavior of a person can always express that person's state of mind. D) A person with his behavior can usually explained his state of mind. E) The behavior of a person usually be explains a person's state of mind. 7) Bir şey açıktır ve bu da konunun her iki tarafında da güçlü fikirlerin var olduğudur. A) The only thing that there are strong opinions on both sides of the issue is still clear. B) The thing that there are strong opinions on both sides of the issue seems to be obvious C) One thing is clear and that is there are strong opinions on both sides of the issue. D) One thing is clear when there are strong opinions on both sides of the issue. E) When there are strong opinions on both sides of the issue the only thing is clear. 8) Bu okula gelmeyi gerçekten planlamadım ama geçen yaz olan bir şey tüm bunları değiştirdi. A) I really didn't plan to come to this school until that change happened last summer. B) I didn't intend to come to this school, however something that happened last summer changed it. C) I never planned to come to this school, but what happened last summer changed it. D) Although I really never planned to come to this school, what happened last summer changed all that. E) I really didn't plan to come to this school, but what happened last summer changed all that. 9) Eğer öğrenciler sınıfta konuşurken yakalanırsa öğretmen yıllar önceki gibi kırbaçlayıp dövmez. A) Pupils who are caught talking in class are not whipped or beaten like years ago. B) Pupils might be caught while talking, but the teacher does not whip or beat them in the class like years ago. C) If pupils are caught talking in the class, the teacher does not whip or beat them like years ago. D) Pupils are caught while they are talking in the class, but nobody whips or beats them 463

like years ago. E) Although pupils are caught talking in class, the teacher never whips or beats them like years ago. 10) Temmuz 1961'de, Birleşik Devletler Küba'ya karşı onların düşüşünü hızlandırmayı amaçlayan bir dizi ekonomik saldırıya başladı. A) In July 1961, the U.S. started a series of economic aggressions toward Cuba aimed at accelerating their downfall. B) When the U.S. started a series of economic aggressions toward Cuba In July 1961, they aimed at accelerating their downfall. C) When it was July 1961, the U.S. started a series of economic aggressions toward Cuba and accelerated their downfall. D) In July 1961, when the U.S. started a series of economic aggressions toward Cuba they aimed at accelerating Cuba's downfall. E) The U.S. started a series of economic aggressions toward Cuba in order to accelerate their downfall in July 1961. 11) Araştırmacılar çikolatanın mariyana gibi kanda bazı reaksiyonların aynısını ürettiğini keşfetmiştir. A) Researchers who have discovered chocolate have also produced some of the same reactions in the blood as marijuana. B) According to the investigations chocolate produces some of the same reactions in the blood as marijuana which has been discovered. C) Researchers have discovered that chocolate produces some of the same reactions in the blood as marijuana. D) When researchers discovered that, chocolate produced almost the same reactions in the blood as marijuana. E) According to researchers' studies, chocolate produces some of the same reactions in the blood as marijuana. 12) Ilaç bağımlısı böylesine basit bir şeye öyle öfkelenebilir ki kızgınlığını başka bir kimseden çıkarır. A) The drug dependent has been so irritated that a minor thing that he can take his anger out on another person. B) The drug dependent could become so enraged by such a minor thing that he takes his anger out on another person. C) It could drive the drug user so crazy as to take his anger out on another person. D) The drug dependent has become enraged enough by such a trivial thing as to take his anger out on other people. E) The drug user is enraged and he could take his anger out on another person. 464

13) Bir insan emniyet kemeri takmamaya karar verdiği zaman sadece fiziksel olarak kendisine zarar vermekle kalmaz başka bir yoldan başkalarına da zarar verebilir. A) A person who does not wear a seat belt, both harms himself physically, and others in another way. B) When anyone decides not to wear their seat belts, they can also harm others in a different way. C) When a person decides not to wear a seat belt, not only can he harm himself physically, but he can also harm others in another way. D) When a person has decided to wear a seat belt, he can neither harm himself physically, nor others in some other way. E) A person who does not to wear his seat belt, not only harms himself physically, but he also harms others in another way. 14) Konunun basit gerçeği, bu şirkette sadece bir dil konuşan insanların asla ilerleyemeyeceğidir. A) The simple fact of the firm is that people who speak only one language can never get ahead. B) As a matter of simple fact, people who can speak only one language in the firm can never get ahead. C) The weird fact of this matter is that people should speak at least two languages rather than only one in this firm to get ahead. D) The simple fact of the matter is that people who speak only one language in this firm will never get ahead. E) The simple fact of the language is that people who speak only one language will never get ahead in this firm. 15) Eğer Lübnan'da bir kadının üniversite öğretim derecesi yoksa bir kadın için uygun bir iş bulması çok zordur. A) Unless a woman in Lebanon has a degree from a University, it is very hard for a woman to find a decent work. B) A woman in Lebanon has to get a degree from a University, if it is necessary for her to find a good work. C) Whenever a woman in Lebanon has a university degree, it maybe possible for her to find a good work. D) If women living in Lebanon do not have a certain degree from a University, it is impossible for a woman to find a suitable work. E) Unless women who live in Lebanon have got a degree from a university, it is hardly possible for them to find a decent work.

465

16) Az gelişmiş ülkelerin çoğunu etik, insan hakları, ekonomi, ve yönetim gibi pek çok koruda eğitmek için yardım etmek zorundayız. A) We must help to educate many of the under developed countries on too many issues such as morality, human rights, economics, and government. B) We will have to help to educate a lot of under developed countries on too many issues including morality, human rights, economics, and government. C) Many of the under developed countries have to be educated on too many issues such as morality, human rights, economics, and government. D) We've got to help to educate most of these under developed countries on too many issues in addition to morality, human rights, economics, and government. E) We help to educate too many under developed countries on various issues including morality, human rights, economics, and government. 17) Bu gunlerde ekonomi, işsizlik oranını etkileyen başka bir döneme giriyor. A) The economy nowadays enters another phase that impacts the unemployment rate. B) The economy entered a different phase that impacted the unemployment rate. C) The economy is just entering another phase that impacts the unemployment rate. D) The economy has now been entered another phase that is impacting the unemployment rate. E) The economy has just entered another phase that has been impacting the unemployment rate. 18) Çalışmalar, ayrı büyütülen yumurta ikizlerinin genellikle benzer kişilikleri ve zekâyı paylaştığını göstermiştir. A) Studies have shown that twins who are raised apart often share similar personalities and intelligence. B) Studies have proved that identical twins who are raised apart sometimes share similar characteristics and intelligence. C) Results of the studies show twins growing apart often share the same personalities and intelligence. D) According to the authorities identical twins who are raised apart usually share similar personalities and intelligence. E) Studies of twins who are grown up apart have shown that they always share the same personalities and intelligence. 19) Ben şahsen bu psikopatın cezalandırılması gerektiğine inanıyorum ve onun hak ettiği tek şey bir elektrikli sandalyedir. A) I believe that a psychopath has to be punished, and the thing he deserves is an electric chair. B) I personally think that this psychopath should be punished, and the only thing that he 466

deserves is an electric chair. C) I personally believe that a psychopath must be punished because what he deserves is an electric chair. D) I personally think that this psychopath should be punished sufficiently, and he has deserved an electric chair. E) In my opinion this psychopath has to be punished enough, and he only deserves an electric chair. 20) Gerçek bir eğitimsel geçmişi olmayan ebeveynler kendi çocuklarına öğretirken kendilerini eğitirler. A) Educationally really ignorant parents in fact educate themselves while they are teaching their children. B) Parents who do not have a proper educational background educate themselves while they are teaching their children. C) Parents who usually have no proper educational background also educate themselves while they are teaching their children. D) Parents of the children who have an educationally poor background educate themselves as long as they teach their children. E) Teaching their children also helps parents who do not have a proper educational background. 21) Doğru cevabın orada bir yerde, hemen sınav kağıdının üzerinde, sizin onu bulmanızı beklediğini hatırlayın. A) Remember that the correct answer is there, somewhere, right on the exam page, waiting for you to find it. B) Don't forget that the correct answer is there, somewhere, right on the exam page, you can find it. C) Remember that the correct answer is right on the exam page, waiting for you to find it. D) Don't forget that the correct answer is right on the exam page, waiting for you to find it. E) Don't forget that the correct answers are right on the exam page, waiting for you to find them. 22) Çevresel ve ekolojik konulara dikkat çekmek için konulan Dünya Günü'nün 30.'su kutlandı. A) The 30th of the Earth Day which established to focus attention on environmental and ecological issues is celebrated. B) The 30th Earth Day was established to draw focus on environmental and ecological issues, which is celebrated. C) The 30th Earth Day, which was established to focus attention on environmental and ecological issues, is celebrated. 467

D) The 30th World Day, which was established to draw attention on environmental and ecological issues, is congratulated. E) The 30th World Day, which is founded to focus attention on environmental and ecological issues, has been celebrated. 23) Tüm istedikleri yalnız bırakılmak ama Borneo orangutanları yok olma ile karşı karşıyalar. A) All they want is to be alone, but the orang-utans of Borneo are in the face of contamination. B) All of their desire is being alone, however, the orang-utans of Borneo are in danger of extinction. C) All they want is to remain single, but the orang-utans of Borneo are in peril of disappearing. D) All they want is to be left alone, but the orang-utans of Borneo are in peril of disappearing. E) All they want is being left single, but the orang-utans of Borneo are in danger of extinction. 24) AIDS'nin olası nedenlerine ilişkin, son zamanlarda oldukça çok araştırma yapıldı. A) Research was done some time ago on the possible causes of AIDS. B) Experts have been doing research on the possible causes of AIDS. C) Recently a great deal of experts have done some researches on the possible causes of AIDS. D) A great deal of research has been done recently on the possible causes in AIDS. E) The possible causes of AIDS have been researched by many experts. 25) Belediye tarafindan, yeni bir metro projesi ile ilgili olarak ozel bir araştirma yapilmasina karar verildi. A) Municipality has decided that a special inquiry should be held about the new subway project. B) The new subway project has been decided to be held out by the municipality. C) A special inquiry should be held about the new subway project by the municipality. D) They have decided that municipality should hold a special inquiry about the new subway project. E) It has been decided by the municipality that a special inquiry should be held about the new subway project. TRANSLATION TEST – 7

468

1) Günümüz dünyasında kişisel güvenliğimiz büyük oranda ekonomik güvencemizdir. A) In the world today, our personal security is largely our financial security. B) In today's world, our personal security is largely our financial security. C) In today's world, your personal security is largely your financial security. D) In the world today, personal security means having a large financial security. E) In today's world, if you have enough money, it means that you are in secure. 2) Benim iyi hayat anlayışım, ilginç bir iş, yeterli para ve çok spor yapmaktır. A) In my opinion a good life involves having an interesting work, enough money, and plenty of exercise. B) Having an interesting work, enough money, and plenty of exercise are my ideal life. C) What I think about ideal life is that having an interesting work, enough money, and plenty of exercise. D) To me an ideal life should have an interesting work, enough money and plenty of exercise. E) My idea of a good life is interesting work, enough money, and plenty of exercise. 3) Çocukların, bu tür sürekli tekrarlanan şiddete karşı bağışıklığı olduğuna inanmak, gelişim psikolojisinin en temel ilkelerini gözardı etmektir. A) To consider that children are immune to such constantly repeated violence is to ignore the basic principles of developmental psychology. B) To believe that children are not immune to such constantly repeated violence is to ignore the most basic principles of developmental psychology. C) To know that children are immune to such constantly repeated violence is to ignore the most basic principles of developmental psychology. D) To believe that children are immune to such constantly repeated violence is to ignore the most basic principles of developmental psychology. E) To propose that children are immune to such constantly repeated violence is to ignore the most basic principles of developmental psychology. 4) Herhangi bir çocuk size Robin Hood'un fakirlere para vermek için zenginleri soyan soylu bir haydut ve kahraman olduğunu söyleyecektir. A) Any kid will tell you that Robin Hood was a noble bandit who robbed the rich in order to give the poor. B) Any kid will tell you that Robin Hood was a hero who robbed the rich in order to give the poor. C) Any kid will tell you that Robin Hood was a hero, a noble bandit who robbed the rich in order to give the poor. D) Any kid will tell you that Robin Hood was a noble hero who robbed the rich in order to 469

give the poor. E) Any kid will tell you that Robin Hood robbed the rich in order to give the poor because he was a hero and a noble bandit. 5) Kızkardeşim altı yıl İstanbul'da yaşadıktan sonra Bodrum'da küçük bir şirkette kendisine iş teklif edildiğinde ideal bir yaşamla karşılaştığını düşündü. A) My sister lived in Istanbul for six years, and then she was offered a job at a small company in Bodrum, so she thought that it was the ideal life. B) For six years, my sister has been living in Istanbul but last week she was offered a job at a small company in Bodrum, so she thinks that it is the ideal life. C) After six years in a job at a small company in Bodrum, my sister thought to live in Istanbul would be her ideal life. D) After six years in Istanbul, my sister thought she had stumbled onto the ideal life when offered a job at a small company in Bodrum. E) My sister lived in Bodrum for six years, and then she was offered a job at company in Istanbul, so she thought that it was the ideal life. 6) Dünyanın en ünlü ve konusunda uzman bilimadamlarından ikisi canlıların doğası konusundaki çağdaş düşüncelerini geliştirmek amacıyla bir kitap yazmak için işbirliği yapıyorlar. A) Two famous and literate scientists collaborate to produce a book aimed at expanding contemporary ideas about the nature of living things. B) Two of the world's most famous and literate scientists collaborate to produce a book aimed at expanding contemporary ideas about the nature of living things. C) The world's two famous and literate scientists collaborate to produce a book aimed at expanding contemporary ideas about the nature of living things. D) Two of the world's most famous scientists collaborate to produce a book aimed at expanding contemporary ideas about the nature of living things. E) Two of the world's most famous and literate scientists collaborate to produce an encyclopaedia aimed at expanding contemporary ideas about the nature of living things. 7) Albert Einstein, çalışmalarını en iyi bilen kişiler tarafından yirminci yüzyılın en büyük dehası olarak tanımlanır. A) Albert Einstein is known as the greatest mind of the twentieth century. B) Some scientists who produce the best experiments in the world call Albert Einstein as the greatest mind of the twentieth century. C) Albert Einstein is called the greatest mind of the twentieth century by those who know his work best. D) A few of the twentieth century's best scientists declare that Albert Einstein is the greatest mind. 470

E) Many of the scientists who produce good experiments declare that Albert Einstein is the greatest mind of the twentieth century. 8) Bira içmek bazı üniversite öğrencileri için bir hayat tarzı, diğerleri için de bir kaçış yolu olmuştur. A) Beer drinking has become a way of life for some college students and a means of escape for others. B) Beer drinking has become a way of life for college students and a means of escape for others. C) For some college students beer drinking has become a way of life and a means of escape. D) Beer drinking was a way of life for some college students and a means of escape for others many years ago. E) Beer drinking has been a way of life for some college students who have been away from their family and a means of escape for others for years. 9) Bir yıldan fazla süren ve pasta yeme, bebek öpme, konuşma yapma ve bağış toplamayı içeren siyasi kampanyalardan sonra, adayların seçim sonuçlanır sonuçlanmaz dinlenmeye başlayacaklarını düşünebilirsiniz. A) After political campaigns that last more than a year and that involve pie-eating and baby kissing, speech making and fund raising, you might think that candidates could begin relaxing once the election results are in. B) After political campaigns that last more than a few years and that involve pie-eating and baby kissing, speech making and fund raising, you might think that candidates could begin relaxing once the election results are in. C) Before political campaigns that last more than a year and that involve pie-eating and baby kissing, speech making and fund raising, you might think that candidates could begin relaxing once the election results are in. D) After political campaigns that last more than a year and that involve pie-eating and baby kissing, speech making and fund raising, one might think that candidates could begin relaxing once the election results are in. E) Before political campaigns that last more than a year and that involve pie-eating and baby kissing, speech making and fund raising, one might think that candidates could begin relaxing once the election results are in. 10) TV ekranı takılmış daktiloya benzeyen mikrobilgisayar, eletronik ev aletlerine en son katılan cihazdır. A) A microcomputer, the most recent addition to home electronic equipment, resembles a typewriter when you attach a TV screen. B) A microcomputer resembling a typewriter with an attached TV screen is a recent 471

addition to home electronic equipment. C) A microcomputer, which resembles a typewriter with an attached TV screen, is more recent addition to home electronic equipment than others. D) A microcomputer resembling a typewriter with an attached TV screen is the most recent addition to home electronic equipment. E) A microcomputer is the most recent addition to home electronic equipment that resembles a typewriter with an attached TV screen. 11) Çağdaş endüstriyel gelişmeyi doğal çevrenin yok edilmesinden dolayı suçlamaya o kadar alıştık ki daha az karmaşık araçlar tarafından verilen zarar bazen gözardı ediyoruz. A) They are so used to blaming modern industrial growth for the destruction of the natural environment that they sometimes overlook the damage done by less sophisticated means. B) We are so used to blaming modem industrial growth for the destruction of the natural environment that we sometimes overlook the damage done by less sophisticated means. C) We are used to blaming modern industrial growth for the destruction of the natural environment so that we sometimes overlook the damage done by less sophisticated means. D) You are so used to blaming modern industrial growth for the destruction of the natural environment that you sometimes overlook the damage done by less sophisticated means. E) We used to blame modern industrial growth for the destruction of the natural environment that we would sometimes overlook the damage done by less sophisticated means. 12) Bilimadamlarının uzun süredir doğadaki karşılıklı yakın ilişkileri bilmesine rağmen, bir hayvanın neslinin tükenmesinin bir bitkinin azalmasına neden olabileceğini daha yeni öğrendiler. A) Although scientists know of the close interrelationship in nature, they only leam that the extinction of an animal may cause the decline of a plant. B) Although scientists have long known of the interrelationship in nature, they have only learned that the extinction of an animal may cause the decline of a plant. C) Although scientists have long known of the close interrelationship in nature, they have only recently learned that the extinction of an animal may cause the decline of a plant. D) Although the researchers have long known of the close interrelationship in nature, they have only recently learned that the extinction of an animal may cause the decline of a plant. E) Although the scientist has long known of the close interrelationship in nature, he has only recently learned that the extinction of an animal may cause the decline of a plant. 13) 1970'lı yılların sonları, popüler müziğe cok farklı coğrafi ve külturel etkilerin birleşimini getirdi. A) 1970s brought to pop music fusion of radically different geographical and cultural 472

influences. B) The early 1970s brought to pop music fusion of radically different geographical and cultural influences. C) The late 1970s brought to folk music fusion of radically different geographical and cultural influences. D) The late 1970s brought to pop music fusion of radically different geographical and cultural influences. E) The mid 1970s brought to pop music fusion of radically different geographical and cultural influences. 14) Her toplumsal rol, toplumsal olarak tanımlanımş bir dizi davranış, alışkanlık, zorunluluk ve ayrıcalık, yani kısaca toplumsal bir yaşama tarzı içerir. A) None of the social status includes a socially prescribed set of expected behaviours, attitudes, obligations and privileges -in short, a social life. B) Every social status excludes a socially prescribed set of expected behaviours, attitudes, obligations and privileges -in short, a social life. C) Every social status includes a socially prescribed set of expected behaviours, attitudes, obligations and privileges -in short, a social life. D) None of the social status abolishes a socially prescribed set of expected behaviours, attitudes, obligations and privileges -in short, a social life. E) Every social Status includes a socially prescribed set of expected behaviours, attitudes, obligations and privileges -in short, a social life. 15) Yaşlı adamın kitap ciltlerini doldurabilecek anılarından başka hiçbir şeyi, ama hiçbir şeyi kalmamıştı. A) The old man had nothing left, nothing except memories capable of filling volumes of books. B) The old man has nothing left, nothing except memories capable of filling volumes of books. C) The old man has nothing left, nothing but memories capable of filling volumes of books. D) The old man had nothing left, nothing except memories capable of filling volumes of magazines. E) The man had nothing left, nothing except memories capable of filling volumes of books. 16) Gizli servisin bir yöneticisi bir keresinde bilgi toplamadaki işinin yakışıksız olan şeyleri olabildiğince uygun şekilde yapmayı gerektirdiğini söyledi. A) A director of secret service says that his job in collecting information involves doing the indecent things as decently as possible. 473

B) A director of secret service once said that his job in collecting information involved doing the indecent things as decently as possible. C) A spy of secret service once said that his job in collecting information involved doing the indecent things as decently as possible. D) A spy of secret service says that his job in collecting information involves doing the indecent things as decently as possible. E) A director of secret service once said that collecting information involved doing the indecent things as decently as possible. 17) Daha etkili ve başarılı ekonomik işbirliği için en önemli önkoşullardan biri, belli ki etkili bir iletişim sistemidir. A) One of the important prerequisites for more effective and successful cooperation is an efficient telecommunication system. B) The most important prerequisites for more effective and successful economic cooperation is obviously an efficient telecommunication system. C) One of the most important prerequisites for more effective and successful economic cooperation is obviously an efficient telecommunication system. D) The prerequisite for more effective and successful economic cooperation is obviously an efficient telecommunication system. E) One of the prerequisites for more effective and successful cooperation is obviously an efficient telecommunication system. 18) Agatha Christie, hiçbirisi kendisinin ortadan kaybolmasından daha gizemli olmayan sayısız esrarengiz öykülerin yazarı olarak dünyaca ün kazandı. A) Agatha Christie was world famous as the author of numerous mystery tales, however, her own disappearance is more mysterious than her tales. B) Agatha Christie earned a lot of money as an author from her numerous mystery tales, but one day suddenly, she disappeared. C) Agatha Christie had world renown as the author of mystery tales, none of which is more mysterious than that of her own disappearance. D) Agatha Christie earned world renown as the author of numerous mystery tales, none of which is more mysterious than that of her own disappearance. E) Agatha Christie, who disappeared suddenly one day, earned world renown as the author of numerous mystery tales. 19) Ruhbilimciler, saldırgan kişilikler, sert nesneler çizerken, ders notlarının üzerine evler çizen öğrencilerin güvenlik özlemi çektiklerini öne sürdüler. A) Psychologists said that students who draw houses on their lecture notes yearn for security, while aggressive personalities draw sharp objects. B) Psychologists claim that students who draw houses on their lecture notes yearn for 474

security, while aggressive personalities draw sharp objects. C) Psychologists proposed that students who draw houses on their lecture notes yearn for security, while aggressive personalities draw sharp objects. D) Psychologists claimed that students who draw houses on lecture notes yearn for security, while aggressive personalities draw sharp objects. E) Psychologists thought that students who draw houses on their lecture notes yearn for security, while aggressive personalities draw sharp objects. 20) Hiç süphesiz, Mustafa Kemal Paşa çağdaş dünya tarihindeki en büyük insanlardan birisidir. A) Without doubt, Mustafa Kemal Pasha is one of the greatest figures in contemporary world history. B) Without doubt, Mustafa Kemal Pasha is the greatest figure in contemporary world history. C) Without doubt, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was one of the greatest figures in contemporary world history. D) Without doubt, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was the greatest figure in contemporary world history. E) Without doubt, Mustafa Kemal Pasha is a great figure in contemporary world history. 21) Akşam haberinde hava durumunu sunan kişi, doğru bir hava tahmini verebilmek için uydu ve radarlardan alınmış tüm bilgileri elinde tutabilir. A) The weatherperson on the evening news may have all the information from radar and satellites to give an accurate forecast. B) The weatherperson on the morning news may have all the information from radar and satellites to give an accurate forecast. C) The weatherperson on the evening news has all the information from radar and satellites to give an accurate forecast. D) The weatherperson on the late news may have all the information from radar and satellites to be able to give an accurate forecast. E) The weatherperson on the afternoon news may have all the information from radar and satellites to give an accurate forecast. 22) Çok soğuk hatta dondurucu havada donmuş el ve ayak parmaklarını tedavi etmenin yöntemi, onları yavaşça yeniden ısıtmak veya kar ile ovmaktır. A) A method of treating frozen fingers and toes in very cold even freezing weather is to slowly re-warm them or rub them with snow. B) Frozen fingers and toes in very cold and freezing weather are treated by re-warming and rubbing slowly. C) It is suggested that if you have a frozen finger or a toe you should re-warm it or rub 475

with snow. D) There is a method to rewarm or nib the frozen fingers or toes in a very cold even freezing weather. E) It is said that if your fingers or toes are frozen in cold or frozen weather you ought to re-warm or rub with snow slowly. 23) Başarılı ve başarısız insanların her ikisi de şans ve insan ilişkilerinin, başarının temel öğeleri olduğunu kabul etseler de, bu etmenleri farklı yorumlayabilirler. A) Both successful people and failures agree that luck and connections are the main ingredients of success, however they view these factors differently. B) Not only successful people but also failures agree that luck and connections are the main ingredients of success, they never view these factors differently. C) Either successful people or failures agree that luck and connections are the main ingredients of success, they may view these factors differently. D) Although successful people and failures both agree that luck and connections are the main ingredients of success, they view these factors differently. E) Neither successful people nor failures agree that luck and connections are the main ingredients of success, they view these factors in th same way. 24) Batı edebiyatında iki temel simge vardır, saflığı ve hayatı simgeleyen aydınlık ve ölüm ve çöküşü simgeleyen karanlık. A) There are two symbols in Western literature, light, which signifies purity and life, and dark, which signifies corruption and death. B) There are two elementary symbols in Western literature, light, which signifies purity and life, and dark, which signifies corruption and death. C) There are two symbols in Western literature, one is light, which signifies purity and life, and the other is dark, which signifies corruption and death. D) Western literature has two symbols, one is light, which signifies purity and life, and the other is dark, which signifies corruption and death. E) Western literature has two symbols; light, which signifies purity and life, and dark, which signifies corruption and death. 25) Çoğu insan arkeolojik araştırmaları geçmişin zaferlerini gün ışığına çıkarma amacını güden büyüleyici hazine avları olarak düşünür. A) Some people think of archaeological expeditions as fascinating treasure hunts to uncover the glories of the past. B) Most people know archaeological expeditions as fascinating treasure hunts to uncover the glories of the past. C) People know archaeological expeditions as fascinating treasure hunts to uncover the glories of the past. 476

D) Most people think of archaeological expeditions as fascinating treasure hunts to uncover the glories of the past. E) Very few people people know archaeological expeditions as fascinating treasure hunts to uncover the glories of the past. TRANSLATION TEST– 8 1) Lindbergh, bilgi, deneyim, kararlılık ve şansı sayesinde Atlantiği durmaksızın geçmede başarılı oldu. A) Lindbergh failed to fly nonstop across the Atlantic because of his knowledge, his inexperience, his carelessness, arid his luck. B) Lindbergh was unsuccessful in flying non-stop across the Atlantic as he lacked of his knowledge, his experience , his thoroughness, and his luck. C) Lindbergh was successful in flying non-stop across the Atlantic because of his comprehension, his familiarity , his diligence, and his. fate. D) Lindbergh was unbeaten in flying non-stop across the Atlantic because of his knowledge, his experience , his thoroughness, and his luck. E) Lindbergh was successful in flying non-stop across the Atlantic because of his knowledge, his experience , his thoroughness, and his luck. 2) Cinsiyet ve yaş beden eğitimine engel değildir. A) Sex and age are barriers to physical training. B) Sex and age are not barriers to physical training any more. C) Sex and age are barriers to physical training from now on. D) Sex and age have been barriers to physical training up to now. E) Sex and age are no barriers to physical training. 3) Sağlıkları elverişsiz olan ortayaşlı koşucular, uygun tavsiyeler almaksızın, koşuya başlarlarsa kalp krizine zemin hazırlayabilirler. A) Middle-aged joggers in poor health condition may be setting off heart attacks if they begin without proper advice. B) Young joggers in poor health condition may be setting off heart attacks if they begin without proper advice. C) Middle-aged joggers in good health condition may be setting off heart attacks if they begin without proper advice. D) Middle-aged joggers in poor health condition may be setting off heart attacks if they begin proper advice. E) Young joggers in good health condition may be setting off heart attacks if they begin without proper advice. 4) Yazılı anlatımınızı geliştirmenin benim bildiğim en etkili yolu, düzenli olarak serbest 477

yazı çalışmaları yapmaktır. A) One of the most effective ways I know to improve your writing is to do free writing exercises regularly. B) A more effective way I know to improve your writing is to do free writing exercises regularly. C) The most effective way I know to improve your writing is to do free writing exercises regularly. D) The most effective ways I know to improve your writing are to do free writing exercises and reading regularly. E) An effective way I know to improve your writing is to do free writing exercises regularly. 5) Kelimelerin, farklı cümle yapılarında, nasıl farklı anlamlar aldıklarını anlamak çok önemlidir. A) It is very good to understand how words change their meanings in different contexts. B) It is very important to understand how words can change their meanings in different contexts. C) Understanding how words change their meanings in different contexts is important. D) How words can change their meanings in different contexts is very important. E) Some words can be understandable when they change their meanings in some contexts. 6) John Lennon, daha önceden kendisi için bir albüm kapağını imzaladığı genç bir adam tarafından, New York'daki evinin önünde öldürüldu. A) John Lennon was murdered in New York by a young man for whom he has autographed a record sleeve. B) A young man murdered John Lennon since he hadn't autographed a record sleeve outside his New York apartment. C) John Lennon was murdered outside his New York apartment by a young man for whom he had earlier autographed a record sleeve. D) John Lennon murdered a young man for whom he had earlier autographed a record sleeve outside his New York apartment. E) A young man was murdered outside his apartment in New York by John Lennon for whom he hadn't earlier autographed a record sleeve. 7) Sınav gününden önceki gece, giysileriniz, kalemleriniz ve giriş kartlarınız gibi ihtiyacınız olacak herşeyi temin ediniz. A) On the examination day, lay out all the things you will need such as clothing, pencils and admission cards. B) On the night prior to the examination day, you should have prepared all the things you needed such as clothing, pencils and admission cards. 478

C) On the night prior to the examination day, lay out all the things you will need such as clothing, pencils and admission cards. D) On the night prior to the examination day, you had better put on the table things you will need such as clothing, pencils and admission cards. E) On the examination night, lay out all the things you will need such as clothing, pencils and admission cards. 8) Siyasi konuların, seçmenlerin kararları üzerinde büyük bir rol oynamadığı şaşırtıcı değildir. A) It is so surprising that political issues play an affective role in voters' decision. B) It is not surprising that political issues do not play a very large role in voters' decisions. C) Policy issues surprise that voters' decisions are affected by the politicians. D) Voters have a very great role that they can play like politicians. E) Policy issues don't surprise that voters' decisions are effected by the politicians. 9) Üretimdeki artışa rağmen, tüketimdeki artış mısır ithalatını gerekli kıldı. A) The maize imports are growing so rapidly that we have to consume maize at the same rate. B) The consumption of maize increasing so we must stop exporting it. C) Although the production is growing we necessarily import maize. D) The increase in consumption has made maize import necessary in spite of growing production. E) Despite increasing consumption of maize we have to grow production. 10) Tarih araştırmaları, toplumbilimcilere, zaman içerisinde yerlesmiş gelenekler, öbekler ve toplumlarda meydana gelen değişimleri inceleme olanağını tanır. A) Historical studies enable sociologists and psychologists to examine the changes that take place in institutions, groups and societies in the course of time. B) Historical studies enable sociologists to perceive the changes that take place in institutions, groups and societies in the course of time. C) Historical studies enable sociologists and psychologists to recognize the changes that take place in institutions, groups and societies in the course of time. D) Historical studies enable sociologists to examine the changes that take place in institutions, groups and societies in the course of time. E) Historical studies enable sociologists to identify the changes that take place in institutions, groups and societies in the course of time. 11) Toplumsal etkileşim, insanların başkalarına uyum sağlama ve birbirlerinin davranışına göre hareket etme işlemidir. A) Social interaction is the misfortune of people orienting themselves to others and acting 479

in response to each other's behavior. B) Social interaction is the process of people orienting themselves to others and acting in response to each other's behavior. C) Social conflict is the process of people orienting themselves to others and acting in response to each other's behavior. D) Social disobedience is the process of people orienting themselves to others and acting in response to each other's behavior. E) Social skepticism is the process of people orienting themselves to others and acting in response to each other's behavior. 12) Bazı açılardan, çocukluk ve yetişkinlik arasındaki fark ortadan kayboluyor. A) In some respects, the line between childhood and adulthood is emerging. B) In some respects, the line between childhood and adulthood is fading. C) In some respects, the line between childhood and adulthood is appearing. D) In some respects, the line between childhood and adulthood is coming into sight. E) In some respects, the line between childhood and adulthood is stimulating. 13) Istanbul'da yorgancıların sayısı bugün 200'ü geçmiyor ama bundan on, on bes yıl kadar önce ise, Istanbul Yorgancı ve Hallaç Esnaf Sanatkarları Odası'na kayıtlı 1200 üye vardı. A) Today there are about two hundred traditional quilt makers left in Istanbul, yet just ten or fifteen years ago Istanbul's Chamber of Quitters had 1200 members. B) In Istanbul there were about two hundred traditional quilt makers ten or fifteen years ago, but now Istanbul's Chamber of Quilters have 1200 members. C) There were about two hundred traditional quilt makers ten or fifteen years ago in Istanbul, but now Istanbul's Chamber of Quilters have 1200 members. D) In Istanbul there were about two hundred traditional quilt makers ten or fifteen years ago, however today there are 1200 members registered in Istanbul's Chamber of Quilters. E) Today there are about 1200 traditional quilt makers left in Istanbul, yet just ten or fifteen years ago, Istanbul's Chamber of Quilters had two hundred members. 14) Sınavdaki bazı sorular, öğrencilerin okuma anlama ve harita, grafik ve tablo çöziimlemesi becerilerini ölçer. A) Some of the questions on the examination test the skills of the students in reading comprehension and in interpreting maps, graphs, and charts. B) The questions on the examination test the skills of the students in reading comprehension and in interpreting maps, graphs, and charts. C) The questions on the examination test how skilful the students are in reading comprehension and in interpreting maps, graphs, and charts. D) Some questions on the examination test the skills of the students in reading 480

comprehension and in interpreting maps, graphs, and charts. E) The questions on the examination test the skills of the students in reading comprehension, writing, listening and in interpreting maps, graphs, and charts. 15) Çocuklar yangın çıkardılar. Herhalde kibritle oynuyorlardı. A) The fire started because the children were playing with matches. B) In order to start the fire, the children played with matches. C) The children started the fire. They should have played with matches. D) The children were playing with matches when the fire started. E) The children started a fire. They must have been playing with matches. 16) Sanırım uzun süredir yağmur yağıyor. Su seviyesi çok yüksek. A) It must have been raining for a long time. The water level is very high. B) The water level gets high when there is a rain. C) It has been raining for a long time and the water level is getting high. D) It has been raining for a long time but the water level is high. E) The water level is very high because of the rain. 17) Şemsiyeni alman gerekirdi çünkü yağmur yağıyor. A) Take your umbrella in case it rains, B) Why don't you take your umbrella because it may rain, C) You should have taken your umbrella because it is raining, D) You may have taken your umbrella because it is raining, E) If it rains, take your umbrella. 18) Dersimizin saat 3:00 de başlaması gerekiyor. A) Our class begins at 3:00. B) Our class is supposed to begin at 3:00. . C) Our class was supposed to begin at 3:00. D) I think our class is going to begin at 3:00. E) Our class is likely to begin at 3:00. 19) Türkiye'de bir erkeğin bir anda birden fazla karısının olmazına izin veriliyor mu? A) In Turkey, is it permitted that a man may have more than one wife at one time? B) Do they allow you to have more than one wife from time to time in Turkey? C) Can you have more than one wife at a time in Turkey? D) Is a man allowed to have more than one wife at a time in Turkey? E) In Turkey, can a person be permitted to have more than one wife at a time9

481

20) Doktoru kendisini fazla zorlamadan egzersiz yapmasına izin verdi. A) If he wants, he can do exercises moderately B) Moderate exercises are allowed to do by the doctor, C) His doctor allowed him to exercise moderately, D) His doctor allows him to exercise moderately, E) His doctor will allow him to exercise moderately. 21) Sınava sözlüğünüzle giremezsiniz. A) Even if you want to, you can't bring your dictionary to the exam, B) Why don't you bring your dictionary to the exam, C) You cannot bring your dictionary to the exam, D) It is possible to bring your dictionary to the exam, E) You may never bring your dictionary to the exam. 22) Ödevimi bitiremedim. A) I wasn't able to finish my homework, B) I was able to finish my homework, C) I am likely to finish my homework, D) I might have finished my homework, E) I could have finished my homework. 23) Debbie ne biyoloji dersine giriyor, ne de laboratuvara gidiyor. A) Debbie didn't want to attend the biology lecture and she didn't go to the laboratory. B) Debbie neither attends the biology lecture nor goes to the laboratory, C) Debbie neither attended the biology lecture or goes to the laboratory, D) Debbie neither attended the biology lecture nor went to the laboratory, E) Debbie both attended the biology lecture and went to the laboratory. 24) Arabaların herbirinin değişik bir tasarımı var. A) All the cars had a different design, B) Each of the cars has a different design, C) Each of the cars will have a different design.' D) Both of the cars have a different design, E) Neither of the cars has a different design.

25) Ya Timmy, ya Marienne gelecek, ama her ikisi birden gelmeyecek. A) Neither Timmy nor Marrienne will come. B) Both Timmy and Marrienne will not come. 482

C) Either Timmy or Marrienne will have come, but not both of them. D) Either Timmy or Marrienne will come, but not both of them. E) Timmy or Marrienne will come, but not both of them. TRANSLATION TEST – 9 1) Jack sınavın sonuçlarıyla ne ilgilendi, ne de o konuda bir kaygı duydu. A) Jack neither worries nor cares about the results of the exam, B) Jack neither worried nor cared about the results of the exam, C) Jack either worried or cared about the results of the exam, D) Jack both worried and cared about the results of the exam, E) Jack didn't worry and care about the results of the exam. 2) Ülkemizde inşaat sektöründe çalışanların yıllık gelirleri nedir? A) Can you tell me the annual income of workers in the building trades in your country? B) What is the annual income of workers in the building trades in your country? C) Do you know the annual income of workers in the building trades in your country? D) Did you know the annual income of workers in building trades in your country? E) Do you mind telling me the annual income of workers in building trades in your country. 3) Öğretmenimiz ders sırasında sakız çiğnememize izin vermiyor. A) Our teachers want us to chew gums in the class, B) Our teacher likes chewing gums, C) Our teacher doesn't permit us to chew gum in class, D) Our teacher didn't permit us to chew gum in the class, E) Our teacher chews gum in the class. 4) Tim dün akşam geç saate kadar gelmedi. Kız arkadaşıyla birlikte zaman geçirmiş olabilir. A) Tim came home late last night because he was spending Time with his girlfriend. B) In spite of spending Time with his girlfriend, Tim didn't come home late, C) Tim didn't come home until late last night because he spent his Time with his girlfriend, D) Tim didn't come home until late last night. He may have been spending Tim with his girlfriend, E) Tim didn't come home until late last night. Perhaps he spent Time with his girlfriend. 5) Öğretmenler de hata yapabilir. A) Teachers can make mistakes too. 483

B) Teachers can also have made mistakes. C) Teachers will make mistakes too. D) Teachers are going to make mistakes too. E) Teachers may have made mistakes too. 6) Tim'ı dün arayabilirdim ama meşgul olduğunu düşündüm. A) I called Tim yesterday, but she was busy. B) If she weren't busy yesterday, I would have called Tim. C) I could have called Tim, if she hadn't been busy. D) I could have called Tim yesterday, but I thought she was busy. E) I may have called Tim yesterday, but I thought she was busy. 7) Yoldaki tümseği görmeyebilirdim ama Sam henüz zaman varken dikkatimi çekti. A) I didn't notice the bump in the rood, but Sam pointed it out before it was too late, B) If Sam hadn't pointed it out it was going to be too late because I didn't notice the bump in the road, C) I might not have noticed the bump in the road, but Sam pointed it out before it was too late. D) As I didn't notice the bump in the road, Sam pointed it out to me. E) It was too late when Sam pointed the bump in the road, because I didn't notice it. 8) Üniversite 3. sınıf öğrencisi olan Bern, bu ay yapması gerekenlere ilişkin bir liste hazırlamış. A) Bern is supposed to do a list of all the things at the university, who is a Junior, B) Bern, who is a junior at the university, has made a list of all the things is supposed to do this month, C) Junior Bern is supposed to do a list of all the things at the university this month, D) This month, Bern, who is supposed to do things, is a junior at the university, E) University junior Bern is supposed to do a list of all the things this month. 9) Bayan Adams ben gelmeden önce biyoloji dersini vermişti. A) Miss Adams had given the biology lecture before I arrived, B) I arrived and Miss Adams had given the biology lecture, C) Biology lecture was given when I arrived, D) After I had arrived, Miss Adams gave the biology lecture, E) Miss Adams didn't give the biology lecture until I arrived. 10) Bu kurs bittiğinde İngilizce konusunda herşeyi öğrenmiş olacak mısınız? A) Will you have learned everything about English by the end of this course? B) Will you learn everything about English at the end of this course? 484

C) You will have learned everything about English by the end of this course. D) Why will you have learned everything about English? E) Must you have learned everything about English by the end of this course? 11) Bu kursu bitirdiğinizde ne kadar süredir İngilizce öğreniyor olacaksınız? A) By the end of this course, how long had you been studying English? B) How long have you been studying English? C) By the Time you finish this course, how long will you study English? D) How long will you have been studying English by the Time you finish this course? E) When did you start studying English and when will you have finished this course? 12) Bir seyahate çıkılmadan önce yapılacak pek çok iş var. A) You must take care of many things while going on a trip, B) If you are leaving on a trip, you must take care of many things, C) Before leaving on a trip, there are many things to take care of., D) After leaving on a trip, there are many things to take care of. E) Many things must have been cared of, before leaving on a trip. 13) Üç kere denedikten sonra Connie nihayet direksiyon sınavını geçti. A) In order to pass her driver's test, Connie tried three Times, B) Connie tried her driver's test three Times and finally passed, C) After trying three Times, Connie finally passed her driver's test, D) If Connie tried her driver's test three Times, she would pass it. E) Connie would have passed her driver's lest, if she had tried. 14) Uzakta oturmasaydı annem bizi daha sık ziyaret ederdi. A) Mother would visit us more often because she lived far away. B) Mother would visit, us more often if she lived far away. C) Mother would visit us more often unless she lived far away. D) If she hadn't lived far away, mother would have visited us more often. E) Unless she hadn't lived far away, mother would have visited us more often. 15) İnsanların dışarıda yapılan işlere duyduğu ilgi nedeniyle Kuzey Amerika'da kanoculuğa olan rağbet artıyor. A) In spite of people's interest in the outdoors, canoeing is increasing in popularity in North America, B) Canoeing is increasing in popularity in North America because of people's interest in the outdoors, C) Canoeing increased its popularity in North America as a result of people's interest in the outdoors, 485

D) Canoeing is increasing in popularity in North America; however, people's interest doesn't change in the outdoors, E) Although people have an interest in the outdoors, canoeing is increasing in popularity in North America. 16) Yeni başlayan biri olmama rağmen kayak yapmaktan keyif aldım. A) In spite of being a beginner, I had fun skiing. B) I like skiing, in spite of being a beginner. C) I wanted to learn how to ski, although I would be a beginner. D) Although I am a beginner in skiing, I may like it. E) As I am a beginner in skiing, I had fun skiing. 17) Oscar, yorgun değilmiş gibi geç saatlere kadar oturdu. A) As if he weren't tired, Oscar stayed up very late. B) If Oscar wasn't tired, he would have stayed up very late. C) Though he was not tired, Oscar stayed up very late. D) Oscar stayed up very late even though he was tired. E) Unless Oscar stayed up very late, he wouldn't be tired. 18) Kalabalığına rağmen Steve Miami Plajına gitti. A) Steve refrained from going to Miami Beach despite its crowds, B) Although Miami Beach wasn't crowded, Steve went to the beach, C) Steve went to Miami Beach in spite of its crowds, D) Steve went to Miami Beach because it wasn't crowded, E) If the beach wasn't crowded, Steve would go there. 19) Timet, her ne kadar Hector'u sevmiyorduysa da parası için onunla evlendi. A) Even though Timet didn't love Hector, she married him for his money. B) Timet married Hector because she loves money C) Even though Timet loved Hector, she didn't marry him for his money. D) For his money, Timet married Hector, because she had an affection for him. E) In spite of loving Hector, she married him for his money. 20) Tony çayı daha çok seviyor ama ben kahve seviyorum. A) I prefer coffee although Tony likes tea better. B) Tony prefers tea although I like coffee better. C) In spite of my liking coffee, Tony likes tea better. D) Although I prefer coffee, Tony likes tea better. E) Tony likes tea better, but I like coffee.

486

21) Harry saatte 80 mil hızla gidiyordu ve aşırı hız nedeniyle ceza yedi. A) Although Harry was going 80 miles per hour, he got a ticket for speeding, B) Since Harry was going 80 miles per hour, he got a ticket for speeding, C) Harry was going 80 miles per hour and he got a ticket for speeding, D) Harry had gotten a ticket for speeding before going 80 miles per hour, E) Since Harry goes 80 miles per hour, he gets a ticket for speeding. 22) Bir çiftlikte büyüdüğünden Eric kırsal yaşamı kent yaşamına yeğlerdi. A) Eric grew up on a farm and liked country life better than city life. B) Eric grew up on a farm because he liked country life better than city life. 23) Gençleri yüksek okula gitmeye özendirmenin pekçok nedeni vardır. A) Colleges encourage students to study. B) There are a few reasons for encouraging young people to go to college. C) There are a plenitude of reasons that colleges encourage students to go there. D) There are many reasons for encouraging young people to go to college, E) Going to colleges encourages young students to study. 24) Doktorlar ve avukatlar için yüksek okul eğitimi gereklidir ve yüksek lisans eğitimi de görmeleri zorunludur. A) Doctors and lawyers need to go to graduate school; in addition, they need a college education, B) Doctors and lawyers need a college education in addition they have to go to graduate school, C) A college education is necessary for doctors and lawyers and they must go to graduate school as well, D) As well as college education, going to graduate school is important for doctors and lawyers, E) Graduate school education is necessary for doctors and lawyers and they may go to graduate school 25) Profesyonel atletler sürekli olarak yediklerine dikkat etmelidirler. A) Professional athletes have to watch their lives constantly, B) For professional athletes diets are very important, C) Professional athletes have to watch their diets constantly, D) Professional athletes have to watch their diets carefully, E) Diets are not important for professional athletes.

487

TRANSLATION TEST-10 1) . Though few of the airline pilots need English to cope with emergencies, a knowledge of English is a wise safety measure. A) Havayolu pilotlarının sadece bir kaç tanesinin acil olaylarda başa çıkmak için İngilizce bilmeleri gerekmesine karşın İngilizce'nin bilgisi akıllıca bir güvenlik ölçümüdür. B) İngilizce'nin çok az havayolu pilotunca bilinmesine rağmen İngilizce'nin varlığı acil olaylara başa çıkmak için akıllıca bir önlemdir. C) İngilizce'nin bilinmesi akıllıca bir seçimdir zira çok az havayolu pilotu İngilizce bilse de, acil önlem bakımından gereklidir. D) Havayolu pilotlarının çok azının acil olayla uğraşmak için İngilizce'ye gereksinim duymalarına karşın İngilizce bilgisi akıllıca bir güvenlik önlemidir. E) İngilizce bilgisinin acil olaylarla başa çıkmak için akıllı bir önlem almasına karşın havayolu pilotlarının ancak çok azı İngilizce'ye gerek duymaktadır. 2) . It is not likely that a personal assistant will be successful in her career without a knowledge of English. A) İyi bir asistan olmak için İngilizce bilgisine sahip olmak yeterlidir. B) İngilizce bilmeden iyi bir asistan olmak çok zordur. C) İyi bir asistanın kariyerinde ilerliyebilmesi İngilizce seviyesine bağlıdır. D) Bir asistanın İngilizce bilgisi olmadan mesleğinde başarılı olabilmesi olası değildir. E) İngilizce bilgisinin yokluğu bir asistanın mesleğinde yükselmesini olanaksız kılmaktadır. 3) . To the ecologist the reactions and behaviour of any plant or animal are like piece of jigsaw puzzle. A) Doğa bilimcileri bitki ve hayvanların yaşam şekillerini bulmacaya benzetirler. B) Doğa bilimcilerine göre hayvan ve bitki davranışlarını bulmacayla eşleştirebiliz. C) Bulmacalar hayvan ve bitki davranış.ve reaksiyonlarına benzemektedir. D) Doğa bilimcilere göre her hangi bir bitki ya da hayvanın tepkileri ve davranışları bir yap bozun bir parçasına benzer. E) Her ne kadar farklı olsalarda birki ve hayvanlar davranış ve reaksiyonları bakımından bulmaca gibidirler. 4) . Medical students have to follow a course lasting for six or seven years. A) İlaçlar hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak için altı - yedi yıl kursa devam etmek gerek. B) Tıp öğrencileri altı ya da yedi yıl süren bir eğitim görmek zorundadırlar. C) Tıp öğrencilerinin okullarını bitirmeleri için en az altı - yedi yıl okumaları gerekirdi. D) Tıp öğreniminin süresi altı - yedi yıldır. 488

E) Altı - yedi yıl süren bir eğitimden sonra doktor olunabilir. 5) . Industrial diamond tools may be used to drill or shape glass and ceramic articles and to grind and polish steels. A) Sanayi tipi elmas aletler cam ve seramik nesneleri delmek veya şekillendirmek ve çelikleri taşlamak ve parlatmak için kullanılabilir. B) Sanayi tipi elmas aletleri kullanmadaki amaç cam ve seramik eşyaları delmek ya da şekil vermek ve ayrıca çelikleri çapaksızlandırmak ve perdahlamaktır. C) Gam ve seramik eşyaları delmek ve şekillendirmek için kullanılan sanayi tipi elmas aletler çelikleri delmek ve taşlamak için de kullanılabilir. D) Çelikleri bileylemek ve parlatmak için kullanılabilen sanayi tipi elmas aletler cam ve seramik aletleri delmek ve şekil vermede de kullanılmaktadır E) Sanayi tipi elmas aletler cam ve seramik nesneleri delmek ve şekillendirmek için kullanıldığı kadar çelikleri taşlamak ve parlatmak için de kullanılabilmektedir. 6) . The solar system consists of the sun and nine planets. A) Güneş sisteminde güneş ve dokuz adet gezegen vardır. B) Dokuz gezegen ve güneş, güneş sisteminin oluşmasına neden olur. C) Güneş sistemi güneş ve 9 gezegenden oluşur. D) Güneş ve 9 gezegenden oluşan sisteme güneş sistemi deriz. E) Güneş ve 9 gezegen güneş sistemini oluşturur. 7) By bending at different angles, wavelengths of color take unlike paths through the prism. A) Prizma içinde farklı yollar izlemek için renkler dalga boyları kırılarak renkleri oluştururlar. B) Dalgaboyları değişik açılarda kırılan renkler, prizma içinde farklı yollar izleyerek renkleri oluştururlar. C) Renkleri oluşturmak için, dalgaboyları değişik açılardan prizmanın içinde kırılırlar. D) Renklerin oluşumunda prizmanın içinde dalgaboyları farklı açıdan kırılan ışıklar vardır. E) Renkleri oluşturan dalgaboyları değişik açılarda kırılarak prizma içinde farklı yollar izlerler. 8) People may refuse certain foods because of their religious and cultural habits. A) İnsanoğlu dini ve kültürel alışkanlıklarından dolayı belli birtakım ürünleri yerler. B) İnsanlar dinsel ve kültürel alışkanlıkları nedeniyle bazı yiyecekleri kabul etmeyebilirler. C) Dini ve kültürel alışkanlıklarımız belli yiyecekleri yememizi engeller. D) İnsanlar belli yiyecekleri yemezler, çünkü dinleri ve kültürleri öyle ister. E) İnsanların dini ve kültürel alışkanlıklarına göre belli yiyecekleri yememeleri gerekir. 489

9) When a ray of light enters a prism at an angle, its pace changes. A) Işık prizmaya çarpınca hızı değişir. B) Işığın hızını ayarlamak için prizmaya belli bir açıyla çarpması gerekir. C) Işık çizgisi belli bir açıyla prizmaya çarpabilirce hızı değişir. D) Işık prizmaya bir açıyla girdiğinde hızı değişir. E) Hızı değişen ışık prizmaya belli bir açıyla çarpar. 10) Some researchers studied the effect of emotions on memory. A) Bazı araştırmacılar duyguların bellek üzerindeki etkisini incelemişlerdir. B) Bazı araştırmacılar coşkuyu hafızayla birlikte araştırırlar. C) Coşkunun hafıza üzerinde etkisi olduğu bazı araştırmacılarca araştırılıyor D) Bazı bilim adamları hareketlerin hafıza üzerindeki etkisini kanıtlamaya çalışıyorlar. E) Coşkunun hafızayı etkilediği bilim adamlarınca ispatlanmıştır. 11) The most popular hot beverages in the world are coffee and tea. A) Çay ve kahve dünyadaki en sıcak içeceklerdir. B) Çay ve kahve dünya yüzündeki en popüler sıcak içeceklerin başında gelirler. C) Dünyadaki en sevilen sıcak içecekler kahve ve çaydır. D) Sıcak içecekler içinde en popüler olanların başında çay ve kahve gelir. E) Sıcak içecek içmek istiyorsak en popüler olanlar çay ve kahvedir. 12) People who drink too much alcohol may also lose the ability to distinguish subtle flavours. A) İçki içme alışkanlığı insanların tad alma duygusunu azaltabilir. B) Çok içki içen insanlar belirli tadları ayırt edemeyebilirler. C) Çok içki içen insanlarda görülen şey karışık tadları ayırt edememe sorunudur. D) İçki içmeyi çok seven insanlar farklı tadları alamayabilirler.. E) Aşırı alkol alan kişiler küçük tad farklılıklarını ayırdetme yeteneğini kaybedebilir. 13) Some scientists think that the keys to memory storage are chemical. A) Bazı bilim adamlarına göre zekanın kaynağı bilimden geçer. B) Hafıza deposunun anahtarı bazı bilim adamlarına göre kimyasaldır. C) Bazı bilim adamları bellek deposunun anahtarının kimyasal nitelikte olduğuna inanıyor. D) Kimyasal bir yapıya sahip olan insan zekası bazı bilim adamlarına göre herşeyin anahtarıdır. E) Bilim adamlarının bazılarının inanışına göre zeka depolamanın anahtarı kimyasaldır. 14) Coffee in different countries may have different amounts of caffeine and different tastes. A) Kahvenin değişik oranda kafein ve tada sahip olduğu birçok ülke vardır. 490

B) Değişik ülkelerdeki kahvede farklı miktarlarda kafein ve farklı tad olabilir. C) Kafeini ve tadı değişik birçok kahve, değişik ülkelerde bulunabilir. D) Kafeinin az, tadı farklı birçok kahve türünün değişik ülkelerde bulabiliriz. E) Değişik ülkelerde kahve değişik şekillerde pişirildiklerinde kafein oranı ve tadı değişebilir. 15) There is only one tea plant, but there are lots of different varieties of tea. A) Dünyada tek çay bitkisi vardır, ama çayı demleme teknikleri farklıdır. B) Değişik şekillerde çay demleyebiliriz, ama tek bir çay bitkisi yetiştirilebilir. C) Tek bitkiden alınan çayla değişik tadda çay demlenebilir. D) Değişik tadda çay demlemek için değişik bitkilere ihtiyaç yoktur. E) Yalnızca bir çay bitkisi vardır, ancak pekçok değişik çay türü bulunmaktadır. 16) . Sometimes coffee has slight caffeine because the beans are processed to remove most of the caffeine. A) Bazan kahve pek az kafein içerir çünkü kafeinin çoğunu ortadan kaldırmak için kahve taneleri işlemden geçirilir. B) Bazan kahvenin kafeinini azaltmak gerekir, bunun içinde değişik aşamalardan geçirilir. C) Değişik metodlarla kahvenin kafeininin birçoğunu alabiliriz. D) Kahvenin kafeinini azaltmanın pekçok yolu vardır ve bu şekilde az kafeinli kahve üretilir. E) Az kafeinli kahve üretmek için birçok yol denemek gerekir. 17) . Economics students require to be able to read in English. A) Ekonomide İngilizce okuyabilmek gerekir. B) Ekonomi öğrencilerinin İngilizceye ihtiyaçları vardır. C) Ekonomik İngilizceye öğrencilerin ihtiyaçları vardır. D) Ekonomi okumak isteyen öğrencilerin İngilizce öğrenmeleri gerek. E) Ekonomi öğrencilerinin İngilizce okuyabilmeye ihtiyaçları vardır. 18) . I should like to emphasize that while girls learn mathematics quickly, boys learn mathematics equally quickly. A) Erkekler kadar kızlarda matematiği kolay ve. çabuk öğrenebilirler. B) Matematiği hızlı öğrenmek için kız ya da erkek olmaya gerek olmadığımı vurgulamak istiyorum. C) Kızların matematiği çabucak öğrenmelerine dayanarak erkek çocukların da matematiği aynı derecede çabuk öğrendiklerini vurgulamak isterim. D) Söylemek istediğim şey, erkeklerin de matematiği kızlar kadar çabuk öğrenebildikleridir. . E) Kızların matematiği hızlı öğrenmelerinin yanı sıra erkeklerinde aynı hızda matematik 491

öğrenebildiklerini vurgulamak istiyorum. 19) . Two of the most attractive aspects of termites are their methods of obtaining food and their social organization. A) Beyaz karıncaların en önemli iki özelliğinden biri yemek organizasyonlarıdır. B) Beyaz karıncaların en önemli tavırlarından biri de yiyeceklerini toplayış şekilleridir. C) Beyaz karıncaların en ilginç iki yönü yiyecek elde etme yöntemleri ve sosyal düzenleridir. D) Beyaz karıncalar yemeklerini organize bir şekilde toplarlar. E) Beyaz karıncalar yemek toplayış ve yaşayış şekilleri .bakımından çok ilginçtirler. 20) . A teacher at a university made a survey to discover whether his students needed English. A) Üniversite öğretmenleri öğrencilerinin İngilizceye ihtiyaçları olup olmadığını anlamak için bir araçtırma yaptılar. B) İngilizce'nin gerekli olup olmadığını anlamak için üniversitenin hocalarından birinin araştırma yapması gerek. C) Üniversite hocalarından birinin yaptığı araştırmaya göre öğrencilerin İngilizceye gereksinimleri var. D) Üniversitedeki öğretmenlerden biri bir anket yaptı ve öğrencilerin İngilizceye ihtiyaçları olup olmadığını buldu. E) Bir üniversitedeki bir öğretmen öğrencilerinin İngilizce'ye gereksinimleri olup olmadığını anlamak için bir araştırma yapmıştır. 21) . The Pacific is the biggest and deepest ocean in the world. A) Pasifik dünyadaki en büyük ve en derin okyanustur. B) Pasifik okyanusunun en geniş ve derin okyanus olduğu söyleniyor. C) Dünyadaki en geniş ve derin okyanuslardan biri de Pasifik okyanusudur. D) Pasifik en derin ve geniş okyanuslardan biridir. E) Genişlik ve derinlik olarak Pasifik en büyük okyanusdur. 22) . Intelligent students from primary schools can get scholarships to many of the best secondary schools. A) Akıllı ilkokul öğrencilerinin orta okul için burs alma şansları var. B) Akıllı ve çalışkan ilkokul öğrencileri iyi orta okullara burslu olarak gidebilir. C) Orta okullardan burs alabilmek için çalışkan bir ilkokul öğrencisi gerekir. D) İlkokuldaki zeki öğrenciler en iyi orta okulların pek çoğundan burs alabilirlerç E) Her çalışkan ilkokul öğrencisi bir çok iyi ortaokuldan burs alma şansına sahiptir. 23) . There is a variety of purposes for which engineering students need English. A) Mühendislik öğrencilerinin İngilizce'ye gereksinim duymalarının bir dizi amacı vardır . 492

B) İngilizce olmaksızın mühendislik öğrencisinin amacını gerçekleştirmesi olanaksızdır, C) Bir dizi amacı gerçekleştirmek için mühendislik öğrencilerinin İngilizceye gereksinimi olabilir. D) İngilizce bilgisi mühendislik öğrencilerinin amaçlarını gerçekleştirmeye yardımcı olur. E) İngilizce bilgisi olmadan mühendislik öğrencileri gereksinimlerini nasıl karşılayacaklarını bilemezler. 24) . Mercury is the smallest planet of the solar system. A) Merkür en küçük gezegendir. B) Merkür güneş sistemindeki en küçük gezegendir. C) Merkür en küçük gezegenlerden biridir. D) Güneş sistemindeki en küçük gezegenlerden biri de Merkürdür. E) Güneş sisteminde Merkür kadar küçük bir başka gezegen daha yoktur. 25) . A nation which produces manufactured goods is known as an industrialized nation. A) Mamul mal üreten bir ülke sanayileşmiş ülke olarak adlandırılır. B) Bir ülkenin sanayileşmiş sayılabilmesi için iyi bir beyaz eşya üreticisi olması gerekir, C) Sanayileşmiş ülkeler arasına girebilmek için bir ülkenin üretici konumunda olması gerekir. D) Beyaz eşya üreticisi her ülke sanayileşmiş ülkeler sınıfına girer, E) Bir ülkede ne kadar çok üretim yapılıyorsa o ülke o kadar sanayileşmiş demektir. TRANSLATION TEST-11 1) . A new student feels lonely at first. A) Yeni öğrenciler ilk başta kendilerini yalnız hissederler. B) Yalnızlık okula ilk defa gelen öğrencilerce hissedilir. C) Yalnız bir öğrenci kendini mutsuz hisseder. D) Yeni bir öğrenci başlangıçta kendini yalnız hisseder. E) Kendini yalnız hissedenler yeni öğrencilerdir. 2) . Most metals conduct heat better than wood. A) Çoğu metaller ısıyı tahtadan daha iyi geçirir. B) Metallerin bir kısmı ısıyı tahtadan iyi geçirir. C) Tahtalar metallerden daha iyi geçirgendir. D) Çoğu metaller tahta kadar iyi iletkendir. E) Tahtalar çoğu zaman metallerden daha iyi ısı geçirir. 3) . Neil Armstrong walked on the moon first. A) Neil Armstrong ayda ilk yürüyen kişidir. 493

B) Neil Armstrong önce ayda yürüdü. C) Neil Armstrong ayda önce yürüdü D) Önce ayda Neil Armstrong yürüdü. E) Önce ayda yürüyen kişi Neil Armstrong'dur. 4) . Ice melts in hot water. A) Buz sıcak suda eriyor. B) Buz sıcak suda erir. C) Buz sıcakta erir. D) Buz sıcakta erirmiş E) Buz sıcak suda erirmiş. 5) . The school is closing an hour later than usual tomorrow A) Okulu yarın bir saat geç tatü etmeyi düşünüyoruz. B) Yarın okul kapanma saati bir saat ileriye alındı. C) Yarın okul her zamankinden bir saat geç kapanacak D) Okul yarın bir saat geç kapanacak E) Yarından itibaren okul bir saat geç kapanacak 6) . Academic attainment was measured by the degree of success in the requisite tests and examinations of the students' own faculties. A) Öğrencinin kendi yeteneklerinin ölçüldüğü zorunlu test ve sınavlar onun akademik başarısını belirlemeye yarar. B) Akademik başarı, öğrencinin kendi yeteneklerinin ölçüldüğü zorunlu test ve sınavlardaki başarı derecesiyle ölçülürdü. C) Akademik başarı için öğrencinin zorunlu test ve sınavları başarı ile vermesi gerekir. D) Öğrenci kendi yeteneklerinin ölçüldüğü zorunlu test ve sınavlarda akademik başarısının yetenekleriyle uyumunu anlar. E) Öğrencinin yeteneklerinin ölçüldüğü zorunlu akademik test ve sınavlar öğrencinin başarı derecesiyle ölçülür. 7) . It is clear that English is necessary for the majority of students for many purposes apart from reading textbooks. A) İngilizce'nin öğrencilerin çoğu için ders kitaplarıı okumanın dışında pek çok amaç için gerekli olduğu açıktır. B) İngilizce ders kitapları okumanın pek çok amacı vardır. C) Ders kitapları okumanın dışında da İngilizce'nin öğrenciler için gerekli olduğu açıktır. D) Açık olan şudur ki, İngilizce, ders kitapları okumanın dışında da çok yararlıdır. E) Yararlı olan İngilizce’nin ders kitaplarının dışında da kullanılmasıdır. 494

8) . An observer will not see a rainbow unless there are drops of water suspended in the air. A) Gökkuşağı, havada kalmış su damlacıkları yoksa gözlemciler tarafından görülemez. B) Havada asılı kalmış su damlacıkları gökkuşağının görülmesini sağlar. C) Bir gözlemci, havadaki su damlacıkları sayesinde gökkuşağını görebilir. D) Bir gözlemcinin gökkuşağını görmek için havadaki su damlacıklarının yardımına ihtiyacı vardır. E) Bir gözlemci, havada asılı kalmış su damlacıkları yoksa gökkuşağı göremez. 9) . In August 1941, determined that her son would have piano lessons, Linda took to the fields to pick beans. A) 1941 yIılının Ağustosunda, Linda oğlunun piyano dersi vermesinde kararlı bir biçimde fasulye tarlaları satın aldı. B) 1941 yılının Ağustosunda, Linda oğluna piyano almak için fasulyeleri tarlalara taşıdı. C) 1941 yılının Ağustosunda, Linda oğluna piyano dersi aldırtmakta kararlı olarak fasulye toplamak üzere tarlaların yolunu tuttu, D) Ağustos 1941 'de Linda tarlalarda fasulye toplayarak para kazanmaya karar verip oğluna piyano dersi aldırmak istedi. E) 1941 Ağustosunda Linda oğluna piyano dersleri aldırmaya karar vererek tarla satın aldı ve fasulye toplamaya başladı. 10) . You can make analyses by making changes in the program. A) Analizler yapmak istiyorsanız programda değişiklik yapmalısıınız. B) Programdaki değişiklikleri yapmak için analiz gereklidir. C) Programdaki değişiklikler için analiz gerekli olabilir. D) Programda değişiklik yaparak analizler yapabilirsiniz. E) Programlarda değişiklik yaparak analiz yapabilirsiniz.

11) . Microwave cooking of vegetables preserves nutritious materials such as vitamin C much better than boiling them in water. A) Sebzelerin küçük dalgalarla pişirilmesindense suda haşlanmaları C vitaminini arttırır. B) Sebzelerin mikrodalga ile pişirilmesi C vitamini gibi besin maddelerini suda haşlanmaktan daha iyi korur. C) Mikrodalga C vitaminli besleyici maddeleri suda haşlamaktan daha iyi pişirir. D) Sebzelerden C vitamini ihtiyacını mikrodalga ile pişirerek karşılarız. E) Suda haşlayacak yerde C vitaminli sebzeleri mikrodalga ile pişirerek daha iyi koruruz. 495

12) . The more he attempted to overcome his shyness, the more overwhelmed he felt. A) Utangaçlığı, kendisini yenmek için gösterdiği çabaların işe yaramadığını hissetmesine neden oldu. B) Utangaçlığını yenmek için ne kadar çabaladıysa kendisini o kadar yenik hissetti. C) Utangaçlığını yenmek için ne kadar çabaladıysa da beceremedi. D) Utancını daha fazla yendikçe kendisini zafer kazanmış gibi düşündü. E) Daha fazla utangaçlığın sonucu olarak kendisini daha da yenilmiş hissetti. 13) . For years, former advertising executive John Feight had spent evenings and weekends painting pictures. A) Reklamcı John Feight gece ve hafta sonlarını yıllardır resim yaparak geçiriyor. B) Yıllarca, eski reklam müdürü John Feight gecelerini ve hafta sonlarını resime ayırmıştı. C) Eski reklam müdürü John Feight uzun yıllar gecelerini ve hafta sonlarını yağlı boya resim yaparak geçirmişti. D) Eski reklam müdürü John Feight, yıllarca, gece gündüz demeden boyayla uğraştı. E) Yıllardır, reklamcı John Feight gecelerini ve hafta sonlarını boyalarla uğraşarak geçiriyor. 14) . Every mother gazes in wonderment at the marvel that she has given birth to. A) Her anne doğurduğu o harika şeye bakarak hayranlık duyar. B) Her anne doğurduğu çocuğa bakmakla yükümlüdür. C) Annelerin hepsine çocuk doğurdukları için hayranlıkla bakılır. D) Her anne doğurduğu o harika şeyi hayran hayran seyreder. E) Annelerin hepsine doğurdukları şey harika gelir. 15) . A frequency changer is a machine designed to receive power at one.frequency and deliver it at another frequency. A) Frekans değiştirici, bir frekansta güç almak ve bunu bir başka frekansa aktarmak için tasarlanmış olan bir makinadır. B) Frekansta güç almak için tasarlanmış bir makina olan frekans değiştirici başka frekansa güç aktarmak için tasarlanmıştır. C) Başka frekansa güç aktarmak için tasarlanmış güç değiştiricisi frekans değiştirici diye bilinir. D) Güç almak ve aktarmak için tasarlanmış makinaya frekans değiştiricisi denir. E) Frekans değiştirici makinalar bir frekanstan güç alarak bunu başka frekanslara aklanlar. 16) . A stethoscope is an instrument for studying sound generated inside the human body. A) Hastaların içinden gelen sesleri dinlemek için stetoskop'a ihtiyaç vardır. B) Stetoskop, insan vücudunda oluşan sesleri incelemek için kullanılan bir alettir. 496

C) Organlarımızdaki hastalıklardan kaynaklanan sesleri stetoskop aracılığı ile duyabiliriz. D) Stetoskop hastaların organlarından gelen değişik sesleri duymamıza yardım eder. E) Eğer organlarınızın sesini duymak istiyorsanız stetoskop kullanmalısınız. 17) . Each family of bees makes up one colony or group, and each group inhabits a hive. A) Her arı ailesi bir koloni veya grup oluşturur ve her grup da bir kovanda yaşar. B) Kovanlarda yaşayan arılar kendi ailelerini kurarlar ve koloniler oluşturulan C) Koloniler oluşturmak için kovanlarda yaşayan arıların herbirinin kendi ailesi vardır. D) Herbir arı ailesi koloniler halinde kovanda yaşamayı tercih ederler. E) Koloniler ve gruplar halinde yaşayan arı aileleri hep birlikte kovanları yaparlar. 18) . An orbit in which the satellite travels round the earth once every 24 hours is known as a stationary orbit. A) 24 saatte bir dünyanın çevresini dolaşan uydu sabit yörünge olarak bilinir. B) Uydunun her 24 saatte bir dünyanın çevresini dolaştığı yörünge sabit yörünge olarak bilinir. C) Sabit yörünge olarak bilinen uydu dünyanın çevresini 24 saatte bir dolaşır. D) Uydu dünyanın çevresini 24 saatte bir dolaşır ve buna sabit yörünge denir. E) Uydunun sabit yörüngenin çevresini 24 saatte dolaştığı dünyaca bilinir. 19) . Sanki uzmanmış gibi konuşuyorsun. A) You wouldn't talk to him if he were not an expert. B) Unless he is an expert, you don't talk to him. C) You are talking as if you were an expert. D) You are talking to her as if she were an expert. E) Although she is not an expert, you're talking to her. 20) . Very few events can be more frightful than a nuclear war. A) Nükleer savaştan daha ürkütücü pek az olay var. B) Pek az olay bir nükleer savaştan daha ürkütücü olabilir. C) Var olan olaylardan daha ürkütücü olanı nükleer savaştır. D) Nükleer savaştan daha ürkütücü olan şeyler de vardır. E) Var olan pekçok şey nükleer savaştan daha da ürkütücüdür. 21) . Elements are chemical substances that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical means. A) Kimyasal maddeler olan elementler daha basit şeylere bölünemeyen kimyasal maddelerdir. B) Basit şeylere bölünemeyen kimyasal maddeler elementlerdir, C) Kimyasal yollarla daha basit elementlere bölünemeyen şeylere element denir. 497

D) Elementler, kimyasal yollarla daha basit şeylere bölünemeyen kimyasal maddelerdir. E) Elementler, daha basit şeylere kimyasal yollarla bölünemezler ve bunlar kimyasal maddelerdir. 22) . Manufacturers often spend large sums of money on advertisements. A) İmalatçılar sıkça reklama büyük miktarlarda para harcarlar. B) İmalatçıların büyük miktarlarda harcadıkları para reklam içindir. C) Reklam için imalatçılar sıkça büyük miktarda para harcarlar. D) Para, imalatçıların sıkça reklam için büyük miktarlarda harcadıkları şeydir. E) Büyük miktarda imalatçılar reklam için para harcarlar. 23) . Many students become members of academic societies and sports clubs at universities and take part in their activities. A) Öğrencilerin birçoğu üniversitedeki etkinliklere katılmak için akademik topluluklarına ve spor klübüne üye olurlar, B) Üniversitelerdeki etkinliklere katılmak için öğrencilerin hemen hemen hepsi onların akademik topluluklarına ve spor klüplerine üye olurlar, C) Pekçok öğrenci, üniversitelerin akademik topluluklarına ve spor klüplerine üye olurlar ve onların etkinliklerine katılırlar, D) Pekçok öğrenci, üniversite spor klüplerine üye olurlar ve onların etkinliklerine katılırlar, E) Etkinliklerine katılmak için pekçok öğrenci üniversitelerin akademik topluluklarına ve spor klüplerine üye olurlar, 24) . The research covers all the area it has aimed to and is an exemplary piece of work. A) Araştırma, arzulanan bütün araziyi kapsamıştır.ve örnek bir çalışmadır, B) Araştırma kapsanan araziyi bütünüyle incelemiştir ve örneklerle bezenmiştir. C) Bu araştırma bütün konularda örnekler vererek iyi bir amaç doğrultusunda oluşturulmuştur. D) Bu araştırma amaçladığı bütün konuları kapsamaktadır ve örnek bir çalışmadır, E) Bu araştırmayla örnek bir çalışma yapılmıştır ve bütün konular kapanmıştır. 25) . Two electrons rotating in opposite directions pull each other just as two magnets with opposite poles do. A) Zıt yönde dönen iki elektron, karşıt kutuplu iki mıknatıs gibi birbirini çeker. B) Aynı yönde dönen elektronlar, iki mıknatıs gibi birbirini çeker. C) Zıt yönde dönen elektronlar, mıknatıs gibi birbirlerini iter. D) Aynı yönde dönen iki elektron, karşıt kutuplu iki mıknatıs gibi birbirini çeker. E) Zıt yönde dönen iki elektron, karşıt kutuplu iki mıknatıs gibi birbirini iter.

498

TRANSLATION TEST-12 1) . It is obvious that so long as we can't find a better one, we have to live in this house. A) Daha iyisini bulana kadar bu evde oturmak istiyorum. B) Bu evde olurmak zorunda olduğumuz için daha iyisini aramıyoruz. C) Daha iyisi karşımıza çıkana kadar bu evde oturacağız. D) Daha iyisini bulamadığmız sürece bu evden çıkamayız. E) Daha iyisini bulamadığımız sürece bu evde oturmak zorunda olduğumuz apaçık. 2) . Thanks to the efforts of environmentalists there are few people left who are not aware of the dangers of pollution. A) Çevre korumacılara binlerce teşekkürler; kirliliğin farkına varmamızı sağladılar. B) Çevre korumacılar sayesinde kirliliğin tehlikelerinin farkına varmayan pek az kimse kaldı. C) Kirliliğin tehlikelerini çevre korumacılar insanlara anlattı. D) İnsanlar hava kirliliğinin tehlikelerini çevre korumacılar sayesinde öğrendiler. E) Çevreciler kirliliğin tehlikelerinin farkına varılması için ciddi çalışmalar yapıyorlar. 3) . I regretted ever having written the letter. A) Mektubu yazmaktan pişmanlık duydum. B) Mektubu böyle yazmamalıydın. C) Keşke mektup yazmasaydın. D) Mektubu öyle yazdığım için çok pişmanım. E) Pişman olmaktansa mektubu yazmasaydın. 4) . To protect its own fisheries, Canada has taken a tougher line with foreign vessels fishing its coasts. A) Kanada, kendi balıkçılığını geliştirmek için kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı önlemleri artırmıştır. B) Kanada kendi balıkçılık bölgelerini korumak amacıyla, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı sert bir mücadeleye girişmiştir. C) Kanada kendi balıkçılığını güçlendirmek için kıyılarına yaklaşan yabancı balıkçı teknelerine karşı sert önlemler almıştır. D) Kanada kendi balık alanlarını korumak için kıyılarında balık avlayan yabancı teknelere karşı daha sert bir tavır almıştır. E) Kanada kendi balık alanlarını geliştirmek için sert önlemler alarak kıyılarında yabancı teknelerin avlanmasını engellemiştir. 5) . In his statement, he did not conceal the fact that Serbia's hard-line attitude had led to 499

the breakdown of the talks. A) Demecinde, Sırbistan'ın katı tutumunu görüşmelerin kesilmesine yol açtığı gerçeğini saklamadı. B) Yaptığı açıklamada, görüşmelerin kesilmesinde, Sırbistan'ın uzlaşmaz tutumunun etkili olduğu gerçeğini saklamadı. C) Konuşmasında, Sırbistan'ın olumsuz tavrı sonucu görüşmelerin kesildiği gerçeğini belirtmekten kaçınmadı. D) Görüşmelerin kesilmesine, Sırbistan'ın uzlaşmaz tavrının neden olduğu gerçeğini belirtmekten çekinmedi E) Sırbistan'ın katı tutumu nedeniyle görüşmelerin kesildiğini açıkça belirtmekten çekinmedi. 6) . It seems likely that the recession in the wool textile industry will continue throughout the year and that many mills may be permanently closed. A) Görüşüne bakılırsa, yünlü dokuma sanayisindeki gerileme yıl içinde de sürecek ve bazı fabrikalar tamamen kapanacaktı. B) Yünlü dokuma sanayisinde bütün yıl boyunca devam eden bunalım sonucu çoğu fabrikanın süresiz olarak kapanması kaçınılmaz görünüyor. C) Yünlü dokuma sanayisinde yıl içinde bir durgunluk görüleceği ve pek çok fabrikanın tamamen kapanacağı kesindir. D) Yünlü dokuma sanayisindeki durgunluğun yıl boyunca süreceği ve pek çok fabrikanın süresiz kapanabileceği muhtemel görünüyor. E) Çoğu fabrikanın süresiz kapanmasına neden olabilecek durgunluk, yünlü dokuma sanayisinde yıl boyunca devam edecek gibi 7) . What we really expect to find in a world of art is a certain personal element and a distinctive sensibility. A) Bir sanat ortamında bulunmasını istediğimiz şeyler aslında belirli bir kişisel nitelik ile kendine özgü bir duyarlılıktır. B) Belirli bir kişisel anlaTim ve farklı bir duyarlılık, bir sanat eserinin gerçekten bulunması istenen niteliktedir. C) Gerçekten bir sanat eserinde bulmayı umduğumuz şey, belirli bir kişisel öğe ve belirgin bir duyarlılıktır. D) Çarpıcı bir duyarlılık ve belirli bir kişisel boyut bir sanat eserinde esas olarak bulunmasını istediğimiz öğelerdir. E) Belirli bir kişisel özelliğin ve etkileyici bir duyarlılığını, bir sanat eserinde bulunmasını gerçekten arzuluyoruz. 8) . It was pointed out that the company which had been on the verge of bankruptcy had got over the crisis through substantial borrowings from various banks. 500

A) İflasın eşiğine gelmiş olan şirketin çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı aştığı belirtildi. B) Bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin iflasa doğru sürüklendiği bildirildi. C) İflasla karşı karşıya gelmiş olan şirketin bunalımı aşmak için pek çok bankadan büyük krediler aldığı ifade edildi. D) Çeşitli bankalardan, yüklü krediler olarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin iflastan kurtulamadığı açıkladı. E) İflas tehlikesini atlatmış olan şirketin bazı bankalardan bol kredi olarak bunalımdan çıktığı belirtildi. 9) . Since the signing of Maastricht Treaty, Britain has constantly been in conflict with her partners in the European Union over the question of monetary union. A) Maastricht Antlaşması imzalandıktan sonra İngiltere, para birliği konusunu ileri sürerek, Avrupa Birliğindeki ortakları ile sert bir çalışma içine girmiştir. B) Maastricht Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasından beri İngiltere, Avrupa Birliğindeki ortaklarıyla para birliği konusunda sürekli bir çatışma içinde olmuştur. C) Maastricht Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasından bu yana, İngiltere para birliği konusu üzerinde durmuş ve Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortakları ile zaman zaman tartışmıştır. D) Maastricht Antlaşması'nın imzalanması üzerine, İngiltere para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklarından farklı bir tavır içine girmiştir. E) Maastrich Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasıyla İngiltere, para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortakları ile tam bir uyum içine girmiştir. 10) . The committee unanimously rejected a proposal to divide the city into two zones and stressed the need to consider the whole city as a unit. A) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırmayı amaçlayan öneriyi tümüyle reddetti ve kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiğini savundu. B) Kentin iki bölgeye ayrılmasına ilişkin öneriyi derhal reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiği görüşüne vardı. C) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırmaya önerisini oy birliğiyle reddetti ve tüm kentin bütün olarak düşünülmesi gereğini vurguladı. D) Tüm kentin bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gereği üzerinde duran kurul, kenti iki ayrı bölgeye ayırmaya yönelik öneriyi tereddütsüz reddetti. E) Kentin iki ayrı bölgeye ayrılmasını öngören öneriyi oy çokluğu ile reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak görülmesi gereği üzerinde ısrarla durdu. 11) . The report makes it clear that in 1995 most European countries met almost half of their energy needs by means of natural gas. A) Raporda, doğal gazın 19967da Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda enerji ihtiyacının yaklaşık 501

yarısını karşıladığı belirtilmektedir. B) Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunun enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısını doğal gaz kullanarak karşıladığı 1996'da hazırlanan raporda açıklanmıştır. C) Raporda, 1996'da Avrupa'da enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısında çoğunu doğal gaz yoluyla karşılayan pek çok ülke olduğu açıkça ifade edilmektedir. D) Raporda açıkça ifade, edildiğine göre, 1996'da çoğu Avrupa ülkesi, enerji "İhtiyacının yarısını doğal gazla karşılamak zorunda kalmıştır. E) Rapor, 1996'da çoğu Avrupa ülkesinin enerji ihtiyaçlarının yaklaşık yarısını doğal gaz vasıtasıyla karşıladığını açıkça ortaya koymuştur. 12) . Most speakers at the meeting pointed out that, in recent years, some of the research projects undertaken by universities had been concerned more with current problems than with purely scientific matters. A) Toplantıya katılan çoğu konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından uygulanan araştırma projelerinin sadece bilimsel konularda değil, aynı zamanda güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olması gerektiğini vurguladı. B) Konuşmacıların toplantıda görüş birliğine vardığı gibi, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından yürütülen araştırma projeleri salt bilimsel konulardan çok, güncel sorunlarla ilgilidir. C) Toplantıdaki pek çok konuşmacı, üniversitelerce sürdürülen araştırma projelerinden bazılarının salt bilimsel konular yerine, güncel sorunlarla ilgili olması gerektiğini belirtti. D) Toplantıdaki konuşmacıların çoğu, son yıllarda üniversitelerce üstlenilen bazı araştırma projelerinin salt bilimsel konulardan çok güncel sorunlarla ilgili olduğunu belirtti. E) Toplantıda söz alan pek çok konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversitelerden yürüttüğü araştırma projelerinin bilimsel konularla olduğu kadar güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olduğunu belirtti. 13) . Some years ago the German Constitutional Court decided by a 6 to 2 vote that no law could allow abortion in violation of the rights of the unborn. A) Yıllarca önce Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı bir karara göre, hiçbir yasa, doğmamış, çocuğun haklarını hiçe sayarak kürtaja izin vermez. B) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin birkaç yıl önce 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı karara göre, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını ihlal etmek demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasa izin vermez. C) Birkaç yıl önce, Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, hiçbir yasanın doğmamış çocuğun haklarını aykırı olarak kürtaja izin veremeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar verdi. D) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, doğmamış çocuğun haklarının ihlal edilmesi demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasanın izin veremeyeceği görüşünü birkaç yıl önce 2'ye karşı 6 oyla değiştirdi. E) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, birkaç yıl önce, hiçbir yasada kürtaja izin verilmeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar vererek, doğmamış çocuğun hakkının ihlal edilmesini engelledi. 502

14) . The president believes that the only way to make laws work is to make them mandatory. A) Başkan, çalışma sırasında kuralların düzenli bir şekilde uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyor. B) Başkan, kanunların işlemesini sağlamanın tek yolunun onları zorunlu kılmak olduğuna inanıyor. C) Başkan, düzenli bir çalışmanın ancak gerekli kuralların uygulanmasıyla mümkün olacağına inanıyor. D) Başkan, kanunların ancak zorunlu hallerde uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyor. E) Kanımızca, ancak kurallar uygulandığı takdirde düzenli bir çalışma yapılabilir. 15) . Some scientists believe that heat changes in the oceans may have led to sudden climate shifts. A) Bazı bilim adamları, okyanuslardaki ısı değişikliklerinin ani iklim değişmelerine yol açmış olabileceğine inanıyorlar. B) Bazı bilim adamları geçmişteki ani iklim değişikliklerinin okyanus akıntısındaki değişmeden kaynaklandığına inanmıyorlar. C) Bazı bilim adamları, geçmişte okyanus akıntısında görülen değişikliklerin iklim değişmelerinden kaynaklanmış olabileceğine inanıyorlar. D) Bazı bilim adamları okyanus akıntısını değiştiren etkenin geçmişteki ani iklim değişiklikleri olduğundan şüpheleniyorlar. E) Bazı bilim adamları, okyanus akıntısındaki değişikliklerin geçmişteki ani iklim değişmeleriyle aynı zamanda olduğundan emin değiller. 16) . Ancient Mesopotamia, consisting of the different regions surrounding two long rivers, was the center of a number of early civilizations. A) Eski Mezopotamya, iki uzun nehri çevreleyen farklı bölgelerden ibaret olup, ilk ve en büyük uygarlıklardan birinin merkezi idi. B) İki nehri çevreleyen çevreleyen çöl bölgelerinin meydana getirdiği Eski Mezopotamya'da ilk büyük uygarlıklardan birinin merkezi vardı. C) Eski Mezopotamya, iki uzun nehir civarındaki çöl bölgelerinde ortaya çıkarken, aynı zamanda ilk büyük uygarlıklardan birinin de merkezi oluyordu. D) İlk uygarlıklardan birinin merkezi olan Eski Mezopotamya, iki büyük nehri çevreleyen bölgeden ibaretti. E) İki uzun nehri çevreleyen farklı bölgelerden oluşan Eski Mezopotamya, bazı eski uygarlıkların merkeziydi. 17) . It is widely known that industry does not put enough of its resources into research, 503

preferring instead industry transfer which is believed to be fail-safe and much easier. A) Sanayinin araştırmaya yeterince kaynak ayırdığı ve bu yüzden, daha kolay ve garantili bir yol olan dışardan sanayi transferi üzerinde ısrar edilmesi gerektiği yaygın olarak biliniyordu. B) Anlaşıldığı kadarıyla sanayi, araştırmayı yeterince benimsemiyor ve bunun yerine, daha garantili ve kolay olduğuna inandığı sanayi transferini tercih ediyor. C) Sanayide araştırma ve geliştirmenin yeterince yararlı olmadığı ve bunun yerine, sanayi transferinin daha garantili ve kolay olacağına inanılıyor. D) Sanayinin araştırmaya yeteri kadar kaynak ayırmadığı, bunun yerine, garantili ve çok daha kolay olduğuna inanılan sanayi transferini tercih ettiği yaygın olarak biliniyor. E) Sanayi transferinin daha garantili ve çok daha kolay olduğuna inananlar tarafından, sanayinin araştırma ya yeteri kadar kaynak aktarmada yetersiz kaldığına yaygın olarak inanılıyor. 18) . According to the report submitted to the Prime Minister, by the end of this year the inflation which is so high will have been pulled down. A) Başbakana sunulan rapordan, enflasyonun, bu yılın sonuna kadar kısmen aşağı çekileceği anlaşılıyor. B) Başbakana sunulan bir raporda çok yüksek olan enflasyonun, bu yıl sonuna kadar tamamen durdurulacağı belirtiliyor. C) Başbakana sunulan rapora göre, bu yılın sonuna kadar çok yüksek olan enflasyon aşağı çekilmiş olacak. D) Başbakana sunulan raporda da belirtildiği gibi, bu yıl sonu itibariyle çok yüksek olan enflasyon tamamen ortadan kalkmış olacak. E) Başbakana sunulan rapordan anlaşıldığına göre, enflasyon bu yıl sonunda bir sorun olmaktan çıkacak. 19) . So many changes will have to be made in the law to enable free trade zones work effectively. A) Yasalarda gerekli değişiklikler yapıldığı takdirde, serbest ticaret bölgelerinin hemen faaliyete geçmesi sağlanabilir. B) Yasada çeşidi düzeltmeler yapılmadan serbest ticaret bölgelerinin verimli bir şekilde çalışması imkânsız olacaktır. C) Serbest ticaret bölgelerinin en verimli şekilde çalışmalarını sağlamak için bazı yasal değişikliklerin yapılması beklenmektedir. D) Serbest ticaret bölgelerinin etkili bir şekilde işletilmesini sağlamadan önce, yasada çok fazla değişikliğin yapılması zorunlu olacaktır. E) Serbest ticaret bölgelerinin kârlı bir şekilde işletilebilmesi için bazı yasal değişikliklerin yapılması şarttır.

