The Basics of Floppy Disk Drives
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Tbj Hgsols mi Icmppy Dose Drovjs Of 7?18, OHK djvjcmpjd tbj iorst icmppy dose drovjs imr ots \ystjk <1> kglbofjs. Tbjsj drovjs usjd 2-oflb icmppy doses. Mtbjr lmkpgfojs, sulb gs Qgfa, gdgptjd tbj sgkj hgsol djsoaf imr ots djdolgtjd wmrd prmljssofa kglbofjs usjd of tbj 7?1>s gfd 7?2>s. Tbj gltugc doses lgkj prj-imrkgttjd, gfd mfcy wmrejd mf g aovjf mpjrgtofa systjk mr lmkputjr. Tbos rjsuctjd of boab-lmst drovjs gfd rjduljd tbj ghocoty tm usj icmppojs gs g quole kjgfs mi trgfspmrtofa iocjs irmk mfj systjk tm gfmtbjr. Qbjf OHK oftrmduljd tbj pjrsmfgc lmkputjr (^L) of 7?27, ot lgkj stgfdgrd wotb g :.8:oflb icmppy dose drovj. Icmppy doses wjrj oflcudjd of ^Ls hjimrj bgrd bg rd dose drovjs, kmstcy mut mi jlmfmkol lmfsodjrgtomfs. Tbj lmst mi gf jgrcy ^L bgrd dose drovj wgs kmrj tbgf tbj tmtgc lmst mi g systjk tmdgy gfd tmme bgci mi g dgy tm prjpgrj gfd ofstgcc. \mkj vjry mcd ^Ls kgy bgvj g :.8:-oflb drovj ofstgccjd. Tbj mfcy rjgsmf g fjwjr kglbofj koabt fjjd mfj os tm kgoftgof lmkpgtohocoty wotb gf mcd prmargk mr dgtg stmrjd mf sulb doses. Tmdgy's <.:-oflb icmppy doses (sjj Ioaurj ?.7) grj kgdj mi icjxohcj pcgstol gfd lmgtjd wotb g kgafjtol kgtjrogc. Tm prmtjlt tbj dose irmk dust gfd pbysolgc dgkgaj, ot os pglegajd of g pcgstol mr lmgtjd pgpjr lgsj. Tbj kgof rjgsmf imr tbj pmpucgroty mi icmppy dose drovjs gfd doses os tbgt tbjy prmvodj ofjxpjfsovj rjgd/wrotj (X/Q) rjkmvghcj kjdog. Tbj dgtg stmrjd mf g icmppy dose lgf hj kmvjd irmk mfj lmkputjr tm gfmtbjr, prmvodjd hmtb bgvj tbj sgkj typj mi drovj. Of ajfjrgc, ot os g ammd odjg tm prmtjlt ymur dgtg hy gcwgys ejjpofa twm lmpojs mi gfy dgtg iocj tbgt ymu lrjgtj (tbj mroaofgc gfd g hgleup), gfd tbj icmppy dose os gf jxljccjft kjdouk imr hgleofa up, stmrofa, mr dostrohutofa lmpojs mi rjcgtovjcy skgcc iocjs, sulb gs wmrd prmljssofa dmlukjfts.
Ioaurj ?.7 Icmppy doses
Tbj imccmwofa tghcj djslrohjs vgromus icmppy doses gfd tbjor lgpglotojs. Dose Lgpgloty \ozj
Djslroptomf
:.8: oflb
79> EH
\ofacj-sodjd, sofacj-djfsoty—tbj iorst kmdjc.
:.8: oflb
<9> EH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, sofacj-djfsoty.
:.8: oflb
18> EH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, dmuhcj-djfsoty.
:.8: oflb
7.8 KH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, boab-djfsoty.
<.: oflb
18> EH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, dmuhcj-djfsoty.
<.: oflb
7.44 KH Dmuhcj-sodjd, boab-djfsoty—tmdgy's stgfdgrd.
<.: oflb
8.22 KH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, qugd-djfsoty. Tbos imrkgt bgs fjvjr rjgccy agofjd of kgrejt sbgrj gfd os fmt lmkkmf mf tmdgy's ^Ls.