504

20) . If this treatment does not work, there are also other techniques that can be used. A) Bu tedavi tam olarak başarılı olmadığı takdirde, denenebilecek başka teknikler de var. B) Bu tedavi ile beklenen sonuç elde edilemezse başka teknikleri de denemek zorunda kalabiliriz. C) Başka yöntemlerin kullanılması bu tedavinin istenilen sonucu verip vermemesine bağlıdır. D) Bu tedavi işe yaramazsa, kullanabilecek başka teknikler de var. E) Bu yöntemle ulaşılan sonuç beğenilmezse, diğer yöntemleri kullanmamız gerekir. 21) . The Soros Foundation was established at the beginning of the century to put into effect the wishes expressed by George Soros in his will. A) Yüzyılın başında kurulan Soros Vakfı'nın amacı, George Soros'un vasiyetnamesindeki dileklerini hayata geçirmektir. B) George Soros'un vasiyetnamesinde ifade ettiği hedeflere ulaşmak için yüzyılın başlarında Soros Vakfı kurulmuştur. C) Soros Vakfı, George Soros tarafından vasiyetnamesinde ifade edilen dilekleri hayata geçirmek için, yüzyılın başında kuruldu. D) George Soros tarafından hazırlanan vasiyetnamedeki dilekleri gerçekleştirebilmek amacıyla, yüzyılın başında Soros Vakfı'nın kurulması sağlanmıştır. E) Soros Vakfı'nın kuruluş amacı, George Soros tarafından yüzyılın başında kaleme alınan vasiyeti hayata geçirmektir. 22) . The site of Ephesus was first discovered in 1435 by the French archaeologist Franco Gutenberg and other later studies in the area have distinguished five strata of settlements. A) Fransız arkeolog Franco Gutenberg tarafından, ilk kez 1435'te keşfedilen Efes'in yerinde beş ayrı yerleşim katmanı olduğu, çeşitli çalışmalarda ortaya çıkarılmıştır. B) Bir Fransız arkeolog olarak Franco Gutenberg 1435'te keşfedilen Efes'in yerini ilk bulan kişidir ve daha sonra yapılan çalışmalar burada beş ayrı yerleşim seviyesini ortaya çıkarmıştır. C) Efes'in yerini 1435'te ilk bulan bir Fransız arkeolog olan Franco Gutenberg'dir ve burada yapılan çalışmalar beş yerleşim katmanını ortaya çıkarmıştır. D) Çeşitli çalışmalarda beş ayrı yerleşim katmanına sahip olduğu anlaşılan Efes'in yerini, Fransız arkeolog Franco Gutenberg 1435'te keşfetmiştir. E) Efes'in yeri, ilk kez 1435'te bir Fransız arkeolog olan Franco Gutenberg tarafından bulunmuş ve daha sonraki çalışmalar beş yerleşim katmanını belirlemiştir. 23) . France's newspaper market continues to flourish with relatively stable prices. A) Fransız gazete piyasası, nispeten istikrarlı fiyatlarla gelişmeye devam ediyor. B) Fransa'da gazete fiyatlarındaki istikrar kısmen devam etmektedir. C) Fransız basın piyasası gelişmesini sürdürmektedir. 505

D) Fransa'da gazete fiyatlarının istikrarlı durumu devam etmektedir. E) Fransa'da gazete fiyatlarının istikrarlı durumu devam etmektedir. 24) . Geleceğimiz , elleri yerine kafalarını kullanan insanların elindedir. A) People who use their brains more than their hands are going to control our future. B) In our future people will use their brains rather than their hands. C) It's our heads not our hands that are going to be important. D) Our future is in the hands of people who use their heads instead of their hands. E) In our future people will have to learn to use their hands rather than their reason. 25) . Since the results of the tests are worrying many employers are looking for people with a good knowledge of chemistry. A) Sonuçların üzücü olan yanı şu ki çoğu işveren başvuranların daha iyi kimya bilgisine sahip olmaları gerektiğini belirtmiş. B) Testlerin sonuçları şaşırtıcı, şimdi çoğu işverenin iyi kimya bilgisine sahip kişilere gereksinimi var. C) Testlerin sonuçları önemli, işverenlerin çoğu şimdi işçilerinin daha iyi kimya bilmesini istiyor. D) Testlerin sonuçları endişe verici olduğundan, pek çok işveren iyi kimya bilgisine sahip kişiler arıyor. E) Sonuçlar özellikle ürkütücü, işverenlerin çoğu artık sadece iyi kimya bilgisine sahip kişilere iş veriyor. TRANSLATION TEST-13 1) . Whatever measures the Ministry may have taken against smuggling, it is essential that the public should also be enlightened about the topic. A) Yolsuzluğa karşı hangi tedbirlerin alınması gerektiği hususunda Bakanlık kamuoyu oluşturmaya çalışıyor. B) Silah kaçakçılığına karşı alınan tedbirlere ek olarak Bakanlık kamu oyunu da aydınlatmak için konu üzerinde duruyor. C) Yolsuzlukları önlemek için Bakanlığın aldığı bir dizi tedbire ek olarak konu hakkında kamuoyu da aydınlatılıyor. D) Rüşvete karşı ne gibi tedbirler alınması gerektiği hususunda Bakanlık kamuoyuna açıklamalar yapmayı uygun görüyor. E) Kaçakçılığa karşı Bakanlık hangi tedbirleri almış olursa olsun, konu hakkında kamuoyunun da aydınlatılması şarttır. 2) . If he knew what the board had decided as regards his promotion, he would be terribly 506

upset. A) Naklen tayini hakkında Kurul’un nasıl bir karar verdiğini bilse, büyük üzüntü duyardı. B) Tayini için Kurul'un verdiği kararı bilseydi, derhal istifa ederdi. C) Kendi durumu ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un kararının ne olduğunu bilmiş olsaydı, tayin edilmeyi kesinlikle istemezdi. D) Terfisi ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un neye karar verdiğini bilse, tam bir düş kırıklığına uğrardı. E) Başarısızlığı nedeniyle hakkında Kurul'un ne tür bir karar ve- receğini bilseydi, son derece sinirlenirdi. 3). I firmly believe that we must put into effect some vital plans in order to increase productivity. A) Üretimi arttıracak çeşitli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği görüşüne tamamen katılıyorum. B) Verimliliği arttırmak için bazı acil planları yürürlüğe koymamız gerektiğine kuvvetle inanıyorum. C) Verimliliğin artırılması bakımından bazı önemli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği düşüncesindeyim. D) Verimlilik düzeyini geliştirmek için bazı kapsamlı planlar üzerinde durmamız gerektiği inancındayım. E) Bence verimliliği arttırmak için bazı planlar geliştirmek yararlı olabilir. 4). Turkey's membership of the European Community will be of crucial importance for the development of our international economic relations. A) Türkiye'nin Avrupa topluluğuna üyeliği, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin gelişmesi bakımından hayati bir önem taşıyacaktır. B) Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geliştirilmesi için Türkiye'nin Avrupa topluluğuna üye olması son derece önemli görülmektedir. C) Türkiye'nin uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerinin artması, Avrupa Topluluğuna üyelik için büyük önem taşımaktadır. D) Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin gelişmesi sonucu Türkiye'nin Avrupa Topluluğu'na üye olması daha da çok önem kazanmıştır. E) Türkiye'nin Avrupa topluluğuna üyeliğinden sonra uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geliştirilmesi çok büyük önem taşıyacaktır. 5) . Propose what they may, we are not going to accept their views on this matter. A) Bu konuda ne gibi önerileri ileri sürecekleri hususunda herhangi bir görüşümüz bulunmamaktadır. B) İstedikleri önerileri yapsınlar, bu sorunla ile ilgili görüşlerini kimseye kabul ettiremeyecekler. 507

C) Ne önerirlerse önersinler, bu konudaki görüşlerini kabul etmeyeceğiz. D) Ne gibi öneriler getirecekleri belli değilse de onların bu konuya bakış açılarını kabul edemeyiz. E) Her ne önerdilerse, bu konu ile ilgili olarak hiç birini kabul etmedik. 6) . Owing to an unexpected postponement in the delivery of the mail, his application did not reach in time. A) Postanın dağıtılmasındaki beklenmeyen gecikme nedeniyle, başvurusu bize zamanında ulaşmadı. B) Mektupların dağıtımı gecikince, bize yaptığı başvuru saatinde ulaşmadı. C) Postadaki beklenmeyen gecikme yüzünden başvurusunu zamanında bize gönderemedi. D) Başvurusunun bize zamanında ulaşmamasının nedeni, postanın dağıtımında meydana gelen gecikme idi. E) Postanın hiç tahmin edilmeyen gecikmesi, onun başvurusunun bize çabuk ulaşamamasına yol açtı. 7) . It was generally agreed by the board that a new plant should be opened in Sweden. A) Kurulun onayladığı yeni fabrika İsveç'te açılacaktır. B) Kurul, öncelikle İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılmasını onaylamışta. C) İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılması, kurul tarafından oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. D) Kurula, yeni fabrikanın İsveç'te açılması önerilmiştir. E) Kurulun onayı üzerine İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açıldı. 8) . Amongst of Turkey's priorities in international politics, membership of the European Community takes the first place. A) Türkiye, Avrupa Topluluğuna üye olabilmek için, uluslararası ilişkilerindeki öncelikleri geniş bir biçimde tespit etmiştir. B) Türkiye'nin uluslararası politikadaki öncelikleri arasında Avrupa Topluluğu üyeliği başta gelmektedir. C) Avrupa Topluluğuna üyelik, Türkiye'nin uluslarası politikasındaki ilk tercihtir. D) Uluslarası ilişkiler bakımından, Türkiye'nin en başta gelen amacı Avrupa Topluluğuna girmektir. E) Türkiye Avrupa Topluluğuna girmekle uluslararası politikada çeşitli avantajlar elde edecektir. 9) . The reports we have received up to now concerning the disaster seem to be exaggerating the situation. A) Felaketle ilgili olarak bize ulaşan raporların hepsi, abartılı bir şekilde kaleme alınmış. B) Felaketle ilgili olarak, durumun abartıldığı değişik raporlar yazıldı. C) Aldığımız tüm raporlarda, felaketin neden olduğu durum çok abartılmaktadır. 508

D) Felaketle ilgili olarak bugüne kadar aldığımız raporlar durumu abartıyor gibi görünüyor. E) Aldığımız raporların hepsi, felaket sonucu ortaya çıkan durumu ayrıntılı olarak anlatıyor. 10) . The company accountant, charged with misuse, has been put on trial. A) Zimmetine para geçirmekle suçlanan şirket muhasebecisi mahkemeye verildi. B) Şirketi zarara soktuğu için muhasebeci aleyhinde dava açıldı. C) Şirketin iflasına yol açtığı gerekçesiyle muhasebeci gözetim altına alındı. D) Hapse atılan şirket muhasebecisi, rüşvet almakla suçlandı. E) Yolsuzluk yaptığı iddiasıyla şirketin muhasebecisi hapse mahkum oldu. 11) . The growth of industrialism in the West is concerned with the growth of democracy. A) Batı’da sanayinin gelişmesi demokrasinin ortaya çıkmasıyla hızlanmıştır. B) Demokrasinin güçlenmesi, Batı’daki gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. C) Sanayi ve demokrasinin Batı’daki 'gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. D) Demokrasinin gelişmesi, Batı’daki sanayinin gelişmesi ile mümkün olmuştur. E) Batı’da sanayinin gelişmesi, demokrasinin gelişmesi ile ilişkilidir. 12) . Widespread vaccination campaigns carried out by the Ministry of Health have been efficient in reducing infant mortality. A) Sağlık Bakanlığının yürüttüğü geniş aşı kampanyaları sonucu, bebek ölümleri bir sorun olmaktan çıkmıştır. B) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılması amacıyla, Sağlık Bakanlığı geniş bir aşı kampanyası başlattı. C) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında en büyük etken, Sağlık Bakanlığının başlattığı geniş aşı kampanyasıdır. D) Bebek ölümlerini azaltmak için Sağlık Bakanlığınca yürütülen kampanya başarılı olmuştur. E) Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından yürütülen, yaygın aşı kampanyaları, bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında etkili olmuştur. 13) . Deforestation is causing an alarming decrease in the amount of farming area. A) Ormanların azlığı, sulu arazi miktarının giderek tehlikeli bir şekilde ortadan kalkmasına neden olmaktadır. B) Ormanların yok edilmesi nedeniyle, tarım arazisinin ciddi bir şekilde azaldığı görülmektedir. C) Ormanların yok olması, ekilebilir toprakların miktarında tehlikeli bir azalmaya neden olmaktadır. D) Ekilebilir toprakların tehlikeli bir şekilde azalması, ormanların yok edilmesiyle 509

ilgilidir. E) Ormanların yok olması nedeniyle, tarıma elverişli toprakların miktarında azalma olmaktadır. 14) . After years of fighting the two countries have at last decided to sign peace treaty. A) İki ülkenin temsilcileri bir antlaşma imzalayarak yıllarca süren barış dönemini başlattılar. B) Yıllarca süren savaştan sonra iki ülke, nihayet bir barış antlaşması imzalamaya karar verdiler. C) Yıllarca süren savaş, iki ülkenin nihayet anlaşması ve bir barış yapması ile sonuçlanmıştır. D) Savaşın yıllarca sürmesi sonucu, iki ülke bir antlaşma imzalamayı kabul ettiler. E) İki ülkenin imzaladığı barış antlaşması ile yıllarca süren bu savaş sona erdi. 15) . In developed countries, social security has been a main issue since the beginning of this century. A) Bu yüzyılın başından itibaren, gelişmiş ülkelerin en başta gelen sorunu sosyal güvenlik olmuştur. B) Bu yüzyılın başlarında gelişmiş ülkelerde ciddi bir sorun olarak sosyal güvenlik konusu üzerinde çok tartışılmıştır. C) Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sosyal güvenlik uygulaması bu yüzyılın başlarında görülen en önemli olaydır. D) Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sosyal güvenlik, bu yüzyılın başlarından beri önemli bir konu olmuştur. E) Bu yüzyılın başında, sosyal güvenliğin gelişmiş ülkelerde görülen önemli bir sorun olduğu kabul edilmiştir. 16) . In accordance with the report submitted to the Minister, by the end of this fiscal year inflation will have been pulled down considerably. A) Bakana sunulan rapordan, enflasyonun, bütçe yılı sonuna kadar kısmen aşağı çekileceği anlaşılıyor. B) Bakana sunulan bir raporda enflasyonun, bu yıl sonuna kadar tamamen durdurulacağı belirtiliyor. C) Bakana sunulan rapora göre, bu mali yıl sonuna kadar enflasyon önemli derecede aşağı çekilmiş olacak. D) Bakana sunulan raporda da belirtildiği gibi, bu mali yıl sonu itibariyle enflasyon tamamen ortadan kalkmış olacak. E) Bakana sunulan rapordan anlaşıldığına göre, enflasyon bu mali yıl sonunda bir sorun olmaktan çıkacak.

510

17) . Activities like gardening and swimming help to release mental tension. A) Zihin yorgunluğu, ancak yüzrne ve bahçe ile uğraşma gibi faaliyetlerin yardımıyla giderilebilir. B) Bahçe ile uğraşma ve yüzme gibi faaliyetler, zihinsel gerginliğin giderilmesine yardımcı olur C) Zihin yorgunluğunun giderilmesine yardım eden faaliyetler, bahçe ile uğraşma ve yüzmedir. D) Zihinsel gerginliğin giderilmesine yardım eden, yüzmle ve bahçe ile uğraşma gibi faaliyetler desteklenmelidir. E) Yüzme ve bahçe ile uğraşma, zihinsel gerginliğin yok olmasına katkı sağlayan faaliyetlerdir. 18) . Unfortunately most people are prejudiced against modes of behaviour that are different from their own. A) Garip olan şu ki çoğu insan, kendinden farklı hareket edenlere karşı oldukça önyargılıdır. B) Ne yazık ki insanlar kendilerinden farklı davrananlara karşı son derece önyargılıdır. C) İnsanların, kendilerinden farklı davranış biçimlerine sahip olanlara karşı önyargılı olması garipsenecek bir durumdur. D) Ne yazık ki pek çok insan, kendisinkinden farklı olan davranış biçimlerine karşı önyargılıdır. E) Ne yazık ki insanlarda kendi davranışlarından farklı davranış sergileyen pek çok insana karşı yaygın bir önyargı vardır. 19) . Once a child starts school he finds himself in a much larger and far more complex social group. A) Çocuk bir kez okula başlayınca, kendini hep daha kapsamlı ve karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içinde görmek ister. B) Çocuk, ancak okula başladıktan sonra, geniş ve çok karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içine girer. C) Çocuk oldukça geniş ve karmaşık bir sosyal grubun etkisini ancak okula başlayınca hisseder. D) Çocuğun çok geniş ve olabildiğince karmaşık bir sosyal grubun etkisinde kalması, ancak okula başladıktan sonra gerçekleşir. E) Çocuk okula başlayınca, kendisini çok daha geniş ve daha karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içinde bulur. 20) . The suggestions that Prof Thomson made in his lectures were to form the basis of much of the research work the department has undertaken. A) Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde yaptığı öneriler, bölümün üstlenmiş olduğu 511

araştırmaların çoğunun temelini oluşturmuştur. B) Bölümün yürüttüğü araştırmaların çoğunun temeli, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ileri sürdüğü görüşlere dayanıyordu. C) Bölümün başlattığı araştırmaların çoğu, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ortaya koyduğu ilkeleri temel alıyordu. D) Bölümün üstlendiği araştırmaların temeli, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ortaya attığı varsayımlardan oluşuyordu. E) Profesör Thomson, derslerde ileri sürdüğü görüşleri ile , bölümün yürütmekte olduğu araştırmaların pek çoğunun temelini atmıştır. 21) . The leading newspapers all gave conflicting accounts of the uncovering of a major espionage affair. A) Önde gelen bazı gazetelerin böylesine ciddi bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılmasına ilişkin olarak yaptığı yorumlar tutarlı değildi. B) Önde gelen gazetelerin hepsi, büyük bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılmasıyla ilgili olarak çelişkili haberler verdi. C) Casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılması üzerine, büyük gazetelerin hepsi farklı değerlendirmeler yaptılar. D) Önde gelen pek çok gazete, verdikleri çeşitli haberlerle büyük casusluk olayının ortaya çıkmasını sağladı. E) Bu kadar büyük bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkması, bazı büyük gazetelerin çelişkili haber vermesi sonucu gerçekleşti. 22) . One may argue that successful novels depend not so on their plots as they do on the characters they portray. A) Başarılı romanların hem konularına hem de çizdikleri karakterlere önem verdiği ileri sürülebilir. B) Denilebilir ki başarılı romanlarda konular kadar çizilen karakterler de önem taşır. C) Başarılı romanların aslında sadece konularına değil aynı zamanda çizdikleri karakterlere de dayandığı düşünülebilir. D) Başarılı romanların konularından çok çizdikleri karakterlere dayandığı ileri sürülebilir. E) Başarılı romanların temelini hem konularının hem de çizdikleri karakterlerin oluşturduğu görüşü ileri sürülebilir. 23) . The real significance of the peace plan still under negotiation lies in the fact that it will open up a new era of friendship. A) Yeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması amacıyla sürdürülen barış planının gerçek anlamı ortadadır. B) Şu bir gerçektir ki görüşmeleri devam eden barış planı yepyeni bir dostluk döneminin başlangıcını oluşturacaktır. 512

C) Yeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması , halen görüşülmekte olan barış planının gerçek anlamını ortaya koymaktadır. D) Görüşülen barış planının gerçek anlamı, yepyeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. E) Halen görüşülmekte olan barış planının asıl önemi, yeni bir dostluk dönemi başlatacağı gerçeğinde yatmaktadır. 24) . Some of the nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize have been turned down by the award committee on account of the harsh criticism made against them by the press. A) Bazı Nobel Barış Ödülü adayları basında şiddetle eleştirilince, ödül kurulu onları değerlendirmeyi reddetti. B) Basında yer alan sert eleştirilere rağmen ödül kurulu Nobel Barış Ödülüne aday gösterilen bazı kişileri değerlendirme dışı bıraktı. C) Nobel Barış Ödülü adaylarından bazıları, haklarında basında yer alan sert eleştiriler nedeniyle, ödül kurulunca reddedildiler. D) Nobel Barış Ödülü kurulu, basında yer alan şiddetli eleştirileri de göz önüne alarak, bazı adayları daha değerlendirmeye almadı, E) Nobel Barış Ödülü için aday gösterilen bazıkişiler, ödül kurulunu basında sert bir dille eleştirince değerlendirme dışı bırakıldılar. 25) . Despite massive Soviet pressure, Chink was eventually able to conclude a treaty of peace and friendship with Japan in 1978. A) Yoğun Sovyet baskısını hiçe sayan Çin, nihayet 1978'de Japonya ile barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapmaya karar verdi. B) 1978'de Japonya ile barış ve dostluk antlaşması imzalayan Çin, hemen büyük bir Sovyet baskısı aldına girdi. C) Çin'in 1978'de Japonya ile bir barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapma olanağı bulması, yoğun bir Sovyet baskısına yol açtı. D) Çin, yoğun Sovyet baskısına rağmen, nihayet 1978'de Japonya ile bir barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapma olanağı bulabildi. E) Japonya ile 1978'de yaptığı barış ve dostluk antlaşması nedeni ile Çin, yoğun bir Sovyet baskısıyla karşılaştı. TRANSLATION TEST-14 1) . One must remember that, despite the great prosperity of the people, France's principal political problem remains the relationship between her English and French speaking communities. A) Halkın büyük refahına rağmen, İngilizce ve Fransızca konuşan toplulukların arasındaki ilişkinin, Fransa'nın başlıca siyasal sorunu olarak durduğu hatırlanmalıdır. 513

B) İngilizce ve Fransızca konuşan topluluklar büyük refah içinde olsa da, bunların birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerinin Fransa'nın temel siyasal sorunu olduğu göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. C) Halkı büyük refah içinde olan Fransa'nın başlıca siyasal sorununun, İngilizce ve Fransızca konuşan topluluklarının arasındaki ilişkiye dayandığı hiç bir zaman unutulmamalıdır. D) Bugün Fransa'nın en önemli siyasal sorununun, büyük refah içinde yaşayan, İngilizce ve Fransızca konuşan topluluklar arasındaki ilişkiler olduğu bilinmelidir. E) Şu bilinmelidir ki, büyük bir refah içinde yaşayan İngiliz ve Fransız topluluktan arasındaki ilişki, bugün Fransa'nın en başta gelen siyasal sorunudur. 2) . The hope of a permanent peace depend on how well the interim arrangements can be made to work. A) Sürekli barışın sağlanması, geçici anlaşmaların bozulmaması için gösterilecek çabaya bağlı olacaktır. B) Sürekli barış umudu, ara düzenlemelerin ne kadar iyi işletilebileceğine bağlıdır. C) Geçici anlaşmalara ne ölçüde uyulursa, sürekli barış sağlanması olasılığı o kadar artacaktır. D) Kalıcı bir barış umudu, geçici düzenlemelerin ne kadar işe yarayacağına bağlıdır. E) Barışın sürekli olup olmayacağı, iyi niyet çabalarının karşılıklı olarak sürdürülmesine bağlıdır. 3) . The news report is too significant to be glanced at. A) Bu haber rapor göz atılması gerekecek kadar önemlidir. B) Bu haber rapor önemli olduğu için okunmalıdır. C) Bu haber rapor sadece bir göz atılıp geçiştirilemeyecek kadar önemlidir. D) Bu haber rapor tahmin edebileceğinden çok önemlidir. E) Bu haber rapor herkes tarafından okunması gereken önemi haizdir. 4) . She suggests that universities revise their priorities so as to help achieve significant national aims. A) Ulusal hedeflere ulaşmada, ancak özelliklerini değiştiren üniversitelerin önemli katkıda bulunabileceğini belirtiyor. B) Önemli ulusal hedeflere ulaşılmasına yardımcı olacak öncelikleri üniversitelerin belirlemelerini öneriyor. C) Ulusal açıdan önemli hedeflere ulaşmada yardımcı olmak isteyen üniversitelerin önceliklerini buna göre belirlemelerini öneriyor. D) Ulusal hedeflere ulaşmada basan sağlanması için, üniversitelerin gereksinimlerine öncelik tanınmasının önemli olduğunu belirtiyor. E) Önemli ulusal hedeflere ulaşılmasını sağlamak için üniversitelerin kendi önceliklerini 514

gözden geçirmelerini öneriyor. 5) . There followed a long history of colonization by the German, the Spanish and finally the British from whom Trinidad and Tobago gained independence in 1962. A) Alman, İspanyol ve İngiliz sömürgeciliğini takiben burada, 1962 yılında Trinidad ve Tobago bağımsızlıklarını kazandılar. B) Trinidad ve Tobago'nun 1962'de verdikleri bağımsızlık mücadelesini izleyen uzun sömürgecilik tarihi dönemine Alman, İspanyol ve nihayet Britanya damgasını vurdu. C) Alman, İspanyol ve nihayet İngilizlerin uzun sömürgecilik yıllarının ardından gelen 1962 yılında Trinidad ve Tobago bağımsızlıklarını kazandılar. D) Bunu, Alman, İspanyolve nihayet 1962'de Trinidad ve Tobago'nun bağımsızlıklarım kazandıktan İngilizlerin uzun sömürge tarihi izledi. E) Bunu izleyen 1962 yılında Trinidad ve Tobago'unun bir sömürge döneminden sonra Alman, İspanyol ve Britanyalılardan bağımsızlıklarını aldılar. 6) . This scheme would allow 2,002 young Albanians to emigrate each of the 25 developed countries currently providing direct help. A) Bu plan, 25 gelişmiş ülkeye göç etmek isteyen 2002 Arnavut gencine doğrudan yardım sağlanmasını öngörüyor. B) Bu plana göre, şu anda doğrudan yardımda bulunan 25 gelişmiş ülkenin katkısıyla 2002 genç Arnavut'a iş imkânı sağlanacak. C) Bu plan çerçevesinde 25 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine göç etmiş bulunan 2002 Arnavut'a hemen doğrudan yardım sağlanacak. D) Bu plan, 25 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine göç izni olan 2002 Arnavut gencine doğrudan yardımı öngörüyor. E) Bu plan, şu anda doğrudan yardım yapan 25 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine 2002 genç Arnavut'un göç etmesini sağlayacak. 7) . Even companies that cannot reuse their waste products are learning to minimize the effect they have on the environment. A) Atıklarını yok edemeyen şirketler de, onları çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kullanmayı öğreniyor. B) Atıkları kullanılamayan kuruluşlar da, çevreye verdikleri zararı en aza indirmeyi öğreniyor. C) Atıklarını yeniden kullanamayan şirketler bile, onların çevre üzerindeki etkisini en aza indirmeyi öğreniyor. D) Atıklardan kurtulamayan şirketler de, hiç değilse çevreye verecekleri zararı azaltmayı öğreniyor. E) Atıklarını satma yolu bulamayan şirketler de, onlardan çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kurtulmayı öğreniyor. 515

8) . Certain scientists suspect that modifications in ocean circulation may have led to sudden climate shifts in the past. A) Bazı bilim adamları, okyanus akıntısındaki değişikliklerin geçmişte ani iklim değişmelerine yol açmış olabileceğinden şüpheleniyorlar. B) Bazı bilim adamları, geçmişteki ani iklim değişikliklerinin okyanus akıntısındaki değişmeden kaynaklandığına inanmıyorlar. C) Bazı bilim adamları, geçmişte okyanus akıntısında görülen değişikliklerin, iklim değişmelerinden kaynaklanmış olabileceği düşüncesindeler. D) .Bazı bilim adamları, okyanus akıntısını değiştiren etkenin, geçmişteki ani iklim değişiklikleri olduğundan şüpheleniyorlar. E) Bazı bilim adamları, okyanus akıntısındaki değişikliklerin geçmişteki ani iklim değişmeleriyle aynı zamanda olduğundan emin değiller. 9) . On the contrary, many Southern European countries have made great strides in child care. A) Öte yandan, Güney Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda çocuk bakımı önemli sorunların kaynağı olmuştur. B) Öte yandan, Güney Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğu çocuk bakımından büyük ölçüde gerilemiştir. C) Çoğu Güney Avrupa ülkesinin tersine, çocuk bakımında önemli gelişmeler kaydettik. D) Aksine, çok sayıda Güney Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakımında büyük adımlar atmıştır. E) Aksine, çoğu Güney Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakımında büyük zorluklarla karşılaşmıştır. 10) . On the surface of Mars, the fourth nearest planet to the sun one sees vast plains that have been subject to excessive rain over hundreds of millions of years. A) Mars, Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen olmasına rağmen, yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl büyük yağışlar almış çok büyük ovalar göze çarpmaktadır. B) Yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl büyük sel baskınlarına maruz kalmış ovalan olan Mars, Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegendir. C) Mars, Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen olduğu için, yüzeyindeki çok geniş ovalar yüz milyonlarca yıl şiddetli yağmurlara maruz kalmıştır. D) Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen Mars'ın yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl aşırı yağmura maruz kalmış geniş ovalar görülmektedir. E) Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen olan Mars'ın yüzeyi yüz milyonlarca yıl aşırı yağmura maruz kalmış sınırsız ovalardan oluşmaktadır. 11) . Some years ago British Constitutional Court decided by a 6 to 2 vote, that no law could allow abortion in violation of the rights of the unborn. A) Yıllar önce İngiliz Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı bir karara göre, 516

hiçbir yasa, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını hiçe sayarak, kürtaja izin veremez. B) İngiliz Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin birkaç yıl önce 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı karara göre, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını ihlal etmek demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasa izin veremez. C) Birkaç yıl önce, İngiliz Anayasa Mahkemesi, hiçbir yasanın, doğmamış çocuğun haklarına aykırı olarak kürtaja izin veremeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar verdi. D) İngiliz Anayasa Mahkemesi, doğmamış çocuğun haklarının ihlal edilmesi demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasanın izin veremeyeceği görüşünü birkaç yıl önce 2'ye karşı 6 oyla değiştirdi. E) İngiliz Anayasa Mahkemesi, birkaç yıl önce, hiçbir yasada kürtaja izin verilemeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar vererek, doğmamış çocuğun hakkının ihlal edilmesini engelledi. 12) . The committee unanimously refused a proposal to divide the city into two zones and stressed the need to think the whole city as a unit. A) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırmayı amaçlayan öneriyi tümüyle reddetti ve kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiğini savundu. B) Kentin iki bölgeye ayrılmasına ilişkin öneriyi derhal reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiği görüşüne vardı. C) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırma önerisini oy birliği ile reddetti ve tüm kentin bir bütün olarak düşünülmesi gerektiğini vurguladı. D) Tüm kentin bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gereği üzerinde duran kurul, kenti iki ayrı bölgeye ayırmaya yönelik öneriyi tereddütsüz reddetti. E) Kentin iki ayrı bölgeye ayrılmasını öngören öneriyi oy çokluğu ile reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak görülmesi gereği üzerinde ısrarla durdu. 13) . There was a big explosion three weeks ago in the laboratory where jet engine was being tested. A) Üç hafta önce laboratuvarda jet motoru denenirken önemli bir hasar meydana geldi. B) Üç hafta önce jet motorunun denendiği laboratuvarda büyük bir patlama oldu. C) Jet motoru denemeleri, üç hafta önce laboratuvarda büyük bir kazaya neden oldu. D) Laboratuvarda jet motoru üzerinde yapılan denemeler, son haftalarda büyük bir tartışmaya yol açtı. E) Laboratuvarda meydana gelen son büyük olay, jet motoru üzerine yapılan deneyle ilgiliydi. 14) . A law cannot abuse the substance of a right or freedom even if it is for the benefit of public welfare, public moral or public order. A) Kanun kamu yaran, genel ahlak ya da kamu düzeni gibi sebeplerle de olsa, bir hakkın ya da hürriyetin özüne dokunamaz. B) Kamu refahının, kamu ahlakının ve kamu düzeninin yararına olsa bile, bir hakkın ya da 517

hürriyetin özüne dokunulamaz. C) Kanun, kamunun yararına, genel ahlâk kurallarına uygunluğuna rağmen bir hak ya da hürriyeti şiddete başvurarak kısıtlayamaz. D) Adalet kamu yararını, genel ahlak ya da kamu düzenim gözetse bile kazanılmış hak ve hürriyetleri şiddet yoluyla değiştiremez. E) Bir kanunun, cebren bir hak ya da hürriyeti bozması, bu kanun, kamunun genel ahlak ve düzenine uygun olsa bile mümkün değildir.

15) . She is the only person with enough experience and expertise to carry out this scheme. A) Bu projeyi yürütecek yeterli deneyim ve uzmanlığa sahip tek kişi odur. B) Deneyim ve uzmanlığa sahip bir kişi olarak bu projeyi o yürütecektir. C) Bu projeyi ancak yeterli deneyim ve uzmanlığa sahip bir kişi yürütebilir. D) Bildiğim kadarıyla, bu projeyi yürütecek deneyim ve uzmanlığa sahip tek kişi vardır. E) Yeterli bilgi ve deneyimi ile bu projeyi yürütebilecek tek kişinin o olduğu açıktır. 16) . It is possible to draw some calculations from the data given. A) Bir sonuca varabilmek için bazı verilere ihtiyaç vardır. B) Verilen verilerden bazı sonuçlar çıkarmak mümkündür. C) Verilen verilerden herhangi bir sonuç çıkarmak uzak bir ihtimaldir. D) Verilerden elde edilen sonuçları, yeniden değerlendirmek gerekir. E) Sonuçları, verilen verilere göre değerlendirmek mümkündür. 17) . After years of war the two countries have finally decided to sign a peace treaty. A) İki ülkenin temsilcileri bir antlaşma imzalayarak yıllarca süren barış dönemini başlattılar. B) Yıllarca süren savaştan sonra iki ülke, nihayet bir barış antlaşması imzalamaya karar verdiler. C) Yıllarca süren savaş, iki ülkenin nihayet anlaşması ve bir barış yapması ile sonuçlanmıştır. D) Savaşın yıllarca sürmesi sonucu, iki ülke bir antlaşma imzalamayı kabul ettiler. E) İki ülkenin imzaladığı barış antlaşması ile yıllarca süren bu savaş sona erdi. 18) . Not until the end of the 15th century did anyone think of combining drama and music, and so invent the new art we know today as "opera". A) 15. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren herkes tiyatro ile müziği birleştirerek o gün için yeni bir sanat olan "opera"yı yaratmayı düşünüyordu. B) 15. yüzyılın sonlarında hiç kimse tiyatro ile müziği kaynaştırarak, yeni bir sanat olan "opera"yı yaratmayı düşünmüyordu. 518

C) 15. yüzyılın sonuna kadar hiç kimse tiyatro ile müziği birleştirmeyi ve böylece, bugün "opera" olarak bildiğimiz yeni sanatı icat etmeyi düşünmedi. D) Müzikle tiyatronun kaynaşması sonucu ortaya çıkan "opera"yı hiç kimse 15. yüzyılın sonuna kadar bir sanat olarak nitelendirmedi. E) 15. yüzyıldan önce hiç kimse tiyatro ile müziğin birleşebileceğine ve bugün "opera" adı verilen yeni bir sanatın doğabileceğine inanmıyordu. 19) . She suggests that universities revise their priorities in order to help achieve important national goals. A) Ulusal hedeflere ulaşmada, ancak önceliklerini değiştiren üniversitelerin önemli katkıda bulunabileceğini belirtiyor. B) Önemli ulusal hedeflere ulaşılmasına yardımcı olacak öncelikleri, üniversitelerin belirlemelerini öneriyor. C) Ulusal açıdan önemli hedeflere ulaşmada yardımcı olmak isteyen üniversitelerin, önceliklerini buna göre belirlemelerini öneriyor. D) Ulusal hedeflere ulaşmada başarı sağlanması için, üniversitelerin gereksinimlerine öncelik tanınmasının önemli olduğunu belirtiyor. E) Önemli ulusal hedeflere ulaşılmasını sağlamak için, üniversitelerin kendi önceliklerini gözden geçirmelerini öneriyor. 20) . Today there are some political scientists who would date the beginning of the cold war back to the early 1930s when the Soviets declared ideological war on western capitalist society. A) Bugün bazı siyaset bilimciler, Sovyetlerin kapitalist batı ülkelerine karşı ideolojik bir savaş açtığı 1930'lu yılların, soğuk savaşın başlangıç tarihi olarak kabul edilmesine karşılar. B) Bugün, soğuk savaşın başlangıcını, Sovyetlerin kapitalist batı toplumlarına karşı ideolojik savaş ilan ettiği 1930'ların ilk yıllarına dayandıran bazı siyaset bilimciler bulunmaktadır. C) Bugün bazı siyaset bilimcilere göre Sovyetlerin 1930'lu yılların başında kapitalist batı ülkelerine karşı ideolojik bir savaş açması, soğuk savaşın başlangıcını oluşturan ilk gelişmedir. D) Bugün bazı siyaset bilimciler soğuk savaşın başlangıç tarihi 1930'lu yıllar olarak kabul ederler, çünkü bu dönemde Sovyetler, kapitalist batı ülkelerine karşı ideolojik bir savaş ilan etmişlerdir. E) 1930'lu yılların başında Sovyetlerin bazı kapitalist batı toplumlarına karşı ideolojik bir savaş başlatmaları, bugün bazı siyaset uzmanları tarafından soğuk savaş olarak kabul edilmektedir. 21) . During the 1950s in Namibia, nationalist sentiment began to grow among the native 519

tribes, and a number of political parties were formed including the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). A) 1950'li yıllarda Namibya'daki yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik akımı gelişmeye başlayınca, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) da dahil birçok siyasi parti ortaya çıktı. B) 1950'lerde Namibya'da yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusu artmaya başladı ve Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil bir çok siyasi parti kuruldu. C) 1950'li yıllardan bu yana Namibya'da milliyetçilik duygusunun yeni kabileler arasında giderek artması sonucu, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil pek çok siyasi partinin kurulduğu görülmüştür. D) I950'li yıllardan itibaren Namibya'da Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil bir çok partinin ortaya çıkması, yeni kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusunun güçlenmesi sonucu olmuştur. E) Namibya'da, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil çok sayıda siyasal partinin kurulması, 1950'li yıllarda yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçiliğin oldukça yaygın olmasına bağlıdır. 22) . Japan, which was totally destroyed in the war, has been rebuilt and is today a major centre of international trade. A) Japonya savaşta tamamen yıkılmış, fakat en kısa zamanda yeniden inşa edilmiş ve artık bugün uluslararası ticarette önemli bir merkez olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. B) Bugün uluslararası bir ticaret merkezi olan Japonya, savaşta tamamen yıkılmış olmasına rağmen, en kısa zamanda yeniden inşa edilmiştir. C) Savaşta tamamen yıkılmış olan Japonya yeniden inşa edilmiş ve bugün uluslararası ticaretin önemli bir merkezi durumuna gelmiştir. D) Yeniden inşa edilerek uluslararası ticaretin en önemli bir merkezi olan Japonya, savaşta baştan başa yıkılmıştı. E) Bugün önemli bir uluslararası ticaret merkezi olan Japonya, önce savaşın yıkımına uğramış fakat hemen arkasından yeniden inşa edilmiştir. 23) . The hope of a permanent peace depend on how well the interim arrangements can be made to work. A) Sürekli barışın sağlanması, geçici anlaşmaların bozulmaması için gösterilecek çabaya bağlı olacaktır. B) Sürekli barış umudu, ara düzenlemelerin ne kadar iyi işletilebileceğine bağlıdır. C) Geçici anlaşmalara ne ölçüde uyulursa sürekli banş sağlanması olasılığı o kadar artacaktır. D) Kalıcı bir barış umudu, geçici düzenlemelerin ne kadar işe yarayacağına bağlıdır. E) Bansın sürekli olup olmayacağı, iyi niyet çabalarının karşılıklı olarak sürdürülmesine bağlıdır. 520

24) . The report suggests that the boom in home computers, which has been helping the industry's growth for the last two years, may be slowing down. A) Rapor yetersiz olmakla birlikte, ev bilgisayarlarında talebin durması, son iki yılda sanayide görülen büyümeyi yavaşlatmış olabilir. B) Rapordan anlaşıldığı kadarıyla, son iki yılda sanayinin büyümesiyle birlikte ev bilgisayarlarındaki azalış yavaşlıyor gibi. C) Rapordan görüldüğü kadarıyla, ev bilgisayarları talebindeki artışta ortaya çıkan yavaşlama sanayinin büyümesini etkiliyor. D) Rapor, son iki yıldır sanayinin büyümesini sağlayan ev bilgisayarlarındaki patlamanın durulmakta olabileceğini gösteriyor. E) Rapor açıkça gösteriyor ki sanayinin son zamanlarda büyümesi, ev bilgisayarlarındaki patlamanın etkisine rağmen yavaşlıyor. 25) . In the past many writers enhanced their fame by travelling and lecturing on a variety of public issue. A) Geçmişte şöhretini artırmak isteyen pek çok yazar, bol bol seyahat ediyor ve çeşitli konulardaki konferanslara katılıyordu. B) Geçmişte pek çok yazar, seyahat ederek ve çeşitli toplumsal konularda konferanslar vererek şöhretini artırmıştır. C) Geçmişte pek çok yazar, gerek şöhretini artırmak gerek çeşitli toplum sorunlan ile ilgilenmek için sık sık seyahat ediyordu. D) Geçmişte, şöhretini artırmak isteyen pek çok yazar hem seyahat ediyor, hem de toplumun çeşitli sorunları üzerine konuşuyordu. E) Geçmişte, yazarlann çoğu seyahat ederek ve toplumsal konulardaki çeşitli derslere katılarak şöhrete ulaşıyordu. TRANSLATION TEST-15 1) . The success of the corporation in the bitterly global market will depend on its ability to keep costs low. A) Böylesine amansız ortamda bir şirketin dünya pazarında başarılı olması, maliyetleri daha düşük tutabilmesinden kaynaklanıyor. B) Şirketin başarısı, dünya pazarındaki acımasız rekabete rağmen maliyeden düşürebilmesine bağlı olacak. C) Şirketin amansız dünya pazarındaki başarısı, maliyetleri düşük tutabilmesine bağlı olacak. D) Dünya pazarındaki amansız rekabet gözönüne alındığında, şirketin başarısı maliyetleri düşük tutmanın önemini kavramasına bağlı olacak. E) Şirketin başarısı, aımasız dünya pazarına girdiğinde bile maliyetleri düşürmesinden 521

anlaşılıyor. 2) . Little children are closer to God and more aware of His miracles than we adults who are too busy to observe the wonders of God's creating. A) Küçük çocuklar, Allah'ın yarattığı harikaları görmeyecek derecede meşgul olan biz yetişkinlere göre Allah'a daha yakınlar ve onun mucizelerinin daha fazla farkındalar. B) Bana öyle geliyor ki, Allah'ın yarattığı şeylerin harikalığını göremeyecek kadar meşgul olan biz yetişkinlere kıyasla çocuklar O'nun mucizelerinin daha çok farkında ve O'na daha yakınlar. C) O'nun yarattığı mükemmellikleri gözlemleyemeyecek kadar meşgul olan biz yetişkinlerle karşılaştırıldığında, çocuklar O'nun yarattığı harikaların daha çok farkında ve onlara bizden daha yakındır. D) Biz yetişkinler, Allah'ın yarattıklarının harikuladeliğini görebilmek için çok meşgul olduğumuzdan, çocukların O'nun mucizelerini algılamasını ve O'na yakınlıklarını fark edemiyoruz. E) Çok meşgul olan biz yetişkinler, Allah'ın yarattıklarının mükemmelliğini göremiyor ve çocukların O'na ne kadar yakın ve O'nun mucizelerinin bilincinde olduğunu fark edemiyoruz. 3) . Because it was not her mother's style to let on about her personal problems, Jane probably didn't know that she was suffering. A) Kişisel sorunlarını açığa vurmak annesinin tarzı olmadığından, Jane belki de onun acı çektiğim bilmiyordu. B) Jane annesinin kişisel sorunlarıyla ilgilenmediğinden, belki onun acı çektiğinin farkında değildi. C) Annesinin sorunlarıyla ilgilenme alışkanlığında olmayan Jane, belki onun çektiği sıkıntılarından da habersizdi. D) Jane'in annesi, kişisel sorunlarını kendisine saklamak alışkanlığının, başkalarına acı çektirdiğim belki de bilmiyordu. E) Kişisel sorunlarını açığa vurmak Jane'in tarzı olmadığından, acı çektiğini annesine nasıl anlatacağını belki de bilmiyordu. 4) . As regards to the high inflation in Argentina, no government has yet found an effective solution. A) Hükümet, ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonu düşürmek için bir çözüm yolu bulamamıştır. B) Arjantin'de yüksek bir enflasyon olduğu için hükümet henüz kesin bir çözüm bulmuş değildir. C) Arjantin'deki yüksek enflasyonla ilgili olarak, henüz hiçbir hükümet etkili bir çözüm bulamamıştır. D) Hiçbir hükümet, Arjantin'deki yüksek enflasyonu göz önüne alarak gerekli çözümleri 522

önermemiştir. E) Arjantin'deki yüksek enflasyon nedeniyle, hükümet henüz köklü bir çözüm bulamamıştır. 5) . Among Latvia's priorities in international politics, membership of the European Community takes the first place. A) Litvanya, Avrupa Topluluğu'na üye olabilmek için, uluslararası ilişkilerindeki öncelikleri geniş bir biçimde tespit edilmiştir. B) Litvanya'nın uluslararası politikadaki öncelikleri arasında Avrupa Topluluğu üyeliği başta gelmektedir. C) Avrupa Topluluğu'na üyelik, Lİtvanya'nın uluslararası politikasındaki ilk tercihtir. D) Uluslararası ilişkiler bakımından, Litvanya'nın en başta gelen amacı Avrupa Topluluğu'na girmektir. E) Litvanya Avrupa Topluluğu'na girmekle, uluslararası politikada çeşitli avantajlar elde edecektir. 6) . Vaccination campaigns carried out by ministry have been effective in reducing infant mortality. A) Bakanlığın yürüttüğü aşı kampanyaları sonucu, bebek ölümleri bir sorun olmaktan çıkmıştır. B) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılması amacıyla, bakanlık bir aşı kampanyası başlattı. C) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında en büyük etken, bakanlığın başlattığı aşı kampanyasıdır. D) Bebek ölümlerini azaltmak için bakanlıkça yürütülen kampanya başarılı olmuştur. E) Bakanlık tarafından yürütülen aşı kampanyaları, bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında etkili olmuştur. 7) . Whatever measures the Russian Government may take to encourage economic growth, there is bound to be opposition in some quarters. A) Bazı çevrelerin muhalefetine rağmen, Rus hükümeti iktisadi büyümeyi hızlandırmak için bir dizi önlem aldı. B) İktisadi büyümeyi teşvik için Rus hükümeti hangi önlemleri alırsa alsın, bazı çevrelerin muhalefet edeceği kesindir. C) İktisadi büyüme için Rus hükümetinin aldığı çeşitli önlemler, bazı çevrelerin muhalefeti ile karşılaştı. D) İktisadi büyümeyi sağlayabilmek için Rus hükümeti tarafından alınan kararlar, muhalefetin tepkisini çekti. E) Rus hükümetinin uygulamaya koyduğu kararlar bir yandan iktisadi büyümeyi artırırken, diğer yandan muhalefetin tepki göstermesine yol açtı.

523

8) . England's King Philip II, spoke fluent Portuguese, since he grew up in Portugal, where his mother lived in exile. A) İngiliz kralı ikinci Philip , Portekiz'de doğup büyüdüğü ve annnesi gibi burada sürgünde yaşadığı için mükemmel Portekizce konuşuyordu. B) İngiliz kralı ikinci Philip çok akıcı Portekizce konuşmasının en önemli nedeni, annesinin sürgüne gönderildiği Portekiz'de uzun süre yaşamış olmasıdır. C) İngiliz kralı ikinci Philip, Portekizceyi akıcı bir şekilde konuşmayı, Portekiz'de annesi gibi sürgün yaşadığı yıllarda öğrendi. D) İngiliz kralı ikinci Philip, annesinin sürgün yaşadığı Portekiz'de büyümüş olduğu için akıcı Portekizce konuşuyordu. E) Portekiz'de doğup büyüyen İngiliz kralı ikinci Philip, sürgünde yaşayan annesi kadar akıcı Portekizce konuşur. 9) . There was much documentary evidence about the murder, which was subjected to rigorous testing by the forensic specialists and found to be authentic. A) Cinayete ilişkin bir sürü kanıt ve belge, bu alanın uzmanlarınca köklü bir incelemeye alınmış ve bunların doğruluğu ispatlanmıştır. B) Güvelik uzmanları, cineyet ile ilgili pek çok belge ve kamu yoğun bir incelemeye almış ve bunların gerçek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. C) Cinayet hakkında, adli tıp uzmanlarınca sıkı incelemeye tabi tutulan ve gerçek olduğu anlaşılan pek çok belgesel kanıt bulunmaktaydı. D) Parmak izi uzmanlarınca ayrıntılı bir incelemeye tabi tutulan belgesel kanıtlar, cinayete ilişkin gerçekleri kesin olarak ortaya koymuştur. E) Cinayete ilişkin o kadar çok belge ve kanıt bulunmaktaydı ki, bunların ilgili uzmanlarca incelenmesi ve doğruluklarının saptanması çok uzun sürmüştür. 10) . Animals and plants must adjust to their close environment in order to survive. A) Hayvanlar ve bitkiler yaşamlarını sürdürebilmek için insanların bulunduğu yakın çevreye ayak uydurmalıdırlar. B) Hayvanlar ve bitkiler yaşamlarını sürdürebilmek için yakın çevrelerine uyum sağlamak zorundadırlar. C) İnsanlar, yaşamlarını sürdürebilmek için bitki ve hayvanların yakın yaşamlarını dikkate almak zorundadırlar. D) Hayvanlar ve bitkiler birlikte yaşamak zorunda oldukların bilerek yakın çevrelerine iyi davranmak zorundadırlar. E) Hayvanlar ve bitkiler yaşamlarını sürdürebilmek için yakın çevrelerini geliştirmek zorundadırlar. 11) . It remains to be seen whether expanding trade ties with Greece will lead to an improvement in diplomatic relations. 524

A) Yunanistan ile diplomatik gerginliklerin, ticari ilişkilerin gelişmesinde bir engel oluşturup oluşturmayacağını göreceğiz. B) Yunanistanla genişleyen ticari bağlantıların diplomatik ilişkilerde bir iyileşme sağlayıp sağlamayacağı zamanla görülecek. C) Yunanistan ile ticari bağları geliştirmenin diplomatik anlaşmazlıklara yol açıp açmayacağı zamanla görülecek. D) Yunanistan ile genişleyen ticari bağlantının diplomatik sorunlara yol açıp açmayacağını araştırmak gerekiyor. E) Yunanistan ile diplomatik ilişkileri geliştirmenin ticari konularda anlaşma sağlayıp sağlamayacağım zaman gösterecek. 12) . The meeting became so unruly that the speaker had to shout to enable the last few guests to hear him. A) Kalan son birkaç konuğa sesini duyurabilmek maksadıyla toplantıdaki konuşmacı bağırmak zorunda kaldı. B) Kalan son birkaç konuk gürültülü hale gelen toplantıda konuşmacıyı duyabilmek için onun bağırmasını beklediler. C) Konuşmacıyı, çok gürültülü hale gelen toplantıda duyabilmek için birkaç konuk onu bağırmak zorunda bıraktılar. D) Toplantı öylesine gürültülü bir hal aldı ki konuşmacı, kendisini dinleyen son birkaç misafire sesini duyurabilmek için zorunda kaldı. E) Toplantı öylesine gürültülü bir hal aldı ki, son birkaç konuğun sesini duyabilmesini sağlamak amacıyla konuşmacı bağırmak zorunda kaldı. 13) .I would probably have reacted in a similar manner if I had been faced with the same problem. A) Böyle bir problemle karşılaşırsam, onunkine benzer bir tepki gösterebilirim. B) Aynı problemle herhalde ben karşılaşırım, tepkim de bu şekilde olur. C) Eğer aynı problemle karşılaşsaydım, herhalde ben de benzer şekilde tepki gösterirdim. D) Eğer aynı problemle yine karşılaşırsam, herhalde aynı tepkiyi gösteririm. E) Belki ben de aynı problemle karşılaştım ve tepkim de benzer şekilde oldu. 14) . From the reading of her book, it is clear that Professor Albert Lee has a lot more to say on this subject. A) Kitabını okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak Professor Albert Lee'nin söyleyeceklerinin çok daha fazla olduğu anlaşılıyor. B) Professor Albert Lee'nin konu hakkında söylediklerinin çoğu, kitabını okuyunca anlaşılıyor. C) Professor Albert Lee'nin kitabını okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak ne kadar çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. 525

D) Bu konu ile ilgili olarak Albert Lee'nin söylediklerinin pek çoğu kitabından okunabilir. E) Bu konu ile ilgili kitabını okuyunca, Albert Lee'nin pek çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. 15) . On taking office two days ago, she made it clear that she would introduce a number of radical changes in the management. A) İki gün önce göreve başlarken açıkladığı pek çok köklü yönetim değişikliğini uygulamaya başladı. B) Yönetimde yapacağı çok sayıdaki kapsamlı değişikliği, iki gün önce göreve gelir gelmez açıkladı. C) İki gün önce görevi devralırken, yönetimi temelden değiştireceğini ifade etti. D) Yönetimde yapmak istediği pek çok önemli değişikliği iki gün önce göreve gelir gelmez açıkladı. E) İki gün önce göreve başladığında, yönetime bir dizi köklü değişiklik getireceğini açıkça belirtti. 16) . In most of the developed countries, social security has been an important issue since the beginning of this century. A) Bu yüzyılın başından itibaren, gelişmiş ülkelerin çoğunun en başta gelen sorunu sosyal güvenlik olmuştur. B) Bu yüzyılın başlarında çoğu gelişmiş ülkede ciddi bir sorun olarak, sosyal güvenlik konusu üzerinde çok tartışılmıştır. C) Çoğu gelişmiş ülkedeki sosyal güvenlik uygulaması, bu yüzyılın başlarında görülen en önemli olaydır. D) Çoğu gelişmiş ülkedeki sosyal güvenlik, bu yüzyılın başlarından beri önemli bir konu olmuştur. E) Bu yüzyılın başında, sosyal güveliğin çoğu gelişmiş ülkede görülen önemli bir sorun olduğu kabul edilmiştir. 17) . Thanks to an unexpected delay in the delivery of the mail, Jenny's application did not reach in time. A) Postanın dağıtılmasındaki beklenmeyen gecikme nedeniyle, Jenny'nin başvurusu bize zamanında ulaşamadı. B) Mektupların dağıtımı gecikince, bize yaptığı başvuru saatinde ulaşmadı. C) Postadaki beklenmeyen gecikme yüzünden Jenny'nin başvurusunu zamanında bile gönderemedi. D) Jenny'nin başvurusunun bize zamanında ulaşmamasının nedeni, postanın dağıtımında meydana gelen gecikme idi. E) Postanın hiç tahmin edilmeyen gecikmesi, onun başvurusunun bize çabuk ulaşamamasına yol açtı.

526

18) . The main issue in the U.S economy this year is whether or not interest rates can be held at the 15 % average envisaged in the budget. A) Bu yıl Birleşik Devletler ekonomisinin önemli sorunu, bütçede belirtilen %15 ortalama ile faiz oranlarını nasıl dondurulacağı konusudur. B) Bu yıl Birleşik Devletler ekonomisinde yaşanan temel sorun, faiz oranlarının bütçede kabul edildiği gibi % 15 düzeyinde nasıl durdurulacağı hususudur. C) Faiz oranlarının bütçede bu yıl öngörüldüğü gibi % 15 düzeyinin altına indirilebilmesi, Birleşik Devletler ekonomisinin en başta gelen sorunu olmuştur D) Faiz oranlarının, bütçede ifade edildiği gibi % 15'lere nasıl indirileceği konusu, Birleşik Devletler ekonomisini bu yıl en çok uğraştıran sorun olmuştur. E) Bu yıl Birleşik Devletler ekonomisindeki ana sorun, faiz oranlarını bütçede öngörülen % 15 ortalamasında tutulup tutulamayacağıdır. 19) . From the report it is summarized that, as total incomes in the economy expand, there is a general increase in the demand for goods and services including imports. A) Raporda, ekonomideki toplam gelirlerin büyümesine paralel olarak, hem ithalata hem de mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte genel bir artış meydana geleceği açıkça özetlenmektedir. B) Raporda, ekonomide toplam gelirlerin büyümesi sonucu, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte büyük bir patlama olacağı açıkça özetlenmektedir. C) İthalatla beraber mal ve hizmetlere olan talepteki büyük artışın, ekonomideki toplam gelirlerde görülen büyümenin sonucu olduğu raporda özetlenmektedir. D) Ekonomide toplam gelirler ne kadar büyürse, ithalat da dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talebin o kadar artacağı hususu, raporda en iyi şekilde özetlenmektedir. E) Raporda, ekonomide toplam gelirler büyüdükçe, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere ilişkin talepte de genel bir artış olduğu özetlenmektedir. 20) . The low pressure coming from the Baltic countries will bring about a change in the weather. A) Baltık ülkelerine doğru gelen alçak basınç bu ülkelerde hava değişikliğine neden olacak. B) Baltık ülkelerindeki alçak basınç hava durumunda bir değişiklik getirecek. C) Baltık ülkeleri, gelen alçak basınçla hava değişikliğine uğrayacaklar. D) Alçak basınç sistemi Baltık ülkelerinde hava değişikliğine neden olacak. E) Baltık ülkelerinden gelen alçak basınç, hava durumunda bir değişiklik yapacak. 21) . Even companies that cannot reuse their waste products are learning to minimize the effect they have on the environment. A) Atıklarını yok edemeyen şirketler de onları çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kullanmayı öğreniyor. B) Atıkları kullanılamayan kuruluşlar da çevreye verdikleri zararı en aza indirmeyi 527

öğreniyor. C) Atıklarını yeniden kullanamayan şirketler bile, onların çevre üzerindeki etkisini en aza indirmeyi öğreniyor. D) Atıklardan kurtulamayan şirketler de hiç değilse çevreye verecekleri zararı azaltmayı öğreniyor. E) Atıklarını satma yolu bulamayan şirketler de onlardan çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kurtulmayı öğreniyor. 22) . Gates and Newton, who have analyzed four different approaches to the problem of measuring development have concluded that there is no viable alternative to using Gross National Product at present. A) Halihazırda brüt milli hasıla kullanımından daha güvenilir bir ölçüt olmadığına karar veren Gates and Newton, gelişmeyi ölçme sorunuyla ilgili dört değişik yaklaşımı incelemişlerdir. B) Gelişmeyi ölçme sorunuyla ilgili dört değişik yaklaşımı inceleyen Gates and Newton, şimdilik brüt milli hasıla kullanımından daha güvenilir bir ölçüt olmadığı sonucuna varmışlardır. C) Gates and Newton'ın varmış oldukları sonuca göre, gelişmeyi ölçmek için incelenen dört değişik yaklaşımdan daha güvenilir bir ölçüt brüt milli hasılanın hesaplanması için henüz bulunmuş değildir. D) Gates and Newton'ın, gelişmeyi ölçmek için inceledikleri dört değişik yaklaşımı takiben şu karara varmışlardır ki brüt milli hasıla dışında gelişmenin ölçülebilmesini sağlayacak hiçbir güvenilir alternatif yoktur. E) Gelişmenin ölçülmesi sorununun çözümüne yönelik olarak Gates and Newton'ın inceledikleri dört farklı yaklaşımdan daha etkin bir ölçüt brüt milli hasılanın hesaplanması için kullanılamamıştır. 23) . To improve the lot of these countries, Mcfleming maintains, economists must take into account factors that cannot be measured. A) Mcfleming, bu ülkenin geleceğini değiştirmek için, ekonomistlerin ölçülemez faktörleri de hesaba katmalarının zorunlu olduğunu vurguluyor. B) Mcfleming 'e göre, bu ülkelerin çoğunun gelişmesi, ekonomistlerin ölçülemez faktörleri en aza indirmelerine bağlı. C) Mcfleming, bu ülkelerin gelişmesinin büyük ölçüde sayılamaz faktörlerin ekonomistlerce hesaba katılmasına bağlı olduğunu belirtiyor. D) Mcfleming 'in belirttiği gibi, bu ülkelerin çoğunda gelişme sağlanması için, sayılamaz faktörlerin ekonomistlerce dikkate alınması zorunlu. E) Mcfleming, bu ülkelerin kaderini düzeltmek için, ekonomistlerin ölçülemez faktörleri hesaba katmaları gerektiğini savunuyor.

528

24) . The failure of modern development programs in Third World countries has inevitably led to a search for reasons. A) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde, yeterli araştırma yapılmadan başlatılan modern gelişme programlan, kaçınılmaz olarak başarısızlığa uğramıştır. B) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde, uygulanan gelişme programlarının başarısızlığına yol açan nedenler iyice araştırılmaktadır. C) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde, modern gelişme programlarının başarısızlığa uğramalarının nedenlerini araştırmaktadır. D) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde, modern gelişme programlan kaçınılmaz olarak başarısızlığa uğramıştır. E) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde, modern gelişme programlarının başarısızlığa uğraması, kaçınılmaz olarak bir neden arayışına yol açmıştır. 25) . Since the economic situation is getting better, many international companies have increased the scope of their investments in the country. A) Ekonomik durumun iyileşmesi üzerine, uluslararası pek çok şirket ülke içindeki yatırımların miktarını oldukça yükseltmiştir. B) Ekonomik durum düzelmekte olduğundan, uluslararası pek çok şirket ülkeleri yatırımlarının kapsamını genişletmiştir. C) Ekonomik durumun iyileştiğini gören uluslararası pek çok şirket, ülke içindeki yatırımlarının sayısını ve miktarını artırmaya yönelmiştir. D) Uluslararası pek çok şirket, ekonomik durumu düzeltmek amacıyla ülke içindeki yatırımlarının düzeyini yükseltmiştir. E) Ülkedeki ekonomik durumun düzelmesini takiben, uluslararası pek çok şirket yatırımlarının kapsamını daha da genişletmiştir. TRANSLATION TEST-16 1) . Whatever measures the Ministry may have taken against bribery, it is essential that the public should also be enlightened about the matter. A) Rüşvete karşı hangi tedbirlerin alınması gerektiği hususunda Bakanlık kamuoyu oluşturmaya çalışıyor. B) Rüşvete karşı alınan tedbirlere ek olarak Bakanlık kamu'oyunu da aydınlatmak için konu üzerinde duruyor. C) Rüşveti önlemek için Bakanlığın aldığı bir dizi tedbire ek olarak, konu hakkında kamuoyu da aydınlatılıyor. D) Rüşvete karşı ne gibi tedbirler alınması gerektiği hususunda, Bakanlık kamuoyuna açıklamalar yapmayı uygun görüyor. E) Rüşvete karşı Bakanlık hangi tedbirleri almış olursa olsun, konu hakkında kamuoyunun da aydınlatılması şarttır. 529

2) . Like President Roosevelt before him, Eisenhower discovered by the end of his first year as President that eliminating, or even substantially reducing the budget deficit was exceedingly difficult. A) Eisenhower, kendinden önce gelen Başkan Roosevelt gibi, bütçe açığını en aza indirmek için çok çaba harcaması gerektiğini başkanlığının ilk yılının sonunda gördü. B) Bütçe açığını kapatmanın veya büyük ölçüde azaltmanın ne kadar zor olduğunu, Eisenhower, kendinden önceki Başkan Roosevelt gibi başkanlığının daha ilk yılında hemen anladı. C) Başkan Roosevelt gibi Eisenhower da başkalığının ilk yılında bütçe açığını ortadan kaldırmanın veya azaltmanın mümkün olmadığını itiraf etti. D) Bütçe açığını kapatmak veya en aza indirmek için Eisenhower, Başkan Roosevelt gibi çok zorlu bir çalışmaya girmenin gerekli olduğunu başkanlığının ilk yılında anladı. E) Kendinden önceki Başkan Roosevelt gibi Eisenhower da bütçe açığını ortadan kaldırmanın, hatta önemli ölçüde azaltmanın bile çok zor olduğunu başkanlığının ilk yılının sonunda anladı. 3) . Lack of capital of its own cannot prevent a thrifty and productive company from generating and attracting all the capital it needs. A) Kendi çabasıyla sermaye yaratamasa da, tutumlu ve üretken bir şirketin, ihtiyacı olan sermayeyi bulması engellenemez. B) Kendi sermayesinin olmaması, tutumlu ve üretken bir şirketi gerek duyduğu tüm sermayeyi yaratmaktan ve çekmekten alıkoyamaz. C) Kendi sermayesi yetersiz bile olsa, çalışkan ve üretken bir şirketin istediği sermayeyi üretmesi ve çekmesi önlenemez. D) Girişimci ve üretken bir şirket için, sermaye yetersizliği, kendi çabasıyla sermaye yaratmasını ve işletmesini engelleyemez. E) Kendi sermayesinin olması, gelişmiş ve üretken bir şirketin, ihtiyacı olan tüm sermayeyi bulmasına ve yaratmasına engel sayılmaz. 4) . The results are especially worrying because many employers are now looking for people with a good knowledge of chemistry. A) Sonuçların özellikle üzücü olan yanı şu ki; çoğu işveren başvuranlann daha iyi kimya bilgisine sahip olmalan gerektiğini belirtmiş. B) Sonuçlar özellikle şaşırtıcı, çünkü şimdi çoğu işverenin iyi kimya bilgisine sahip kişilere gereksinimi var. C) Sonuçlar özellikle önemli, çünkü işverenlerin çoğu şimdi işçilerinin daha iyi kimya bilmesini istiyor. D) Sonuçlar özellikle endişe verici, çünkü şimdi pek çok işveren iyi kimya bilgisine sahip kişilere iş veriyor. 530

E) Sonuçlar özellikle ürkütücü, çünkü işverenlerin çoğu artık sadece iyi kimya bilgisine sahip kişilere iş veriyor. 5) . When General Richardo died late in 1965 after a prolonged illness, his dictatorship, which had lasted for years, finally came to an end. A) General Ricardo'nun ağır bir hastalıktan sonra 1965 sonunda ölmesi üzerine, uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü de son buldu. B) General Ricardo uzun süren bir hastalıktan sonra 1965 sonlarında ölünce,, yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğü nihayet sona erdi. C) General Ricardo'nun uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü, onun 1965 yılı sonunda amansız bir hastalıktan ölümü üzerine sona erdi. D) General Ricardo'nun yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlülüğünün sona ermesi, onun 1965 sonunda nedeni bilinmeyen bir hastalıktan ölümü ile olmuştur. E) General Franco 1975 yılı sonunda tedavisi mümkün olmayan bir hastalıktan ölünce, onun yıllar süren diktatörlüğü de son bulmuş oldu. 6) . The Bay of Pigs crisis was in fact a highly educative process for both the Americans and the Soviets, and thereafter each treated the other with respect. A) Gerek Amerikalılar gerekse Sovyetler açısından oldukça eğitici bir süreç olan Domuz Körfezi bunalımı, her iki tarafın birbirine karşı saygı göstermesine neden olmuştur. B) Domuz Körfezi bunalımı, gerek Amerikalılar gerek Sovyetler üzerinde oldukça eğitici olmuş ve daha sonraki yıllarda her ikisi de birbirine karşı saygı göstermeye başlamıştır. C) Hem Amerikalılar hem de Sovyetler, Domuz Körfezi bunalımını oldukça eğitici bir süreç olarak görmüşler, bundan böyle birbirlerine karşı saygılı davranmaya özen göstermişlerdir. D) Esasında, Domuz Körfezi bunalımı hem Amerikalılar hem de Sovyetlere göre son derece eğitici bir süreç olmuştur, çünkü bunun sonucunda her iki taraf birbirine karşı saygılı davranmayı öğrenmiştir. E) Domuz Körfezi bunalımı, gerçekten, hem Amerikalılar hem de Sovyetler için son derece eğitici bir süreç olmuş ve bundan sonra her biri diğerine saygılı davranmıştır. 7) . Ever since the earliest time, man has always been interested in the stars and the structure of the universe. A) Yüzyıllardan beri, yıldızlar ve evrenin boyutları insanı hep meşgul etmiştir. B) İnsanın yıldızlar ve evrendeki oluşumlarla ilgisi, en eski çağlara kadar gitmektedir. C) En eski çağlarda bile, yıldızların ve evrenin yapısal özellikleri, insanın en çok ilgisini çeken bir konu olmuştur. D) En eski çağlarda yaşayan insanlar da yıldızlar ve evrenin oluşumu ile ilgilenmişlerdir. E) En eski çağlardan beri, insan yıldızlan ve evrenin yapısıyla ilgilenmiştir.

531

8) . The fact that you can understand this idea doesn't prove that you are literate. A) Böyle bir tez kurabilmeniz okuryazar olduğunuzun kanıtı olamaz. B) Gerçek şu ki bu fikri anlamakla edebiyat bilginizi kanıtlamış olmazsınız. C) Gerçek şu ki bu fikrin anlamını çözebilmiş olmanız aydın olduğunuzu kanıtlamaz. D) Bu fikri anlayabilmeniz okuryazar olduğunuzu kanıtlamaz. E) Bu fikirdeki gerçeği görebilmeniz okuryazar olduğunuzun kamu değildir. 9) . For all their good intentions, columnists have assumed a role that is not only beyond their abilities but also destructive in essence. A) Tüm iyi niyetleri karşılığında köşe yazarlarının ödülü, yalnızca becerilerini aşmakla kalmayan, aynı zamanda özünde kendileri için zararlı olan görevler üstlenmek olmuştur. B) Olanca iyi niyetleriyle, köşe yazarları hem becerilerinin ötesinde hem de temelde yıkıcı olan bir rolü üstlenmek zorunda kalmışlardır. C) Ne kadar iyi niyetli olsalar da köşe yazarlarının üstlendikleri rol becerilerini aşmakla kalmamış, sonuçta onlar için yıkıcı olmuştur. D) Tüm iyi niyetlerine rağmen köşe yazarları yalnızca becerilerini aşmakla kalmayan, aynı zamanda özünde yıkıcı olan bir rol üstlenmişlerdir. E) İyi niyetli çabalarına karşılık köşe yazarlarının üstlendikleri rol, hem becerilerinin üstündedir hem de esas olarak yıkıcıdır. 10) . It was unanimously agreed by the board that a new plant should be opened in Norway. A) Kurulun onayladığı yeni fabrika Norveç'te açılacaktır. B) Kurul, öncelikle Norveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılmasını onaylamıştır. C) Norveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılması, kurul tarafından oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. D) Kurula, yeni fabrikanın Norveç'te açılması önerilmiştir. E) Kurulun onayı üzerine Norveç'te yeni bir fabrika açıldı. 11) . Board firmly believes that we must put into effect some urgent plans in order to increase productivity. A) Üretimi artıracak çeşitli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği görüşüne yönetim tamamen katılıyor. B) Verimliliği artırmak için bazı acil planlan yürürlüğe koymamız gerektiğine yönetim kuvvetle inanıyor. C) Verimliliğin artırılması bakımından bazı önemli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği düşüncesindeyim. D) Yönetim, verimlilik düzeyini geliştirmek için bazı kapsamlı planlar üzerinde durmamız gerektiği inancında. E) Bence verimliliği artırmak için bazı planlar geliştirmek yararlı olabilir. 532

12) . The reports we have received so far concerning the earthquake seem to be exaggerating the situation. A) Depremle ilgili olarak bize ulaşan raporların hepsi, abartılı bir şekilde kaleme alınmış. B) Depremle ilgili olarak, durumun abartıldığı değişik raporlar yazıldı. C) Aldığımız tüm raporlarda, depremin neden olduğu durum çok abartılmaktadır. D) Depremle ilgili olarak bugüne kadar aldığımız raporlar, durumu abartıyor gibi görünüyor. E) Aldığımız raporların hepsi, deprem sonucu ortaya çıkan durumu ayrıntılı olarak anlatıyor. 13) . As mentioned in the introductory part of the report, The Canaries, annexed by France in 1853, comprise the island itself and various other islands in the South Pacific. A) Raporun giriş bölümünden de anlayacağımız gibi, Güney Pasifik'teki çeşidi adalardan oluşan Kanarya Adaları, 1853 yılmda Fransa tarafından ilhak edilmiştir. B) Kanarya Adaları'nın Fransa tarafından ilhak edildiği ve Güney Pasifik'teki pek çok adadan oluştuğu, 1853'te yazılmış bir raporun giriş bölümünde belirtilmiştir. C) Kanarya Adaları ve Güney Pasifik'teki diğer bazı adaların 1853'te ilhak edildiği, Fransızlara ait bir raporun giriş bölümünde vurgulanmıştır. D) Raporun giriş bölümünde belirtildiği gibi, 1853'te Fransa tarafından ilhak edilen Kanarya Adaları, adanın kendisinden ve Güney Pasifik'teki çeşitli diğer adalardan oluşur. E) 1853'te ilhak edilen Kanarya Adaları'nın, Güney Pasifik'teki irili ufaklı pek çok adadan ve Yeni Kaledonya'nın kendisinden oluştuğu, ilk olarak bu raporda açıklanmıştır. 14) . The committee believes the only way to make regulations work is to make them mandatory. A) Çalışma sırasında kuralların düzenli bir şekilde uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyoruz. B) Komite, kuralların işlemesini sağlamanın tek yolunun onları zorunlu kılmak olduğuna inanıyor. C) Düzenli bir çalışmanın ancak gerekli kuralların uygulanmasıyla mümkün olacağına inanıyoruz. D) Kuralların, ancak zorunlu hallerde uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyoruz. E) Kanımızca, ancak kurallar uygulandığı takdirde düzenli bir çalışma yapılabilir. 15) . Sweden has always seen itself as a quiet, devout, prosperous and civilised country, where people are nice to children. A) Daima uygar, zengin, huzurlu ve barışsever bir ülke olarak bilinen İsviçre'de insanlar çocuklara hep iyi davranırlar. B) İsviçre çocuklara her zaman iyi davranılan huzurlu, güvenli, gelişmiş ve uygar bir ülke olarak görülmektedir. 533

C) Sakin, dinine bağlı, kalkınmış ve uygar bir ülke olarak görülen İsviçre'de insanlar çocuklara karşı hep sevecendir. D) Çocuklara karşı insanların anlayışlı olduğu görülen İsviçre, düzenli, inançlı, zengin ve uygar bir ülkedir. E) İsviçre hep kendini insanların çocuklara iyi davrandığı, sakin, dindar, müreffeh ve uygar bir ülke olarak görmüştür. 16) . In April 1974 in France the Fanfani administration faced a serious crisis when Craxi, the socialist leader, withdrew from the four party coalition. A) Nisan 1974'de Fransa'da sosyalistlerin Lideri Craxi'nin dört partili koalisyondan vazgeçmesi üzerine, Fanfani yönetiminde çok ağır bir bunalım baş gösterdi. B) 1974 Nisan'ında Fransa'da sosyalist lider Craxi'nin dört partili koalisyonu terk etmesi, Fanfani yönetimini ağır bir bunalımla karşı karşıya bıraktı. C) Fransa'da sosyalist lider Craxi dört partinin oluşturduğu koalisyondan vazgeçince Fanfani yönetimi ciddi bir bunalım içine girdi. D) Nisan 1974'te Fransa'da sosyalist lider Craxi dört partili koalisyondan çekilince, Fanfani yönetimi ciddi bir bunalımla karşılaştı. E) 1974 Nisanında Fransa'da Fanfani yönetiminin ciddi bir bunalıma girmesi, sosyalist lider Craxi'nin dördü koalisyondan ayrılmasına yol açtı. 17) . Experts tell us that most cities in Roman times had perfect water and drainage systems. A) Roma dönemi şehirlerin son derece mükemmel su ve kanalizasyon sistemlerine sahip olduğunu uzmanlar da kabul etmektedir. B) Uzmanların dediğine bakılırsa, Roma dönemi şehirlerinin çoğunda su ve kanalizasyon sistemleri mükemmel çalışıyordu. C) Uzmanların bildirdiğine göre, en iyi su ve kanalizasyon sistemleri Roma dönemi şehirlerinde bulunuyordu. D) Uzmanlar, en karmaşık su ve kanalizasyon sistemlerinin Roma dönemi şehirlerinde bulunduğunu ileri sürüyorlar. E) Uzmanlar bize, Roma döneminde çoğu şehirlerin mükemmel su ve kanalizasyon sistemine sahip olduğunu söylemektedirler. 18) . The agriculture policy of the ministry will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new situation in order that the country won't starve. A) Ülkenin açlık çekmemesi için bakalığın tarım politikasının yeni durumun gereklerini karşılayabilmek amacıyla köklü değişikliklerden geçmesi gerekecek. B) Bakalığın tarım politikasında yapılacak olan değişikliklerin ülkenin çektiği açlığın ortadan kaldırılmasında ihtiyaçlara cevap vereceği düşünülüyor. C) Tarım politikasında yapılması zorunlu değişikliklerin ülkenin çekmekte olduğu açlığı 534

yeni şartların sayesinde gidermesi gerektiği bakanlıkça ileri sürülüyor. D) Yeni şartların gereklerini yerine getirebilmek için büyük değişimler geçirmesi zorunlu hale gelen bakanlığın tarım politikası ülkenin çekmekte olduğu açlığın sebebidir. E) Hükümetin tanm politikasının, ülkenin açlık çekmemesi ve yeni durumun gereği yerine getirebilmek için önemli bir değişiklik geçirmesi şarttir.

19) . It remains to be seen whether increasing trade relations will lead to an improvement in diplomatic relations. A) Diplomatik gerginliklerin, ticari ilişkilerin gelişmesinde bir engel oluşturup oluşturmayacağını göreceğiz. B) Artan ticari ilişkilerin diplomatik ilişkilerde bir iyileşme sağlayıp sağlamayacağı zamanla görülecek. C) Ticari bağları geliştirmenin diplomatik anlaşmazlıklara yol açıp açmayacağı zamanla görülecek. D) Genişleyen ticari bağlantının, diplomatik sorunlara yol açıp açmayacağını araştırmak gerekiyor. E) Diplomatik ilişkileri geliştirmenin ticari konularda anlaşma sağlayıp sağlamayacağını zaman gösterecek. 20) . Experts are of the opinion that privatization should first be implemented in the areas which are a big burden on the budget. A) Uzmanlar, öncelikle bütçe üzerinde etkili olan alanlarda özelleştirmeye gidilmesini savunuyor. B) Bütçe üzerindeki büyük bir yük olan alanlarda özelleştirmeye gidilmesi düşüncesi, uzmanlarca kabul ediliyor. C) Uzmanlar, özelleştirmenin öncelikle, bütçeye büyük bir yük olan alanlarda uygulanması gerektiği görüşündedir. D) Uzmanlar özelleştirme uygulanırken önceliğin, bütçeye büyük yük olan alanlara verilmesini savunuyor. E) Uzmanların görüşü, bütçe üzerinde büyük etkisi olan alanlann özelleştirmeye öncelikle alınması doğrultusundadır. 21) . The success of the firm in the bitterly competitive global market will depend on its ability to keep costs down. A) Böylesine amansız bir rekabet ortamında yeni bir şirketin dünya pazarında başarılı olması, maliyetleri daha düşük tutabilmesinden kaynaklanıyor. B) Yeni şirketin başarısı, dünya pazarındaki acımasız rekabete rağmen maliyetleri düşürebilmesine bağlı olacak. 535

C) Şirketin amansız bir rekabetin hüküm sürdüğü dünya pazarındaki başarısı, maliyetleri düşük tutabilmesine bağlı olacak. D) Dünya pazarındaki amansız bir rekabetin hüküm sürdüğü dünya pazarındaki başarısı, maliyetleri düşük tutabilmesine bağlı olacak. E) Yeni şirketin başarısı, dünya pazarındaki acımasız rekabet ortamına girdiğinde bile, maliyetleri düşürmesinden anlaşılıyor. 22) . Nowadays, one of the research areas that geophysicists have been seriously concerned with has been the conditions of collision between oceanic and continental plates. A) Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmaların koşulları, son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak üzerinde durdukları bir araştırma alanıdır. B) Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmaların koşulları son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin yakından ilgilendiği bir araştırma alanı olmuştur. C) Bugünlerde jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak ilgilendikleri araştırma alanlarından biri okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmanın koşullan olmuştur. D) Jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda önemle üzerinde durdukları araştırma konularından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakalarının çarpışmasına neden olan koşullardır. E) Okyanus ve kıta plakalarının çarpışmasına neden olan koşullar, jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda ciddi olarak ele aldıkları araştırma konularından biri olmuştur. 23) . The Somalian civil war broke out in July 1967, following the secession of the Eastern Region, generally known Biafra. A) Somali iç savaşı, genelde Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine, Temmuz 1967'de patlamıştir. B) Herkes tarafından Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması, Temmuz 1967'de Somali'de bir iç savaşın patlamasına yol açmıştır. C) Temmuz 1967'de Somali iç savaşının patlaması, Biafra olarak adlandırılan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması sonucu olmuştur. D) Somali'de Biafra denilen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine, Temmuz 1967'de bir iç savaş çıkmıştı. E) Somali'de iç savaşı genellikle Biafra olarak tanımlanan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrı bir devlet olması sonucu çıkmıştır. 24) . Scarcely had the injured boy arrived at the hospital, he was rushed into the operating room. A) Yaralı hastaneye getirilseydi, hemen ameliyathaneye alınacaktı. B) Yaralı çocuğun hastaneye yetiştirilmesiyle ameliyat odasına alınması bir oldu. C) Yaralı çocuk hastaneye varır varmaz kendisi acilen ameliyathaneye alındı. 536

D) Hastaneye ameliyat için aceleyle getirildiğinde hasta çocuk ağır yaralıydı. E) Pek seyrek yaralanan çocuk hastaneye vardığında aceleyle ameliyathaneye girdi. 25) . Plasma physics is by no means without practical importance in relation to the needs and efficiencies of mankind. A) Plazma fiziği, pratik önemi olmaksızın, hiç bir surette insanlığın etkinliği ve gereksinmelerinin karşılanmasında yardımcı olamaz. B) Plazma fiziği, insanlığın gereksinim ve etkinliklerini karşılamak için hiçbir pratik öneme sahip değildir. C) Plazma fiziği, insanlığın gereksinim ve etkinlikleri açısından kesinlikle pratik önemi olmayan bir şey değildir. D) İnsanlığın gereksinim ve etkinlikleri bakımından plazma fiziğinin pratik önemi olmadığı iddiası hiçbir surette doğru değildir. E) Plazma fiziği, insanlığın ihtiyaç ve etkinliklerini karşılayabilmek için pratik önemi olmayan bir şey değildir. TRANSLATION TEST-17 1) . It has brought the European nations together, making war between them unthinkable while allowing individual countries to maintain their own peculiarities. A) Avrupa ülkelerinin bir araya gelmesinden sonra, hem hepsi tek tek kendi egemenliğini korumuş hem de aralarında savaş çıkması düşünülemez hale gelmiştir. B) Avrupa birliğinin gerçekleşmesinden sonra Avrupa ülkeleri arasında savaş düşünülemez hale gelmiş, aynı zamanda, ülkelerin ayrı ayrı kendi özelliklerini korumaları da mümkün olmuştur. C) Avrupa ülkelerini bir araya getirmiş, ülkelerin ayrı ayrı kendi özelliklerini korumalarına olanak sağlarken bunlar arasında savaşı düşünülemez hale getirmiştir. D) Avrupa ülkeleri arasında birliğin gerçekleşmesi, bu ülkeleri birbirine bağlayarak savaş olasılığım ortadan kaldırmanın yanında, her birinin kendi egemenliğini korumasına da olanak tanımıştır. E) Bir yandan Avrupa ülkeleri arasında iletişim kurulmasını sağlayarak savaş düşüncesinin ortadan kalkmasını sağlarken, öte yandan her ülkenin kendi özelliğini korumasını mümkün kılmıştır. 2) . The talks on the border dispute are long drawn out because neither side has agreed to make any concessions whatsoever. A) Hiç bir tarafın taviz vermeye yanaşmaması nedeniyle, sınır anlaşılmazlığı ile ilgili tartışmalar daha da sürecektir. B) İki tarafında herhangi bir esneklik göstermemesi ve tavizden kaçınması nedeniyle, sınır anlaşmazlığı tüm çabalara rağmen uzayıp gitmektedir. 537

C) İki taraf da karşılıklı taviz vermeyi kabul etmediği sürece, sınır anlaşmazlığının çözümü ile ilgili görüşmeler daha da uzayacaktır. D) Sınır anlaşmazlığı ile ilgili görüşmeler, hiç bir tarafın kesinlikle herhangi bir taviz vermeyi kabul etmemesi nedeniyle çok uzadı. E) Hiç kimse taviz vermeye yanaşmadığı için sınır anlaşmazlığını çözmeye yönelik görüşmeler uzayıp gidiyor. 3) . The biggest mistake of many rich countries has been to leave their future economies to chance. A) Pek çok ülke, hataların en büyüğünü işleyerek ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayı ihmal etmiştir. B) Pek çok zengin ülkenin ekonomisi, gelecek için hazırlıksız yakalanarak büyük sarsıntı geçirmiştir. C) Ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayan ülkeler, zengin olma şansını kaçırmışlardır. D) Zengin ülkelerin çoğunun en büyük hatası, ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamamak olmuştur. E) Çoğu zengin ülkenin en büyük hatası, gelecekteki ekonomilerini şansa bırakmaları olmuştur. 4) . The growth of industrialism in the East is related to the growth of democracy. A) Doğuda sanayinin gelişmesi demokrasinin ortaya çıkmasıyla hızlanmıştır. B) Demokrasinin güçlenmesi, Doğudaki gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. C) Sanayi ve demokrasinin Doğudaki gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. D) Demokrasinin gelişmesi, Doğudaki sanayinin gelişmesi ile mümkün olmuştur. E) Doğuda sanayinin gelişmesi, demokrasinin gelişmesi ile ilişkilidir. 5) . Offer what they may, we are not going to accept their views on this issue. A) Bu konuda ne gibi önerileri ileri sürecekleri hususunda herhangi bir görüşümüz bulunmamaktadır. B) İstedikleri önerileri yapsınlar, bu sorunlar ile ilgili görüşlerini kimseye kabul ettiremeyecekler. C) Ne önerirlerse önersinler, bu konudaki görüşlerini kabul etmeyeceğiz. D) Ne gibi öneriler getirecekleri belli değilse de onların bu konuya bakış açılarını kabul edemeyiz. E) Her ne önerdilerse, bu konu ile ilgili olarak hiç birini kabul etmedik. 6) . In his statement, Annan did not conceal the fact that Sirbia's hard-line attitude had led to the breakdown of the talks. A) Annan, demecinde, Sırbistan'ın katı tutumunun, görüşmelerin kesilmesine yol açtığı gerçeğini saklamadı. 538

B) Annan yaptığı açıklamada, görüşmelerin kesilmesinde, Sırbistan'ın uzlaşmaz tutumunun etkili olduğu gerçeğini saklamadı. C) Annan konuşmasında, Sırbistan'ın olumsuz tavrı sonucu görüşmelerin kesildiği gerçeğini belirtmekten kaçınmadı. D) Annan, görüşmelerin kesilmesine, Sırbistan'ın uzlaşmaz tavrının neden olduğu gerçeğini belirtmekten kaçınmadı. E) Annan, Sırbistan'ın kati tutumu nedeniyle, görüşmelerin kesildiğini açıkça belirtmekten çekinmedi. 7) . In Britain, after 1938, the maintenance of full employment was accepted by all political parties as the primary objective of economic policy. A) 1938'den sonra İngiltere'de tam istihdamın sağlanması, tüm siyasi partilerce ekonomik politikanın birinci hedefi olarak kabul edilmiştir. B) 1938'den sonra İngiltere'de tüm siyasi partilerin izlediği ekonomik politikanın temel hedefi, istihdamı sağlamak olarak belirlenmiştir. C) İngiltere'de ekonomik istikranın tam olarak sağlanması, 1938'den sonra tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikaların en önemli hedefi olmuştur. D) 1938'den sonra İngiltere'de tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikanın öncelikli hedefi, istihdamın tam olarak sağlanması olmuştur. E) İstihdamın tam olarak sağlanması, İngiltere'de tüm siyasi partilerin 1938'den sonra uyguladıkları ekonomik politikaların başlıca hedefi olarak görülmüştür. 8) . Since the signing of the Meiterlict Treaty, Britain has constantly been in conflict with her partners in the European Union over the question of monetary union. A) Meiterlict Antlaşması imzalandıktan sonra İngiltere, para birliği konusunu ileri sürerek, Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklan ile sert bir çatışma içine girmiştir. B) Meiterlict Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasından beri İngiltere, Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklarıyla para birliği konusunda sürekli bir çatışma içinde olmuştur. C) Meiterlict Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasından bu yana, İngiltere para birliği konusu üzerinde durmuş ve Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklan ile zaman zaman tartışmıştır. D) Meiterlict Antlaşması'nın imzalanması üzerine, İngiltere para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklarından farklı bir tavır içine girmiştir. E) Meiterlict Antlaşması'nın imzalanması ile İngiltere, para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklan ile tam bir uyum içine girmiştir. 9) . On the contrary, many Northern European countries have made great strides in child care. A) Öte yandan Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda çocuk bakımı önemli sorunların kaynağı olmuştur. B) Öte yandan, Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğu çocuk bakımında büyük ölçüde 539

gerilemiştir. C) Çoğu Kuzey Avrupa ülkesinin tersine, çocuk bakımında önemli gelişmeler kaydettik. D) Aksine, çok sayıda Kuzey Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakımında büyük adımlar atmıştır. E) Aksine, çoğu Kuzey Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakımında büyük zorluklarla karşılaşmıştır. 10) . The pulse is the wave of distension formed in the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart contracts and pumps blood into the aorta. A) Arterlerde ortaya çıkan gerilme dalgası nabzı meydana getirdiğinde, sol ventrikül kasılır ve aorta kan pompalar. B) Sol ventrikül kasılıp aorta kan pompalandığında arterlerde nabız adı verilen bir gerilme dalgası ortaya çıkar. C) Nabzın asıl görevi, kalbin sol ventrikülü kasılıp aorta kan pompalandığında, bir gerilme dalgası meydana getirmektir. D) Nabız, kalbin sol ventrikülü kasılıp aorta kan pompalandığında arterlerde oluşan çıkan gerilme dalgasıdır. E) Kalbin sol ventrikülü kasıldığında arterlerde ortaya çıkan gerilme dalgası aorta kan pompalanmasını sağlayarak nabzı oluşturur. 11) . The commentators expressed their concern that Italy's economic problems would force the Central Bank to maintain high interest rates. A) İtalya'nın ekonomik sorunları ile ilgili endişelerini dile getiren yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının faiz oranlarım yükseltmesinin kaçınılmaz olduğunu belirttiler. B) İtalya'nın ekonomik sorunlarıyla ilgilenen yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumak zorunda olduğunu söylediler. C) İtalya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının ağırlaştığını ifade eden yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını yükseltmesinin zorunlu olduğunu belirttiler. D) İtalya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının endişe verici bir duruma geldiğini belirten yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumasının zor olacağını söylediler. E) Yorumcular, İtalya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının, Merkez Bankasını, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumaya zorlayacağı endişesini dile getirdiler. 12) . Financial aid is most effective when it is distributed by local non-governmental organizations, which can better assess a community's needs. A) Hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlardan gelen finansal yardımın, bölgedeki ihtiyaçlar kesin olarak belirlendikten sonra dağıtılması yararlı olur. B) Bir topluluğun ihtiyaçlarının en iyi biçimde karşılanabilmesi için, dağıtım görevi hükümetten bağımsız yerel kuruluşlara verilmelidir. C) Bir bölgenin ihtiyaçlarını en iyi bilen, hükümetten bağımsız yerel kuruluşlar hangileriyse, yardımı onların dağıtması yerinde olur. 540

D) Finansal yardım, bir topluluğun ihtiyaçlarını daha iyi değerlendirebilen hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlar tarafından dağıtıldığı takdirde en etkili olur. E) Hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlardan gelen finansal yardımın en etkili dağıtımı, toplumun ihtiyaçlarını daha iyi bilmekle mümkündür. 13) . A colleague of ours, who was recently been appointed permanent representative to the Netherlands, has unfortunately developed tongue cancer. A) Hollanda'da temsilcimiz olarak yıllardan beri çalışmış bir meslektaşımızda maalesef dil kanseri görülmüş. B) Hollanda'da ticari temsilcilik yapmakta olan bir arkadaşınızda ne yazık ki dil kanseri olduğu ortaya çıkmış. C) Maalesef, dil kanserine yakalanmış olan bir arkadaşımız, daimi temsilci olarak Hollanda'ya gönderildi. D) Daimi temsilci olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya atanan bir meslektaşımız maalesef dil kanserine yakalanmış. E) Baş temsilcimiz olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya yeniden atanan meslektaşımıza, maalesef dil kanseri teşhisi konmuş. 14) . In general the comic effect arises from a perception of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation. A) Genel olarak, komik etki, konuşma, eylem ya da kişiliğin açığa çıkartılmasındaki birtakım aykırılıkların algılanmasından ortaya çıkar. B) Komik etki, genel olarak, konuşma ya da eylem sahibinin kişiliğini yansıtmasındaki aykırılıklardan ileri gelir. C) Genellikle komik etkinin aykırılıkların algılanması esnasında konuşma, eylem ya da kişilik dışavurumu ile ortaya çıktığı varsayılır. D) Genel olarak kişilik dışavurumu, konuşma ya da eylem biçiminin ortaya Çıkmasına neden olan komik etki aykırılıkların algılanmasını kolaylaştırır. E) Komik etkinin, genel olarak, aykırılıkların algılanmasını sağlayan konuşma eylem ya da kişilik ifşasından kaynaklandığı açıktır.

15) . It seems that something about the inter-connections of the nerve cells in that region of the brain is specialized to deal with such abstract concepts as syntax and grammar. A) Öyle görünüyor ki başımızın o yanındaki sinir hücrelerinin bağlan, sözdizimi ve gramer gibi kavramlarla ilgilidir. B) Öyle görünüyor ki beynimizin o yanındaki sinir hücrelerinin bağlan arasındaki bir şey, sözdizimi ve gramer gibi soyut kavramlarla uğraşma konusunda uzmanlaşmıştır. C) Beynimizin o yanındaki sinir hücrelerinin arasında bulunan bağlar öyle görünüyor ki 541

sözdizimi veya gramer gibi bazı şeylerle yakından ilgili ve bu konuda uzmandırlar. D) Sözdizimi ve gramer gibi soyut kavramlarla uğraşıma konusunda uzmanlaşabilmek için öyle görünüyor ki beynin sol yanındaki sinir hücreleri arasında bazı bağlar kurulmuştur. E) Sözdizimi ve gramer gibi soyut kavramlarla uğraşma konusunda uzmanlaşabilmek amacıyla beynin o yanındaki sinir hücrelerinin bağlan arasındaki bir şeyin özelleşmiş olduğu görülüyor. 16) . Their grasp of advanced masonry allowed them to build safe fortresses and posting stations out of these natural battlements. A) İleri taşçılık bilgileri, onlara bu doğal siperlerden güvenli kaleler ve karakollar inşa etme imkânı verdi. B) Duvarcılık bilgileri geliştikçe, kendilerini korumak için bu doğal surlardan hisarlar ve ileri karakollar yapma imkânı buldular. C) Uzmanlaşmış duvarcı ustaları sayesinde kendilerine bu doğal siperler yerine güvenli kaleler ve karakollar yapabilmeyi başardılar. D) Duvarcı ustalığının inceliklerini kavradıkça bu doğal korunaklara sığınmayı bırakıp sağlam kaleler ve karakollar inşa ettiler. E) Bu doğal sığınakları bırakarak, sağlam kaleler ve karakollar inşa etmeleri, taşçılıktaki bilgilerini geliştirmeleri sayesinde oldu. 17) . There is so much protective legislation recently that we assume that something is permitted it must be safe. A) Bugünlerde, koruyucu yasaların çokluğundan, ne olur ne olmaz diye ancak izin verilen şeyleri yapmamız gerektiğini düşünüyoruz. B) Bugünlerde her yerde o kadar çok kural ve yasa var ki artık yapacağımız her iş için izin alınması gerekli diye düşünür olduk, C) Bugünlerde o kadar çok koruyucu yasa var ki, eğer bir şeye izin verilmişse onun güvenilir olması gerektiğim düşünüyoruz. D) Bugünlerde yasaların koruyuculuğuna o kadar inanıyoruz ki yapılmasına izin verilen şeylerin güvenilir olduğunu varsayıyoruz. E) Bugünlerde o kadar çok ağır kural var ki herhangi bir şeye izin verilmişse, herhalde güvenilir olmalı diye düşünüyoruz. 18) . The article she has published is about the way matter behaves at very low temperatures. A) Onun makalesinde açıkladıkları, maddenin çok düşük sıcaklıklardaki davranış biçimi ile uyuşmaktadır. B) Maddenin çok düşük sıcaklıklardaki hareketi ve biçimi ile ilgili bir makale yayınlandı. C) Yayınladığı makalede, maddenin oldukça düşük sıcaklıklardaki davranış biçimini açıklamaktadır. 542

D) Onun yayınladığı makale, maddenin çok düşük sıcaklıklardaki davranış biçimi ile ilgilidir. E) Düşük sıcaklıklarda maddenin gösterdiği davranışlar onun yayınlanan makalesinde ele alınmaktadır. 19) . In establishing our trade network in South America we must always remember that it is not only a vast continent but also an enormous mixture of tribes and cultures. A) Güney Amerika'nın kabileler ve kültürler karışımı geniş bir kıta olmasının, kurulmakta olan ticaret ağımızdaki önemini daima hatırlamalıyız. B) Ticaret ağımızı kurmakta olduğumuz Güney Amerika'nın hem çok geniş bir kıta hem de kabilelerin ve kültürlerin oluşturduğu karmaşık bir bölge olduğunu her zaman hatırlayalım. C) Güney Amerika'daki ticaret ağımızı kurarken, burasının sadece geniş bir kıta olmadığını fakat aynı zamanda muazzam bir kabileler ve kültürler karışımı olduğunu daima hatırlamamız gerekir. D) Güney Amerika'da ticaret ağımızı kurabilmek için bu kıtanın sadece büyük olduğunu değil fakat aynı zamanda bir kabileler ve kültürler bileşimi olduğunu da hatırlamalıyız. E) Güney Amerika'daki ticaret ağımızı kurunca, burasının çeşitli kabile ve kültürlerden oluşan çok geniş bir kıta olduğunu her zaman hatırlamak zorundayız. 20) . The recent currency crisis which has shaken Europe is a serious threat to the existence of the European Community. A) Avrupa'yı sarsan son para krizi, Avrupa topluluğunun varlığı için ciddi bir tehdittir. B) Avrupa Topluluğunun varlığını tehdit eden en ciddi olay, Avrupa'yı sarsan son para krizidir. C) Avrupa'da patlak veren son para krizi, Avrupa topluluğunun varlığına karşı bir tepkidir. D) Avrupa'yı tehdit eden son para krizi, Avrupa Topluluğunun varlığına bir darbedir. E) Avrupa Topluluğunun varlığını tehlikeye düşüren en son olay, Avrupa'yı saran para krizidir. 21) . Puerto Rico which was originally called Rico de Po, became an independent state by the Ceylon independence Act of 1947, which came into force on 4 February 1948. A) 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası uyarınca, başlangıçtan beri Rico de Po olarak bilinen Porto Riko bağımsız bir ülke haline gelmiştir. B) 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası, 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe girmiş ve böylece dana önce Rico de Po adını taşıyan Porto Riko bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. C) Daha önce Rico de Po olarak bilinen Porto Riko 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur. D) Başlangıçta Rico de Po adını taşıyan Porto Riko 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. 543

E) Önceleri Rico de Po olarak bilinen Porto Riko'nun bağımsızlığına kavuşması, 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe konan 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile mümkün olmuştur. 22) . It seems likely that the recession in the cotton textile industry will continue throughout the year and that many mills may to permanently closed. A) Görünüşe bakılırsa, pamuk sanayindeki gerileme yıl içinde de sürecek ve bazı fabrikalar tamamen kapanacaktır. B) Pamuk sanayinde bütün yıl boyunca devam eden bunalım sonucu, çoğu fabrikanın süresiz olarak kapanması kaçınılmaz görünüyor. C) Pamuk sanayinde yıl içinde bir durgunluk görüleceği ve pek çok fabrikanın tamamen kapanacağı kesindir. D) Pamuk sanayindeki durgunluğun yıl boyunca süreceği ve pek çok fabrikanın süresiz kapanabileceği olası görünüyor. E) Çoğu fabrikanın süresiz kapanmasına neden olabilecek durgunluk, pamuk sanayinde yıl boyunca devam edecek gibi görünüyor. 23) . The report makes it clear that in 1989 most European countries met almost half of their energy needs by means of natural gas. A) Raporda, doğal gazın 1989'da Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda enerji ihtiyacının yaklaşık yansını karşıladığı belirtilmektedir. B) Avrupa ülkelerinim çoğunun, enerji ihtiyaçlarının yansını doğal gaz kullanarak karşıladığı 1989'da hazırlanan raporda da açıklanmıştır. C) Raporda, 1989'da Avrupa'da enerji ihtiyaçlarının yansından çoğunu doğal gaz yoluyla karşılayan pek çok ülke olduğu açıkça ifade edilmektedir. D) Raporda açıkça ifade edildiğine göre, 1989'da çoğu Avrupa Ülkesi, enerji ihtiyacının yansını doğal gazla karşılamak zorunda kalmıştır. E) Rapor, 1989'da çoğu Avrupa ülkesinin, enerji ihtiyaçlarının yaklaşık yansını doğal gaz vasıtasıyla karşıladığını açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. 24) . Instead of word order or changes in word endings, sign languages show grammatical functions by spatial relationships. A) Söz dizini ya da sözcük takılarında değişiklik yapılmasına karşın, işaret dilleri gramer işlevlerini yine de yerine getirebilirler. B) İşaret dillerinin gramer işlevlerini yer ilişkileri yoluyla göstermeleri, sözcük sıralaması yerine sözcük takılarının kullanımını gerektirir. C) Söz dizini ve sözcük takılarındaki değişiklikler yerine, işaret dilleri gramer işlevlerini yer ilişkilerinden yararlanarak gösterebilirler. D) Sözcük sıralanması ya da sözcük takılarındaki değişmeler yerine, işaret dilleri gramer işlevlerini yer ilişkileri yoluyla gösterirler. E) Sözcük sıralanması ve değişik kelime kökleri vasıtasıyla anlam kazanan işaret dilleri 544

gramer işlevlerini yer ilişkileri yoluyla gösterirler. 25) . To cut it short, there is as yet no known way of obtaining the benefits of the new insecticides without some risk of revoking resistance. A) Kısacası, hiç direnme ortaya çıkarmaksızın, haşere ilaçlarından yarar sağlamanın bir yolu bulunmamıştır. B) Henüz yeni haşere ilaçlarından dirence neden olmadan yararlanabilmenin bilinen bir yolu yoktur. C) Özetle, bir derece direnme riski ortaya çıkarmadan yeni haşere ilaçlarından yarar sağlamanın yolu bulunamamıştır. D) Kısacası, bir ölçüde direnme riski ortaya çıkarmaksızın yeni haşere ilaçlarından yarar sağlamanın henüz bilinen bir yolu yoktur. E) Henüz, biraz direnme riskine neden olmadan yeni bir haşere ilacından yarar sağlamak mümkün olmamıştır. TRANSLATION TEST-18 1) . The new Prime Minister is seriously worried about the urbanization problem in the over-populated regions. A) Yeni başbakan nüfusu yoğun olan bölgelerdeki kentleşme sorununun ciddi bir çalışma gerektirdiğine inanmaktadır. B) Nüfus yoğunluğu fazla olan bölgelerin kentleşme sorunu ile yeni atanan başbakan ilgilenmektedir. C) Yeni başbakan nüfus artışının hızlı olduğu bölgelerdeki kentleşme sorununun ciddiyetini kavramıştır. D) Yeni başbakan, aşın nüfusa sahip bölgelerdeki kentleşme sorunundan ciddi şekilde endişe duymaktadır. E) Kentleşme sorunu, en çok nüfusu yoğun olan bölgelerde olup, yeni başbakan oldukça düşündürmektedir. 2) . Cyprus' membership of the European Community will be of vital importance for the future of our international economic relations. A) Kıbrıs'ın Avrupa Topluluğu'na üyeliği, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geleceği bakımından hayati bir önem taşıyacaktır. B) Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geleceği için, Kıbrıs'ın Avrupa Topluluğu'na üye olması son derece önemli görülmektedir. C) Kıbrıs'ın uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerinin artması, Avrupa Topluluğuna üyelik için büyük önem taşımaktadır. D) Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin gelişmesi sonucu, Kıbrıs'ın Avrupa Topluluğu'na 545

üye olması daha da çok önem kazanmıştır. E) Kıbrıs'ın Avrupa Topluluğu'na üyeliğinden sonra uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geleceği çok büyük önem taşıyacaktır. 3) . The company accountant, charged with bribery, has been put on trial. A) Rüşvetle suçlanan şirket muhasebecisi mahkemeye verildi. B) Şirketi zarara, soktuğu için muhasebece aleyhinde dava açıldı. C) Şirketin iflasına yol açtığı gerekçesiyle, muhasebeci gözetim altına alındı. D) Hapse atılan şirket muhasebecisi, rüşvet almakla suçlandı. E) Yolsuzluk yaptığı iddiasıyla, şirketin muhasebecisi hapse mahkûm oldu. 4) . If she knew what the committee had decided as regards her promotion, she would be terribly disappointed. A) Naklen tayini hakkında komitenin nasıl bir karar verdiğini bilse, büyük üzüntü duyardı. B) Tayini için komitenin verdiği karan bilseydi, derhal istifa ederdi. C) Kendi durumu ile ilgili olarak komitenin kararının ne olduğunu bilmiş olsaydı, tayin edilmeyi kesinlikle istemezdi. D) Terfisi ile ilgili olarak komitenin neye karar verdiğini bilse, tam bir düş kırıklığına uğrardı. E) Başarısızlığı nedeniyle hakkında komitenin ne tür bir karar vereceğini bilseydi, son derece sinirlenirdi. 5) . Deforestation is causing an frightening decrease in the amount of farming land. A) Ormanların azlığı, sulu arazi miktarının giderek tehlikeli bir şekilde ortadan kalkmasına neden olmaktadır. B) Ormanların yok edilmesi nedeniyle, tarım arazisinin korkutucu bir şekilde azaldığı görülmektedir. C) Ormanların yok olması, ekilebilir toprakların miktarında korkutucu bir azalmaya neden olmaktadır. D) Ekilebilir toprakların tehlikeli bir şekilde azalması, ormanların yok edilmesiyle ilgilidir. E) Ormanların yok olması nedeniyle, tanma elverişli toprakların miktarında azalma olmaktadır. 6) . To protect its own finances, Japan has taken a tougher line with foreign vacuoles fishing its coasts. A) Japonya, kendi balıkçılığını geliştirebilmek için, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı önlemlerini artırmıştır. B) Japonya, kendi balıkçılık bölgelerim kurtarmak amacıyla, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı sert mücadeleye girişmiştir. 546

C) Japonya, kendi balıkçılığını güçlendirmek için, kıyılarına yaklaşan yabancı balıkçı teknelerine karşı sert önlemler almıştır. D) Japonya, kendi balık alanlarını korumak için, kıyılarında balık avlayan yabancı teknelere karşı daha sert bir tavır almıştır. E) Japonya, kendi balık alanlarını iyileştirmek amacıyla, sert önlemler alarak kıyılarında yabancı teknelerin avlanmasını engellemiştir. 7) . It was emphasized that the company, which had been on the verge of bankruptcy, got over the crisis through substanial borrowings from various banks. A) İflasın eşiğine gelmiş olan şirketin, çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı aştığı vurgulandı. B) Bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin, iflasa doğru sürüklendiği vurdulandı. C) İflasla karşı karşıya gelmiş olan şirketin, bunalımı aşmak için pek çok bankadan büyük krediler aldığı ifade edildi. D) Çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı adatmaya çalışan şirketin iflastan kurtulamadığı açıklandı. E) İflas tehlikesini adatmış olan şirketin bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımdan çıktığı belirtildi.

8) . Anything that happens anywhere in the world at the moment can produce effects rapidly elsewhere. A) Dünyanın değişik yerlerinde meydana gelen olayların etkisi bugünlerde her yerde süratle görülebilir. B) Dünyanın neresinde olursa olsun, şu anda üretilen herşey dünyanın başka bir yerine süratle ulaştırılabilir. C) Şu anda dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde yapılan bir üretimle ilgili her şeyin etkisi başka bir yerde süratle görülebilir. D) Şu anda dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde meydana gelen bir olay, başka bir yerde süratle etkisini gösterebilir. E) Dünyanın neresinde olursa olsun, bugünlerde meydana gelen bir olay, süratle başka yerleri de etkileyebilir. 9) . Nobody really knows very much about the causes of insomnia, but everyone knows how necessary sleep is. A) Uykusuzluğun ne olduğunu bilenlerin sayısı çok olmasa da, herkes bunun gerekliliğinin farkındadır. B) Uykusuzluğun nedenlerini bilen pek fazla kimse yoktur, ancak herkes gerekli olduğunu 547

bilir. C) Uykusuzluğun nedenleri hakkında kimse gerçekte fazla bir şey bilmez, ama herkes uykunun ne kadar gerekli olduğunu bilir. D) Uykusuzluğun nedenim bilenlerin sayısı çok olmasa da kimse uykunun ne denli gerekli olduğunu düşünmez. E) Uykusuzluğun nedenlerini kimse fazla araştırmadığı halde, herkes bunun gerekli olduğunu bilir. 10) . Anyone who wishes to begin selling industrial goods in a foreign country must first perform market research. A) Sanayi ürünleri satmaya başlamak isteyen herkes, önce yabancı ülkelerde pazar araştırması yapmış olmalıdır. B) İsteyen herkes, pazar araştırması yaptıktan sonra, yabancı bir ülkede sanayi ürünü satabilir. C) Hiç kimse pazar araştırması yapmadan başka bir ülkeye sanayi ürünleri satmaya girişmemelidir. D) Yabancı bir ülkede pazar araştırması yapmak isteyen herkes, önce sanayi ürünleri pazarından başlamalıdır. E) Yabancı bir ülkede sanayi ürünü satmaya başlamak isteyen herkes, önce pazar araştırması yapmalıdır. 11) . If each employee obeys the orders of his superior, he is not likely to be criticized. A) Amirlerinin emirlerini yerine getirdiği sürece bir memurun eleştirilme ihtimali ortadan kalkar. B) Her memur verilen emirleri yerine getirdiği sürece, amirlerince eleştirilmesi mümkün değildir. C) Amirlerinin emirlerine uyan bir memur, hiçbir zaman eleştiriye uğramaz. D) Her memur amirinin emirlerine uyuyorsa, kendisinin eleştirilme ihtimali hemen hemen yoktur. E) Amirlerinin emirlerini yerine getiremeyen bir memur, her zaman eleştiriye uğrar. 12) . However difficult it may be to determine the physical structure of the Mars' interior, it is even more difficult to determine the planet's chemical and mineralogical composition. A) Mars'ın iç kısmının fiziksel yapısının belirlenmesi ne kadar güç olursa olsun, gezegenin kimyasal ve madensel bileşiminin belirlenmesi çok daha güçtür. B) Mars'ın iç yapısının fiziksel özellikleri kadar, kimyasal ve madensel oluşumunu anlamak da son derece güçtür. C) Mars'ın fiziksel yapısı ile başka bir gezegenin kimyasal ve madensel yapısını karşılaştırmak oldukça güçtür. D) Daha güç olduğu halde, başka bir gezegenin kimyasal ve madensel bileşiminin 548

belirlenmesi, Mars'ın iç yapısının fiziksel özelliklerini saptamakta yararlı olabilir. E) Mars'ın fiziksel yapısını belirlemek güç olmakla birlikte, herhangi bir gezegenin kimyasal ve madensel bileşimini belirlemekten daha güç değildir . 13) . The more you know about the people of a country the more you'll enjoy visiting it. A) İnsanı ile ilgili çok şey bildiğiniz bir ülkeyi ziyaret etmeniz size çok zevk verecektir. B) Bir ülkenin insanı hakkında ne kadar çok şey bilirseniz, orayı ziyaret etmekten o kadar çok zevk alırsınız. C) Ziyaret etmeyi çok istediğiniz bir ülkenin insanını da çok iyi bilmeniz gerekir. D) İnsanı ile ilgili çok şey bildiğiniz bir ülkeyi ziyaret etmeniz sizi memnun edecektir. E) Bir ülkede ne kadar kültürlü insanla tanışırsanız, o ülkeyi ziyaret etmekten o kadar hoşlanırsınız. 14) . No other quality is more significant for a scientist to acquire than to observe carefully. A) Bir bilim adamı için dikkatli gözlem yapmak önemli bir niteliktir. B) Bir bilim adamı dikkatli gözlem yapabilme yeteneğini kazanmak için çok uğraşır. C) Bir bilim adamı için dikkatli gözlem yapabilme yeteneğinden daha önemli kazanılacak bir nitelik yoktur. D) Bir bilim adamı dikkatli gözlem yapabilme yeteneğini çevresine önem vererek kazanır. E) Bir bilim adamı ancak dikkatli gözlem yapabilme yeteneğini kazanırsa başarılı olur. 15) . A turtle is different from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own. A) Kaplumbağalar kendilerini diğer bütün sürüngenlerden vücutlarını saran kabukları sayesinde korurlar. B) Kaplumbağalar vücutlarının koruyucu bir kabuk içinde olmasıyla, diğer bütün sürüngenlerden farklıdırlar. C) Kaplumbağalar kendilerini vücutlarını saran kabukları sayesinde diğer bütün sürüngenlerden daha iyi koruyabilirler. D) Bir kaplumbağamn farklı özelliği gerektiğinde kendini kabuğunun içine saklayarak diğer bütün sürüngenlerden koruyabilmesidir. E) Kaplumbağalar kabukları sayesinde kendilerini diğer sürüngenlerden koruyabilirler. 16) . Even though he is known as a successful business man, I think he is really unhappy. A) Başarılı bir iş adamı olduğu için, kanımca gerçekten mutsuz bir kişi. B) Başarılı bir iş adamı olarak bilinmesine karşın kanımca gerçekten mutsuz bir kişi. C) Gerçekten mutsuz olduğu için, iş adamı olarak başarılı olamadı. D) Başarılı bir iş adamı olması onu gerçekten mutsuz bir kişi olarak tanımama neden oldu. E) Başarılı bir işadamı olmasına rağmen mutsuz olmayı düşünemiyor. 549

17) . We cannot deny that the inventions and discoveries of the twentieth century have changed the structure of our society a great deal. A) 20. yüzyıl buluş ve keşiflerinin toplumumuzun yapısını büyük ölçüde değiştirdiğini inkar edemeyiz. B) 20. yüzyıl buluş ve keşiflerinin inkar edilmesi toplumumuzun yapısını büyük ölçüde değiştirir. C) 20. yüzyıl toplumunun, buluş ve keşiflerin yapısını değiştirdiği inkar edilemez D) 20. yüzyıl buluş ve keşiflerinin toplumun yapısını hiçbir şekilde değiştirmediği gerçek değildir. E) Toplumumuzun yapısının buluş ve keşiflerle 20. yüzyılı büyük ölçüde değiştirdiğini inkar edemeyiz. 18) . I'd sooner get the job done today than leave it till tomorrow. A) İşi yarın yaptırtmak bugün yaptırtmaktan daha iyidir. B) İşi bugün bitirmek zorundayım, yarına erteleyemem. C) İşi yarına bırakmadan bugün yaptırmak daha iyidir. D) İşi yarına bırakmaktansa bugün yaptırmayı yeğlerim. E) İş bugün biterse yarın bitmesinden daha iyidir. 19) . What may be considered polite in a country may be interpreted as arrogant in another. A) Bir ülkede kibar olduğu düşünülen şey bir diğer ülkede kaba bulunabilir. B) Bir ülkede kibar ve kaba olan şeyler diger ülkelerde de aynı şekilde görülür. C) Bir ülkede kibar olan hangi şeyler diğer ülkede kaba olarak kabul edilir? D) Kibarca düşünülen bir iş başka bir ülkede kabaca yorumlanabilir. E) Bir ülkenin kibar insanları bir diğer ülkenin kaba insanları gibi düşünebilir. 20) . A good artist like a good engineer learns as much from his mistakes as from achievement. A) İyi sanatçılar da iyi mühendisler gibi çok iyi öğrendiklerinden yanlışları olmaz. B) İyi bir sanatçı da iyi bir mühendis gibi başarısı kadar yanlışlarından da ders alır. C) Bir sanatçı ya da mühendis de iyi olabilmek için başarıları kadar yanışlarını da kabul etmelidir. D) Başarılar kadar yanlışlar da iyi sanatçılar gibi mühendisleri de etkiler. E) İyi bir sanatçı da iyi bir mühendis gibi yanlış yapa yapa başarılı olma dersini öğrenir. 21) . The common notion that fish is an perfect food for improving the brain is not supported by any available scientific information. A) Balığın zekayı geliştiren mükemmel bir besin olduğu yaygın görüşünün kanıtlanması 550

güçtür. B) Balığın zekayı geliştiren mükemmel bir besin olduğunu bütün bilimsel çalışmalar göstermektedir. C) Bulunabilen bütün balıkların zekayı geliştiren mükemmel bir besin olduğu bilimsel olarak desteklenmektedir. D)Balığın zekayı geliştiren mükemmel bir besin olduğu yaygın görüşü herhangi bir bilimsel bilgi tarafından desteklenmemektedir. E) Balığın zekayı geliştiren mükemmel bir besin olduğu yaygın görüşü bilimsel araştırmaları desteklemiyor. 22) . The Taj Mahal, which took twenty-two years to construct, is possibly the most beautiful building in the world. A) Yirmi iki yıldan bu yana Taç Mahal belki de dünyanın en güzel yapısıdır. B) Yapımı 22 yıl süren Taç Mahal belki de dünyanın en güzel yapısıdır. C) Dünyanın belki de en güzel binası olan Taç Mahal'in alınması 22yıl sürmüştür. D) Taç Mahalin dünyanm belki de en güzel binası olması 22 yıl almıştır. E) Belki de dünyanın en güzel binası olarak Taç Mahal 22 yıl önce inşa edilmiştir. 23) . In order to be issued a passport, one must either present legal documents or call witness to give proof concerning one's identity. A) Kendisine pasaport verilebilmesi için bir kişinin ilgili memura bilgi verecek bir tanık bulmasi gerekir. B) Kendisine pasaport verilebilmesi için bir kişinin ya resmi evraklarını göstermesi ya da kimliği konusunda kanıt sağlayabilecek bir tanık çağırması gerekmektedir. C) Eğer bir kişinin kimliğinin belirlenmesinde pasaportu yeterli kanıt sayılmazsa kimliğinin tespiti için bir tanığa başvurulur. D) Kendisine pasaport verilebilmesi için bir kişinin kimliği konusunda açıklamalar yapabilecek bir tanık bulması gerekir. E) Kendisine yeni pasaport verilsin diye, bazıları pasaportlarının kaybolduğunu söyleyecek bir tanık bulmak durumunda kalırlar. 24) . Perhaps it is owing to its terrifying and effective teeth that the shark has always been one of man's most hated and feared animals. A) Köpekbalığı belki de ürkütücü ve etkili dişleri yüzünden insanoğlunun her zaman en çok nefret edilen ve korkulan düşmanı olmuştur. B) Köpekbalığı ürkütücü ve etkili dişleriyle insanoğlunun en çok korktuğu ve nefret ettiği düşmanı olmuştur. C) Köpekbalığını, insanoğlunun korkunç bir düşmanı yapan şey belki de dişlerinin korkulan ve nefret edilen bir silah olmasıdır. D) Köpekbalığı, o korkunç dişleri olmasa da belki insanoğlunun en çok korktuğu ve nefret 551

ettiği düşmanı olurdu. E) Köpekbalığımn insanın en çok korktuğu ve nefret ettiği düşmanı olmasının korkutucu ve etkili dişlerine bağlı olduğu bilinmektedir. 25) . What UFOs are and where they come from and whether they really exist are still open to debate, but it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore them. A) UFO'ların ne oldukları,nereden geldikleri ve gerçekten var olup olmadıkları hala tartışanlar bile onları görmemezlikten gelemezler. B) UFO'ların ne oldukları,nereden geldikleri ve gerçekten var olup olmadıkları hala tartışılmakla birlikte pek çok insan onları görmüştür. C) UFO'ları gören pek çok insan onların ne olduklarını, nereden geldiklerini ve gerçekten var olup olmadıklarını hala tartışmaktadırlar. D) UFO'ları görmezlikten gelmek giderek zorlaşmaktadır çünkü ne oldukları,nereden geldikleri ve gerçekten var olup olmadıklan hala tartışmaya açıktır. E) UFO'ların ne oldukları.nereden geldikleri ve gerçekten var olup olmadıklan hala tartışmaya açıktır, ama onları görmezlikten gelmek giderek zorlaşmaktadır. TRANSLATION TEST-19 1) . Medical scientists have noted an alarming increase in disease of the heart and circulation among people that smoke cigarettes. A) Tıp bilimadamları sigara içenler arasında çok fazla kalp ve dolaşım hastası olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. B) Sigara içenler arasındaki kalp ve dolaşım hastaları tıp bilimadamlarının artışları karşısında dehşete düştüklerinin farkına varmışlardır. C) Tıp bilim adamları sigara içenler arasında kalp ve dolaşım hastalıklarında ürkütücü bir artış gözlemlemişlerdir. D) Tıp bilimadamları sigara içen kişiler arasında bulunan kalp.ve dolaşım hastalarını hemen farkederler. E) Sigara içenler arasında kalp ve dolaşım hastalarının sayısının artışı karşısında tıp bilimadamları dehşete kapılmışlardır. 2) . However beneficial some drugs may appear, they must nevertheless be employed carefully. A) Bazı ilaçlar ne kadar yararlı görünürlerse görünsünler yine de dikkatle kullanılmaları gerekir. B) Bazı ilaçlar yararlı görünürler ama dikkatli kullanılmazlarsa çok zararlı olabilirler. C) Bazı ilaçlar ne kadar yararlı görünürlerse görünsünler yine de mahkemelerce yasaklanabilirler. 552

D) Mahkeme tarafından yasaklanmış ilaçlar ne kadar yararlı görünürse görünsünler zararlı ilaçlardır. E) Bazıları, ilaçlar ne kadar yararlı olursa olsunlar, onları kullanmamaya özen gösterirler. 3) . One of the great matters facing the world today is the shortage of food. A) Dünya bugün yiyecek kıtlığının yüzüne bakmaktadır. B) Yiyecek kıtlığı bu gün dünyayı tehdit etmektedir. C) Bugün dünyanın karşı karşıya olduğu büyük sorunlardan biri yiyecek kıtlığıdır. D) Yiyecek kıtlığı dünyayı büyük bir tehlikeyle karşı karşıya bırakmıştır. E) Bugün dünya yüzündeki büyük tehlikelerden biri yiyecek kıtlığıdır. 4) . The fact that less than 5 percent of the population graduate from universities in England may seem surprising, particularly when viewed beside the American percentage of over 30 percent. A) İngilteredeki üniversitelerden nüfusun %5'den azının mezun olduğu gerçeği, nüfusun %30'dan fazlasının üniversite mezunu olduğu Amerika için şaşırtıcı gelebilir. B) İngilteredeki üniversitelerden nüfusun %5'den azının mezun olduğu gerçeği, özellikle Amerika'daki %30'un üzerindeki oranla karşılaştırınca şaşırtıcı gelebilir. C) İngilteredeki üniversitelerden nüfusun %5'den azının mezun olması Amerikan nüfusunun üniversitelerden mezun olan %30'dan fazlasına saşırtıcı gelebilir. D) İngilteredeki üniversitelerden nüfusun %5'den azı mezun olurken Amerika'da %30'dan fazlasının üniversite mezunu olması şaşırtıcı. E) Amerika'da nüfusun %30'dan fazlasının iiniversite mezunu olduğu düşünülünce, İngiltere'nin %5'den az olan oranı şaşırtıcı olmasa gerek. 5) . Of all the forms in which opinions are disseminated, the college professor lecturing a class is the slowest and most expensive. A) Üniversite profesörleri çok yavaş ve pahalı ders verdiklerinden en az beğenilen bilgi edinme seçenekleridir. B) Sınıfta ders veren üniversite profesörü fıkir yayma işini çok yavaş ve pahalı olarak gerçeklestirir. C) Bir üniversite profesörü sınıfında ders verirken fikirlerini yaymak için zaman ve para harcamaktan kaçınmaz. D) Ders veren bir profesor, fikir yaymanın en pahalı ve en yavaş yöntemleri de dahil olmak üzere bütün yöntemlerini bilir. E) Fikirleri yayma yolları içinde, en yavaşı ve en pahalısı bir üniversite profesörünün bir sınıfa ders vermesidir. 6) . Doctors have known for over 100 years of the power of hypnosis to alleviate pain. A) Doktorlar yüzyılı aşkın süredir ipnotizmayı ağrı gidereci olarak kullanmaktadırlar 553

B) Yüzyılı aşkın süredir doktorlar ipnotizmayı ağrı gidereci olarak kullanmaktan vazgeçmişlerdir. C) Doktorlar yüzyılı aşkın süredir ipnotizmamn ağrıyı hafifletici gücünden haberdardırlar. D) İpnotizmamn ağrıyı hafifletici gücü yüzyılı aşkın süredir doktorlar tarafından kullanılmaktadır. E) Doktorlar yüzyılı aşkın süredir ağrıyı kesmek icin ipnotizmayı kullanmaktadırlar. 7) . On the contrary to what many students think, staying up all night to study for an exam leads to failure rather than success. A) Bir sınava hazırlanmak için bütün gece çalışmak öğrencilerin soruları ters anlamasına ve başarısızlıklarına yol açar. B) Pek çok öğrencinin düşündüğünün aksine, bir sınava hazırlanmak için bütün gece uyumamak başından çok başansızlığa yol açar. C) Bir sınava hazırlanmak için bütün gece uyumamak bazı öğrencilere ters gelebilir ama başarıya da ulaştırabilir. D) Pek çok öğrenci ters bir düşünceyle bir sınava hazırlanmak için bütün gece uyumayarak başarılı olabileceklerine inanırlar. E) Pek çok öğrencinin düşündüğünün aksine, bütün gece uyumayıp ders çalıştıkları takdirde başarıları kaçınılmaz olur. 8) . To be forced for economic reasons to take boring job is unfortunate. A) Ne yazik ki insanlar ekonomik nedenlerle istemedikleri işleri yapmaya zorlanmaktadır. B) Ekonomik nedenlerle insanlann artik sıkıcı işler bile bulamaması talihsizliktir. C) Ekonomik baskılar nedeniyle sıkıcı bir işe girmek zorunda kalmak talihsizlik. D) İnsanların sıkıcı işler yapmaları için zorlanmaları büyük talihsizlik. E) Sıkıcı bir iş bile bulmak için ekonomik koşulları zorlamak talihsizlik. 9) . Bill was pleased to have been chosen for the job from among many applicants. A) Bill işe başvuranlardan pek çoğunu seçebildiği için memnundu. B) Bill, pek çok başvurucu arasından işe kendisinin seçilmesine çok memnun oldu. C) Başvııranlann çoğu işe Bill alındığı için memnun oldu. D) Bill, işi adaylar arasından istediğine verebildiği için memnundu. E) Bill, başvuranların arasında olmaktan çok memnundu. 10) . During the period between 55 B.C. and 1815 A.D., the speed at which mankind could travel by sea was determined by the speed with which he could row. A) M.Ö. 55 ile M.S. 1815 yılları arasında insanların denizlerdeki seyahat hızı kürek çekme hızlarıyla tayin ediliyordu. B) M.Ö. 55 ile M.S. 1815 yılları arasında insanlrınn denizlerdeki seyahat hızı bugünkü kürek çekme hızlarıyla aynıydı. 554

C) İnsanların denizlerdeki seyahat hızını M.Ö. 55 ile M.S. 1815 yılları arasında belirleyen onların kürek çekme arzularıydı. D) M.Ö. 55 ile M.S. 1815 yıllan arasında insanların denizlerde seyahat etmesi ancak esir kürekçilerle mümkün oluyordu. E) M.Ö. 55 ile M.S. 1815 yılları arasında son derece hızlı kürek çeken insanlar sayesinde insanlar denizlerde hızla gidebiliyorlardı. 11) . Since the turn of the century, psychologists have been interested in how and why fear is manifested in human beings. A) Ruhbilimciler bu yüzyılda korkuyu incelemek üzere insanlara yönelmişlerdir. B) Yüzyılımızda dikkatlerini insanlara çeviren ruhbilimciler buldukları karşısında korkuya kapılmışlardır. C) Korkunun insanlarda niçin ve nasıl göründüğüyle ilgilenen ruhbilimciler yüzyılın başından beri dikkatle çalışmaktadırlar. D) Yüzyılımız eskiye döndüğünden, ruhbilimciler korkunun insanlarda niçin ve nasıl göründüğüyle ilgilenmektedirler. E) Yüzyılın başından beri ruhbilimciler korkunun insanlarda niçin ve nasıl göründüğüyle ilgilenmektedirler. 12) . As social tensions increase, the right of Americans to keep and bear arms may have to be restricted for their own protection. A) Sosyal gerginlikler arttıkça, Amerikalıların silah bulundurma ve taşıma hakları üzerindeki kısıtlamaların kaldırılması gerekebilir. B) Sosyal gerilimin artışıyla, Amerikahların omuz omuza vermesi onların koruma yöntemlerini özetler. C) Sosyal gerginlikler arttıkça, Amerikahların silah bulundurma ve taşıma haklarının kendi güvenlikleri için kısıtlanması gerekebilir. D) Sosyal gerginlikler arttıkça, Amerikalıların silah bulundurma ve taşıma haklan da o ölçüde artınlmalıdır. E) Sosyal gerginliklerin artışıyla, Amerikalıların silah bulundurma ve taşıma hakları üzerindeki kısıtlamalar peşpeşe gelmiştir. 13) . We are now all aware of the fact that some new scientific or technological advance, though useful, may have unpleasant side effects. A) Artık hepimiz kimi bilimsel ya da teknolojik gelişmelerin, yararlı olmakla birlikte, bazı kötü yan etkilerinin de olabileceğinin farkındayız. B) Artık hepimiz kimi bilimsel ya da teknolojik gelişmelerin yararlarının kötü yan etkileriyle ortadan kaldırıldığının farkındayız, C) Artık hepimiz, yararlı bilimsel ya da teknolojik gelişmelerin aynı zamanda kötü yan etkileri olduğunu da biliyoruz. 555

D) Hepimiz artık kötü yan etkisi olmayan yararlı bilimsel ya da teknolojik gelişmelerin olamayacağının farkındayız. E) Hepimiz artık kötü yan etkileri de olsa bilimsel ya da teknolojik gelişmelerin yararlı olduğunun farkındayız. 14) . Today if all the farmers made a decision to grow food without chemical fertilizers or insecticides or machinery, it would mean that only a quarter of the world population could be fed. A) Bugün çiftçiler kimyasal gübreler, zararlı öldürücülerve makinalar kullanarak dünya nüfusunun dörtte birini doyurabilmektedir. B) Bugün çiftçiler dünya nüfusunun dörtte birini doyurabilmek için kimyasal gübreler, zararlı öldürücüleri ve makinalar kullanarak tarım yapmak zorundadırlar. C) Bugün çiftçiler kimyasal gübreler, zararlı öldürücüler ya da makinalar olmaksızın besin yetiştirmeye karar verseler, dünya nüfusunun dörtte biri işsiz kalırdı. D) Bugün çiftçiler kimyasal gübreler, zararlı öldürücüler ya da makinalar olmaksızın besin yetiştirmeye karar verseler, dünya nüfusunun ancak dörtte birinin doyurulması mümkün olurdu. E) Bugün çiftçilerin dörtte biri kimyasal gübreler, zararlı öldürücüleri ya da makinalar olmaksızın besin yetiştirmeye karar verse, dünya nüfusunun yarısı aç kalırdı. 15) . Were Isaac Asimov not a scientist, he might not. be able to write such good science fiction stories. A) Isaac Asimov bir bilim adamı olmamasma rağmen çok iyi bilim kurgu öyküleri yazabilmiştir. B) Isaac Asimov bir bilim adamı olmasaydı böylesine iyi bilimkurgu öyküleri yazamayabilirdi. C) Isaac Asimov bir bilim adamı mıydı ki böylesine iyi bilimkurgu öyküleri yazabiliyordu. D) Bu güzel bilimkurgu öykülerini yazan bir bilim adamı olan Isaac Asimov muydu? E) Isaac Asimov bir bilim adamı değilse böylesine iyi bilimkurgu öykülerini nasıl yazabiliyordu? 16) . New techniques, which are being developed to destroy cancerous tumors, are at present merely partially successful. A) Kanser tümörlerini yok etmek için geliştirilmekte olan yeni teknikler günümüzde sadece kısmen başanlı olmaktadır. B) Günümüzde sadece kısmen başanlı olan kanser tümörlerini yok etme teknikleri geliştirilmektedir. C) Günümüzde yeni teknikler geliştirilerek kanserli hücrelerin kısmen yok edilmesi sağlanabilmektedir. D) Kanser tümörlerini kismen yok etmek için geliştirilen yeni teknikler oldukça başanlı 556

olmaktadır. E) Sadece kanserli tiimorlerini yok etmek için geliştirilen yeni teknikler başka alanlarda da başanlı olmaktadir. 17) . In the scientific approach, whatever is inconsistent with the facts ought to be discarded or revised. A) Bilimsel yaklaşımda konu ile ilgisi olmayan varsayımların atılması ya da tekrar gözden geçirilmesi gerekir. B) Bilimsel yaklaşımda gerçekler dışında hiç bir varsayım kullanılmamalı, gerçekler de yeniden gözden geçirilmelidir. C) Bilimsel yaklaşımda, gerçeklere uymayan her şey atilmalı ya da yeniden gözden geçirilmelidir. D) Bilimsel yaklaşımda kullanılan gerçeklere uygun olmayan her şey bilimsel yaklaşıma zarar verdiğinden atılmalıdır. E) Bilimsel yaklaşımda atılması düşünülen her şey gerçeklere uymaz gibi görünse de gözden geçirilmelidir. 18) . Most authorities now concede that not only does watching television violence increases people's tolerance of violent behavior in others it also stimulates children to imitate violent acts. A) Bir çok uzman artık televizyondaki şiddeti seyretmenin insanlarda başkalarındaki şiddet davranışlarına karşı hoşgörüyü artırmakla kalmayıp çocukları şiddet hareketlerini başlatmaya teşvik ettiğini kabul ediyor. B) Bir çok uzman artık televizyondaki şiddeti seyretmenin insanlarda başkalarındaki şiddet davranışlarına karşı hoşgörüyü arttırmakla kalmayıp çocukları şiddet hareketlerini başlatmaya teşvik ettiğinin bir gerçek olmadığını kabul ediyor. C) Bir çok uzman artık televizyondaki şiddeti seyretmenin insanlarda başkalarındaki şiddet davranışlarına karşı hoşgörüyü arttırmakla beraber çocukları şiddet hareket- lerini başlatmaya teşvik etmediğini kabul ediyor. D) Bir çok uzman artik televizyondaki şiddeti seyretmenin insanlarda baskalarındaki şiddet davranışlarına karşı hoşgörüyü arttırırken çocukları şiddet hareketlerinden kaçınmaya teşvik ettiğini kabul ediyor. E) Bir çok uzman artık televizyondaki şiddeti seyretmenin insanlarda başkalarındaki şiddet davranışlarına karşı hoşgörüyü arttırırken çocukların şiddet hareketlerinden korkmasına neden olduğunu kabul ediyor. 19) . The more attention he received, the embarrassed he seemed to become. A) Dikkat çektikçe utangaçlığı daha da azaldı. B) Çok dikkat çektiğinden utangaçlığı daha da artmış gözüküyordu. C) Çektiği ilgi arttıkça daha da utanmış görünüyordu. 557

D) En çok utangaç olanlar en fazla dikkati çeker görünüyordu. E) En çok utanmış görünen adam en fazla dikkati çekiyordu. 20) . Mankind is torn between the desire to be different from anybody else and the need to belong to a group. A) İnsanoğlu herkesten farklı olma arzusuyla bir gruba ait olma ihtiyacı arasında kalmıştır. B) İnsanoğlunun herkesten farlı olma arzusu onu bir gruba ait olma ihtiyacından kurtarır. C) İnsanoğlunun herkesten farklı olma arzusu ve bir gruba ait olma ihtiyacı onu yaralamıştır. D) İnsanoğlunun herkesten farklı olma arzusuyla bir gruba ait olma ihtiyacı birbiriyle çelişmez. E) İnsanoğlunu mahveden şey bir gruba ait olma ihtiyaci değil herkesten farkh olma arzusudur. 21) . Fashion designers are only interested in outward appearance and they make use of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. A) Moda tasarımcıları sadece dış görünüşle ilgilidirler ve olayı doğru değerlendirerek, kadınların rahatsızlıklara tahammul edemeyişlerini kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda kullanırlar. B) Moda tasarımcıları sadece dış görünüşle ilgilidirler ve kadınların modaya uygun olmak koşuluyla her türlü rahatsızlığa tahammul etmelerinden yararlanmaktadırlar. C) Moda tasarımcıları sadece görünüşte güzellikle ilgilenirler ve kadınların doğru görünmek koşuluyla her türlü rahatsızlığa karşı çıkacaklarını bilirler. D) Kadınların modaya uygun olmak koşuluyla her türlü rahatsızlığa tahammul edeceklerini bilen moda tasarımcıları dış görünüşleri saptarken bundan yararlanırlar. E) Kadınların rahatsızlıklara tahammülü olmadığını bilen moda tasarımcıları onların rahatlığa düşkünlüklerinden yararlanarak dış görünüşleri belirlerler. 22) . With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are infamously lax. and even the strictest are not strict enough. A) Araba kullanma konusunda bazı ülkelerin adı çıkmıştır, bu ülkelerde en sert kanunlar bile yeterince sert değildir. B) Araba kullanma konusunda, bazı ülkelerin kanunları gevşeklikleriyle ünlüdür ve bunların en sertleri bile yeterince sert değildir. C) Bazı ülkelerde tarafikle ilgili kanunlar öylesine gevşektir ki en kötü şöförlerin bile cezalandırılması mümkün olmaz. D) Araba kullanma konusunda bazı ülkeler hem gevşek hem de sert kanunlarıyla kötü bir ün yapmışlardır. E) Bazı ülkelerin trafıği düzenleyen kanunları kimsenin gevşemesine izin vermeyecek 558

kadar sert olamamaktadır. 23) . As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. A) Kişilerde endişe yaratmakta smavlar ikinci gelir. B) Endişe yaratan olgular arasında sınavlar herşeyin arkasındadır. C) Kişilerde endişe yaratmakta sınavlar hiç bir seyin arkasında kalmazlar. D) Sınavlar her şeyin arkasından endişe doğuran olgulardır. E) Endişe yaratan olgular olarak sınavlar insanları geride bırakırlar. 24) . We may marvel at the advance made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever. A) Her çalışma alanında harikalar yaratabiliriz, ama kişisel bilgi ve yeteneğin ölçülmesinde kullandığımız yöntemler her zaman ki kadar ilkeldir. B) Her alanda yarattığımız harikalar yanında bir insanın bilgisini ve yeteneğini ölçme yöntemlerimiz her zamankinden ilkel görünmektedir. C) Bir insanın bilgisini ve yeteneğini ölçme yöntemleriyle her alanda gerçekleştirilen gelişmeleri ölçerek şaşırabiliriz. D) Her çalışma alanında yaratılan harikalar bir insanın bilgisini ve yeteneğini ölçme yöntemlerimizi her zamanki kadar ilkel olmaktan kurtaramamıştır. E) Her alanda gerçekleştirilen gelişmeler bizi hayrete düşürebilir ama bir insanın bilgisini ve yeteneğini ölçme yöntemleri her zamanki kadar ilkeldir. 25) . Hundreds of thousands of people cured of cancer owe their lives to radiation. A) Yüzbinlerce insan kanser tedavisi sonuç vermediği için hastaneye çok borçlanmışlardır. B) Yüzbinlerce insan kanser tedavisi görüp hayatlarını kaybetmişlerdir. C) Hastaneye borçlarını ödeyemeyen hastalar kanserden kurtulamazlar. D) Kanserden tedaviyle kurtulan yüzbinlerce insan yaşamlarım radyasyona borçludur. E) Yüzbinlerce insan radyasyon sayesinde kanserden kurtulmuş fakat hastanelere çok borçlanmışlardır. TRANSLATION TEST-20 1) . Biologically, there is only one quality that distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. A) Biyolojik açıdan, insanlar gibi gülme özelliğine sahip bir tek hayvan türü vardır. B) Biyolojik açıdan insanlarla hayvanları birbirinden ayıran özelliklerden biri gülmektir. C) Biyolojik açıdan bizi hayvanlardan ayıran tek bir özellik vardır:gülme yeteneği. D) Eğer hayvanlar da gülme yeteneğine sahip olsaydı biyolojik olarak onları bizden ayırmak mümkün olmayacaktı. E) Biyolojik açıdan bizi hayvanlara üstün kılan tek bir özellik vardır: gülme yeteneği. 559

2) . The treatment of mental illness has improved as a result of increased understanding of the kinds of diseases and their causes. A) Akıl hastalıkları tedavileri uzun da sürse sonunda iyileşerek hastalıklarının nedenini anlarlar. B) Akıl hastalıkların tedavisi, hastalıkların türleri ve nedenleri konusunda artan bilgi sonucu gelişmiştir. C) Akıl hastalıklarının tedavisi gelişmekle birlikte bu hastalıklann türleri ve nedenleri konusunda bilgilerimizi artırabilmiş değiliz. D) Akıl hastalıklarının artması sonucunda bu hastalıkların türleri ve nedenleri konusunda bilgiler arttığından tedavileri geliştirilmiştir. E) Akıl hastalıklarının tedavilerinin sonuçlanması bu hastalıkların nedenlerinin ve türlerinin anlaşılmasına bağlıdır. 3) . Wherever there are great forests, modern methods of insect control threaten the fishes that inhabit the streams in the shelter of the trees. A) Büyük ormanların olduğu her yerde, modern böcek kontrol yöntemleri ağaçların gölgesindeki ırmaklarda yaşayan balıkları tehdit etmektedir. B) Ağaçların gölgesindeki ırmaklarda yaşayan balıklar ormanların olduğu her yerde zararlı öldürücülerinin etkisinden kurtulabilmektedir. C) Büyük ormanların olduğu her yerde, ağaçların gölgesindeki ırmaklarda yaşayan balıkları tehdit eden böcekler modern böcek kontrol yöntemleriyle öldürülür. D) Büyük ormanların olduğu her yerde, ağaçların gölgesindeki ırmaklarda balıkların yaşayabilmesi için etkili bir böcek kontrol denetimi sürdürülmelidir. E) Büyük ormanların olduğu her yerde, ağaçların gölgesindeki ırmaklarda yaşayan balıklar modern böcek konrol yöntemleri kadar yararh olabilirler.

4) . We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, whereas others judge us by what we have already done. A) Biz kendimizi yapabileceğimizi düşündüğümüz şeylere göre değerlendiririz, başkaları ise halihazırda yaptığımız şeylere göre. B) Kendimiz hakkında karar verirken tarafsız olamayız ama başkaları bizim hakkımızda karar verirken yaptıklarımıza bakarak tarafsız olabilir. C) Ne yaptığımıza karar vermek için duygularımızı dinleyebiliriz, başkaları hakkında karar verirken de onların yaptıklarına bakabiliriz. D) Biz kendimiz neler hissettiğimizi bilebiliriz, başkaları ise ancak yaptıklarımızıdeğerlendirebilir. E) Kendimizi çok yetenekli hissedebiliriz, ama yine de başkaları bizi yaptıklarımıza 560

bakarak değerlendirir. 5) . If the problem of nuclear waste disposal is solved, the position of those in favour of nuclear power will be strengthened. A) Nükleer artıklardan kurtulma sorunu çözülürse, nükleer enerjiye sahip olanların durumu daha iyi olacaktrr. B) Nükleer artıklardan kurtulma sorunu çözülürse, nükleer enerji taraftarlarının durumu güçlenecektir. C) Nükleer enerji taraftarları durumlarını güçlendirmek için nükleer artıklardan kurtulma sorununu çözmek istiyorlar. D) Nükleer artıklardan kurtulma olayı başarılırsa nükleer güç sahipleri daha iyi bir duruma gelecekler. E) Nükleer enerjiye karşı olanların çıkardıkları olaylar artıkların yok edilmesi sorununun çözülmesiyle önlenebilir. 6) . If only there weren't so many pollutants in the atmosphere, the ozone layer wouldn't be in hazard of being depleted. A) Atmosferde bu kadar çok kirletici olmasaydi ozon tabakasınınbakımı daha kolay olurdu. B) Ozon tabakasının delinmesini önlemek için uzaya daha az kirletici atmak gerekirdi. C) Atmosferde bu kadar çok kirletici bulunmasaydı, ozon tabakası delinme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalmazdı. D) Atmosferde bu kadar çok kirleticiye rağmen, ozon tabakasının delinme tehlikesi içinde olmaması mümkün değildir. E) Ozon tabakasının delinme tehlikesiyle atmosferdeki kirlilik arasında bir ilişki ol- saydı, ozon tabakası çoktan delinirdi. 7) . Even though obviously many auto-repair firms are competent and honest, mounting evidence shows that many others are not. A) Pek çok oto tamir şirketinin ehli ve dürüst olmasına karşılık dağlık bölgelerdeki şirketlerin çoğu böyle değildir. B) Pek çok oto tamir şirketinin görünüşte işinin ehli ve dürüst olmasına karşılık gerçekte böyle olmadığını gösteren pek çok kanıt vardır C) Pek çok oto tamir şirketinin işinin ehli ve dürüst olduğu aşikardır ama yine de onların böyle olduğunu kanıtlamak mümkün değildir. D) Pek çok oto tamir şirketi işinin ehli ve dürüsttür ama bunu kanıtlamak için yeterince kanıt gösteremezler. E) Pek çok oto tamir şirketinin işinin ehli ve dürüst olduğu aşikarsa da diğer pek çok kanıt, diğer pek çok şirketin böyle olmadığını gösteriyor.

561

8) . Scientists lastly discovered black holes, the existence of which Einstein's theory predicted. A) Bilimadamları sonunda Einstein'in kuramını destekleyen kara delikleri keşfettiler. B) Bilimadamları Einstein'ın sözünü ettiği kara delikleri sonunda keşfettiler. C) Bilimadamları kara deliklerin varlığını önce Einstein'den duydular. D) Bilimadamları sonunda, varlıklarını Einstein kuramının öngördüğü kara delikleri keşfettiler. E) Kara delikleri bilimadamlarından çok önce Einstein'in kendisi keşfetmişti. 9) . In 1054 there was an explosion of a giant star, the remnants of which can still be observed in space today. A) 1054te, kalıntıları bugün bile uzayda görülebilen dev bir yıldız parçalandı. B) 1054'te parçalanan dev bir yıldızın kalıntılarını bugün bile uzayda görmek mümkündür. C) 1054'te parçalanan dev bir yıldız bugün hala uzayda durmaktadır. D) 1054'ten beri uzayda bulunan dev bir yıldız uzayda parçalandı. E) 1054'te dev bir yıldızın parçalanışı dünyanın her tarafından görüldü. 10) . Eyewitness reports and photographs of saucer-like objects which are convincingly real in appearance have made some people believe that UFO's exist. A) Görgü tanıklarının söyledikleri ve tabak şeklinde insanı ikna edecek kadar gerçek görünen nesnelerin fotoğrafları kimi insanları UFO'ların varhğına inandırmıştır. B) Görgü tanıklarına inanmayanlar bile tabak şeklinde insanı ikna edecek kadar gerçek görünen nesnelerin fotoğraflarını görünce UFO'ların varlığına inanmıştır. C) UFO'ları gören görgü tanıkları onların gerçek birer tabağa benzediğini söylemişlerdir. D) Görgü tanıkları tabak şeklinde ve görünüşleri inandıncı olan nesnelerin fotoğraflarını görünce UFO'ların varlığına iyice inanmışlardır. E) Görgü tanıklarının söyledikleri ve görünüşleri inandırıcı olan nesnelerin resimlerini gören herkes UFO'lann var olduğuna inanmıştır. 11) . History has seen wars which used less ammunition than a cease-fire does today. A) Tarih ateşkesi sağlamak için daha az cephanenin kullanıldığı savaşlar görmüştür. B) Tarihte cephane kullanımı açısından savaşlarla ateşkesler arasında bir fark yoktur. C) Tarih ateşkes sırasında çok fazla cephane kullanıldığını görmüştür. D) Tarih, bugün bir ateşkeste kullanılan cephaneden daha az cephane kullanmış savaşlar görmüştür. E) Tarih, çok az cephane kullanmış ateşkesler kadar savaşlar da görmüştür. 12) . The liar's penalty is not in the least that he is not believed, but that he cannot believe anybody else. A) Yalancının cezası kendine inanılmasıyla değil inanılması ile verilebilir. 562

B) Yalancının cezası hiç de kendisine inanılmaması değil, kendisinin bir başkasına inanamamasıdır. C) Yalancının çekeceği en küçük ceza kendisine inanılmaması değil, kendisinin başkalarına inanamamasıdır. D) Yalancının en küçük cezası kendisine inanılmaması ya da kendisinin bir başkasına inanamaması değildir. E) Yalancı, kendisine inanılmaması kendisinin de başkasına inanamaması şeklinde küçük bir ceza görür. 13) . Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we have to alter it every six months. A) Moda çirkinlikleri engellemek için altı ayda bir değiştirilir. B) Bir modaya altı aydan fazla tahammül edilirse çirkinleşir. C) Moda öyle tahammül edilmez bir çirkinlik biçimidir ki altı ayda bir değiştirmemiz gerekir. D) Moda alta ayda bir değiştirilerek çirkinlikleri katlanabilir yapar. E) Çirkinlikler öyle tahammül edilmez olur ki modayi altı ayda bir değiştirmemiz gerekir. 14) . One reason for the public upset in the United States is the astonishing growth of heavy marijuana use among school-age children. A) Birleşik devletlerdeki büyük huzursuzluk giderek daha çok sayıda okul çağındaki çocukların esrar kullanmasına neden olmuştur. B) Birleşik Devletlerdeki okul çağı çocuklarının giderek daha fazla esrar kullanmaları toplumsal huzursuzluğun tek nedeni olmuştur. C) Okul çağındaki çocuklar arasında aşırı dozda esrar kullanımındaki şaşırtıcı artış giderek toplumda huzursuzluğun önemli bir nedeni haline gelmektedir. D) Okul çağındaki çocuklar arasında aşırı dozda esrar kullanımındaki şaşırtıcı artışın giderek toplumsal bir huzursuzluğa neden olması büyük bir olasılıktır. E) Birleşik Devletlerdeki toplumsal huzursuzlugun bir nedeni okul çağındaki çocuklar arasında aşırı dozda esrar kullannımındaki şaşırtıcı artıştır. 15) . Among the psychological effects of heavy marijuana use cited by teachers and parents is a loss of interest in schoolwork. A) Okula olan ilginin azalması öğretmenler ve veliler tarafından uyuşturucu kul- lanımını arttırıcı bir etken olarak görülmektedir. B) Okula olan ilginin azalması, öğretmenler ve veliler tarafından,aşırı dozda esrar kullanmaya yol açan psikolojik bir etki olarak görülmektedir. C) Öğretmen ve velilerin söylediklerine göre aşırı dozda esrar kullanmanın psikolojik etkilerinden biri derslere karşı ilginin kayboluşudur. D) Okula olan ilginin azalmasıyla, öğretmenler ve veliler, öğrencilerin psikolojik nedenlerle aşırı dozda esrar kullanımına başladıklarını görmüşlerdir. 563

E) Öğretmen ve velilerin söylediklerine göre psikolojik etkilerle aşırı dozda esrar kullanmaya başlayan öğrenciler derslerine olan ilgilerini de yitirirler. 16) . A steadily accumulating body of proof backs the view that cancers are caused by things that we eat, drink, breathe, or otherwise exposed to. A) Düzenli olarak artmakta olan kanıtlar, kansere, yediğimiz, içtiğimiz, soluduğumuz ya da başka şekillerde maruz kaldığımız şeylerin neden olduğu görüşünü destekle- mektedir. B) Yediğimiz, içtiğimiz, soluduğumuz ya da başka şekillerde maruz kaldığımız şeylerin neden olduğu görüşünü destekleyen kanıtlar yavaş yavaş toplanmaktadır. C) Düzenli olarak artmakta olan kanıtlar yediğimiz, içtiğimiz, soluduğumuz ya da başka şekillerde maruz kaldığımız şeylerin kansere neden olduğu görüşünü desteklememektedir. D) Yediğimiz, içtiğimiz, soluduğumuz ya da başka şekillerde maruz kaldığımız şeylerin kansere neden olduğu görüşü düzenli bir şekilde ilgililere aktarılıyor. E) Yediğimiz, içtiğimiz, soluduğumuz ya da başka şekillerde maruz kaldığımız şeylerin kansere neden olduğu görüşü giderek ağırlık kazanmaktadır. 17) . It is advisable for teachers of foreign languages to correct only the most serious of their students' mistakes. A) Yabancı dil öğretmenleri öğrencilerinin yanlışlarını ciddiyetle düzeltmelidirler. B) Yabancı dil öğretmenleri öğrencilerinin yanlışlarını fazla ciddiye almamalıdırlar. C) Yabanci dil öğretmenlerine öğrencilerinin yanlışlarını ciddiyetle düzeltmeleri tavsiye edilmelidir. D) Yabanci dil öğretmenlerinin öğrencilerinin sadece en ciddi yanlışlarını düzeltmeleri tavsiye edilebilir. E) Yabanci dil öğretmenlerinin öğrencilerinin sadece en ciddi yanlışlarıyla ilgilenmeleri tavsiye edilebilir. 18) . Congested airways, as determined by the number of passengers served every year, are becoming as serious a problem in main cities as congested highway traffic. A) Her yıl hizmet verdikleri yolcu sayısına göre belirlenen şekliyle tıkanmış hava yolları, büyük kentlerde tıkalı otobanlar kadar ciddi bir sorun olmaktadır. B) Havayolları fazla yolcu nedeniyle tıkandığında bu otobanların da tıkanmasına neden olmaktadır. C) Her yıl aşırı sayıda yolcu nedeniyle tıkanan otobanlar hava yollarının da giderek tıkanmasına yol açmaktadır. D) Tıkanmışlığı hizmet verdikleri yolcu sayısıyla belirlenmiş olan havayolları, tıkanan otobanlar yüzünden daha da büyük sorun olmaktadır. E) Büyük kentlerde tıkalı otobanlar bir sorun olduğundan, her yıl hizmet verdikleri yolcu sayısıyla tıkanmış olan havayollarının tıkanmasını da çabuklaştırmaktadır.

564

19) . Some people have built bomb shelters in case there should be a nuclear war. A) Bazı insanlar, nükleer savaşı engellemek için sığınaklar yapmıştır. B) Bazı insanlar savaş çıkma olasılığına karşı bombaları koymak için sığınaklar yapmışlardır. C) Bazı insanlar nükleer bir savaş olasılığına karşı bomba sığınaklan yapmışlardır. D) Bir nükleer savaş olasılığı olduğunda insanlar bomba sığınaklan yapmışlardır. E) Bir nükleer savaş olursa insanların yaptıklan bomba sığınakları işe yaramaz. 20) . The similarities between American and British English far outweigh the differences. A) İngiliz İngilizcesi ve Amerikan İngilizcesi arasındaki benzerlikler kadar ayrılıklar da çoktur. B) İngiliz İngilizcesi ve Amerikan İngilizcesi arasındaki benzerlikleri bulmak için uzun yol almak gerekir. C) İngiliz İngilizcesi ve Amerikan İngilizcesi arasındaki benzerlikler farkılıklardan çok fazladir. D) İngiliz İngilizcesi ve Amerikan İngilizcesi arasında bulunan benzerlikler farklılıklardan çok daha fazla önemlidir. E) Önemli olan İngiliz İngilizcesi ve Amerikan İngilizcesi arasındaki benzerlikler kadar farklılıklar da olmasıdır. 21) . Unless each citizen immediately starts working to conserve our natural resources, daily life for each of us will be extremely different by the dawn of the twenty-first century. A) Her vatandaş doğal kaynaklarımızı korumak için derhal işe girişmezse, yirmibirinci yüzyılın başında yaşam hepimiz için çok farklı olacaktır. B) Yirmibirinci yüzyılın şafağında günlük yaşantımızın çok farklı olmasını istemiyorsak her vatandaş doğal kaynaklarımızı korumak için derhal işe girişmelidir. C) Her vatandaş doğal kaynaklarımızı korumak için derhal işe girişmedikçe yirmibirinci yüzyılda günlük yaşam koşullarımızın istediğimiz gibi olması mümkün olmayacaktır. D) Yirmibirinci yüzyılda hepimiz için giinlük yaşamın çok farklı olabilmesi için her vatandaş doğal kaynaklarımızı korumak için derhal şafakla birlikte işe girişmelidir. E) Her vatandaş doğal kaynaklarımızı korumak için derhal işe girişmedikçe, yirmibirinci yüzyıl şafağının getireceği günlük yaşamımız bugünkünden farklı olamayacaktır. 22) . Wasteful consumption of our natural resources may demolish our society as we know it. A) Bildiğimiz gibi doğal kaynakların israf içinde kullanılması toplumumuzu ortadan kaldırabilir. B) Doğal kaynaklarımızın savurganca tüketimi, bildiğimiz şekliyle toplumumuzu yok edebilir. C) Doğal kaynaklann savurganca tüketimi, bildiğimiz kadarıyla, toplumumuzu ortadan 565

kaldırabilir. D) Bildiğimiz gibi, doğal kaynaklarını savurganca tüketen toplumlar yok olur. E) Doğal kaynaklarını istedikleri gibi savurganca kullanan toplumlar yok edilir. 23) . To avoid the various foolish ideas to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A) İnsanoğlunun yatkın olduğu aptalca fikirlerden kaçınmak için gereken şey insanüstü bir dehadır. B) İnsanüstü bir deha olmaksızın insanoğlunun yatkın olduğu aptalca fikirlerden kaçınmak mümkün değildir. C) Sadece insanüstü bir dehaya sahip olanlar insanoğlunun yatkın olduğu aptalca fikirlerden kaçınabilirler. D) İnsanoğlunun yatkın olduğu aptalca fikirlerden kaçıncak insanüstü dehanın gerektirdiği bir şeydir. E) İnsanoğlunun yatkın olduğu aptalca fikirlerden kaçınmak için, insanüstü deha gerekmez. 24) Ideally, research centres should encourage creative interaction among the people who work there. A) İdeal olan yaklaşım, araştırma merkezlerinin, çalışanları arasında yaratıcılığı geliştirmesidir. B) İdeal olarak, araştırma merkezlerinde çalışanlar arasında etkili bir işbirliği kurulmalıdır. C) İdeal bir araştırma merkezi içerisinde çalısan herkes, yaratıcı olmaya teşvik edilmelidir. D) Çalışanlar arasında ideal bir etkileşim yaratabilmek, araştırma merkezlerinin önemli bir görevidir. E) İdeal olarak, araştırma merkezleri, orada çalışanlar arasında yaratıcı etkileşimi teşvik etmelidir. 25) Our products are extremely varied and include both the simple and the comparatively complicated. A) En basitinden oldukça karmaşığına kadar, ürünlerimizin her çesidine aşırı bir talep mevcuttur. B) Ürünlerimizin çeşitliliği, basit ve karmaşık olanların bir arada sunulmasıyla sağlanır. C) Hem basit hem de fazlaca karmaşık ürünlerimizin olması, çeşitliliği artırıyor. D) Ürünlerimiz son derece çeşitlidir ve hem basit hem de oldukça karmaşık olanları içerir. E) Ürünlerimizin yalnızca basitlerine değil oldukça karmaşık olanlarına da aşırı talep vardır. TRANSLATION TEST – 21

566

1) The maintenance of price controls on energy in the recent past evokes the medieval concept of the " just price ". A) Günümüze kadar enerji fiyatlarının kontrolünde her zaman orta çağ "Adil fiyat" kavramı geçerli olmuştur. , B) Enerji fiyatlarının sürekli olarak kontrol altında tutulması amacıyla ortaçağ "adil fiyat" kavramı tekrar gündeme getirilmistir. C) Yakın geçmişte enerji uzerinde fiyat kontrollerinin sürdürülmesi, ortaçağ "adil fiyat" kavramını anımsatmaktadir. D) Yakın bir geçmişe kadar, enerji fiyatlarının belirlenmesi ve kontrolünde ortaçağın "adil fiyat" kavramına bağlı kalınmıştır. E) Son yıllarda enerji ile ilgili olarak yapilan fiyat ayarlamaları, sanki ortaçağ "adil fiyat" kavramından esinlenerek yapılmıştır. 2) Market economy has produced even greater economic prosperity than the early defenders of capitalism thought possible. A) Piyasa ekonomisi, kapitalizmin ilk savunucularının mümkün olacağını düşündüklerinden daha büyük bir ekonomik refah sağlamıştır. B) Kapitalizmin başlangıçtaki savunucuları, piyasa ekonomisinin daha razla refah sağlayacağını düşünmüşlerdir. C) Ekonomik refahın ancak piyasa ekonomisi ile sağlanabileceğini, kapitalizmin ilk savunuculari. ortaya atmıştır D) Kapitalizmin ilk savunucuların görüşüne göre, piyasa ekonomisi daha büyük refah sağlama imkanlarına sahiptir. E) Piyasa ekonomisinin sağladığı yaygın ekonomik refah, kapitalizmin başlangıçtaki savunucularının düşündüğü gibi olmamıştır. 3) At the start of the gulf crisis it was very important to establish that Iraq really had violated international law. A) Körfez bunalımının, Irak'ın uluslararası yasaları ve anlaşmaları çiğnemesi sonucu ortaya çıktığı gözardı edilemez bir gerçektir. B) Körfez bunalımı esnasında, Irak'ın uluslararası anlaşmaları hiçe saydığı bir kere daha ispatlandı. C) Körfez bunalımının başlangıcında, Irak'ın uluslararası yasaları gerçekten çiğnediğini kanıtlamak çok önemli idi. D) Irak uluslararası yasaları çiğnediği için körfez bunalımının ortaya çıktığı bilinen önemli bir gerçektir. E) Körfez bunalımı ile ilgili en önemli gerçek, Irak'ın başlangıçta uluslararası yasaları çiğnemiş olmasıdır.

567

4) It seems possible that, in the future scientists will use a gene to make cancer cells more responsive to treatment. A) Kanser hücresinin tedavisi için gelecekte bilim adamları tarafından daha çok sayıda gen kullanılması mümkündür. B) Gelecekte, kanser hücrelerinin tedaviye daha çok cevap vermesini sağlamak için bilim adamlarının gen kullanması mümkün görülmektedir. C) Gelecekte, bilim adamlarının daha çok gen kullanarak kanser hücrelerini tedavi etmeleri olasılığı giderek önem kazanacaktir. D) Kanser hücrelerinin gelecekte etkili bir şekilde tedavi edilebilmeleri için bilim adamları gen kullanmaya daha çok önem veriyorlar. E) Kanser hücrelerinin tedaviye daha çabuk cevap vermesini sağlamak amacıyla bilim adamlan gelecekte genlerden yararlanmayı düşünmektedirler. 5) At the last cabinet meeting it was decided that the tax on certain consumer goods would have to be reduced. A) Son bakanlar kurulu toplantısında alınan karar gereğince, çok sayıda tüketim malının vergisinin indirilmesine karar verildi B) Tüketim malları ile ilgili verginin indirilmesi son bakanlar kurulu toplantısında kesin olarak karara bağlandı. C) Son bakanlar kurulu toplantısında hangi tüketim mallarının vergisinde indirim yapılacağına karar verildi. D) Bir dizi tüketim malının vergisi, son bakanlar kurulu toplantısında alınan karardan sonra indirildi. E) Son bakanlar kurulu toplantısında, bazı tüketim malları üzerindeki verginin indirilmesi gerektiğine karar verildi. 6) In a democratic country a citizen enjoys certain rights but also has certain responsibilities to the community at large. A) Toplumdaki her yurttaşın belli haklara sahip olmasi, demokratik bir ülkenin temel sorumluluğudur. B) Demokratik olan bir ülkede, bir yurttaşın topluma karşı sorumluluk taşıması ona bazı haklar da sağlar. C) Genel olarak, topluma karşı sorumlulukları olan demokratik ülke yurttaşının sahip olduğu haklar da vardir. D) Demokratik bir ülkede, bir yurttaş belli haklara sahiptir fakat aynı zamanda tüm topluma karşı da sorumlulukları vardir. E) Demokratik bir ülkede, topluma karşı sorumlulukları olan her yurttaş, elbette belli haklar da talep eder. 7) One wonders why Chile, with so many advantages in the way of climate, soil and 568

natural resources, should be such a poor country. A) Şili'nin, gerek iklim ve toprak, gerekse doğal zenginlikler bakımından tüm imkanlara sahip olmasına ragmen gittikçe yoksullaşması pek çok insanı şaşırtmaktadır. B) Elverişli iklim yapısı, toprak ve doğal kaynaklar gibi pek çok zenginliğe sahip olan Şili'nin neden hala yoksul bir ülke durumundan kurtulamadığına herkes şaşırmaktadır.. C) İklim, toprak ve doğal kaynaklar bakımından bu kadar çok imkana sahip Şili'nin neden boylesine yoksul bir ülke olduğuna insan hayret ediyor. D) Herkesi oldukça şaşırtan olgu, hem iklim ve toprak hem doğal kaynaklar bakımından zengin olan Şili'nin yoksul bir ülke olmasıdır. E) İklim, toprak ve doğal kaynakları bu kadar zengin olmasına rağmen Şili'nin, bunları fakirlikten kurtulma yolunda kullanmamasına insan hayret ediyor. 8) The conquest of Spain by Muslims in the nineth century AD made this country a centre of science. A) MS 9.yüzyılda İspanya'nın Müslümanlar tarafından fethi, bu ülkeyi bir bilim merkezi haline getirmiştir. B) Müslümanların MS 9. yüzyılda İspanya'yı işgal etmelerinin nedenlerinden birl.bu ülkenin bir bilim merkezi olmasıdır, C) İspanya'da bilim merkezlerinin ortaya çıkması, bu ulkenin MS 9. yüzyüda Müslümanlar tarafından ele geçirilmesinden sonradir. D) MS 9. yüzyılda bir bilim merkezi olan İspanya, Müslümanlar tarafından fethedildi. E) Müslümanların MS 9. yüzyılda İspanya'yı işgal etmelerinden önce, bu ülke zaten önemli bir bilim merkeziydi. 9) It is possible to draw some conclusions from the data presented. A) Bir sonuca varabilmek için bazı verilere ihtiyaç olduğu açıktır.. B) Sunulan verilerden bazı sonuçlar çıkarmak mümkündür. C) Sunulan verilerden herhangi bir sonuç çıkarmak uzak bir ihtimaldir. D) Verilerden elde edilmiş olan onuçları yeniden değerlendirmek gerekir. E) Sonuçları, sunulan verilere göre değerlendirmek de mümkündür. 10) As regards the high inflation in the country, no government has yet found an effective solution. A) Hükümet, ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonu düşürmek ihedefiyle bir çözüm yolu bulamamıştır. B) Ülkede yüksek enflasyon olduğundan hükümet henüz kesin bir çözüm bulmuş değildir. C) Ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonla ilgili olarak, henüz hiçbır hükümet etkili bir çözüm bulamamıştır. D) Hiçbir hükümet, ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonu göz önüne alarak gerekli çözümleri önerememiştir. 569

E) Ülkedeki yüksek enflasyon sebebiyle, hükümet halen köklü bir çözüm bulamamıştır. 11) A colleague of ours, who has recently been appointed permanent representative to the Netherlands, has unfortunately developed lung cancer. A) Hollanda'da temsilcimiz olarak yıllardan beri çalışmış bir meslektaşımızda maalesef akciğer kanseri görülmektedir. B) Hollanda'da ticari temsilcilik yapmakta plan bir arkadaşımızda ne yazık ki akciğer kanseri olduğu ortaya çıkmış. C) Ne yazık ki, akciğer kanserine yakalanmış olan bir arkadaşımız, daimi temsilci olarak Hollanda'ya gönderildi. D) Daimi temsilci olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya atanan bir meslekdaşımız, maalesef akciğer kanserine yakalanmış. E) Baş temsilcimiz olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya yeniden atanmış olan meslektaşımıza maalesef akciğer kanseri teşhisi konmuş. 12) From the reading of her book, it is clear that Doctor Julia Ryder has a lot more to say on this subject. A) Kitabını okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak Doktor Julia Ryder 'ın söyleyeceklerinin çok daha fazla olduğu anlaşılıyor. B) Doktor Julia Ryder 'ın konu hakkında söylediklerinin çoğu, kitabı okununca anlaşılıyor. C) Doktor Julia Ryder 'ın kitabim okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak ne kadar çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. D) Bu konu ile ilgili olarak Doktor Julia Ryder 'ın söylediklerinin pek çoğu kitabından okunabilir. E) Bu konu ile ilgili kitabını okuyunca, Doktor Julia Ryder 'ın pek çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. 13) Whatever measures the Ministry may have taken against smuggling, it is vital that the public should also be enlightened about the matter. A) Yolsuzluğa karşı hangi tedbirlerin alinması gerektiği hususunda Bakanlik kamuoyu oluşturmaya çalışılmaktadır. B) Silah kaçakçılığına karşı alınan tedbirlere ek olarak bir de Bakanlik kamuoyunu da aydınlatmak için konu üzerinde duruyor. C) Yolsuzlukları önlemek için Bakanlığın aldığı bir dizi tedbire ek olarak konu hakkinda kamuoyu da aydınlatılıyor. D) Rüşvete karşı ne gibi tedbirler alinmasi gerektiği hususunda Bakanlik kamuoyuna açıklamalar yapmayı uygun görüyor. E) Kaçakçılığa karşı Bakanlık hangi tedbirleri almış olursa olsun, konu hakkında kamuoyunun da aydınlatılması şarttır.