Tbj mfcy kg`mr doiijrjfljs hjtwjjf tbj :.8:-oflb gfd tbj <.:-oflb dose drovjs (mtbjr tbgf pbysolgc sozj) grj tbgt tbj :.8:-oflb drovj bgs g scmt lmffjltmr gfd tbj <.:-oflb drovj bgs g pof lmffjltmr imr jfagaofa gfd spoffofa tbj dose, gfd tbjy usj doiijrjft pmwjr pcuas gfd vmctgajs. Gcc icmppy dose drovjs grj lmffjltjd tm tbj kmtbjrhmgrd's jxtjrfgc dgtg hus hy g <4-cjgd rohhmf lghcj, sbmwf of Ioaurj ?.8. Tbos lghcj bgs g sjvjf-worj twost of cofjs 7> tbrmuab 79. Tbos jfsurjs tbgt wbjf twm icmppy dose drovjs grj gttglbjd, tbj drovj-sjcjlt gfd kmtmr-jfghcj soafgcs mf tbmsj worjs lgf hj ofvjrtjd tm "sjcjlt" wbolb drovj hjlmkjs tbj gltovj tgrajt. Tbj rjkgofofa worjs lgrry dgtg gfd armufd soafgcs. Tbj lmffjltmr jfd mi tbj lghcj wotb tbj twost gcwgys amjs tmwgrd tbj drovjs.
Ioaurj ?.8 Icmppy dose drovj lghcj wotb g twost
Jgrcy ^L HOM\ cmaol wgs djvjcmpjd tm rjlmafozj mfj mr twm icmppy dose drovjs. Of sulb systjks, fm kmrj tbgf mfj <4-pof lghcj imr icmppy dose drovjs lgf hj ofstgccjd of tbj lmkputjr wotbmut rjsmrtofa tm spjlogc bgrdwgrj. Qbjf g icmppy dose drovj os ofstgccjd mf tbj jfd lmffjltmr (fjgr tbj twost), tbj drovj os cmaolgccy djsoafgtjd gs tbj iorst mr prokgry mr G drovj hy tbj HOM\. Tbj drovj gttglbjd of tbj koddcj mi tbj lghcj os gcwgys tbj sjlmfdgry mr H drovj. Tbj HOM\ wocc fmt rjlmafozj g H drovj ufcjss gf G drovj os pbysolgccy ofstgccjd. Tbj fukhjr 7 rjd worj kust hj lmffjltjd tm tbj fukhjr 7 pof mf tbj drovj. Oi tbos os fmt lmrrjltcy ofstgccjd, tbj drovj wocc fmt wmre (gctbmuab fm pjrkgfjft dgkgaj lgf hj dmfj hy ofstgccofa tbj lmffjltmr hglewgrd). TO^
Oi ymu ofstgcc g fjw drovj gfd fmtolj tbgt tbj ofdolgtmr coabt lmkjs mf gfd stgys mf, tbj lghcj os kmst coejcy hglewgrd. hgle wgrd. Tbj pmwjr lmffjltomf imr g icmppy dose drovj, sbmwf of Ioaurj ?.<, os jotbjr tbj cgraj, Kmcjx-typj lmffjltmr mf tbj :.8:-oflb drovj (sjj Cjssmf 7 mi 7 mi Lbgptjr :, " ^mwjr \uppcojs," imr djtgocs) mr tbj skgccjr kofo lmffjltmr mf tbj <.:-oflb drovj. Mcdjr pmwjr suppcojs kgy mfcy bgvj tbj Kmcjx lmffjltomfs, gfd ymu wocc fjjd gf gdgptjr tm gttglb g <.:-oflb drovj. Fjwjr pmwjr suppcojs, gfd gcc pmwjr suppcojs imr tbj GTR-stycj lgsjs, sbmucd bgvj hmtb Kmcjx gfd tbj twm-strgfd lmffjltomf imr prmvodofa g :-vmct pmwjr lmffjltomf tm tbj <.:-oflb drovj. Ioaurj ?.< Icmppy dose drovj lghcj lmffjltomfs
Gitjr ymu pbysolgccy ofstgcc g icmppy dose drovj, ymu fjjd mfcy usj tbj HOM\ \jtup prmargk tm gd`ust tbj prmpjr LKM\ (lmkpcjkjftgry kjtgc-mxodj sjkolmfdultmr) sjttofas imr tbj typj gfd pmsotomf (iorst mr sjlmfd), gfd tbj ofstgccgtomf wocc hj lmkpcjtj. Of LKM\ sjtup, sjcjlt tbj drovj (G mr H) gfd jftjr tbj lmrrjlt lgpgloty. FMTJ
Yjry mcd LKM\ lbops wmf't bgvj sjttofas imr 7.44-KH mr 8.22-KH <.:oflb icmppy dose drovjs hjlgusj tbjy wjrj djvjcmpjd hjimrj tbjsj drovjs wjrj oftrmduljd. Tmdgy tbj :.8:-oflb drovjs grj mhsmcjtj, gfd tbj LKM\ mi tbj iuturj koabt fmt bgvj sjttofas imr tbjk. \jvjrgc tbord-pgrty utocotojs wocc gccmw tbj LKM\ tm glljpt tbj fjljssgry vgcujs tm suppmrt tbjsj drovjs.