570

14) If he knew what the Board had decided as regards his promotion, he would be terribly disappointed. A) Naklen tayini hakkinda Kurul'un nasıl bir karar verdiğini bilirse, büyük üzüntü duyacak. B) Tayini için Kurul'un verdiği kararı bilseydi, derhal istifa ederdi. C) Kendi dururmu ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un kararının ne olduğunu bilmiş olsaydı, tayin edilmeyi kesinlikle istemezdi D) Terfisi ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un neye karar verdiğini bilse, tarnbir düş kırıklığına uğrardı. E) Başarısızlığı nedeniyle hakkinda Kurul'un ne tür bir karar vereceğini bilseydi, son derece sinirlenirdi. 15) I firmly believe that we must put into effect some urgent plans so as to increase productivity. A) Üretimi artıracak çeşitli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği görüşüne tamamen katilıyorum. B) Verimliliği artirmak için bazı acil planları yürürlüğe koymamız gerektiğine kuvvetle inamyorum. C) Üretimi geliştirmek hedefiyle yapılan planları uygulamaya koymak zorunda olduğumuz kanısındayım. D) Verimliliğin artırılması bakımından bazı önemli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği düşüncesindeyim. E) Verimlilik düzeyini geliştirmek gayesiyle bazı kapsamlı planlar üzerinde durmamız gerektiği inancındayım. 16) Turkey's membership of the European Community will be of vital importance for the development of our international economic relations. A) Turkiye'nin Avrupa Topluluğu'na üyeliği, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin gelişmesi bakımından hayati bir önem taşıyacaktır. B) Uluslararasi ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geliştirilmesi için Turkiye'nin Avrupa Topluluğu'na üye olması son derece önemli görülmektedir. C) Turkiye'nin uluslararasi ekonomik ilişkilerinin artmasiyla, Avrupa Topluluğu'na üyelik büyük önem taşımaktadır. D) Uluslararasi ekonomik ilişkilerimizin gelişmesi sonucu Turkiye'nin Avrupa Topluluğu'na üye olmasi daha da çok önem kazanmıştır. E) Türkiye'nin Avrupa Topluluğu'na üyeliğinden sonra uluslararasi ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geliştirilmesi çok büyük önem taşıyacağı açıktır. 17) Propose what they may, we are not going to accept their views on this issue. A) Bu konuda ne gibi öneriler ileri sürecekleri hususunda herhangi bir görüşümüz bulunmamaktadır. 571

B) İstedikleri önerileri yapmış olsalar da bu sorunla ilgili görüşlerini kimseye kabul ettiremeyecekler. C) Ne önerirlerse önersinler, bu konudaki görüşlerini kabul etmeyeceğiz. D) Ne gibi öneriler getirecekleri belli değilse de onların bu konuya bakış açılannı kabul edemeyiz. E) Her ne önerirlerse önersinler, bu konu ile ilgili olarak hiç birini kabul etmedik. 18) Owing to an unexpected delay in the delivery of the mail, his application did not reach us in time. A) Postanın dağıtılmasındaki beklenmeyen gecikme nedeniyle, başvurusu bize zamanında ulaşmadı. B) Mektuplarin dağıtımı gecikince, bize yaptığı başvuru saatinde ulaşamadı. C) Postadaki beklenmeyen gecikme yüzünden başvurusunu zamanında bize gönderilmedi. D) Başvurusunun bize zamanmda ulaşmamasının sebebi, postanın dağıtımında meydana gelen gecikme idi. E) Postanın hiç tahmin edilmeyen gecikmesi, onun başvurusunun bize çabuk ulaşmamasına sebep oldu. 19) It was unanimously agreed by the board that a new plant should be opened in Canada. A) Kurulun onayladığı yeni fabrika Kanada'da açılacaktır. B) Kurul, öncelikle Kanada'da yeni bir fabrika acilmasını onaylamıştır. C) Kanada'da yeni bir fabrika açılması, kurul tarafından oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. D) Kurula, yeni fabrikanın Kanada'da açılması önerilmiştir. E) Kurulun onayı üzerine, Kanada'da yeni bir fabrika açıldı. 20) Among Texas' priorities in international politics, membership of the European Community takes the first place. A) Teksas, Avrupa Topluluğu'na üye olabilmek için, uluslararası ilişkilerindeki öncelikleri geniş bir şekilde tespit etmiştir. B) Teksas'ın uluslararasi politikadaki oncelikleri arasında Avrupa Topluluğu üyeliği başta gelmektedir. C) Avrupa Topluluğu'na üyelik, Teksas'ın uluslararasi politikasındaki ilk tercihtir. D) Uluslararasi ilişkiler bakımından, Teksas'ın en başta gelen amaci Avrupa Topluluğu'na girmektir. E) Teksas, Avrupa Toplulugu'na girmekle uluslararasi politikada çeşitli avantajlar elde edecektir. 21) The reports we have received so far concerning the disaster seem to be exaggerating the situation. A) Felaketle ilgili olarak bizlere ulaşan raporların tümü, abartılı bir biçimde kaleme alınmış. 572

B) Felaketle ilgili olarak, durumun abartıldığı değişik raporlar aldik. C) Aldığımız bütün raporlarda, felaketin neden olduğu durum çok abartılmaktadır. D) Felaketle ilgili olarak bugiine kadar aldığımız raporlar durumu abartıyor görünüyor. E) Alınan raporlann hepsi, felaket sonucu ortaya çıkan durumu ayrıntılı olarak anlatıyor. 22) The company accountant, charged with embezzlement, has been put on trial. A) Zimmetine para geçirmekle suçlanan şirket muhasebecisi mahkemeye verildi. B) Şirketi zarara soktuğu için muhasebeci aleyhinde birçok dava acıldı. C) Şirketin iflasına yol açtığı iddiasıyla muhasebeci denetim altına alındı. D) Hapse atılan şirket muhasebecisi, rüşvet almakla suçlandı. E) Yolsuzluk yaptığı iddiasıyla şirketin muhasebecisi hapse mahkum edildi. 23) The growth of industrialism in the East is related to the growth of democracy. A) Doğuda sanayinin gelişmesi demokrasinin ortaya çıkması ile hızlanmıştır. B) Demokrasinin güçlenmesi, Doğuda sanayileşmenin hızlanmasının bir sonucu olmuştur. C) Sanayi ve demokrasinin Doğudaki gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadir. D) Demokrasinin gelişmesi, batıda sanayinin gelişmesi ile mümkün olmuştur. E) Doğuda sanayinin gelişmesi, demokrasinin gelişmesi ile ilişkilidir. 24) Widespread vaccination campaigns carried out by the Ministry of Health have been effective in reducing infant mortality. A) Sağlık Bakanlığının yürüttüğü geniş aşı kampanyaları sonucunda, bebek ölümleri bir sorun olmaktan çıkmaktadır. B) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılması amacıyla, Sağlık Bakanlığı geniş bir aşı kampanyası başlattı. C) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında en önemli etken, Sağlık Bakanlığı'nın başlatmış olduğu yaygın aşı kampanyasıdır. D) Bebek ölümlerini azaltmak için Sağlık Bakanlığı'nca yürütülen aşı kampanyaları başarılı olmuştur. E) Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından yürütülen yaygın aşı kampanyaları, bebek ölümlerinin azalmasında etkili olmuştur. 25) Deforestation is causing an alarming decrease in the amount of farming land. A) Ormanların azlığı, sulu arazi miktarının giderek tehlikeli olarak ortadan kalkmasına neden olmaktadır. B) Ormanların yok edilmesi sebebiyle, tarim arazisinin ciddi şekilde azaldığı görülmektedir. C) Ormanların yok olmasi, ekilebilir toprakların miktarında tehlikeli bir azalmaya neden olmaktadır. D) Ekilebilir topraklafin tehlikeli bir şekilde azalması, ormanların yok edilmesi ile 573

ilgilidir. E) Ormanların yok olması etkeniyle, tarıma elverişli toprakların miktarında azalma olmaktadır. TRANSLATION TEST – 22 1) After years of fighting, the two countries have finally decided to sign a peace treaty. A) İki ülkenin temsilcileri bir antlaşma imzalayarak yıllarca süren barış dönemini başlatmış oldular. B) Yıllarca süren savaştan sorıra iki ülke, nihayet bir barış antlaşması imzalamaya karar verdiler. C) Yıllarca süren bu savaş, İki ülkenin nihayet anlaşması ve bir barış yapması ile sonuçlanmıştır. D) Savaşın yıllarca sürmesi sonucu, iki ülke bir antlaşma imzalamayi kabul ettiler. E) İki ülkenin imzaladığı barış antlaşmasıyla senelerce süren bu savaş sona erdi. 2) In developed countries, social security has been a major issue since the beginning of this century. A) Bu yüzyılın başından itibaren, gelişmiş ülkelerin en baştaki sorunu sosyal güvenliktir. B) Bu yüzyılın başlarında, gelişmiş ülkelerde ciddi bir sorun olarak sosyal güvenlik konusu üzerinde çok tartışılmıştır. C) Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sosyal güvenlik uygulaması, bu yüzyılın başlarında görülen en önemli olaydır. D) Gelişmiş ülkelerde, sosyal güvenlik, bu yüzyıhn başlarından beri önemli bir konu olmuştur. E) Bu yüzyılın başında, sosyal güvenliğin gelişmiş ülkelerde görülen önemli bir sorun olduğu kabul edilmiştir. 3) For the report submitted to the Minister, by the end of this fiscal year inflation will have been pulled down considerably. A) Bakana sunulan rapordan elde edilen bilgilere göre, enflasyonun, bütçe yılı sonuna kadar kısmen aşağı çekileceği anlaşılıyor. B) Bakana sunulan bir raporda enflasyonun, bu yıl sonuna kadar tamamen durdurulacağı belirtiliyor. C) Bakana sunulan rapora göre, bu mali yil sonuna kadar enflasyon önemli derecede aşağıya çekilmiş olacak. D) Bakana sunulan raporda da belirtildiği üzere, bu mali yıl sonu itibariyle enflasyon tamamen ortadan kalkmış olacak. E) Bakana sunulan rapordan anlaşıldığına göre, enflasyon, bu mali yıl sonunda bir sorun olmaktan çıkacak. 574

4) My enjoyment of life can only attribute to my insatiable love for adventure, to the desire to accomplish dangerous enterprises. A) Yaşamaktan hoşlanmamı yalnızca doymak bilmez macera aşkıma, tehlikeli işler başarma arzusuna yorabilirim. B) Beni hayata bağlayan tek bir sey var; sonsuz bir macera aşkı, tehlikeye atılma isteğidir. C) Hala yaşamak istiyorsam, bunun nedeni maceraya doymamış olmam, tehlikeli işler yapma isteğimin kaybolmamış olmasıdır. D) Benim için önemli olan yalnız macera aşkı, tehlikeli işler başarma isteği değil, aynı zamanda hayatın tadını çıkarmaktır. E) Macera aşkım, heyecan verici şeyler yapma isteğim sona ermediği müddetçe hayat benim için eğlencelidir. 5) It is pointed out in the report that the greatest danger threatening the future of farming is soil erosion. A) Raporda belirtildiğine gore, toprak erozyonu tarımın geleceğini etkileyen en önemli tehlikelerden biridir. B) Tarımın geleceği bakımından, en büyük tehlikenin toprak erozyonu olduğu konusu raporda yeterince vurgulanmıştır. C) Raporda da ifade edildiği gibi, toprak erozyonu tarımın geleceği için en önemli tehlikedir. D) Tarımın geleceği için en önemli tehlikenin toprak erozyonu olduğu gerçeği raporda anlatılmamaktadır. E) Tarımın geleceğini tehdit eden en büyük tehlikenin toprak erozyonu olduğu raporda vurgulanmaktadır. 6) The greatest failure of many rich countries has been to leave their future economies to chance. A) Pek çok zengin ülkenin ekonomisi, gelecek için hazırlıksız yakalanarak büyük sarsıntı geçirmiştir. B) Pek çok ülke, hatalann en büyüğünü işleyerek ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayı ihmal etmiştir. C) Çoğu zengin ülkenin en büyük başarısızlığı, gelecekteki ekonomilerini şansa bırakmaları olmuştur. D) Zengin ülkelerin çoğunun en büyük hatası, ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamamak olmuştur. E) Ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayan ülkeler, zengin olma şansını kaçırmaktadırlar. 7) Even big companies that cannot reuse their waste products are learning to minimize the effect they have on the environment. 575

A) Atıklarını satma yolu bulamayan büyük şirketler de onlardan çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kurtulmayi öğrenıyor. B) Atıklarını yeniden kullanamayan büyük şirketler bile, onların çevre üzerindeki etkisini en aza indirmeyi öğreniyor. C) Atıkları kullanılamayan büyük kuruluşlar da çevreye verdikleri zararı en aza indirmeyi öğrenmektedirler. D) Atıklardan kurtulamayan büyük şirketler de hiç değilse çevreye verecekleri zararı azaltmayı öğreniyor. E) Atıklarını yok edemeyen büyük şirketler de onları çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kullanmayı öğreniyor. 8) In contrast, many Northern European countries have made great strides in child care. A) Aksine, çok sayıda Kuzey Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakımında büyük adımlar atmıştır. B) Çoğu Kuzey Avrupa ülkesinin tersine, çocuk bakımınnda önemli gelişmeler kaydettik.. C) Aksine, çoğu Kuzey Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakimmda büyük zorluklarla karşılaşmıştır. . D) Öte yandan, Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğu çocuk bakımında büyük ölçüde gerilemiştir. E) Öte yandan, Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda çocuk bakımı önemli sorunların kaynağı olmuştur. 9) The greatest failure of many rich countries has been to leave their future economies to chance. A) Ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayan ülkeler, zengin olma şansını kaçırmışlar demektir. B) Pek çok zengin ülkenin ekonomisi, gelecek için hazırlıksız yakalanarak büyük sarsıntı geçirmiştir. C) Çoğu zengin ülkenin en büyük başansızlığı, gelecekteki ekonomilerini şansa bırakmaları olmuştur. D) Pek çok ülke, hataların en büyüğünü işleyerek ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayı ihmal etmiştir: E) Zengin ülkelerin en büyük hatası, ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamamak olmuştur. 10) No matter what anyone says, I shall give Josephina the punishment she deserves. A) Herkesin dediği gibi, Josephina benden hak ettiği cezayı alacak. B) Josephina'ya hak ettiği cezayı vereceğimden hiç kimsenin şüphesi olmasın. C) Kim ne derse desin, Josephina'ya hak ettiği cezayı vereceğim. D) Josephina'ya hak ettiği cezayı vermeyeceğimi hiç kimse söyleyemez. E) Herkes haksız bulsa da Josephina'ya hakkettiği cezayı vereceğim. 11) One other problem affecting the project is the shortage of skilled workforce in the 576

area. A) Projeyi etkileyen bir diğer sorun, bölgedeki nitelikli işgücü yetersizliğidir. B) Bölgede projeyi olumsuz yönde etkileyen bir diğer sorun, nitelikli işgücünün yokluğudur. C) Bölgede nitelikli işgücü bulunmayışı, projeyi etkileyen bir diğer sorundur. D) Bölgede nitelikli işgücünün bulunmaması.projeyi olumsuz olarak etkileyen ayrı bir sorundur. E) Nitelikli işgücü yetersizliği, bölgeyle ilgili projeyi etkileyen diğer sorunlardan biridir. 12) Anyone who commits a crime anywhere in the city nowadays becomes known to everyone the very next day through media. A) Suç işleyen herhangi bir kimse medya tarafından bir sonraki gün herkese teşhir edilir. B) Şehrin neresinde olursa olsun, bugünlerde herhangi bir kimsenin işlediği bir suç medya tarafından bilinir. C) Şehrin herhangi bir yerinde suç işleyen biri, günümüzde, medya sayesinde hemen ertesi gün herkes tarafından tanınıyor. D) Şehrin değişik yerlerinde cinayet işleyen herhangi biri ertesi gün gazetelerde yer alıyor. E) Bugünlerde şehirde suç işleyen herhangi bir kimse bir sonraki gün gazetelerde teşhir ediliyor. 13) The people who are most difficult to understand are often members of one's own parents. A) Kişinin kendi ebeveyni, çoğu zaman en anlaşılmaz insanlar oluyor. B) Kendi ebeveynini, bile anlamayan insanları anlamak son derece zordur. C) Anlaşılmaları en zor olan kimseler, çoğu kere kendinin ebeveynidir. D) Ebeveyleri, anlamak çoğu kez son derece zordur. E) Anlaşılmaları oldukça zor olan kişiler, çoğu kez aynı ailenin fertleridir. 14) Adults act as intermediaries between children and the wider society and so children learn to see society in the way adults do. A) Yetişkinlerin toplumda oynadıkları roller çocukları da etkiler,bu nedenle çocukların yetişkinlerden öğrenecekleri çok şeyler vardır denilebilir.. B) Yetişkinler gibi çocuklann da toplumdan öğrenecekleri şeyler vardır, bu yönden aralarında benzerlik söz konusudur. C) Çocuklar da toplumda yetişkinler gibi roller yüklendiklerinden, cocukların da toplumu yetişkinler gibi görmesi doğal sayılabilir. D) Yetişkinler, çocuklarla toplumun daha geniş kesimi arasında köprü görevi yaparlar, ve böylece çocuklar toplumu yetişkinler gibi görmeyi öğrenirler. E) Çocuklar toplumda yetişkinlerin rolünü yüklendiklerinde yetişkinlerin de onlardan birtakım şeyler öğrenirler. 577

15) Even though the classless society is still a myth, the distinctions and barriers between classes are fewer in the United States than in many more countries in the world. A) Sınıfsız toplumun halen hayal olması dışında Amerika'da sınıflar arasında fark ve engeller dünyadaki birçok ülkeden daha azdır. B) Sınıfsız toplumun halen bir hayal olmasina karşın Amerika'da sınıflar arasındaki fark ve engeller dünyadaki birçok ülkeden daha azdır. C) Sınıfsız toplumlar olmasına ragmen sınıflar arasindaki farklar Amerika'da dünyanın birçok ülkesine gore daha azdır. D) Toplumsal sınıflar arasmda var olan farklar Amerika'da dünyanın diğer ülkelerine gore daha azdır. E) Toplumsal sınıflar arasindaki farklar diğer ülkelere kıyasla Amerika'da daha azdır. 16) To understand what the new employment policy involves, allow us to discuss the matter at the board meeting. A) Yeni işçi alımında izlenecek yolu belirlemek icin konuyu kurul toplantısında ele alalım. B) Yeni çalışma politikasını değerlendirmek amacıyla, konuyu toplantıda bir kez daha görüşelim. C) Toplantıda, yeni çalışma yöntemlerini tespit etmek amacıyla bir tartışma açalım. D) Yeni istihdam politikasının neler içerdiğini anlamak için, konuyu kurul toplantısında tartışalım. E) Yeni işçi alımı ile ilgili olarak yapılacakları anlamak için konuyu kurulda tartışmaya açalım. 17) Under no circumstances should repairs be undertaken by unauthorized personnel. A) Onarımlar hiçbir zaman yetkisiz kimseler tarafmdan yapılmamalıdır. B) Onarım koşulları için her daim yetkili personele danışmalıdır. C) Hiçbir durumda onarım yapacak personelin yetkisi kisitlanmamalidir. D) Yetkisiz personel hiçbir zaman onarımlarda görevlendirilmemelidir. E) Onarımlarda görevlendirilen personele yetki verilmelidir. 18) In recent years, thousands of scientists from all over the world have taken part in a multi-purpose study of the arctic areas. A) Son yıllarda, dunyanın her tarafından binlerce bilim adami, kutup bölgeleri ile ilgili çok amaçlı bir araştırmada yer almıştır. B) Son yıllarda kutuplarla ilgili olarak yürütülen ve çeşitli amaçları içeren bir araştırmaya, dünyanın her tarafından binlerce bilim adamı katıldı. C) Dünyanın her tarafından gelen binlerce bilim adamı, kutup bölgelerine yönelik olarak son yıllarda yapılan geniş bir araştırmada görev almıştır. D) Kutupların çeşitli yönlerden araştırılması için son yıllarda dünyanın her tarafından 578

binlerce bilim adamına görev verilmiştir. E) Kutup bölgelerinde çok yönlü bir araştırma yapmak için son yıllarda dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinden binlerce bilim adamı başvuruda bulunmuştur. 19) We can't deny the fact that the inventions and discoveries of twentieth century have altered the structure of our society a great deal. A) Yirminci yuzyilın toplum yapısı inkar edilemeyecek şekilde buluş ve keşifleri değiştirmiştir. B) Yirminci yüzyılın buluş ve icatlarinın toplumumuzun yapısını büyük ölçüde değiştirdiği gerçeğini inkar edemeyiz. C) Yirminci yüzyılın buluş ve keşifleri toplumumuzu büyük ölçüde değiştirmiştir. D) Yirminci yüzyılın buluşlarının toplumda değiştirildiği gerçeğini büyük ölçüde inkar edemeyiz. E) Buluş ve yeni icatların yirminci yüzyılda toplumda değişiklik yarattığını görmezlikten gelemeyiz. 20) The guest speaker maintains that science has altered the way we think about the structure of the universe. A) Konuk konuşmacıya göre, bilim sayesinde evrenin boyutlan ile ilgili görüşlerimiz temelden değişmiştir. B) Konuk konuşmacı, bilimin, evrene bakış açımızı tamamen değiştirdiğini ileri sürdü. C) Evrenle ilgili düşüncelerimiz, konuk konuşmacının da belirttiği gibi, bilimin etkisiyle büyük değişikliğe uğramıştır. D) Evrenin şekli hakkındaki düşüncelerimizin bilimle değiştiğini, konuk konuşmacı vurguladı. E) Konuk konuşmacı, bilimin, evrenin yapısına ilişkin düşünme biçiminizi değiştirdiğini ileri sürmektedir. 21) Obviously, each country ought to be entitled to know the source and size of foreign investments so as to protect its own security. A) Her ülke, kendi güvenliğini sürdürebilmek için, yabancı yatırımların kaynak ve amaçlannı açıkça bilmek zorundadır. B) Açıkça, her ülke, kendi güvenliğini korumak için, yabancı yatırımların kaynağını ve miktarını bilme hakkına sahip olmalıdır. C) Yabancı yatırımların kaynağı ve kapsamı, güvenlik nedeniyle her ülke tarafmdan açıkça bilinmelidir. D) Kendi güvenliğini korumak amacıyla, her ülke, yabancı yatırımların kaynağını ve miktarını araştırmak zorundadır. E) Her ülke, kendi güvenliğini pekiştirme amacıyla, yabancı yatırımlarm kaynağını ve hedeflerini açıkça belirlemek zorundadır. 579

22) Whether or not these programs were successful was the subject of a major debate. A) Bu programların ne derece geçerli olduğu hususu tartışma konusuydu. B) Bu programların başarılı olup olmadığı, önemli bir tartışma konusuydu. C) Bu programların başarısı, büyük bir tartışmanın konusunu oluşturuyordu. D) Bu programlarla nasıl bir başarıya ulaşılacağı konusu, büyük bir tartışmaya yol açtı. E) Bu programların başarılı bir şekilde uygulanıp uygulanmadığı konusu üst düzeyde tartışıldı. 23) Unless the nations act decisively to change the current trends, humanity is expected to face a foreseeable crisis. A) Uluslar günümüzdeki eğilimleri değiştirmek için kararlı davranmazlarsa insanlığın olası bir bunalımla karşı karşıya kalması beklenebilir. B) Ulusların olası bunalımları kararlı bir biçimde kestirmesi insanlığı umutsuzluklardan kurtarabilir. C) İnsanlık kararlı davranmadıkça yaygın eğilimleri önleme olanağı bulunmayacaktır. D) İnsanlığın bunalım beklentisi olmadıkça kararlı davranışlara gerek olmayacağı açıktır. E) İnsanlığın beklentileri ve olası bunalımlar arasındaki çatışma ulusları kararlı davranmaya şevkedecektir. 24) It is anticipated that the Community is going to take three years to produce its report. A) Komisyonun raporu için üç yıla gereksinim olduğu bildiriliyor. B) Komisyonun beklediği rapor üç yıl içinde hazırlanabilir. C) Topluluğun raporunu hazirlamasinin üç yıl sürmesi beklenmektedir. D) Rapor, Topluluk ile ilgili beklentileri üç yıllık bir sürede gerçekleştirebilecek biçimde değerlendiriyor. E) Raporun üç yıl içinde gerçekleşmesi Topluluğu zor durumda bırakabilir. 25) Whatever measures the government might take to encourage economic growth, there is bound to be opposition in some quarters. A) İktisadi büyümeyi sağlayabilmek için Hükümet tarafından alınan kararlar, muhalefetin tepkisini çekti. B) Bazı çevrelerin muhalefetine rağmen,Hükümet iktisadi büyümeyi hızlandırmak için bir dizi önlem aldı. C) İktisadi büyümeyi teşvik için Hükümet hangi önlemleri alırsa alsın, bazı çevrelerin muhalefet edeceği kesindir. D) Hükümetin uygulamaya koyduğu.kararlar bir yandan iktisadi büyümeyi artınrken diğer yandan muhalefetin tepki göstermesine yol açtı. E) İktisadi büyüme için Hükümetin aldığı çeşitli önlemler, bazı çevrelerin muhalefeti ile karşılaştı. 580

TRANSLATION TEST – 23 1) At the heart of the controversy is the fact that plant genes have been studied far less than those of human genes. A) Tartışmanın özünde, bitki genlerinin insan genlerinden çok daha az incelenmiş olması gerçeği yatıyor. B) İnsan genlerinin bitki genlerinden çok daha az incelenmiş olması gerçeği tartışmanın odak noktasını oluşturuyor. C) Öncelikle üzerinde durulması gereken konu şudur ki; bitki genlerinin hangi nedenle insan genlerinden çok daha az incelendiğidir. D) Konferansın odak noktasını bitki genleri üzerindeki çalışmaların insan genleri üzerindeki çalışmalardan geride kaldığı gerçeği oluşturmaktadır. E) İnsan genleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların bitki genleriyle ilgili çalışmalardan çok daha az oluşu, bu incelemenin özünü oluşturmaktadır. 2) Spokesmen for both parties have announced at a news conference which the atmosphere has been frank and cordial. A) Her iki partinin sözcüsü basın toplantısında atmosferin uygun olduğundan söz etti. B) Her iki grubun sözcüsü basin toplantisında atmosferin dostane ve içten olduğunu bildirdi. C) Her iki basın toplantısında sözcüler açık ve samimi davrandılar. D) Havanın açık olması basın toplantısında bulunanlar için bir rahatlık sağladı. E) Her iki partinin sözcüsü basın toplantısında son derece samimi ve dostane bir havadaydı. 3) Had he known the problems money would bring, he would have turned down the prize. A) Para getireceğini bilseydi ödülü geri çevirmezdi. B) Paraya sahip olmayi bilseydi ödül peşinden koşmazdı. C) Paranın getireceği sorunları bilseydi ödülü geri çevirirdi. D) Konuyu bilseydi parasız ödül olmadığım anlardı. E) Ödülü geri çevirmeyi bilseydi, paramı kaybettireceklerini de bilirdi. 4) Far from declining as hoped, the US trade deficit has risen further A) Amerikan ticaret açığının daha fazla yükselmeyeceği hususundaki umutlar azalmış değil. B) Umutlar bekleneni vermese de, Amerikan ticaret açığı daha da yükseliyor. C) Amerikadaki yüksek ticaret açıkları beklenenin çok üzerinde gerçekleşti. D) Beklendiği gibi düşmesi bir yana, Amerikan ticaret açıgı daha da yükseldi. 581

E) Amerikan ticaret açığı beklentilerin de ötesinde artma göstermektedir. 5) Vigorous efforts should be made to warn people against the grave effects that might stem from an excessive noisy environment. A) Aşın gürültülü çevreden ileri gelebilecek ciddi etkilere karşı insanları uyarmak için yoğun çaba harcanmalıdır. B) Çevredeki aşırı gürültü karşısında insanları uyarmak için yalnızca çaba göstermek yetmez. C) İnsanlara karşı yöneltilen ciddi uyarılar etkisini göstermezse çevre gürültüsü önlenemez. D) Aşırı derecede gürültülü çevrenin neden olabileceği tehlikeler konusundaı halk sürekli olarak uyarılmalıdır. E) Halkın sürekli olarak aşırı derecede gürültülü çevrenin neden olabileceği tehlikeler konusunda uyarılmasi gerekir. 6) Even before the recent pause in world economic growth, the IFK could offer little solace for the unemployed. A) Dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmede gözlenen son duraklama öncesi, IFK işsizler için pek fazla umut verici olamamıştı. B) Dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmenin son durumu nedeniyle IFK işsizlik için küçük de olsa bir umut bulunduğunu belirtti. C) IFK 'nın işsizler için önerebileceği şey, dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmelerden önce anlam taşımıyor. D) IFK nın işsizler için sunduğu öneriler ekonomik gelişme ile birlikte uygulanırsa duraklamaya yol açmaz. E) Dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmede görülen son duraklamadan önce bile IFK işsizler için çok az sevindirici haber verebiliyordu. 7) They forgot to turn off the bath taps, therefore now the water is overflowing. A) Banyo küvetini doldurmayi unuttular, bu yüzden şimdi su gerekiyor. B) Banyo musluğunu açmayı unutmuşlar, bu yüzden su gelmiyor. C) Banyo musluklarını kapatmayı unutmuşlar, bu yüzden şu anda sular taşıyor. D) Banyoda su boşuna akıyor, bu yüzden muslukları kapatmayı unutmak kötü birşey. E) Banyo musluklarmm kapatılması unutulduğu için şu anda banyo sular altında . 8) The accord was short-lived since the new arguments began immediately. A) Anlaşma, yeni tartışmaların başlamasıyla birlikte sona erdi. B) Tartışmalar hemen başlasaydı anlaşma çabuk sona ererdi. C) Anlaşma kısa ömürlü oldu, çünkü yeni tartışmalar hemen başladı. D) Uyum olsa hemen tartışmalar başlamazdı. 582

E) Tartışma başladığındah beri uyumun kısa ömürlü olacağı belliydi. 9) The instructor failed the student because of her sporadic attendance. A) Okutman derslere düzenli olarak gelmediğinden öğrenci başarısız oldu. B) Okutman düzensiz çalışması nedeniyle başarısız oldu. C) Devamı düzensiz olduğu için okutman öğrenciyi sınıfta bıraktı. D) Öğrenci düzensiz çalıştığı için okutmanin uyarıları işe yaramadı. E) Okutman başarısız olduğu için öğrenci de başarısız oldu. 10) The bank robber and her accomplice were captured before they left the bank. A) Banka görevlisi ve arkadaşı bankadan aynlmadan once görüştüler. B) Bankadan aynlmadan önce görevli ve arkadaşı bankayı kilitlediler. C) Banka soyguncusu ve suç ortağı bankadan ayrilmadan once yakalandılar. D) Banka soyguncusu bankadan ayrılırken suç ortağı da ayrıldı. E) Banka soyguncusu ve suç ortağı bankadan çıktığı zaman yakalandılar. 11) The President was dissuaded at the last minute from proposing an international initiative to reduce barriers against West Europe's exports. A) Baskan, son anda, uluslararası bir girişimde bulunarak Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engellerin kaldırılmasını önermeye karar verdi. B) Başkan son anda görüşünü değiştirerek, Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engellerin kaldırılması için uluslararası bir ğirişimde bulunulmasını önerdi. C) Başkanın Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engelleri azaltmak için uluslararasi bir girişimde bulunması önerisini değiştirmesi, son anda önlendi. D) Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engellerin azaltılmasi icin uluslararasi bir girişimde bulunulmasına karşı olan Başkan, son anda görüşünü değiştirdi. E) Baskan, Batı Avrupa ihracatinın önündeki engelleri azaltmak için uluslararasi bir girişim önermekten son anda caydırıldı. 12) After signing the contract and shaking hands, the three lawyers backed out of the agreement. A) Şarkı söyleyip el çırptıktan sonra üç avukat anlaşmayı kutladılar. B) Sözleşmeyi imzalayıp el sıkıştıktan sonra, üç avukat varılan anlaşmayı beğenmediler. C) Anlaşmayı destekleyen üç avukat daha sonra sözleşme imzaladılar, el sıkıştılar. D) Anlaşmayı imzaladiktan sonra üç avukat el sıkıştılar ve birbirlerini kutladılar. E) Sözleşmeyi imzalayıp el sıkıştıktan sonra, üç avukat anlaşmaya uymaktan vazgeçtiler. 13) Moving closer to school can both ameliorate your commuting problem and improve your social life. A) Okulun yakınında olmakla iletişim sorununu ve toplumsal ilişkileri düzene sokulabilir. 583

B) Okulun toplumsal ilişkilerin düzenlenmesinde ve ortak sorunlann çözümlenmesinde yararları olacaktır. C) Okulun toplumsal yaşamımzla daha yakından ilgilenmesi ancak okula daha yakın olmamızla olanaklıdır. D) Okulun yakınına taşınmak hem gidiş geliş sorununuzu kolaylaştırabilir hem de toplumsal yaşantınızı düzene koyabilir. E)Okul yakınına taşınarak gidiş sorununuzu kolaylaştırabilir, böylece toplumsal yaşantımızı düzenleyebilirsiniz. 14) In a democratic country a citizen enjoys certain rights but also has certain responsibilities to the society at large. A) Demokratik bir ülkede, topluma karşı soramlulukları olan her yurtaş, belli haklar da talep eder. B) Toplumdaki her yurttaşın belli haklara sahip olmasi, demokratik bir ülkenin temel sorumluluğudur. C) Genel olarak, topluma karşı sorumlulukları olan bir demokratik ülke yurttaşının sahip olduğu haklar da vardir. D) Demokratik bir ülkede, bir yurttaşın topluma karşı sorumluluk taşıması ona bazı haklar da sağlar. E) Demokratik bir ülkede, bir yurttaş belli haklara sahiptir fakat aym zamanda tüm topluma karşı da belli sorumlulukları vardir. 15) It didn't occur to her that, once she had agreed to their terms, further concessions would be inevitable. A) Aklına gelen başına gelmiş ve onların şartlarını kabul ettiği anda ister istemez yeni tavizler vermek zorunda kalmıştı. B) Sonunda onlarla anlaşmaya razı olmuş fakat arkasının böyle geleceğini düşünmemişti. C) Onlarla anlaşmaya razi olduktan sonra imtiyazlar üzerinde daha fazla direteceklerini tahmin etmemişti. D) Onlar tarafından belirlenen süreleri kabul ettigi anda yeni tavizler vermenin kaçınılmaz olacağı aklına gelmemişti. E) Bir kez koşullarına razi olduktan sonra başka tavizlerin kaçınılmaz olacağı aklına gelmemişti. 16) The pertinent facts were pointed out while the less significant details were hardly mentioned. A) Kimi olguların vurgulanmasi ayrıntıların zor anlaşılmasına yol açtı. B) Daha az önemli konular vurgulanmazken, asıl konuda da kimi ayrıntılar gözardı edildi. C) Daha az önemli ayrıntılardan hemen hiç söz edilmezken ilgili olgular vurgulandi. D) Daha az önemli konulara güçlükle yer verilirken asıl olgular yeterince vurgulanmadı. 584

E) Konu ile ilgili gerçeklere hiç değinilmezken önemsiz ayrıntılar üzerinde duruldu. 17) Amnesty International called Saturday for an immediate ban on helicopter sales to Turkey. A) Cumartesi günü Uluslararası Af örgütü Türkiye'ye acil helikopter satışı için çağrıda bulundu. B) Dünya Af Örgütü, Cumartesi günü Türkiye'ye helikopter satışlarına derhal yasak getirilmesini önerdi. C) Dünya Af Örgütü Türkiye'ye acilen helikopter satışı için çağnda bulundu. D) Uluslararasi Af Örgütü Türkiye'ye helikopter satışlarına derhal yasak konması için Cumartesi günü çağrıda bulundu. E) Türkiye'ye acilen helikopter satilmasma yasak getiren Uluslararasi Af Örgütü Cumartesi günü örgütü toplantıya çağırdı. 18) Because food is so scarce in some countries, several children die of malnutrition. A) Kimi ülkelerde yiyecek pahalı olduğundan birçok çocuk yiyecek alamadığı için ölmektedir. B) Bazı ülkelerde yiyecek çok yetersiz olduğundan birçok çocuk kötü beslenmeden ölmektedir. C) Çocukların kötü beslenmeden ölmemeleri için kimi ülkelerde yiyecek rejimi uygulamr. D) Çocukların yeterince yiyecek bulmaları amaciyla kimi ülkelerde özel önlemler alınmıştır. E) Yetersiz beslenme, pek çok ülkede çocuk ölümlerine neden olmaktadir. 19) I declined her offer of a loan, saying that I didn't like owing people money. A) Ödünç vermek istemedim, çünkü insanlara ödünç vermekten hoşlanmam. B) İnsanlara borç vermeyi sevmediğimden onun borç para talebini geri çevirdim. C) İnsanlarla borç alacak ilişkisinden hoşlandığımı ona açıkça söyledim. D) Ondan ödünç almaya niyetim yok, çünkü ona borçlu olmaktan hoşlanmıyorum. E) İnsanlara borçlu olmaktan hoşlanrnadığımı söyleyerek onun ödünç verme önerisini geri çevirdim. 20) The goods they have on offer now are certainly invaluable A) Şu andaki önerileri şüphesiz çok değerli. B) Onların yaptığı iyilikler şu anda saymakla bitmez. C) Şu ana kadar yaptıkları iyilikler elbette unutulamaz. D) Şu günlerde satışa çıkardıkları mallar son derece değersiz. E) Şu anda satışa sunduklan mallar gerçekten paha biçilmez değerde. 21) It seems possible that, in the future, scientists are going to use a gene to make cancer 585

cells more responsive to treatment. A) Kanser hücrelerinin gelecekte etkili bir şekilde tedavi edilebilmeleri için bilim adamları gen kullanmaya daha çok önem veriyorlar. B) Kanser hücrelerinin tedavisi için gelecekte bilim adamları tarafından daha çok sayıda gen kullanılması mümkündür. C) Gelecekte, bilim adamlarının daha çok gen kullanarak kanser hücrelerini tedavi etmeleri giderek önem kazanacaktir. D) Gelecekte, kanser hücrelerinin tedaviye daha çok cevap vermesini sağlamak için bilim adamlarinin gen kullanması mümkün görülmektedir. E) Kanser hücrelerinin tedaviye daha çabuk cevap vermesini sağlamak amacıyla bilim adamları gelecekte genlerden yararlanmayı düşünüyorlar. 22) Owing to technological advances, our aggression is becoming more and more hazardous. A) Teknolojik ilerlemeler yüzünden saldırganlığımız giderek daha tehlikeli hale geliyor. B) Teknolojik ilerlemeye karşın asıl tehlike giderek büyüyor. C) Teknolojik aksaklıklara karşın tehlike giderek azalıyor. D) Teknolojideki gelişmelerle birlikte tehlikeler de giderek artıyor. E) Teknolojik gelişmeler arttıkça saldırganlığımız da o boyutta artıyor. 23) Twenty per cent of flights from Gatwick is going to be delayed by two hours or more. A) Gatwick'ten yapılan uçuşların yirmide biri iki saat ya da daha çok gecikme ile yapılır. B) Gatwick'ten yapılan uçuşların yüzde yirmisi iki saat ya da daha çok gecikmeli olacaktır. C) Uçakların yüzde yirmisi Gatwick'e iki saatten daha fazla gecikme ile inecektir. D) Gecikmeli ya da gecikmesiz Gatwick'e iki saatte bir yirmiden fazla uçak inmektedir. E) Gatwick 'e yapılacak uçuşların yuzde yirmisi iki saat ya da daha fazla sure gecikmeli olacaktır. 24) Underground water reserves are much larger than those on the surface,however as they are unseen we tend to underestimate them A) Yeraltı su kaynaklan, yerüstündeki kaynaklarla karşılaştınlamayacak kadar büyük olmasına rağmen bunun değerini kavrayamıyoruz. B) Su altındaki kaynaklar düşündüğümüzden çok daha zengindir, ancak görünmediklerinden gerçek değerlerini bilmiyoruz. C) Su altındaki kaynaklan göremediğimizden gerçek büyüklüklerini bilmiyoruz. D) Su yüzeyinde suyun altındakilerden çok daha değerli varlıklar vardır ama gözle görülmediklerinden değerlerini bilmiyoruz. E) Yeraltı su kaynaklan yerüstündekilerden çok daha büyüktür, ancak görünmediklerinden onlan daha küçük olarak düşünürüz.

586

25) She is not capable of taking on such a responsibility. A) Yeteneği, böylesine bir sorumluluğu taşıyamaz. B) Böyle bir sorumluluk yetenekli olmasını gerektirir. C) Böyle bir durumda yeteneği olduğu söylenemez. D) Böyle bir sorumluluğu yüklenecek yeteneği yok. E) Böyle bir sorumluluk için yetenek gerektiğini sanmıyor. TRANSLATION TEST – 24 1) She lay on the ground momentarily, trying to get enough energy to pick herself. A) Bir an için yere uzandı ve yerdeki bir şeyi almaya çalıştı. B) Dakikalarca yerde yatti ve kendini toplamak için güç kazanmaya çalıştı. C) Enerjisini toplamak için bir dakika yerde uzanıp kaldı. D) Kalkmak için yeterli güç toplamaya çalışarak kısa bir sure yerde uzandı kaldı. E) Yere bir anlık uzanması ayağa kalkmak için yeterli enerjiyi toplamasını sağladı. 2) She was undaunted by the prospect effacing such a large audience. A) Böyle bir kalabalıkla karşı karşıya gelmemişti. B) Kalabalığın büyüklüğü yüzünden ürktüğü söylenebilirdi. C) Böyle kalabalık bir seyirci ile karşı karşıya kalma olasılığı hiç de uzak sayılmazdı. D) Böyle kalabalık bir seyirci ile karşı karşıya kalma olasılığı onu ürkütmüyordu. E) Karşısında böylesine büyük bir kalabalık görünce çok şaşırdı. 3) Jim put into practice some of the techniques advocated in the seminar. A) Jim, seminerde uygulamak için kimi teknikler önerdi. B) Jim'in uyguladığı teknikler seminerde önerilmişti. C) Jim, seminerde savunulan yöntemlerin bazılarını uyguladı. D) Jim'in kimi uygulamalarına seminerde karşı çıkıldı. E) Seminerde savunulan yontemlerin bir kisminı Jim önerdi. 4) The strike at Texas' airport is over working hours, not pay. A) Aldıkları parayı çalıştıkları süreye göre az bulan Texas havaalani personeli, greve gitti. B) Texas havaalanındaki grev ücretle değil, çalışma saatlarıyla ilgili. C) Texas havaalanındaki çarpışma alandaki saatin üzerinde meydana geldi. D) Texas havaalanında, saatbaşı ücretlerin üzerinde ek ödeme yapılmaz. E) Texas havaalanındaki ödemeler saatbaşı hesabıyla yapılır. 5) Advertisers are aware that it is as much in their own interest as it is in the public's that honesty should be seen to prevail. A) Dürüstlüğün kamuoyu üzerinde ne derece etkili olduğunun bilinmesi, reklamcıların da 587

yararina bir olgu olduğu bilinmektedir. B) Reklamcılar, dürüstlüğün geçerli olduğunun görülmesinin kamu yararina olduğu kadar kendi yararlarma olduğunun bilincindedirler. C) Reklamcıların bilinci, kendi ilgileri yanında kamu yararı gözetmeleri gerektiğini de düşündürmektedir. D) Reklamcılar, kendi çıkarları için kamu yararım ve dürüstlüğü ikinci plana atmanın bilincindedirler denilebilir.. E) Reklamcıların kendi çıkarları ile kamu yararını bağdaştırmaları, dürüstlüğü egemen kılmaları aracılığıyla sağlanabilir. 6) The team was disappointed when the game was called off because of the rain. A) Yağmura rağmen maçın oynatılması takımı son derece sinirlendirdi. B) Takımın sıkıntısı yağmura ragmen oyunu oynamak zorunda olmalarından kaynaklanıyordu. C) Oyun yağmur nedeniyle iptal edilince takım hayal kırıklığına uğradı. D) Takımın protestosu ve yağmura ragmen oyuncular sahaya çağrıldı. E) Yağmur sebeiyle oyunun iptal edildigi telefonla kendilerine bildirilince takım son derece üzüldü. 7) She would have been in real trouble but for your help. A) Yardım etseniz gerçekten sıkıntıya düşmezdi. B) Yardım etmediniz, fakat gerçekten sıkıntıdaydı. C) Yardimimz olmasa gerçekten sıkıntıya düşerdi. D) Gerçekten sıkıntım olmasa yardımınızı istemezdi. E) Yardımınız olmasa sıkıntıya düşer. 8) I was told that it would be repaired free of charge but the man in the shop refuses to honour his promises. A) Bana onarımın parasız yapılacağını söylediği halde mağaza sahibi sözünü tutmak istemiyor. B) Onarımı parasız yapacağımı söyledim, ancak dükkandaki adam sözüme güvenmek istemedi. C) Bana onun serbestçe yapılacağı söylendi, ancak dükkandaki adam onurumla oynadı ve sözünü tutmadı. D) Onarım paramı vermediği için dükkandaki adamın sözüne güvenmeyi reddettim. E) Bana onun bedava onarılacağı söylendi, ancak dükkandaki adam sözünü tutmak istemiyor. 9) It is fairly unlikely that he is going to be convicted of the offence. A) Önerisinin gerçekleşmesi oldukça uzak bir olasılık gibi görünüyor. 588

B) Onun suça yönelmesi büyük bir olasılık gibi görünmüyor. C) O suçtan dolayı hüküm giymesi oldukça uzak bir olasılık. D) Saldırıya hazırlandıgmın söylenmesi oldukça uzak bir olasılık. E) Onun suçlu olduğunu söylemek haksızlık olur. 10) There are consumer protection laws that effect every retailer. A) Satıcıyı koruyan yasaların yanında perakendeciyi ilgilendirenler de vardır demek yanlış olmayacaktır. B) Her perakendeciyi doğrudan etkileyen koruma yasaları vardir. C) Tüketiciyi koruma yasası tüketicileri ayrı ayrı gözetmek için yeterlidir. D) Her perakendeciyi etkileyen tüketiciyi koruma yasalan vardır. E) Her tüketiciyi koruma yasası her perakendeciyi de etkiler. 11) The slowdown in growth is expected to bring mounting problem over Texas' trade deficit. A) Texas'ın ticaret açığı, büyümedeki düşüşe paralel olarak dağ gibi artmaktadir. B) Büyümedeki yavaşlama Texas'ın uzun vadeli ticaret açıklarını tehdit etmektedir. C) Büyümedeki duraklama Texas'ın başına aşılmaz ticaret açığı sorunlan çıkarmaktadır. D) Gelişmedeki yavaşlama nedeniyle Texas'ın ticaret açıkları artmaktadir. E) Büyümedeki yavaşlamanın Texas'ın ticaret açığında giderek artan sorunlar ortaya çıkarması bekleniyor. 12) That she was dissatisfied with the outcome was clear from her subsequent remarks. A) Ortaya çıkan sorunlardan memnun olmadığı daha sonraki tutumundan anlaşıldı. B) Durum hayal kırıcıydı,zaten bunu da daha sonraki davranışlarıyla belli etmiştii. C) Sonuçtan memnun olmadığı daha sonraki sözlerinden belliydi. D) Sonuçtan memnun olmayacağı daha önceki davranışlarından da anlaşılmıştı. E) Sonuçtan memnun olmadığı daha sonraki sözleriyle, açıkça ifade etmiş olmaktadır. 13) One can hardly claim that education alone is responsible for migration from villages. A) Köyden kente göçü önlemenin belki de en geçerli yolu eğitim sorununu halletmektir. B) Köyden göçün eğitim sorunlarının başında geldiğini one sürmek zordur. C) Eğitimdeki sorunlann küçük köylerle ilgili olduğunu one sürmek bir yanılgıdır. D) Eğitimcinin sorumluluğu sadece küçük köyler nedeniyle artan sorunlar değildir. E) Yalnızca eğitimin köyden göçün nedeni olduğunu öne sürmek kolay olmasa gerek. 14) The goal of education is to help men and women to make the most of their talents and their lives. A) Eğitimin amacı, çok sayıda kadın ve erkeği hayatları boyunca eğitmektir. B) Eğitimin en önemli amaci, kadın ve erkeklerin yaşam boyunca yetenekleri 589

doğrultusunda eğitilmeleridir. C) Eğitimin belli başlı amaci, kadın ve erkeklerin yaşamdan en üst düzeyde yararlanmalarını sağlamaktır. D) Eğitimin amaci, erkek ve kadmlara, yeteneklerinden ve yaşamlanndan en üst düzeyde yararlanmaları için yardımcı olmaktır. E) Eğitimin amacı, kadın ve erkeklere yaşamları boyunca yeteneklerini artırmalarında yardımcı olmaktır. 15) Having lost the election, the presidential candidate intends to support the opposition in spite of the objection of his supporters. A) Başkan adayı, seçimi kaybetmesinin arkasından taraftarlarinin itirazlarına rağmen muhalefeti desteklemeyi düşünüyor. B) Son seçimde başkan adayı, itirazlara karşın, muhalefet adayıyla birlikte hareket etti. C) Muhaliflerinin itirazlarına karşın başkan adayı seçimi kaybetmeyeceğini one sürdü. D) Başkan adayı seçimi kaybedince, itirazlara karşin, muhalefette kalmayı yeğledi. E) Başkan adayı seçimi kaybedince, kendini destekleyenlerin karşı çıkmalarına karşin, muhalefeti desteklemek istiyor. 16) As long as the level of service offered by buses and the railway network continues to decline, travellers are going to opt for car. A) Otobüslerin servis kalitesindeki düşüşler devam ettigi sürece, yolculann tren ya da otomobili tercih etmeleri kaçınılmaz. B) Otobüs ve demiryolu hizmetlerindeki aksamalar süresince, otomobil gözde bir araç olabilir. C) Otobüs ve demiryolu hizmet düzeyi düşmeye devam ettiği sürece, yolcular otomobili yeğleyeceklerdir. D) Otobüs ve demiryolu hizmetlerindeki aksamalar nedeniyle otomobil gözde bir araç olabilir. E) Yolcular otomobili yeğledikleri sürece, otobüs ve demiryol- larını geliştirmek uzun zaman alacaktır. 17) Provided that you agree to abide by the rules, you are going to be allowed to join the society. A) Kuralları çiğnemediğiniz sürece topluma katılabilirsiniz. B) Aynı görüşte olmanız koşuluyla derneğe girebilirsiniz. C) Topluluğa katilmaniza izin verilebilmesi için belirlenen kurallara uymak zorunda olduğunuzu unutmamalısınız. D) Kurallara uymayı kabul ederseniz, derneğe katilmaniza izin verilecektir. E) Kuralların değiştirilmesi halinde sizi derneğe kabul edebiliriz

590

18) We booked rooms at the motel lest we should find no vacancies on our arrival. A) Zamanımız çok olur düşüncesiyle motele kitaplarımızı da götürdük. B) Vardıgımızda boş yer bulamayabiliriz diye motelde odalarımızı ayırttık. C) Boş zaman bulamayız diye motelde yer ayırtmadık. D) Motele vardığımızda yer bulamayinca daha önce ayırttığımızı söyledik. E) Yer bulamayiz endişesiyle yola çıkmadan motelden yer ayırttık 19) The new Manager is seriously worried about the infrastructure in the new residential part of town. A) Yeni Yönetici, şehrin yeni yerleşim alanındaki alt yapının ciddi bir çalışma gerektirdiğine inanmaktadır. B) Şehrin yeni yerleşim alanının alt yapı sorunuyla yeni Yönetici, ilgilenmektedir. C) Yeni Yönetici,, yeni yerleşim alanındaki altyapı sorununun ciddiyetini kavramış görünüyor. D) Yeni Yönetici,, yeni yerleşim bolgesindeki altyapı sorunundan ciddi şekilde endişe duymaktadır. E) Altyapı sorunu, en çok yeni yerleşim alanında olup, yeni Yöneticiyi , bir hayli düşündürmektedir. 20) The recent events which have shaken Texas constitute a serious threat to the very existence of the coalition government. A) Texas'ı sarsan son olaylar, bizzat koalisyon hükümetinin varlığı için bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. B) Texas'ı sarsan son olayları koalisyon hükümetinin pek ciddiye almadığı anlaşılıyor. C) Koalisyon hükümetinin varlığnı tehdit eden en ciddi olay, Texas'ı sarsan son olaylardır. D) Texas'ta patlak veren son olaylar koalisyon hükümetinin tutumuna karşı bir tepkidir. E) Koolisyon hükümetinin devamı, Texas'ı sarsan son olayların üstesinden gelip gelemeyeceğine bağlıdır. 21) Whatever measures the Government might take to curb inflation, there seems to be no hope of success. A) Hükümetin enflasyonla mücadele için aldığı önlemlerin başarı şansı görünmüyor. B) Hükümetin enflasyonla mücadelede başarılı olacağına kimse inanmiyor. C) Enflasyonla mücadele için Hükümet hangi önlemleri alirsa alsın hiç başan şansı yoktur. D) Hükümet, enflasyonla mücadelede hangi önlemlerin başarıh olabileceğini kestirebilmiş değil. E) Hükümet, enflasyonla mücadelede ederken aldığı önlemlerde ölçüyü kaçırıyor. 22) Bangladesh is tine of the world's poorest countries , with an average income per person of only $180 a year, and of the slowest growing. 591

A) Ortalama kişi başına düşen 180 dolar geliriyle dünyanın fakir ülkeleri arasında olan Bangladeş yavaş büyümektedir. B) Kişi başına düşen ortalama 180 dolarlık yıllık geliriyle Bangladeş dünyanın en fakir ve yavaş büyüyen ülkelerinden biridir. C) Dünyanınm en yavaş büyüyen ve en fakir ülkesi olan Bangladeş'te ortalama gelir 180 dolardır. D) Dünyanın en fakir ülkesi olan Bangladeş'te kişi başına düşen milli gelir 180 dolardir ve büyüme hızı da yavaştır. E) Büyüme hızı yavaş ve dünyanın en fakir ülkelerinden biri olan Bangladeş'te kişi başına düşen milli gelir 180 dolardır. 23) Because taxes are becoming harder to evade, Nepal's rich are starting to think for the first time about moving their assets abroad. A) Vergi vermek zorlaştığı için Nepal zenginleri ilk kez mal varlıklarını yurt dışına kaçırmayı düşünmektedirler. B) Nepal zenginleri servetlerini yurt dışına kaçırmayı düşündükleri için vergiler zor tahsil edilmeye başladı. C) Mal varlıklarını yurt dışına çıkarmayı düşünen Nepal zenginlerinin vergi yükleri artırılmaktadır. D) Vergi kaçırmak daha çok zorlaşmakta olduğundan , Nepal zenginleri ilk kez servetlerini yurt dışına çıkarmayı düşünmeye başladılar. E) Vergi ödemede daha sert önlemler alındığı için Nepal zenginleri ilk kez mallarını yurt dışına çıkarmayı düşünüyorlar. 24) With a population of 75 million people, half of whom are aged under 21, Turkey is a huge and growing market. A) Büyüyen bir pazar ve 75 milyonluk bir nüfusa sahip olan Türkiye'de nüfusun yarısı 21 yaşın altındadır. B) 21 yaşın altında 75 milyon bir nüfusa sahip olan Türkiye , büyük bir pazardır. C) Yarısı 21 yaşın altinda 75 milyonluk nüfusuyla Türkiye çok büyük ve büyümeye devam eden bir pazardır. D) Büyük bir pazar olan Türkiye'nin 21 yaşın altındaki nüfusu 65 milyondur. E) Yarısının 21 yaşın altında olduğu 75 milyonluk nüfusuyla Türkiye , büyük ve büyümekte olan bir pazardır. 25) Turkey has been transformed over the last 35 years from a closed economy to a liberal commercial regime that has allowed the private sector to rapidly expand while attracting foreign investors. A) Türkiye son 35 yilda kapalı ekonomiden liberal sisteme geçmiş ve bundan dolayı da yabancı yatırımcılann cazibe merkezi olmuş ve özel sektör hızla büyümüştür. 592

B) Türkiye son 35 yıldan fazla bir süredir kapalı ekonomiden liberal bir ticari rejime geçmiştir, bu da yabancı yatırımcıları çekerken özel sektörün hızla büyümesine yol açmıştır. C) Türkiye son 35 yılda kapalı ekonomiden liberal ekonomiye geçti, bu da özel sektörün büyümesine ve yabancı yatırımcıların Türkiye'ye yatırım yapmasma yol açmıştır. D) Son 35 yüda kapalı ekonomiden liberal ekonomiye geçen Türkiye'de özel sektör hızla gelişirken yabancı yatırımcılar da ülkeye yatırıma yönelmiştir. E) Hızla gelişen özel sektör sayesinde son 35 yılda Türkiye kapalı ekonomiden liberal rejime geçmiş ve bu sayede yabancı yatırımcılar ülkeye yatırım yapmışlardır. TRANSLATION TEST – 25 1) In recent years, the federal government and numerous states have gone after narcotics dealing, money laundering and other criminal wrongdoing by prosecuting individuals for the crimes. A) Federal hükümet ve sayısız eyalet son zamanlarda kişilerin uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama gibi eylemlerini yargı yoluyla takibe aldı. B) Yasal olarak suç sayılan eylemlerin peşine düşen hükümet ve çok sayıda eyalet, uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklamak ve diğer yasa dışı eylemlere karşı son zamanlarda yoğun önlemler almaya başladı. C) Federal hükümet ve çok sayıda eyalet kişilerin işledikleri suçlar için kovuşturma açara uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama ve diğer suç sayılacak yasadışı eylemleri takibe almıştır. D) Son zamanlarda , federal hükümet ve çok sayida eyalet kişilerin işledikleri suçları belirlemek için uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama gibi suçların peşine düşmüştür. E) Son yıllarda federal hükümet ve sayısız eyalet, vatandaşların işledikleri suçlar için soruşturma açarak uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama ve diğer suç sayılacak yasadışı eylemleri takibe aldı. 2) The hostages are spread out among the village houses , and none of the international committee of Cross observers has seen them all. A) Küçük evler arasına dağılmış rehineleri uluslararası Haç komitesi gözlemcileri gördü. B) Uluslararası Haç komitesi gözlemcilerinin gördüğü rehineler küçük köy evleri arasındaydı. C) Küçük köy evleri arasma dağılan rehinelerin hiçbirini Uluslararası Haç komitesi üyeleri görmedi. D) Rehineler küçük köy evleri arasında dağıtıldığı için Uluslararası Haç örgütü gözlemcileri onların hiçbirini görmedi. E) Rehineler küçük köy evleri arasmda dağılmış durumdalar; Uluslararası Haç örgütü gözlemcilerinin hiçbiri onların tümünü görmedi. 593

3) Germany, Turkey's biggest trading partner and a key East European ally, condemned Ankara's response to the uprising and immediately suspended arms shipments, claiming Turkish troops had used German weapons. A) Türkiye'nin en büyük ticari ortağı ve Doğu Avrupa'nın anahtar durumundaki müttefiki olan Almanya, Türk birliklerinin Alman silahlarını kullanmış olduğu gerekçesiyle Ankara'nin ayaklanmaya karşı tepkisini kınadı ve silah gönderilmesini derhal askıya aldı. B) Türkiye'nin en büyük ticari ortağı ve Doğu Avrupa'nm anahtar durumdaki müttefiki Almanya,Türk birliklerinin Alman silahlarını kullanarak isyanı bastırmasını kınadı ve silah satışını durdurdu. C) Türkiye ve Doğu Avrupa'nın en büyük müttefiki olan Almanya Ankara'nın isyanı bastırmada Alman silahlarını kullanmış olmasına ilişkin üzüntülerini bildirerek silah gönderimini durdurdu. D) Ankara'nin isyanı bastırmada Turk birliklerine Alman silahlarını kullandırdığı gerekçesiyle.Türkiye ve Doğu Avrupa'nın en büyük ticari ortağı Almanya, Türkiye'ye silah satışını erteledi. E) Türk birliklerinin isyanı bastırmak için Alman silahlarını kullanmış olduklarını iddia eden Türkiye'nin en büyük ticari ortağı ve Doğu Avrupa'nın anahtar ülkesi durumdaki Almanya silah satışlarını askıya aldı. 4) The blast on the night before, at a famous avenue in the southern part of the city, caused damage to lots of parked vehicles and the store windows. A) Şehrin güney kesimindeki bir caddede meydana gelen bir önceki patlama, park etmiş araçlara ve mağazaların camlarına büyük ölçüde zarar verdi.. B) Bir önceki gece şehrin güney kesimindeki tanınmış bir caddede meydana gelen patlama, park etmiş birçok aracın ve dükkanların vitrinlerinin hasar görmesine neden oldu. C) Park etmiş olan araçlara ve mağazaların vitrinlerine büyük zarar veren patlama şehrin güney kesimindeki bir tanınmış caddede meydana geldi. D) Şiddetli rüzgar bir önceki gece şehrin güney kesimindeki tanınmış bir anayolda park etmiş araçların ve mağazaların vitrinlerinin hasar görmesine neden oldu. E) Park etmiş birçok araca hasar veren ve mağazaların vitrinlerinin kırılmasına neden olan şehrin güney kesimindeki patlama dün akşam üzeri meydana geldi. 5) A small bomb which was planted between parked cars went off last night, however the police kept the incident secret to avoid causing panic. A) Paniği önlemek amacıyla polis, park halindeki arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş bombanın patlamasını halktan gizledi.. B) Dün akşam panik yaratan ve polisçe gizli tutulan patlamaya arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş olan küçük bir bomba neden olmuştur. 594

C) Dün akşam parketmiş arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş olan küçük bir bomba patladı, ama olay polis tarafından gizlendi. D) Polis tarafından paniğe neden olur diye gizlenen olay park etmiş arabalar arasında patlayan bir bombaydı. E) Dün akşam parketmiş arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş olan küçük bir bomba patladı, fakat polis paniği önlemek amacıyla olayı gizledi. 6) Though the privatization of Turkish state-owned enterprises ranging from banks to gas stations has been on the agenda for 10 years now, but only 140 less important companies have been sold off. A) Bankalardan petrol istasyonlarına kadar birçok devlet işletmesinin özelleştirilmesi on yıldır gündem de olmasına rağmen, ancak pek önemli olmayan 140 şirket satılmıştır. B) 10 yıldır satışta olan, bankalardan petrol istasyonlarına kadar değişen özelleştirmedeki devlet işletmelerinden ancak 140 tanesi 10 yılda satılmıştır. C) Bankalardan petrol şirketlerine kadar bir çok devlet kuruluşu özelleştirme kapsamında olduğu için bunlardan pek önemi olmayan 140 tanesi 10 yılda satılmıştır. D) 10 yıldır satışı beklenen özelleştirme kapsamındaki bankalar ve petrol istasyonlarından ancak 140 tanesi satılmıştır. E) 10 yıldır özelleştirmeleri gündemde olduğu için birçok banka ve petrol istasyonlarından ancak 140 tane önemli olanı satılmıştır. 7) The higher the unemployment rate , the more art expansionary monetary and fiscal policy is going to result ui growth and not in inflation. A) İşsizlik oranı yükseldiği için, genişlemeci bir para ve mali politika uygulamasi da enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. B) İşsizlik oranı yükselirken, genişlemeci bir para ve mali politika uygulamasi da enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanır. C) İşsizlik oranı ne kadar yüksek olursa, genişlemeci bir para ve mali politika da o oranda enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. D) İşsizlik oranının yüksehnesiyle genişlemeci para politikası ve mali politika enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. E) İşsizlik oranının yükselmesiyle birlikte genişlemeci para politikası ve mali politika da o oranda enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. 8) Experience demonstrates that the freer a central bank is from government interference, the lower is the rate of inflation. A) Merkez Bankası ne kadar hükümetin etkisinden uzak olursa, enflasyon da o oranda düşük olur. B) Deneyimler göstermektedir ki, Merkez Bankası hükümet müdahalesi olmaksızın çalışırsa, enflasyon oranı son derece düşük olmaktadır. 595

C) Enflasyon oranının daha düşük olması için Merkez Bankasının hükümetten bağımsız çahşması gerektiği fikri açıkça ifade edilmiştir. D) Merkez Bankası hükümetin denetiminde ne kadar rahat çalışırsa, enflasyon oram da o kadar düşük olur. E) Deneyimler, Merkez Bankası hükümet müdahalesinden ne kadar bağımsız çalışırsa, enflasyon oranının da o ölçüde düşük olacağını göstermektedir. 9) Today, the Istanbul Stock Exchange is in the top 10 markets of the world and among the top of 9 in the Western Europe. A) Dünya pazarları arasında ilk 10'a giren İstanbul Borsası, şimdi de Batı Avrupa pazarları arasında 9uncu sırada yer almaktadir. B) Bugün, İstanbul Borsası dünyanın en büyuk 10, Bati Avrupa'nın da en büyük 9 pazarı arasındadır. C) Bugün, İstanbul Borsası, dünyada ilk 10, Bati Avrupa'da da ilk 9 arasında yer almaktadır. D) Bugün Batı Avrupa'nın en iyi 9 borsasından biri olan İstanbul Borsası, dunyanın da ilk 10 pazarı arasında yer almaktadır. E) İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, Batı Avrupa'nın 9, dünyanın ilk 10 borsası arasındadır. 10) In many of the countries in Asia, particularly in India, measles is regarded as the most acute childhood infection. A) Hindistan gibi pek çok Asya ülkesinde kızamık en ağır çocukluk dönemi enfeksiyonu olarak kabul edilmektedir. B) Asya ülkelerinin çoğunda, özellikle Hindistan'da kızamık salgını çocuklar arasında öldürücü boyutlara ulaşmıştır. C) Hindistan, Asya ülkeleri arasında çocuklarda görülen kızamık salgını açısından ilk sırada yer almaktadir. D) Asya ülkelerinin çoğunda, özellikle Hindistan'da kızamık en ağır çocukluk dönemi enfeksiyonu olarak kabul edilmektedir. E) Pek çok Asya ülkesi ile Hindistan'da , kızamık, en ağır çocukluk dönemi enfeksiyonu olarak nitelendirilmektedir. 11) In view of the rapid population growth, it is obvious that during the years ahead there is going to be a continuing and increasing demand for new housing in most parts of the country. A) Sürekli nüfus artışı karşısında, önümüzdeki yıllarda ülkenin pek çok bölgesinde yeni konutlar için talep artışı kaçınılmaz hale gelecektir. B) Hızlı nüfus artışı nedeniyle, ülkenin pek çok yerinde yeni konutlara sürekli ve artan oranda talep olmaktadır. 596

C) Öyle anlaşılıyor ki, Önümüzdeki yıllarda hızlı nüfus artışına paralel olarak yeni konut ihtiyaci da artacaktır. D) Hızlı nüfus artışı karşısında, ülkenin pek çok yöresinde ortaya çıkacak yeni konut ihtiyacını karşılamak için önümüzdeki yıllarda çok çalışmamız gerekeceği açıktır. E) Hızlı nüfus artışı gözönüne alındığında, önümüzdeki yıllarda ülkenin pek çok yöresinde yeni konutlar için sürekli ve artan bir talep olacağı açıktır. 12) . If this cure does not achieve the desired effect, there are other methods we can use. A) Bu tedavi tam olarak başarılı olmadığı takdirde, deneyebileceğimiz başka yöntemler de vardır. B) Bu tedavi ile beklenen sonuç elde edilemezse başka yöntemleri denemek zorunda kalabiliriz. C) Başka yöntemlerin kullanılması bu tedavinin istenilen sonucu verip vermemesine bağlıdır. D) Bu tedavi arzu edilen etkiyi sağlamazsa, kullanabileceğimiz başka yöntemler vardır. E) Bu yöntemle ulaşılan sonuç beğenilmezse, diğer yöntemleri kullanmamız gerekir. 13) . No matter what anyone says, I shall give him the penalty he deserves. A) Herkesin karşı olmasına rağmen, o, vereceğim cezayı hak etmiştir. B) Kim ne derse desin, ona hak ettiği cezayı vereceğim. C) Ona hak ettiği cezayı vereceğimden hiç kimsenin kuşkusu olmasın. D) Herkesin dediği gibi, o, benden hak ettiği cezayı alacak. E) Ona hak ettiği cezayı vermeyeceğimi hiç kimse söyleyemez. 14) . The new Minister is seriously anxious about the housing problem in the overpopulated regions. A) Yeni Bakan nüfusu yoğun olan bölgelerdeki konut sorununun ciddi bir çalışma gerektirdiğine inanmaktadır. B) Nüfus yoğunluğu fazla olan bölgelerin konut sorunu ile yeni atanan Bakan ilgilenmektedir. C) Yeni Bakan nüfus artışının hızlı olduğu bölgelerdeki konut sorununun ciddiyetini kavramıştır. D) Yeni Bakan, aşırı nüfusa sahip bölgelerdeki konut sorunundan ciddi şekilde endişe duymaktadır. E) Konut sorunu, en çok nüfusu yoğun olan bölgelerde olup, yeni Bakanı oldukça düşündürmektedir. 15) . The recent currency crisis which has shaken Europe constitutes a serious hazard to the very existence of the European Community. A) Avrupa'yı sarsan son para krizi, bizzat Avrupa topluluğunun varlığı için ciddi bir tehdit 597

oluşturmaktadır. B) Avrupa Topluluğunun varlığını tehdit eden en ciddi olay, Avrupa'yı sarsan son para krizidir. C) Avrupa'da patlak veren son para krizi, Avrupa topluluğunun varlığına karşı bir tepkidir. D) Avrupa'yı tehdit eden son para krizi, Avrupa Topluluğunun varlığına bir darbedir. E) Avrupa Topluluğunun varlığını tehlikeye düşüren en son olay, Avrupa'yı saran para krizidir. 16) . The failure of ambitious development programmes in lots of Third World countries has inevitably led to a search for reasons. A) Pek çok Üçüncü Dünya ülkesinde, yeterli araştırma yapılmadan başlatılan iddialı gelişme programları kaçınılmaz olarak başarısızlığa uğramıştır. B) Birçok Üçüncü Dünya ülkesinde, uygulanan gelişme programlarının başarısızlığına yol açan nedenler iyice araştırılmaktadır. C) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinin çoğu, önemli gelişme programlarının başarısızlığa uğramalarının nedenlerini araştırmalıdır. D) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinin çoğunda, iddialı gelişme programları kaçınılmaz olarak başarısızlığa uğramıştır. E) Birçok Üçüncü Dünya ülkesinde, iddialı gelişme programlarının başarısızlığa uğraması, kaçınılmaz olarak bir neden arayışına yol açmıştır. 17) . This scheme would allow 2,000 young Albanians to emigrate each of the 24 developed countries presently providing direct aid. A) Bu plan, 24 gelişmiş ülkeye göç etmek isteyen 2000 Arnavut gencine doğrudan yardım sağlanmasını öngörüyor. B) Bu plana göre, şu anda doğrudan yardımda bulunan 24 gelişmiş ülkenin katkısıyla 2000 genç Arnavut'a iş imkanı sağlanacak. C) Bu plan çerçevesinde,24 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine göç etmiş bulunan 2000 Arnavut'a hemen doğrudan yardım sağlanacak. D) Bu plan, 24 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine göç izni olan 2000 Arnavut gencine doğrudan yardımı öngörüyor. E) Bu plan, şu anda doğrudan yardım yapan 24 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine 2000 genç Arnavut'un göç etmesini sağlayacak. 18) . Aid is most efficient when it is distributed by local non governmental organizations, which can better assess a community's needs. A) Hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlardan gelen yardımın, bölgedeki ihtiyaçlar kesin olarak belirlendikten sonra dağıtılması yararlı olur. B) Bir topluluğun ihtiyaçlarının en iyi biçimde karşılanabilmesi için dağıtım görevi hükümetten bağımsız yerel kuruluşlara verilmelidir. 598

C) Bir bölgenin ihtiyaçlarım en iyi bilen, hükümetten bağımsız yerel kuruluşlar hangileriyse, yardımı onların dağıtması yerinde olur. D) Yardım, bir topluluğunun ihtiyaçlarını daha iyi değerlendirebilen hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlar tarafından dağıtıldığı takdirde en etkili olur. E) Hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlardan gelen yardımın en etkili dağıtımı, toplumun ihtiyaçlarını daha iyi bilmekle mümkündür. 19) . Because it was not her father's style to let on about his personal problems, Mary most likely didn't know that he was suffering. A) Kişisel sorunlarını açığa vurmak babasının tarzı olmadığından, Mary belki de onun acı çektiğini bilmiyordu. B) Mary babasının kişisel sorunlarıyla ilgilenmediğinden, belki onun acı çektiğinin farkında değildi. C) Babasının sorunlarıyla ilgilenme alışkanlığında olmayan Mary, belki onun çektiği sıkıntılarından da habersizdi. D) Mary'nin babası, kişisel sorunlarını kendisine saklamak alışkanlığının başkalarına acı çektirdiğini belki de bilmiyordu. E) Kişisel sorunlarını açığa vurmak Mary'nin tarzı olmadığından, acı çektiğini babasına nasıl anlatacağını belki de bilmiyordu. 20) . The commentators expressed their concern that Germany's economic problems would compel the Central Bank to maintain high interest rates. A) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunları ile ilgili endişelerini dile getiren yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının faiz oranlarını yükseltmesinin kaçınılmaz olduğunu belirttiler. B) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarıyla ilgilenen yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumak zorunda olduğunu söylediler. C) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının ağırlaştığını ifade eden yorum- cular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını yükseltmesinin zorunlu oluğunu belirttiler. D) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının endişe verici bir duruma geldiğini belirten yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumasının zor olacağını söylediler. E) Yorumcular, Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının, Merkez Ban- kasını, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumaya zorlayacağı endişesini dile getirdiler. 21) . Whatever measures the Government may take to support economic growth, there is bound to be opposition in some quarters. A) Bazı çevrelerin muhalefetine rağmen, Hükümet iktisadi büyümeyi hızlandırmak için bir dizi önlem aldı. B) İktisadi büyümeyi teşvik için Hükümet hangi önlemleri alırsa alsın, bazı çevrelerin muhalefet edeceği kesindir. C) İktisadi büyüme için Hükümetin aldığı çeşitli önlemler, bazı çevrelerin muhalefeti ile 599

karşılaştı. D) İktisadi büyümeyi sağlayabilmek için Hükümet tarafından alınan kararlar, muhalefetin tepkisini çekti. E) Hükümetin uygulamaya koyduğu kararlar bir yandan iktisadi büyümeyi artırırken diğer yandan muhalefetin tepki göstermesine yol açtı. 22) . It is likely to draw some calculations from the data presented. A) Bir sonuca varabilmek için bazı verilere ihtiyaç vardır. B) Sunulan verilerden bazı sonuçlar çıkarmak mümkündür. C) Sunulan verilerden herhangi bir sonuç çıkarmak uzak bir ihtimaldir. D) Verilerden elde edilen sonuçları yemden değerlendirmek gerekir. E) Sonuçlan sunulan verilere göre değerlendirmek mümkündür. 23) . As regards the high inflation in the country, no government has yet found an efficient solution. A) Hükümet, ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonu düşürmek için bir çözüm yolu bulamamıştır. B) Ülkede yüksek bir enflasyon olduğu için hükümet henüz kesin bir çözüm bulmuş değildir. C) Ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonla ilgili olarak, henüz hiçbir hükümet etkili bir çözüm bulamamıştır. D) Hiçbir hükümet, ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonu göz önüne alarak gerekli çözümleri önermemiştir. E) Ülkedeki yüksek enflasyon nedeniyle, hükümet henüz köklü bir çözüm bulamamıştır. 24) . A colleague of ours, who was lately been appointed permanent representative to the Netherlands, has unfortunately developed lung cancer. A) Hollanda'da temsilcimiz olarak yıllardan beri çalışmış bir meslek- taşımızda maalesef akciğer kanseri görülmüş. B) Hollanda'da ticari temsilcilik yapmakta olan bir arkadaşımızda ne yazık ki akciğer kanseri olduğu ortaya çıkmış. C) Maalesef, akciğer kanserine yakalanmış olan bir arkadaşımız, daimi temsilci olarak Hollanda'ya gönderildi. D)Daimi temsilci olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya atanan bir meslektaşımız da, maalesef akciğer kanserine yakalanmış. E) Baş temsilcimiz olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya yemden atanan meslektaşımıza maalesef akciğer kanseri teşhisi konmuş. 25) . From the reading of her book, it is clear that Professor Jane Scott has a lot more to say on this matter. A) Kitabını okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak Profesör Jane Scott'un söyleyeceklerinin 600

çok daha fazla olduğu anlaşılıyor. B) Profesör Jane Scott'un konu hakkında söylediklerinin çoğu, kitabını okununca anlaşılıyor. C) Profesör Jane Scott'un kitabı okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak ne kadar çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. D) Bu konu ile ilgili olarak Profesör Jane Scott'un söylediklerinin pek çoğu kitabından okunabilir. . E) Bu konu ile ilgili kitabını okuyunca, Professor Jane Scott'un pek çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. TRANSLATION TEST – 26

1. As in other forms of art, so in music, many radical changes have occurred in this century. A) Bu yüzyıl içinde hem müzikte hem de sanatın diğer dallarında birçok değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. B) Bu yüzyıl, sanatın diğer dallan gibi, müzikte de köklü gelişmelerin görüldüğü bir dönemdir. C) Sanatın diğer dallarında olduğu gibi, müzikte de bu yüzyılda pek çok köklü değişiklik olmuştur. D) Bu yüzyıl içinde meydana gelen değişiklikler, müzikte olduğu kadar sanatın diğer dallarında da etkili olmuştur. E) Müzikte bu yüzyıl içinde meydana gelen değişiklikler, sanatın diğer dallarındakiler kadar önemlidir. 2. Numerous international organizations have been invited to contribute generously to the fund set up to fight famine in Africa. A) Afrika'da açlığa savaş açmak amacıyla kurulan fona birçok uluslararası kuruluştan bol katkı sağlanmıştır. B) Afrika'da açlıkla savaşabilmek, ancak birçok uluslararası kuruluş ilgili fona cömertçe katkıda bulunursa mümkün olacaktır. C) Uluslararası kuruluşların çoğu, Afrika'daki açlığa karşı savaşmak amacıyla kurulmuş olan fona fazlasıyla katkıda bulunmuştur. D) Pek çok uluslararası kuruluş, Afrika'da açlığa karşı savaşmak için oluşturulan fona bol miktarda katkıda bulunmayı düşünmektedir. E) Pek çok uluslararası kuruluş, Afrika'daki açlıkla savaşmak için oluşturulan fona bol miktarda katkıda bulunmaya çağrılmıştır. 3. Following the earthquake, lorry loads of medical supplies were at once sent to the area. 601

A) Deprem nedeniyle, tıbbi malzeme yüklü kamyonlar derhal bölgeye ulaştırıldı. B) Depremden sonra kamyonlar dolusu tıbbi malzeme derhal bölgeye gönderildi. C) Depremle birlikte derhal kamyonlar yüklenerek bölgeye tıbbi malzeme gönderilmiştir. D) Kamyonlar dolusu tıbbi malzeme derhal deprem bölgesine ulaştırılmıştır. E) Tıbbi malzemenin depremden hemen sonra bölgeye ulaştırılması kamyonlar sayesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. 4. The credit problem should have been settled before work began on the construction of the third bridge. A) Üçüncü köprünün yapımıyla ilgili çalışmalar başlamadan önce kredi sorunu halledilmiş olmalıydı. B) Kredi sorunu, üçüncü köprünün yapımı başlamadan önce halledilmiş olacak. C) Üçüncü köprünün yapımına yönelik çalışmaların başlaması ile kredi sorunu çözümlendi. D) Kredi sorunu, üçüncü köprünün yapım çalışmaları başlayınca çözümlenebildi. E) Üçüncü köprünün yapımından hemen önce kredi sorunu ancak çözümlenmiş ve çalışmalar başlamıştır. 5. The first banks to provide support for the irrigation project were the private sector ones. A) Özel sektöre ait ilk bankalar öncelikle sulama projelerine destek sağlamıştı. B) Özel sektöre ait bankaların birçoğu bu sulama projelerini desteklemeliydi. C) Özel sektör bankalar sulama projesine en önce destek sağlayan bankalardı. D) Sulama projesi için destek sağlayan ilk bankalar özel sektör bankalarıydı. E) Sulama projelerine destek sağlayan bankalardan biri de bir özel sektör bankasıydı. 6. I'm not sure that the new press counsellor can reply all the questions concerning the economic situation. A) Ekonomik konularla ilgili yeni basın danışmanının tüm soruları cevaplayabileceğini sanmıyorum. B) Yeni basın danışmanının, ekonomik durumla ilgili tüm sorulara cevap verebileceğinden emin değilim. C) Yeni basın danışmanının, ekonomik durumla ilgili tüm soruların cevaplanmasında yeterli olduğundan emin değilim. D) Yeni danışmanın, basının ekonomi ile ilgili tüm sorularına cevap verebileceğinden şüpheliyim. E) Basını ilgilendiren tüm soruların yeni ekonomi danışmanı tarafından cevaplanabileceğini sanmıyorum. 7. One another problem affecting the scheme is the shortage of skilled labor in the area. 602

A) Bölgede nitelikli işgücünün bulunmayışı, projeyi etkileyen bir diğer sorundur. B) Nitelikli işgücü yetersizliği, belgeyle ilgili projeyi etkileyen diğer bir sorundur. C) Bölgede nitelikli işgücünün bulunmaması, projeyi olumsuz olarak etkileyen ayrı bir sorundur. D) Bölgede projeyi olumsuz olarak etkileyen diğer sorunlardan biri, nitelikli işgücünün eksikliğidir. E) Projeyi etkileyen diğer bir sorun bölgedeki nitelikli işgücü yetersizliğidir. 8. If there is no improvement in sales, then we may have to reduce the work force even further. A) Satışları arttıramadığımız müddetçe işgücündeki azalma devam edecektir. B) İşgücünü bu kadar azaltırsak satışlardaki artış kısa sürede duracaktır. C) Satışları arttırabilmek için, işgücünü azaltmaktan vazgeçmemiz gerekecektir. D) Eğer son zamanlarda satışlarda bir iyileşme gözlenmiyorsa bunun nedeni işgücündeki azalmadır. E) Eğer satışlarda bir iyileşme olmazsa, işgücünü daha da azaltmak zorunda kalabiliriz. 9. As time goes on, most people will not only use a computer in their work but also have one in their houses. A) İşyerlerinde bilgisayar kullananların çoğu en kısa zamanda bir tane de evlerinde bulundurmak isteyecektir. B) Zamanla, birçok insan işyerinde olduğu gibi evinde de bilgisayar kullanmanın önemini kavrayacak. C) Zaman geçtikçe çoğu insan, bilgisayarı yalnızca işyerlerinde kullanmayacak, evlerinde de birer tane bulunduracak. D) Çok zamanlarını alsa da, birçok insan bilgisayarı hem işyerinde hem de evde kullanmayı tercih edecek. E) Zaman geçtikçe insanlar bilgisayarların yalnız işyerlerinde değil evlerinde de gerekli olduğu kanısına varacaklardır. 10. The developing companies of Eastern Europe are trying to improve their telecommunications systems in order to achieve economic growth. A) Doğu Avrupa'da şirketler, haberleşme sistemlerini kuvvetlendirdikleri için hızlı bir ekonomik büyüme sağlarlar. B) Doğu Avrupa'nın gelişmekte olan şirketleri ekonomik büyümeyi gerçekleştirmek için haberleşme sistemlerini iyileştirmeye çalışıyor. C) Doğu Avrupa'daki ekonomik büyüme, haberleşme sistemleri gelişmiş olan şirketlerin çabaları ile kolaylaşmıştır. D) Doğu Avrupa'nın gelişmiş şirketleri, ekonomik büyümeyi haberleşme sistemlerini iyileştirme çabalarına bağlıyor. 603

E) Doğu Avrupa'nın gelişmekte olan şirketleri, ekonomik büyümeyle birlikte haberleşme sistemlerinin de gelişeceğine inanıyor. 11. This proved to be final blow for a country already dependent on the outside world for survival. A) Hayatta kalabilmek için zaten dış dünyaya bağımlı olan ülkeye bunun son darbe olduğu ortaya çıktı. B) Bunun, ekonomik bakımdan dış dünyaya bağımlı olan ülke için son şans olduğu açık. C) Bunun, ülkenin dış dünyaya bağımlılıktan kurtulma yolundaki son fırsatı olduğu şüphe götürmez. D) Dış dünyadan bağımsızlığını kazanarak kendi imkânları ile gelişmeye çalışan ülke için bu ağır bir darbedir. E) Bu, zaten dış dünyaya bağımlılıktan kurtulma çabası içinde olan ülkenin sonunu hazırlamıştır. 12. One way of finding out if you are suitable to work in another country is to go to a career counselor. A) Yabancı bir ülkede çalışabilmek için gerekli şartları öğrenmenin kestirme yollarından biri de bir meslek danışmanına danışmaktır. B) Başka bir ülkede iş bulabilmenin kestirme yollarından biri de, bir meslek danışmanına gitmektir. C) Yabancı bir ülkede iş bulmanın tek yolu, bir meslek danışmanına giderek kendinizi yetiştirmenizdir. D) Başka bir ülkede çalışabilecek nitelikte biri olup olmadığınızı anlamanın bir yolu da, bir meslek danışmanına gitmektir. E) Sizin için başka bir ülkede çalışma olanağı olup olmadığını öğrenmenin tek yolu,bir meslek danışmanına başvurmaktır. 13. The notion that we can or should put some kind of a limit on economic growth seems to be neither necessary nor practical. A) Görünüşte gerekli ve pratik olması da, bir düşünceye göre, ekonomik büyümeye belli bir sınır koyabiliriz ve koymalıyız. B) Sınırları belirlenmemiş bir ekonomik büyüme düşüncesi, gerekli olmadığı gibi pratik de değil. C) Ekonomik büyümeye belli bir sınır koymanın gerekli veya pratik olup olmadığı konusu halen açıklığa kavuşmamıştır. D) Ekonomik büyümeye sınırlama getirecek uygulamalar üzerinde konuşmak gereksiz gözüküyor. E) Ekonomik büyümeyi bir biçimde sınırlayabileceğimiz ya da sınırlamamız gerektiği düşüncesi ne gerekli ne de uygulanabilir görünüyor. 604

14. It is not difficult to realize how slowly and inaccurately information was passed around before the growth of mass media. A) Kitle iletişim araçlarının yaygınlaşmasından önce, bilginin yavaş ve yanlış aktarılmasını engellemek zordu. B) Kitle iletişim araçlarının gelişmesinden önce bilginin ne denli yavaş ve hatalı aktarıldığını anlamak zor değildir. C) Tahmin edileceği gibi, kitle iletişim araçlarının gelişmesiyle bilginin hatalı ve yanlış aktarılması engellendi. D) Kitle iletişim araçları ne kadar gelişse de bilginin bazen hatalı ve yavaş aktarılması ister istemez gerçekleşir. E) Bilginin zamanında ve hatasız aktarılmasında gelişmiş kitle iletişim araçlarının önemili rolünü anlamak zor değidir. 15. The decision to reduce the fine payable by companies polluting the environment has angered conservationists. A) Kuruluşların, çevreye verdikleri zararı telafi etmek için çaba gösterme kararından vazgeçmeleri çevrecileri öfkelendirdi. B) Çevrecilerin öfkeli tepkisi karşısında, çevreyi kirleten kuruluşlarca ödenen cezayı azaltan karar kaldırıldı. C) Çevrenin kirletilmesi karşısında öfkelenin çevreciler, kuruluşlar tarafından ödenmesi gereken cezanın kaldırılmasına itiraz ettiler. D) Çevreyi kirleten kuruluşlarca ödenmesi gereken ceza miktarını azaltma kararı çevrecileri öfkelendirdi. E) Öfkeli çevrecilerin tepkisi üzerine, çevreyi kirleten kuruluşların, para cezası ödemeleri yanında verdikleri zararı da telafi etmeleri kararlaştırıldı. 16. The fact that there is an organization working towards the recognition of the rights of housewives means we are progressing in the right direction. A) İşleyen bir örgütün olması, ev kadınlarının haklarının tanınması yönünde en doğru yolu seçtiğimiz anlamına gelmemelidir. B) Doğru yönce ilerliyoruz diyebilmek için, ev kadınlarının haklarının tanınması için çalışan bir örgüt kurmamız gerekmektedir. C) Artık bir örgüt de olduğuna göre, ev kadınlarının haklarının tanınması yönünde ilerleyebilmek için her türlü yolu denemeliyiz. D) Ev kadınlarının haklarının tanınması yolunda çalışan bir örgütün olması demek, doğru yönde ilerliyoruz demektir. E) Ev kadınlarının, kendi haklarının tanınması yolunda çaba göstermelerine olanak verecek bir örgütlerinin olması demek bu konuda çok yol kat etmişler demektir.

605

17. Critics complain that showing the number of gold medals won by each country on television transforms the Olympic Games into an international competition. A) Eleştirmenler, bir madalya yarışına dönüşen Olimpiyat Oyunlarında yalnızca altın madalya kazanan ülkelerin sporcularının televizyonda gösterilmesi taraftarıdırlar. B) Eleştirmenler, her ülkenin kazandığı altın madalya sayısının televizyonda gösterilmesinin Olimpiyat Oyunlarının uluslararası bir rekabete dönüştürdüğünden şikayetçiler. C) Eleştirmenler, altın madalya kazanan bazı oyuncuları televizyonda kötülemenin Olimpiyat Oyunlarını uluslararası bir çekişmeye dönüştürmesinden korkuyorlar. D) Eleştirmenler, televizyoncuların Olimpiyat Oyunlarını ülkelerarası bir altın madalya yarışına dönüştürmesinden şikayetçiler. E) Eleştirmenler, ülkelerin kazandığı altın madalya sayısının televizyonda yayınlanmasının Olimpiyat Oyunlarının uluslar arası kimliğini güçlendirdiğini savunuyorlar. 18- My father used to work at a small bookstore, whose customers were students from a nearby high school. A) Babamın çalıştığı kitapevi gelen öğrenciler civardaki bir lisede okuyorlardı. B) Müşterileri civardaki bir liseden olan küçük bir kitapevinde çalışan babam var. C) Babamın çalıştığı küçük kitapevinin müşterileri civardaki bir liseden geliyordu. D) Babam eskiden müşterileri bir liseden olan civardaki küçük bir kitapevinde çalışıyordu. E) Babam, müşterileri civardaki bir liseden olan küçük bir kitapevinde çalışıyordu. 19- The extraordinary performance of Formula 1 cars has been extremely influenced by aerodynamic design. A) Aerodinamik tasarımdan önemli derecede etkilenmiş olan Formula 1 arabaları görülmeğe değer yarışlar çıkarıyor. B) Formula 1 arabalarının olağanüstü performansı aerodinamik tasarım sayesinde gerçekleşmiştir. C) Formula 1 arabalar aerodinamik tasarımın etkisiyle olağanüstü performans sergiliyor. D) Aerodinamik tasarımdan büyük ölçüde etkilenmiş olan Formula 1 arabaları olağanüstü performans gösteriyor. E) Formula 1 arabalarının olağanüstü performansı aerodinamik tasarımdan büyük ölçüde etkilenmiştir. 20- A group of scientists has discovered a protein, which they have named human in, which can prevent the loss of brain cells in Alzheimer's patients. A) Bir grup bilim adamı Alzheimer hastalarındaki beyin hücrelerinin kaybını önleyebilen humanin diye adlandırdıkları bir protein buldular. B) Bir grup bilim adamı Alzheimer's hastalarındaki beyin hücrelerinin kaybını önleyebilen 606

proteine humanin adını verdiler. C) Bir grup bilim adamı humanin diye adlandırılan, Alzheimer hastalarındaki beyin hücrelerinin kaybını önleyebilen bir protein buldular. D) Bir grup bilim adamının bulduğu humanin adındaki protein, Alzheimer kaybını önleyebiliyor. E) Alzheimer hastalarındaki beyin hücrelerinin kaybını durdurabilen, humanin adında bir protein bulunmuştur. 21- Most employment advisors believe that finding a job that you're obsessive about is one of the serious factors behind profession success. A) Çoğu meslek danışmanı, arzu ettiğiniz bir işi bulmanın meslek başarısının ardındaki ciddi etmenlerden biri olduğuna inanıyor. B) Çoğu meslek danışmanı, arzu ettiğiniz bir işi bulmanın meslek başarısının ardındaki ciddi etmenlerden biri olduğunu kabul ediyor. C) Arzu ettiğiniz bir işi bulmanın meslek başarısının ardındaki ciddi etmenlerden biri olduğuna inanan birçok meslek danışmanı vardır. D) Pek çok meslek danışmanı, arzu ettiğiniz bir işi bulmanın meslek başarısının ardındaki ciddi etmenlerden biri olduğuna inanıyor. E) Çoğu meslek danışmanının hemfikir olduğu şey arzu ettiğiniz bir işi bulmanın meslek başarısının ardındaki ciddi etmenlerden biri olduğudur. 22- It's said that forest of 10 km2 loses 50 tons of water per day. A) On kilometrekare ormanın günde 50 ton su kaybettiği düşünülüyor. B) On kilometrekare ormanın günde 50 ton su kaybettiği söyleniyor. C) Günde 50 ton su kaybeden bir ormanın olduğu tahmin ediliyor. D) On kilometrekare ormanın günde 30 ton su kaybettiği söyleniyor. E) On kilometrekare ormanın günde 60 ton su kaybettiği zannediliyor. 23- Many factors affect calorie need, including your mass and motion level. A) Kalori ihtiyacınızı kilonuz ve hareket düzeyinizin haricinde pek çok faktör etkiler. B) Kilonuz ve hareket düzeyinizin yanında kalori ihtiyacınızı etkileyen pek çok faktör vardır. C) Kilonuz ve hareket düzeyiniz dahil pek çok faktör kalori gereksinimini etkiler. D) Kilonuz ve hareket düzeyinizin yanında kalori ihtiyacınızı etkileyen birkaç faktör vardır. E) Kilonuz ve hareket düzeyinizi etkileyen pek çok etmen vardır. 24- Efes, whose historical habitation dates back to the third century B.C., is regarded as a 607

museum town. A) Tarihi yerleşimi M.Ö. 3. yüzyıla dayanan Efes, bir müze şehrini andırıyor. B) Bir müze şehri olarak görülen Efes’in tarihi yerleşimi M.Ö. 3. yüzyıla dayanıyor. C) Görünümüyle bir müze şehrini andıran Efes’in tarihi yerleşimi M.Ö. 3. yüzyıla dayanıyor. D) Tarihi yerleşimi M.Ö. 3. yüzyıla dayanan Efes bir müze şehri olarak görülüyor. E) M.Ö. 3. yüzyılda yerleşilen Efes, adeta bir müze şehrini andırıyor. 25- Morocco, a country famous for its coffee, is situated on the north west coast of Africa. A) Kahvesiyle bilinen ve bir Afrika ülkesi olan Morocco, kıtanın kuzeybatı kıyısında yer alır. B) Afrika'nın kuzeybatı kıyısında yer alan Morocco, kahvesiyle ünlü bir ülkedir. C) Kahvesiyle ünlü bir ülke olan Morocco, Afrika'nın kuzeybatı kıyısında yer alır. D) Morocco, kahvesiyle tanınan bir ülke olarak Afrika'nın kuzeybatı kıyısında bulunmaktadır. E) Afrika'nın doğu kıyısında bulunan Morocco, safarileri ile ünlü bir ülke olarak bilinmektedir. TRANSLATION TEST – 27 1) . Whatever measures the Ministry may have taken against smuggling, it is essential that the public should also be enlightened about the topic. A) Yolsuzluğa karşı hangi tedbirlerin alınması gerektiği hususunda Bakanlık kamuoyu oluşturmaya çalışıyor. B) Silah kaçakçılığına karşı alınan tedbirlere ek olarak Bakanlık kamu oyunu da aydınlatmak için konu üzerinde duruyor. C) Yolsuzlukları önlemek için Bakanlığın aldığı bir dizi tedbire ek olarak konu hakkında kamuoyu da aydınlatılıyor. D) Rüşvete karşı ne gibi tedbirler alınması gerektiği hususunda Bakanlık kamuoyuna açıklamalar yapmayı uygun görüyor. E) Kaçakçılığa karşı Bakanlık hangi tedbirleri almış olursa olsun, konu hakkında kamuoyunun da aydınlatılması şarttır. 2) . If he knew what the board had decided as regards his promotion, he would be terribly upset. A) Naklen tayini hakkında Kurulun nasıl bir karar verdiğini bilse, büyük üzüntü duyardı. B) Tayini için Kurul'un verdiği kararı bilseydi, derhal istifa ederdi. C) Kendi durumu ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un kararının ne olduğunu bilmiş olsaydı, tayin edilmeyi kesinlikle istemezdi. 608

D) Terfisi ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un neye karar verdiğini bilse, tam bir düş kırıklığına uğrardı. E) Başarısızlığı nedeniyle hakkında Kurul'un ne tür bir karar vereceğini bilseydi, son derece sinirlenirdi. 3) . I firmly believe that we must put into effect some vital plans in order to increase productivity. A) Üretimi arttıracak çeşitli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği görüşüne tamamen katılıyorum. B) Verimliliği arttırmak için bazı acil planları yürürlüğe koymamız gerektiğine kuvvetle inanıyorum. C) Verimliliğin artırılması bakımından bazı önemli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği düşüncesindeyim. D) Verimlilik düzeyini geliştirmek için bazı kapsamlı planlar üzerinde durmamız gerektiği inancındayım. E) Bence verimliliği arttırmak için bazı planlar geliştirmek yararlı olabilir. 4) . Propose what they may, we are not going to accept their views on this matter. A) Bu konuda ne gibi önerileri ileri sürecekleri hususunda herhangi bir görüşümüz bulunmamaktadır. B) İstedikleri önerileri yapsınlar, bu sorunla ile ilgili görüşlerini kimseye kabul ettiremeyecekler. C) Ne önerirlerse önersinler, bu konudaki görüşlerini kabul etmeyeceğiz. D) Ne gibi öneriler getirecekleri belli değilse de onların bu konuya bakış açılarını kabul edemeyiz. E) Her ne önerdilerse, bu konu ile ilgili olarak hiç birini kabul etmedik. 5) . Owing to an unexpected postponement in the delivery of the mail, his application did not reach in time. A) Postanın dağıtılmasındaki beklenmeyen gecikme nedeniyle, başvurusu bize zamanında ulaşmadı. B) Mektupların dağıtımı gecikince, bize yaptığı başvuru saatinde ulaşmadı. C) Postadaki beklenmeyen gecikme yüzünden başvurusunu zamanında bize gönderemedi. D) Başvurusunun bize zamanında ulaşmamasının nedeni, postanın dağıtımında meydana gelen gecikme idi. E) Postanın hiç tahmin edilmeyen gecikmesi, onun başvurusunun bize çabuk ulaşamamasına yol açtı. 6) . It was generally agreed by the board that a new plant should be opened in Sweden. A) Kurulun onayladığı yeni fabrika İsveç'te açılacaktır. 609

B) Kurul, öncelikle İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılmasını onaylamışta. C) İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılması, kurul tarafından oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. D) Kurula, yeni fabrikanın İsveç'te açılması önerilmiştir. E) Kurulun onayı üzerine İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açıldı. 7) . Amongst of Turkey's priorities in international politics, membership of the European Community takes the first place. A) Türkiye, Avrupa Topluluğuna üye olabilmek için, uluslararası ilişkilerindeki öncelikleri geniş bir biçimde tespit etmiştir. B) Türkiye'nin uluslararası politikadaki öncelikleri arasında Avrupa Topluluğu üyeliği başta gelmektedir. C) Avrupa Topluluğuna üyelik, Türkiye'nin uluslarası politikasındaki ilk tercihtir. D) Uluslarası ilişkiler bakımından, Türkiye'nin en başta gelen amacı Avrupa Topluluğuna girmektir. E) Türkiye Avrupa Topluluğuna girmekle uluslararası politikada çeşitli avantajlar elde edecektir. 8) . The reports we have received up to now concerning the disaster seem to be exaggerating the situation. A) Felaketle ilgili olarak bize ulaşan raporların hepsi, abartılı bir şekilde kaleme alınmış. B) Felaketle ilgili olarak, durumun abartıldığı değişik raporlar yazıldı. C) Aldığımız tüm raporlarda, felaketin neden olduğu durum çok abartılmaktadır. D) Felaketle ilgili olarak bugüne kadar aldığımız raporlar durumu abartıyor gibi görünüyor. E) Aldığımız raporların hepsi, felaket sonucu ortaya çıkan durumu ayrıntılı olarak anlatıyor. 9) . The company accountant, charged with misuse, has been put on trial. A) Zimmetine para geçirmekle suçlanan şirket muhasebecisi mahkemeye verildi. B) Şirketi zarara soktuğu için muhasebeci aleyhinde dava açıldı. C) Şirketin iflasına yol açtığı gerekçesiyle muhasebeci gözetim altına alındı. D) Hapse atılan şirket muhasebecisi, rüşvet almakla suçlandı. E) Yolsuzluk yaptığı iddiasıyla şirketin muhasebecisi hapse mahkum oldu. 10) . The growth of industrialism in the West is concerned with the growth of democracy. A) Batıda sanayinin gelişmesi demokrasinin ortaya çıkmasıyla hızlanmıştır. B) Demokrasinin güçlenmesi, Batıdaki gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. C) Sanayi ve demokrasinin Batıdaki 'gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. D) Demokrasinin gelişmesi, Batıdaki sanayinin gelişmesi ile mümkün olmuştur. E) Batıda sanayinin gelişmesi, demokrasinin gelişmesi ile ilişkilidir. 610

11) . Widespread vaccination campaigns carried out by the Ministry of Health have been efficient in reducing infant mortality. A) Sağlık Bakanlığının yürüttüğü geniş aşı kampanyaları sonucu, bebek ölümleri bir sorun olmaktan çıkmıştır. B) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılması amacıyla, Sağlık Bakanlığı geniş bir aşı kampanyası başlattı. C) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında en büyük etken, Sağlık Bakanlığının başlattığı geniş aşı kampanyasıdır. D) Bebek ölümlerini azaltmak için Sağlık Bakanlığınca yürütülen kampanya başarılı olmuştur. E) Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından yürütülen, yaygın aşı kampanyaları, bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında etkili olmuştur. 12). Deforestation is causing an alarming decrease in the amount of farming area. A) Ormanların azlığı, sulu arazi miktarının giderek tehlikeli bir şekilde ortadan kalkmasına neden olmaktadır. B) Ormanların yok edilmesi nedeniyle, tarım arazisinin ciddi bir şekilde azaldığı görülmektedir. C) Ormanların yok olması, ekilebilir toprakların miktarında tehlikeli bir azalmaya neden olmaktadır. D) Ekilebilir toprakların tehlikeli bir şekilde azalması, ormanların yok edilmesiyle ilgilidir. E) Ormanların yok olması nedeniyle, tarıma elverişli toprakların miktarında azalma olmaktadır. 13) . After years of fighting the two countries have at last decided to sign peace treaty. A) İki ülkenin temsilcileri bir antlaşma imzalayarak yıllarca süren barış dönemini başlattılar. B) Yıllarca süren savaştan sonra iki ülke, nihayet bir barış antlaşması imzalamaya karar verdiler. C) Yıllarca süren savaş, iki ülkenin nihayet anlaşması ve bir barış yapması ile sonuçlanmıştır. D) Savaşın yıllarca sürmesi sonucu, iki ülke bir antlaşma imzalamayı kabul ettiler. E) İki ülkenin imzaladığı barış antlaşması ile yıllarca süren bu savaş sona erdi. 14) . In developed countries, social security has been a main issue since the beginning of this century. A) Bu yüzyılın başından itibaren, gelişmiş ülkelerin en başta gelen sorunu sosyal güvenlik olmuştur. 611

B) Bu yüzyılın başlarında gelişmiş ülkelerde ciddi bir sorun olarak sosyal güvenlik konusu üzerinde çok tartışılmıştır. C) Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sosyal güvenlik uygulaması bu yüzyılın başlarında görülen en önemli olaydır. D) Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sosyal güvenlik, bu yüzyılın başlarından beri önemli bir konu olmuştur. E) Bu yüzyılın başında, sosyal güvenliğin gelişmiş ülkelerde görülen önemli bir sorun olduğu kabul edilmiştir. 15) . In accordance with the report submitted to the Minister, by the end of this fiscal year inflation will have been pulled down considerably. A) Bakana sunulan rapordan, enflasyonun, bütçe yılı sonuna kadar kısmen aşağı çekileceği anlaşılıyor. B) Bakana sunulan bir raporda enflasyonun, bu yıl sonuna kadar tamamen durdurulacağı belirtiliyor. C) Bakana sunulan rapora göre, bu mali yıl sonuna kadar enflasyon önemli derecede aşağı çekilmiş olacak. D) Bakana sunulan raporda da belirtildiği gibi, bu mali yıl sonu itibariyle enflasyon tamamen ortadan kalkmış olacak. E) Bakana sunulan rapordan anlaşıldığına göre, enflasyon bu mali yıl sonunda bir sorun olmaktan çıkacak. 16) . Activities like gardening and swimming help to release mental tension. A) Zihin yorgunluğu, ancak yüzrne ve bahçe ile uğraşma gibi faaliyetlerin yardımıyla giderilebilir. B) Bahçe ile uğraşma ve yüzme gibi faaliyetler, zihinsel gerginliğin giderilmesine yardımcı olur C) Zihin yorgunluğunun giderilmesine yardım eden faaliyetler, bahçe ile uğraşma ve yüzmedir. D) Zihinsel gerginliğin giderilmesine yardım eden, yüzmle ve bahçe ile uğraşma gibi faaliyetler desteklenmelidir. E) Yüzme ve bahçe ile uğraşma, zihinsel gerginliğin yok olmasına katkı sağlayan faaliyetlerdir. 17) . Unfortunately most people are prejudiced against modes of behaviour that are different from their own. A) Garip olan şu ki çoğu insan, kendinden farklı hareket edenlere karşı oldukça önyargılıdır. B) Ne yazık ki insanlar kendilerinden farklı davrananlara karşı son derece önyargılıdır. C) İnsanların, kendilerinden farklı davranış biçimlerine sahip olanlara karşı önyargılı 612

olması garipsenecek bir durumdur. D) Ne yazık ki pek çok insan, kendisinkinden farklı olan davranış biçimlerine karşı önyargılıdır. E) Ne yazık ki insanlarda kendi davranışlarından farklı davranış sergileyen pek çok insana karşı yaygın bir önyargı vardır. 18) . Once a child starts school he finds himself in a much larger and far more complex social group. A) Çocuk bir kez okula başlayınca, kendini hep daha kapsamlı ve karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içinde görmek ister. B) Çocuk, ancak okula başladıktan sonra, geniş ve çok karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içine girer. C) Çocuk oldukça geniş ve karmaşık bir sosyal grubun etkisini ancak okula başlayınca hisseder. D) Çocuğun çok geniş ve olabildiğince karmaşık bir sosyal grubun etkisinde kalması, ancak okula başladıktan sonra gerçekleşir. E) Çocuk okula başlayınca, kendisini çok daha geniş ve daha karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içinde bulur. 19) . The suggestions that Prof Thomson made in his lectures were to form the basis of much of the research work the department has undertaken. A) Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde yaptığı öneriler, bölümün üstlenmiş olduğu araştırmaların çoğunun temelini oluştur- muştur. B) Bölümün yürüttüğü araştırmaların çoğunun temeli, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ileri sürdüğü görüşlere dayanıyordu. C) Bölümün başlattığı araştırmaların çoğu, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ortaya koyduğu ilkeleri temel alıyordu. D) Bölümün üstlendiği araştırmaların temeli, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ortaya attığı varsayımlardan oluşuyordu. E) Profesör Thomson, derslerde ileri sürdüğü görüşleri ile , bölümün yürütmekte olduğu araştırmaların pek çoğunun temelini atmıştır. 20) . The leading newspapers all gave conflicting accounts of the uncovering of a major espionage affair. A) Önde gelen bazı gazetelerin böylesine ciddi bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılmasına ilişkin olarak yaptığı yorumlar tutarlı değildi. B) Önde gelen gazetelerin hepsi, büyük bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılmasıyla ilgili olarak çelişkili haberler verdi. C) Casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılması üzerine, büyük gazetelerin hepsi farklı değerlendirmeler yaptılar. 613

D) Önde gelen pek çok gazete, verdikleri çeşitli haberlerle büyük casusluk olayının ortaya çıkmasını sağladı. E) Bu kadar büyük bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkması, bazı büyük gazetelerin çelişkili haber vermesi sonucu gerçekleşti. 21) . One may argue that successful novels depend not so on their plots as they do on the characters they portray. A) Başarılı romanların hem konularına hem de çizdikleri karakterlere önem verdiği ileri sürülebilir. B) Denilebilir ki başarılı romanlarda konular kadar çizilen karakterler de önem taşır. C) Başarılı romanların aslında sadece konularına değil aynı zamanda çizdikleri karakterlere de dayandığı düşünülebilir. D) Başarılı romanların konularından çok çizdikleri karakterlere dayandığı ileri sürülebilir. E) Başarılı romanların temelini hem konularının hem de çizdikleri karakterlerin oluşturduğu görüşü ileri sürülebilir. 22) . The real significance of the peace plan still under negotiation lies in the fact that it will open up a new era of friendship. A) Yeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması amacıyla sürdürülen barış planının gerçek anlamı ortadadır. B) Şu bir gerçektir ki görüşmeleri devam eden barış planı yepyeni bir dostluk döneminin başlangıcım oluşturacaktır. C) Yeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması , halen görüşülmekte olan barış planının gerçek anlamını ortaya koymaktadır. D) Görüşülen barış planının gerçek anlamı, yepyeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. E) Halen görüşülmekte olan barış planının asıl önemi, yeni bir dostluk dönemi başlatacağı gerçeğinde yatmaktadır. 23) . Some of the nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize have been turned down by the award committee on account of the harsh criticism made against them by the press. A) Bazı Nobel Barış Ödülü adayları basında şiddetle eleştirilince, ödül kurulu onları değerlendirmeyi reddetti. B) Basında yer alan sert eleştirilere rağmen ödül kurulu Nobel Barış Ödülüne aday gösterilen bazı kişileri değerlendirme dışı bıraktı. C) Nobel Barış Ödülü adaylarından bazıları, haklarında basında yer alan sert eleştiriler nedeniyle, ödül kurulunca reddedildiler. D) Nobel Barış Ödülü kurulu, basında yer alan şiddetli eleştirileri de göz önüne alarak, bazı adayları daha değerlendirmeye almadı, E) Nobel Barış Ödülü için aday gösterilen bazıkişiler, ödül kurulunu basında sert bir dille 614

eleştirince değerlendirme dışı bırakıldılar. 24) . Despite massive Soviet pressure, Chink was eventually able to conclude a treaty of peace and friendship with Japan in 1978. A) Yoğun Sovyet baskısını hiçe sayan Çin, nihayet 1978'de Japonya ile barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapmaya karar verdi. B) 1978'de Japonya ile barış ve dostluk antlaşması imzalayan Çin, hemen büyük bir Sovyet baskısı aldına girdi. C) Çin'in 1978'de Japonya ile bir barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapma olanağı bulması, yoğun bir Sovyet baskısına yol açtı. D) Çin, yoğun Sovyet baskısına rağmen, nihayet 1978'de Japonya ile bir barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapma olanağı bulabildi. E) Japonya ile 1978'de yaptığı barış ve dostluk antlaşması nedeni ile Çin, yoğun bir Sovyet baskısıyla karşılaştı. 25) . The coach decided to resign since he had obviously lost the confidence of his team. A) Koç, takımın güvenim kazanamadığı için istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. B) Takımının güvenini kazanamaya koç, istifa etmeyi uygun buldu. C) Koçun istifa etmeye karar vermesi, takımının güvenini kazanamamasındandır. D) Koç takımının güvenini kaybedince istifa etmenin tek yol olduğuna karar verdi. E) Koç, takımın güvenim açıkça kaybettiği için istifa etmeye karar verdi. RANSLATION TEST – 28 1) . Penicillin is perhaps the best known antibiotic, whose discovery and later development is among mankind's greatest achievements. A) Penisilin'in son zamanlardaki gelişimi onun en çok tanınan antibiyotik olmasını sağlamıştır. B) Keşfedilmesi ve songelişmeleri insanlığın en büyük keşiflerinden olan penisilin belki de en çok tanınan antibiyotiktir. C) Penisilinin keşfi belki de insanlığın gelişimine ençok bilmen yararları sağlayacaktır. D) Penisilinin en iyi antibiyotik olduğunu bilenler insanlığın gelişimi için başka antibiyotikler de kaşfetmeye çalışıyorlar. E) Penisilini keşfedenler belki de insanlığın gelişimine en büyük katkıda bulunmuştur. 2) . The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best interests to take an action the advertiser is recommending. A) Her reklamın amacı, insanları reklamcının tavsiye ettiğini yapmanın onların yararına olduğuna inandırmaktır. B) İnsanların yararına olan şey reklamcıların tavsiyelerine kulak asmaktır. 615

C) Herhangi bir reklama karşı çıkmak reklamcının değil insanların zararına olacaktır. D) Reklamcının öğütlerine uymayı amaç edinen insanlar sonunda çok yararlı bilgiler edinebilir. E) İnsanlar, bir reklamcının amacımının onları en iyi ürünleri satın almaya ikna etmek olduğunu düşünürler. 3) . Should a college graduate wish further education, a university offering a Ph. D. degree may be selected. A) Üniversiteden mezun olan bir öğrenci doktora programı olan bir, üniversiteye girmelidir. B) Her üniversite mezunu ille de doktora yapmalı mıdır? C) Doktora yapmak isteyenler önce bir üniversiteden mezun olmalıdırlar. D) Bir üniversite mezunu daha fazla öğrenim görmek isterse, doktora programı olan bir üniversite seçilebilir. E) Bir üniversiteden mezun olup doktora yapmak isteyen öğrencinin üniversite tarafından seçilmesi gerekir. 4) . Another forms of art, in music many radical changes have taken place in this century. A) Bu yüzyıl içinde hem müzikte hem de sanatın diğer dallarında çok farklı değişiklikler meydana getirmiştir. B) Bu yüzyıl, sanatın diğer dalları gibi müzikte de köklü değişikliklerin görüldüğü bir dönemdir. C) Sanatın diğer dallarında olduğu gibi, müzikte de bu yüzyılda pek çok köklü değişiklik olmuştur. D) Bu yüzyıl içinde meydana gelen değişiklikler, müzikte olduğu kadar sanatın diğer dallarında da etkili olmuştur. E) Müzikte bu yüzyıl içinde meydan a gelen değişiklikler, sanatın diğer dallarındakiler kadar önemlidir. 5) . Following the earthquake, lorry loads of medical supplies were immediately sent to the area. A) Deprem nedeniyle, tıbbi malzeme yüklü kamyonlar derhal bölgeye ulaştırıldı. B) Depremden sonra kamyonlar dolusu tıbbi malzeme derhal bölgeye gönderildi. C) Depremle birlikte derhal kamyonlar yüklenerek bölgeye tıbbi malzeme gönderilmiştir. D) Kamyonlar dolusu tıbbi malzeme derhal deprem bölgesine ulaştırılmıştır. E) Tıbbi malzemenin depremden hemen sonra bölgeye ulaştırılması kamyonlarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. 6) . The credit problem should have been settled before work began on the construction of the third bridge. 616

A) Üçüncü köprünün yapımı ile ilgili çalışmalar başlamadan önce kredi sorunu halledilmiş olmalıydı. B) Kredi sorunu, üçüncü köprünün yapımı başlamadan önce halle- dilmiş olacak. C) Üçüncü köprünün yapımına yönelik çalışmaların başlaması ile kredi sorunu çözümlendi. D) Kredi sorunu, üçüncü köprünün yapım çalışmaları başlayınca çözümlenebilirdi. E) Üçüncü köprünün yapımından önce kredi sorunu çözümlenmiş ve çalışmalar başlamıştır. 7) . The first bank to provide support for the irrigation project were the private sector ones. A) Özel sektöre ait ilk bankalar, öncelikle sulama projelerine destek sağlamıştır. B) Özel sektöre ait bankaların birçoğu bu sulama projesini destekledi. C) Özel sektör bankaları, sulama projesini en önce destekleyen bankalardı. D) Sulama projesi için destek sağlayan ilk bankalar özel sektöre bankalarıydı. E) Sulama projesine destek sağlayan bankalardan biri de bir özel sektör bankasıydı. 8) . Many international organizations have been invited to contribute generously to the fund set up to the fight famine in Africa. A) Afrika'da açlığa karşı savaşmak amacıyla kurulan fona birçok uluslar arası kuruluştan bol katkı sağlanmıştır. B) Afrika'da açlıkla savaşabilmek, ancak birçok uluslar arası kuruluş ilgili fona cömertçe katkıda bulunursa mümkün olacaktır. C) Uluslar arası kuruluşların çoğu, Afrika'daki açlığa karşı savaşmak amacıyla kurulmuş olan fona fazlasıyla katkıda bulunmuştur. D) Pek çok uluslar arası kuruluş, Afrika'da açlığa karşı savaşmak için oluşturulan fona bol miktarda katkıda bulunmayı düşünmektedir. E) Pek çok uluslararası kuruluş, Afrika'daki açlıkla savaşmak için oluşturulan fona bol miktarda katkıda bulunmaya çağrılmıştır. 9) . I'm not sure that the new press councillor will be able to answer all the questions concerning the economic situation. A) Ekonomik konularla ilgili yeni basın danışmanının tüm soruları cevaplıyabileceğini sanmıyorum. B) Yeni basın danışmanının, ekonomik durumla ilgili tüm sorulara cevap verebileceğinden emin değilim. C) Yeni basın danışmanının, ekonomik durumla ilgili tüm soruların cevaplanmasında yeterli olduğundan emin değilim. D) Yeni danışmanın, basının ekonomi ile ilgili tüm sorularına cevap verebileceğiniden şüpheliyim. E) Basını ilgilendiren tüm soruların yeni ekonomi danışmanı ta- rafından 617

cevaplanabileceğini sanmıyorum. 10) . One other problem affecting the project is the shortage of skilled labour in the area. A) Bölgede nitelikli işgücünün bulunmayışı, projeyi etkileyen bir diğer sorundur. B) Nitelikli iş gücü yetersizliği, bölgeyle ilgili projeyi etkileyen diğer bir sorundur. C) Bölgede nitelikli işgücünün bulunmayışı, projeyi olumsuz olarak etkileyen ayrı bir sorundur. D) Bölgede projeyi olumsuz olarak etkileyen diğer sorunlardan biri, nitelikli işgücünün yokluğudur. E) Projeyi etkileyen bir diğer sorun, bölgedeki nitelikli işgücü yetersizliğidir. 11) . The solar system is composed of the sun and nine planets. A) Güneş sisteminde güneş ve dokuz adet gezegen vardır. B) Dokuz gezegen ve güneş, güneş sisteminin oluşmasına neden olur. C) Güneş sistemi güneş ve 9 gezegenden oluşur. D) Güneş ve 9 gezegenden oluşan sisteme güneş sistemi deriz. E) Güneş ve 9 gezegen güneş sistemini oluşturur. 12) . A new student feels alone at first. A) Yeni öğrenciler ilk başta kendilerini yalnız hissederler. B) Yalnızlık okula ilk defa gelen öğrencilerce hissedilir. C) Yalnız bir öğrenci kendini mutsuz hisseder. D) Yeni bir öğrenci başlangıçta kendini yalnız hisseder. E) Kendini yalnız hissedenler yeni öğrencilerdir. 13) . Nearly all metals conduct heat better than wood. A) Çoğu metaller ısıyı tahtadan daha iyi geçirir. B) Metallerin bir kısmı ısıyı tahtadan iyi geçirir. C) Tahtalar metallerden daha iyi geçirgendir. D) Çoğu metaller tahta kadar iyi iletkendir. E) Tahtalar çoğu zaman metallerden daha iyi ısı geçirir. 14) . Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon first. A) Neil Armstrong ayda ilk yürüyen kişidir. B) Neil Armstrong önce ayda yürüdü. C) Neil Armstrong ayda önce yürüdü. D) Önce ayda Neil Armstrong yürüdü. E) Önce ayda yürüyen kişi Neil Armstrong'dur. 15) . Ice melts in warm water. 618

A) Buz sıcak suda eriyor. B) Buz sıcak suda erir. C) Buz sıcakta erir. D) Buz sıcakta erirmiş E) Buz sıcak suda erirmiş. 16) . The school is closing an hour later than normal tomorrow. A) Okulu yarın bir saat geç tatil etmeyi düşünüyoruz. B) Yarın okul kapanma saati bir saat ileriye alındı. C) Yarın okul her zamankinden bir saat geç kapanacak. D) Okul yarın bir saat geç kapanacak. E) Yarından itibaren okul bir saat geç kapanacak, 17) . Academic attainment was measured by the degree of achievement in the requisite tests and examinations of the students' own faculties. A) Öğrencinin kendi yeteneklerinin ölçüldüğü zorunlu test ve sınavlar onun akademik başarısını belirlemeye yarar. B) Akademik başarı, öğrencinin kendi yeteneklerinin ölçüldüğü zorunlu test ve sınavlardaki başarı derecesiyle ölçülürdü. C) Akademik başarı için öğrencinin zorunlu test ve sınavları başarı ile vermesi gerekir. D) Öğrenci kendi yeteneklerinin ölçüldüğü zorunlu test ve sınavlarda akademik başarısının yetenekleriyle uyumunu anlar. E) Öğrencinin yeteneklerin ölçüldüğü zorunlu akademik test ve sınavlar öğrencinin başa derecesiyle ölçülür. 18) . It is clear that English is essential for the majority of students for many purposes apart from reading textbooks. A) İngilizce'nin öğrencilerin çoğu için ders kitapları okumanın dışında pek çok amaç için gerekli olduğu açıktır. B) İngilizce ders kitapları okumanın pek çok amacı vardır. C) Ders kitapları okumanın dışında da İngilizce'nin öğrenciler için gerekli olduğu açıktır. D) Açık olan şudur ki, İngilizce, ders kitapları okumanın dışında da çok yararlıdır. E) Yararlı olan İngilizcenin ders kitaplarının dışında da kullanılmasıdır. 19) . An observer shall not see a rainbow unless there are drops of water suspended in the air. A) Gökkuşağı, havada kalmış su damlacıkları yoksa gözlemciler tarafından görülemez. B) Havada asılı kalmış su damlacıkları gökkuşağının görülmesini sağlar. C) Bir gözlemci, havadaki su damlacıkları sayesinde gökkuşağını görebilir. D) Bir gözlemcinin gökkuşağını görmek için havadaki su damlacıklarının yardımına 619

ihtiyacı vardır. E) Bir gözlemci, havada asılı kalmış su damlaciklan yoksa gökkuşağı göremez. 20) . One hundred and nine globes of the size of the earth would be needed to widen from one side of the sun to the other. A) Yüzdokuz tane küre ile güneşin bir tarafından öbür tarafına ulaşılabilir. B) Dünya büyüklüğündeki yüzdokuz küre ile güneşin bir tarafından öbür tarafına ulaşılabilir. C) Güneşin bir tarafından öbür tarafına ulaşmak için yüzdokuz tane dünya küreye ihtiyaç vardır. D) Dünya büyüklüğündeki yüzdokuz küre Güneşin bir tarafından öbür tarafına ulaşmamızı sağlar. E) Güneşin bir tarafından öbür tarafına ulaşmak için dünya büyüklüğündeki kürelerden yüzdokuz tane gereklidir. 21) . In August 1865, determined that her son would have piano lessons, Linda took to the fields to pick beans. A) 1865 yılının Ağustosunda, Linda oğlunun piyano dersi vermesinde kararlı bir biçimde fasulye tarlaları satın aldı. B) 1865 yılının Ağustosunda, Linda oğluna piyano almak için fasulyeleri tarlalara taşıdı. C) 1865 yılının Ağustosunda, Linda oğluna piyano dersi aldırtmakta kararlı olarak fasulye toplamak üzere tarlaların yolunu tuttu. D) Ağustos 1865'de Linda tarlalarda fasulye toplayarak para kazanmaya karar verip oğluna piyano dersi aldırmak istedi. E) 1865 Ağustosunda Linda oğluna piyano dersleri aldırmaya karar vererek tarla satın aldı ve fasulye toplamaya başladı. 22) . You may make analyses by making changes in the program. A) Analizler yapmak istiyorsanız programda değişiklik yapmalısınız. B) Programdaki değişiklikleri yapmak için analiz gereklidir. C) Programdaki değişiklikler için analiz gerekli olabilir. D) Programda değişiklik yaparak analizler yapabilirsiniz. E) Programlarda değişiklik yaparak analiz yapabilirsiniz. 23) . Microwave cooking of vegetables conserves nutritious materials such as vitamin C much better than boiling them in water. A) Sebzelerin küçük dalgalarla pişirilmesindense suda haşlan- maları C vitaminini çok daha fazla arttırır. B) Sebzelerin mikrodalga ile pişirilmesi C vitamini gibi besin maddelerini suda haşlanmaktan çok daha iyi korur. 620

C) Mikrodalga C vitaminli besleyici maddeleri, suda başlamaktan çok daha iyi pişirir. D) Sebzelerden C vitamini ihtiyacım mikrodalga ile pişirerek karşılarız. E) Suda .haşlayacak yerde C vitaminli sebzeleri mikrodalga ile pişirerek çok daha iyi koruruz. 24) . The more he attempted to surmount his shyness, the more I overwhelmed he felt. A) Utangaçlığı, kendisini yenmek için gösterdiği çabaların işe yaramadığını hissetmesine neden oldu. B) Utangaçlığını yenmek için ne kadar çabaladıysa kendisini o kadar yenik hissetti. C) Utangaçlığını yenmek için ne kadar çabaladıysa da beceremedi. D) Utancını daha fazla yendikçe kendisini zafer kazanmış gibi düşündü. E) Daha fazla utangaçlığın sonucu olarak kendisini daha da yenilmiş hissetti. 25) . Every mother gazes in wonderment at the miracle that she has given birth to. A) Her anne doğurduğu o harika şeye bakarak hayranlık duyar. B) Her anne doğurduğu çocuğa bakmakla yükümlüdür. C) Annelerin hepsine çocuk doğurdukları için hayranlıkla bakılır. D) Her anne doğurduğu o harika şeyi hayran hayran seyreder. E) Annelerin hepsine doğurdukları şey harika gelir. TRANSLATION TEST – 29 1) . A frequency changer is a machine designed to get power at one frequency and deliver it at another frequency. A) Frekans değiştirici, bir frekansta güç almak ve bunu bir başka frekansa aktarmak için tasarlanmış olan bir makinadır. B) Frekansta güç almak için tasarlanmış bir makina olan frekans değiştirici başka frekansa güç aktarmak için tasarlanmıştır. C) Başka frekansa güç aktarmak için tasarlanmış güç değiştiricisi frekans değiştirici diye bilinir. D) Güç almak ve aktarmak için tasarlanmış makinaya frekans değiştiricisi denir. E) Frekans değiştirici makinalar bir frekanstan güç alarak bunu başka frekanslara aktarırlar. 2) . A stethoscope is a device for studying sound generated inside the human body. A) Hastaların içinden gelen sesleri dinlemek için stetoskopa ihtiyaç vardır. B) Stetoskop, insan vücudunda oluşan sesleri incelemek için kullanılan bir alettir. C) Organlarımızdaki hastalıklardan kaynaklanan sesleri stetoskop aracılığı ile duyabiliriz. D) Stetoskop hastaların organlarından gelen değişik sesleri duymamıza yardım eder. E) Eğer organlarınızın sesini duymak istiyorsanız stetoskop kullanmalısınız. 621

3) . Each family of bees makes up one colony or group, and each group dwells in a hive. A) Her arı ailesi bir koloni veya grup oluşturur ve her grup da bir kovanda yaşar. B) Kovanlarda yaşayan arılar kendi ailelerini kurarlar ve koloniler,oluştururlar. C) Koloniler oluşturmak için kovanlarda yaşayan arıların herbirinin kendi ailesi vardır. . D) Herbir arı ailesi koloniler halinde kovanda yaşamayı tercih ederler. E) Koloniler ve gruplar-halinde yaşayan arı aileleri hep birlikte kovanları yaparlar. 4) . An orbit in which the satellite travels around the earth once every 24 hours is known as a stationary orbit. A) 24 saatte bir dünyanın çevresini dolaşan uydu sabit yörünge olarak bilinir. B) Uydunun her 24 saatte bir dünyanın çevresini dolaştığı yörünge sabit yörünge olarak bilinir. C) Sabit yörünge olarak bilinen uydu dünyanın çevresini 24 saatte bir dolaşır. D) Uydu dünyanın çevresini 24 saatte bir dolaşır ve buna sabit yörünge denir. E) Uydunun sabit yörüngenin çevresini 24 saatte dolaştığı dünyaca bilinir. 5) . To protect its own fisheries, Canada has taken a tougher line with foreign vessels fishing its coasts. A) Kanada, kendi balıkçılığını geliştirmek için kıyılarında avlanan yabancı gemilere karşı önlemleri artırmıştır. B) Kanada kendi balıkçılık bölgelerini korumak amacıyla, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı sert bir mücadeleye girişmiştir. C) Kanada kendi balıkçılığını güçlendirmek için kıyılarına yaklaşan yabancı balıkçı teknelerine karşı sert önlemler almıştır. D) Kanada kendi balık alanlarını korumak için kıyılarında balık avlayan yabancı teknelere karşı daha sert bir tavır almıştır. E) Kanada kendi balık alanlarını geliştirmek için sert önlemler alarak kıyılarında yabancı teknelerin avlanmasını engellemiştir. 6) . In his speech, he did not conceal the fact that Serbia's hardline attitude had led to the breakdown of the talks. A) Demecinde, Sırbistan'ın katı tutumunun görüşmelerin kesilmesine yol açtığı gerçeğini saklamadı, B) Yaptığı açıklamada, görüşmelerin kesilmesinde, Sırbistan'ın uzlaşmaz tutumunun etkili olduğu gerçeğini saklamadı. C) Konuşmasında, Sırbistan'ın olumsuz tavrı sonucu görüşmelerin kesildiği gerçeğini belirtmekten kaçınmadı. D) Görüşmelerin kesilmesine, Sırbistan'ın uzlaşmaz tavrının neden olduğu gerçeğini belirtmekten çekinmedi 622

E) Sırbistan'ın katı tutumu nedeniyle görüşmelerin kesildiğini açıkça belirtmekten çekinmedi. 7) . It seems probable that the recession in the wool textile industry will continue throughout the year and that many mill? may be permanently closed. A) Görüşüne bakılırsa, yünlü dokuma sanayindeki gerileme yıl içinde de sürecek ve bazı fabrikalar tamamen kapanacaktı. B) Yünlü dokuma sanayinde bütün yıl boyunca devam eden bunalım sonucu çoğu fabrikanın süresiz olarak kapanması kaçınılmaz görünüyor. C) Yünlü dokuma sanayiinde yıl içinde bir durgunluk görüleceği ve pek çok fabrikanın tamamen kapanacağı kesindir. D) Yünlü dokuma sanayiindeki durgunluğun yıl boyunca süreceği ve pek çok fabrikanın süresiz kapanabileceği muhtemel görünüyor. E) Çoğu fabrikanın süresiz kapanmasına neden olabilecek durgunluk, yünlü dokuma sanayiinde yıl boyunca devam edecek gibi 8) . What we really expect to find in a world of art is a certain personal element and a distinctive sensibility. A) Bir sanat ortamında bulunmasını arzu ettiğimiz şeyler aslında belirli bir kişisel nitelik ile kendine özgü bir duyarlılıktır. B) Belirli bir kişisel anlatım ve farklı bir duyarlılık, bir sanat eserinin gerçekten bulunması istenen niteliktedir. C) Gerçekten bir sanat eserinde bulmayı umduğumuz şey, belirli bir kişisel öğe ve belirgin bir duyarlılıktır. D) Çarpıcı bir duyarlılık ve belirli bir kişisel boyut bir sanat eserinde esas olarak bulunmasını istediğimiz öğelerdir. E) Belirli bir kişisel özelliğin ve etkileyici bir duyarlılığını, bir sanat eserinde bulunmasını gerçekten arzuluyoruz. 9) . It was stressed that the company which had been on the verge of bankruptcy had got over the crisis through substantial borrowings from various banks. A) İflasın eşiğine gelmiş olan şirketin çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı aştığı belirtildi. B) Bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin iflasa doğru sürüklendiği bildirildi. C) İflasla karşı karşıya gelmiş olan şirketin bunalımı aşmak için pek çok bankadan büyük krediler aldığı ifade edildi. D) Çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin iflastan kurtulamadığı açıkladı. 623

E) İflas tehlikesini atlatmış olan şirketin bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımdan çıküğı belirtildi. 10) . Since the signing of Maastricht Treaty, Britain has always been in conflict with her partners in the European Union over the question of monetary union. A) Maastrictht Antlaşması imzalandıktan sonra İngiltere, para birliği konusunu ileri sürerek, Avrupa Birliğindeki ortaklar ile sert bir çalışma içine girmiştir. B) Maastricht Antlaşması'nm imzalanmasından beri İngiltere, Avrupa Birliğindeki ortaklarıyla para birliği konusunda sürekli bir çalışma içinde olmuştur. C) Maastricht Antlaşması'nm imzalanmasından bu yana, İngiltere para birliği konusu üzerinde durmuş ve Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortakları ile zaman zaman tartışmıştır. D) Maastricht Antlaşması'nm imzalanması üzerine, İngiltere para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklarından farklı bir tavır içine girmiştir. E) Maastrich Antlaşması'nm imzalanmasıyla İngiltere, para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortakları ile tam bir uyum içine girmiştir. 11) . The committee generally rejected a proposal to divide the city into two zones and stressed the need to consider the whole city as a unit. A) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırmayı amaçlayan öneriyi tümüyle reddetti ve kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiğini savundu. B) Kentin iki bölgeye ayrılmasına ilişkin öneriyi derhal reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiği görüşüne vardı. C) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırmaya önerisini oy birliğiyle reddetti ve tüm kentin bütün olarak düşünülmesi gereğini vurguladı. D) Tüm kentin bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gereği üzerinde duran kurul, kenti iki ayrı bölgeye ayırmaya yönelik öneriyi tereddütsüz reddetti. E) Kentin iki ayrı bölgeye ayrılmasını öngören öneriyi oy çokluğu ile reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak görülmesi gereği üzerinde ısrarla durdu. 12) . The report makes it clear that in 1995 most European countries met almost half of their energy needs by means of natural gas. A) Raporda, doğal gazın 1996'da Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda enerji ihtiyacının neredeyse yarısını karşıladığı belirtilmektedir. B) Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunun enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısını doğal gaz kullanarak karşıladığı 1996'da hazırlanan raporda açıklanmıştır. C) Raporda, 1996'da Avrupa'da enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısından çoğunu doğal gazyoluyla karşılayan pek çok ülke olduğu . açıkça ifade edilmektedir. D) Raporda açıkça ifade edildiğine göre, 1996'da çoğu Avrupa ülkesi, enerji ihtiyacının yarısını doğal gazla karşılamak zorunda kalmıştır. E) Rapor, 1996'da çoğu Avrupa ülkesinin enerji ihtiyaçlarının yaklaşık yarısını doğal gaz 624

vasıtasıyla karşıladığını açıkça ortaya koymuştur. 13) . Most speakers at the meeting emphasized that, in recent years, some of the research projects undertaken by universities had been concerned more with current problems than with purely scientific matters. A) Toplantıya katılan çoğu konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından uygulanan araştırma projelerinin sadece bilimsel konularda değil, aynı zamanda güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olması gerektiğini vurguladı. B) Konuşmacıların toplantıda görüş birliğine vardığı gibi, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından yürütülen araştırma projeleri salt bilimsel konulardan çok, güncel sorunlarla ilgilidir. C) Toplantıdaki pek çok konuşmacı, üniversitelerce sürdürülen araştırma projelerinden bazılarının salt bilimsel konular yerine, güncel sorunlarla ilgili olması gerektiğini belirtti. D) Toplantıdaki konuşmacıların çoğu, son yıllarda üniver- sitelerce üstlenilen bazı araştırma projelerinin salt bilimsel konulardan çok güncel sorunlarla ilgili olduğunu belirtti. E) Toplantıda söz alan pek çok konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversitelerden yürüttüğü araştırma projelerinin bilimsel konularla olduğu kadar güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olduğunu belirtti. 14) . Some years ago the German Constitutional Court decided by a 6 to 2 vote that no law could permit abortion in violation of the rights of the unborn. A) Yıllarca önce Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı bir karara göre, hiçbir yasa, doğmamış, çocuğun haklarını hiçe sayarak kürtaja izin vermez. B) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin birkaç yıl önce 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı karara, göre, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını ihlal etmek demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasa izin vermez. C) Birkaç yıl önce, Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, hiçbir yasanın doğmamış çocuğun haklarını aykırı olarak kürtaja izin veremeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar verdi. D) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, doğmamış çocuğun haklarının ihlal edilmesi demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasanın izin veremeyeceği görüşünü birkaç yıl önce 2'ye karşı 6 oyla değiştirdi. E) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, birkaç yıl önce, hiçbir yasada kürtaja izin verilmeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar vererek, doğmamış çocuğun hakkının ihlal edilmesini engelledi. 15) . You may take your wage in foreign currency should you so wish. A) Maaşınızı döviz olarak almak istediğinizi belirtiniz. B) Maaşınızı döviz olarak alabilmeniz için başvuruda bulunmanız gerekir. C) Maaşınızı döviz olarak almak istediğinizi yazı ile bildirin. D) Arzu ederseniz, maaşınızı döviz olarak alabilirsiniz. E) İsterseniz maaşınızın dilediğiniz miktarı döviz olarak ödenebilir. 625

16) . Whatever decision the court makes, the public will always regard him as guilty. A) Mahkemenin kararına rağmen, herkes onu hala suçlu olarak görüyor. B) Mahkeme nasıl karar verirse versin, halk onu daima suçlu olarak görecek. C) Herkesin onu suçlaması, mahkemenin vereceği kararı etkilemeyecek. D) Onun suçu ile ilgili olarak mahkemenin vereceği kararı herkes merakla bekliyor. E) Mahkeme ceza vermese bile, o yine de herkesin gözünde suçlu olacaktır. 17) . In the post-war period higher education became one of the policy priorities for western governments. A) Yükseköğretim, batılı hükümetler için ancak savaştan sonra siyasi özelliği olan bir konu oldu. B) Yükseköğretim, ancak savaştan sonra batılı hükümetlerin üzerine önce eğildikleri bir konu oldu. C) Savaş sonrası dönemde, yükseköğretim batılı hükümetler için siyasi önceliklerden biri oldu. D) Batılı hükümetlerin savaş sonrası siyasetlerinde yükseköğretim konusu önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. E) Savaş sonrası dönemde, yükseköğretim, batılı ülkelerin en çok önemsedikleri konulardan biriydi. 18) . Some people are able to adapt more easily to sudden changes in working circumstances. A) Bazı insanlar, çalışma koşullardaki ani değişimlere daha kolay uyum sağlayabiliyor. B) Çalışma koşullarında önemli gelişmeler yaparak, bazı insanların işe daha kolay uyum sağlamasına olanak verilebilir. C) Bazı insanlann kolay uyum sağlamaları için çalışma koşullarının derhal değiştirilmesi gerekir. D) Bazı insanlann işlerine kolay uyum sağlamaları çalışma koşullarındaki köklü değişikliklere bağlıdır. E) Bazı insanlann çalışma koşullarına kolay uyum sağlayabilmeleri için değişiklik yapılması gerekebilir. 19) . Throughout the 1970s many industrial countries experienced a serious energy crisis owing to the rapid rise oil prices. A) 1970 li yıllarda petrol fiyatlanndaki hızlı artış, en çok sanayi ülkelerinde enerji bunalımı yarattı. B) 1970'lerde tüm sanayi ülkelerinde yaşanan ciddi enerji bunalımına petrol fiyatlanndaki hızlı artış yol açmıştır. C) 1970'ler boyunca, pek çok sanayi ülkesi, petrol fiyatlarındaki hızlı artış nedeniyle ciddi 626

bir enerji bunalımı yaşadı. D) Sanayi ülkelerinde 1970'lerde yaşanan enerji bunalımının temel nedeni petrol fiyatlanndaki sürekli değişiklikti. E) 1970'li yıllarda petrol fiyatlanndaki ani değişiklikler, sanayi ülkelerini ciddi bir enerji bunalımına sürükledi. 20) . Although a number of measures have been taken to prevent the smuggling of arms, the problem has not yet been solved. A) Alınan tüm önlemler, silah kaçaklığını engellemede ve sorunu kökten çözümlemede yetersiz kalmıştır. B) Silah kaçakçılığı sorununun çözümlenebilmesi için daha pek çok önlem alınması gerekiyor. C) Alınan çeşitli önlemler sonucu silah kaçakçılığı azalmışsa da sorun tamamen çözümlenmiş değildir. D) Silah kaçakçılığını engellemek için bir dizi önlem alınmasına rağmen, sorun henüz çözümlenmiş değildir. E) Silah kaçakçılığına karşı alınan bir dizi önleme rağmen, sorunun çözümü mümkün görülmemektedir. 21) . If the birth rate is not sufficiently controlled, especially in the poorer countries, the resources of the world will soon be used up. A) Doğum oranı, özellikle yoksul ülkelerde, yeterince denetim altına alınmazsa, dünya kaynakları kısa sürede tüke- necektir. B) Dünya kaynaklarının hemen tükenmemesi için yoksul ülkelerde doğum oranı denetim altına alınmalıdır. C) Yoksul ülkelerdeki doğum oranı denetlenmediği sürece, dünyanın kaynakları yetersiz kalacaktır. D) Özellikle yoksul ülkeler, doğum oranını denetim altına almadıkları için dünyadaki tüm kaynaklar kısa sürede tükenecektir. E) Dünyada doğum oranı denetim altına alınınca, kaynaklar özellikle yoksul ülkelerce kullanılacaktır. 22) . It is too early yet to tell whether the new mayor will really be able to fulfill the promises he has made. A) Henüz hiç kimse yeni belediye başkanının verdiği sözleri gerçekten yerine getirdiğini söyleyemez. B) Yeni belediye başkanının verdiği sözleri gerçekten yerine getirip getiremeyeceğini söylemek için henüz çok erken. C) Yeni belediye başkanı gerçekten o kadar çok söz verdi ki bunları yerine getirip getirmeyeceğini söylemek için daha çok erken. 627

D) Yeni belediye başkanı, verdiği sözleri yerine getirebilmesi için vaktin çok erken olduğunu söylüyor. E) Yeni belediye başkanından verdiği sözleri yerine getirmesini istemek için vakit henüz çok erken. 23) . The lately appointed head of the department has got to gain the confidence of the faculty before he can introduce any radical changes. A) Bölümde köklü değişiklikleri başlatmak üzere atanan yen bölüm başkanı, öncelikle öğretim üyelerinin desteğine gerek duydu. B) Yeni atanan bölüm başkanı, öncelikle öğretim üyelerinir güvenini kazanmaya çalışarak bir değişiklik yarattı. C) Yeni atanan bölüm başkam, köklü değişiklikler başlatmadan önce öğretim üyelerinin güvenini kazandı. D) Yeni atanan bölüm başkanı, köklü değişiklikler başlatmadan önce öğretim üyelerinin güvenini kazanmak zorundadır. E) Öncelikle öğretim üyelerinin desteğini isteyen yeni bölüm başkanı, önemli değişikliklere daha sonra başladı. 24) . As Dr. Fawcett has demonstrated in his latest article, it is the underdeveloped countries that have been worst hit by the economic recession. A) Son makalesinde Dr. Fawcett'in belirttiği gibi, az gelişmiş ülkelerdeki ekonomik durgunluğun etkisi çok yaygındır. B) Dr. Fawcett, son yazısında, ekonomik bunalımların en az gelişmiş ükelerdeki yaşandığını öne sürdü. C) Dr. Fawcett'in son makalesinde de belirttiği gibi, azgelişmiş ülkeler ekonomik durgunluktan en çok etkilenenelerin başında geliyor. D) Ekonomik bunalım nedeniyle ekonomileri sarsılan az gelişmiş ülkeler Dr. Fawcett'in son makalesine konu oldular. E) Son makalesinde Dr. Fawcett'in açıkladığı gibi ekonomik durgunluktan en kötü biçimde etkilenenler, az gelişmiş ülkelerdir. 25) . In our era many major bridges have been constructed around the world, but the biggest problems bridge engineers have been facing today are those of maintenance and repair. A) Çağımızda dünyada pek çok büyük köprü inşa edilmiştir, ancak bugün köprü mühendislerinin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlar bakım ve onarım sorunlarıdır. B) Bugün dünyada pek çok köprü inşa edilmektedir, fakat bakım ve onarım sorunları, köprü mühendislerinin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlar arasındadır. C) Her ne kadar çağımızda pek çok köprü inşa edilmişse de köprü mühendislerinin 628

karşılaştığı en önemli sorunlar arasında bakım ve onarım sorunlan bulunmaktadır. D) Çağımız dünyasında pek çok köprünün inşası mümkün olmuştur, ancak bakım ve onarım ile ilgili sorunlar, köprü mühendislerini en çok meşgul eden sorunlardır. E) Çağımızda pek çok büyük köprüler inşa edilebilmektedir, fakat köprü mühendislerini en çok uğraştıran sorunlar, bakım ve onarım ile ilgili sorunlardır. TRANSLATION TEST – 30 1) . The site of Troy was first discovered in 1870 by the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and later excavations have distinguished nine strata of settlements. A) Alman arkeolog Heinrich Schliemann tarafından ilk kez 1870'te keşfedilen Truva'nın yerinde dokuz ayrı yerleşim katmanı olduğu çeşitli kazılarla ispat edilmiştir. B) Bir Alman arkeolog olarak Heinrich Schliemann, 1870'te Truva'nın yerini ilk bulan kişidir ve daha sonra yapılan kazılarda burada dokuz ayrı yerleşim seviyesini ortaya çıkarmıştı. C) Truva'nın yerini 1870'te ilk bulan kişi, bir Alman arkeolog olan Heinrich Schliemann'dır ve burada yapılan kazılar dokuz yerleşim katmanını ortaya çıkarmıştır. D) Çeşitli kazılarda dokuz ayrı yerleşim katmanına sahip olduğu anlaşılan Truva'nın yerini, Alman Heinrich Schliemann 1870'te keşfetmiştir. E) Truva'nın yeri, ilk kez 1870'te bir Alman arkeolog olan Heinrich Schliemann tarafından bulunmuştur ve daha sonraki kazılar dokuz yerleşim katmanını belirlemiştir. 2) . When General Franco died late in 1975 after a prolonged illness, his dictatorship, which had lasted for years, at last came to an end. A) General Franco'nun ağır bir hastalıktan sonra 1975 sonunda ölmesi üzerine uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü de son buldu. B) General Franco, uzun süren bir hastalıktan sonra 1975 sonlarında ölünce, yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğü nihayet sona erdi. C) General Franco'nun uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü, onun 1975 yılı sonunda amansız bir hastalıktan ölümü üzerine sona erdi. D) General Franco'nun yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğünün sona ermesi, onun 1975 sonunda nedeni bilinmeyen bir hastalıktan ölümü ile olmuştur. E) General Franco 1975 yılı sonunda tedavisi mümkün olmayan bir hastalıktan ölünce, onun yıllar süren diktatörlüğü de son bulmuş oldu. 3) . In April 1983 in Italy the Fanfani administration faced a serious crisis when Craxi, the socialist leader, withdrew from the four-party coalition A) Nisan 1983'te İtalya'da sosyalistlerin lideri Craxi'nin dört partili koalisyondan vazgeçmesi üzerine, Fanfani yönetiminde çok ağır bir bunalım ortaya çıktı. B) 1983 Nisan'ında İtalya'da, sosyalist lider Craxi'nin dört partili koalisyonu terketmesi, 629

Fanfani yönetimini ağır bir bunalımla karşı karşıya bıraktı. C) İtalya'da sosyalist rider Craxi, 1983 Nisan'ında dört partinin oluşturduğu koalisyondan vazgeçince, Fanfani yönetimi ciddi bir bunalımın içine girdi. D) Nisan 1983'te İtalya'da, sosyalist lider Craxi dört partili koalisyondan çekilince, Fanfani yönetimi ciddi bir bunalımla karşılaştı. E) 1983 Nisan'ında İtalya'da Fanfani yönetiminin ciddi bir bunalıma girmesine, sosyalist lider Craxi'nin dörtlü koalisyondan ayrılması yol açtı. 4) . Lately, one of the research areas that geophysicists have been seriously concerned with has been the conditions of collision between oceanic and continental plates. A) Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasında çarpışmalara yol açan koşullar, son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak üzerinde durdukları bir araştırma alanıdır. B) Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmaların koşulları son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin yakından ilgilendiği bir araştırma alanı olmuştur. C) Son zamanlarda, jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak ilgilendikleri araştırma alanlarından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmanın koşulları olmuştur. D) Jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda önemle üzerinde durdukları araştırma konularından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakalarının, çarpışmasına neden olan koşullardır. E) Okyanus ve kıta plakalarının çarpışmasına neden olan koşullar, jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda ciddi olarak ele aldıklan araştırma konulardan biri olmuştur. 5) . Sri Lanka, which was originally called Ceylon, became an independent state by the Ceylon independence Act of 1947, which came into force on 4 February 1948. A) 4 Şubat 1948'te yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası Uyarınca, başlangıçtan beri Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka bağımsız bir ülke olmuştur. B) 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası, 4 Şubat 1948 de yürürlüğe girmiş ve böylece daha önce Seylan adını taşıyan Sri Lanka bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. C) Daha önce Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka, 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur. D) Başlangıçta Seylan adını taşıyan Sri Lanka, 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. E) Önceleri Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka'nın bağımsızlığına kavuşması, 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe konan 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile mümkün olmuştur. 6) . The Nigerian civil war broke out in July 1967, following the secession of the Eastern Region, commonly known as Biafra. A) Nijerya iç savaşı genelde Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine Temmuz 1967'de patlamıştır. B) Herkes tarafından Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu bölgesinin ayrılması, Temmuz 1967'de Nijerya'da bir iç savaşın patlamasına yol açmıştır. 630

C) Temmuz 1967'de Nijerya iç savaşının patlaması, Biafra olarak adlandırılan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması sonucu olmuştur. D) Nijerya'da Biafra denilen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine Temmuz 1967'de bir iç savaş çıkmıştı. E) Nijerya iç savaşı genellikle Biafra olarak tanımlanan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrı bir devlet olması sonucu çıkmıştır. 7) . During the 1960s in Namibia, nationalist sentiment began to grow among the native tribes, and several political parties were formed including the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). A) 1960'lı yılllarda Namibya'daki yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik akımı gelişmeye başlayınca, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO). da dahil bir çok siyasi parti ortaya çıkmıştır. B) 1960'lı yıllarda Namibya'da yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusu artmaya başladı ve Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilata (SWAPO.) dahil birçok siyasi parti kuruldu. C) 1960'lı yılllardan bu yana Namibya'da milliyetçilik duygusunun yerli kabileler arasında giderek artması sonucu, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO.) dahil pek çok siyasi partinin kurulduğu görülmüştür. D) 1960'lardan itibaren Namibya'da Güney Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO.) dahil birçok partinin ortaya çıkması, yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusunun güçlenmesi sonucu olmuştur. E) Namibya'da Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil çok sayıda siyasi partinin kurulması, 1960'lı yıllarda yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçiliğin oldukça yaygın olmasına bağlıdır. 8) . From the report it is understood that, as total incomes in the economy expand, there is a common increase in the demand for goods and services including imports. A) Rapordan, ekonomideki toplam gelirlerin büyümesine paralel olarak, hem ithalata hem de mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte genel, bir artış meydana geleceği açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. B) Rapordan, ekonomide toplam gelirlerin büyümesi sonucu, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte büyük bir patlama olacağı açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. C) İthalatla beraber mal ve hizmetlere olan talepteki büyük artışın ekonomideki toplam gelirlerde görülen büyümenin sonucu olduğu rapordan anlaşılmaktadır. D) Ekonomide toplam gelirler ne kadar büyürse, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talebin o kadar artacağı hususu rapordan en iyi şekilde anlaşılmaktadır. E) Rapordan, ekonomide toplam gelirler büyüdükçe, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere ilişkin talepte de genel bir artış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 9) . In Britain, after 1945, the maintenance of full employment was accepted by all political parties as the main objective of economic policy. 631

A) 1945'ten sonra İngiltere'de tam istihdamın sağlanması, tüm siyasi partilerce ekonomik politikanın birinci hedefi olarak kabul edilmiştir. B) 1945'ten sonra İngiltere'de tüm siyasi partilerin izlediği ekonomik politikanın temel hedefi, istihdamı sağlamak olarak belirlenmiştir. C) İngiltere'de istihdamın tam olarak sağlanması, 1945'ten sonra tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikaların en önemli hedefi olmuştur. D) 1945'ten sonra İngiltere'de tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikanın öncelikli hedefi, istihdamın tam olarak sağlanması olmuştur. E) İstihdamın tam olarak sağlanması, İngiltere'de tüm siyasi partilerin 1945'ten sonra uyguladıkları ekonomik politikaların başlıca hedefi olarak görülmüştür. 10) . Sooner or later a time comes when a rapid increase in the population of a country exceeds the usual supply of food. A) Böyle giderse, bir süre sonra ülke nüfusundaki hızlı artış yıllık gıda arzını çok geride bırakır. B) Ne yazık ki bir gün ülke nüfusundaki bu hızlı artış yıllık gıda üretimini aşacak. C) Bir zaman gelecek ki ülkedeki hızlı nüfus artışını karşılamak için gıda üretimi normalin üzerine çıkacak. D) Eninde sonunda bir zaman gelir ki bir ülkenin nüfusundaki hızlı artış normal gıda arzını geçer. E) Şöyle veya böyle bir gün gelir ki ülkenin normal gıda arzı hızlı nüfus artışını karşılayamaz hale gelir. 11) . Very few of the participants realized that there had been a change in the order of the items on the agenda. A) Gündem maddelerinin sıralanmasında yapılan değişikliği katılanlardan çok azı fark etti. B) Gündemdeki maddelerin sırasında bir değişiklik yapılmış olduğunu katılanlardan çok azı fark etti. C) Katılanlardan birkaçının uyarısı üzerine gündem maddelerinin sırasında bir değişiklik yapıldı. D) Katılanlardan birkaçı, maddelerin gündemdeki sırasında bir değişiklik olup olmadığına baktılar. E) Katılan bazı üyeler, maddelerin gündemdeki sırasında yapılan değişikliği dikkatle incelediler. 12) . She put off replying to the letter until she had fully studied the matter and determined the policy to be followed. A) Konuyu iyice inceleyip izlenecek politikayı saptayana kadar mektuba cevap vermeyi erteledi. B) Konuyu iyice inceleyip izlenecek politikaya karar verdikten sonra mektup cevap 632

vermeyi uygun buldu. C) Mektubu cevaplamayı bir kenara bırakıp sadece konu ile ilgilendi ve izlenecek politikayı saptadı. D) Konuyu tam olarak inceleyip benimsenecek politikayı belirlemeden mektuba cevap vermek istemedi. E) Ancak sorun iyice tartışılıp izlenilecek politika belirlenince, mektubu cevaplamayı kabul etti.

13) . Most critics maintain that the effect of Freud on literature has been no greater than the effect of literature on Freud. A) Freud'un edebiyat üzerindeki ve edebiyatın da Freud üzerindeki etkileri pek çok eleştirmence ele alınmıştır. B) Freud'un edebiyat üzerindeki ve edebiyatın da Freud üzerindeki etkileri pek çok eleştirmenin dikkatini çekmiştir. C) Eleştirmenlerin çoğu, edebiyatın Freud üzerindeki etkisinin Freud'un edebiyat üzerindeki etkisi kadar olmadığı görüşünü taşır. D) Çoğu eleştirmen, Freud'un edebiyat üzerindeki etkisinin edebiyatın Freud üzerindeki etkisinden daha büyük olmadığı görüşündedir. E) Çoğu eleştirmenin belirttiği gibi, Freud'un edebiyata yaptığı etki, edebiyatın Freud'a yaptığı kadar büyüktür. 14) . Originally, humanism was a concept used to identify the education based upon the ancient Greek and Latin classics. A) Hümanizm kavramının temelinde, öncelikle eski Yunan ve Latin klasiklerine dayalı bir eğitim anlayışı vardır. B) Esas itibariyle, hümanizm eski Yunan ve Latin klasiklerini de içine alan bir eğitim anlayışını tamamlamak için kullanılıyordu. C) Hümanizm, ilk kez eski Yunan ve Latin klasiklerinde eğitime dayalı olarak tanımlanmış, bir kavramdır. D) Özgün anlamıyla hümanizm, eski Yunan ve Latin klasiklerini kapsayan bir eğitim yaklaşımıdır ve bu amaçla kullanılmıştır. E) Başlangıçta, hümanizm eski Yunan ve Latin klasiklerine dayalı eğitimi tanımlamak için kullanılan bir kavramdı. 15) . Mozart started his career from a point that all the other composers of his time were desperately trying to get to. A) Mozart döneminin öteki bestecileri, onun mesleğine başladığı noktaya ulaşmak için olağanüstü gayret göstermiştir. 633

B) Mozart'ın mesleğine başladığı nokta, döneminin öteki bestecilerinin her ne pahasına olursa olsun varmaya çalıştıkları noktadır. C) Mozart, mesleğine, çağının tüm diğer bestecilerinin canını dişine takarak ulaşmaya çalıştığı bir noktadan başlamıştır. D) Kendi döneminin bestecilerinin hiçbir zaman ulaşamayacağı bir noktayı, Mozart, mesleğinin başlangıcı olarak almıştır. E) Mozart'ın mesleğinin başlangıç noktası, kendi döneminin tüm bestecilerinin mutlaka varmaya çalıştıkları noktadır. 16) . In underdeveloped tropical countries there are a lot of diseases associated with the absence of effective health measurement. A) Az gelişmiş tropik ülkelerde, yeterli sağlık önlemlerinin alınmaması sonucu pek çok hastalık ortaya çıkmıştır. B) Az gelişmiş tropikal ülkelerde, etkili sağlık önlemlerinin yokluğuna bağlı pek çok hastalık vardır. C) Az gelişmiş tropikal ülkelerde pek çok hastalık için etkili sağlık önlemleri alınmamaktadır. D) Alman sağlık önlemleri herhangi bir etki sağlamadığı için az gelişmiş tropikal ülkelerde çeşitli hastalıklar görülmektedir. E) Az gelişmiş tropikal ülkelerdeki pek çok hastalık etkili sağlık önlemlerinin alınmamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. 17) . Magazine advertising charges are based, to a very great extent, on a magazine's circulation guarantee; the larger the guarantee, the higher the charge per ad. A) Dergi reklam ücretleri, çok büyük ölçüde, derginin tiraj güvencesine dayanır, güvence ne kadar büyükse reklam başına ücret de o kadar yüksektir. B) Derginin reklam ücretleriyle tirajları arasında çok büyük bir ilişki vardır;derginin tirajı arttıkça reklam ücretleri de artar. C) Reklam gelirleri, büyük Ölçüde, dergilerin tiraj güvencesine bağlıdır; tirajın artması reklam gelirlerinin de artmasını sağlar. D) Dergiler, reklam ücretlerini tirajlarına bağlı olarak belirler; bir derginin tirajının giderek artması, reklam ücretlerinin yükselmesine yol açar. E) Dergi reklam ücretlerinin belirlenmesinde en önemli ölçü tiraj garantisidir; bu garanti arttıkça reklam ücretleri de yükselir. 18) . In the Ottoman Empire, whatever a man's race or birthplace might have been, he was always considered eligible for government service, provided that he utterly conformed to the principles of the Empire. A) Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kişinin ırkı ve doğum yeri ne olursa olsun, esas olan İmparatorluğun ilkelerine tam bağlılık ve devlete her koşulda hizmet etmekti. 634

B) Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda bir kişinin ırkı ve doğum yeri ne olursa olsun, ondan daima imparatorluğun ilkelerine kesinlikle uyması ve devlet hizmetine hazır bulunması beklenirdi. C) Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kişi, ırk, veya doğum yeri ne olursa olsun, İmparatorluğun ilkelerine mutlak olarak uyması koşuluyla, devlet hizmetine her zaman uygun görülürdü. D) Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda imparatorluk ilkelerine tam olarak uyan kişiler, ırklarına ve doğum yerlerine bakılmaksızın devlet hizmetlerinden yararlandırılırlardı. E) Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda, devlet hizmetine adaylıkta kişinin ırk ve doğum yeri değil, İmparatorluğun mutlak ilkeleri önemli idi. 19) . It is obvious that, in the design of space shuttle, the heat capac ity of the substance forming the surface on which the rays will fall is of crucial significance. A) Bir uzay mekiğinin tasarımında, üzerine ışınların düşeceği yüzeyi oluşturan maddenin ısı kapasitesinin hayati önem taşıdığı açıktır. B) Bir uzay mekiğinin yapımında, ışınlan yansıtacak yüzeyi oluşturan maddenin ısı kapasitesi hayati önem taşır. C) Uzay mekiğinin yapımında kullanılan maddenin, ışınların düşeceği yüzeyin ısı kapasitesi bakımından hayati önem taşıdığı açıktır. D) Açıkça görülmektedir ki uzay mekiğinin projesinde üzerine ışınların düşeceği maddenin ısı kapasitesine çok önem verilmiştir. E) Üzerine ışınların düşeceği yüzey ve bu yüzeyi oluşturan maddenin ısı kapasitesi, bir uzay mekiğinin tasarımında hayati önem taşır.

20) . The greatest failure of many rich countries has been to leave their future economies to chance. A) Pek çok ülke, hatalann en büyüğünü yaparak ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayı ihmal etmiştir. B) Pek çok zengin ülkenin ekonomisi, gelecek için hazırlıksız yakalanarak büyük sarsıntı geçirmiştir. C) Ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamayan ülkeler, zengin olma şansını kaçırmışlardır. D) Zengin ülkelerin çoğunun en büyük hatası, ekonomilerini geleceğe hazırlamamak olmuştur. E) Çoğu zengin ülkenin en büyük başarısızlığı, gelecekteki ekonomilerini şansa bırakmaları olmuştur. 21) . On the contrary, many Southern European countries have made great strides in child 635

care. A) Öte yandan, Güney Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda çocuk bakımı önemli sorunların kaynağı olmuştur. B) Öte yandan, Güney Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğu çocuk bakımından büyük ölçüde gerilemiştir. C) Çoğu Güney Avrupa ülkesinin tersine, çocuk bakımından önemli gelişmeler kaydettik. D) Aksine, çok sayıda Güney Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakımında büyük adımlar atmıştır. E) Aksine, çoğu Güney Avrupa ülkesi çocuk bakımdan büyük zorluklarla karşılaş mistir. 22) . Some scientists suspect that changes in ocean circulation may have led to abrupt climate shifts in the past. A) Bazı bilim adamları, okyanus akıntısmdaki değişikliklerin geçmişte ani iklim değişmelerine yol açmış olabileceğinden şüpheleniyorlar. B) Bazı bilim adamları, geçmişteki ani iklim değişikliklerinin okyanus akıntısmdaki değişmeden kaynaklandığına inanmıyorlar. C) Bazı bilim adamları, geçmişte okyanus akıntısında görülen değişikliklerin iklim değişmelerinden kaynaklanmış olabileceği düşüncesindeler. D) Bazı bilim adamları, okyanus akıntısını değiştiren etkenin geçmişteki ani iklim değişiklikleri olduğundan şüpheleniyorlar. E) Bazı bilim adamları, okyanus akmtısmdaki değişikliklerin geçmişteki ani iklim değişmeleriyle aynı zamanda olduğundan emin değiller. 23) . The success of the new company in the bitterly competitive global market will depend on its ability to keep costs down. A) Böylesine amansız bir rekabet ortamında yeni bir şirketin dünya pazarında başarılı olması, maliyetleri daha düşük tutabilmesine bağlıdır.. B) Yeni şirketin başarısı, dünya pazarındaki acımasız rekabete rağmen maliyetleri düşürebilmesine bağlı olacak. C) Yeni şirketin amansız bir rekabetin hüküm sürdüğü dünya pazarındaki başarısı, maliyetleri düşük tutabilmesine bağlı olacak. D) Dünya pazarındaki amansız rekabet göz önüne alındığında, yeni şirketin başarısı maliyetleri düşük tutmanın önemim kavramasına bağlı olacak. E) Yeni şirketin başarısı, dünya pazarındaki acımasız ortamına girdiğinde bile maliyetleri düşürmesinden anlaşılıyor. 24) . It remains to be seen whether expanding trade ties will lead to a development in diplomatic relations. A) Diplomatik gerginliklerin, ticari ilişkilerin gelişmesinde bir engel oluşturup oluşturmayacağını göreceğiz. B) Genişleyen ticari bağlantıların diplomatik ilişkilerde bir iyileşme sağlayıp 636

sağlamayacağı zamanla görülecek. C) Ticari bağları geliştirmenin diplomatik anlaşmazlıklara yol açıp açmayacağı zamanla görülecek. D) Genişleyen ticari bağlantının diplomatik sorunlara yol açıp açmayacağını araştırmak gerekiyor. E) Diplomatik ilişkileri geliştirmenin ticari konularda anlaşma sağlayıp sağlamayacağını zaman gösterecek. 25) . Even companies that cannot reuse their waste products are learning to minimize the impact they have on the environment. A) Atıklarından kurtulamayan şirketler de onları çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kullanmayı öğreniyor. B) Atıklarını kullanamayan kuruluşlar da çevreye verdikleri zararı en aza indirmeyi öğreniyor. C) Atıklarını yeniden .kullanamayan şirketler bile, onların çevre üzerindeki etkisini en aza indirmeyi öğreniyor. D) Atıklardan kurtulamayan şirketler de hiç değilse çevreye verecekleri zararı azaltmayı öğreniyor. E) Atıklarım satma yolu bulamayan şirketler de onlardan çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde kurtulmayı öğreniyor. TRANSLATION TEST – 31 1) . He recommends that universities revise their priorities in order to help achieve important national goals. A) Ulusal hedeflere ulaşmada, ancak önceliklerini değiştiren üniversitelerin önemli katkıda bulunabileceğini belirtiyor. B) Önemli ulusal hedeflere ulaşılmasına yardımcı olacak öncelikleri üniversitelerin belirlemelerini öneriyor. C) Ulusal açıdan önemli hedeflere ulaşmada yardımcı olmak isteyen üniversitelerin, önceliklerini buna göre belirlemelerini öneriyor. D) Ulusal hedeflere ulaşmada başarı sağlanması için, üniversitelerin gereksinimlerine öncelik tanınmasının önemli olduğunu belirtiyor. E) Önemli ulusal hedeflere ulaşılmasını sağlamak için üniversitelerin kendi önceliklerini gözden geçirmelerini öneriyor. 2) . Even though the satellites have a life span of only three to five years, NASA intends to benefit from them for a longer period. A) Her ne kadar uydular yalnızca üç ile beş yıllık bir ömre sahipseler de NASA bunlardan daha uzun bir süre için yararlanmayı amaçlıyor. 637

B) Uydularda ancak üç ile beş yıl yaşanabildiğinden NASA bunlan daha faydalı bir hale getirmeyi planlıyor. C) Uydulardan ancak üç ile beş yıl yararlanıldığı anlaşıldığından NASA bunları göndermeyi durdurmak niyetinde. D) Uydulann ömrünün üç ile beş yıl olduğunun anlaşılmasına rağmen NASA hala bunlardan daha uzun bir süre yararlanılabileceğini savunuyor. E) NASA, ömrü yalnızca üç ile beş yıl olduğu anlaşılan uydulardan daha uzun süre yararlanabilme yollarını arıyor. 3) . The prospects of an everlasting peace depend on how well the interim arrangements can be made to work. A) Sürekli barışın sağlanması, geçici anlaşmaların bozulmaması için gösterilecek çabaya bağlı olacaktır. B) Sürekli barış umudu, ara düzenlemelerin ne kadar iyi işletilebileceğine bağlıdır. C) Geçici anlaşmalara ne ölçüde uyulursa, sürekli barış sağlanması olasılığı da o kadar artacaktır. D) Kalıcı bir barış umudu, geçici düzenlemelerin ne kadar işe yarayacağına bağlıdır. E) Barışın sürekli olup olmayacağı, iyi niyet çabalarının karşılıklı, olarak sürdürülmesine bağlıdır. 4) . The fact that you can understand this sentence doesn't prove that you are literate. A) Gerçek şu ki böyle bir cümle kurabilmiş olmanız okuryazar olduğunuzun kanıtı olamaz. B) Gerçek şu ki bu cümleyi anlamakla edebiyat bilginizi kanıtlamış olmazsınız. C) Gerçek şu ki bu cümlenin anlamını çözebilmiş olmanız aydın olduğunuzu kanıtlamaz. D) Bu cümleyi anlayabilmeniz okuryazar olduğunuzu kanıtlamaz. E) Bu cümledeki gerçeği görebilmeniz okuryazar olduğunuzun kanıtı değildir. 5) . We believe the only way to make regulations work is to make them mandatory. A) Çalışma sırasında kuralların düzenli olarak uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyoruz. B) Kanımızca, kuralların işlemesini sağlamanın tek yolu onları zorunlu kılmaktır. C) Düzenli bir çalışmanın ancak gerekli kuralların uygulanmasıyla mümkün olacağına inanıyoruz. D) Kuralların, ancak zorunlu hallerde uygulanması gerektiğine inanıyoruz. E) Kanımızca, ancak kurallar uygulandığı takdirde düzenli bir çalışma yapılabilir. 6) . The results are especially worrying because many employers are now looking for people with a good knowledge of mathematics. A) Sonuçların özellikle üzücü olan yanı şu ki çoğu işveren, başvuranların daha iyi matematik bilgisine sahip olmaları gerektiğini belirtmiş. 638

B) Sonuçlar özellikle şaşırtıcı çünkü şimdi çoğu işveren iyi matematik bilgisine sahip kişilere gereksinimi duyuyor. C) Sonuçlar özellikle önemli, çünkü işverenlerin çoğu şimdi işçilerinin daha iyi matematik bilmesini istiyor. D) Sonuçlar özellikle endişe verici, çünkü şimdi pek çok işveren iyi matematik bilgisine sahip kişiler arıyor. E) Sonuçlar özellikle ürkütücü çünkü işverenlerin çoğu artık sadece iyi matematik bilgisine sahip kişilere iş veriyor. 7) . Of all the great changes in the history of the world, none has been more dramatic and more rapid than the end of colonialism. A) Dünya tarihinde görülen diğer küçük büyük değişimler, sömürgeciliğin kaldırılması kadar çarpıcı ve etkileyici olmamıştır. B) Dünya tarihindeki tüm büyük değişimlerden hiçbiri, sömürgeciliğin sona ermesinden daha çarpıcı ve daha hızlı olmamıştır. C) Dünya tarihinde, sömürgeciliğin sona ermesinden daha çarpıcı ve daha önemli başka hiçbir büyük değişim yoktur. D) Dünya tarihini incelediğinizde görüyoruz ki sömürgeciliğe son verilmesinden daha çarpıcı ve daha güç başka bir değişim yoktur. E) Dünya tarihindeki büyük değişiklikler içinde hiçbiri, sömürgeciliğin tamamen kaldırılması kadar çarpıcı ve kapsamlı değildir. 8) . Anyone who commits a crime anywhere in the country nowadays becomes known to everyone the very next day through media. A) Ülkenin değişik yerlerinde cinayet işleyen herhangi biri ertesi gün medya tarafından bilinir. B) Ülkenin herhangi bir yerinde suç işleyen biri, günümüzde, medya sayesinde hemen ertesi gün herkes tarafından tanınıyor. C) Bugünlerde ülkede suç işleyen herhangi bir kimse bir sonraki gün gazetelerde teşhir ediliyor. D) Ülkenin neresinde olursa olsun, bugünlerde herhangi bir kimsenin işlediği bir suç medya tarafından bilinir. E) Suç işleyen herhangi bir kimse medya tarafından bir sonraki gün herkese tanıtılır. 9) . Examples help the reader move from the abstract to the concrete levels and thus visualize the writer's point. A) Örnekler, okurun soyut kavramlardan somut kavramlara geçişine yardım eder ve böylece kişi yazarın görüşünü gözünde canlandırabilir. B) Örnekler, okurun soyut ve somut düzeyler arasındaki hareketine imkan verirken kişi, yazarın görüşünün adeta bir görüntüsünü kafasında canlandırır. 639

C) Örnekler okuru soyut ve somut kavramlar arasında gezdirirken o kişi yazarın görüşüne boyutlandırabilir. D) Okur soyut kavramdan somut olanlara geçerken örneklerden yardım alır ve böylece yazarın görüşünü gözünde canlandırır. E) Örneklerle, okur soyut ve soyut kavramları daha iyi idrak eder ve böylece yazarın görüş açısını görebilir. 10) . Is rescuing the life of a living creature any different from, say, preventing a tree from being chopped down where the rights to live are concerned? A) Bir canlının hayatını kurtarmakla, sözgelimi, bir ağacı kesilmekten kurtarma arasında yaşam hakkına saygı bakımından ne fark olabilir? B) Yaşam hakkı ön plana çıktığında, canlının hayatını kurtarmakla bir ağacı kesilmekten kurtarma arasında bir fark var mıdır? C) Yaşam hakkının öne çıktığı yerde, bir ağacı kesilmekten kurtarmak yaşayan bir canlının hayatını kurtarmaktan farklı mıdır? D) Sözgelimi, bir canlının hayatını kurtarmak, yaşam hakkına saygı söz konusu olunca, bir şekilde farklı mıdır? E) Yaşam hakkına saygı gösterilen bir yerde, bir canlının hayatını kurtarmak ve bir ağacı imha edilmekten kurtarmak farklı şeyler midir? 11) . Intending air crew undergo searching tests to discover whether they are by disposition and character appropriate for the work. A) Sıkı testlerden geçmeleri amaçlanan hava tayfalarında fiziksel olarak ve karakter itibariyle işe uygunluk aranıyor. B) Niyeti olan hava tayfalarının sıkı tetkik ve araştırmaya alınarak karakter ve fizik yapısı itibariyle işe uygun olup olmadıkları ortaya çıkarılıyor. C) Uçuş ekibinde görev almak isteyenler karakter ve fizik olarak işe uygun olup olmadıklarının anlaşılması için sıkı testlerden geçiyorlar. D) Uçuş ekibi, araştırma testlerinden geçmeyi amaçlayarak işe karakter ve fizik yapısı itibariyle uygun olup olmadıklarının anlaşılmasını istiyor. E) Uçuş ekibi, karakter ve fizik olarak uygunlukları anlaşılabilsin diye sıkı testlerden geçmeye niyet etmişler. 12) . Thatcher, who came to power in 1979, instantly curtailed the freedom of authorities to determine their own levels of spending. A) Thatcher 1979'da iktidara gelir gelmez yerel yönetimlerin harcama özgürlüğünü tamamen ortadan kaldırmaya karar verdi. B) Thatcher 1979'da iktidara geldiğinde, yerel yönetimlerin kendi harcama düzeylerini belirleme özgürlüğünü derhal kaldırdı. C) Yerel yönetimlerin kendi harcama düzeylerini belirleme özgürlüğü, Thatcher'in 1979'da 640

iktidara gelmesiyle son buldu. D) 1979 yılında iktidara gelen Thatcher, yerel yönetimlerin kendi harcamalarını belirleme özgürlüğünü hemen kısıtladı. E) Thatcher 1979'da iktidara gelince, ilk işi yerel yönetimlerin kendi bütçelerini belirleme özgürlüğünü kısıtlamak oldu. 13) . As mentioned in the introductory part of the report, New Caledonia, annexed by France in 1853 comprises New Caledonia itself and a variety of other islands in the South Pacific. A) Raporun giriş bölümünden de anlayacağınız gibi, Güney Pasifik'teki çeşitli adalardan oluşan Yeni Kaledonya, 1853 yılında Fransa tarafından ilhak edilmiştir. B) Yeni Kaledonya'nın Fransa tarafından ilhak edildiği ve Güney Pasifik'teki pek çok adadan oluştuğu, 1853'te yapılmış bir raporun giriş bölümünde belirtilmiştir. C) Yeni Kaledonya ve Güney Pasifik'teki diğer bazı adaların 1853'te ilhak edildiği, Fransızlara ait bir raporun giriş bölümünde vurgulanmıştır. D) Raporun giriş bölümünde belirtildiği gibi, 1853'te Fransa tarafından ilhak edilen Yeni Kaledonya, Yeni Kaledonya'nın kendisinden ve Güney Pasifik'teki çeşitli diğer adalardan oluşur. E) 1853'te ilhak edilen Yeni Kaledonya'nın Güney Pasifik'teki irili ufaklı pek çok adadan ve Yeni Kaledonya'nın kendisinden oluştuğu, ilk olarak bu raporda açıklanmıştır. 14) . The Nobel Foundation was founded at the beginning of the century to put into effect the wishes expressed by Alfred Nobel in his will. A) Yüzyılın başında kurulan Nobel Vakfı'nm amacı, Alfred Nobel'in vasiyetnamesindeki dileklerini hayata geçirmektir. B) Alfred Nobel'in vasiyetnamesinde ifade ettiği hedeflere ulaşmak için yüzyılın başlarında Nobel Vakfı kurulmuştur. C) Nobel Vakfı, Alfred Nobel tarafından vasiyetnamesinde ifade edilen dilekleri hayata geçirmek için yüzyılın başında kuruldu. D) Alfred Nobel tarafından hazırlanan vasiyetnamedeki dilekleri gerçekleştirebilmek amacıyla,yüzyılın başında Nobel Vakfı'nın kurulması sağlanmıştı. E) Nobel Vakfı'nm kuruluş amacı, Alfred Nobel tarafından yüzyılın başında kaleme alınan vasiyeti hayata geçirmektir. 15) . Today thousands of meteorological observation stations are in operation all over the world and supply us with estimates of a variety of atmospheric situations. A) Bugün binlerce have gözlem istasyonu tüm dünya üzerinde faaliyet göstermekte ve bize çeşitli atmosfer durumları ile ilgili tahminleri sağlamaktadır. B) Bugün dünya üzerindeki binlerce hava gözlem istasyonu atmosfer durumları ile ilgili bilgileri bize eksiksiz olarak aktarmaktadır. 641

C) Dünya üzerindeki binlerce hava gözlem istasyonundan atmosfer durumları ile ilgili günlük tahminleri elde edebilirsiniz. D) Günümüzde, atmosfer olayları ile ilgili tüm gelişmeler, yeryüzünde faaliyet gösteren binlerce have gözlem istasyonu tarafından takip edilmektedir. E) Günümüzde,atmosferde yer alan pek çok olayı, yeryüzünde faaliyet gösteren binlerce hava gözlem istasyonunun çalışmaları sayesinde öğreniyoruz. 16) . On the surface of Mars, the fourth nearest planet to the sun, one sees vast plains which have been subject to extreme rain over hundreds of millions of years. A) Mars, güneşe en yakın dördüncü gezegen olmasına rağmen, yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl büyük yağışlar, almış çok büyük ovalar göze çarpmaktadır. B) Yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl büyük sel baskınlarına maruz kalmış ovaları olan Mars, Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegendir. C) Mars, güneşe en yakın dördüncü gezegen olduğu için, yüzeyindeki çok geniş ovalar yüz milyonlarca yıl şiddetli yağmurlara maruz kalmıştır. D) Güneş'e en yakın dördüncü gezegen Mars'ın yüzeyinde, yüz milyonlarca yıl aşırı yağmura maruz kalmış geniş ovalar görülmektedir. E) Güneşe en yakın dördüncü gezegen olan Mars'ın yüzeyi, yüz milyonlarca yıl aşırı yağmura maruz kalmış sınırsız ovalardan oluşmaktadır. 17) In recent years, thousands of scientists from all over the world have taken part in a multi-purpose study of the arctic areas. A) Son yıllarda, dunyanın her tarafından binlerce bilim adami, kutup bölgeleri ile ilgili çok amaçlı bir araştırmada yer almıştır. B) Son yıllarda kutuplarla ilgili olarak yürütülen ve çeşitli amaçları içeren bir araştırmaya, dünyanın her tarafından binlerce bilim adamı katıldı. C) Dünyanın her tarafından gelen binlerce bilim adamı, kutup bölgelerine yönelik olarak son yıllarda yapılan geniş bir araştırmada görev almıştır. D) Kutupların çeşitli yönlerden araştırılması için son yıllarda dünyanın her tarafından binlerce bilim adamına görev verilmiştir. E) Kutup bölgelerinde çok yönlü bir araştırma yapmak için son yıllarda dunyanın çeşitli yerlerinden binlerce bilim adamı başvuruda bulunmuştur. 18) We can't deny the fact that the inventions and discoveries of twentieth century have altered the structure of our society a great deal. A) Yirminci yüzyılın toplum yapısı inkar edilemeyecek şekilde buluş ve keşifleri değiştirmiştir. B) Yirminci yüzyılın buluş ve icatlarının toplumumuzun yapısını büyük ölçüde değiştirdiği gerçeğini inkar edemeyiz. C) Yirminci yüzyılın buluş ve keşifleri toplumumuzu büyük ölçüde değiştirmiştir. 642

D) Yirminci yüzyılın buluşlarının toplumda değiştirildiği gerçeğini büyük ölçüde inkar edemeyiz. E) Buluş ve yeni icatların yirminci yüzyılda toplumda değişiklik yarattığını görmezlikten gelemeyiz. 19) The guest speaker maintains that science has altered the way we think about the structure of the universe. A) Konuk konuşmacıya göre, bilim sayesinde evrenin boyutlan ile ilgili görüşlerimiz temelden değişmiştir. B) Konuk konuşmacı, bilimin, evrene bakış açımızı tamamen değiştirdiğini ileri sürdü. C) Evrenle ilgili düşüncelerimiz, konuk konuşmacının da belirttiği gibi, bilimin etkisiyle büyük değişikliğe uğramıştır. D) Evrenin şekli hakkındaki düşüncelerimizin bilimle değiştiğini, konuk konuşmacı vurguladı. E) Konuk konuşmacı, bilimin, evrenin yapısına ilişkin düşünme biçiminizi değiştirdiğini ileri sürmektedir. 20) Obviously, each country ought to be entitled to know the source and size of foreign investments so as to protect its own security. A) Her ülke, kendi güvenliğini sürdürebilmek içiri, yabancı yatırımların kaynak ve amaçlarını açıkça bilmek zorundadır. B) Açıkça, her ülke, kendi güvenliğini korumak için, yabancı yatırımların kaynağını ve miktarını bilme hakkına sahip olmalıdır. C) Yabancı yatırımların kaynağı ve kapsamı, güvenlik nedeniyle her ülke tarafından açıkça bilinmelidir. D) Kendi güvenliğini korumak amacıyla, her ülke, yabancı yatırımların kaynağını ve miktarını araştırmak zorundadır. E) Her ülke, kendi güvenliğini pekiştirme amacıyla, yabancı yatırımların kaynağını ve hedeflerini açıkça belirlemek zorundadır. 21) Whether or not these programs were successful was the subject of a major debate. A) Bu programların ne derece geçerli olduğu hususu tartışma konusuydu. B) Bu programların başarılı olup olmadığı, önemli bir tartışma konusuydu. C) Bu programların başarısı, büyük bir tartışmanın konusunu oluşturuyordu. D) Bu programlarla nasıl bir başarıya ulaşılacağı konusu, büyük bir tartışmaya yol açtı. E) Bu programların başarılı bir şekilde uygulanıp uygulanmadığı konusu üst düzeyde tartışıldı. 22) Unless the nations act decisively to change the current trends, humanity is expected to face a foreseeable crisis. 643

A) Uluslar günümüzdeki eğilimleri değiştirmek için kararlı davranmazlarsa insanlığın olası bir bunalımla karşı karşıya kalması beklenebilir. B) Ulusların olası bunalımları kararlı bir biçimde kestirmesi insanlığı umutsuzluklardan kurtarabilir. C) İnsanlık kararlı davranmadıkça yaygın eğilimleri önleme olanağı bulunmayacaktır. D) İnsanlığm bunalım beklentisi olmadıkça kararlı davranışlara gerek olmayacağı açıktır. E) İnsanlığın beklentileri ve olası bunalımlar arasındaki çatışma ulusları kararlı davranmaya şevkedecektir. 23) It is anticipated that the Community is going to take three years to produce its report. A) Komisyonun raporu için üç yıla gereksinim olduğu bildiriliyor. B) Komisyonun beklediği rapor üç yıl içinde hazırlanabilir. C) Topluluğun raporunu hazırlamasının üç yıl sürmesi beklenmektedir. D) Rapor, Topluluk ile ilgili beklentileri üç yıllık bir sürede gerçekleştirebilecek biçimde değerlendiriyor. E) Raporun üç yıl içinde gerçekleşmesi Topluluğu zor durumda bırakabilir. 24) Whatever measures the government might take to encourage economic growth, there is bound to be opposition in some quarters. A) İktisadi büyümeyi sağlayabilmek için Hükümet tarafından alınan kararlar, muhalefetin tepkisini çekti. B) Bazı çevrelerin muhalefetine rağmen,Hükümet iktisadi büyümeyi hızlandırmak için bir dizi önlem aldı. C) İktisadi büyümeyi teşvik için Hükümet hangi önlemleri alırsa alsın, bazı çevrelerin muhalefet edeceği kesindir. D) Hükümetin uygulamaya koyduğu.kararlar bir yandan iktisadi büyümeyi artınrken diğer yandan muhalefetin tepki göstermesine yol açtı. E) İktisadi büyüme için Hükümetin aldığı çeşitli önlemler, bazı çevrelerin muhalefeti ile karşılaştı. 25) At the heart of the controversy is the fact that plant genes have been studied far less than those of human genes. A) Tartışmanın özünde, bitki genlerinin insan genlerinden çok daha az incelenmiş olması gerçeği yatıyor. B) İnsan genlerinin bitki genlerinden çok daha az incelenmiş olması gerçeği tartışmanın odak noktasını oluşturuyor. C) Öncelikle üzerinde durulması gereken konu şudur ki; bitki genlerinin hangi nedenle insan genlerinden çok daha az incelendiğidir. D) Konferansın odak noktasını bitki genleri üzerindeki çalışmaların insan genleri üzerindeki çalışmalardan geride kaldığı gerçeği oluşturmaktadır. 644

E) İnsan genleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların bitki genleriyle ilgili çalışmalardan çok daha az oluşu, bu incelemenin özünü oluşturmaktadır. TRANSLATION TEST – 32 1) Spokesmen for both parties have announced at a news conference which the atmosphere has been frank and cordial. A) Her iki partinin sözcüsü basın toplantısında atmosferin uygun olduğundan söz etti. B) Her iki grubun sozcüsü basin toplantisında atmosferin dostane ve içten olduğunu bildirdi. C) Her iki basin toplantısında sözcüler açık ve samimi davrandılar. D) Havanın açık olmasi basın toplantısında bulunanlar için bir rahatlık sağladı. E) Her iki partinin sözcüsü basın toplantısında son derece samimi ve dostane bir havadaydı. 2) Had he known the problems money would bring, he would have turned down the prize. A) Para getireceğini bilseydi ödülü geri çevirmezdi. B) Paraya sahip olmayi bilseydi ödül peşinden koşmazdı. C) Paranın getireceği sorunları bilseydi ödülü geri çevirirdi. D) Konuyu bilseydi parasız ödül olmadığım anlardı. E) Ödülü geri çevirmeyi bilseydi, paramn kaybettireceklerini de bilirdi. 3) Far from declining as hoped, the US trade deficit has risen further A) Amerikan ticaret açığının daha fazla yükselmeyeceği hususundaki umutlar azalmış değil. B) Umutlar bekleneni vermese de, Amerikan ticaret açığı daha da yükseliyor. C) Amerikadaki yüksek ticaret açıkları beklenenin çok üzerinde gerçekleşti. D) Beklendiği gibi düşmesi bir yana, Amerikan ticaret açığı daha da yükseldi. E) Amerikan ticaret açığı beklentilerin de ötesinde artma göstermektedir. 4) Vigorous efforts should be made to warn people against the grave effects that might stem from an excessive noisy environment. A) Aşın gürültülü çevreden ileri gelebilecek ciddi etkilere karşı insanları uyarmak için yoğun çaba harcanmalıdır. B) Çevredeki aşırı gürültü karşısında insanları uyarmak için yalnızca çaba göstermek yetmez. C) İnsanlara karşı yöneltilen ciddi uyarılar etkisini göstermezse çevre gürültüsü önlenemez. D) Aşırı derecede gürültülü çevrenin neden olabileceği tehlikeler konusundaı halk sürekli 645

olarak uyarılmalıdır. E) Halkın sürekli olarak aşırı derecede gürültülü çevrenin neden olabileceği tehlikeler konusunda uyarılması gerekir. 5) Even before the recent pause in world economic growth, the IFK could offer little solace for the unemployed. A) Dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmede gözlenen son duraklama öncesi, IFK işsizler için pek fazla umut verici olamamıştı. B) Dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmenin son durumu nedeniyle IFK işsizlik için küçük de olsa bir umut bulunduğunu belirtti. C) IFK 'nin işsizler için önerebileceği şey, dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmelerden önce anlam taşımıyor. D) IFK’ nin işsizler için sunduğu öneriler ekonomik gelişme ile birlikte uygulanırsa duraklamaya yol açmaz. E) Dünyadaki ekonomik gelişmede görülen son duraklamadan önce bile IFK işsizler için çokaz sevindirici haber verebiliyordu. 6) They forgot to turn off the bath taps, therefore now the water is overflowing. A) Banyo küvetini doldurmayı unuttular, bu yüzden şimdi su gerekiyor. B) Banyo musluğunu açmayı unutmuşlar, bu yüzden su gelmiyor. C) Banyo musluklarını kapatmayı unutmuşlar, bu yüzden şu anda sular taşıyor. D) Banyoda su boşuna akıyor, bu yüzden muslukları kapatmayı unutmak kötü birşey. E) Banyo musluklarının kapatılması unutulduğu için şu anda banyo sular altında . 7) The accord was short-lived since the new arguments began immediately. A) Anlaşma, yeni tartışmaların başlamasıyla birlikte sona erdi. B) Tartışmalar hemen başlasaydı anlaşma çabuk sona ererdi. C) Anlaşma kısa ömürlü oldu, çünkü yeni tartışmalar hemen başladı. D) Uyum olsa hemen tartışmalar başlamazdı. E) Tartışma başladığındah beri uyumun kısa ömürlü olacağı belliydi. 8) The instructor failed the student because of her sporadic attendance. A) Okutman derslere düzenli olarak gelmediğinden öğrenci başarısız oldu. B) Okutman düzensiz çalışması nedeniyle başarısız oldu. C) Devamı düzensiz olduğu için okutman öğrenciyi sınıfta bıraktı. D) Öğrenci düzensiz çalıştığı için okutmanın uyarıları işe yaramadı. E) Okutman başarısız olduğu için öğrenci de başarısız oldu. 9) The bank robber and her accomplice were captured before they left the bank. A) Banka görevlisi ve arkadaşı bankadan ayrılmadan önce görüştüler. B) Bankadan ayrılmadan önce görevli ve arkadaşı bankayı kilitlediler. 646

C) Banka soyguncusu ve suç ortağı bankadan ayrılmadan önce yakalandılar. D) Banka soyguncusu bankadan ayrılırken suç ortağı da ayrıldı. E) Banka soyguncusu ve suç ortağı bankadan çıktığı zaman yakalandılar. 10) The President was dissuaded at the last minute from proposing an international initiative to reduce barriers against West Europe's exports. A) Başkan, son anda, uluslararası bir girişimde bulunarak Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engellerin kaldırılmasını önermeye karar verdi. B) Başkan son anda görüşünü değiştirerek, Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engellerin kaldırılması için uluslararası bir girişimde bulunulmasını önerdi. C) Başkanın Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engelleri azaltmak için uluslararası bir girişimde bulunması önerisini değiştirmesi, son anda önlendi. D) Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engellerin azaltılması için uluslararası bir girişimde bulunulmasına karşı olan Başkan, son anda görüşünü değiştirdi. E) Başkan, Batı Avrupa ihracatının önündeki engelleri azaltmak için uluslararası bir girişim önermekten son anda caydırıldı. 11) After signing the contract and shaking hands, the three lawyers backed out of the agreement. A) Şarkı söyleyip el çırptıktan sonra üç avukat anlaşmayı kutladılar. B) Sözleşmeyi imzalayıp el sıkıştıktan sonra, üç avukat varılan anlaşmayı beğenmediler. C) Anlaşmayı destekleyen üç avukat daha sonra sözleşme imzaladılar, el sıkıştılar. D) Anlaşmayı imzaladıktan sonra üç avukat el sıkıştılar ve birbirlerini kutladılar. E) Sözleşmeyi imzalayıp el sıkıştıktan sonra, üç avukat anlaşmaya uymaktan vazgeçtiler. 12) Moving closer to school can both ameliorate your commuting problem and improve your social life. A) Okulun yakınında olmakla iletişim sorununu ve toplumsal ilişkileri düzene sokulabilir. B) Okulun toplumsal ilişkilerin düzenlenmesinde ve ortak sorunlann çözümlenmesinde yararları olacaktır. C) Okulun toplumsal yaşamımzla daha yakından ilgilenmesi ancak okula daha yakın olmamızla olanaklıdır. D) Okulun yakınına taşınmak hem gidiş geliş sorununuzu kolaylaştırabilir hem de toplumsal yaşantınızı düzene koyabilir. E) Okul yakınına taşınarak gidiş sorununuzu kolaylaştırabilir, böylece toplumsal yaşantımızı düzenleyebilirsiniz. 13) In a democratic country a citizen enjoys certain rights but also has certain responsibilities to the society at large. 647

A) Demokratik bir ülkede, topluma karşı sorumlulukları olan her yurttaş, belli haklar da talepeder. B) Toplumdaki her yurttaşın belli haklara sahip olması, demokratik bir ülkenin temel sorumluluğudur. C) Genel olarak, topluma karşı sorumlulukları olan bir demokratik ülke yurttaşının sahip olduğu haklar da vardır. D) Demokratik bir ülkede, bir yurttaşın topluma karşı sorumluluk taşıması ona bazı haklar da sağlar. E) Demokratik bir ülkede, bir yurttaş belli haklara sahiptir fakat aynı zamanda tüm topluma karşı da belli sorumlulukları vardır. 14) It didn't occur to her that, once she had agreed to their terms, further concessions would be inevitable. A) Aklına gelen başına gelmiş ve onların şartlarını kabulettiği anda ister istemez yeni tavizler vermek zorunda kalmıştı. B) Sonunda onlarla anlaşmaya razı olmuş fakat arkasının böyle geleceğini düşünmemişti. C) Onlarla anlaşmaya razı olduktan sonra imtiyazlar üzerinde daha fazla direteceklerini tahmin etmemişti. D) Onlar tarafından belirlenen süreleri kabulettiği anda yeni tavizler vermenin kaçınılmaz olacağı aklına gelmemişti. E) Bir kez koşullarına razı olduktan sonra başka tavizlerin kaçınılmaz olacağı aklına gelmemişti. 15) The pertinent facts were pointed out while the less significant details were hardly mentioned. A) Kimi olguların vurgulanması ayrıntıların zor anlaşılmasına yol açtı. B) Daha az önemli konular vurgulanmazken, asıl konuda da kimi ayrıntılar gözardı edildi. C) Daha az önemli ayrıntılardan hemen hiç söz edilmezken ilgili olgular vurgulandı. D) Daha az önemli konulara güçlükle yer verilirken asıl olgular yeterince vurgulanmadı. E) Konu ile ilgili gerçeklere hiç değinilmezken önemsiz ayrıntılar üzerinde duruldu. 16) Amnesty International called Saturday for an immediate ban on helicopter sales to Turkey. A) Cumartesi günü Uluslararası Af örgütü Türkiye'ye acil helikopter satışı için çağrıda bulundu. B) Dünya Af Örgütü, Cumartesi günü Türkiye'ye helikopter satışlarına derhal yasak getirilmesini önerdi. C) Dünya Af Örgütü Türkiye'ye acilen helikopter satışı için çağrıda bulundu. D) Uluslararasi Af Örgütü Türkiye'ye helikopter satışlarına derhal yasak konması için Cumartesi günü çağrıda bulundu. 648

E) Türkiye'ye acilen helikopter satılmasına yasak getiren Uluslararası Af Örgütü Cumartesi günü örgütü toplantıya çağırdı. 17) Because food is so scarce in some countries, several children die of malnutrition. A) Kimi ülkelerde yiyecek pahalı olduğundan birçok çocuk yiyecek alamadığı için ölmektedir. B) Bazı ülkelerde yiyecek çok yetersiz olduğundan birçok çocuk kötü beslenmeden ölmektedir. C) Çocukların kötü beslenmeden ölmemeleri için kimi ülkelerde yiyecek rejimi uygulanır. D) Çocukların yeterince yiyecek bulmaları amacıyla kimi ülkelerde özel önlemler alınmıştır. E) Yetersiz beslenme, pek çok ülkede çocuk ölümlerine neden olmaktadır. 18) I declined her offer of a loan, saying that I didn't like owing people money. A) Ödünç vermek istemedim, çünkü insanlara ödünç vermekten hoşlanmam. B) İnsanlara borç vermeyi sevmediğimden onun borç para talebini geri çevirdim. C) İnsanlarla borç-alacak ilişkisinden hoşlandığımı ona açıkça söyledim. D) Ondan ödünç almaya niyetim yok, çünkü ona borçlu olmaktan hoşlanmıyorum. E) İnsanlara borçlu olmaktan hoşlanrnadığımı söyleyerek onun ödünç verme önerisini geri çevirdim. 19) The goods they have on offer now are certainly invaluable A) Şu andaki önerileri şüphesiz çok değerli. B) Onların yaptığı iyilikler şu anda saymakla bitmez. C) Şu ana kadar yaptıkları iyilikler elbette unutulamaz. D) Şu günlerde satışa çıkardıkları mallar son derece değersiz. E) Şu anda satışa sunduklan mallar gerçekten paha biçilmez değerde. 20) It seems possible that, in the future, scientists are going to use a gene to make cancer cells more responsive to treatment. A) Kanser hücrelerinin gelecekte etkili bir şekilde tedavi edilebilmeleri için bilim adamları gen kullanmaya daha çok önem veriyorlar. B) Kanser hücrelerinin tedavisi için gelecekte bilim adamları tarafından daha çok sayıda gen kullanılması mümkündür. C) Gelecekte, bilim adamlarının daha çok gen kullanarak kanser hücrelerini tedavi etmeleri giderek önem kazanacaktır. D) Gelecekte, kanser hücrelerinin tedaviye daha çok cevap vermesini sağlamak için bilim adamlarının gen kullanması mümkün görülmektedir. E) Kanser hücrelerinin tedaviye daha çabuk cevap vermesini sağlamak amacıyla bilim adamları gelecekte genlerden yararlanmayı düşünüyorlar. 649

21) Owing to technological advances, our aggression is becoming more and more hazardeous. A) Teknolojik ilerlemeler yüzünden saldırganlığımız giderek daha tehlikeli hale geliyor. B) Teknolojik ilerlemeye karşın asıl tehlike giderek büyüyor. C) Teknolojik aksaklıklara karşın tehlike giderek azalıyor. D) Teknolojideki gelişmelerle birlikte tehlikeler de giderek artıyor. E) Teknolojik gelişmeler arttıkça saldırganlığımız da o boyutta artıyor. 22) Twenty per cent of flights from Gatwick is going to be delayed by two hours or more. A) Gatwick'ten yapılan uçuşların yirmide biri iki saat ya da daha çok gecikme ile yapılır. B) Gatwick'ten yapılan uçuşların yüzde yirmisi iki saat ya da daha çok gecikmeli olacaktır. C) Uçakların yüzde yirmisi Gatwick'e iki saatten daha fazla gecikme ile inecektir. D) Gecikmeli ya da gecikmesiz Gatwick'e iki saatte bir yirmiden fazla uçak inmektedir. E) Gatwick 'e yapılacak uçuşların yüzde yirmisi iki saat ya da daha fazla süre gecikmeli olacaktır. 23) Underground water reserves are much larger than those on the surface,however as they are unseen we tend to underestimate them A) Yeraltı su kaynaklan, yerüstündeki kaynaklarla karşılaştırılamayacak kadar büyük olmasına rağmen bunun değerini kavrayamıyoruz. B) Su altındaki kaynaklar düşündüğümüzden çok daha zengindir, ancak görünmediklerinden gerçek değerlerini bilmiyoruz. C) Su altındaki kaynakları göremediğimizden gerçek büyüklüklerini bilmiyoruz. D) Su yüzeyinde suyun altındakilerden çok daha değerli varlıklar vardır ama gözle görülmediklerinden değerlerini bilmiyoruz. E) Yeraltı su kaynakları yerüstündekilerden çok daha büyüktür, ancak görünmediklerinden onları daha küçük olarak düşünürüz. 24) She is not capable of taking on such a responsibility. A) Yeteneği, böylesine bir sorumluluğu taşıyamaz. B) Böyle bir sorumluluk yetenekli olmasını gerektirir. C) Böyle bir durumda yeteneği olduğu söylenemez. D) Böyle bir sorumluluğu yüklenecek yeteneği yok. E) Böyle bir sorumluluk için yetenek gerektiğini sanmıyor. 25) She lay on the ground momentarily, trying to get enough energy to pick herself. A) Bir an için yere uzandı ve yerdeki bir şeyi almaya çalıştı. B) Dakikalarca yerde yattı ve kendini toplamak için güç kazanmaya çalıştı. C) Enerjisini toplamak için bir dakika yerde uzanıp kaldı. 650

D) Kalkmak için yeterli güç toplamaya çalışarak kısa bir süre yerde uzandı kaldı. E) Yere bir anlık uzanması ayağa kalkmak için yeterli enerjiyi toplamasını sağladı. TRANSLATION TEST – 33 1) She was undaunted by the prospect effacing such a large audience. A) Böyle bir kalabalıkla karşı karşıya gelmemişti. B) Kalabalığın büyüklüğü yüzünden ürktüğü söylenebilirdi. C) Böyle kalabalık bir seyirci ile karşı karşıya kalma olasılığı hiç de uzak sayılmazdı. D) Böyle kalabalık bir seyirci ile karşı karşıya kalma olasılığı onu ürkütmüyordu. E) Karşısında böylesine büyük bir kalabalık görünce çok şaşırdı. 2) Jim put into practice some of the techniques advocated in the seminar. A) Jim, seminerde uygulamak için kimi teknikler önerdi. B) Jim'in uyguladığı teknikler seminerde önerilmişti. C) Jim, seminerde savunulan yöntemlerin bazılarını uyguladı. D) Jim'in kimi uygulamalarına seminerde karşı çıkıldı. E) Seminerde savunulan yöntemlerin bir kısmını Jim önerdi. 3) The strike at Texas' airport is over working hours, not pay. A) Aldıkları parayı çalıştıkları süreye göre az bulan Texas havaalanı personeli, greve gitti. B) Texas havaalanındaki grev ücretle değil, çalışma saatleriyle ilgili. C) Texas havaalanındaki çarpışma alandaki saatin üzerinde meydana geldi. D) Texas havaalanında, saatbaşı ücretlerin üzerinde ek ödeme yapılmaz. E) Texas havaalanındaki ödemeler saatbaşı hesabıyla yapılır. 4) Advertisers are aware that it is as much in their own interest as it is in the public's that honesty should be seen to prevail. A) Dürüstlüğün kamuoyu üzerinde ne derece etkili olduğunun bilinmesi, reklamcıların da yararına bir olgu olduğu bilinmektedir. B) Reklamcılar, dürüstlüğün geçerli olduğunun görülmesinin kamu yararına olduğu kadar kendi yararlarına olduğunun bilincindedirler. C) Reklamcıların bilinci, kendi ilgileri yanında kamu yararı gözetmeleri gerektiğini de düşündürmektedir. D) Reklamcılar, kendi çıkarları için kamu yararını ve dürüstlüğü ikinci plana atmanın bilincindedirler denilebilir. E) Reklamcıların kendi çıkarları ile kamu yararını bağdaştırmaları, dürüstlüğü egemen kılmaları aracılığıyla sağlanabilir.

651

5) The team was dissappointed when the game'was called'off because of the rain. A) Yağmura rağmen maçın oynatılması takımı son derece sinirlendirdi. B) Takımın sıkıntısı yağmura rağmen oyunu oynamak zorunda olmalarından kaynaklanıyordu. C) Oyun yağmur nedeniyle iptal edilince takım hayal kırıklığına uğradı. D) Takımın protestosu ve yağmura rağmen oyuncular sahaya çağrıldı. E) Yağmur sebebiyle oyunun iptal edildiği telefonla kendilerine bildirilince takım son derece üzüldü. 6) She would have been in real trouble but for your help. A) Yardım etseniz gerçekten sıkıntıya düşmezdi. B) Yardım etmediniz, fakat gerçekten sıkıntıdaydı. C) Yardımınız olmasa gerçekten sıkıntıya düşerdi. D) Gerçekten sıkıntım olmasa yardımınızı istemezdi. E) Yardımınız olmasa sıkıntıya düşer. 7) I was told that it would be repaired free of charge but the man in the shop refuses to honour his promises. A) Bana onarımın parasız yapılacağını söylediği halde mağaza sahibi sözünü tutmak istemiyor. B) Onarımı parasız yapacağımı söyledim, ancak dükkandaki adam sözüme güvenmek istemedi. C) Bana onun serbestçe yapılacağı söylendi, ancak dükkandaki adam onurumla oynadı ve sözünü tutmadı. D) Onarım paramı vermediği için dükkandaki adamın sözüne güvenmeyi reddettim. E) Bana onun bedava onarılacağı söylendi, ancak dükkandaki adam sözünü tutmak istemiyor. 8) It is fairly unlikely that he is going to be convicted of the offence. A) Önerisinin gerçekleşmesi oldukça uzak bir olasılık gibi görünüyor. B) Onun suça yönelmesi büyük bir olasılık gibi görünmüyor. C) O suçtan dolayı hüküm giymesi oldukça uzak bir olasılık. D) Saldırıya hazırlandığmın söylenmesi oldukça uzak bir olasılık. E) Onun suçlu olduğunu söylemek haksızlık olur. 9) There are consumer protection laws that effect every retailer. A) Satıcıyı koruyan yasaların yanında perakendeciyi ilgilendirenler de vardır demek yanlış olmayacaktır. 652

B) Her perakendeciyi doğrudan etkileyen koruma yasaları vardır. C) Tüketiciyi koruma yasası tüketicileri ayrı ayrı gözetmek için yeterlidir. D) Her perakendeciyi etkileyen tüketiciyi koruma yasalan vardir. E) Her tüketiciyi koruma yasası her perakendeciyi de etkiler. 10) The slowdown in growth is expected to bring mounting problem over Texas' trade deficit. A) Texas'ın ticaret açığı, büyümedeki düşüşe paralel olarak dağ gibi artmaktadır. B) Büyümedeki yavaşlama Texas'ın uzun vadeli ticaret açıklarını tehdit etmektedir. C) Büyümedeki duraklama Texas'ın başına aşılmaz ticaret açığı sorunlan çıkarmaktadır. D) Gelişmedeki yavaşlama nedeniyle Texas'ın ticaret açıkları artmaktadır. E) Büyümedeki yavaşlamanın Texas'ın ticaret açığında giderek artan sorunlar ortaya çıkarması bekleniyor. 11) That she was dissatisfied with the outcome was clear from her subsequent remarks. A) Ortaya çıkan sorunlardan memnun olmadığı daha sonraki tutumundan anlaşıldı. B) Durum hayal kırıcıydı,zaten bunu da daha sonraki davranışlarıyla belli etmiştii. C) Sonuçtan memnun olmadığı daha sonraki sözlerinden belliydi. D) Sonuçtan memnun olmayacağı daha önceki davranışlarından da anlaşılmıştı. E) Sonuçtan memnun olmadığı daha sonraki sözleriyle, açıkça ifade etmiş olmaktadır. 12) One can hardly claim that education alone is responsible for migration from villages. A) Köyden kente göçü önlemenin belki de en geçerli yolu eğitim sorununu halletmektir. B) Köyden göçün eğitim sorunlarının başında geldiğini öne sürmek zordur. C) Eğitimdeki sorunlann küçük köylerle ilgili olduğunu öne sürmek bir yanılgıdır. D) Eğitimcinin sorumluluğu sadece küçük köyler nedeniyle artan sorunlar değildir. E) Yalnızca eğitimin köyden göçün nedeni olduğunu öne sürmek kolay olmasa gerek. 13) The goal of education is to help men and women to make the most of their talents and their lives. A) Eğitimin amacı, çok sayıda kadın ve erkeği hayatları boyunca eğitmektir. B) Eğitimin en önemli amacı, kadın ve erkeklerin yaşam boyunca yetenekleri doğrultusunda eğitilmeleridir. C) Eğitimin belli başlı amacı, kadın ve erkeklerin yaşamdan en üst düzeyde yararlanmalarını sağlamaktır. D) Eğitimin amacı, erkek ve kadınlara, yeteneklerinden ve yaşamlarından en üst düzeyde yararlanmaları için yardımcı olmaktır. E) Eğitimin amacı, kadın ve erkeklere yaşamları boyunca yeteneklerini artırmalarında yardımcı olmaktır.

653

14) Having lost the election, the presidential candidate intends to support the opposition inspite of the objection of his supporters. A) Başkan adayı, seçimi kaybetmesinin arkasından taraftarlarının itirazlarına rağmen muhalefeti desteklemeyi düşünüyor. B) Son seçimde başkan adayı, itirazlara karşın, muhalefet adayıyla birlikte hareket etti. C) Muhaliflerinin itirazlarına karşın başkan adayı seçimi kaybetmeyeceğini öne sürdü. D) Başkan adayı seçimi kaybedince, itirazlara karşın, muhalefette kalmayı yeğledi. E) Başkan adayı seçimi kaybedince, kendini destekleyenlerin karşı çıkmalarına karşın, muhalefeti desteklemek istiyor. 15) As long as the level of service offered by buses and the railway network continues to decline, travellers are going to opt for car. A) Otobüslerin servis kalitesindeki düşüşler devam ettiği sürece, yolcuların tren ya da otomobili tercih etmeleri kaçınılmaz. B) Otobüs ve demiryolu hizmetlerindeki aksamalar süresince, otomobil gözde bir araç olabilir. C) Otobüs ve demiryolu hizmet düzeyi düşmeye devam ettiği sürece, yolcular otomobili yeğleyeceklerdir. D) Otobüs ve demiryolu hizmetlerindeki aksamalar nedeniyle otomobil gözde bir araç olabilir. E) Yolcular otomobili yeğledikleri sürece, otobüs ve demiryollarını geliştirmek uzun zaman alacaktır. 16) Provided that you agree to abide by the rules, you are going to be allowed to join the society. A) Kuralları çiğnemediğiniz sürece topluma katılabilirsiniz. B) Aynı görüşte olmanız koşuluyla derneğe girebilirsiniz. C) Topluluğa katılmanıza izin verilebilmesi için belirlenen kurallara uymak zorunda olduğunuzu unutmamalısınız. D) Kurallara uymayı kabul ederseniz, derneğe katılmanıza izin verilecektir. E) Kuralların değiştirilmesi halinde sizi derneğe kabul edebiliriz 17) We booked rooms at the motel lest we should find no vacancies on our arrival.| A) Zamanımız çok olur düşüncesiyle motele kitaplarımızı da götürdük. B) Vardığımızda boş yer bulamayabiliriz diye motelde odalarımızı ayırttık. C) Boş zaman bulamayız diye motelde yer ayırtmadık. D) Motele vardığımızda yer bulamayınca daha önce ayırttığımızı söyledik. E) Yer bulamayız endişesiyle yola çıkmadan motelden yer ayırttık. 18) The new Manager is seriously worried about the infrastructure in the new residential 654

part of town. A) Yeni Yönetici, şehrin yeni yerleşim alanındaki alt yapının ciddi bir çalışma gerektirdiğine inanmaktadır. B) Şehrin yeni yerleşim alanının alt yapı sorunuyla yeni Yönetici, ilgilenmektedir. C) Yeni Yönetici, yeni yerleşim alanındaki altyapı sorununun ciddiyetini kavramış görünüyor. D) Yeni Yönetici, yeni yerleşim bolgesindeki altyapı sorunundan ciddi şekilde endişe duymaktadır. E) Altyapı sorunu, en çok yeni yerleşim alanında olup, yeni Yönetici’yi , bir hayli düşündürmektedir. 19) The recent events which have shaken Texas constitute a serious threat to the very existence of the coalition government. A) Texas'ı sarsan son olaylar, bizzat koalisyon hükümetinin varlığı için bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. B) Texas'ı sarsan son olayları koalisyon hükümetinin pek ciddiye almadığı anlaşılıyor. C) Koalisyon hükümetinin varlığını tehditeden en ciddi olay, Texas'ı sarsan son olaylardır. D) Texas'ta patlak veren son olaylar koalisyon hükümetinin tutumuna karşı bir tepkidir. E) Koolisyon hükümetinin devamı, Texas'ı sarsan son olayların üstesinden gelip gelemeyeceğine bağlıdır. 20) Whatever measures the Government might take to curb inflation, there seems to be no hope of success. A) Hükümetin enflasyonla mücadele için aldığı önlemlerin başarı şansı görünmüyor. B) Hükümetin enflasyonla mücadelede başarılı olacağına kimse inanmıyor. C) Enflasyonla mücadele için Hükümet hangi önlemleri alırsa alsın hiç başarı şansı yoktur. D) Hükümet, enflasyonla mücadelede hangi önlemlerin başarılı olabileceğini kestirebilmiş değil. E) Hükümet, enflasyonla mücadelede ederken aldığı önlemlerde ölçüyü kaçırıyor. 21) Bangladesh is the of the world's poorest countries , with an average income per person of only $180 a year, and of the slowest growing. A) Ortalama kişi başına düşen 180 dolar geliriyle dünyanın fakir ülkeleri arasında olan Bangladeş yavaş büyümektedir. B) Kişi başına düşen ortalama 180 dolarlık yıllık geliriyle Bangladeş dünyanın en fakir ve yavaş büyüyen ülkelerinden biridir. C) Dünyanın en yavaş büyüyen ve en fakir ülkesi olan Bangladeş'te ortalama gelir 180 dolardır. D) Dünyanın en fakir ülkesi olan Bangladeş'te kişi başına düşen milli gelir 180 dolardir ve 655

büyüme hızı da yavaştır. E) Büyüme hızı yavaş ve dünyanın en fakir ülkelerinden biri olan Bangladeş'te kişi başına düşen milli gelir 180 dolardır. 22) Because taxes are becoming harder to evade, Nepal's rich are starting to think for the first time about moving their assets abroad. A) Vergi vermek zorlaştığı için Nepal zenginleri ilk kez mal varlıklarını yurt dışına kaçırmayı düşünmektedirler. B) Nepal zenginleri servetlerini yurt dışına kaçırmayı düşündükleri için vergiler zor tahsil edilmeye başladı. C) Mal varlıklarını yurt dışına çıkarmayı düşünen Nepal zenginlerinin vergi yükleri artırılmaktadır. D) Vergi kaçırmak daha çok zorlaşmakta olduğundan , Nepal zenginleri ilk kez servetlerini yurt dışına çıkarmayı düşünmeye başladılar. E) Vergi ödemede daha sert önlemler alındığı için Nepal zenginleri ilk kez mallarını yurt dışına çıkarmayı düşünüyorlar. 23) With a population of 75 million people, half of whom are aged under 21, Turkey is a huge and growing market. A) Büyüyen bir pazar ve 75 milyonluk bir nüfusa sahip olan Türkiye'de nüfusun yarısı 21 yaşın altındadır. B) 21 yaşın altında 75 milyon bir nüfusa sahip olan Türkiye , büyük bir pazardır. C) Yarısı 21 yaşın altında 75 milyonluk nüfusuyla Türkiye çok büyük ve büyümeye devam eden bir pazardır. D) Büyük bir pazar olan Türkiye'nin 21 yaşın altındaki nüfusu 65 milyondur. E) Yarısının 21 yaşın altında olduğu 75 milyonluk nüfusuyla Türkiye , büyük ve büyümekte olan bir pazardır. 24) Turkey has been transformed over the last 35 years from a closed economy to a liberal commercial regime that has allowed the private sector to rapidly expand while attracting foreign investors. A) Türkiye son 35 yılda kapalı ekonomiden liberal sisteme geçmiş ve bundan dolayı da yabancı yatırımcıların cazibe merkezi olmuş ve özel sektör hızla büyümüştür. B) Türkiye son 35 yıldan fazla bir süredir kapalı ekonomiden liberal bir ticari rejime geçmiştir, bu da yabancı yatırımcıları çekerken özel sektörün hızla büyümesine yol açmıştır. C) Türkiye son 35 yılda kapalı ekonomiden liberal ekonomiye geçti, bu da özel sektörün büyümesine ve yabancı yatırımcıların Türkiye'ye yatırım yapmasma yol açmıştır. D) Son 35 yılda kapalı ekonomiden liberal ekonomiye geçen Türkiye'de özel sektör hızla gelişirken yabancı yatırımcılar da ülkeye yatırıma yönelmiştir. E) Hızla gelişen özel sektör sayesinde son 35 yılda Türkiye kapalı ekonomiden liberal 656

rejime geçmiş ve bu sayede yabancı yatırımcılar ülkeye yatırım yapmışlardır. 25) In recent years, the federal government and numerous states have gone after narcotics dealing, money laundering and other criminal wrongdoing by prosecuting individuals for the crimes. A) Federal hükümet ve sayısız eyalet son zamanlarda kişilerin uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama gibi eylemlerini yargı yoluyla takibe aldı. B) Yasal olarak suç sayılan eylemlerin peşine düşen hükümet ve çok sayıda eyalet, uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklamak ve diğer yasa dışı eylemlere karşı son zamanlarda yoğun önlemler almaya başladı. C) Federal hükümet ve çok sayıda eyalet kişilerin işledikleri suçlar için kovuşturma açara uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama ve diğer suç sayılacak yasadışı eylemleri takibe almıştır. D) Son zamanlarda , federal hükümet ve çok sayıda eyalet kişilerin işledikleri suçları belirlemek için uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama gibi suçlann peşine düşmüştür. E) Son yıllarda federal hükümet ve sayısız eyalet, vatandaşların işledikleri suçlar için soruşturma açarak uyuşturucu ticareti, kara para aklama ve diğer suç sayılacak yasadışı eylemleri takibe aldı. TRANSLATION TEST – 34 1) The hostages are spread out among the village houses , and none of the international committee of Cross observers has seen them all. A) Küçük evler arasına dağılmış rehineleri uluslararası Haç komitesi gözlemcileri gördü. B) Uluslararası Haç komitesi gözlemcilerinin gördüğü rehineler küçük köy evleri arasındaydı. C) Küçük köy evleri arasına dağılan rehinelerin hiçbirini Uluslararası Haç komitesi üyeleri görmedi. D) Rehineler küçük köy evleri arasında dağıtıldığı için Uluslararası Haç örgütü gözlemcileri onların hiçbirini görmedi. E) Rehineler küçük köy evleri arasında dağılmış durumdalar; Uluslararası Haç örgütü gözlemcilerinin hiçbiri onların tümünü görmedi. 2) Germany, Turkey's biggest trading partner and a key East European ally, condemned Ankara's response to the uprising and immediately suspended arms shipments, claiming Turkish troops had used German weapons. A) Türkiye'nin en büyük ticari ortağı ve Doğu Avrupa'nın anahtar durumundaki muttefiki olan Almanya, Türk birliklerinin Alman silahlarını kullanmış olduğu gerekçesiyle 657

Ankara'nın ayaklanmaya karşı tepkisini kınadı ve silah gönderilmesini derhal askıya aldı. B) Türkiye'nin en büyük ticari ortağı ve Doğu Avrupa'nm anahtar durumdaki muttefiki Almanya,Türk birliklerinin Alman silahlarını kullanarak isyanı bastırmasını kınadı ve silah satışını durdurdu. C) Türkiye ve Doğu Avrupa'nın en büyük müttefiki olan Almanya Ankara'nın isyanı bastırmada Alman silahlarını kullanmış olmasına ilişkin üzüntülerini bildirerek silah gönderimini durdurdu. D) Ankara'nin isyanı bastırmada Türk birliklerine Alman silahlarını kullandırdığı gerekçesiyle.Türkiye ve Doğu Avrupa'nın en büyük ticari ortağı Almanya, Türkiye'ye silah satışını erteledi. E) Türk birliklerinin isyanı bastırmak için Alman silahlarını kullanmış olduklarını iddia eden Türkiye'nin en büyük ticari ortağı ve Doğu Avrupa'nın anahtar ülkesi durumdaki Almanya silah satışlarını askıya aldı. 3) The blast on the night before, at a famous avenue in the southern part of the city, caused damage to lots of parked vehicles and the store windows. A) Şehrin güney kesimindeki bir caddede meydana gelen bir önceki patlama, park etmiş araçlara ve mağazaların camlarına büyük ölçüde zarar verdi.. B) Bir önceki gece şehrin güney kesimindeki tanınmış bir caddede meydana gelen patlama, park etmiş birçok aracın ve dükkanların vitrinlerinin hasar görmesine neden oldu. C) Park etmiş olan araçlara ve mağazaların vitrinlerine büyük zarar veren patlama şehrin güney kesimindeki bir tanınmış caddede meydana geldi. D) Şiddetli rüzgar bir önceki gece şehrin güney kesimindeki tanınmış bir anayolda park etmiş araçların ve mağazaların vitrinlerinin hasar görmesine neden oldu. E) Park etmiş birçok araca hasar veren ve mağazaların vitrinlerinin kırılmasına neden olan şehrin güney kesimindeki patlama dün akşam üzeri meydana geldi. 4) A small bomb which was planted between parked cars went off last night, however the police kept the incident secret to avoid causing panic. A) Paniği önlemek amacıyla polis, park halindeki arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş bombanın patlamasını halktan gizledi.. B) Dün akşam panik yaratan ve polisçe gizli tutulan patlamaya arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş olan küçük bir bomba neden olmuştur. C) Dün akşam parketmiş arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş olan küçük bir bomba patladı, ama olay polis tarafından gizlendi. D) Polis tarafından paniğe neden olur diye gizlenen olay park etmiş arabalar arasında patlayan bir bombaydı. E) Dün akşam parketmiş arabalar arasına yerleştirilmiş olan küçük bir bomba patladı, fakat polis paniği önlemek amacıyla olayı gizledi. 658

5) Though the privatization of Turkish state-owned enterprises ranging from banks to gas stations has been on the agenda for 10 years now, but only 140 less important companies have been sold off. A) Bankalardan petrol istasyonlarına kadar birçok devlet işletmesinin özelleştirilmesi on yıldır gündem de olmasına rağmen, ancak pek önemli olmayan 140 şirket satılmıştır. B) 10 yıldır satışta olan, bankalardan petrol istasyonlarına kadar değişen özelleştirmedeki devlet işletmelerinden ancak 140 tanesi 10 yılda satılmıştır. C) Bankalardan petrol şirketlerine kadar bir çok devlet kuruluşu özelleştirme kapsamında olduğu için bunlardan pek önemli olmayan 140 tanesi 10 yılda satılmıştır. D) 10 yıldır satışı beklenen özelleştirme kapsamındaki bankalar ve petrol istasyonlarından ancak 140 tanesi satılmıştır. E) 10 yıldır özelleştirmeleri gündemde olduğu için birçok banka ve petrol istasyonlarından ancak 140 tane önemli olanı satılmıştır. 6) The higher the unemployment rate , the more art expansionary monetary and fiscal policy is going to result ui growth and not in inflation. A) İşsizlik oranı yükseldiği için, genişlemeci bir para ve mali politika uygulaması da enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. B) İşsizlik oranı yükselirken, genişlemeci bir para ve mali politika uygulaması da enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanır. C) İşsizlik oranı ne kadar yüksek olursa, genişlemeci bir para ve mali politika da o oranda enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. D) İşsizlik oranının yükselmesiyle genişlemeci para politikası ve mali politika enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. E) İşsizlik oranının yükselmesiyle birlikte genişlemeci para politikası ve mali politika da o oranda enflasyonla değil büyümeyle sonuçlanacaktır. 7) Experience demonstrates that the freer a central bank is from government interference, the lower is the rate of inflation. A) Merkez Bankası ne kadar hükümetin etkisinden uzak olursa, enflasyon da o oranda düşük olur. B) Deneyimler göstermektedir ki, Merkez Bankası hükümet müdahalesi olmaksızın çalışırsa, enflasyon oranı son derece düşük olmaktadır. C) Enflasyon oranının daha düşük olması için Merkez Bankasının hükümetten bağımsız çalışması gerektiği fikri açıkça ifade edilmiştir. D) Merkez Bankası hükümetin denetiminde ne kadar rahat çalışırsa, enflasyon oranı da o kadar düşük olur. E) Deneyimler, Merkez Bankası hükümet müdahalesinden ne kadar bağımsız çalışırsa, enflasyon oranının da o ölçüde düşük olacağını göstermektedir.

659

8) Today, the Istanbul Stock Exchange is in the top 10 markets of the world and among the top of 9 in the Western Europe. A) Dünya pazarları arasında ilk 10'a giren İstanbul Borsası, şimdi de Batı Avrupa pazarları arasında 9 uncu sırada yer almaktadır. B) Bugün, İstanbul Borsası dünyanın en büyuk 10, Batı Avrupa'nın da en büyük 9 pazarı arasındadır. C) Bugün, İstanbul Borsası, dünyada ilk 10, Bati Avrupa'da da ilk 9 arasında yer almaktadır. D) Bugün Batı Avrupa'nın en iyi 9 borsasından biri olan İstanbul Borsası, dunyanın da ilk 10 pazarı arasında yer almaktadır. E) İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, Batı Avrupa'nın 9, dünyanın ilk 10 borsası arasındadır. 9) In many of the countries in Asia, particularly in India, measles is regarded as the most acute childhood infection. A) Hindistan gibi pek çok Asya ülkesinde kızamık en ağır çocukluk dönemi enfeksiyonu olarak kabul edilmektedir. B) Asya ülkelerinin çoğunda, özellikle Hindistan'da kızamık salgını çocuklar arasında öldürücü boyutlara ulaşmıştır. C) Hindistan, Asya ülkeleri arasında çocuklarda görülen kızamık salgını açısından ilk sırada yer almaktadir. D) Asya ülkelerinin çoğunda, özellikle Hindistan'da kızamık en ağır çocukluk dönemi enfeksiyonu olarak kabul edilmektedir. E) Pek çok Asya ülkesi ile Hindistan'da , kızamık, en ağır çocukluk dönemi enfeksiyonu olarak nitelendirilmektedir. 10) In view of the rapid population growth, it is obvious that during the years ahead there is going to be a continuing and increasing demand for new housing in most parts of the country. A) Sürekli nüfus artışı karşısında, önümüzdeki yıllarda ülkenin pek çok bölgesinde yeni konutlar için talep artışı kaçınılmaz hale gelecektir. B) Hızlı nüfus artışı nedeniyle, ülkenin pek çok yerinde yeni konutlara sürekli ve artan oranda talep olmaktadır. C) Öyle anlaşılıyor ki, önümüzdeki yıllarda hızlı nüfus artışına paralel olarak yeni konut ihtiyacı da artacaktır. D) Hızlı nüfus artışı karşısında, ülkenin pek çok yöresinde ortaya çıkacak yeni konut ihtiyacını karşılamak için önümüzdeki yıllarda çok çalışmamız gerekeceği açıktır. E) Hızlı nüfus artışı gözönüne alındığında, önümüzdeki yıllarda ülkenin pek çok yöresinde yeni konutlar için sürekli ve artan bir talep olacağı açıktır.

660

11) . If this cure does not achieve the desired effect, there are other methods we can use. A) Bu tedavi tam olarak başarılı olmadığı takdirde, deneyebileceğimiz başka yöntemler de vardır. B) Bu tedavi ile beklenen sonuç elde edilemezse başka yöntemleri denemek zorunda kalabiliriz. C) Başka yöntemlerin kullanılması bu tedavinin istenilen sonucu verip vermemesine bağlıdır. D) Bu tedavi arzu edilen etkiyi sağlamazsa, kullanabileceğimiz başka yöntemler vardır. E) Bu yöntemle ulaşılan sonuç beğenilmezse, diğer yöntemleri kullanmamız gerekir. 12) . No matter what anyone says, I shall give him the penalty he deserves. A) Herkesin karşı olmasına rağmen, o, vereceğim cezayı hak etmiştir. B) Kim ne derse desin, ona hak ettiği cezayı vereceğim. C) Ona hak ettiği cezayı vereceğimden hiç kimsenin kuşkusu olmasın. D) Herkesin dediği gibi, o, benden hak ettiği cezayı alacak. E) Ona hak ettiği cezayı vermeyeceğimi hiç kimse söyleyemez. 13) . The new Minister is seriously anxious about the housing problem in the overpopulated regions. A) Yeni Bakan nüfusu yoğun olan bölgelerdeki konut sorununun ciddi bir çalışma gerektirdiğine inanmaktadır. B) Nüfus yoğunluğu fazla olan bölgelerin konut sorunu ile yeni atanan Bakan ilgilenmektedir. C) Yeni Bakan nüfus artışının hızlı olduğu bölgelerdeki konut sorununun ciddiyetini kavramıştır. D) Yeni Bakan, aşırı nüfusa sahip bölgelerdeki konut sorunundan ciddi şekilde endişe duymaktadır. E) Konut sorunu, en çok nüfusu yoğun olan bölgelerde olup, yeni Başkanı oldukça düşündürmektedir.

14) . The recent currency crisis which has shaken Europe constitutes a serious hazard to the very existence of the European Community. A) Avrupa'yı sarsan son para krizi, bizzat Avrupa Topluluğu’nun varlığı için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. B) Avrupa Topluluğu’nun varlığını tehdit eden en ciddi olay, Avrupa'yı sarsan son para krizidir. C) Avrupa'da patlak veren son para krizi, Avrupa Topluluğu’nun varlığına karşı bir 661

tepkidir. D) Avrupa'yı tehdit eden son para krizi, Avrupa Topluluğu’nun varlığına bir darbedir. E) Avrupa Topluluğu’nun varlığını tehlikeye düşüren en son olay, Avrupa'yı saran para krizidir. 15) . The failure of ambitious development programmes in lots of Third World countries has inevitably led to a search for reasons. A) Pek çok Üçüncü Dünya ülkesinde, yeterli araştırma yapılmadan başlatılan iddialı gelişme programları kaçınılmaz olarak başarısızlığa uğramıştır. B) Birçok Üçüncü Dünya ülkesinde, uygulanan gelişme programlarının başarısızlığına yol açan nedenler iyice araştırılmaktadır. C) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinin çoğu, önemli gelişme programlarının başarısızlığa uğramalarının nedenlerini araştırmalıdır. D) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinin çoğunda, iddialı gelişme programları kaçınılmaz olarak başarısızlığa uğramıştır. E) Birçok Üçüncü Dünya ülkesinde, iddialı gelişme programlarının başarısızlığa uğraması, kaçınılmaz olarak bir neden arayışına yol açmıştır. 16) . This scheme would allow 2,000 young Albanians to emigrate each of the 24 developed countries presently providing direct aid. A) Bu plan, 24 gelişmiş ülkeye göç etmek isteyen 2000 Arnavut gencine doğrudan yardım sağlanmasını öngörüyor. B) Bu plana göre, şu anda doğrudan yardımda bulunan 24 gelişmiş ülkenin katkısıyla 2000 genç Arnavut'a iş imkanı sağlanacak. C) Bu plan çerçevesinde,24 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine göç etmiş bulunan 2000 Arnavut'a hemen doğrudan yardım sağlanacak. D) Bu plan, 24 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine göç izni olan 2000 Arnavut gencine doğrudan yardımı öngörüyor. E) Bu plan, şu anda doğrudan yardım yapan 24 gelişmiş ülkenin her birine 2000 genç Arnavut'un göç etmesini sağlayacak. 17) . Aid is most efficient when it is distributed by local non governmental organizations, which can better assess a community's needs. A) Hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlardan gelen yardımın, bölgedeki ihtiyaçlar kesin olarak belirlendikten sonra dağıtılması yararlı olur. B) Bir topluluğun ihtiyaçlarının en iyi biçimde karşılanabilmesi için dağıtım görevi hükümetten bağımsız yerel kuruluşlara verilmelidir. C) Bir bölgenin ihtiyaçlarım en iyi bilen, hükümetten bağımsız yerel kuruluşlar hangileriyse, yardımı onların dağıtması yerinde olur. D) Yardım, bir topluluğunun ihtiyaçlarını daha iyi değerlendirebilen hükümet dışı yerel 662

kuruluşlar tarafından dağıtıldığı takdirde en etkili olur. E) Hükümet dışı yerel kuruluşlardan gelen yardımın en etkili dağıtımı, toplumun ihtiyaçlarını daha iyi bilmekle mümkündür. 18) . Because it was not her father's style to let on about his personal problems, Mary most likely didn't know that he was suffering. A) Kişisel sorunlarını açığa vurmak babasının tarzı olmadığından, Mary belki de onun acı çektiğini bilmiyordu. B) Mary babasının kişisel sorunlarıyla ilgilenmediğinden, belki onun acı çektiğinin farkında değildi. C) Babasının sorunlarıyla ilgilenme alışkanlığında olmayan Mary, belki onun çektiği sıkıntılarından da habersizdi. D) Mary'nin babası, kişisel sorunlarını kendisine saklamak alışkanlığının başkalarına acı çektirdiğini belki de bilmiyordu. E) Kişisel sorunlarını açığa vurmak Mary'nin tarzı olmadığından, acı çektiğini babasına nasıl anlatacağını belki de bilmiyordu. 19) . The commentators expressed their concern that Germany's economic problems would compel the Central Bank to maintain high interest rates. A) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunları ile ilgili endişelerini dile getiren yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının faiz oranlarını yükseltmesinin kaçınılmaz olduğunu belirttiler. B) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarıyla ilgilenen yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumak zorunda olduğunu söylediler. C) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının ağırlaştığını ifade eden yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını yükseltmesinin zorunlu oluğunu belirttiler. D) Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının endişe verici bir duruma geldiğini belirten yorumcular, Merkez Bankasının, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumasının zor olacağını söylediler. E) Yorumcular, Almanya'nın ekonomik sorunlarının, Merkez Bankasını, yüksek faiz oranlarını korumaya zorlayacağı endişesini dile getirdiler. 20) . Whatever measures the Government may take to support economic growth, there is bound to be opposition in some quarters. A) Bazı çevrelerin muhalefetine rağmen, Hükümet iktisadi büyümeyi hızlandırmak için bir dizi önlem aldı. B) İktisadi büyümeyi teşvik için Hükümet hangi önlemleri alırsa alsın, bazı çevrelerin muhalefet edeceği kesindir. C) İktisadi büyüme için Hükümetin aldığı çeşitli önlemler, bazı çevrelerin muhalefeti ile karşılaştı. D) İktisadi büyümeyi sağlayabilmek için Hükümet tarafından alınan kararlar, muhalefetin 663

tepkisini çekti. E) Hükümetin uygulamaya koyduğu kararlar bir yandan iktisadi büyümeyi artırırken diğer yandan muhalefetin tepki göstermesine yol açtı. 21) . It is likely to draw some calculations from the data presented. A) Bir sonuca varabilmek için bazı verilere ihtiyaç vardır. B) Sunulan verilerden bazı sonuçlar çıkarmak mümkündür. C) Sunulan verilerden herhangi bir sonuç çıkarmak uzak bir ihtimaldir. D) Verilerden elde edilen sonuçları yemden değerlendirmek gerekir. E) Sonuçlan sunulan verilere göre değerlendirmek mümkündür. 22) . As regards the high inflation in the country, no government has yet found an efficient solution. A) Hükümet, ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonu düşürmek için bir çözüm yolu bulamamıştır. B) Ülkede yüksek bir enflasyon olduğu için hükümet henüz kesin bir çözüm bulmuş değildir. C) Ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonla ilgili olarak, henüz hiçbir hükümet etkili bir çözüm bulamamıştır. D) Hiçbir hükümet, ülkedeki yüksek enflasyonu göz önüne alarak gerekli çözümleri önermemiştir. E) Ülkedeki yüksek enflasyon nedeniyle, hükümet henüz köklü bir çözüm bulamamıştır. 23) . A colleague of ours, who was lately been appointed permanent representative to the Netherlands, has unfortunately developed lung cancer. A) Hollanda'da temsilcimiz olarak yıllardan beri çalışmış bir meslektaşımızda maalesef akciğer kanseri görülmüş. B) Hollanda'da ticari temsilcilik yapmakta olan bir arkadaşımızda ne yazık ki akciğer kanseri olduğu ortaya çıkmış. C) Maalesef, akciğer kanserine yakalanmış olan bir arkadaşımız, daimi temsilci olarak Hollanda'ya gönderildi. D) Daimi temsilci olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya atanan bir meslektaşımız da, maalesef akciğer kanserine yakalanmış. E) Baş temsilcimiz olarak geçenlerde Hollanda'ya yeniden atanan meslektaşımıza maalesef akciğer kanseri teşhisi konmuş. 24) . From the reading of her book, it is clear that Professor Jane Scott has lot more to say on this matter. A. Kitabını okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak Profesör Jane Scott'un söyleyeceklerinin çok daha fazla olduğu anlaşılıyor. 664

B) Profesör Jane Scott'un konu hakkında söylediklerinin çoğu, kitabını okununca anlaşılıyor. C) Profesör Jane Scott'un kitabı okuyunca, bu konu ile ilgili olarak ne kadar çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. D) Bu konu ile ilgili olarak Profesör Jane Scott'un söylediklerinin pek çoğu kitabından okunabilir. . E) Bu konu ile ilgili kitabını okuyunca, Professor Jane Scott'un pek çok şey söylediği anlaşılıyor. 25- Young need education in order to obtain a good basis of knowledge on which they can create their future. A) Gençler iyi bir gelecek kurmak için ihtiyaç duydukları temel bilgileri eğitim yoluyla elde ederler. B) Gençlerin, geleceklerini üzerine kuracakları iyi bir bilgi temelini elde etmek için eğitime ihtiyaçları vardır. C) Gençlerin geleceklerinin temeli, ihtiyaç duydukları bilgileri kazandıran iyi bir eğitimle atılır. D) İhtiyaç duydukları temel bilgilere sahip olmak iyi eğitim alan gençler,geleceklerini bu temel üzerine durabilirler. E) Eğitim, gençlerin geleceklerini üzerine duracakları temel bilgileri elde edebilmeleri için gereklidir. TRANSLATION TEST – 35 1) . If he knew what the board had decided as regards his promotion, he would be terribly upset. A) Naklen tayini hakkında Kurulun nasıl bir karar verdiğini bilse, büyük üzüntü duyardı. B) Tayini için Kurul'un verdiği kararı bilseydi, derhal istifa ederdi. C) Kendi durumu ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un kararının ne olduğunu bilmiş olsaydı, tayin edilmeyi kesinlikle istemezdi. D) Terfisi ile ilgili olarak Kurul'un neye karar verdiğini bilse, tam bir düş kırıklığına uğrardı. E) Başarısızlığı nedeniyle hakkında Kurul'un ne tür bir karar vereceğini bilseydi, son derece sinirlenirdi. 2) . I firmly believe that we must put into effect some vital plans in order to increase productivity. A) Üretimi arttıracak çeşitli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği görüşüne tamamen katılıyorum. B) Verimliliği arttırmak için bazı acil planları yürürlüğe koymamız gerektiğine kuvvetle 665

inanıyorum. C) Verimliliğin artırılması bakımından bazı önemli planlar geliştirmemiz gerektiği düşüncesindeyim. D) Verimlilik düzeyini geliştirmek için bazı kapsamlı planlar üzerinde durmamız gerektiği inancındayım. E) Bence verimliliği arttırmak için bazı planlar geliştirmek yararlı olabilir. 3) . Turkey's membership of the European Community will be of crucial importance for the development of our international economic relations. A) Türkiye'nin Avrupa topluluğuna üyeliği, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin gelişmesi bakımından hayati bir önem taşıyacaktır. B) Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geliştirilmesi için Türkiye'nin Avrupa topluluğuna üye olması son derece önemli görülmektedir. C) Türkiye'nin uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerinin artması, Avrupa Topluluğuna üyelik için büyük önem taşımaktadır. D) Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin gelişmesi sonucu Türkiye'nin Avrupa Topluluğu'na üye olması daha da çok önem kazanmıştır. E) Türkiye'nin Avrupa topluluğuna üyeliğinden sonra uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerimizin geliştirilmesi çok büyük önem taşıyacaktır. 4) . Propose what they may, we are not going to accept their views on this matter. A) Bu konuda ne gibi önerileri ileri sürecekleri hususunda herhangi bir görüşümüz bulunmamaktadır. B) İstedikleri önerileri yapsınlar, bu sorunla ile ilgili görüşlerini kimseye kabul ettiremeyecekler. C) Ne önerirlerse önersinler, bu konudaki görüşlerini kabul etmeyeceğiz. D) Ne gibi öneriler getirecekleri belli değilse de onların bu konuya bakış açılarını kabul edemeyiz. E) Her ne önerdilerse, bu konu ile ilgili olarak hiç birini kabul etmedik. 5). Owing to an unexpected postponement in the delivery of the mail, his application did not reach in time. A) Postanın dağıtılmasındaki beklenmeyen gecikme nedeniyle, başvurusu bize zamanında ulaşmadı. B) Mektupların dağıtımı gecikince, bize yaptığı başvuru saatinde ulaşmadı. C) Postadaki beklenmeyen gecikme yüzünden başvurusunu zamanında bize gönderemedi. D) Başvurusunun bize zamanında ulaşmamasının nedeni, postanın dağıtımında meydana gelen gecikme idi. E) Postanın hiç tahmin edilmeyen gecikmesi, onun başvurusunun bize çabuk ulaşamamasına yol açtı. 666

6). It was generally agreed by the board that a new plant should be opened in Sweden. A) Kurulun onayladığı yeni fabrika İsveç'te açılacaktır. B) Kurul, öncelikle İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılmasını onaylamışta. C) İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açılması, kurul tarafından oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. D) Kurula, yeni fabrikanın İsveç'te açılması önerilmiştir. E) Kurulun onayı üzerine İsveç'te yeni bir fabrika açıldı. 7) . Amongst of Turkey's priorities in international politics, membership of the European Community takes the first place. A) Türkiye, Avrupa Topluluğuna üye olabilmek için, uluslararası ilişkilerindeki öncelikleri geniş bir biçimde tespit etmiştir. B) Türkiye'nin uluslararası politikadaki öncelikleri arasında Avrupa Topluluğu üyeliği başta gelmektedir. C) Avrupa Topluluğuna üyelik, Türkiye'nin uluslarası politikasındaki ilk tercihtir. D) Uluslarası ilişkiler bakımından, Türkiye'nin en başta gelen amacı Avrupa Topluluğuna girmektir. E) Türkiye Avrupa Topluluğuna girmekle uluslararası politikada çeşitli avantajlar elde edecektir. 8) . The reports we have received up to now concerning the disaster seem to be exaggerating the situation. A) Felaketle ilgili olarak bize ulaşan raporların hepsi, abartılı bir şekilde kaleme alınmış. B) Felaketle ilgili olarak, durumun abartıldığı değişik raporlar yazıldı. C) Aldığımız tüm raporlarda, felaketin neden olduğu durum çok abartılmaktadır. D) Felaketle ilgili olarak bugüne kadar aldığımız raporlar durumu abartıyor gibi görünüyor. E) Aldığımız raporların hepsi, felaket sonucu ortaya çıkan durumu ayrıntılı olarak anlatıyor. 9). The company accountant, charged with misuse, has been put on trial. A) Zimmetine para geçirmekle suçlanan şirket muhasebecisi mahkemeye verildi. B) Şirketi zarara soktuğu için muhasebeci aleyhinde dava açıldı. C) Şirketin iflasına yol açtığı gerekçesiyle muhasebeci gözetim altına alındı. D) Hapse atılan şirket muhasebecisi, rüşvet almakla suçlandı. E) Yolsuzluk yaptığı iddiasıyla şirketin muhasebecisi hapse mahkum oldu. 10). The growth of industrialism in the West is concerned with the growth of democracy. A) Batıda sanayinin gelişmesi demokrasinin ortaya çıkmasıyla hızlanmıştır. 667

B) Demokrasinin güçlenmesi, Batıdaki gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. C) Sanayi ve demokrasinin Batıdaki gelişmesi ortak bazı ilkelere dayanmaktadır. D) Demokrasinin gelişmesi, Batıdaki sanayinin gelişmesi ile mümkün olmuştur. E) Batıda sanayinin gelişmesi, demokrasinin gelişmesi ile ilişkilidir. 11) . Widespread vaccination campaigns carried out by the Ministry of Health have been efficient in reducing infant mortality. A) Sağlık Bakanlığının yürüttüğü geniş aşı kampanyaları sonucu, bebek ölümleri bir sorun olmaktan çıkmıştır. B) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılması amacıyla, Sağlık Bakanlığı geniş bir aşı kampanyası başlattı. C) Bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında en büyük etken, Sağlık Bakanlığının başlattığı geniş aşı kampanyasıdır. D) Bebek ölümlerini azaltmak için Sağlık Bakanlığınca yürütülen kampanya başarılı olmuştur. E) Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından yürütülen, yaygın aşı kampanyaları, bebek ölümlerinin azaltılmasında etkili olmuştur. 12) . Deforestation is causing an alarming decrease in the amount of farming area. A) Ormanların azlığı, sulu arazi miktarının giderek tehlikeli bir şekilde ortadan kalkmasına neden olmaktadır. B) Ormanların yok edilmesi nedeniyle, tarım arazisinin ciddi bir şekilde azaldığı görülmektedir. C) Ormanların yok olması, ekilebilir toprakların miktarında tehlikeli bir azalmaya neden olmaktadır. D) Ekilebilir toprakların tehlikeli bir şekilde azalması, ormanların yok edilmesiyle ilgilidir. E) Ormanların yok olması nedeniyle, tarıma elverişli toprakların miktarında azalma olmaktadır. 13) . After years of fighting the two countries have at last decided to sign peace treaty. A. İki ülkenin temsilcileri bir antlaşma imzalayarak yıllarca süren barış dönemini başlattılar. B) Yıllarca süren savaştan sonra iki ülke, nihayet bir barış antlaşması imzalamaya karar verdiler. C) Yıllarca süren savaş, iki ülkenin nihayet anlaşması ve bir barış yapması ile sonuçlanmıştır. D) Savaşın yıllarca sürmesi sonucu, iki ülke bir antlaşma imzalamayı kabul ettiler. E) İki ülkenin imzaladığı barış antlaşması ile yıllarca süren bu savaş sona erdi.

668

14) . In developed countries, social security has been a main issue since the beginning of this century. A) Bu yüzyılın başından itibaren, gelişmiş ülkelerin en başta gelen sorunu sosyal güvenlik olmuştur. B) Bu yüzyılın başlarında gelişmiş ülkelerde ciddi bir sorun olarak sosyal güvenlik konusu üzerinde çok tartışılmıştır. C) Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sosyal güvenlik uygulaması bu yüzyılın başlarında görülen en önemli olaydır. D) Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sosyal güvenlik, bu yüzyılın başlarından beri önemli bir konu olmuştur. E) Bu yüzyılın başında, sosyal güvenliğin gelişmiş ülkelerde görülen önemli bir sorun olduğu kabul edilmiştir. 15) . In accordance with the report submitted to the Minister, by the end of this fiscal year inflation will have been pulled down considerably. A) Bakana sunulan rapordan, enflasyonun, bütçe yılı sonuna kadar kısmen aşağı çekileceği anlaşılıyor. B) Bakana sunulan bir raporda enflasyonun, bu yıl sonuna kadar tamamen durdurulacağı belirtiliyor. C) Bakana sunulan rapora göre, bu mali yıl sonuna kadar enflasyon önemli derecede aşağı çekilmiş olacak. D) Bakana sunulan raporda da belirtildiği gibi, bu mali yıl sonu itibariyle enflasyon tamamen ortadan kalkmış olacak. E) Bakana sunulan rapordan anlaşıldığına göre, enflasyon bu mali yıl sonunda bir sorun olmaktan çıkacak. 16) . Activities like gardening and swimming help to release mental tension. A) Zihin yorgunluğu, ancak yüzrne ve bahçe ile uğraşma gibi faaliyetlerin yardımıyla giderilebilir. B) Bahçe ile uğraşma ve yüzme gibi faaliyetler, zihinsel gerginliğin giderilmesine yardımcı olur C) Zihin yorgunluğunun giderilmesine yardım eden faaliyetler, bahçe ile uğraşma ve yüzmedir. D) Zihinsel gerginliğin giderilmesine yardım eden, yüzmle ve bahçe ile uğraşma gibi faaliyetler desteklenmelidir. E) Yüzme ve bahçe ile uğraşma, zihinsel gerginliğin yok olmasına katkı sağlayan faaliyetlerdir.

669

17) . Unfortunately most people are prejudiced against modes of behaviour that are different from their own. A) Garip olan şu ki çoğu insan, kendinden farklı hareket edenlere karşı oldukça önyargılıdır. B) Ne yazık ki insanlar kendilerinden farklı davrananlara karşı son derece önyargılıdır. C) İnsanların, kendilerinden farklı davranış biçimlerine sahip olanlara karşı önyargılı olması garipsenecek bir durumdur. D) Ne yazık ki pek çok insan, kendisinkinden farklı olan davranış biçimlerine karşı önyargılıdır. E) Ne yazık ki insanlarda kendi davranışlarından farklı davranış sergileyen pek çok insana karşı yaygın bir önyargı vardır. 18) . Once a child starts school he finds himself in a much larger and far more complex social group. A) Çocuk bir kez okula başlayınca, kendini hep daha kapsamlı ve karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içinde görmek ister. B) Çocuk, ancak okula başladıktan sonra, geniş ve çok karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içine girer. C) Çocuk oldukça geniş ve karmaşık bir sosyal grubun etkisini ancak okula başlayınca hisseder. D) Çocuğun çok geniş ve olabildiğince karmaşık bir sosyal grubun etkisinde kalması, ancak okula başladıktan sonra gerçekleşir. E) Çocuk okula başlayınca, kendisini çok daha geniş ve daha karmaşık bir sosyal grubun içinde bulur. 19) . The suggestions that Prof Thomson made in his lectures were to form the basis of much of the research work the department has undertaken. A) Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde yaptığı öneriler, bölümün üstlenmiş olduğu araştırmaların çoğunun temelini oluştur- muştur. B) Bölümün yürüttüğü araştırmaların çoğunun temeli, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ileri sürdüğü görüşlere dayanıyordu. C) Bölümün başlattığı araştırmaların çoğu, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ortaya koyduğu ilkeleri temel alıyordu. D) Bölümün üstlendiği araştırmaların temeli, Profesör Thomson'un derslerinde ortaya attığı varsayımlardan oluşuyordu. E) Profesör Thomson, derslerde ileri sürdüğü görüşleri ile , bölümün yürütmekte olduğu araştırmaların pek çoğunun temelini atmıştır. 20) . The leading newspapers all gave conflicting accounts of the uncovering of a major espionage affair. 670

A) Önde gelen bazı gazetelerin böylesine ciddi bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılmasına ilişkin olarak yaptığı yorumlar tutarlı değildi. B) Önde gelen gazetelerin hepsi, büyük bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılmasıyla ilgili olarak çelişkili haberler verdi. C) Casusluk olayının ortaya çıkarılması üzerine, büyük gazetelerin hepsi farklı değerlendirmeler yaptılar. D) Önde gelen pek çok gazete, verdikleri çeşitli haberlerle büyük casusluk olayının ortaya çıkmasını sağladı. E) Bu kadar büyük bir casusluk olayının ortaya çıkması, bazı büyük gazetelerin çelişkili haber vermesi sonucu gerçekleşti. 21) . One may argue that successful novels depend not so on their plots as they do on the characters they portray. A) Başarılı romanların hem konularına hem de çizdikleri karakterlere önem verdiği ileri sürülebilir. B) Denilebilir ki başarılı romanlarda konular kadar çizilen karakterler de önem taşır. C) Başarılı romanların aslında sadece konularına değil aynı zamanda çizdikleri karakterlere de dayandığı düşünülebilir. D) Başarılı romanların konularından çok çizdikleri karakterlere dayandığı ileri sürülebilir. E) Başarılı romanların temelini hem konularının hem de çizdikleri karakterlerin oluşturduğu görüşü ileri sürülebilir. 22) . The real significance of the peace plan still under negotiation lies in the fact that it will open up a new era of friendship. A) Yeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması amacıyla sürdürülen barış planının gerçek anlamı ortadadır. B) Şu bir gerçektir ki görüşmeleri devam eden barış planı yepyeni bir dostluk döneminin başlangıcım oluşturacaktır. C) Yeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması , halen görüşülmekte olan barış planının gerçek anlamını ortaya koymaktadır. D) Görüşülen barış planının gerçek anlamı, yepyeni bir dostluk döneminin başlaması ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. E) Halen görüşülmekte olan barış planının asıl önemi, yeni bir dostluk dönemi başlatacağı gerçeğinde yatmaktadır. 23) . Some of the nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize have been turned down by the award committee on account of the harsh criticism made against them by the press. A) Bazı Nobel Barış Ödülü adayları basında şiddetle eleştirilince, ödül kurulu onları değerlendirmeyi reddetti. B) Basında yer alan sert eleştirilere rağmen ödül kurulu Nobel Barış Ödülüne aday 671

gösterilen bazı kişileri değerlendirme dışı bıraktı. C) Nobel Barış Ödülü adaylarından bazıları, haklarında basında yer alan sert eleştiriler nedeniyle, ödül kurulunca reddedildiler. D) Nobel Barış Ödülü kurulu, basında yer alan şiddetli eleştirileri de göz önüne alarak, bazı adayları daha değerlendirmeye almadı, E) Nobel Barış Ödülü için aday gösterilen bazıkişiler, ödül kurulunu basında sert bir dille eleştirince değerlendirme dışı bırakıldılar. 24) . Despite massive Soviet pressure, Chink was eventually able to conclude a treaty of peace and friendship with Japan in 1978. A) Yoğun Sovyet baskısını hiçe sayan Çin, nihayet 1978'de Japonya ile barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapmaya karar verdi. B) 1978'de Japonya ile barış ve dostluk antlaşması imzalayan Çin, hemen büyük bir Sovyet baskısı aldına girdi. C) Çin'in 1978'de Japonya ile bir barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapma olanağı bulması, yoğun bir Sovyet baskısına yol açtı. D) Çin, yoğun Sovyet baskısına rağmen, nihayet 1978'de Japonya ile bir barış ve dostluk antlaşması yapma olanağı bulabildi. E) Japonya ile 1978'de yaptığı barış ve dostluk antlaşması nedeni ile Çin, yoğun bir Sovyet baskısıyla karşılaştı. 25) . The coach decided to resign since he had obviously lost the confidence of his team. A) Koç, takımın güvenim kazanamadığı için istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. B) Takımının güvenini kazanamaya koç, istifa etmeyi uygun buldu. C) Koçun istifa etmeye karar vermesi, takımının güvenini kazanamamasındandır. D) Koç takımının güvenini kaybedince istifa etmenin tek yol olduğuna karar verdi. E) Koç, takımın güvenim açıkça kaybettiği için istifa etmeye karar verdi.

RESTATEMENT

Verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın cümleyi bulunuz.

672

1. Those in favour of capital punishment are motivated only by desire for revenge. A) People who wish to take revenge seek the death sentence. B) Some people find capital punishment acceptable, regarding it as a good way of getting revenge. C) The death penalty is the only desirable punishment for getting one’s own back. D) The sentence of death is many people’s favourite way of taking revenge. E) People who support the death penalty do so solely on the basis of their wanting revenge. 2. It is not the cost of a gift but its appropriateness that matters. A) A present that isn’t fitting isn’t worth the money. B) The important thing is the suitability of a gift, not how much is paid for it. C) Not caring about the price ensures that the right present is bought. D) It doesn’t matter that the present is appropriate because the cost isn’t. E) It doesn’t matter that the gift is unsuitable, because the price was low. 3. The atmosphere does not come to an end at the level where balloons will rise no further. A) A balloon can not float any higher than the level at which the atmosphere stops. B) Balloons can rise as far as the point where the atmosphere finishes. C) A balloon is stopped from going further by the end of the atmosphere. D) Beyond the highest point that balloons reach there is still atmosphere. E) When a balloon can travel no more, it is because there isn’t enough atmosphere to carry. 4. Setting up one’s own business requires a good many factors to be considered. A) A person has to bear in mind plenty of factors before starting his work. B) When you set up your own business, you realise how many factors need attention. C) One must weigh up lots of factors when running one’s own business. D) Launching one’s own business means thinking about more factors than in other cases. E) There are too many factors to consider in establishing one’s own business. 5. Usually people treat you in accordance with how you treat them. A) If a person behaves in certain way to you, you ought to react accordingly. B) It’s rare for people to reciprocate your behaviour. C) Your attitude towards people generally determines their attitude towards you. D) Your handling of people is usually reflected in their opinion of you. E) You should treat people in the way you wish them to treat you.

6. Although the cost of living goes up steeply, people can still afford what they need, since the salaries rise too. 673

A) The more the cost of living rises, the less people can afford to buy what they need. B) People don’t seem to suffer much from the sharp increase in prices because salaries and prices rise accordingly. C) Because of the rapid increase in prices, it’s becoming more and more difficult to keep pace with them. D) Prices are going up very fast, so people should try to increase their salaries to keep up with them. E) Whether the cost of living goes up or not, people have no difficulty buying the things they need because the increase in salaries is bigger. 7. He was advised to confirm the booking but failed to do so. A) He won’t confirm the booking although he is advised to do so. B) It is always advisable to confirm a booking but he never does so. C) The booking should have been confirmed but he forgot to do so. D) They told him it was best to confirm the booking but he didn’t listen to them. E) As the booking was not confirmed, they won’t listen to his complaints. 8. Much to our astonishment, he soon proved himself to be a very talented organiser. A) The speed with which he developed his administrative potential didn't surprise us all. B) The astonishing thing was that such a talented man should take on the organisation. C) It wasn’t long before his administrative gifts became apparent, which surprised us greatly. D) His organising abilities were surprisingly enough not recognised until too late. E) It is amazing that a man of his capabilities should avoid administrative work. 9. I firmly believe that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. A) I’m convinced that there are more disadvantages than advantages. B) It seems to me that the advantages and the disadvantages balance each other. C) There seem to be more advantages than disadvantages on such occasions. D) One needs to weigh the disadvantages against advantages. E) I’m beginning to wonder whether there are more disadvantages than advantages. 10. It is no use expecting someone else to find a job for him; he must do something about it himself. A) You shouldn’t expect anyone else to accept a job you aren’t willing to take on yourself. B) He shouldn’t expect others to give up their jobs for him. C) As he doesn’t want the job himself he might as well let someone else have it. D) It is hard enough to find a job for oneself without having help from other people. E) He never will get a job unless he sets about getting one himself and not leaving it to others. 674

11. If only he’d been less officious the other side would certainly have been more amenable. A) His behaviour was so disagreeable that it caused an impasse between the two sides. B) The other side naturally left offended by the officious manner in which he had approached them. C) He should be reproached for being so disagreeable and offending the other side. D) I wish he could have made himself more agreeable to the other side and ensured a better response from them. E) Surely he behaved in a more considerate manner so as to gain the cooperation of the other side. 12. I suppose no scheme is foolproof; even the best ones sometimes miscarry A) If a plan is not going to fall through it has to be quite foolproof B) There is presumably no such a thing as a perfect plan; they can all fall through. C) The only schemes that don’t miscarry are apparently the really foolproof ones. D) Schemes that seem to be foolproof quite often are not. E) There was a breakdown in proceedings so things went contrary to plan. 13. We'd better leave right away as the traffic will be heavy at this hour. A) The sooner they leave the better if they don't want to get caught in a traffic jam. B) We mustn’t leave it too late as the roads are likely to be busy for the next hour. C) Let's wait an hour so as to avoid some of this heavy traffic. D) If we set off now we would avoid most of the heavy traffic. E) The road are busy at this time of day so we ought to set off at once. 14. The harnessing of the wind to generate electricity dates back to 1890, but few notable advances were made until 1970 when energy prices began to rise fast. A) in 1890 a few efforts were made to generate electricity from wind power, but it was only in 1970 when energy prices rose steeply, that such a scheme was taken seriously. B) In I890, when there was a sudden increase in energy prices, efforts were made to harness the power of the wind for the generation of electricity for the first time since 1890. C) It was in 1890 that the wind was first used to generate electricity, but it was long before 1970 when energy prices started to rise sharply, that real advances were made. D) Between 1890 and 1970 various attempts were made to harness power of the wind as the rising prices of energy made this desirable. E) Impressive advances in the generation of electricity from wind power coincided with rising energy prices in 1970, but the practice actually dates back to 1890.

675

15. If the others had taken sensible precautions like we did, this tragedy need never have happened. A) Their tiresome behaviour meant that we were all inevitably involved in the tragedy. B) If they had not behaved so foolishly, they would not have involved us, too, in this tragedy C) The tragedy is that this could have been avoided if only they had all controlled their emotions. D) This tragic outcome could have been avoided, but, unlike us, the others behaved rashly. E) If only they would follow our example and behave in a reasonable manner all this suffering could be avoided. 16. The theory of natural selection made the idea of organic evolution acceptable to the majority of the scientific world. A) The world's scientists accepted the idea of organic evolution more readily than the concept of natural selection. B) Without the theory of natural selection to support it, no scientist would ever have approved the theory of organic evolution C) In the eyes of the scientific world, the theory of natural selection and the idea of organic evolution are inseparable concepts D) It was only after the introduction of the theory of natural selection that scientists paid attention to the idea of organic evolution. E) On the whole, the scientific world approved the concept of organic evolution once the theory of natural selection had been postulated. 17. Citrus trees thrive on wide range of soils, but well-drained and slightly acid types are most suitable. A) The ideal soil for citrus trees is one that is well-drained and rather acid; they do not do well in other soils. B) Though citrus trees prefer a well-drained and slightly acid soil, they do well in many other types. C) Citrus trees grow in many different places, but the soil must always be welldrained and fairly acid. D) The well-drained and rather acid soil that suits citrus trees is the most common of soil types E) Citrus trees are particular about the soil on which they grow and do best on well-drained and slightly acid soil types. 18. The whole object of education ought to broaden the mind and so to equip it to recognise and condemn narrow-mindedness. A) Education should aim at producing a more 676

liberal way of thinking so that intolerance can be identified and denounced. B) The main concern of education is to broaden one’s experience and understandingof different types of intolerance. C) Through education one learns to regard all forms of narrow-mindedness in a sprit of tolerance. D) Education teaches us tolerance and to tolerate all viewpoints except that of narrow- mindedness. E) Narrow-mindedness is the only mode of educated thinking that does not uphold the virtues of tolerance. 19. He advised me not to write until I’d got over my anger and this was good advice. A) Once I’d managed to control my anger I realised that he’d given me some very good advice on how to write it. B) I couldn’t help being annoyed when the letter finally came with so much good advice in it. C) He very wisely suggested that I didn’t write while I was still feeling so annoyed. D) He advised me not to show how angry I was in the letter and this was doubtless sensible. E) I should have listened to his advice and not written while I was still so angry. 20. You don’t have to attend the next meeting which concerns the details of implementation, but naturally we’ll be delighted if you do. A) We were unable to discuss the details of implementation so that has been left for the next meeting which we sincerely hope you will be able to attend. B) The meeting to discuss the details of implementation doesn’t concern you, but nevertheless we shall be pleased if you decide to attend. C) You needn’t have attended the meeting concerning the details of implementation but a lot of people were gratified by your presence. D) The details of implementation will have to be discussed at the next meeting which you will presumably agree to attend. E) You aren’t obligated to be present when we meet to discuss the details of implementation, but it goes without saying that we’ll be very pleased if you do join us then. A) B) C) our

Thus the type of work we do tends to turn us all into stereotypes. Naturally, most of us work not only for money but also for status. There is an important disadvantage with this type of work; we often have to take work home with us. 677

D) Actually the average person doesn’t even hope for job satisfaction. E) Changes in traditional family roles are slowly having an effect – usually adverse - on the work place.

21. A) B) C) D) E)

If it hadn’t been for the wind, the fire would never have spread so fast. Unless the wind develops, the fire is hardly likely to spread fast. Even without the wind, the fire would have spread just as fast. It was the wind that caused the fire to spread at such a speed. Had there been a wind, the fire would have spread even faster. The force of the wind affected the way the fire spread.

22. We will never be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled for the opening of the museum unless we get a lot of assistance. A) It would help us to finish the dating and labelling of the exhibits if the museum is not opened for a while. B) With just a little extra assistance we shall be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled before the museum is opened. C) The opening of the museum does not depend on whether or not we can get all these exhibits dated and labelled. D) We’re going to need an awful lot of help if we’re to date and label these exhibits in time for the opening of the museum. E) Once the museum is open we can easily get plenty of help in the dating and labelling of the exhibits. 23. There’s no point in learning several languages if you are not going to have the opportunity to use them. A) You shouldn’t try to learn many languages except the ones which are spoken internationally. B) Unless you are going to be in a position to use them, learning several languages would just be a waste of time. C) There are several languages that are everywhere in use and these are the ones to learn D) People used to learn several languages even though they had little opportunity to use them. 678

E) 24. A) B) C) D)

Certain languages which few people know are actually well worth learning. He really doesn’t mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good. It’s the money that interests him, not the type of work or his employer. With him, it’s the money that matters, not the type of work. To his way of thinking, the job should be better paid. He’s the sort who will do anything for money.

679

E)

He’ll work for just about anyone so long as they pay him well.

25. We got caught in a traffic jam so we’re among the last to arrive. A) The late arrivers all put the blame on the heavy traffic. B) The traffic was so heavy that nearly everyone arrived late. C) Most people got there before us as we are held up by the traffic. D) The roads were so congested that it’s a wonder anyone got there on time. E) There was such a congestion on the roads that I thought we never would get there. 26. A) B) C) D) E)

It’s not fair to put all the blame on him; he is not the only one at fault. It wouldn’t be right to punish those who, like him, weren’t involved. He deserves to be punished, but the others don’t. Only the ones who were involved should be punished. The fault is his only; so let him take the blame. He doesn’t deserve to be blamed for everything; there were others involved.

27. My father has agreed to pay this month’s instalment but warned me that he wouldn’t make a practice of doing so. A) This month the instalment will be met by my father, but he more or less said he wouldn’t do it again. B) If my father doesn’t pay the instalment this month, I don’t know what I’m going to do. C) My father has agreed to pay the instalment this month, but I won’t ask him to do so again. D) So long as my father pays this month’s instalment I shall have no problem paying the others. E) It’s only with this month’s instalment that I need help from my father, I won’t need it again. 28. They were fully within their rights when they dismissed him, but now they wish they hadn’t done so. A) What they did may have been legal, but it was still unfair to dismiss him in that way. B) Their dismissal of him was perfectly legal but now they regret their action. C) If they hadn’t dismissed him they would be in a better position now. D) Though their dismissal of him was barely legal the outcome has been fortunate. E) They had the right to dismiss him and don’t deserve this unpleasant turn of events. 29. It is not for me to say whether or not the lecture was a good one as it was way outside my field and I hardly understood any of it. 680

A) I can’t understand why he felt the need to limit the scope of his lecture in such a way. B) I might have followed the lecture better if I had been familiar with the field. C) The subject of his lecture promised to be interesting, but his treatment of it seemed to me to lack of something. D) I don’t feel qualified to comment on his treatment of the subject as his approach is so different from mine. E) Since I couldn’t follow the lecture as I knew nothing about the subject matter, I really can’t give an opinion on it. 30. Though he knows I’m determined to make Marsden the new manager, he’s constantly seeking to bring him down in my estimation. A) Since I’m fully determined to make Marsden manager I absolutely refuse to listen to all this criticism of him. B) Even if Marsden weren’t likely to prove a good manager that man has no right to criticise him to me in such a manner. C) Though he is fully aware of the fact that I’m set on making Marsden the new manager, he still persists in trying to influence me against him. D) Once Mersden takes on the job of manager all this unfair criticism of him is sure to stop. E) His opinion of Marsden will surely change once he sees what a capable manager he really is. 31. They found only two survivors, but it was a week before they gave up their search for the others. A) At the end of the week the two survivors joined in the search for the others. B) They were only able to save two people though rescue work continued for a full week. C) By the end of the first week there was little hope of finding the missing two. D) Once those two were rescued at the end of the week, they abandoned the search for the others. E) Rescue-workers found two more victims after the search for them had lasted a week. 32. I suppose most criminals do get caught in the end because they believe their luck will hold just one more time. A) In most cases, so long as a criminal avoids taking risks he is not likely to be suspected. B) It seems that the majority of criminals start to take greater risks and so get arrested. C) Apparently, by trusting their luck just once too often, most criminals do eventually get arrested. D) Once the average criminal has fallen under suspicion he can no longer trust his luck. E) In my opinion, however hard he may try, no criminal can ever escape arrest. 681

33. Let’s wait another six months before deciding whether or not to take these products off the market. A) Why can’t we wait six months before we withdraw these products from the market? B) Can’t we defer our decision about withdrawing these goods from the market for a further six months? C) Would you agree to withdrawing these goods from the market after another six months? D) Didn’t we agree six months ago that these goods ought to be taken off the market? E) Can we come to some agreement about which goods to take off the market during the next six months? 34. I can’t help feeling that he’s not experienced enough to be given a position of such responsibility. A) With a little more experience I’m sure he will develop into a highly efficient manager. B) It’s inevitable that one should ask oneself whether he really is the right man for the job. C) A job of that description requires someone with a great deal of experience. D) It’s a very demanding position and I’m not at all sure that he has the experience needed for it. E) In my experience, men of his type rarely function well in positions of authority. 35. You’ll have to tell him in the end; and the longer you put off doing so the harder it’s going to be. A) You can’t keep him in the dark about it for ever, and telling him will get harder the longer you wait. B) He’ll have to be notified about it, and the sooner the better. C) He’ll find out some time, and by putting it off you won’t make it easier for yourself. D) You never can keep things secret for long, so the best is to tell him about it soon. E) Surely it’s better to let him know now than to wait until he finds out for himself. 36. His career took off to a brilliant start, but since then his record hardly seems deserving of mild praise, let alone glory. A) His career record has not lived up to his early promise, so he really does not merit either our approval or our praise. 682

B) His career began with a stunning success, but then he did nothing to earn either the praise or the approval he now receives. C) In spite of his early promise, his career record shows nothing deserving of the special praise or glory he seems to expect. D) He was amazingly successful at the start of his career but afterwards he has done nothing to merit even a moderate amount of approval and certainly not renown. E) Had his career record been in line with the brilliant start he made, he would most certainly have earned high honours and great renown. 37. International conventions have long been prohibiting the use of chemical weapons during war, but how effective is this likely to be? A) If various international bodies agreed to a long-term ban on chemical warfare, couldn’t the ban be put into effect? B) Can such international bodies be relied upon to ban effectively and in the long-term the use of chemical weapons in time of war? C) For many years now, chemical warfare has been banned by international agreement, but can the ban be enforced? D) How effective might the prohibition of chemical warfare be if it had the backing of so many international bodies? E) Over a period of very many years various international agreements have been drawn up to prohibit the use of chemical weapons in wartime, but they have hardly been effective, have they? 38. I surely couldn’t have been expected to forgive him readily as this wasn’t the first time he’d tried to cheat me. A) It was only natural that I should have been unwilling to forgive him as he had behaved dishonestly towards me on other occasions. B) As he’d tried to cheat me on several previous occasions, I felt I was right not to forgive him this time. C) It was impossible for me not to forgive him even though he’d tried to deceive me several times before. D) I might have been willing to forgive him if this had been the first I’d caught him cheating me. E) Since this wasn’t the first time he’d attempted to deceive me I was obviously not going to forgive him. 39. Nothing exercises the British Press so much as an apparent threat to the welfare of the British Press. A) The well-being of the British Press is apparent in the way it shows a united 683

front in the face of attack. B) It is only when the British Press is being criticized that it really shows its mettle. C) The one time when the British Press really wakes up and acts is when it feels its own well-being is endangered. D) The British Press has had much practice in upholding its own interests in the face of opposition. E) Should its own freedom be threatened, the British Press would unite to withstand attack. 40. Though diplomatic efforts to forestall the bombardment have been intensified, there is apparently no progress towards an agreement. A) Every known means of diplomacy has been tried, but peace seems to recede and the expected attack to be quickly approaching. B) Reconciliation remains a remote hope, for diplomatic channelsapparently lack the necessary authority to check an attack. C) In spite of diplomatic efforts to the contrary, the bombardment was a violent one and all hopes of an agreement were shattered. D) Though they are desperately in need of a truce, they can find no way to achieve one and now await the attack. E) Reconciliation seems no nearer, even though a massive effort is being made to find a diplomatic solution and so avoid a bombardment. 41. The last time I saw your brother was when I ran into him at the station when I was on my way to Glasgow. A) The last time I went to Glasgow I happened to meet your brother at the station. B) I haven’t seen your brother since a chance meeting at the station with him when I was setting off for Glasgow. C) Your brother and I finally met at the station as it happened that I was going to Glasgow. D) Your brother and I finally met on the Glasgow train just as it was leaving the station. E) As the Glasgow train drew out of the station I got a last glimpse of your brother. 42. At first she was rather reluctant to give up her job but now finds it very rewarding to be bringing up her children. A) Then she was unwilling to give up her job but now her sense of responsibility to her children tells her she must. 684

B) Initially she wasn’t at all keen, to stop working, but she now finds that looking after her children affords her much satisfaction. C) Now when she spends her days at home with her children she feels more fulfilled than she ever did when she was out working. D) She was enjoyed bringing up her children but nevertheless looks forward to resuming work. E) When the children have grown up she may regret that she gave up her career for them. 43. However much effort he puts into it, I’m sure he’ll never make a success of the business. A) Unless he’s willing to make more of an effort, the business is never likely to be a success. B) He’s a failure as a businessman even though he is extremely hard-working. C) It follows that the harder he works the more likely the business is to be successful. D) The success of the business will obviously depend upon the amount of hard work he puts into it. E) No matter how hard he tries, it’s clear that he won’t ever turn that business into a going concern. 44. If I’d known that he wanted to discuss with me I would never have given him an appointment. A) I never did understand why he wanted us to meet and discuss the matter. B) He talked about us meeting but never explained why. C) Had I realised what he wanted to talk to me about I would not have agreed to a meeting. D) I agreed to meet in order to discuss the matter thoroughly. E) I realised there was something to be discussed but didn’t know exactly what. 45. I do wish they could have planned the journey so as to allow us a week in London. A) If only the travel arrangements had made it possible for us to spend a week in London. B) We hoped they would rearrange the programme to allow us a full week in London. C) Travel arrangements have been made so as to allow us a whole week in London. D) They have arranged for us to travel to London and spend a week there. E) They plan to allow us a week in London if that’s what we wish. 46. They might just as well close the cafe for this year, as the tourists have all left. A) They can’t be bothered to run the cafe after the tourist-season is over. 685

B) Once the season is over and the tourists have gone, they’ll probably decide to close the cafe. C) I think they plan to close the cafe once the tourists have all gone away. D) There’s no point in keeping the cafe open now, since the season is over and there are no more tourists about. E) Since the tourists have gone, they find it hardly profitable to keep the cafe open. 47. However carefully they rehearse the programme, there is always someone who gets it wrong. A) Rehearse as much as you like, but you’ll never get it right. B) No matter how diligently the programme is rehearsed, it is never free of mistakes. C) They rehearsed the programme until it was quite faultless. D) They rehearsed as hard as ever until it seemed everyone was perfect. E) The programme was rehearsed with so much care that it seemed that nothing could go wrong. 48. Whenever I meet her she is full of complaints about how unfairly she is treated by the supervisor. A) I never see her but she’s complaining about the unfair treatment she receives at the hands of the supervisor. B) I’m tired of listening to her complaints about the harsh treatment of the supervisor towards her. C) When we come together, she always talks about her supervisor’s attitude towards her. D) Whenever she comes to me it’s to denounce the supervisor for treating her so harshly. E) When I was there it didn’t seem right to criticise the behaviour of the supervisor towards her. 49. The root cause of the crisis is that the legal basis for asylum was drawn up when very few had the means to seek it. A) Though few of them have any way at all of escaping it is now that the legal basis for asylum must be revised so that such a crisis may be avoided. B) We must face the fact that the legal basis for asylum should not have been drawn up when hardly anyone had a chance to escape. C) Basic to the whole disastrous situation is the fact that the legal basis for asylum 686

dates back to a time when it was almost impossible for anyone to seek it. D) When the legal basis of asylum was devised it was assumed that very few people would ever seek it and such a crisis as this was not expected. E) As few people ever managed to escape, it was felt that a legal basis for asylum was unnecessary and this is the major cause of the problem. 50. In a country such as Russia, where much power is vested in one man, that man can make quite a difference. A) Should one man be given unlimited power, as in Russia, it would make a difference to the country. B) When, as in Russia, one man unconditionally wields enormous power, he can affect many changes. C) If much power were invested in one man, in a country such as Russia, he could bring about great changes. D) It would make a terrific difference in Russia, for instance, if a great deal of power were vested in one man. E) In a country such as Russia, there would be a notable difference if complete power were vested in such a man as that. 51. All agree that the environment has to be protected, but should it really take priority over education and public health? A) Are we all agreed that the needs of environmental protection should take priority over the claims of education and public health? B) Though the need for environmental protection is not contested, do we really regard the claims of education, and public health as of less importance? C) It is not agreed that the claims of education and public health cannot be ranked below those of environmental protection? D) However pressing may be the needs of environmental protection, is it not generally agreed that those of education and public health should take priority? E) The claims of education and public health will come high on our list of priorities, but can't we agree to put those of environmental protection even higher? 52. I would willingly have lent you the money myself if only I'd known you needed it. A) As I realized just how necessary the loan was to you, I naturally lent you what you needed. B) I am quite willing to give you a loan myself if you can convince me that it is necessary. C) Had I realized that you were in need of such a loan, I would gladly have lent it to you myself. D) I would lend you the money willingly if I were convinced that you really require it. 687

E)

I was under no obligation to offer you a loan, but nevertheless did so gladly.

53. He should face the fact that he'll never be as great a pianist as his father . A) The father is a wonderful pianist, but the son shows even more promise. B) The father is a great pianist, and the son is hoping to be at least his equal. C) I don't think he'll ever admit that his father is the greater pianist I but he ought to. D) As a pianist, he's just not the equal of his father and never will be, so he'd do well to accept the fact . E) The son seems set to surpass his father as a pianist; he even admits the fact. 54. Thanks partly to a dramatic decline in infant mortality; life expectancy in the region has increased from 45 years to 72. A) A remarkable drop in infant mortality rates has helped to raise life expectancy in the area from 45 years to 72. B) There has been a slight drop in infant mortality in the area, resulting in an increase in life expectancy from 45 to 72. C) However, the infant mortality rate has dropped surprisingly, and life expectancy in the region has risen from 46 to 72. D) The startling drop in the infant mortality rates may be reflected in the increase in life expectancy from 45 to 72 years. E) The increase in life expectancy from 45 to 72 years can be fully accounted for by the incredible decline in infant mortality there. 55. The aim of advertising is not to inform but to sell products and keep businesses in business. A) A business advertises in order to get markets and sell its goods and make itself known. B) Advertisements should give preference to marketing techniques and help firms sell; information is secondary. C) Advertising is about selling goods and keeping firms running; not supplying information. D) A business advertises with a view to making a name for itself in the commercial world and selling its products. E) The purpose of advertising is not to amuse but to increase sales and encourage commercial activities. 56. Reports about the ozone layer are as maddeningly variable as the protective shield itself. 688

A) Reports on the ozone layer and its efficiency as a protective shield are incredibly inconsistent. B) There is no consistency in the reports concerning the ozone layer and the protective shield itself, which is very embarrassing. C) Reports on the ozone layer concentrate on the irritating variability of the protective shield. D) The frustrating lack of consistency in reports concerning the ozone layer matches the state of the protective shield itself. The variability of the ozone layer is reflected in the lack of consistency 57. James will probably make a good director too, even though he's not all like his father. A) James dislikes his father's way of director, but will his may be any better? B) Unlike his father, James seems set on developing into a most efficient director. C) James is quite different from his father, but, nonetheless, he'll also succeed as a director. D) As James is opposed to his father's system, one wonders if he will find a better one. E) James is quite unlike his father, so he's not likely to be a good director. 58. He's rather hopeful that he'll get the appointment since the other candidates are at a disadvantage, which is his fluency in French as none of the candidates for the appointment know any. A) His main advantage is his fluency in French as none of the other candidates for the appointment know any. B) As none of the other candidates speak much French, it seems obvious that he'll be appointed. C) As French is the main requirement, none of the other candidates will even qualify. D) The appointment will be given to whichever of the candidates is most fluent in French. E) He's fairly confident that he'll be appointed as he's the only candidate who knows French. 59. The scene is set in Normandy, but most of the characters in this novel are Londoners. A) In the novel, the action moves backwards and forwards between Normandy and London. B) In this novel, the story takes place in Normandy but the majority of the characters are from London. C) The main characters in the novel are Londoners on a sightseeing holiday in Normandy. D) The story is about Normandy, but the leading characters are all Londoners. E) Though Normandy provides the setting for the story, the characters are all too clearly Londoners. 60. I haven't been won over by his arguments, but his book makes interesting reading. 689

A) I can't say I'm convinced that he's right, but even so his book is well worth reading. B) It's a fascinating book, but one can't take his theories seriously. C) He has some impossible ideas but knows how to write an entertaining book. D) You might be interested in reading his book even though many of his arguments are far from satisfactory. E) You will appreciate his fresh and comprehensive approach to his subject but there is no basis in fact. 61. The judge is worried because different witnesses have given a different sequence of events. A) The witnesses had to be called in order by the judge as they described the sequence of events. B) The judge is disturbed that the sequence of events described by the various witnesses is in all cases identical C) The judge is concerned that there is no agreement among the witnesses as to the order in which the events occurred D) What the judge found so upsetting was that there were so many discrepancies between the witnesses' account of the incident E) The only discrepancy in the witnesses' accounts to disturb the judge isn't related to the order of events. 62. You would do well to wait a little before buying a car A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time. B) You must realise that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don't buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn't buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won't regret it later. 63. Worries that the strong yen will hurt exports and strangle Japan's economic recovery, have pushed share prices sharply down. A) The strong yen, which is having an adverse effect on exports and on the nation's economic position generally, is responsible for the sudden drop in share prices in Japan. B) The strong yen is having an adverse effect on exports and putting an end to all Japan's hopes of economic recovery, and so share prices have dropped sharply. C) Share prices have dropped noticeably in Japan for it is feared that the strong yen will adversely affect exports and make the nation's economic recovery impossible. D) The sudden drop in share prices, and worries about the strong yen, are having an adverse effect on Japan's exports and indeed her economic recovery at large. 690

E) The noticeable drop in share prices in Japan has set people worrying about the yen, about exports and even about the process of economic recovery. 64. A good book review lets you know whether it's the sort of book you want to read or not. A) To be good, a book review has to establish who would enjoy reading it. B) One ought to be able to understand from a book review which books are worth reading. C) The prime function of any book review should be to establish whether or not a book is worth reading. D) According to book reviews, all books are worth reading. E) You can understand from a good book review whether or not it's the kind of book you enjoy. 65. Millions of Germans are uneasy about the prospect of reform because they fear the process will be painful, but they suspect that in the long run it will have to come. A) As they expect the process of reform will prove extremely painful, millions of Germans are reluctant to admit that in the end it will have to come. B) Though it's obvious that, sooner or later reform is inevitable, the feeling among a lot of people in Germany is that it should be postponed for as long as possible. C) A great many people in Germany find the likelihood of reform worrying as they are afraid it will prove unpleasant, but they have a feeling that in the end it will be inevitable. D) Since the process of reform promises to be unpleasant, the majority of Germans are trying to pretend that it need never happen. E) Though they admit that there is a need for reform, millions of Germans nevertheless fear the process, which will inevitably be painful, and seek to postpone it. 66. Most of the company's factories are in the north of England and until recently the head office was also there, but now it is in London. A) The company used to have its head office in the north of England where most of the factories are, but it was moved to London a short while ago. B) The company is setting up more factories in the north of England where, until recently, its head office was, before it was moved to London. C) The company is moving its head office to London though the majority of its factories are still in the north of England. D) Once the company's head office has moved to London most of the factories will 691

gradually be moved there from the north of England. E) The head office of the company which is in the north of England where most of the factories are, will shortly be moved to London. 67. There are few large firms where the top people are willing to admit that they don't know something. A) There are few people at the top of a large company who need to admit they don't know something. B) In the really top firms it's rare that people will admit to being ignorant about anything. C) It's only the top people in a company of any standing that have the courage to admit ignorance on any point. D) it's not often that the people in charge of a large company are willing to confess their ignorance on any matter. E) There are only a few firms, in which the directors ever dare to share their knowledge with others. 68. Although Windows 2000 has a number of features that distinguish it from NT4, and make it more flexible, more secure and easier to maintain, the main aim has been something altogether different. A) Although windows 2000 and NT4 have a number of features in common, the former is more flexible, safer and easier of maintenance, and in other ways too, quite different. B) Windows 2000 is certainly different in several aspects from NT4 with the result that it is less rigid, safer and upkeep is less complex; but these changes do not by any means constitute the main goal. C) The main aim with Windows 2000 was to give it certain features like flexibility, security and ease of maintenance so as to distinguish it from NT4. D) The main goal in producing Windows 2000 was not to distinguish it from NT4 by making it less rigid, safer and easier of upkeep, but those are certainly some of its features. E) Flexibility, security and ease of maintenance are some of the features that distinguish Windows 2000 from NT4 and these constitute the main aim in producing it. 69. The expansion of New England was in part stimulated by the desire for better land. A) Stimulated in part by her greed for good arable soil, New England began to expand rapidly. B) It was simply the poor quality of the land that made New England desirous of 692

expanding her boundaries. C) Her original lands proving inadequate, New England soon felt obliged to start expanding. D) Desirous of acquiring part of this richer soil, New extend her boundaries. E) The desire for better land was one reason why New England extended her boundaries.

England

soon

began

to

70. “The Rocket” incorporated the principal features that dominated locomotive design from that time onwards. A) Later locomotive design did not differ noticeably from that of “the Rocket”. B) Many of the main features of “the Rocket” were to reappear in later locomotive design. C) The main features affecting all future locomotive design were present in “the Rocket”. D) Later locomotive design was in certain essentials not dissimilar from that of “the Rocket”. E) As regards the principal features of its design, “the Rocket” was not dissimilar from later locomotives. 71. In relation to the size of the population, the commerce of the mainland colonies of America at this time was unusually large. A) At this period, the commercial activities of the mainland colonies of America were considerable even though the population was increasing only slowly. B) Since the population of the mainland colonies of America at this time was small, their trading activities were comparatively large. C) Considering how small the population of the mainland colonies of America was at this time, the variety of their trading activities was quite surprising. D) If the size of the population is taken into consideration, the trading activities of the mainland colonies of America in this period were remarkably extensive. E) The commerce of the mainland colonies of America at this time increased as quickly as the population increased. 72. If I had heard about this conference on Satellite Services even a little earlier, I would most certainly have prepared a paper for it. A) Unfortunately, I haven't had sufficient time to write a paper for that conference 693

on Satellite Services, though I would very much have liked to have done so. B) I knew nothing about this conference on Satellite Services until it was too late to write a paper for it, but I certainly would have if time had allowed. C) There's still time to write a paper for that conference they are talking about on Satellite Services, and I would certainly like to do so. D) If only they had informed me about the conference on Satellite Services, I would definitely have got this paper ready a lot earlier. E) If they had given out some information about the conference on Satellite Services at an earlier date, it might have been possible to have given a paper there. 73. It was not until the time of Shakespeare that companies of players emerged who made the stage their profession. A) Before the age of Shakespeare companies of professional actors were already beginning to appear. B) By Shakespeare's time there were already groups of actors whose theatrical activities were conducted on professional lines. C) The actors of Shakespeare's time were professionals and organised themselves into companies. D) By the age of Shakespeare, acting had become a profession and the players were grouped into various companies. E) Companies of players who made a profession of acting came into being for the first time in the age of Shakespeare.

694

74. Many people prefer food that is free from artificial substances as these can be a threat to health. A) It seems that the artificial substances in our food are responsible for a great deal of our ill health. B) Since artificial substances may be detrimental to health a lot of people are avoiding foods that contain them. C) Food that is free of artificial substances that are detrimental to a person's health should be preferred. D) Many people show a preference for foods that are free of artificial substances though they are not of the harmful type. E) Foods that contain artificial substances should be avoided as they are the cause of many health problems. 75. Basically, the witnesses all gave a uniform account of the incident but, as might be expected, there were some small discrepancies in the details. A) All the witnesses gave a very detailed account of the incident and apparently a very accurate one. B) It wouldn't have surprised one if there had been differences in the details supplied by the witnesses, but actually they were in full agreement over the incident. C) The accounts of the incident given by the various witnesses were surprisingly similar even as regards the details. D) Not surprisingly, the witnesses gave slightly varied accounts of the incident but there was complete agreement on the main facts. E) Apart from one or two very crucial details the witnesses gave quite similar descriptions of the incident. 76. She is so anxious not to hurt anyone's feelings that she never calls them to account for their actions. A) Being so afraid of upsetting people prevents her from ever questioning what they are doing. B) If she were less sensitive about other people's feelings, she would be more critical of what they are doing. C) She is too anxious to please people and this means she can't control them. D) No one ever listens to her because they know they can do what they like and she won't complain. E) That's how she treats people and nobody gets upset about it any more. 77. He finds the new job for more demanding than the old one, but I expect he'll 695

soon get used to it. A) He has to put a lot more effort into this job than into the previous one, but he'll soon get used to it. B) His former job was easier than his present one, but that was because he was used to it. C) Once he was settled into his new job, he'll probably find it just as stimulating as his old one. D) Until he's familiar with the work in the new job, he's obviously going to find it less pleasant than the old one. E) Until he gets accustomed to the new job, he'll wish he had stayed in the old one. 78. He has retired, and he is now consultant for several businesses and this brings him in more money than he ever used to earn in his full-time job. A) If he had wanted to retire, he could have acted as a consultant for several agencies and this would have given him a better income. B) Once he had retired, he became a consultant for several organizations because he needed an additional income. C) So that his income would not drop when he retired from full-time employment, he started to work in an advisory capacity for several organizations. D) Though he has been retired for some time, he now earns twice as much as when he was in a full-time job, because he is working as a consultant for quite a lot of firms. E) He earned less when he was in full-time employment than he does now that he is retired and acting as a consultant for two or three firms. 79. For once I feel inclined to agree with Richard though usually I don't approve of his ideas. A) I reckon this is the first time Richard and I agree, for I generally find his views somewhat amoral. B) Once in a while I like to agree with Richard as I usually come out in opposition to him. C) As often as not Richard and I hold completely different views, so he'll be surprised to find me agreeing with him. D) On certain issues Richard and I are in agreement, but on the whole I find his point of view rather disgusting. E) More often than not I find Richard's ideas rather repulsive, but on this occasion he just might be right.

696

80. Hardly a day goes without someone coming in to complain about the unreliability of the ferry service because it runs so erratically. A) There is always someone here criticising the ferry service because it runs so erratically. B) The unreliability of the ferry service is one reason why so many people come in every day to complain. C) Most of the complaints we hear, day after day, about the ferry service relate to its unreliability. D) Someone comes in just about everyday to express their dissatisfaction with the ferry service because it is so undependable. E) Again and again, these people have been criticising the ferry service because it's badly run. 81. I suppose most youngsters look forward eagerly to the time when they will be financially independent of their parents. A) The dream of most youngsters is surely to have lots of money of their own to spend as they want. B) Presumably, most youngsters long to have their own money instead of relying on their parents for it. C) Obviously, youngsters can't be independent of their parents while they have to ask for money from them. D) Naturally, most young people can't wait to start earning their own money and so be independent of their parents. E)I assume that most young people are financially dependent on their parents but wish not to be. 82. The normal school obviously doesn't have the resources necessary to cope with badly handicapped children. A) When children are seriously handicapped, the ordinary school has to find ways of answering their needs. B) The needs of such handicapped children are beyond the range of any ordinary school programme. C) Seriously handicapped children cannot fit into the routine of ordinary school life. D) In an ordinary school, the needs of seriously handicapped children tend to get forgotten. E) When it's a case of seriously handicapped children, the average school simply cannot meet their needs. 697

83. The report did not get a favourable reception largely because it called for massive increases in defence spending. A) The unfavourable report on defence spending showed convincingly that vast sums of money had been wasted. B) The report failed to please for the obvious reason that it recommended an increase in expenditure for defence purposes. C) The extra expenditure for defence purposes is what made the report so unpopular in many quarters. D) The main reason why the report met with so little approval was on account of the vast increases in expenditure it demanded for defence purposes. E) The report was quite unacceptable on account of the fact that the recommended increases in defence spending were quite unrealistic. 84. More market research on the likelihood of the success of such an definitely called for, before we invest more time, money or effort in it.

item

is

A) Once market research findings suggest it is likely that this article will sell well, we will definitely start to invest more time, money and effort in it. B) A great deal of time, money and effort has already been invested in this particular item, but market research findings are not very positive as to the likelihood of its success. C) We really must not invest more time, money or effort in this particular item until market research provides us with more grounds for believing that it will sell. D) Unless market research comes up with some really good proof that such an article will market well, we must stop investing so much time, money and energy in it. E) We cannot go on investing time, money and energy in a product of this nature while market research findings regarding its selling potentiality are so dubious. 85. Her lectures are both amusing and full of interest, and consequently, it’s hardly surprising that she is so popular. A) Her popularity is the result of her style of lecturing which really is fascinating. B) She lectures in such an amusing manner that everyone enjoys her lectures. C) She is a most entertaining speaker, and so naturally she is in great demand. D) The fact that her lectures are so full of humour is clearly the reason for her popularity. E) Her sense of humour and her insight are what have made her so much in demand as a lecturer. 698

86. I'm not sure, but I have a nasty feeling he didn't do at all well at the interview. A) Actually, in my opinion, he may have done a lot better at the interview than he fears. B) I hope I'm wrong but from what I can gather he made a real mess of the interview. C) It's not definite yet, but I suspect he didn't perform as well as he claims at the interview. D) I could be wrong but I'm afraid his performance at the interview was rather poor. E) It's not very nice of me, and I may be mistaken, but I don't think he was any 87. What worries me is that they have so far failed to improve the quality of the work. A) As they haven't yet managed to produce any high-quality work, I'm wondering if they ever will. B) If only they could upgrade the quality of the work I'd stop worrying. C) Once the quality of the work improves we'll be free of worries. D) It's the fact that they still haven't managed to upgrade the quality of the work that troubles me. E) They are still far from producing the high-quality work I'm anxious to get. 88. Roof insulation will pay for itself within two years in lower heating costs, or so they claim. A) They claimed that roof insulation would reduce heating costs, so that in two years you could recover the amount invested. B) It pays to insulate your roof since you certainly get back in around two years, whatever you invest in lowered fuel costs. C) Roof insulation reduces heating costs so much that in just two years they guarantee that you get back the money you invest in it. D) They guarantee that money invested in roof insulation is recoverable in two years through reduced fuel costs. E) They claim that in under two years you get back what you invest in roof insulation through reduced fuel costs. 89. Those opposed to gambling continue to argue the case against it on social and moral grounds.

699

A) Those who are against gambling continue to state the moral and social reasons for the stand they take. B) Those who are against gambling usually take a moral or a social stand against it. C) There are two basic grounds for opposing gambling, the moral and the social. D) The case against gambling is usually based on both moral and social grounds. E) They continue to oppose gambling and cite various moral and social reasons for the stand they take. 90. My experiences in China were quite unlike anything else that had ever happened to me. A) Life in China is quite different from anything I've come across elsewhere. B) The events I encountered in China were unique; I'd known nothing like them before. C) I hope that my experiences in China will never be repeated anywhere. D) Going to China was an interesting experience, quite unlike what I was prepared for. E) I found myself in a unique situation in China and presumably I will never know the like of it again. 91. I was tempted to resign there and then, but I'm glad now that I didn't. A) I rather wish I'd had the courage to hand in my resignation straight away. B) I wanted to give in my resignation immediately, and I rather regret that I didn't. C) I felt like handing in my resignation on the spot, but I know now I would have regretted it. D) If I were to resign now, I'd probably regret it. E) Even now I find the idea of resigning rather tempting, and may do so. 92.I just couldn't make him understand that good planning is essential to success. A) I've failed to convince him that the secret to success lies in a sound plan. B) Apparently he can't grasp the fact that without a sound plan, success is hard to come by. C) He refuses to believe that the plan will turn out to be successful. D) He's convinced that the scheme is bound to succeed. E) I'll convince him in the end that no amount of planning can guarantee success. 700

VERİLEN CÜMLENİN YAKIN ANLAMINI BULMA 1) Steven was accused of starting the fire that burned down the two factory buildings. A) It is certain that the fire that had burned down the two factory buildings was started by Steven. B) Although they had no proof, Steven was the one suspected of starting the fire which burned down the two factory buildings. C) The accusations against Steven were dropped after the two buildings burned down at the factory. D) They accused Steven after they had proof that the two factory buildings had been burned down. E) Steven denied the accusation that he had started the fire that burned down the two factory buildings. 2) The computer indicated that there was a virus in the disk which had just been placed into it. A) The virus was indicated for the computer to work correctly. B) The indications were that the computer had established a virus. C) The disk which was to be placed in the computer wanted a virus to work correctly. D) The disk which was in the computer stated that there was a virus in the computer. E) The computer noted that the disk which was placed into it had a virus. 3) The fees for the services of the pediatrician were extremely high. A) The services of the child's doctor were free. B) The cost of seeing the child specialist was very high. C) The doctor charged a fee for the services he rendered. D) The pediatrician is a children's doctor who charges great fees. E) The high quality of the pediatrician’s services was without cost. 4) What a shame that your cake fell off the table before we had a chance to taste it! A) It was a waste to attempt to taste the cake after it fell off the table. B) We were able to taste the delicious cake before it fell on the floor. C) It was unfortunate that we couldn't taste the cake before it fell off the table. 701

D) The cake shamefully fell off the table after we tasted it. E) Your cake was very good when we tasted it before it fell on the floor. 5) The police warned everyone to lock their doors at night and not to let any strangers into their homes. A) The citizens were informed by the authorities that they should take precautions in protecting their homes and in dealing with strangers. B) It was necessary for people to prevent entry into their home by aliens. C) The strangers informed everyone to prevent entry into their homes by the police. D) The police were not allowing people to invite unusual or unknown people into their homes. E) Everyone was forbidden to lock their doors and to keep everyone they didn't know out of their homes until the criminals were found. 6) Janice was foolish to attempt such a long trip in that broken down car. A) Janice's idea was not as good as we thought. B) Janice should have not decided on taking that car on a trip. C) If I were Janice, I would have thought twice about going on that long trip with that old car that needed repair. D) The broken car was going to be repaired if Janice could make the long trip to the garage. E) What a fool she is to think that the car is the right way to make such a trip. 7) She cautiously looked both ways before she crossed the street. A) After she crossed the street, she looked both ways. B) She looked both ways because she couldn't decide where to go. C) Carefully looking in both ways, she turned around and decided to cross the street. D) She crossed the street so that she could look both ways. E) Before she crossed the street, she carefully looked in both directions and then decided to cross. 8) The best treatment for flu is to rest in bed and to take plenty of fluids. A) Drinking large amounts of liquid and getting treatment are the best ways for flu. B) Flu is best treated with bed rest and large amounts of fluids to drink. C) I would like to have flu so I could rest in bed and have a drink once in a while. D) Resting in bed and taking frequent baths is the best way of treating flu. E) Flu is best treated with rest and drowning a fever. 702

9) The city council refused to give permission to the rock group for a performance in the stadium. A) The rock group wanted to perform in the stadium and asked the city council to give them permission. B) The city council wanted the rock group to perform in the stadium instead of the city. C) The rock group was not able to receive permission to perform in the stadium. D) The rock group's performance in the stadium was not funded by the city council. E) The rock group's refusal to perform in the stadium made the city council angry. 10) The attachment of the two young people to their professor proved to be valuable for both sides. A) They proved that it was valuable to attach the two young people to their professor. B) The two young people proved the value of the attachment between teacher and students. C) The professor asked to prove the worth of what the students had said to him. D) Establishing a trusting relationship between students and teachers can be worthwhile for all concerned. E) After the intimate relationship between the teacher and the students was proven, there were many people who felt they were no longer of any value. 11) The commercials on television caused many problems in families as young children cannot distinguish between what is presented and reality. A) Children have difficulty understanding the relationship between real life and the television commercials, but families educate them. B) Families sometimes want to live the lives they see on commercials because they would prefer the life they see on television to the life they really lead. C) Many problems are caused by television as children are often influenced by what is shown on commercials. D) The inability of children to distinguish between real life and television commercials has caused them to want what they should not have. E) Children cause their families a great many problems because they want to watch too much television. 12) The telephone conversation between the two sisters took approximately two hours. A) The sisters took the two telephones for two hours. 703

B) The sisters talked on the phone for almost two hours. C) The telephone was busy for two hours before they could talk to each other. D) A conversation with my sister will take place in about two hours. E) It takes approximately two hours to have a conversation with my sister. 13) The rate of suicide in Japan is extremely high among young people. A) Young people in Japan like to commit suicide. B) The number of young people in Japan who kill themselves is great. C) The Japanese are highly interested in committing suicide. D) Japanese youths commit many more murders than in other countries. E) The high rate of suicide is only among the young of Japan. 14) Tristy was so disappointed about the job she wasn't able to get that she cried for several hours. A) Depressed about the job she was unable to get, Tristy cried for a long time. B) Tristy wasn't all that disappointed about the job so she didn't cry all that long. C) Being upset about many things, she cried until she heard that she had got the new job. D) The job she had wanted wasn't all that good, as she later learned, so she was not all that disappointed. E) Getting a job wasn't important enough to cry about. 15) It was a rash of Susan and Mark to get married when they'd only known each other for a few weeks. A) As you know, Susan and Mark got married a few weeks ago, which was an insensible act for both of them. B) The fact that Susan and Mark got married was not a sensible decision for they had known one another for a short time. C) Susan and Mark decided to get married a few weeks before, but I think they are on the verge of a terrible mistake. D) If you ask my opinion, Susan and Mark should get married only after they have known each other sufficiently. E) Susan and Mark are married for only a few weeks, but they have already started to quarrel with one another. 16) It wasn’t until my elder brother returned from Germany that my elder sister got married. 704

A) After my elder sister had united her life with a man, my elder brother got back from Germany. B) My elder sister’s marriage happened following the arrival of my elder brother. C) It was on the occasion of the arrival of my elder brother that my elder sister got married. D) My elder sister’s marriage falls into the period when my elder brother came back from Germany. E) My elder brother decided to turn back from Germany because my elder sister was getting married. 17) Just as the student was concentrating on the lesson, his father distracted him by entering the room. A) Before the student started to study his lesson, his father entered the room and spoilt his concentration. B) While the student was trying to focus on the lesson, his father entered the room, but didn’t utter any word. C) Although the father entered the room, his son continued to study his lesson. D) As the student was attempting to focus on the lesson, his father entered the room. E) The father’s entrance into the room prevented the student from focusing on the lesson. 18) The system had already got worse by the time the government took hold of it. A) The system fell into failure until the government made a solution for it. B) Although the system collapsed formerly, the government tried to solve it. C) When the government started to get interested in the situation, the system was also out of way. D) The system found way out of the terrible condition because the government had taken considerable precautions. E) The government took remarkable precautions, so the system got better and better. 19) The future of the man will be in great danger as long as he is obstinate in not giving up smoking. A) For the sake of the man’s living in safe in the future, he needs to stop smoking. B) The man’s health cannot recover from that situation even though he decides to quit 705

smoking. C) As soon as the man makes up his mind and becomes decisive to stop smoking, he will turn back to his good days. D) Because the man is entirely stubborn in not avoiding cigarette, his future will always be in danger. E) The man needs somebody to dissuade him from smoking for the sake of his health. 20) The rain had become heavier by the time we left home, so we called off our plan for picnic. A) Until the rain started to pour down, we had already cancelled our plan for picnic. B) The downpour didn’t cause any obstacle for our plan to have a picnic. C) When we set off for our picnic, the rain began to pour down, so we had to postpone it. D) The downpour prevented us from going for a picnic though we had already planned to. E) It was too late to have a decision because we had already arrived at the place of the picnic by the time the rain poured down. 21) He achieved worldwide fame after he released his first record. A) His first album brought him more fame than anyone could expect. B) He was already famous in his own country, but his first album helped him become renowned world over. C) His later album made a bigger contribution to his fame than the former ones D) By the time he produced his new songs for the album, he was popular enough thanks to the former ones. E) It was surprise to everybody that he gained popularity throughout the world with only one album. 22) If it hadn’t been for my wife, I couldn’t have overcome the problems in those days. A) But for my wife, things would have been much easier than lived. B) With the help of my wife I can still deal with the problems today. C) My wife was always standing beside me in those days; otherwise, I couldn’t have overcome the problems. D) It wouldn’t have made much difference if it hadn’t been for my wife. E) It was very important for me that my wife was always next to me, or lese, something would be different, now. 23) Be careful of the road for it is not the road it used to be.

706

A) Beware of the road because it has been deformed very much since you last drove on it. B) I warn you about the road because it has changed recently. C) The road is so dangerous that it is inevitable for you to have an accident. D) As far as I know about the road, it has been exposed to many deformations. E) In the past, the road was more dangerous than today; so it will be safer. 24) In terms of modern standards, the houses which were built in the past are different from the ones which have been built recently. A) When we compare the houses with each other today, we come across several contrasts among them. B) By modern standards, the ancient houses are not entirely separated from the new ones. C) According to the modern standardization, there are some similarities among the new and ancient houses. D) By modern standards, the recent houses are distinguished from the ancient houses. E) What makes difference among the houses is their modern standards. 25) People think that the cars with high speed capacity can go on the slope road very fast. A) It is a generally assumption that a car with low capacity in speed may break out on the long distance. B) That the cars of high speed capacity can climb the mountainous road is a general idea of community. C) It doesn’t matter in fact whether the car has high speed capacity or not for climbing the road. D) According to great majority of people, cars with high speed capacity can go on the slope very fast. E) The cars of high speed capacity are thought to be able to go fat on the slope. 26) When parents teach their children successful problem-solving skills, they provide tools that will help their children develop successful careers and personal relationships. A) The parents who aim at having their children acquire problem-solving skills are aware of the fact that these abilities contribute much to their careers in the future. B) Provided that the children are given the skills of solving problems by their parents, they will see the benefit of this in their career and personal relationship in the future. C) With the help of problem-solving skills will the children only be successful in their personal relationships and careers. D) It doesn’t matter whether the children learn the problem-solving skills in developing their careers. 707

E) When parents have their children acquire the problem-solving skills, these children will certainly be successful in their careers and personal relationships. 27) According to the last information, we are to take precautions where and when necessary. A) The recent information expects from us to take precautions in the urgent time and place. B) When and where it is essential, we were wanted to take precautions depending on the information. C) If we take care of the last information, we can say that we need to take some precautions. D) This recent information urges us that we should take precautions in the essential time. E) Wherever and whenever it is necessary, we have to take precautions for the last information. 28) I will not drive fast through the countryside so that I can get more pleasure from the beautiful view. A) Unlike the other times, I will be driving slowly in the lovely areas to appreciate the scenery. B) You cannot expect me to drive fast through the country which has a wonderful view. C) The more slowly I drive through this scenery, the more I might enjoy it. D) Most often, I slow my car or even pull over whenever I see a spectacular view. E) I will take my time driving in the countryside to enjoy the scenery better. 29) Much to Brian’s disappointment, most of the members were opposed to the new offer. A) That there were almost no members who supported the new offer made Brian very disillusioned. B) What disillusioned Brian was that the new offer was rejected by all the members. C) Brian was bitterly disappointed by the fact that the new offer was entirely rejected by the members. D) A majority of the members were disappointed by the fact that Brian did not support the new offer. E) There were many members who were opposed to Brian’s new offer, which aroused great disappointment. 30) No sooner had the plane departed for London than its engines all stopped working.

708

A) One of the plane’s engines failed soon after it had taken off from London. B) The moment the plane left London, one of its engines ceased to work. C) Fortunately, the failure of the plane’s engines happened just before its take-off. D) The plane’s engines suddenly stopped just before it set out to London. E) Immediately after the plane had left for London, all its engines failed. ANLAM BOZUKLUĞU 1) (I) Cheetah is a common name for a large cat, found mainly in Africa but with small populations in Iran. (II)The head and body, without the tail, are about 1.1 to 1.5 m long, and the claws are short. (III) The coat is yellowish-brown with black spots; cubs also have a spotted coat. (IV) The female cheetah’s pregnancy lasts three months. (V) On the other hand, mature males generally travel alone or in groups of two to three males. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 2) (I) In the autumn of 1963 Kennedy began to plan his strategy for re-election. (II) He flew across the country extolling the improvements in US-Soviet relations. (III) On November 22, while riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was shot in the head and neck by a sniper or snipers. (IV) The murder has already finished, but the debate about the assassin is still current today. (V) He was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where efforts to revive him failed. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 3) (I) Raleigh, Sir Walter is an English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I. (II) Raleigh attended the University of Oxford for a time and served in the French religious wars on the Huguenot side. (III) Raleigh first came to Queen Elizabeth’s attention through his work in Ireland. (IV) Later, he became familiar with both court life and the intellectual community. (V) These experiences assisted him in producing outstanding traces. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 4) (I) In the interval 1960-80, space missions to Mars were the major objective of the U.S. and Soviet programs for the exploration of the solar system. (II) U.S. spacecraft successfully flew by Mars and orbited the planet. (III) Three Soviet probes also investigated Mars, two of them reaching its surface. (IV) Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to soft-land an instrumented capsule on the planet on Dec. 2, 1971. (V) In 1988, Soviet scientists launched a pair of spacecraft, Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, to orbit Mars.

709

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 5) (I) Parachute, in terminology, comes from French, para, “preventing”; chute, “fall”. (II) It is a large, umbrella-shaped fabric canopy used to reduce the speed of a person. (III) The use of the parachute was first suggested by Leonardo da Vinci. (IV) The French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard dropped a dog equipped with a parachute from a balloon in 1785, and in 1793 claimed to have made the first successful human parachute descent. (V) However, the first practical parachute was invented in the 1780s. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 6) (I) Paradoxically, the Cold War secured military peace in Europe for almost 50 years. (II) Cold War is the post-1945 struggle between two blocs of nations led by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (III) Direct military conflict did not occur between the two superpowers. (IV) Instead of that, intense economic and diplomatic struggles erupted. (V) Different interests led to mutual suspicion and hostility in an escalating rivalry rooted in ideology. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 7) (I) Elegy refers to a lyric poem lamenting the death of someone. (II) A good example is Tennyson’s “In Memoriam” a sequence of lyrics on the death of Arthur Hallam. (III) A pastoral elegy is a kind of elegy which has a rural setting with shepherds and nymps. (IV) Homer’s Riad and Odysiey are the examples of literary epics. (V) This kind of elegy has numerous conventions, such as nature joining in the lament or a procession of mourners. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 8) (I) The Iraqi attack began shortly after midnight on August 2. (II) By dawn Iraq had assumed control of Kuwait city with one policy. (III) Any armed attempt to roll back the Iraqi invasion depended on Saudi Arabia, which shares a border with both Iraq and Kuwait. (IV) When this claim attracted neither Kuwaiti nor international support, it was dropped. (V) In place of the Sabahs, most of whom fled during the invasion, Iraq installed a puppet government. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 9) (I) The Swiss live in close proximity to the mountains, which are well linked by road and rail to the urban areas. (II) Hence, they have become extremely sport-conscious and have encouraged the growth of skiing and mountaineering as tourist attractions. (III) Other sports 710

include Swiss-style wrestling, gliding, para-gliding, hang gliding, walking in the forests and mountains…etc. (IV) Fishing is a general activity favoured by a lot of people. (V) When certain mountain lakes freeze over, they are used for curling and even horse racing. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

10) (I) World War I is a military conflict that began as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914. (II) The fundamental causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply in the European history of the previous century (III) Hence, it became a global war involving 32 nations. (IV) Twenty-eight of these nations, known as the Allies and the Associated Powers opposed the coalition known as the Central Powers. (V) They were consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 11) (I) John Bell is an American statesman, born near Nashville, Tennessee, and educated at Cumberland College. (II) He practised law and served in the Tennessee Senate before entering the United States House of Representatives in 1827 as a Democrat. (III) From 1847 to 1859 Bell served in the US Senate as a Whig. (IV) Bell left the House in March 1841 to join the cabinet of President William H. Harrison. (V) However, he resigned the following September because of a split between the Whigs and President John Tyler, who had succeeded Harrison. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 12) (I) Photography is the production of permanent images by means of the action of light on sensitized surfaces, giving rise to a new form of visual art, historical document, and scientific tool. (II) The history of photographic image-making is the story of the diverse applications of a new and constantly evolving technology. (III) It is a history that includes images at every point on the scale between utilitarian scientific and historical documents and pictures conceived with the highest artistic ambitions. (IV) Parallel to it is the history of photographic techniques, in which constant expansion of the technical resources available to photographers led to an ever-increasing range of aesthetic possibilities. (V) At first, photographers leaned heavily on the conventions of picture-making learned from traditional media. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 13) (I) All societies have vocal music; and with few exceptions, all have instruments. (II) In composition—the principal creative act in music—something that is considered new is produced by combining the musical elements that a given society recognizes as a system. (III) Innovation as a criterion of good composing is important in Western culture. (IV) In 711

Western music, composition is normally carried out with the help of notation. (V) However, in much popular music, and particularly in folk, tribal, and most non-Western cultures, composition is done in the mind of the composer, who may sing or use an instrument as an aid, and is transmitted orally and memorized. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 14) (I) Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic poem which is the most important work of Old English literature and the first major poem written in a European vernacular language. (II) The sombre story is told in vigorous, picturesque language, with much use of metaphor. (III) The only surviving manuscript is in the British Museum. (IV) So, it is written in the West Saxon dialect and is believed to date from the late 10th century. (V) On the basis of this text, Beowulf is generally considered the work of an 8th-century Anglian poet. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 15) (I) Figure of Speech is the word or the group of words used to give particular emphasis to an idea or sentiment. (II) The special emphasis is typically accomplished by the user's conscious deviation from the strict literal sense of a word. (III) From ancient times to the present, such figurative locutions have been extensively employed by orators and writers to strengthen and embellish their styles of speech and composition. (IV) A number of the more widely used figures of speech, some of which are also called tropes. (V) On the other hand, Apostrophe is a device by which an actor turns from the audience to address a person who is usually either absent or deceased object, or an abstract idea. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 16) (I) Until the 19th century, the primary focus in most stories had been on the “what happened” element. (II) Now writers began to concentrate on the motivations that propelled characters into conflict. (III) Poe was the first writer to so define the short story, in his review of Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales. (IV) At the same time, attention was directed to techniques of economic storytelling: artful structuring of events. (V) As a result, the system of organising the order of events during the story has become fashionable. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 17) (I) Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich is a Russian dramatist and short-story writer, who is one of the foremost figures in Russian literature. (II) The son of a merchant, Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860, in Taganrog, Ukraine, and educated in medicine at Moscow State University. (III) While still at university he published humorous magazine stories and sketches. (IV) He rarely practised medicine because of his success as a writer. (V) He was largely responsible for the modern type of short story that depends for effect on mood and symbolism rather than on plot. 712

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 18) (I) Tragic drama as we know it today is said to have been originated in the 6th century BC by the Athenian poet Aeschylus. (II) Aeschylus, for the first time, introduced the role of a second actor, apart from the chorus. (III) The second great Greek tragedian was Sophocles, the fine construction of whose plots led Aristotle as well as other Greek critics to consider him the greatest writer of tragedy. (III) His tragedies, numbering about 90, treat such lofty themes as the nature of divinity and the relations of human beings to the gods. (IV) Only seven of his tragedies are extant, including Prometheus Bound, the story of the punishment of Prometheus, one of the Titans, by the god Zeus. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 19) (I) To his students, Plutarch was regarded as a genial guide, philosopher, and spiritual director. (II) Plutarch is the Greek biographer and essayist, born in Chaeronea in Boeotia. (III) He was educated in Athens and is believed to have travelled to Egypt and Italy and to have lectured in Rome on moral philosophy. (IV) He frequently visited Athens and was a priest in the temple at Delphi. (V) He spent the later years of his life at Chaeronea, where he held municipal office. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 20) (I) The literature of Rome was itself modelled on Greek literature and served in turn as the basic model, especially in the Renaissance, for the development of later European literatures. (II) Because of their close formal dependence on Greek models, Roman writers were concerned with emphasizing the specifically Roman quality of their experience. (III) The greatest accomplishments of Roman literature are found in epic and lyric poetry, rhetoric, history, comic drama. (IV) Latin literature began with Livius Andronicus, who came to Rome as a Greek-speaking slave. (V) Of all these, satire has been the last genre being the only literary form the Romans invented. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 21) (I) Most of the key words commonly used to describe governments, words such as monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy, are of Greek or Roman origin. (II) They have been current for more than 2,000 years and have not yet exhausted their usefulness. (III) This suggests that mankind has not changed very much since they were coined. (IV) With only minor altering, human being used the term of monarchy in their political affairs. (V) The earliest analytical use of the term monarchy occurred in ancient Athens, chiefly in Plato's dialogues, but even in Plato's time the word was not self-explanatory. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 22) (I) Cuckoo is a common name for birds of the large and diverse cuckoo family found on 713

every continent except Antarctica. (II) The common cuckoo of Europe and Asia is the species in which the male's two-note call has been invoked in many musical compositions as well as in cuckoo clocks. (III) It is a long-tailed bird of about 33 cm, ash-grey above and white, closely barred with dark grey. (IV) None of the North American species of cuckoos is a brood parasite. (V) This species, like many other cuckoos, is a brood parasite; the female lays her 15 to 20 eggs singly in the nests of other birds—each female specializing in one particular host—which raise the young cuckoos, usually at the expense of their own young. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Answer the following questions according to the given passages Tennis can be played by two players in singles or by four in doubles. There is a markedout area, the court, with a long net drawn across the centre. The object of the game is to hit the ball over the net and keep it in play until the opponent loses the point by failing to make a good return. The opposing players hit a ball to each other with rackets. They concede points to the opponent each time they hit the ball into the net, or place it outside the limits of the court. The game is played on grass, called lawn tennis, or on a hard court. Its origins go back to the sixteenth century, and the modern form of the game dates from 1873. Two of today’s most important international tennis championships are Wimbledon and the Davis Cup. 1-It is clear from the passage that tennis ……… . A) is better when played on grass than on a hard court B) requires rather expensive equipment C) is played by either two individual players or two pairs D) is generally a sport of the wealthy E) has changed little since it originated 2- The passage tells us that tennis……….. . A) was first played sometime in the 1500s B) was perfected by someone called Davis C) was a somewhat informal game until 1873 D) was played without rules for centuries E) is played on extremely hard ground 3-We understand from the passage that, in tennis……… . A) the rules are not as strict as in other sports B) there are no more than two international tournaments C) people can be seriously hurt when they are hit with rackets D) one player, or pair, wins by the other's mistakes 714

E) players have to make a large number of strikes A submarine is an underwater vessel. A very early type of submarine was built by the American Robert Fulton, but the submarine was not used extensively until World War I, when the Germans built a fleet of U-boats, as they called them, to attack British merchant ships. In World War II, the Germans built an even more formidable fleet of U-boats. A type of one-man or midget submarine was also developed. Today's submarines are powered by nuclear energy, are much faster and can stay underwater for an indefinite period of time. Many are equipped with ballistic missiles which can fire at targets from beneath the waves. 4-We are informed by the author that modern submarines …….. . A) are commonly known as U-boats, as Germans call them B) are not as dangerous as the ones run on nuclear energy C) are even faster than the fastest ships on the surface D) don't need very large crews because of advanced technology E) are capable of remaining underwater for extended periods 5- According to the passage, until World War I,........ . A)the principles of building a submarine was unknown outside of the USA B) the use of submarines was limited C) there were no submarines operating efficiently D) merchant ships were at risk during war times E) Germans had failed to have any victories at sea 6-We learn from the passage that today's submarines ……….. . A) may have advanced weapon systems included in their designs B) are most effective in seas where there are huge waves C) have been designed to be used by a single person D) have one weakness, which involves the difficulty they have firing missiles through waves E) must come to the surface before firing their missiles

The solar system is the name for the Sun, and the planets with their own satellite moons, which revolve around it. It also includes the asteroids, which constitute belt of several thousand minor planets or planetoids, and various comets and meteorites, Nicolas Copernicus was the first to suggest the basic arrangement of the solar system, in contradiction to the previously held belief that the Earth was the centre of the universe. 715

Most astronomers now believe that if our sun can support a system of planets, then it is mathematically probable that many other suns or stars also have planets. 7-As the passage suggests, our solar system …….. . A) is unique in the universe in terms of the celestial objects it includes B) consists of much more than a star and a few planets C) is in great danger because of the large number of meteorites D) does not include a planet other than the Earth which harbours life E) is not nearly as orderly as it was previously thought 8- According to the passage, before Copernicus, ………. . A) many other scientists claimed the Earth and planets circled the Sun B) nobody had ever really considered the nature of our solar system C) much of what is known today about the universe was common knowledge D) people used to believe that the Earth was in the middle of the universe E) astronomy was simply the hobby of many uneducated amateurs 9- The belief held by many astronomers today is that our sun and its planets…….. . A) are definitely unique in the entirety of all creation B) are probably not the only such system in the universe C) could support many more planets if they had to do so D) are in relation to each other according to mathematical principles E) cause doubts as to the validity of Copernicus' theory As soon as early men learnt how to write, they developed a way of putting down numbers. The ancient Egyptians used a hieroglyphic (pictorial) method of representing numbers for counting, weighing and measuring. The Greeks used an alphabetical system: alpha for 1, beta for 2 and so on. The Romans used simple stroke marks for the first three numbers, but for 5, they used a 'V' sign, which may originally have been represented as a hand; 10 was two Vs, linked together as a cross, forming the symbol X. Primitive tribes today still count by fives because there are five fingers on each hand: Eskimos still count in twenties. In the Middle Ages, twenty, known as a score, was a much used number; in fact, we still keep the word 'score' in such games as football, tennis and cricket. 10- The best title for this passage would be …. . A) The Development of Numerical Systems B) Numeracy and Literacy in the Ancient World C) How Primitive People Learnt to Write D) Ancient Methods of Counting Surviving Today 716

E) Parallelism in the Numerical Systems of Ancient Civilisations 11- It is clearly stated in the passage that …….. . A) men learnt to put down numbers before they learnt to write B) all ancient peoples used to count in groups of fives C) only the Egyptians used numbers for weighing and measuring D) all the ancient systems of numbering were almost the same E) numbers were developed shortly after writing systems 12- The author states that, in the Middle Ages, ……… . A) Roman numerals had lost their influence B) football, tennis and cricket were popular pastimes C) people used to count In twenties D) numbering systems developed close to their present forms E) there were still primitive tribes counting by finger

Military rockets filled with gunpowder were first used in 1312 by the Chinese against the Tatars. The idea caught on in the West, too, and rockets lit up the sky in 1380 in battle between Venice and Genoa. Th Indians used them against the British at the end of the 18th century. The British were impressed and Colonel William Congreve set to work on the Congreve rocket, with a rang of 1,800 metres. In 1806, during the Napoleonic wars, some 200 Congreve rockets set fire to Boulogne. This had no been part of the plan: they had actually beer aimed at shipping in the harbour. Rockets have since been also used to fire lifelines from ship to shore, to fire harpoons into the backs of whales, and of course, to launch humans into space. 13-It is clear from the passage that, originally, rockets were ……. . A) created by western inventors B) invented before gunpowder C) used exclusively in warfare D) developed by the Tatars E) unsuccessfully used in battle 14- The author informs us that Sir William Congreve ………… . A)set fire to the French town, Boulogne B) was the inventor of the first effective rockets C) played a major role during the Napoleonic wars 717

D) commanded and lost the war against the Indians E) was inspired by the Indians to develop his own rockets 15- We learn from the passage that rockets …….. . A) have only been used in war and in space B) have a maximum range of 1.800 metres C) always have a destructive purpose D) are also used by ships to call for help E) are no longer used in war in any way Aspirin, the most common pain relieves known today, was first produced commercially in 1899. The Bayer AG, now of Leverskin. Germany, manufactured Aspirin in powder form. Aspirin, a trade name, or acetylsalicylic acid, however. had first been synthesised In 1853 by Karl Gerhardt, an Alsatian chemist. Unfortunately, its value as a pain reliever was not recognised until 1899, when Heinrich Dresser published a paper about its effectiveness. Thereafter, Dr. Felix Hoffman, who worked for Bayer, succeeded in manufacturing it in a form pure enough to be used as a medical remedy. First available only on a limited scale as a prescription medicine in Germany. Aspirin gained wide usage when Bayer began retailing it in tablet form in 1915. 16-According to the passage, acetylsalicylic acid, or Aspirin …… . A) was first sold in powder form B) was invented in Germany in 1899 C) was sold to the public in 1853 D) was perfected in 1915 E) was originally produced in pill form 17- It's clear from the passage that Aspirin's medical value A) was made known by Heinrich Dresser B) was available to the public from 1853 C) was publicised by Karl Gerhardt D) led to the creation of a newspaper E) as a painkiller was widely recognised in 1853 18- The author states that Aspirin……… . A) has been available in tablet form since 1899 B)became popular worldwide In 1899 C) was first sold by Bayer in 1915 D)was Initially only available after seeing a doctor 718

E) was commonly used in Germany prior to 1915

The Sahara desert in north Africa stretches eastwards from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and southwards from the Mediterranean to the grasslands and tropical forests of equatorial Africa. It has an area of about 8 million square kilometres and is the world's largest desert region. The world’s highest temperatures have been recorded in the Western Sahara. The traditional inhabitants have been the nomadic Berbers and Arabs moving from oasis to oasis: but vast areas remain totally uninhabited. There is the evidence of recent severe draughts in parts of Nigeria and neighbouring countries to suggest that the Sahara is expanding southwards. On the other hand, there are plans to irrigate some areas; also, the desert has valuable deposits of oil, iron ore phosphates and uranium. 19- The passage tells us that the Sahara desert …… . A) contains grasslands and tropical forests B) is between two oceans to the east and west C) lies to the south of equatorial Africa D) covers one eighth of Africa E) has the Red Sea on its eastern boundary 20- The Berbers and the Arabs of the Sahara …….. . A) have established major settlements there B) moved to the area in fairly recent times C) fight over the right to settle in oasis areas D) inhabit most areas of the Sahara desert E) have not settled In the desert but moved around 21- We can assume from the passage that the Sahara may prove useful in the future because…… . A) It is growing and expanding towards the south B) there are large amounts of necessary minerals there C) it may be uniting with Nigeria and other countries D) it may be used to irrigate neighbouring countries E) it will probably continue to remain uninhabited Relativity is the name for two theories of physics presented by Albert Einstein in 1905 and 1915 respectively, as the Special and General Theories of Relativity. Through them he showed that speed and position are relative things and that there are no absolute measurements for time and space. He also stated that matter and energy are 719

interchangeable, a concept that has had considerable bearing on the development of nuclear physics. In this century, Einstein's Theories of Relativity have revolutionised ideas about the nature of matter and the universe, as Sir Isaac Newton's laws of gravity had done to scientific thinking two centuries earlier. 22- According to the passage, Einstein's theories state that…………. . A) there are no definite ways to determine time or location B) things can be measured by either special or general means C) how fast something goes, and where it is, are fixed values D) before 1905, scientists looked at the universe in the wrong way E) there's simply no point in worrying about either time or space 23- As stated in the passage, Einstein claimed that…………. . A) matter and energy are really exactly the same thing B) nobody really knows the true nature of matter C) nuclear energy is definitely the best form of energy D) the true nature of energy doesn’t really matter E) matter and energy can be changed into each other 24- The passage suggest that Newton and Einstein ………… . A) greatly influenced each other and their respective theories B) have each had profound influence on modern scientific thought C) were respectful to each other's theories D) suffered a great deal due to their revolutionary ideas E) offer distinct theories in direct contradiction to each other Native Americans are often called “Indians”. This is one result of Columbus’s mistaken belief that he had landed in India. His successors passed down many other inaccurate descriptions of the Native Americans. They were described as savages, though it was whites who slaughtered hundreds of thousands of them. They were called lazy, although it was whites who forced them to give up their traditional occupations. These false ideas about Native Americans were strengthened by the ways whites described themselves. White settlers were known as .'Pioneers' though they were really invaders and thieves; when they stole the Native Americans' land, it was called "home steading". not robbery. 25- According to the author, the words used to describe whites. 720

A) do not reflect reality B) actually describe the Arneric8n Indians C) are a little exaggerated D) are no longer valid in modem times E) are now being questioned by some whites 26-The conclusion that can he derived from the passage is that A) India would be a safer place for Native Americans B) it was very dangerous to be a pioneer in the New World C) white settlers, brought civilisation to the savage parts of America D) the traditional occupations of Native Americans required little effort E) Native Americans have been treated badly in many ways 27- Anyone reading the page can understand that the author …………………… . A)is himself an American Indian B) is a historian who specialises in American History C) favours the American Indians D) is a white who resents his own race E) blames Columbus for the sufferings of the American Indians Although there was scientific evidence linking smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s, acceptance was slow. Each decade brought more evidence and more forceful warnings. Now It is absolutely clear that tobacco is truly a "killer weed", and is a bigger public health threat than all other drugs combined, including alcohol. For example, though lung cancer is not a common disease, almost all lung cancers occur in smokers. Smoking is also estimated to be related to about 30% of all other types of cancer, to about 30% of deaths resulting from heart disease, and 80-90% of deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease. 28- The passage states that A)there has always been abundant evidence that smoking causes cancer B) almost all smokers develop lung cancer C) lung cancer was not very common among smokers until 1950s D) smokers tend to use all 6ther drugs, including alcohol E) it took a long time for people to believe that smoking was dangerous 29-Tohacco…………… . A) was known to cause lung cancer even before the 1950s B) has become more dangerous every decade since the 1950s C) is less dangerous to the health than alcohol D) causes more illness than all other drugs 721

E) is related to most cases of heart disease 30- We can conclude from the page that …….. . A) smoking was less dangerous in the 1950s B) it is very dangerous for one's health to drink alcohol C) all the dangers of smoking have been known since the 1950s D) smoking is more dangerous than it was once thought to be E) tobacco becomes deadly when it is combined with alcohol In Japan there is a custom called miai. It is a meeting between a man and a woman on the understanding that they may choose to marry one another. This meeting is arranged by a "go-between". Usually an older person who knows both partners. For example, a teacher may try to match a former student with a relative. First of all, photographs and family backgrounds are exchanged. After that, if they agree, the couple meet either at the gobetween's house or at a restaurant. The go-between introduces them, then leaves them to talk by themselves. They might go to a movie or a coffee shop. Later they report to the gobetween on whether they want to meet again. Ideally, they will agree to marry after several meetings. 31-According to the passage, miai is a custom which………….. . A) often forces the young people they have never met B) is arranged for the young by total strangers C) sometimes leads the people involved to marriage D) helps keep the divorce rate in Japan quite low E) gives parents a total control over their children's marriage 32- If, after the first meeting, the couple decide to meet again, ………. . A) this is a sure sign that they will get married B) the next thing they'll do is to contact their go-between for a second meeting C) they will no longer need the assistance of another person D) they have to choose a luxurious place where they'll come together again E) it is the custom to have the second meeting at the go-between's house 33-We understand from the passage that a “go-between”……… . A) is a professional who earns his or her living by introducing people B) is a former teacher of either of the partners but who knows the other as well C) is a photographer who usually takes photographs of young people D) is someone who is hoping to find a husband or wife E) is often an older friend or acquaintance, who introduces two young people

722

Tourism often has negative results for local communities. Tourists go to museums, buy souvenirs, enjoy the beaches and See the sights without interacting with the local people. For this reason, local people often see visitors only as a source of money. There is no interaction at all except over money, and so there is no mutual respect. When young people see visitors with plenty of cash they may grow unhappy with their traditional way of life. There may be environmental changes as homes and villages are often destroyed to make way for hotels. Although tourism brings in money, it leaves behind problems like discontented young people and environmental damage. 34- According to the passage, …………….. . A) local people regard tourists with respect B) most tourists respect local customs and traditions C) young local people are happy to show off their traditions D) local people regard tourists as a source of ready money B) tourism is an important way of achieving international understanding 35- The author believes that …………… . A)tourists learn a lot from museums B) tourism encourages cultural interaction between tourists and local people C) many local communities need tourism to survive D) money earned from tourism is more important than the environment E) tourism is harmful as well as helpful 36-One can conclude from the passage that ………….. . A) tourism is not. on balance, a good thing for local communities B) making and selling souvenirs is a good way to keep up local traditions C) tourists generally go away with happy memories D) tourism always leads to discontent E) the world is becoming a smaller place Readers of factual material should bear in mind this aspect: their authors, like authors of fiction, have beliefs and theories that affect the way they present their subject matter. For example, a British professor's account of the American Revolution would be different from the version written by a professor from the United States. Because of national loyalties, the two scholars might look at the events from different angles: the former as a colonial rebellion on a distant continent, and the second as a struggle for personal freedom. The two authors would write from different points of view and express certain opinions because they have different ways of looking at the subject. 37-The best statement to summarise the passage is that ………. . 723

A) fact and fiction actually refer to the same thing B) the American Revolution was a struggle for personal freedom C) American scholars are more objective than British authors D) even facts can be interpreted differently by different people E) there was no personal freedom in America before the Revolution 38-The writer believes that ……….. . A) authors from different countries will always have cultural conflicts B) scholars from the United States understand their history better than British scholars do C) readers should prefer fictional books to factual ones D) it is right to struggle for personal freedom E) authors also reflect their own ideas when presenting facts 39- It is implied in the passage that ………… . A) some factual books are not really worth reading B) some authors purposely try to deceive their readers C) a reader of factual material should be aware of the author's background D} an author's point of view is less important than the facts he presents E) there are always two ways of looking at facts Medieval Christians confronted Muslims chiefly in military crusades, in Spain and the Holy land, and in theology. From this encounter came the restoration of ancient learning to the West. The Reconquista in Spain gradually pushed the Moors south from the Pyrenees, and among the treasures left behind were Arabic translations of Greek works of science and philosophy. In 1085 the city of Toledo, with one of the finest libraries in Islam, fell to the Christians. Among the occupiers were Christian monks who quickly began the process of translating ancient works into Latin. By the end of the 12th century, much of the ancient heritage was again available to the Latin West. 40-The topic of the passage is …………. . A) the military confrontation between Muslims and Christians B) why Medieval Christians were ignorant of ancient learning C) the cruelty of the war between Muslims and Christians D) the great classical library of Toledo, Spain E) how Medieval Christians benefited from their conquest of Moorish Spain 41- Some of the books in Arabic that Christians captured with the conquest of 724

Toledo……… . A) also had copies written them written in Latin B) contained invaluable information about the birth of Christianity C) had originally been translated from Greek D) had been seized from the Spanish by Muslims B) helped Christians progress faster than the Islamic world 42- The passage implies that, over the years, ancient Europe ……….. . A) had become the most advanced part of the world B) had adopted the Islamic science and philosophy C) had surpassed the Islamic world in many areas D)had had its heritage of ancient Greek science and philosophy stolen E)had used Toledo as a centre of science and knowledge As a biological concept, race refers to a large group of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics. These characteristics may include particular skin colour, head shape, hair type, nose shape or blood type. One common classification of races recognises three groups: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroids, all of whom have different coloured skin and other differing characteristics. However, there are at least two important problems with such a classification of races. First, some groups fit into none of these categories, like people of the Indian subcontinent who have Caucasoid features but dark skin. The other problem is that, with so many intermarriages, there are no pure races today. 43-We understand from the passage that a race…… A)has become a branch of biology in modem times B)is a characteristic that is learnt rather than inherited C)is a large group of people who are physically similar D)is the general term which means physical appearance E) refers to social status of people rather than physical features 44-It is clear from the passage that …. A)skin colour is the only reliable determining factor in classifying races B)a common way of classifying races is inadequate C)many people in India are actually Negroids D)it is always obvious which race a particular person belongs to E)pure races present no problems to the biologist 45-One idea emphasised in the passage is that…….. A)some races are superior to others 725

B)there are only' a few pure races in the world C)biological classification of the human species has some drawbacks D)a new classification of races should be developed E)it is more difficult to classify races than it would seem at first sight America is almost completely dependent on the automobile, and this has been a terrible mistake. Even in the 1950s, a large percentage of Americans used public transport. But the big car manufacturers wanted them to buy cars, and local governments cooperated with the manufacturers, with the result that countless excellent tramway and rail systems were destroyed. Today, the entire American lifestyle is dictated by the motor car. Homes are far from work, and shopping is far from everything. In between there is nothing but ugly stretches of concrete or asphalt roads for the motor car. 46- The author believes that today, ………… A) tramway and rail systems are not enough to meet the needs of the increasing population B)local governments are more inclined to consider what is best for the people C)what is good for the big car manufacturers is good for the United States in general D)almost everyone in the United States owns a car E)the motor car is the most significant single factor in the American lifestyle 47- Th. passage implies that in the united States, public transport…………… . A)is no longer very good B)cooperated with local governments after the 1950s C)destroys the natural environment D) has never been considered comfortable E)has been used by more and more. people since the 1950s 48-According to the p-age. American landscape ………………… . A)is made up of spectacular scenery B) has been spoiled by the roads extending through it C)has become more accessible with the widespread use of the car D)looks better when one drives through it in a car E)is too far for the people to get there without the automobile In the world we live in, the aggressive person, the one who is forceful in his or her demands, is usually the one who gets the biggest salary and the best job. Since men are traditionally trained from an early age to be aggressive, they are the ones most often picked for the most important positions. Many people criticise this situation, and feel that women have an equal contribution to make in science and industry.; Some have gone so 726

far as to suggest that girls should be given aggression lessons in school. This does not mean that every little girl should take boxing lessons. One suggestion is for games that teach competition. 49- It is Clear from the passage that ……… A) aggression is not acceptable according to moral values B) women hide their natural aggression, but it can easily be brought out C) boxing can stimulate the potential aggression in women D) it generally pays to be aggressive E) the most respected jobs are also the best paid 50-One conclusion we can derive from the page is that women ….. A) have to fight the prejudice held against them in society B) should not be employed in extremely competitive sectors C) have already taken part in science and industry despite their lack of aggression D) are less successful than man even at school E) are presently at a disadvantage when it comes to getting the top jobs 51-We can conclude from the passage that ………… A) there would be fewer wars if science and industry were controlled by women B) science and industry would benefit by hiring less aggressive people C) people can be. trained to be competitive D) women in general find working in science and industry unpleasant E)boxing is not popular among women because it is too competitive Getting a Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy degree, is the highest academic achievement in the United States. Normally, only professors with Ph.Dr. are hired by universities. However, the Ph.Dr. is a research degree, not a teaching degree. This means that many professors in American colleges and universities have no Idea how to teach. Their lectures are often dull, and they do not know how to communicate with their students. The irony is that while the Ph.Dr. is vital to getting a university Job, and that many people spend years to acquire that qualification for this aim, it does not prepare them for the Job at all. 52-what is emphasized in the passage is that …………. A) the PhD is useful for any qualified teacher B) the process of getting a PhD is rather dull C) the PhD is the highest degree of the profession of teaching D) professors teaching in the USA are not actually trained for the Job E)educational standards are low in American schools despite their hiring professors for teaching. 727

53-From what is stated in the passage. we can assume that most people study for a Ph.D.… . A)to become researchers at universities rather than teachers B)so that they can be hired as teachers by universities C)so as to acquire teaching skills D)for the express purpose of spending years acquiring a qualification E)in order to be able to communicate with a wider range of people 54- It is implied in the passage that, considering the situation at American universities today A)a PhD is useless for practical teaching purposes B)it is not worth trying to get employed at a university C)university teachers are no more knowledgeable than ordinary college teachers D)getting a PhD is not as difficult as it would look E)anyone with enough time can get a PhD At a recent performance of Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice", school children who had been given free tickets were accused of misbehaving. They chatted, laughed. threw rubbish, and walked in and out during the performance. Legitimate theatre-goers were outraged and some even demanded their money back. Yet a little reflection should remind us that this is the way audiences usually behaved during the original performances of Shakespeare's work. In fact, the playwright himself would probably be more comfortable with the unruly teenagers than with the more sedate audiences thought of as normal today. 55-In Shakespeare's own times ………… . A)his plays were already recognised as great literature B)audiences were often undisciplined C) children weren't allowed into the theatre halls D)only the rich went to see his plays E) no one would consider creating a disturbance during a performance 56- The author believes that ………. . A)everyone should be exposed to great literature B)it is a waste to give free tickets to school children C)Shakespeare himself might have preferred the way the school children behaved D)Shakespeare is the greatest author in the English language E)the school children should have been better prepared for their visit to the theatre 728

57-It is stated in the passage that …………. . A)the performance was too bad to attract children's attention B)Shakespeare's plays are not suitable for young audiences C)the theatre lost money as they had to give the rest of the audience their money back D)children should be informed of Shakespeare's work before they go to see a play E)some of the audience asked for refunds because of children's attitude When men first went into space in the late 1950’s, everyone expected that space trave would develop far faster than it actually has within ten years of the first man orbiting the Earth, men were actually walking on the surface of the Moon. It was at that point that more problems arose. A series of disasters led to the highly publicised deaths of number of astronauts and cosmonauts Added to that, the cost of manned space flight became literally "astronomical". While there are manned space stations orbiting the Earth today, most people in the 60s would have expected a moon base, and certainly manned landing on Mars by this time. 58-In the late 1950………….. . A)men were walking on the moon B)many astronauts and cosmonauts lost their lives C)space travel developed far faster than It does now D)most people expected a great deal from space programs E)mankind had not yet ventured into space 59-It is clear from the passage that...... A)advances in space travel have not kept up with earlier expectations B)space travel is one of the most important technological achievements of recent years C)until a few decades ago, few people realised how expensive space travel would be D)poverty and famine are, in part, caused by expensive space travel E)there will soon be a manned landing on Mars 60-It is stated in the passage that, until the late 196Os,......... A)there were relatively few problems with the space program B)man still hadn't achieved a major success in his space venture C)the number of astronauts with a good astronomical knowledge was small D)the space technology was not advanced enough to prevent accidents E)people did not believe that man could walk on the Moon

729

The potato plant is native to the Peruvian Andes. It was cultivated in Peru and Bolivia and, along with corn, was the main food of the Incas. It was introduced into Europe by 16thcentury Spanish explorers. Initially, the potato was avoided as a food by Europeans. It was supposedly endowed with powers such as the ability to cure certain illnesses, and so long as the plant remained rare in Europe, its price often reached astronomical heights. By 1573, however, it was being grown in Spain, and shortly thereafter in the Netherlands and in Switzerland. 61-The potato………….. . A)was the favourite food of 16th-century Spanish explorers B) used to be served with corn by the Incas C) was spread to the rest of the world from the Peruvian Andes D)has only been known to Europeans for less than five decades E)is now more common in Europe although it was originally grown in Peru and Bolivia 62-At first, Europeans…………………… . A)were hesitant to use the potato as a foodstuff B)didn't find potatoes delicious enough to be worth eating C)were able to grow potatoes in astronomical sizes D)didn't know how to produce potatoes in large quantities E)were not aware of the curative value of the potato plant 63-We can infer from the passage that, in Europe, the potato A)didn't grow as big as It was In Bolivia and Peru B)began to be sold at reasonable prices only after It became more common C)has only been grown in Spain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland D)is the most common foodstuff today E)was only eaten by the sick for a long time Hand-made paper has been produced in Velke Losiny, North Moravia since the beginning of the 16th century. Established by the Zevotin family, the actual manufacturing site used to be a unique wooden workshop built from the remains of a flour mill. The written records state that this paper mill, which was soon followed by others, began its operation between 1592 and 1596. Other documents, such as the remains of the oldest surviving paper samples, have watermark imprints with the year 1596 and the Zerotin's family coat of arms. The production of hand-made paper didn't prove very profitable for the Zerotins as there were a few similar paper mills in the area which stiffened the competition. 64-We can conclude from the passage that A)hand-made paper is only found in North Moravia 730

B)paper In North Moravia is no longer made by hand but by machine C)paper was only introduced to Moravia a hundred years ago D)the tradition of making paper by hand is nearly five centuries old in North Moravia E)North Moravian paper is renowned throughout the world for its fine quality 65-It's clear from the passage that A) the first paper mill was designed specifically for making paper B) the Zerotins used to be bread makers before they started making paper C) many documents were written about the paper mills in North Moravia D) the first paper mill only worked for four years before it went bankrupt E) pieces of paper bearing the emblem of the Zerotin family still exist 66-The passage states that, because of the rivalry with the other paper mills, the Zerotins ………….. A)couldn't produce good quality paper B)had to start producing machine-made paper C)did not make much money D)had to lower their prices E)were forced to close down their mill Herman Melville, known primarily as the author of Moby-Dick, the story of Captain Ahab's maniacal search for revenge against Moby-Dick, the beautiful, white whale that had injured and left him disabled, is widely regarded as one of America's greatest and most influential novelists. A major figure in that group of eminent pre-Civil War writers - often called the American Romantics - who created a new and vigorous national literature, he is also one of the most notable examples of an American author whose work went largely unrecognised in his own time and who died in obscurity, believing himself a failure. 67-According to the passage Herman Melville ……… . A)was left disabled by a white whale B)helped Captain Ahab to take his revenge from Moby-Dick C)wrote mainly about the pre-Civil War period D) only became well-known after his death E) used animals very often as the main characters of his stories 68-It's Implied In the passage that Moby-Dick…………… . A)was eventually killed by Captain Ahab B)was Herman Melville's most famous work C)could never be found by Captain Ahab D)was one of the biggest whales seen around America 731

E)caught the attention of the literary critics after the Civil War 69-The passage tells us that the "American Romantics"…….. . A)were not usually recognised in their own life-times B)considered Herman Melville to be a failure C)protested the Civil War by not writing anything about it D)were strongly opposed to the American Civil War E)started a new phase in American literature Traditional Slovakian folk instruments include the fujara, a two-metre long flute, the gajdy, or the bagpipe, and the korukovka, a strident shepherd's flute. Folk songs helped preserve the Slovak language during the millennium of Hungarian control. Even today, an aspect of Slovakian nationalism is pride in the mother tongue and Slovaks can get angry when other Slavic languages are spoken instead of theirs. Another tradition, which keeps Slovakian culture alive, is the dancing which accompanies the music. While the songs tell of love, grief, anticipation and celebration, vigorous dancing removes the uncertainty of life. 70-It's stated in the passage that………….. A)folk songs prevented the Slovak language from dying B)the folk instruments are chiefly played by the Slovak farmers and shepherds C)Slovakian songs use a different language for the lyrics D)the traditional Slovakian folk instruments have their origins in the Hungarian culture E)very few people know how to play Slovakian music nowadays 71-It's emphasised in the passage that the Slovakian culture…………….. . A)survived the long period of Hungarian rule through its music and dancing B)gradually became forgotten as people spoke other languages in preference to Slovakian C)was deeply affected by the cultures of other peoples in the region D)has been best carried up to today by shepherds and peasants E)was not passed down to the younger generations very successfully 72-The passage suggests that dancing ……………. . A)used to be more vigorous In early Slovakian society B)complements the music in Slovakian culture C)symbolised the frustration of being born human D)was not as popular as singing until recently E)is only performed at special celebrations today

732

Mata Hari was the stage name of a Dutch dancer, Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, who was accused of spying for the Germans in France during World War I. An erotic dancer, she performed in Paris. Berlin, London, and Rome before the war and, as a neutral, continued to move about freely and perform during the war. Among her many lovers were high-ranking Allied military officers, from whom she is alleged to have gleaned valuable information that she passed on to the Germans. Arrested in Paris in 1917, she was tried by court martial and sentenced to death. Opinion is divided as to whether she was really a spy or not. 73-We can infer from the author's statement that A) lack of solid evidence prevented court martial from sentencing Mata Hari to death B) some high-ranking Allied military officers were also involved in the espionage C) there are people who believe that Mata Hari was innocent of the charge D) it was French officers who made it known that Mata Hari was a German spy E) Mata Hari moved from country to country in order to escape arrest 74- Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was……… . A) the person who forced Mata Hari to spy for the Germans B) the actual name of the dancer known as Mata Hari C) the Dutch dancer who accused Mata Hari of being a spy D) the name Mata Hari used when she was in France as a spy E) a Dutch woman who helped Mata Hari on the stage 75- The passage tells us that............ A) Mata Hari's performances weren't restricted by the war B) Mata Hari attained fame as an erotic dancer during the war C) Mata Hari used to be an unknown dancer before the war D) there was no doubt that Mata Hari was a German spy E) Mata Hari didn't deserve to be punished by death The term soap opera refers to serialised domestic dramas that were so named because, during the 1930s, when they were first broadcast on radio, their principal sponsors were soap companies. The plots, which often take years to unravel, usually focus on the romantic difficulties of stereotyped middleclass characters. During the 1960s, soap operas virtually disappeared from radio, but the format proved so successful on television that much of daytime programming is now given over to them. The soap-opera public, 733

once restricted to housewives, has broadened to include every part of the national audience. 76-It's clear from the passage that soap operas........ . A) have an educational role for the audience B) require singers with very strong voices C) appeal mostly to middle-class viewers D) used to be watched only by housewives E) are no longer the most keenly watched programs 77- The author states that, today , ….. . A) radio programs don't attract as much audience as TV programs B) the plots of soap operas are too dramatic to appeal to the m6dern viewer C) soap companies are not very keen to sponsor such serialised dramas D) viewers lose interest in soap operas as they continue for years E) soap operas are watched by every type of television viewer 78-One can conclude from the passage that soap operas on television………….. . A) have proved very profitable for the companies that sponsored them B) have nothing in common with the early radio programs C) reflect characters from all parts of the society D) would find more audience were they shown in the evening E)are basically the same as the ones that used to be broadcast on the radio The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941 resulted in the immediate entry of the USA into World War II. In late 1941 more than 75 US warships were based at this base. On November 26, a Japanese force departed in secret from the Kuril Islands. Observing radio Silence, it reached a launching point at 6 a.m., December 7. At 7:50 a.m., the first wave - of Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbour, bombarding airfields and battleships. A second wave followed. The surprise attack was over before 10 a.m. Approximately 2,400 Americans 'were killed, 1,300 wounded, and 1.000 missing. Japanese losses were fewer than 100 casualties, 29 planes, and 5 submarines. 79-The passage tells us that the Japanese attack Harbour……….. . 734

on Pearl

A) had been expected by the Americans B) lasted about two hours C) made the USA retreat from the war D) caused both sides almost equal losses E) was carried out by only 100 Japanese soldiers 80-According to the passage, until the bombing of Pearl Harbour, ………….. . A)the Japanese hadn't had any real success in the war B)Americans had been in a more advantageous situation than the Japanese C)Japan hadn't lost so many soldiers and warships D)the Kuril Islands hadn't been used as a military base E)the USA had remained out of World War II 81-The passage points out that……….. . A) there were 2400 Americans at the base during the attack B) 1000 Americans were taken hostage by the Japanese C) 75 US warships were sunk at Pearl Harbour D) the attack started early in the morning E) it was the second wave that caused the greatest damage at the base Ibuprofen is a mild drug used to relieve aches and pains and to reduce inflammation. Patented in Britain in 1964, it became available there several years earlier than in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved its sale in 1984. It may produce the same reactions experienced by people allergic to aspirin, but it is less irritating to the stomach lining. Some doctors warn of possible kidney damage in the elderly or patients with heart or kidney disease. 82- It's clear from the passage that Ibuprofen… . A) should be preferred by those who are allergic to aspirin B) is most suitable for severe internal pains C) is similar to aspirin in certain respects D) is a drug which is used to relieve upset stomachs E) should be taken under strict control of a physician 83- We can infer from the passage that… . A) aspirin can irritate the stomach lining B) Ibuprofen is less expensive than aspirin C) Ibuprofen was available only in Britain before 1984 D) Britain was more technologically advanced in the 1960s than the USA 735

E) it is better to suffer minor aches and pains than to take Ibuprofen 84- As the passage suggests Ibuprofen…….. . A) was produced as an alternative to aspirin. B) does the greatest harm to kidneys C) cannot be used safely for all patients D) was banned in the USA in 1984 E) is widely used in Britain and in the USA For people who have lost the power of speech, the voice synthesiser is wonderful. All they have to do is type what they want to say on a lap top computer, and their words are changed into sound. However, when we speak, we use intonation and stress to give extra meaning to what we say, and up to now, computerised voices have not been able to do this. This makes it difficult to express things like urgency or irony. But new developments allow the user to add emphasis to what they are saying, choose a voice of the same sex and approximate age, and even to choose a similar regional accent. 85- The voice synthesiser …………….. . A)is a way of helping people with no voices to communicate B)is a device which intensifies the voices of mute people, thus enabling them to speak C)is a big help for all handicapped people D)has revolutionised the lives of deaf people E)gives the best performance when attached to a laptop computer 86- It’s stated in the passage that the sound produced by the voice synthesiser ……… . A)is sometimes not clearly audible B)does not change depending on the age and sex of the user C)lacks certain qualities a natural voice has D)is difficult to produce in times of emergency E)ignores the regional accent of the place where the user lives 87-The passage emphasises that ………. . A)until recent developments, the voice synthesiser was almost useless B)recent developments have made the voice synthesiser more lifelike C)anyone who can use a laptop computer should use a voice synthesiser D)urgency and irony are difficult for most people to convey E)someday we will all be able to speak using computers

736

The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean world from about 500 B.C. to about 500 A.D., almost a millennium. From a base around Rome, it spread out to cover North Africa, the Middle East and Northern Europe. It had a complex governmental structure and a bureaucracy which enabled it to administer the areas it conquered. The people surrounding the Empire were barbarians and nomads. Some of these, who were semi-Romanised, were used as buffer states in defence of the Empire, which, to some extent, ensured its existence for centuries. Towards the end of the Empire's rule, some of these buffer states revolted. The final collapse occurred when the German and Slavic barbarians from the buffer states broke through the defences and the Roman Empire fell to the Germans. 88-The passage states that ………. A) the Roman Empire ruled the world for about five centuries B) in the end, semi-Romanised barbarians proved to be the greatest threat to the Roman Empire C) the German tribes always hated the Roman Empire D) the final collapse of the Roman Empire was caused by the failure of its bureaucracy E) the Roman Empire was the greatest Empire of all times 89-The Roman Empire………….. A) lasted longer than any other empire B) was a democracy except in the buffer states C) ruled so brutally that its people rebelled D) fell because it was administered so inefficiently E) was surrounded by barbarians and nomads 90-The passage suggests that the long existence of the Roman Empire was partly because ……. . A) it had the largest and strongest army in the Mediterranean then B) it was the largest single power in the region C) they combined an efficient bureaucracy with a clever military strategy D) the barbarians in the buffer states were semi-Romanised E) the German and Slavic rebellions were successfully crushed Proverbs, an important part of conversation all over Africa, contain advice on behaviour or observations on human nature. Many are entertaining because they express ideas in a surprising way. Instead of saying, "Be 737

careful," a Ewe might say, 'The housefly does not play a sticky drum." When a Kikuyu says, 'The staring frogs do not prevent cattle from drinking," he means, "Don't worry about other people's opinions." Riddles, another common way to maintain conversation, usually take the form of a statement, not a question. So, in the riddle "People run away from her when she is pregnant, but they rejoice when she has delivered," the question "What is it?", to which the answer is "a gun, is understood. Often the riddle is intended to display the questioner's imagination rather than to test the cleverness of the audience. 91-The purpose of riddles in conversation …………… . A) is usually to challenge the person who is being asked them B) is often to show the creativity of the person saying them C) is said to be a sort of intelligence test of the audience D) can be to confuse the people who are directed at E) be misunderstood by the speaker and the audience 92- According to the passage, in Africa, both riddles and proverbs …….. . A) are means by which conversation can be kept up B) can only be found in certain parts of the continent C) show a lack of concern for the listeners' feelings D) always describe human behaviour in animalistic terms E) are mainly used to pass traditions and ideas onto younger generations 93- The author tells us that African proverbs……… . A)are the primary form of entertainment in most parts of Africa B)frequently surprise non-African people because they are not expected C) are used to give advice or comment on the way people act D) are the sole form of human conversation throughout Africa E) can easily be confused with riddles as the two are similar The weather forecast for the next century in England is not very good. Winters will have heavy rain leading to frequent flooding, gales will cause damage to trees and buildings and storms and high tides will threaten the coast. Summers will be drier with frequent droughts, particularly in the south and east of England, with many more days over 25 C - when cities become uncomfortably hot, having negative effects upon people's work performance. Events like Easter's floods in the Midlands, described in the official report as 738

happening once in 100 years, will occur at least every 10 years, as will other extreme weather events. 94- The best way to summarise England's weather forecast for the next century would be that…………. . A) England is going to have plenty of water shortages B) both winters and summers will be more extreme C) buildings and trees will be damaged by the weather D) here will be lots of floods, causing great damage to coastal regions E) it may not be safe to live in a coastal town in England 95-According to the forecast of England's weather, in winter….. . A) trees are going to fall down and damage buildings B) storms will only affect the regions on the coast C) floods will be common, caused by heavy down-pours D) there are going to be water shortages in some places E) Easter's floods will occur once in 100 years 96- It's mentioned in the passage that temperatures over 25 C ……… . A) have never so far been recorded in England B) are not actually a problem for countries in the southern hemisphere C) are only bearable in England's' coastal towns D) create discomfort in England's cities and, thus, poor working conditions E) will increase the number of people flooding to the coast In the 19th century, sugar cane became a major crop in the Hawaiian Islands. Rats, which came ashore from ships, began nesting in the cane and causing considerable damage. Because the mongoose, a small mammal from India, was known to be an excellent rat hunter, they were imported and a law was made against hunting them. After only a few years, the rat population was significantly reduced. However, at the same time the mongoose population increased, and went looking for new sources of food: young pigs and goats, for example. They also began to destroy the native animals that ate the insects causing damage to sugar cane. Soon the mongoose became a bigger problem than the rats had ever been, and to this day they are a major pest in the Hawaiian Islands. 97-One generalisation we can make from the passage is that, ……….. . A) despite the harm it causes, the mongoose is an important pet in the 739

Hawaiian Islands B) the mongoose likes domesticated animals like pigs and goats better than rats C) rats were deliberately spread from their original habitat all over the world on ships D) sugar cane is one of the most difficult crops in the world to grow E) man's attempts to change an environment may not always come out as he's intended 98-We can infer from the passage that some animals native to the Hawaiian Islands A) feed exclusively on sugar cane B) are declining in number because of the pesticides used against the mongoose C) have been exterminated by the mongoose D) form a bigger threat to sugar cane than the mongoose E) eat insects and thus help reduce damage to sugar cane 99-Compared to the rat, the mongoose…….. . A) eats more sugar cane B) increases in number more quickly C) was hunted by man in greater numbers D)causes more damage in the long run E) is not as good at surviving in a new environment In the year 1920, the United States attempted a hold experiment: making the drinking of alcohol a crime. Many people, who felt that alcohol was the root of all evil, thought that this would bring about a new and happier age. There would be no more need for prisons, they felt, and slums would disappear. However, in the end, new prisons had to be built for all the new criminals created by the new law. "Prohibition", as the law was called, destroyed respect for the law and led to an increase in organised crime, but it did not stop people from drinking. On the contrary, drinking increased during the Prohibition period. In the end, the law had to be reversed. 100- The author of the passage states that…… . A) Prohibition only helped increase the consumption of alcoholic drinks B) Prohibition could have stopped people from drinking alcohol, had it been applied effectively C) drinking alcohol is the cause of most crime and violence D) there were fewer prisons in the United States after l920 740

E) drinking alcohol was the main reason for the emergence of slum areas 101-It is clear from the passage that…….. . A) the law had the opposite effect from what was intended B) the number of Americans who obeyed the law was smaller than those who didn't C) the best way to stop people from doing something is to make a law against it D) Prohibition was the main cause of the existence of slums in the 1920s E) Americans in general like drinking alcohol 102- When the law was introduced, ………. . A)no one thought that it would eliminate organised crime groups B)the USA was the leading country in terms of the amount of alcohol consumed C)some people were bold enough to fight against it D)there were people who believed that it would really work E)a noticeable decline was observed in the number of crimes committed by slum-dwellers Around 8000 B.C. agriculture was developed. People had never before eaten so well, and a population increase followed. But this also meant that people had to give up their free, nomadic life, and remain tied to a single place. It also meant hard labour. Nomadism did not disappear, of course. Those who retained the old wandering way of life continued to regard themselves as freer and more noble than settled peoples, whom they would often raid. These divisions and conflicts between nomad and settled farmer continue in many parts of Africa and Asia right up to the end of the 20th century. 103-The passage states that one result of the development of agriculture was that ……… . A) people didn't have to work as hard as they used to B) people began to make inventions C) there was an improvement in people's diet D) nomadism gradually disappeared E) people became less savage 104- It is clear from the passage that…….. . A) was invented after long periods of hard work B) was regarded as too difficult by nomads 741

C) was best carried out by the people in Asia and Africa D) also helped develop people's way of thinking E) prevented people from living as freely as before 105-From the information given in the passage, one can conclude that, in Africa and Asia ….. . A) the nomadic way of life has gained in popularity in the 20th century B) agriculture started earlier than in other continents C) nomadism. which disappeared in ancient times, has been revived in modern times D) there are still people leading a nomadic way of life E) nomads can find m6re to eat than settled farmers Around a quarter of all prescription drugs sold around the world are believed to be based on chemicals obtained from only forty plant species. So far, fewer than 1% of the world's 265,000 flowering plants have been tested for their powers to cure. In the past few years, however, breakthroughs in computer technology, genetic engineering and other realms of biology have led to a "gold rush" to the rain forests and mountain ranges of the tropics, home to uncounted plant species. Here, scientists hope to profit from the traditional knowledge of tribes, which had previously been looked down on as "primitive" and "backward". 106- From the figures in the passage, we learn that……. . A) there are only about 2,650 known species of plant in the world B) about 265,000 of the world's flowering plants can be used as medicine C) breakthroughs in technology have diminished the interest in plants with medicinal value D) plants that can be used as medicines are worth more than gold E) around 25 percent of the world's prescription drugs are plant-based 107- The passage tells us that tropical rain forests and mountain ranges of the tropics……. . A)have been destroyed by the natives B)are a rich source of plants C)own extremely rich gold mines D)need to be protected from those rushing there for gold E)are home to 265,000 plant species 742

108-The aim of the scientists going to the rain forests and mountain ranges of the tropics is….. . A)to extract huge amounts of gold with the help of the natives B)to find out about the traditional ways of life of the tribes people C)to get information from the natives about plants with medicinal value D)to help the native peoples of the region become civilised E)to become rich through the exploitation of the riches in the region Given its rich resources, large population and regional importance, Nigeria's economic performance over the past decade can only be described as disappointing. Low investment and productivity levels, as well as poor infrastructure, have led to poor output. Political instability and a terrible human rights record have frightened off many potential foreign investors. However, a new government, and a package of economic measures including an exchange rate reform, may be able to put the nation on a path to recovery and growth. 109-The author of the passage does not believe that …….. . A) Nigeria is of great regional importance B) the economic performance of the country is so bad C) Nigeria's present government can recover the country from its bad situation D) Inviting foreign investors to the country would be a good idea E) Nigeria is characterised by political instability and a poor human rights record 110-The author's comments about Nigeria can be best summarised as that ……….. . A)Nigeria's economy has great potential, but has been mismanaged B)in spite of sensible policies, Nigeria's economy persists in performing badly C)the state of Nigeria's economy is hopeless D)the most urgent thing Nigeria needs is a sensible family-planning E)taking all factors into consideration, Nigeria is a perfect place for foreign investors 111-The main problem for the Nigerian economy has been……… . A)an insensitive privatisation program B)its poor resources, large population and regional importance C)the widespread violation of human rights 743

D)a combination of factors resulting from bad government E)the recent package of economic measures including an exchange rate reform Scientists have succeeded in making human volunteers immune to malaria by injecting them with genetic material. The breakthrough brings the prospect of a much-needed vaccine significantly closer. Malaria kills between one and two minion people every year –mostly and mostly in Africa - and makes a further 500 million people ill. The hunt for a vaccine has lasted for more than 20 years. Dr Stephen Hoffman and his team of researchers have taken from the malarial microbe, which can not cause the disease in themselves, into 20 volunteers, following successful tests on animals. The volunteers' immune systems were found to be as good as those of people who have naturally contracted the infection through a mosquito bite and recovered. 112- The passage states that scientists……… . A)have just been successful in finding an effective vaccine against malaria B)illegally carried out tests on more than 500 people C)forced people to take part in their experiment to find a cure for malaria D)have been looking for a way to protect people from malaria for over two decades E)have so far found approximately one million volunteers to take part in their tests 113-The passage gives us the information that malaria ……. . A)is fatal for more than 500 million people per year B)mostly affects aged people who live in Africa C)will soon be eliminated from the Earth due to this discovery D)has spread to the rest of the world from Africa E)is a disease transmitted by mosquitoes 114-According to the passage, if someone has contracted malaria and recovered from it, …….. . A) he becomes naturally immune to the disease B) it's quite likely that he will suffer some permanent ailments C) it is regarded as a miracle even by the scientists D) he will never be bitten by mosquitoes again E) he should be vaccinated against the disease without delay According to a survey conducted between 1985 and 1995, there were fewer 744

girls than boys in schools world-wide. In the 51 countries with the most significant gap, 75 million fewer girls than boys were enrolled in school. Afghanistan and Pakistan saw the greatest increases in the gap over the tenyear period, in spite of the survey being conducted before the fundamentalist Islamic Taliban militia came to power. On the other hand, a number of Middle Eastern countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia and Lebanon, have made the biggest strides towards closing the education gap. 115-In the 51 countries with the largest gender gap in education, ………. . A) the feminist movement has made significant gains in recent years B) the number of girls attending school was gradually decreasing C) male students outnumbered female students by 75 million D) the gap between educated men and women was diminishing E) the number of females enrolled in school was only 75 million 116-We understand from the passage that the survey……… . A)was carried out in 51 countries B)reflects the educational states of the countries over a ten-year period C)did not include any of the Western countries D)was conducted under great difficulty in certain countries E)is repeated every ten years 117- From the implication in the passage about Islamic Taliban militia, we can conclude that….. . A)Pakistan must have achieved equality in education B)they give girls less chance to attend school C)they came to power using force D)they must have stopped the survey of their educational situation E)Pakistani people must be too busy to spend time on improving their education

If the Nobel Peace Prize were awarded for actually securing peace, many of those who have received it would have to give it back. For example, in 1994 Yasir Arafat, Yitsak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the prize jointly, though years later Palestinians and Israelis are still fighting. Mikhail Gorbachev, who received the Prize in 1990, dissolved the Soviet Union, but left the Russian economy in collapse and its people in chaos. One of the more notorious awards went to Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, who 745

negotiated a cease-fire to end the Vietnam War. The war went on for two more years, and Le Duc Tho, though not Kissinger, was honest enough to decline the award. 118-What is emphasised in the passage is that the Nobel Peace Prize……….. . A) is frequently given to people who have not actually attained peace B) has mostly been given to someone from a Western country C) has to be given to a different person each year D) has, in several cases, brought about the end of bloody wars E) is always given to people who have brought about peace 119-It is clear from the passage that ……… . A) corruption is involved in awarding the Nobel Peace Prize B) all the people who have received the Prize should give it back C) the end of the Soviet Union has proved beneficial for the rest of the world D) the Nobel Peace Prize can be given to more than one person in the same year E) the award has led to a new understanding between Israelis and Palestinians 120- The author believes that some of those who were awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize……. . A)had, in fact, worked for their own good, not for world peace B) returned the Prize when they were involved in a war in later years C) had, in the first place, started the wars themselves D)did not actually deserve it E) were not even politicians VOCABULARY STUDIES Boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. On the third day of the shipwreck they gave up all hope of finding any ____ . A) deserters B) survivors C) conclusions D) suppliers E) discrepancies

746

2. Since the firm has been found negligent by the court, his claim for ____ for the accident hasn’t been accepted. A) compensation B) reduction C) employment D) relevance E) cooperation 3. As he has adamantly withstood all kinds of political pressure on this issue for so long, it is unlikely that he would ____ at this stage. A) reinforce B) relent C) pursue D) compete E) dispose 4. The British entry into the European Community has ____ a new line of policy. A) negotiated B) confined C) resented D) constituted E) refunded 5. The argument he has put forward is hardly ____ with the information we have so far received on the case. A) reflective B) representative C) arbitrary D) resistant E) compatible 6. I don’t approve of the methods he is using, but his ____ aim, as regards the project, is admirable. A) conclusive B) ultimate C) controversial D) convenient E) deplorable 7. I have looked through the report, but I must admit, only ____ . 747

A) carefully B) thoroughly C) superficially D) seriously E) experimentally 8. The allocation made by the budget committee can be used ____ to finance work on child health. A) plainly B) excessively C) extremely D) remarkably E) solely 9. In an effort to ____ the rate of inflation many banks have raised their interest rates. A) run out of B) watch out C) stand by D) put out E) keep up with 10. As my secretary will be away for a couple of days, would you be kind enough to ____ my correspondence? A) play back B) bring off C) take care of D) return to E) turn off 11. Plenty of evidence has come to light to prove that he has been involved ____ smuggling. A) through B) at C) by D) in E) over 12. The high rate of inflation obviously puts a great strain ____ the majority of working families. A) on B) in 748

C) beyond D) through E) by 13. Many of the critics clearly regarded several of the paintings on ____ as of poor quality. A) discovery B) display C) occasion D) approval E) account 14. The report issued by the National Health Council draws attention to the hazards of____ to X rays. A) resistance B) involvement C) confinement D) exposure E) implication 15. He’s clever, he seems to know by instinct where someone is ____ and strikes there. A) conceited B) sufficient C) vulnerable D) informative E) critical 16. It was decided at the board meeting that more funds should be allocated to getting the firm’s products ____ more widely. A) publicized B) priced C) curtailed D) expanded E) confirmed 17. There’s nothing very brilliant about the report, but he has ____ collected all the data needed. A) infectiously B) recklessly C) considerably D) restrictively 749

E) conscientiously 18. What really surprised everybody was that he saved the company from bankruptcy quite____ . A) extremely B) relatively C) dependently D) single-handedly E) responsively 19. Before I send this article to the editor, I’d be grateful if you could ____ it for me. A) watch out B) look up C) break through D) take over E) go through 20. I had my doubts about her when I took her on, but now I’m pleased to say that she has ____ to be a talented executive. A) taken up B) run over C) turned out D) made out E) carried on 21. Among the problems facing most serious ones are those of ____ and repair. A) improvement B) reassessment C) determination D) distinction E) maintenance

bridge engineers, the

22. The two major political parties in Britain have currently____to extreme and radically different approaches to the solution of ritain’s economic problem. A) referred B) obsessed C) committed D) implied E) meant 750

23. It now appears that while US leaders are still willing for the nation to exert itself abroad and give large amounts of foreign assistance, the American public is ____ to go along with these policies. A) spontaneous B) precarious C) competitive D) reluctant E) deliberate 24. It is ____ surprising that the art of ancient America remains the most mysterious and the least accessible. A) urgently B) notably C) indifferently D) elaborately E) hardly 25. Bartok was influenced as much by the musical innovations of Debuasy and Starvinskyas by East European,____ Hungarian, folk music. A) exceedingly B) notably C) appropriately D) vehemently E) adequately 26. Due to the industrialisation and colonisation, the nineteenth century ____ the greatest expansion of wealth the world had ever known. A) brought about B) put off C) held up D) gave in E) set off 27. old A) B) C) D)

The two archaeologists have tried hard to read the inscription in Latin, but I do not think they have ____ what it really means. got away with written off taken after made out 751

E)

brought up

28. The children of today are healthier and better ____ than those of the past, and far fewer of them die in infancy. A) disposed of B) fed up C) rounded up D) looked into E) cared for 30. that A) B) C) D) E)

The rise in energy ____ has led to a reduction of fossil fuels the world must use. redundancy efficiency consumption suitability conformity

31. We must find some way to give them fairly complete and realistic picture of the situation, but without ____ them too much. A) depressing B) intimidating C) restricting D) complementing E) embittering 32. on A) B) C) D) E)

Any child left to its own devices for too long is likely to ____ some dangerous enterprise. assert entice embark reproach reduce

33. One defect seems inherent in a purely classical namely, a too ____ emphasis on the past. A) recurrent B) repressive C) coherent D) exclusive E) deceptive 752

education

–

34. Industry as a whole was badly affected by the restrictions,but was the high technology sector that suffered most ____ . A) blatantly B) randomly C) reasonably D) tightly E) acutely

it

35. Few, if any, of the statements could be ____ substantiated by concrete experimental evidence. A) intentionally B) successively C) restrictedly D) impressively E) conclusively 36. He’s basically a very reliant person so you can be sure he’ll soon ____ this disappointment. A) make out B) put through C) get over D) look up E) fall through 37. Whatever the pressures put upon him, I think it is highly unlikely that James would ever ____ anyone. A) walk away with B) give in to C) make up for D) get away with E) fall through 38. He invariably gets what he wants but unfortunatelythis is usually____the expense of others. A) out of B) from C) up to D) at E) through

753

39. Public attention focuses ____ infant mortality as a prime indicator of changes in a society’s health. A) on B) to C) at D) over E) into 40. one A) B) C) D) E)

He looked ____ nervously was paying him any attention. out / of up / through back / over down / from in / for

____

his shoulder hoping that no

41. As a result of continuing economic recession, a huge _____ in the budget seems inevitable. A) redundancy B) improvement C) profit D) distinction E) deficit 42. The recent economic figures _____ that the country is slowly coming out of the crisis. A) commit B) imply C) incur D) evolve E) invoke 43. call A) B) C) D) E)

When the rate of exchange began to rise again, he felt _____ to a meeting of the financial staff. obliged blamed consumed omitted rewarded

As far as we are concerned, the evidence put before the court was 754

not A) B) C) D) E)

_____ enough to convict the man. subsequent conclusive adamant earnest consecutive

44. He devised an _____ scheme whereby the rate of unemployment in the country could be brought down sharply. A) irrelevant B) unstable C) ingenious D) untamed E) illegible 45. I was greatly impressed by the way the judge conducted trial, _____ when it came to summing up the case. A) particularly B) completely C) sufficiently D) effectively E) respectively

the

46. As soon as the leak in the boiler was noticed, one of the engineers was naturally_____ . A) taken after B) run down C) made out D) sent for E) turned up 47. At the board meeting, his suggestion was _____ as it seemed politically controversial. A) put out B) taken out C) held in D) burst into E) cast aside 48. The ____ was not a happy one at the time, but looking back on it I suppose I’m glad it occurred. 755

A) improvement B) regression C) encounter D) intention E) compromise 49. Locke, Hobbes and Rousseau were concerned in their writings with the question of a proper ____ between the public good and the right of individuals to exercise free will. A) balance B) demonstration C) responsibility D) interest E) solidarity 50. Questions of race, ethnicity, and religion have been a ____ source of conflict in American education. A) previous B) perennial C) vulnerable D) naughty E) casual 51. The United States has long prided itself on being a melting pot of culturally ____ peoples. A) diverse B) redundant C) incoherent D) entire E) substantial 52. The contemporary world economy differs ____ from what the traditional economic theorists of the 1930s envisaged. A) primarily B) likely C) conversely D) profoundly E) intimately 53. In recent years ____ complex and persistent problems in economic and 756

social fields have led people to wonder why once comfortable answers no longer seem adequate to today’s questions. A) generously B) inadvertently C) increasingly D) ingeniously E) leisurely 55. Since the 1950s modern dance in Europe and America has ____ a vigorous process of creativity. A) cast B) explored C) constituted D) relaxed E) followed 56. The assassination by terrorists of Signor Aldo Moro, five times Prime Minister of Italy, in May 1978 was ____ by everyone as an act of barbarism. A) applauded B) appealed C) reiterated D) condemned E) restrained 57. If we are serious about suppressing terrorism we shall have to ____ stronger measures than those currently in practice. A) require B) revise C) adopt D) abduct E) suspend 58. When an unknown but gifted artist is finally recognised, his paintings can become valuable ____ in the future. A) rates B) accounts C) sales D) interests E) assets 59. It is ____ ten years since AIDS caught the world’s attention. 757

A) formidably B) generously C) pertinently D) roughly E) inevitably 60. The new ceramics, which have little in common with the chinaware we use in our kitchens everyday, are being used ____ in engines and electronics. A) depressingly B) seemingly C) increasingly D) discouragingly E) obligingly 61. I am horrified at the turn things have taken and am convinced that he is ____ of much better treatment than that which he is receiving. A) rebutting B) deserving C) defending D) safeguarding E) indulging 62. Progress in materials research is ____ to overcoming such problems as the finiteness of the world’s resources and possible shortages of strategic materials. A) crucial B) inexpensive C) adamant D) subversive E) subsequent 63. Despite the gusty wind they were able to put out the fire before it ____ . A) fell off B) was taken into account C) was held out D) got out of hand E) broke up

758

64. I don’t know how we are going to ____ the expected surge of immigrants into the country. A) run through B) cope with C) put out D) take down E) look over 65. Asthma is a common ____ in which the airways lining the lung become inflamed. A) diagnosis B) disease C) fury D) patient E) recovery 66. From the report released today it appears that oil tankers suffer their major ____ on their return journeys. A) spills B) costs C) repairs D) drills E) crews 67. People curious to get some idea of what it is like to be black in a country ____ by whites need look no further than Dennis Williams’s new novel Crossover. A) tempted B) undermined C) perpetrated D) run E) deemed 68. It is plain that the United Nations will not lift the sanctions unless the Iraqi government fully ____with the Security Council resolutions. A) matches B) elaborates C) complies D) resumes E) accomplishes 759

69. When the chairman tried to explain his views to the shareholders at the ____ general meeting, he was shouted down by them with cries of “Resign!”. A) annual B) minimal C) essential D) ultimate E) recurrent 70. Because of their high toxic contents, none of these chemicals can ____ be permitted for export to any country. A) fruitfully B) adequately C) presently D) notoriously E) equivocally 71. I don’t know how we are going to ____ the expected surge of immigrants into the country. A) look over B) run through C) put out D) take down E) cope with 72. The Jewish immigrants, who ____ the boat in England, formed the bulk of the ethnic groups arriving in a country historically wary of foreigners. A) took after B) got off C) turned up D) made up E) showed off 73.. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace seeks an individual to launch a research project on the information revolution and its ____ on international affairs. A) impact B) involvement C) reference 760

D) E)

linkage comparison

74. Unlike Europe’s stone castles and cathedrals, America’s historical buildings are often wood-framed and so subject to ____ from moisture and insects. A) rebuke B) deficiency C) damage D) obsession E) frustration 75.. Physically speaking, the Pacific Basin includes not only all those countries bordering on the Pacific coast but also the Pacific island nations ____ across the ocean. A) adopted B) based C) grafted D) scattered E) expanded 76. Nearly half of the world’s countries have ____ capital punishment in law or in practice, and some two dozen of them have done so formally since 1985. A) accused B) abolished C) executed D) entailed E) frustrated 77. Since most of the world’s commercial apples lack genetic diversity, they are unable to ____ a disease or a pest. A) put away B) hold up C) fight off D) get off E) break out 78. A) B) C)

The atmosphere ____ the earth as if it were a huge roof. breaks up makes for hangs over 761

D) E)

puts off runs over

79. The objective of this project is to increase the depth of awareness and understanding in the world, about the causes and consequences of the HIV epidemic through ____ policies and programmes. A) innovative B) decadent C) meagre D) ambiguous E) poignant 80. Launched as the new regulatory authority for the countries banking and insurance sector, the National Financial Services Management will extend its activities so as____ to cover more than 40% of the national economy. A) exceptionally B) ultimately C) inherently D) fluently E) apparently 81. They claim that their aim is to establish long term cooperation ____ their customers,____ a basis of partnership and mutual trust. A) for / over B) with / on C) by / through D) from / in E) among / for 82. In their discussions concerning the proposed defence strategies, NATO diplomats found they could not agree ____ what the alliance was ____ , what weapons it would threaten to use and in what circumstances. A) on / for B) about / into C) with / over D) by / about before / through 83. She is the oldest person in the village, to be precise, 92 years old and has a ____ word of advice for everyone. A) fanciful 762

B) faithful C) credible D) futile E) kindly 84. Our challenge is to ____ our clients with the best possible advice and support, enabling them to take the right direction at both strategic and operational levels. A) expand B) consult C) improve D) provide E) respect 85. It is a book rich in ideas and beauty, a book that ____ and tries to answer great fundamental questions and demands the most active reading one is capable of. A) raises B) attains C) casts D) alludes E) accomplishes 86. Before the meeting begins, it would be advisable to remind him that he is not on any account to ____ the subject of unemployment insurance. A) look through B) bring up C) take back D) break out E) make out 87.The 1990s have been a general ____ in aid to poor countries, largely because of fiscal pressures in many rich countries. A) consumption B) decline C) contingency D) conviction E) expenditure 88. The whole business of having meals at fixed ____ is nothing 763

but a social convention and, in modern life, a matter of convenience. A) approaches B) substances C) intervals D) requirements E) proportions 89. Space research is largely a branch of pure science, of any applications which ____ from it. A) enforce B) insure C) reduce D) restore E) stem

independent

90. The current social security system is ____ popular, partly because its universal and partly because retirement benefits are related to contributions, so most people think the system is fair. A) extremely B) likely C) eventually D) indispensably E) favourably 91. The river Danube rises in Germany and ____ through central Europe and into the Black Sea. A) cruises B) spreads C) flows D) conducts E) covers 92. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) help you to maintain steering control of your car even while braking on ____ roads. A) lonesome B) fast C) reckless D) slippery E) stagnant

764

93. ____ populated, rural Northumberland is one of the most unspoiled countries in England. A) Sparsely B) Nearly C) Primarily D) Suitably E) Efficiently 84. Today a very wide spectrum of biological scientists are needed, both to develop the biotechnology of the next millennium and to ensure the ____ of life in our planet. A) explanation B) process C) exhaustion D) duration E) conservation 95. A hundred years ago the chestnut ____ a quarter of the hardwood trees in America. A) turned down B) got through C) made up D) made out E) put down 96. Evidence of racial bias in sentencing helped to convince certain states in America to ____ capital punishment in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A) keep down B) rule against C) put out D) point out E) break through 97. Natural disasters have been defined as ecological disruptions exceeding the adjustment capacity of a community and ____ outside assistance. A) stepping up B) putting up with C) look after D) calling for E) dealing with 765

98. It is hard for a tiger, especially an inexperienced one, to ____ how to attack an animal that is facing it. A) figure out B) keep away C) rule out D) fall back E) run over 99. If you want that post you'd better apply quickly; the last day for ____ applications is Friday. A) reversing B) withholding C) enforcing D) submitting E) committing 100. In this paper I should like to report some of the results ____ study of two hundred London families. A) extreme B) intrinsic C) intensive D) emphatic E) apparent

of

an

101. Recent studies have shown that smokers are more ____ to common colds and flu than non-smokers. A) feasible B) susceptible C) applicable D) reliable E) responsible 102. For the present, the party is expected to put its differences aside and campaign ____ for a victory at the forthcoming elections. A) vigorously B) awkwardly C) precisely D) distinctly E) reluctantly

766

103. Industry has developed rapidly in certain countries as raw materials are ____ available there. A) repeatedly B) scarcely C) consequently D) abundantly E) indefinitely 104. I wasn't at all impressed by the ____ he gave me. A) distribution B) explanation C) determination D) complication E) negotiation 105. The problem of how to ____ the vast quantities of waste we produce, requires our urgent attention. A) bring up B) win over C) find out D) put off E) deal with 106. Once the children have grown up I shall start travelling again, and I'm really ____ that. A) passing on to B) waiting up for C) looking forward to D) making up for E) going along with 107. Infectious diseases are those which are caused ____ an invasion of the body ____ organisms from outside. A) through / with B) by / by C) over / through D) in / without E) upon / within 108. I did manage to keep my temper but I couldn't refrain ____ 767

pointing ____ that what he had done was wrong. A) in / at B) at / to C) by / away D) for / off E) from / out 109. I'm afraid I can't ____ the signature on this painting but it has been signed. A) make out B) take out C) find out D) turn back E) put down 110. The top research universities in the U.S.A. are ____ the fact that women researchers are encountering substantial barriers to career advancement. A) waiting for B) pulling out of C) facing up to D) trying out E) turning up 111. His doctor ____ advising him to take it easy for a while and stop all overtime but he didn't listen. A) made up B) kept on C) ran through D) left out E) played down 112. Our understanding of the development of behaviour has long been hampered by the tendency to ____ sharply between "innate" and "acquired" behaviour. A) exclude B) separate C) distinguish D) infer E) assess 768

113. The government has recently made one million dollars ____ for research grants concerning the prediction of earthquakes. A) conditional B) available C) suitable D) considerable E) vulnerable 114. The ozone layer may still act like a protective blanket, but scientists continue to worry about the sun's ____ lethal effects. A) potentially B) equivalently C) indifferently D) approximately E) abruptly 115. Owing to the shortages in some building materials and labour ____ in some trades, the building industry began to make more use of prefabricated. A) components B) immunity C) reliably D) cavity E) scarcity 116. If the ____ of profits falls in one area of activity, entrepreneurs may move their resources to an industry where the returns are higher. A) phase B) liability C) level D) supply E) policy 117. In many countries training for industry has always been considered to be ____ the concern of industry itself, not of the state. A) socially B) primarily C) suitably D) firmly 769

E)

reputedly

118. A basic ____ of amphibious warfare is undoubtedly command of the sea. A) withdrawal B) involvement C) determination D) concession E) requirement 119. Even quite late in the twentieth century many men assumed that entry into certain professions was their ____ right. A) independent B) exclusive C) adequate D) excessive E) unaccountable 120. Bacteria have remarkable capacity for ____ tolerance to previously lethal drugs. A) acquiring B) denouncing C) deceiving D) repudiating E) recovering 121.Because critical periods occur throughout pregnancy, a woman should continuously ____ her health. A) keep in with B) put up with C) find out D) take good care of E) look up to 122. In the early twentieth century, a number of scientists, who had been trained as physicists, were interested in the study of biological organisms, and their efforts ____ the field we now call molecular biology. A) took leave of B) made up for C) gave rise to 770

D) E)

showed up fell apart

123. In the introduction to this book, the writer ____ a foreign policy that makes world peace the top priority. A) calls for B) holds out C) keeps up D) puts on E) brings about 124. ____ the past few decades South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong have achieved the fastest rates ____ economic growth the world has ever seen. A) Within / at B) During / of C) In / over D) After / in E) Over / about 125. Now that formal ----- has been given by the government, the project team can be recruited. A) reference B) apprehension C) approval D) expression E) determination 126. Certain new findings suggestthat young calves may be more ----- than older cows to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). A) reluctant B) hazardous C) intimate D) susceptible E) relative 127.Champions of the green movement regard the internal combustion machine as one of the biggest ----- in history. A) disasters B) rejections C) admissions 771

D) denials E) illusions 128. one.

The distinction between a language and a dialect is a ----- difficult

A) precisely B) notoriously C) compulsively D) suitably E) flexibly 129. Japan is often ----- as an example of a country that has managed to keep its national defence orientated industries entirely separate from foreign-owned companies. A) deduced B) delayed C) deceived D) withdrawn E) cited 130. The general feeling in the court was that several of the witnesses were ----- information that could have a direct bearing upon the case. A) expressing B) withholding C) avoiding D) disrupting E) declining 131. The population of the underdeveloped countries is growing so fast that the agricultural activities there are unable to ----- the progressively rising demand for food. A) keep up with C) look out for B) make sure of D) bring up E) sort out 132.

Among the Maori of New Zealand, each community has 772

developed its own way of ----- crimes and has number of different punishments to match them.

chosen

a

A) holding up B) coming along C) dealing with D) paying for E) taking over

133. Acid rain only became a----- environmental issue in the 1980s following groundbreaking studies in the 1970s. A) previous B) deceitful C) reckless D) destructive E) prominent 134. Using the dam to generate power would not-----the treaty with the neighbouring country, but diverting water out of the river would. A) intimidate B) betray C) violate D) convert E) fetch 135. The ----- that terrorists use to move money from regions that finance them to their target country are often identical to those used by criminal gangs. A) regulations B) methods C) provisions D) laws E) admissions

136. In the wake of yet another financial scandal, the chief accountant handed in his ----- to the director. 773

A) retirement B) redundancy C) promotion D) resignation E) vacancy 137. The American constitution with its various ----- to protect citizens, can actually shield criminals. A) discovered B) complained C) persuaded D) designed E) displayed

constraints

138. The foreman has a way of making most people do what he wants, but somehow I don't think he'll manage to ----- the new director! A) get around B) make up for C) turn over D) keep up with E) rule out 139. The man who created the first computer virus has been sentenced to 20 months in an American federal prison, and it is generally agreed that he has been ----- very lightly. A) shown up B) let off C) taken down D) given up E) brought in 140. As the new field-worker will be working in close ________________ with several others, make sure you select someone with an agreeable personality. a) uniformity b) suspicion c) collaboration d) discretion e) productivity 141. Sponsorship is being increasingly allowed in schools provided it is regarded as being ________________ with educational curricula. 774

a) considerate b) predictable c) decisive d) compatible e) provocative 142. The discovery of a ________________cancer-causing chemical in foods like crisps, chips and cereals caused shock waves around the world when it hit the headlines earlier this year. a) potentially b) remarkably c) controversially d) memorably e) concisely 143. Each year, large amounts of carbon monoxide are ________________ into the atmosphere by automobiles and factories. a) absorbed b) emitted c) exchanged d) repulsed e) compelled 144. The first two paragraphs ________________ the particular requirements of the digital environment as the source of data and as a means of producing maps and other visualisations. a) lay emphasis on b) run out of c) break through d) stop short of e) look down on

Cloze Tests Throughout the ages, birds have been a source of wonder to all who have (1) ----- their soaring flight or listened to their sweet song. (2) ----- a group, birds are (3) ----- −they are the only animals covered (4) ----- feathers. This evolutionary development (5) ----- birds from all other animals. 775

1. A) B) C) D) E)

verified supported claimed observed warned

2. A) B) C) D) E)

Like Just Still Another As

3. A) B) C) D) E)

unique common mundane indifferent mediocre

4. A) B) C) D) E)

by on with as into

5. A) B) C) D) E)

has been separated separates separated was separated separating

(6) ----- people breathe, pollutants in the air (7) ----- in the lungs or absorbed into the body. And polluted air can harm animals and plants (8) ----- people. For this reason, our air supply should be (9) ----watched and managed to assure (10) ----- good quality. 6. 776

A) B) C) D) E)

When Until During If Just as

7. A) B) C) D) E)

have deposited are depositing had to be deposited will have deposited may be deposited

8. A) B) C) D) E)

as well as in addition even if in spite of supposing

9. A) B) C) D) E)

alternately previously hastily closely furtively

10. A) B) C) D) E)

them its his theirs it

On December 17, 1903, a (11) ----- day at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first successful powered flight in a heavier-than-air craft. The first flight, (12) ----- by Orville, was short—120 feet in 12 seconds—but it was followed by three more flights with the brothers taking (13) ----- . The last flight that day was made by Wilbur. It lasted (14) ----- 59 seconds and covered 852 feet. That distance would have been longer (15) ----- there had not been a 777

strong headwind. 11. A) B) C) D) E)

windy bumpy lumpy hasty watery

12. A) B) C) D) E)

making was made made to be made to make

13. A) B) C) D) E)

ranks turns accounts trails steps

14. A) B) C) D) E)

for on under from in

15. A) B) C) D) E)

even if on condition if unless so that

Watches are portable clocks. (16) ----- main purpose is to measure and tell time, (17) ----- many watches also display the day of the week and date or serve as alarm clocks. Most watches are worn on the wrist, but some (18) ----- to be carried in a pocket or to be worn as 778

jewellery. The first watches were made in Germany in the early 1500's. Their name (19) ----- the German word wacht, (20) ----- the time of a soldier's tour of duty. 16. A) B) C) D) E)

They Them It Their Its

17. A) B) C) D) E)

despite due to even as much though

18. A) B) C) D) E)

made were making have made are made to have been made

19. A) B) C) D) E)

comes from relies on dates from derives from steps up

20. A) B) C) D) E)

meant to mean to be meant being meant meaning

Everybody knows that old people are more likely (21) ----- than young people. We know it (22) ----- experience. We also can find the 779

facts and figures in life insurance tables. For example, in an advanced country with a well- fed population (23) ----- about one in (24) -----1,000 children dies during his or her 12th year. But one in every 20 men aged 70 will die (25) ----- his 71st birthday. 21. A) died B) having died C) dying D) to die E) to have died 22. A) B) C) D) E)

from on in at under

23. A) B) C) D) E)

even only hardly such ever

24. A) B) C) D) E)

many every a few much several

25. A) so far B) by C) before D) while E) due to The very first playing cards were (26) -----made in China or India many hundreds of years ago. From these ountries card games spread throughout the Far East and (27) ----- the Indian Ocean to Arabia and 780

Egypt. In earlier times, cards were used for telling fortunes as well as for playing games. The first playing cards were painted (28) ----hand.Later cards were printed from woodcuts. Thedesign (29) ----- on a block of wood (30) ----- was covered with ink and pressed against paper. Colour was added later. 26. A) B) C) D) E)

barely utterly intensely virtually probably

27. A) B) C) D) E)

beneath beyond onwards across onto

28. A) B) C) D) E)

for in by on at

29. A) B) C) D) E)

was carved has carved will be carved carved carving

30. A) that B) where C) how D) what E) when (31) ----- living things are called organisms. Many organisms, (32) ----- animals, grass, and trees, are familiar--we see them every day. 781

But not all organisms are visible (33) ----- the naked eye. Some can (34) ----- be seen through a microscope. These tiny one-celled organisms (35) ----- microbes, or micro- organisms. 31. A) B) C) D) E)

Whole All So A great deal Every

32. A) B) C) D) E)

as more such even such as

33. A) B) C) D) E)

for in from on to

34. A) B) C) D) E)

even such as only so

35. A) B) C) D) E)

were calling calling called had called are called

782

Waterpower (36) ----- about 3 percent of the electric power in the United States and about 6 percent of the world's electricity. As supplies of coal, petroleum, and other natural fuels begin to (37) ----- , we can expect an increase in the use of hydroelectric power and the perfection of new methods of extracting power from water. Canada, Norway, and the former Soviet Union have (38) ----- sources of waterpower. Engineers in coastal lands are working on ways (39) ----- electric power from waves and tides. Some projects have (40) ----- been built, and others are planned. 36. A) B) C) D) E)

supplies supplying were supplying has been supplied is supplied

37. A) B) C) D) E)

use up think over give out lay down hand down

38. A) B) C) D) E)

barren abundant fabulous plain smooth

39. A) B) C) D) E)

to be obtained obtaining obtained to obtain obtain

40. 783

A) B) C) D) E)

deeply highly thoroughly actually tremendously

Rocket missiles (41) ----- to the 1200's in China. The Chinese invented both gunpowder and the rocket. Their rockets were tubes (42) ----- bamboo or heavy paper. The tubes were closed at one end and packed with gunpowder. The Chinese lashed the tubes to arrows. (43) ----- the gunpowder was set (44) ----- , the arrows sped toward the enemy. These "arrows of flying fire," (45) ----- the Chinese called them, were the first rocket missiles. 41. A) B) C) D) E)

stem from send away doze off cross off date back

42. A) B) C) D) E)

lived on let down made of contained in held out

43. A) B) C) D) E)

Afterwards Rather Instead When By the time

44. A) B) C) D) E)

afloat aloof afire adrift averse 784

45. A) B) C) D) E)

like such so same as

People (46) ----- strange objects in the sky for thousands of years. In ancient times, (47) ----- reports were often explained as signs from heaven. Today many people believe that unidentified flying objects (UFO's) are spacecraft from worlds (48) ----- the solar system. (49) ----- them are believed to be strange beings (50) ----- have come to study us, help us, or even kidnap us. 46. A) B) C) D) E)

were reported have been reporting would have reported must be reported could report

47. A) B) C) D) E)

even rather such in case a lot

48. A) B) C) D) E)

amid beyond next to among through

49. A) B) C) D)

Aboard Aghast Alert Ajar 785

E) Alone 50. A) B) C) D) E)

whom who whomsoever whose whoever

The postal service is the government agency (51) ----- handles the mail. Its job is (52) ----- letters and packages to people and businesses all over the world. Its goal is to see that your mail gets to its destination (53) ----- possible. People (54) ----- the postal service to deliver important letters and even valuables, (55) ----- time and to the right person. 51. A) B) C) D) E)

the fact that whether of which that in that

52. A) B) C) D) E)

being delivered to be delivered to have delivered having delivered to deliver

53. A) B) C) D) E)

les quickly too quickly so quickly that as quickly as the most quickly

54. A) back out B) check out 786

C) come in D) figure out E) rely on 55. A) B) C) D) E)

to for in on over

Petroleum, or crude oil, is one of the world's (56) ----- natural resources. Plastics, synthetic fibres, and (57) ----- chemicals are produced from petroleum. It is also used to make lubricants and waxes. (58) ----- , its most important use is as a fuel for heating, for (59) ----- electricity, and (60) ----- for powering vehicles. 56. A) B) C) D) E)

as important most important so importantly less importantly too important

57. A) B) C) D) E)

much a lot plenty many less

58. A) B) C) D) E)

Therefore However Moreover Hence Rather

59. A) generated B) to generate 787

C) being generated D) generate E) generating 60. A) B) C) D) E)

decisively exclusively especially favourably notably

It (61) ----- that policing in the future will be (62)----- more different than it is today. Advances in technology— (63) ----- in computers, television, and communication—will assist the police in solving and preventing crimes. Advances in forensic science (64) ----- evidence more reliable and meaningful. All of these changes will be for the better if they help (65) ----- the quality of police service. 61. A) B) C) D) E)

predicted has predicted is predicted was predicting would predict

62. A) B) C) D) E)

any some such much so

63. A) B) C) D) E)

particularly placidly roughly widely profoundly

64. A) had to make 788

B) C) D) E)

would be made has made is to make should make

65. A) B) C) D) E)

improving be improved to improve have improved be improved

A century ago the process of choosing a career was a much simpler matter than it is today. A boy often followed in his father's footsteps. His sister learned the household skills that (66) ----- her to become a wife and mother. Nowadays young people grow up in a much freer society (67) ----- they enjoy almost unlimited career opportunities. In recent years there (68) ----- an enormous increase in the kinds of vocations from which it is possible to choose. In addition, many of the barriers to career opportunity that existed only a few decades ago, such as (69) ----- based on sex or religion or ethnic origins, are (70) ----- disappearing. 66. A) B) C) D) E)

had prepared may prepare was prepared would prepare preparing

67. A) B) C) D) E)

where when why whom whose

68. A) had been B) has been C) will be 789

D) would have been E) was 69. A) B) C) D) E)

judgment perception goodwill devotion discrimination

70. A) B) C) D) E)

rapidly incessantly categorically vigilantly straightforwardly

While skin diving can be (71) ----- any other sport, it is foolish to try to dive (72) ----- first learning something about the equipment and how to use it. An (73) ----- swimmer in good health can easily learn to use the basic equipment of snorkel diving. Before (74) ----- to use scuba, however, a person (75) ----- a complete course in diving from a trained instructor. 71. A) B) C) D) E)

more safely than as safe as too safe for the safest so safe as

72. A) B) C) D) E)

by into between without beneath

73. A) tolerable B) decent 790

C) pure D) average E) straight 74. A) B) C) D) E)

to try be tried have tried tried trying

75. A) B) C) D) E)

should take will be made had made must be made has made

As you look at the Milky Way in the night sky, you (76) ----- that in places there are dark areas where there (77) ----- to be far fewer stars. These dark areas are not caused by the absence of stars, (78) ----rather by the presence of large quantities of dust particles between the stars, which hide the light of stars farther out in space. These particles of dust, which are extremely fine, may be made up (79) ----- of material that has been (80) ----- from stars. 76. A) B) C) D) E)

have noticed noticed will notice had to notice noticing

77. A) B) C) D) E)

show appear emerge develop roll up 791

78. A) B) C) E)

but and for D) just as yet

79. A) B) C) D) E)

consistently mostly relatively warmly heavily

80. A) B) C) D) E)

crossed out finished off blown away got off headed for

In the late 1700's, a German doctor, Franz Anton Mesmer, used a form of hypnosis to (81)----- illness. Mesmer thought the body, like the universe, contained a special force, (82) -----he called animal magnetism. He believed that he had the power to control this force and influence others. With sweeping hand movements—what he believed to be magnetic passes—Mesmer induced a (83) ----trancelike condition in his patients. Sometimes these "magnetic passes" of the hands (84) ----- spectacular cures of physical and medical (85)----- . 81. A) B) C) D) E)

mend settle restore heal reconcile

82. A) what B) how C) where 792

D) why E) which 83. A) B) C) D) E)

peculiar private consummate extreme absolute

84. A) B) C) D) E)

disposed of got by resulted in eked out blew up

85. A) B) C) D) E)

features ailments values summits acmes

(86) ----- two years, athletes from all over the world gather in one place to compete (87) ----- each other in (88) ----- of all sporting events: the Olympic Games. This tradition has its (89) ----- in the ancient past. Today the Olympic Games (90) ----- to bring together people of different nationalities, races, and religions in peaceful athletic competition. 86. A) B) C) D) E)

Every Each Most Some Any

87. A) without B) whilst 793

C) amidst D) for E) against 88. A) B) C) D) E)

the greatest greater so great too great as greatly

89. A) B) C) D) E)

footing balances remainders origins aliens

90. A) B) C) D) E)

terminates continue disposes tackles attempts

When you enter a library- (91) ----- where it is or how large or small it is--there is one thing you (92) ----- notice: It is quiet! The library is a place (93) ----- people focus their attention on reading or research. Loud conversation, music, eating, drinking, and other distractions are not allowed (94) ----- they make concentration difficult. Since the library is open to everyone, it is important that these rules (95) ----- . 91. A) B) C) D) E)

no matter though regardless if only hence

92. A) thoroughly 794

B) C) D) E)

abruptly immediately clandestinely highly

93. A) B) C) D) E)

what where who whose why

94. A) B) C) D) E)

because due to as regards that is namely

95. A) B) C) D) E)

is observing must observe be observed to be observed have observed

The automobile long ago (96) ----- the horse as a means of everyday transportation, but people (97) ----- love to ride horses--for exercise, for recreation, or for competition. Many people ride (98) ----- for enjoyment. (99) ----- compete in various ways. At horse shows, riders and horses (100) ----- on form and ability—the riders in equitation classes and the horses in performance classes of various kinds. Among the most exciting events are show jumping contests, which test the horses' ability to clear a course of obstacles. 96. A) B) C) D) E)

switch transmitted maintain replaced dispatched 795

97. A) B) C) D) E)

yet already ever despite still

98. A) B) C) D) E)

purely solely merely simply strangely

99. A) B) C) D) E)

Others Other The other Another Each other

100. A) were judging B) had judged C) would judge D) judging E) are judged If a creature is four-footed or two-footed, or if it flies, swims, crawls, or hops, you can be sure that someone at (101) ----- has made a pet of it. Interesting pets from all over the world have (102) ----- places in the homes and hearts of people who keep animals for pleasure. (103) ----- the animals, the domestic cat and dog continue to hold the preferred places around the family (104) ----- . (105) ----- dog is still the favourite animal out-of-doors. 101. A) sometime B) sometimes C) many times 796

D) some time E) any time 102. A) won B) put C) held D) set E) cut 103. A) By far B) Of all C) Among D) The same E) One of 104. A) hard B) hearth C) heart D) heard E) hurdle 105. A) Any B) An C) The D) These E) Such (106) ----- feels fear and anxiety sometimes. A normal fear (107) ----with a specific danger in the immediate future. For example, you might be afraid of (108) ----- by lightning if you are standing outside during a thunderstorm. Anxiety refers to a more general feeling of worry about the future (109) ----- there is no immediate danger. Some anxiety can be good—it motivates people to work or study in order to keep a job or do well in school. But too much anxiety can interfere (110) ----- normal activities to the point that a person cannot concentrate, make decisions, or even go outside. 797

106. A) Nothing B) Anywhere C) Somebody D) Nothing E) Everyone 107. A) was associating B) had associated C) to be associated D) is associated E) associated 108. A) to have struck B) to be striking C) being struck D) striking E) having been struck 109. A) even when B) just after C) even if D) only after E) even though 110. A) with B) on C) as D) by E) over An ambulance is a (111) ----- equipped vehicle that rapidly transports sick or (112) ----- people to a hospital. Most often, it is a van or truck with flashing lights and sirens that allow it (113) ----- rapidly (114) ----- traffic. But helicopters and airplanes are also used as 798

ambulances, usually (115) ----- patients from remote areas or over very long distances. 111. A) commonly B) specially C) ultimately D) haphazardly E) loosely 112. A) ridiculed B) considered C) devastated D) eliminated E) injured 113. A) moving B) to be moved C) to have moved D) being moved E) to move 114. A) over B) beyond C) among D) through E) towards 115. A) to be transplanted B) transplanting C) having transplanted D) transplanted E) to transport

799

to have

Hypothermia occurs when a person's body temperature drops (116) ----- low. The person (117) ---- to lack interest or concern for (118) ----- is happening, and then can lose consciousness, and die. First aid for a person with hypothermia involves (119) ----- the victim to a warm place and giving him or her dry clothes to wear. Emergency medical help (120) ----- as soon as possible. 116. A) dangerously B) generally C) desperately D) jerkily E) wearily 117. A) must seem B) seem C) may seem D) could have seemed E) seeming 118. A) where B) what C) that D) why E) whom 119. A) to get B) to have got C) to be getting D) getting E) having hot 120. A) may call B) must be calling C) had to be called D) should be called E) had been called 800

(121) ----- it is the second smallest continent in area, Europe is the third largest in population, after Asia and Africa. Europe is the most (122) ----- populated of the continents. Its people (123) ----- more than 12 percent of the world's total population. The population in most European countries has remained (124) -----, with little or no increase in the rate of growth. However, immigration (125) ----the population figures in western Europe. 121. A) Even B) Such as C) Because D) In case E) Although 122. A) intensely B) vertically C) densely D) frantically E) seemingly 123. A) derive from B) hold out C) bring out D) make up E) tell apart 124. A) tedious B) brackish C) stable D) humble E) violent 125. A) have swollen B) was swollen C) swelling

D) be swollen E) is swelling Baseball began in the United States (126) -----the mid-1800's. Through the years, baseball (127) ----- a rich and colourful history. The popularity of the game today owes much to its tradition and folklore. Many fans spend hours recalling (128) ----- moments and great achievements of the past, reciting statistics, and comparing old-time and present-day stars. Some fans (129) ----- the same team for their (130) ----- lives, watching games or reading about them in the newspaper every day. 126. A) since B) during C) for D) already E) even 127. A) had developed B) would develop C) has developed D) was developed E) could develop 128. A) hectic B) dramatic C) pedantic D) frantic E) sporadic 129. A) root for B) rely on C) consist of D) derive from E) focus on 130.

A) B) C) D) E)

all whole none both every

Karate is one of the major forms of the martial, or fighting, arts. The name "karate" means "empty hand." It (131) ----- kicking and punching with knowledge of the (132) ----- weak points in the human body. Karate students (133) ----- themselves with their hands, feet, elbows, knees, fingers, and other parts of the body--even the head. (134) ----- karate, it is possible (135) ----- e an attacker with a single blow. 131. A) concludes B) derives C) attunes D) combines E) applies 132. A) extensive B) innovative C) prudent D) bulky E) principal 133. A) may be defended B) had to defend C) would defend D) can defend E) had defended 134. A) Used B) To use C) Having used D) To be used E) Using

135. A) overcoming B) to have overcome C) overcame D) to overcome E) being overcome The (136) ----- aim of social work is to help people with the problems that (137) ----- in their everyday lives as individuals, members of groups, or citizens of a community. The social worker (138) ----- to work with people facing difficulties they cannot handle (139) ----- .Social workers (140) ----- by public and voluntary agencies, hospitals, youth organizations, settlement houses, schools, courts, and community-planning agencies. 136. A) elementary B) chief C) hectic D) fussy E) minor 137. A) talk into B) draw up C) take off D) come up E) bring around 138. A) was preparing B) is prepared C) has prepared D) would prepare E) could be prepared 139. A) aghast B) alive C) alike D) amiss

E) alone 140. A) were being employed B) has been employed C) are employed D) would employ E) should be employing Industrial espionage has become (141) ----- in recent years. These days, a single trade secret can be worth millions of dollars, so some large companies have employed spies to keep them (142) ----- about their competitors' new products and technical developments. (143) ----- , to protect their own interests, many companies (144) ----- security forces to make sure they (145) ----- are not being spied on. 141. A) deviant B) virulent C) commonplace D) eccentric E) ambidextrous 142. A) be informed B) informing C) to have informed D) informed E) to inform 143. A) Also B) In addition to C) As well D) Either E) Barely 144. A) will have been employed B) should be employed

C) had to be employed D) could be employing E) have had to employ 145. A) their B) its C) themselves D) their own E) them Elephants possess (146) ----- strength. They also are highly intelligent and adaptable. For these reasons they (147) ----- by people for thousands of years to be used as riding and work animals. They have good memories and (148) ----- forget a trick or command (149) ----- they learn it. In ancient times elephants were often used in battle. Today they are the stars of zoos and circuses all (150) ----- the world. 146. A) numerous B) rigorous C) erroneous D) enormous E) hazardous 147. A) have been tamed B) should be tamed C) must have tamed D) could be taming E) would have tamed 148. A) already B) seldom C) almost D) even E) as such 149.

A) B) C) D) E)

before by the time now that in case once

150. A) over B) into C) under D) from E) through From a small settlement in central Italy, ancient Rome (151) ----- a great city and the heart of one of the largest and most long-lasting empires in history. At its height, the Roman Empire (152) ----- from western Asia to Britain and Spain, and from the Danube River in central Europe to the edge of the Sahara desert in North Africa. The empire in the West lasted for (153) ----- 500 years. An Eastern empire (154) ----- for a thousand years (155) ----- . 151. A) turned over B) grew into C) got away D) dealt with E) did without 152. A) soared B) landed C) ascended D) stretched E) established 153. A) many B) most C) all D) some E) every

154. A) enduring B) to endure C) being endured D) to have endured E) endured 155. A) more B) as C) less D) such E) so The typewriter (156) ----- business procedures. It also was a major factor in bringing women (157) ----- the business work force, which (158) ----- had consisted only of men. Remington began training women to operate and demonstrate their machines. When a company bought a typewriter, it also hired one of these skilled operators. The women were known by the same name as the machine they used. (159) ----- , business schools all over the United States (160) ----- women "type-writers." 156. A) revolutionizing B) being revolutionized C) revolutionized D) having revolutionized E) to be revolutionized 157. A) over B) into C) under D) from E) by 158. A) until then B) just now C) even when

D) only after E) by then 159. A) Even B) Soon C) Already D) Such E) Mostly 160. A) have trained B) could train C) were training D) should be trained E) would train In the United States, goods and services are distributed (161) ----- wealth. The people with the most money get the most goods and services. (162) ----- this may be an (163) ----- way of deciding who gets what, it is not necessarily a fair way. People with the most money may not be the most deserving or the ones with the greatest need. (164) ----- do they necessarily work the hardest. Some people who work very hard earn a small income. Although some wealthy people have worked hard to get their money, others have (165) ----- much of it. 161. A) by means of B) in case of C) on account of D) on the basis of E) under the pretext of 162. A) When B) Because C) Until D) During E) While 163. A) efficient

B) C) D) E)

competent bungling clumsy inelegant

164. A) So B) Too C) Nor D) Even E) Yet 165. A) reduced B) inherited C) swindled D) embarked E) realized People have enjoyed making and flying kites for (166) ----- 2,000 years. It is fun to watch a kite lift in the breeze and rise (167) ----- it is just a speck of colour in the sky. The word "kite" is the name of a bird of the hawk family, (168) ----- its grace in the air. A kite may be a simple arrangement of two sticks, crossed and covered with paper or cloth and flown at the end of a string, also known as a flying line. Or the kite (169) ----- a more (170) ----- shape, such as a box or a pyramid. Kites may be made of paper, light plastic, or cloth. Sticks may be made of wood, plastic, or fibreglass. 166. A) at least B) out of order C) on loan D) in tune E) for ages 167. A) when B) for C) barely D) while

E) until 168. A) known for B) made over C) borne out D) account for E) depended on 169. A) would be B) must have been C) was D) may be E) had been 170. A) refined B) elaborate C) posh D) discounted E) despicable At the beginning of the 1900's, advertising was described as salesmanship (171) ----- . If this definition were expanded to include television and radio, it would still stand today. The most effective way (172) ----- something is through person-toperson contact. But the cost of person-to-person selling is high. (173) ----- it takes a great deal of time, it increases the cost of the product or service. Advertising (174) ----- the selling message to many people (175) ----171. A) in print B) at random C) by large D) for short E) in private 172. A) selling B) to be sold

C) to sell D) having sold E) sell 173. A) Due to B) Because C) Ever since D) Though E) Nevertheless 174. A) distributes B) transports C) implements D) undermines E) invokes 175. A) at a time B) by the time C) at one time D) for the time being E) at any time Most objects are not sources of light. We see them (176) ----- light from a source strikes them and bounces (177) ----- toward our eyes. This bouncing of light from matter is called reflection. The ancients (178) ----- the moon and planets were sources of light, (179) -----we now know they are not. We see them because sunlight (180) ----- from their surfaces and travels to Earth. 176. A) if only B) even if C) in case D) only when E) even so 177.

A) B) C) D) E)

by for on in off

178. A) thinking B) to think C) having thought D) thought E) to be thought 179. A) but B) then C) as D) nor E) till 180. A) indicates B) signifies C) specifies D) alludes E) reflects Climate is the most important factor (181) -----vegetable production. Most vegetables (182) ----- in areas with at least a three- to four-month period of warm, sunny days and (183) ----- rainfall. Some areas are (184) ----- to grow many vegetables, (185) ----- in very hot tropical areas vegetables can be planted only during the cooler parts of the year. 181. A) amusing B) illustrating C) implanting D) affecting E) launching 182.

A) B) C) D) E)

must be planted should have planted will have planted could be planting had to be planted

183. A) reasonable B) moderate C) equitable D) impassable E) satisfactory 184. A) as cold B) too cold C) any colder D) so cold as E) cold enough 185. A) when B) since C) while D) by reason of E) even if A famine is a widespread, (186) ----- lack of food. During a famine, people suffer not only from hunger but also from malnutrition. This means that (187) ----getting too thin, they do not get the vitamins and other nutrients they need to stay healthy. People (188) ----- malnutrition can become extremely weak and develop many serious diseases. In most famines, people do not (189) ----- starve to death but die (190) ----- disease. 186. A) repulsive B) fastidious C) demanding D) straightforward

E) disastrous 187. A) in addition B) as well C) because D) besides E) in the case of 188. A) for B) over C) with D) under E) beyond 189. A) actually B) sincerely C) exceptionally D) superbly E) vaguely 190. A) of B) on C) by D) in E) at It is impossible to say exactly when and where modern art began. The history of art is like a chain (191) ----- new links are always being added. Every link is attached to the link before it. For example, the many different styles of the 20th century are outgrowths of the styles (192)----- during the 19th century. (193) ----- , 19th- century art developed from the styles of the previous century. If we (194) ----- the origins of modern art as far back as possible, we would find that it really began with the (195) ----- first link in the chain--the rock scratchings of cavemen. 191. A) on whose B) to which

C) in what D) in whom E) from where 192. A) using B) to have used C) to be used D) uses E) used 193. A) In sight B) On board C) Without fail D) Above all E) In turn 194. A) to be traced B) having traced C) must be tracing D) were to trace E) had been traced 195. A) all B) most C) only D) even E) very The word "evolution" is often used as a shorthand for the modern theory of evolution of species (196) ----- Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, (197) ----- states that all modern species are the products of an (198) ----- process that began over three billion years ago with simple single-celled organisms, and Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics. As the theory of evolution by natural selection and genetics has become (199) ----- accepted in the scientific community, it has replaced other explanations including creationism and Lamarckism. Sceptics sometimes deride evolution as "just a theory" (200) -----

characterize it as an arbitrary choice and degrade its claims to truth. 196. A) based upon B) derived from C) traded off D) thought of E) dwelled on 197. A) what B) how C) which D) when E) who 198. A) consecutive B) extensive C) respective D) successive E) allusive 199. A) externally B) considerably C) faintly D) universally E) imprecisely 200. A) at odds with B) at the peak of C) by way of D) in an attempt to E) in aid of READING TESTS Agriculture remains the most essential area for development: here it is felt that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may believe that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any

attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes mat a meaningful structure of incentive can be seen for the individual farmer to increase his production, improve his techniques, and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and chances, agricultural education can have only little impact. 1. The author feels that improvements in the field of agriculture. A) cannot be achieved only by means of scientific training B) have already introduced good results C) can easily be seen D) have largely based on technology E) E) are absolutely unnecessary for productivity 2. A) B) C) D) E)

We can infer from the passage that the agricultural community. is willing to have more vocational training disregards the problems of the individual farmer has already started to get benefit from the improved techniques is conscious about the long-term profits of scientific training is not the one that enjoys any change

3. A) B) C) D) E)

The author is in the opinion that vocational training in agriculture. will be the best way to eliminate resistance to change in society might supply farmers with a wide range of opportunities will be useless even if it is backed up with various incentives has often been disregarded by various authorities is supposed to be as a priority for social development

Tigers usually grow to lengths of more than nine feet and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have great strength. They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, as they apparently suffer from the heat. When the air is cool, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not approach the leopard's ability in this. They can survive in rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, and they cannot spot prey until it moves. 4. A) B) C)

Tt is clear in the text that tigers. . are the most talented climbers of all wild animals rely heavily on their huge claws to catch their prey are sensitive to significant variations in climate

D) closely take after lions as regards speed ,size and strength E) rely on their eyesight in finding and catching prey 5. A) B) C) D) E)

As is expressed in the passage, a flat terrain. . is usually the favoured place of the tiger provides camouflage for other wild animals rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better chances to hunt usually has varied vegetation which shelters better prey is usually chilly, so tigers prefer higher levels

6. From the passage we can infer that, contrary to what is generally thought, A) climbing is the least developed ability of the tiger B) as soon as a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it C) hilly areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals D) the leopard's hunting ability is much worse than that of the tiger E) the tiger's senses are not well developed Psychologists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And the theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a person's head. However, researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They, therefore, continue to discuss such basic debates as whether heredity or the environment is more effective in forming intelligence. 7. As we can understand from the passage, the basic controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment . A) was hopefully discussed in the 1800s B) is now being avoided as it is seen to be fruitless C) has only recently become a solemn affair for serious researches D) does not seem to have ended yet E) was much more significant in the 19th century than it is today 8. According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people were in the opinion that a person's mental capacity . A) could never be improved B) depended on the size of his head C) was completely changed by the environment D) was purely genetic E) was fundamental to his personality

9. One may conclude from the text that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence . A) can only be received by exceptionally sophisticated minds B) has finally been obtained by modern scientists C) can be achieved within the next few years D) is unlikely to be achieved in the near future E) will emerge via the practical rather than experimental studies Of all the environmental problems facing us today, global warming is likely to have the most devastating effects, In order to combat these, the emission of harmful gases must be reduced; for this purpose, the rainforests, which absorb carbon dioxide in vast quantities must be protected. Global warming will place a premium on energy efficiency, for controlling global warming inescapably means reducing the burning of fossil fuels. The two industries that are most obviously going to be affected are the power suppliers and the vehicle manufacturers, but since energy is consumed by almost everything we manufacture, design or do, the effects will be felt everywhere. 10. It is emphasized in the passage that global warming seems to be A) easier to control than other environmental problems B) of less of a threat than formerly it used to be C) the most terrible of the problems facing the environment D) one of the causes for the disappearance of the rainforests E) a simple matter 11. The author explains that unless the radically reduced . A) global warming cannot possibly be held in check B) they will soon be used up C) traditional power supplies will not be adequate D) energy efficiency cannot be achieved E) there will be no energy crisis

burning

of

fossil

12. According to the passage, power supply and vehicle manufacturing A) are two industries that do not affect global warming B) rely heavily on fossil fuels C) are environmentally less harmful than other industries D) have carried the problems of global warming everywhere E) have no common bases

fuels

is

The ozone layer absorbs all the highest frequencies of ultraviolet radiation and prevents them from reaching the surface of the planet. A reduction of only 5 per cent in its overall concentration would probably lead to about a 10 per cent increase in human skin cancers and a 10 per cent drop in stratospheric ozone levels would increase the amount of hot and dangerous ultraviolet radiation on earth by 20 percent. Beyond this level the precise effects of ozone layer depletion on both humans and wildlife are extremely difficult to predict. 13. As the passage points out, major function of the ozone layer is to A) prevent the transmission of low frequency radiation B) protect the earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation C) reduce the amount of radiation in the stratosphere to 10 percent D) regulate the frequencies of ultraviolet radiation E) provide oxygen 14. The author points out that it is almost impossible to estimate . A) the effects of a drop of more than 10 percent in, the level of ozone concentration B) how wildlife has been affected by the increase in ultraviolet radiation C) the extent of ozone depletion in recent years D) the annual rate of skin cancer due to ozone depletion E) what the effects of ozone hole will be 15. The author points out that a 10 percent increase in human skin cancer would be likely to occur . A) unless measures could be found to prevent ozone layer depletion B) should there be 20 percent increase in ultraviolet radiation C) if there were a 5 percent drop in the ozone layer density D) if ^rgent action were not taken to prevent it E) as long as they don't use preventive lotions There are several kinds of dams. One kind is called an earth dam. This consists of a large bank of earth with steep sides. Along the length of the base of the dam a cut-off wall is constructed and this extends down to an impervious stratum. The function of the cut-off wall is to make the foundation watertight. Openings are made in the base of the dam to allow water to escape, thus controlling the level of water in the reservoir and providing a regular supply of water. These openings are called sluices. There is one disadvantage with this kind of dam. The material does not become watertight until the reservoir is full of water.

16. The passage describes, in broad terms, . A) a number of disadvantages related to earth dams B) the advantages of various types of dams C) the differences between the various types of dams D) the technical features of an earth dam E) common features of dams 17. According to the passage, the function of sluices in an earth dam is to_______ A) prevent any escape of water B) provide support for the cut-off wall C) direct the flow of incoming water D) maintain a regular supply of water in the reservoir. E) leak wter when needed

.

18. It can be understood from the passage that, without a cut-off wall, A) an earth dam would not be water- tight B) it would be impossible to open sluices C) only an earth dam can be constructed D) a longer base would be essential for the functioning of an earth dam E) there will be no water shortage Protoplasm, which is the fundamental basis of life, is constantly undergoing physical and chemical change. Life, therefore, is the resultant of these constantly occurring changes. There are two great groups into which living things may be classified plants and animals. Both the plant and the animal kingdoms are very extensive. It is customary, therefore, to regard the science of life under two comprehensive heads, namely, botany which is the study of plants and zoology, which is the study of animals. Both subjects are subdivided into various specialized sections. 19. It is pointed out in the passage that life is the outcome of . A) the interaction between plants and animals B) change from a physical to a chemical state of being C) physical change taking place in the animal world D) the constant change, both physical and chemical, occurring in protoplasm E) the activities a person fulfills 20. It is understood from the passage that the science of botany A) is less specialized than that of zoology B) deals with a limited number of plants C) is concerned with the plant world

,

D) is a subsection of zoology E) is not so well-known a zoology 21. The author points out that the study of living carried out under various specialized headings, _____ __. A) emphasizes the importance of genes and species B) depends upon extensive field research C) is mainly related to zoology D) actually involves two basic fields of science E) may not be appreciated whatsoever

things,

although

The exact number of people who died in the cyclone that struck Bagladesh last year will probably never be known. Winds reaching 145 miles per hour hammered the country's low-lying southeastern coast for nine hours, at one point driving a wall- of water roughly 20 feet high across the area- one of the most densely populated places in the world. It was the strongest storm ever recorded in the region. The official news agency reported that 125.000 victims had been confirmed dead, but it was believed that the toll was actually much higher. 22. One can infer from the passage that one reason why so many lives were lost in the cyclone was because . A) most of the population had no decent housing B) the BagJadesh government had failed to foresee such a disaster C) the country had still not recovered from the previous similar eye J one D) the area struck was one of the most overcrowded in the world E) the people were not prepared 23. We can understand from the'passage that the official figures given regarding the death toll . A) didn't reflect the actual extent of the tragedy B) overestimated the number of victims C) were much higher than the authorities expected D) included only those drowned E) were the same as they were thought to be 24. The passage aims to impress on the reader . A) the extent of suffering experienced by the people in Bangladesh B) the magnitude of the cyclone's destructive force C) the inadequacy of the relief work sent in D) the extent of the poverty and misery in Bagladesh

E) what disaster like in Bengladesh In all civilizations, articles are consumed that have no nutrient value but make the food more attractive, or give pleasure. Spices, condiments, herbs, vinegar, and pickles are used for this purpose. There is no objection to them for the normal stomach, and there is no evidence that they can cause damage to the normal stomach lining. Tea, coffee, manufactured drink, and alcohol also form part of the diet. They have no nutritive value but add to the pleasure of a meal, in moderation. Tea and coffee both contain caffeine. Which is a mild stimulant and also causes the kidneys to excrete more water. They may cause sleeplessness, but not all people are affected. Alcohol, if not consumed excessively by adults, cannot be objected to on any medical ground. 25. The common feature of such items as spices condiments herbs vinegar and pickles is that_______ . A) they are all manufactured rather than natural B) they can all do harm to the stomach lining C) they can classified in the group of mild stimulants D) they are not nutritious but give the food flavour E) they are rather costly 26. From a medical point of view . A) there is a close link between the person's age and the amount of alcohol he drinks B) eating foods that have no nutritive value helps do nothing but tire the stmomach out C) alcohol isn't considered harmful when drunk in moderate amounts by adults D) it is important from a psychological point of view to eat palatable meals as wel] as nutritious. E) alchol should be prohibited 27. The writer states that. A) the effect of coffee and tea on sleep can vary from person to person B) manufactured drinks are more harmful than tea and coffee C) tea, coffee and manufactured drinks are usually consumed more when the person is dieting D) kidneys are the organs which are affected most when tea and coffee are drunk excessively E) people tend to sleep more than they need Geometry is a very old science. We are told by Herodotus, a Greek historian, that geometry had its origin in Egypt along the banks of the river Nile. The first record we have of its study is found in a manuscript written by Mimes, an Egyptian scholar, about 1550 B.C. This manuscript is believed to be a copy of a treatise which dated back probably, more than a thousand years, and describes the use of geometry at that time in a very crude form of surveying or measurement. In fact, geometry, which means "earth

measurement," received its name in this manner. This re-measuring of the land was necessary because of the annual overflow of the river Nile and the consequent destroying of the boundaries of farm lands. This early geometry was very largely a list of rules or formulas for finding the areas of plane figures. Many-of these rules were inaccurate, but in the main, they were fairly satisfactory. 28. The passage deals with . A) floods of the river nile B) beginnings of geometry C) surveying in egypt D) manuscript of mimes E) significance of geometry|bday 29. In developing geometry the early Egyptians were primarily concerned with_______. A) discovering how formulas used in measuring were accurate B) determining property boundaries C) constructing a logical system of geometry D) measuring the overflow of the Nile E) establishing formulas 30. One of the factors in the development of geometry as science was A) the inaccuracy of the early rules and calculations B) Mimes' agreement C) annual flooding of the Nile Valley D) destruction of farm crops E) an ancient manuscript copied by Egyptians Computers have led to a greater change in our society in recent decades than any other force and are likely to continue to do so until the next century. The industry surrounding computers is growing quickly, providing employment for many but meanwhile making others redundant. Jobs that computers can do much more reliably, faster and cheaper are lost. The redeployment of labour and the prospect of increased leisure are causing social upheavals which require new ideas and significant changes of attitude. 31. It is pointed out in the passage that the introduction of computers into daily life________ . A) has definitely solved the problem of unemployment B) has had no effect on the traditional habits of society C) can be regarded as the greatest technical achievement of the age D) has led to an improvement in working conditions E) has brought a lot of benefits but has also created some serious problems 32. According to the passage, the impact computers have had on society

A) will certainly continue to increase right through the next century B) has been unnecessarily exaggerated in recent years C) has generally been confined to industrial life D) has exceeded that.of any other technological development in recent times E) is very much less than it has been on industry 33. As is implied in the passage, the widespread use of computers in industry_______ . A) has made considerable changes in the working system inevitable B) has unfortunately increased production costs C) has reduced the working hours but not the work load D) will, in the next century, lead to even more disillusionment E) has given rise to many new solutions to the problems of unemployment Tavi Fabrics is a Portuguese textile and clothing firm which, until recently, employed about 300 workers and had a turnover of 6 million pounds. Now, however, Tavi is facing serious problems. In the last two years its fabric sales have remained steady, but profits have declined sharply. This is because Pakistani and Italian suppliers have been forcing prices down. In the ready-to-wear market, the condition is much worse. Competition is cutthroat. Exporters from 24 low-cost countries are fighting for a share in the European market. Tavi is suffering from this competition. The stores are now bargaining hard over prices, and Tavi has already lost two important orders. 34. The passage presents the case of a textile firm which, . A) in recent years, has recovered its lost markets by introducing drastic measures B) on the whole, has been showing a steady improvement in its position C) owing to fierce international competition, is having 10 struggle to survive D) quite unfairly, has laid off more than half of its work force E) in the long run, seems likely to defeat its main competitors 35. We can understand from the passage that the area which has been hit worst by international competition . A) is that of fabric sales in which Tavi has made great profits B) has been textile industries of India and Pakistan C) is the home market itself in which Tavi wed to be in the lead D) is the clotbing industry in Portugal E) has been ready-to-wear market 36. One can conclude from the passage that Tavi's problems . A) are due do the unrest among the workers B) arise from the growing market pressure of low-cost countries C) are linked with the lack of interest in the European market D) must be related to the continuous rise in prices in textile

E) began with the loss of two large orders The main advantage of prefabrication are two fold: it is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. Speed in building is significant these days due to the high cost of land: the time during which such an expensive commodity is out of use must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly prefabricated methods of construction save time on the job because parts are prepared in the factory beforehand. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty because it means that the whole building is made of standard parts the behaviour of which is known and has been tested. 37. Since land is extremely valuable it is important that . A) the building materials should also be expensive B) costs do not continue to rise C) people should not disagree as to the advantages of prefabrication D) building costs be reduced to a minimum E) it does not remain out of use for long 38. One advantage of using prefabricated parts is that A) this method is cheaper than standard methods B) fewer skilled workmen are required C) less land is needed D) buildings can be constructed much faster E) there is more scope for experiment

.

39. When a building Is constructed from standard parts that hale been welltested_______. A) One is still not sure how they will behave in a particular situation B) there is no scope for originality C) new methods of construction are overlooked D) one knows in advance that the result will be satisfactory E) the costs will naturally be excessively high Computers can store vast amount of information in a very small space and are used by the banks to keep accounts, and control transactions. They are also used by the police to keep personal records, fingerprints and other details. In the developing field of robotics computers are now being used to control manual operations done by machines, These two are taking over work, previously done by humans, in the manufacture of cars, in weaving and other industries. Computers play an important role in controlling artificial satellites,

decoding information and communications generally. They are used to predict the weather with increasing accuracy. 40. One can conclude from the passage that . A) computers have become an indispensable part of our life B) weather forecasts carried out by computers are not reliable at all C) despite great advances in computer techniques, they are not proving as useful-as once hoped D) robotics has long been a field of keen scientific interest for man E) computerised banking has led to an increase in unemployment 41. The author points out that . A) the police use computers to make sure that their records are not leaked B) industry is turning back to traditional methods of production C) the principal use of computers is in space technology D) computers are too complex for everyday use E) the use of robots, directed by computers, is becoming widespread in industry 42. The passage is not concerned with . A) how computers are produced B) the application of computers in industry C) the use of computers in communications and the transfer of information D) the conservation of information by technology E) the role played by computers in crime detection Looking ahead from the present position where food production has kept ahead of population growth globally, but has fallen per capita in 55 (mainly African) countries, it would seem that these trends will carry on. About 30 countries most of which are African can expect serious problems unless they reduce population growth and give higher priority to agriculture and conservation. Though a warmer, wetter earth with high C0 2 levels is likely to be capable of producing more food, the amounts will still be inadequate for many poorer countries. In many circumstances, the population projections are greater than the entire local land resources can support. 43. Of all the countries in the world it is those in Africa . A) which have taken the most drastic measures to prevent population growth B) that are most threatened by food shortages C) that are most conscious of the need to preserve the environment D) which are environmentally most at a disadvantage E) in which poverty has been greatly reduced through agricultural development 44. It is argued the passage that .

A) changes in world climate are giving rise to the problems of food production B) with the exception of African countries, the global production of food is adequate and likely to continue so C) agricultural development will presently put an end to global food shortages D) the conservation of land resources is of minor importance E) every effort must be made to prevent the C02 level from rising 45. According to the passage, it is anticipated that . A) food production will double in the future B) the per capita income in Africa countries will continue to rise A) the present situation concerning population growth and food production will soon improve B) all the African countries will soon solve all their population problems E) unless serious measures are taken, the poor countries of the world will be faced with famine Senegal is heavily dependent on the export of crude oil to finance industrial development. 90% of Senegal's exports by value are crude oil. At current production rates, known reserves are only sufficient until the end of the century. Industrialization was boosted after 1973 following the fourfold increase in oil prices. In the early 1980s prices fell, and Senegal lost important income. Oil production peaked when it reached 112 million tones in 1974. 46. It is claimed in the passage that the sharp rise in oil prices in 1973 A) has less effect on Senegal's economy than might have been expected A) contributed greatly to industrial development in Senegal B) coincided with a considerable decrease in oil production C) provided Senegal with a high revenue oil into the late 1980s E) put a great deal of pressure on Senegal's oil reserves 47. It is inferred from the passage that only a fraction of Senegal's exports_______. A) are goods other than crude oil. B) would be needed to support industrial development C) were affected by the decrease in oil prices in the 1980s. D) were oil-related E) have benefited from price increases. 48. According to the passage as long as the current rate of oil production is maintained______. A) world oil prices are not expected to rise significantly. B) Senegal's industrial development plans will soon be fully realised. C) Senegal is likely to have no oil reserves left by the year 2000

D) Senegal will continue to enjoy large revenues E) the variety of goods exported from Senegal will be more. Computers should never have received the significant status they now have, Fascinating and invaluable as they are, even the most developed have less brain power than a threeyear-old. They do, however, score on single mindedness. The three year old uses her brain not only to think but also to do some certain tasks like seeing hearing and running about, which need incredibly fast and sophisticated electro-mechanical interactions. But the computer just sits there and sends spacecraft to the moon or re-arranges the world banking system which is very much easier. That's why man's dream of robot maids is still a long way off. 49. The main point made by the passage is that the human brain . A) is much inferior to any known computer B) is infinitely more complex and powerful than any computer C) is not as complicated and mysterious as has usually been thought D) reaches its maximum efficiency at the age of three E) has been entirely reproduced in computer form 50. It is explained in the passage that the efficiency of the computer_______ A) depend on the speed with which the data are collected B) will soon make it possible for man to be served by robots C) can best be appreciated in the decision-making positions D) is the result of its being concentrated on one task at a time E) depends on sophisticated electro-mechanical interactions 51. The author feels that Computers . A) have contributed immensely to the improvement of living standards B) are becoming unaffordable as they get more developed C) have been unnecessarily overrated D) will be a major force behind all future progress E) are capable of doing all the tasks the human brain performs even more efficiently Most substances, either artificial or natural, can cause harm to man or the environment. Some of these reach the environment in waste streams; however emission limits and environmental quality standards can, in some instances, reduce the amounts released. However, some other matters cannot be controlled in this way because they are released, not in industrial waste streams, but through the use or disposal products which contain them. In many cases these substances pose little or no threat if the product containing them is used and disposed of properly. The accurate way to deal with them is through controls over their supply, use and disposal 52. According to the passage, the threat of some certain substances to the

environment _________. A) is for less than that to man B) could be reduced by enforcing emission limits and environmental controls C) has been unnecessarily over emphasized D) has to date been completely ignored E) can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste streams 53. The author assumes that the danger posed to man by substances________. A) is even greater than generally admitted B) is unrelated to environmental pollution C) continues to grow despite constant control of disposal systems D) is solely due to the use of industrial waste streams E) arises from their misuse and wrong disposal 54. The passage is concerned with the question of . A) how the harmful effects of certain substances can be kept under control A) why industrial waste streams have led to so much pollution B) what measures are to be taken against the supply of dangerous substances B) if man-made substances and natural ones cause pollution E) who is responsible for taking the required precautions

some

The cheetah, the only mammal in the world that can sprint at spee faster than 70 miles per hour, is on rapid track to extinction. Two factc threaten its existence. The first is lack of genetic variation, which manife; itself in reproductive problems excessive infant mortality and vulnerability disease. These seem to be exacerbated in captivity, where cheetahs i experiencing a precipitous decline in number. The second threat to t cheetah is loss of its natural habitat to agricultural expansion. 55. The cheetah is the only mammal in the world that A) threatens the nature B) is in danger of extinction C) no other animals can reach its speed D). has a speed reaching more than 70 miles per hour E) is thought to give harm to agricultural expansion

.

56. The cheetah is threatened by extinction because A) of its speed B) they are experiencing a sudden decline in number C) of reproductive problems

.

D) they live in captivity E) of lack of genetic differentiation and agricultural growth 57. Reproductive problems illustrate . A) that cheetahs don't have a variation in their genetic structure B) that the amount of infant mortality is excessive C) cheetah is threatened by extinction D) cheetah's vulnerability to disease E) loss of their natural habitat leads them to extinction When it was formed millions years ago the earth was a liquid. It is s having the process of cooling and many miles below the hard crust is s hot. However, in some places the heat is closer to the crust. These places i associated with volcanic activity or hot sulphur springs. Drilling deep ir the earth's crust we can reach rocks that are much warmer than those at t. surface. Pumping water down into contact with these rocks and extracting tl steam so produced is a source of energy that can be used to produi electricity. It is called geothermal energy. 58. It is explained in the passage that under the hard surface of th earth, there________. A) exists a hot core which can be used as energy B) is a hot liquid layer which has never been drilled C) seems to be a great deal of volcanic activity which threatens life D) could be a number of hot sulphur springs, the main cause o: volcanic activity. E) has never been sufficient heat to melt rocks 59. According to the passage, gjgothermal energy . A) can be produced both plentifully and cheaply B) has been used by man for millions of years C) is a bi-product of extensive volcanic activity D) is obtained from the contact of water with the hot rocks below the earth's surface E) is recognised as the only form of energy that will never be used up 60. We can inter from the passage that the earth's crust . A) has completely stopped the process of cooling underneath B) is a constant source of energy C) is not suitable for drilling D) is constantly warming and cooling due to volcanic activities, E) varies in thickness from place to place

When we turn to the problem of fishing, we see that through a II Convention on the Law of the Sea, the world's countries have indicated th; they recognize the risks of overfishing. Nations can now declare 200 mi! exclusive economic areas and exclusive fishing areas and control the catch , a level that is reasonable. Developing nations seem to be beginning to benel from the new fisheries regime which offers the promise of allowing them i manage fishing resources for optimum, that is long-term, benefits. 61. We can understand from the passage that the statutory measurt taken by the UN, regarding fishing,____ . A) are unlikely to be abided by, at least not in the near future B) have been welcomed by all the member nations C) have had no beneficial impact on the situation D) came into effect too late E) have unfortunately served the interests of only the develops nations 62. One major benefit arising out of the 200-mile exclusive fishing zoi is as we understand from the passage, to . A) to supply best use of the marine resources through internation cooperation B) keep under control the amount of fish caught C) ensure that an ever increasing quantity of fish shall be caught D) guide developing countries to develop their inefficient economic E) prevent new fisheries from coming into being 63. It is stated in the passage that in the management of fisheries A) one cannot make a plan for the future B) no consideration should be given to the amount of fishing. C) the introduction of restrictive measures should be avoided. D) one should give importance to future rather than to present gain; E) the 200-mile zone policy can be ignored.

When used for researches on of learning and memory, the octopus is a more interesting subject than the squid. Unlike the free-swimming squid, which relies exclusively on its eyes to guide it to a tasty fish or crab, the octopus often feeds off the bottom of the sea. It uses not only its eyes but its tentacles to identify a likely meal. The brain of the octopus has two separate memory-storage areas - one for visual memories and one for tactile memories. 64. In the passage it is stated that the squid finds its food__________. A) by sight only B) by touch only

C) both by sight and by touch D) in none of the ways described above E) digging holes 65. The passage is mainly about . A) a new way of feeding fish B) biological differences between two animals C) how to go deep-sea fishing D) a warning to deep-sea tlivers E) the differences between biology and zoology 66. According to the passage, which of the following can describe the octopus? A) Its brain is simpler than that of the squid. B) It cannot look and touch at the same time. C) Its brain does not function very well. D) The memory of what it has seen and touched is contained in separate areas. E) It is the unique animal in deep waters. In order to produce commercial records, an original record must first made. It is a flat disc, usually made of aluminum coated with a soft layer lacquer. As the disc is rotated, a sapphire or ruby stylus cuts a continue groove in the lacquer cotang. The stylus travels around the disc, making impression that corresponds to the amplitude and frequency of the sou being recorded. When completed, the original may be played back to recre; the original recorded sound. If the sound produced by the original record satisfactory, the original is coated with silver to conduct electricity, and th electroplated with nickel. When the original is stripped away, a negative the original remains, with a raised spiral pattern corresponding to the groo\ in the original. The negative is called a master matrix. Next, the mas matrix is electroplated with nickel to produce a positive of the original. T positive is called a mother matrix. By electroplating the mother matrix w nickel and stripping it away, stampers are produced. Stampers are negath of the original record from which the final records may be pressed. 67. What is the purpose of silver in making commerical records? A) It strips away the original record. B) It cuts a groove in the original record. C) It aids in electroplating the original record. D) It makes an impression on the stamper. E) It is very strong. 68. The mother matrix is a (n) . A) negative of the original record B) stamper C) original record

D) record made from a master matrix E) hard disc 69. Laquer is used to coat the aluminum disc . A) because it conducts electricity B) because it can be cut by a stylus C) because it cools quikly D) because it protects the impression in the aluminum E) because it is vey soft The science of meteorology is deals with the study of the structure, state, and behavior of the atmoshere. The subject may be approached from several directions, but the scene cannot be fully appreciated from any one vantage point. Various views must be integrated to give perspective to the whole picture. One may consider the condition of the atmosphere at a given moment and attempt to predict changes from that condition over a period of a few days ahead. This approach is included in the branch of the science called synoptic meteorology. Synoptic meteorology is the scientific basis of the technique of weather forecasting by means of the preparation and analysis of weather rrnps and aerological diagrams. The practical importance of the numerous applications of weather forecasting cannot be overestimated. In serving the needs of shipping. aviation, agriculture, industry, and many other interests and fields of human activity with accurate weather warnings and professional forecast advice, great benefits are reaped in the form of the saving of human life and property and in economic advantages of various kinds. One significant purpose of the science of meteorology is constantly to strive, through advanced study and research, to increase bur knowledge of the atmosphere with the aim of improving the accuracy of weather forecasts. 70. The predictions of synoptic meterologists are directly based on the_____________. A) application of the physical sciences B) preparation and study of weather maps C) anticipated needs of industry D) observations of commercial airline pilots E) behaviours of animals 71. The author implies that increased accuracy in weather forecasting will lead to________. A) more funds allocated to meteorological research B) greater protection of human life. C) a higher number of professional forecasters D) less-specialized form of synoptic meteorology E) an increase in the number of tourists

72. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage? A) A procedure is explained and its importance is emphasized. B) Two contrasting views of a problem are presented. C) Recent scientific advancements are outlined in order of importance. D) A problem is examined and possible solutions are given. E) Contributions of weather forcast to human activities concerning agriculture are stated.

Besides feeling the soil and sniffing the air, farmers can now point gun shaped infrared meters at their crops in order to discover when the plant; need watering. These portable meters give digital readouts that indicate th< difference between a plant's temperature and that of the surrounding air When it is short of water, a plant, which normally uses evaporation as ; means of cooling, cannot rid itself of the heat it absorbs from sunlight on the heat that may build up from its own metabolism. Hence, if the mete: indicates that a plant is warmer than the air, it may mean that it is time tc irrigate. 73. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? A) A New Aid for Farmers B) Checking Crop Yields C) Plant Temperatures and Evaporation D) The Metabolism of Plants E) Farming in the new Millennium 74. According to the passage, farmers feel the soil in order to__________. A) check its ability to absorb heat ; B) determine its mineral content C) check the moisture content of the air D) determine the time to water crops E) detect some creatures 75. According to the passage, what do the meters measure? A) The quality of crops being grown B) The temperatures of plants and air C) The water content of plants D) The rate of evaprotation E) The hight of plants GRAMMAR REVISION 1- "Must I take my umbrella?" "No, you _____ . It's not going to rain." A) mustn't B) needn't

C) have to D) don't E) hadn’t 2A) B) C) D) E)

I was a bit worried because I thought I might_____ my train. be late not reach lose miss catch

3A) B) C) D) E)

If he _____ worked harder, he would have passed the exams. had would have would has worked had have

4A) B) C) D) E)

I couldn't come to the party because I _____ go to work. had had to have have got will have to

5A) B) C) D) E)

As soon as I shut the front door I realised that I _____ my key in the house. had left have left left was leaving would leave

6A) B) C) D) E)

He isn't in London now because he _____ to the Continent. has been was going will going would go has gone

7- "Have you ever met Tom?" "Yes, we _____ at the concert." A) met

B) C) D) E)

have met were meeting had meet might meet

8A) B) C) D) E)

"I'm sorry I can't do the shopping today." "OK, _____ it then." I'm going to do I'll do I'm doing I do I have done

9A) B) C) D) E)

By the time the police arrived, the thieves _____the stolen money. hide had hidden are hiding will have hidden have hidden

10- If you _____ to town tomorrow, will you do some shopping for me? A) B) C) D) E)

went will be going go will go have gone

11- It's a pity you haven't seen that play." "But I have, I _____ it last week." A) have seen B) had seen C) saw D) was seen E) can see 12- If you _____ such a long time to get dressed, we'd have been there by now. A) hadn't taken B) wouldn't have taken C) weren't taking D) wouldn't take E) weren’t taken 13- To travel from England to Scotland you _____ a passport.

A) B) C) D) E)

mustn't have haven't got don't need needn't shouldn’t have

14- You _____ come tomorrow if you have something else to do. A) B) C) D) E)

didn’t have to mustn't needn't couldn’t don't need

15- It was Friday afternoon and the shops were full _____ customers. A) of B) in C) by D) with E) for 16- This young man can get along not only with girls, but also with _____ parents. A) they're B) their’s C) them C) theirs D) their 17- The driver _____ to read a newspaper while he ____ for the lights to change. A) had started / waited B) has started / has been waiting D) was starting / has waited E) will start / has waited D) started / was waiting 18- She said she wouldn't refuse him if he _____ her out again. A) would ask B) has asked C) had asked D) would have asked

E) asked 19A) B) C) D) E)

Don't you remember that we _____ to the cinema tonight? would go go would go are going will be gone

20- She always says that we _____ go and see her more often. A) should B) need C) would D) ought E) have 21- Living here at the top of the mountain must be very _____ . A) sole B) alone C) only D) lonely E) lonesome 22- I hope you know that you _____ come with me if you don't want to. A) can't B) mustn't C) don't have to D) don't need E) ought not 23A) B) C) D) E)

She's ___ a snobbish person ___ nobody likes to be with her. such...that such...as so...that rather ...than as ... as

24- It took years of research, but _____ they found the answer. A) at the end B) in the end C) last

D) lastly E) the latest 25- ___ a university professor returns from a sabbatical leave, he should be better qualified. A) Until B) When C) Even though D) Since E) In case of 26- The visitors _____ all the different ways of making brandy. A) had shown B) were shown C) showed D) has shown E) has been shown 27- Make sure you close all the windows ___ it starts to rain. A) after B) prior to C) for D) before E) following 28- ___ I had known how much I would disappoint him, I wouldn’t have done it. A) Whether B) When C) If D) Even if E) Unless 29- My friend John, ___ lives in California, has a car with a New York license. A) whose B) who C) that D) whom E) which 30- It's usually quite simple to cross the border between the USA and Canada ___ these two countries have friendly relations.

A) yet B) and C) because D) regardless E) moreover 31A) B) C) D) E)

Would you mind telling me what ....... to do for the last half an hour. are trying had been trying have been trying would be trying were trying

32A) B) C) D) E)

It is getting late. By the time we ....... to the cinema, the film ....... on . got / will have been have got / had been get / will be had got / was are getting / has been

33- Many Eskimos, who ....... Alaska thousands of years ago, ....... in epidemics after their fist contact with European diseases. A) settled / killed B) would settle / had killed C) had settled / were killed D) has settled / would have been killed E) were settling / had been killed 34A) B) C) D) E)

The flow of immigrants into Britain ....... to a small number since the new laws ........ . will be reduced / have introduced has been reduced / were introduced will have reduced / are introduced have reduced / had introduced were introduced / have been introduced

35- They ....... the advantages of the takeover when I ....... them an hour or so later. A) B) C) D)

will discuss / would rejoin have discussed / am rejoining are discussing / will rejoin were discussing / rejoined

E) would discuss / rejoined 36- The manager of the company ....... they ....... five new branches in the city the following month. A) said / were opening B) says / had opened C) is saying / have opened D) has said / would open E) would say / had opened 37- By the time the Atatürk Dam project has been completed, we ....... together for at least eight years. A) will have been working B) were working C) had worked D) had been working E) have been working 38- They ....... him to make his decision as quickly as possible because they ....... the arrangements tomorrow. A) have been pressing / are finalising B) press / finalise C) are pressing / have finalise D) have pressed / finalised E) were pressing / have been finalising 39- Last year’s additional budget package ....... plunging even lower. A) had designed B) has been designed C) was designed D) would be designed E) is being designed 40A) B) C) D) E)

to prevent Japan’s economy from

I knew that ....... writing her report yet, so I ....... her to go out to lunch. didn't finish / don't invite hasn't finished / haven't invited hadn't finished / didn't invite wasn't finishing / hadn't invited wouldn't finish / won't invite

41A) B) C) D) E)

When his boss dismissed him from his job, he ....... there for ten years. was working worked had been working has been working will have been working

42- Much progress ...... in telecommunications during World War I , but the basic techniques ....... in the previous decades. A) would have been achieved / were developing B) has been achieved / were developed C) had been achieved / has been developed D) was achieved / had been developed E) was achieving / would be developing 43- For several years now she ....... as private secretary to the bank manager. A) has been working B) worked C) was working D) works E) used to work 44A) B) C) D) E)

A man ....... me to work three times this week, so I ....... him to the police. follows / am reporting was following / was reporting is following / reported has followed / have reported followed / report

45- In the past 50 years, Thailand ...... through 15 constitutions ,17 coups and 21 prime ministers. A) has been going B) has gone C) were going D) goes E) will have gone 46A) B) C) D)

As soon as I ....... it was raining, I ....... the children into the house. realise / am calling have realised / should call will realise / have called realised / called

E) may realise / call 47A) B) C) D) E)

I’m sad to think that all my plants ....... by the time I ....... from holiday. will die / return may have died / have returned died / returned had died / could return died / had returned

48A) B) C) D) E)

The exhaust pipe on my car ....... for days when finally it ...... off on the high way. rattled / had fallen had been rattling / fell was rattling / fell could be rattling / is fallen may rattle / falls

49- .......... working very long hours, Beşire strives to exercise at least trice a week. A) However B) On behalf of C) Because of D) In order for E) Regardless of 50- On several occasions, Benjamin has earnestly considered ...... to study for a PhD, yet he relishes his job and enjoys ...... such a high wage. A) B) C) D) E)

returning / earning to return / earning returning / having earned to return / to have earned being returned / earning

51- Temporarily, he is undecided as to whether he ...... for the same company this time next year. A) will be working B) has been working C) will have been working D) is working E) may be working 52- .......... the dissonance between the employees, our office became an obnoxious

place to work. A) Since B) In spite of C) However D) In place of E) Due to 53- Much as she had taken the butter out of the refrigerator twenty five minutes before serving breakfast, it was still ...... to spread) A) not too hard B) much too hard C) hard enough D) so hard as E) too much 54- Though world food production ...... since 1950, people still ...... from shortages in various parts of the world) A) has been doubling / maybe suffering B) had been doubled / could be suffering C) has doubled / suffer D) was doubled / suffered E) has been doubled / suffers 55- My father, the salary ...... is paid directly into his bank account, is paid on the last Friday of each month. A) of whom B) which D) whom D) of what E) when it 56- If you ...... the car into the garage well in advance, we ...... to Bursa in our car now, not on this uncomfortable coach. A) take / will travel B) took / would be travelling C) take / are travelling D) had taken / could be travelling E) took / would have travelled 57- The plane is due to take off will miss it. A) in case B) if

in a matter of minutes; ........ you hustle, you

C) even though D) unless E) otherwise 58- As a child, my son ...... such vegetables as cabbages and leeks; nonetheless, he can’t even bear the sight of them any longer. A) did not eat B) was eating C) had eaten D) would eat E) can eat 59- Simon crept into the house very quickly ...... his parents would not notice how late he was. A) by the time B) in order that C) in case D) if E) for fear that 60- The inscription on this document is so tiny, so I need my spectacles .......... read it. A) so that B) due to C) and D) so too E) so as to 61- Generally speaking, ...... the knitting needles used are, ...... the finished stitching will appear. A) the larger / much looser B) if / then C) the larger / the looser D) when / ...... E) unless / ...... 62- Toussaint L’Ouverture, ...... was the leader of the 1793 Haitian insurgency, ...... died in France. A) who / when B) who / who C) that / as D) who / when he

E) who / ...... 63- The suspect denies having broken into the house, ......... there is considerably convincing evidence to prove him guilty. A) and B) yet C) so D) for E) on the contrary 64- You should not try to ski on your own ......... having a few lessons from a certified instructor. A) while B) after C) without D) instead of E) ...... 65A) B) C) D) E)

The rescue team ...... more victims of the quake alive if they ...... better equipment. saved / had might have saved / had had saved / would have had were able to / had could have been saved / had had

66- We need to take enough money with ...... for drinks, postcards and any souvenirs ...... might wish to purchase. A) us / that B) them / we C) them / ...... D) our /themselves E) us / we 67- The economic situation in Turkey, ...... there has been high than a decade, perplexes Western economists. A) of which B) which C) ...... D) where E) in where

inflation

for

more

68A) B) C) D) E)

I....... while I had the chance; now I’m starving. could not have eaten was eating ought to have eaten would have been better to eat must have eaten

69- .......... the weather improves, we will have to stay home tomorrow. A) If B) In case C) In order that D) When E) Even if 70A) B) C) D) E)

I’m so tired from fatigue that I feel as if a roller ......... me. has run over will run over is running over had run over may run over

71- Looking at the sun, even when partially obscured by the moon, ....... cause damage and even blindness. A) must B) would C) can D) need E) ought 72- The relief workers ....... able to rescue some of those who ....... still alive under the rubble. A) should be / were B) may be / are C) might have been / have been D) will be / would be E) were / will be 73- When my grandfather came to visit me, he ......... always bring a little present. A) was used to B) would C) might

D) could E) should 74Non-smokers wish smoking ....... banned in public buildings and public transportation. A) would be B) were not C) would have been D) must be E) has been 75- At this hour of the night, it ....... your mother phoning; it ....... anyone else. A) B) C) D) E)

must have been / wasn't may be / isn't was / hadn't been has to be / wouldn't have been must be / couldn't be

76- It ....... a disaster, but fortunately he ....... fast at the time. A) B) C) D) E)

might be / didn't drive could have been / wasn't driving was supposed to be / hadn't driven must be / won't be driving will be / hasn't driven.

77- He ............. straight along the highway, but instead ,he ........... to follow the scenic country road. A) B) C) D) E) 78A) B) C) D) E)

had driven / would decide must have driven / had decided should have driven / decides was driving / decided could have driven / decided You are ........... come across problems when you commence a business. able to bound to accustomed to used to most likely

79A) B) C) D) E)

I’m sorry for what I did yesterday , but I ............... no harm . don’t mean am not meaning didn’t mean meant haven’t meant

80A) B) C)

I didn’t expect .................to go to that party alone . to allow be allowed being allowed D) to be allowed E) to be let

81A) B) C) D) E)

I wish I were able to get the others ................. what I want ! doing do to doing to do having done

82A) B) C) D) E)

How ............... that she .............. a good dancer when she was young ? did she forgot / was has she forgotten / used to be could she forget / were could she have forgotten / used to be can she forget / would be

83A) B) C) E)

Ever since ................... , I ............... the chance to go out . I’ve had my car repaired / didn’t get I had repaired my car / haven’t got I had my car repaired / haven’t got D) I have my car repaired / haven’t got I have had my car repair / couldn’t get

84A) B) C) D) E)

We can’t drive much ........... ; there is ............. petrol left in the tank . further / a little farther / little further / few farther / a little farther / few

85A) B) C) D) E)

Take ......... things or you’ll regret it ; don’t take ........... jewellery either . a few / many few / much little / much a little / many few / many

86A) B) C) D) E)

Her career was all ............. she cared about , .............. made her so successful . who / which what / that what / which that / which that / that

87- "Guess who is responsible ......... this mess ! It’s the man you are looking forward to ................!" A) of / see B) for / see C) of / seeing D) for / seeing E) about / see 88A) B) C) D) E)

We arrived ................ our village ................ a lovely night ............... October . to / in / in in / at / in at / at / on at / on / in to / on / on

89A) B) C) D) E)

Last night I came ................ my teacher at the cinema , but she didn’t talk to me !!! into across by between down on

90A) B) C)

It’s the first time I .................... on snow ! slide am sliding had slid

D) have slid E) had been sliding 91- The doctor told me I had to eat ……… sweets and drink ……… wine if I wanted to lose …… kilos . A) less / fewer / a few B) fewer / less / a little C) a few / a little / more D) fewer / less / a few E) few / few / a little 92- .… United States of America …… nowadays ……. country to live in: …….. pollution is at its summit there . A) The / is / the worst / O B) The / is / the worst / a C) O / are / the worse / the D) The / are / worse / the E) The / is / worse / the 93A) B) C) D) E)

I'm sure the deputy will be in the limelight after he's delivered his speech, ................ ? am I won't he isn't is hasn't he aren't I

94A) B) C) D) E)

You must be thinking that you are the sole sane guy here, but, ................ ? mustn't you are you aren't you must you isn't it

95A) B) C) D) E)

His monthly income is on a par with those of civil servants, ................ ? is it isn't it are they aren't they is there

96- What we're going to do with all these debts is still up in the air, ................ ?

A) B) C) D) E)

aren't we isn't it are we is it won't we

97- The poor worker is at peace; his problems came to an and with his sudden demise, ............. ? A) B) C) D) E)

isn't he didn't they didn't he is he did he

98- The issue is supposed to be discussed and handled at length during the meeting, ............... ? A) isn't it B) won't it C) shouldn't it D) will it E) should it 99A) B) C) D) E)

He said he would apply for the job immediately after he returned, ....... ? did he didn’t he would he hadn’t he wouldn’t he

100The last exhibition I went was ....... crowded that you could hardly see anything. A) as B) too C) more D) so E) very 101If I ....... a similar kind of research, I ....... on just two decades. A) will do / concentrate B) had done / concentrated C) have done / would have concentrated

D) were doing / would concentrate E) did / will concentrate 102The committee ....... the question for nearly an hour, and still hasn’t come to decision. A) has been discussing B) had discussed C) will discuss D) is discussing E) would discuss 103-Towards the end of the fifteenth century, many political and social changes ....... in Europe which ....... all countries profoundly. A) had been occurring / had affected B) were occurring / have affected C) have occurred / will affect D) had occurred / would affect E) occurred / affected 104-Before I read Freud, I ....... dreams were of so much significance. A) haven’t thought B) wouldn’t think C) didn’t think D) don’t think E) wouldn’t have thought 105-....... the critics, the film is almost as good as the novel itself. A) With regard to B) According to C) Owing to D) Concerning E) In comparison to 106-It is thought to be basically a Hittite settlement ....... there are some traces of earlier civilisations. A) in spite of B) event so C) instead D) even though E) in case

107-The next meeting will be held ....... February, probably ....... the second Tuesday of the month. A) in / on B) in / at C) at / in D) on / at E) at / on 108-Don't blame ----- for keeping you waiting. It was entirely ----- fault. A) ours / his B) mine / their C) her / them D) him / my E) them / ours 109I am afraid there is something wrong ----- my ear. I can't hear you properly. A) from B) of C) with D) at E) besides 110-Kenya spends a quarter ----- its income every year ----- oil imports. A) on / for B) about / through C) in / over D) within / above E) of / on 111The sun, ----- has a surface temperature of 6000 °C, warms the Earth from a distance of 150 million km. A) whom B) which C) whose D) when E) what 112Jane has lost the gold brooch her mother gave her ----- a wedding present. A) as B) such as C) despite

D) like E) rather 113Two hundred years ago most people grew ----- some of their own food. A) so far B) all at once C) at least D) by the way E) at a glance 114He performed ----- the audience applauded him for ten minutes. A) more skilfully than B) as skilful as C) so skilfully that D) skilful enough E) the most skilful 115-With the destruction of tropical rain forests, very many species ----- with extinction. A) have threatened B) are being threatened C) are threatening D) would have been threatened E) can threaten 116-Since 1950 the world ----- nearly one-fifth of the top soil from its agricultural land and one-fifth of its tropical forests. A) was losing B) is losing C) had been lost D) has lost E) loses 117-Chemical preservatives ----- as substances which are added to foods to prevent deterioration. A) can be defined B) define C) have defined D) were defining E) had been defined

118-Since he ----- from prison, he ----- unable to sleep properly. A) has been released / was B) had released / had been C) was released / has been D) released / is being E) had been released / would be 119-I wish you ----- your sleeping bag at home. A) can't leave B) won't leave C) don't leave D) haven't left E) hadn't left 120-Deforestation ___ an alarming decrease in the amount of farming land. A) is causing B) is caused C) cause D) have caused E) has been caused