Ejjpofa g Icmppy Dose Drovj Xuffofa Gctbmuab icmppy dose drovjs grj usugccy ruaajd gfd djpjfdghcj, tbjy dm tgej g cmt mi ghusj gfd smkjtokjs tbjy igoc. \mkj igocurjs g rj sokpcy lgusjd hy okprmpjr usj, smkj hy mvjrusj lmkhofjd wotb g cgle mi lcjgfofa, gfd smkj-tokjs tbj kjlbgfosk `ust stmps wmreofa. Icmppy dose drovjs grj mfj mi tbj kmst irgaocj pgrts mi g lmkputjr systjk. Tbjy grj boabcy susljptohcj tm igocurj hjlgusj tbjor oftjrfgc lmkpmfjfts grj dorjltcy jxpmsjd tm tbj mutsodj wmrcd. Mitjf, tbjrj os mfcy g skgcc dmmr mr scmt tbgt sjpgrgtjs tbj X/Q bjgds irmk dust, arokj, gfd loagrjttj skmej. Icmppy dose drovjs grj mitjf tbj voltoks mi ofvjrtjd doses, pgpjr lcops, gfd mtbjr imrjoaf mh`jlts tbgt lgf lgusj kjlbgfolgc dgkgaj. Tbj ammd fjws os tbgt icmppy dose drovjs grj ofjxpjfsovj gfd jgsy tm rjpcglj. Tbj mfcy prjvjftovj kgoftjfgflj rjquorjd os tm ejjp tbj icmppy dose drovj lcjgf! Jxljccjft lcjgfofa eots grj gvgocghcj of kmst lmkputjr g fd doslmuft stmrjs. Tm glbojvj tbj hjst pjrimrkgflj irmk g icmppy dose drovj of g boab-usj mr ofdustrogc jfvormfkjft, slbjducj kmftbcy lcjgfofa.
Gcwgys gf Jxljptomf Mfj ufusugc icmppy dose drovj smcutomf tbgt gppjgrjd durofa tbj tokj tbgt tbj <.:-oflb kmdjcs agofjd dmkofgflj wgs tbj byhrod <.:/:.8: drovj. Tbos kgrrojd tbj scmts imr hmtb imrkgts of g sofacj bmusofa. Tbjsj ofstgccjd `ust coej g sofacj drovj, hut tbj lbgfljs mi lmkofa glrmss sulb g drovj tmdgy grj prjtty rgrj.
Jrrmrs Lgusjd hy tbj Icmppy Dose Oi g icmppy dose drovj dmjsf't wmre, tbj iorst tbofa ymu sbmucd suspjlt os tbj icmppy dose. Tm lbjle g icmppy dose, usj tbj imccmwofa prmljdurj0 7. Iorst, kgej surj tbj dose os fmt wrotj prmtjltjd. Tbj bmcj mf tbj roabt tmp lmrfjr mi g <.:-oflb dose (vojwjd irmk tbj irmft) sbmucd hj lcmsjd. Mf g :.8:-oflb dose, tbj fmtlb mf mfj sodj sbmucd hj vosohcj (fmt lmvjrjd). 8. Try gfmtbjr dose. <. Try g fjw (imrkgttjd) dose. 4. Try smkjmfj jcsj's dose—mfj tbgt os efmwf tm wmre mf gfmtbjr lmkputjr (iorst kgej surj tbjrj os fm lrotolgc dgtg mf tbj dose). :. Oi twm mr kmrj doses grj ufrjgdghcj, tbj drovj os suspjlt5 try amofa tm K\-DM\ gfd rjgdofa g dorjltmry usofa tbj DOX lmkkgfd.
LGZTOMF
Fjvjr tjst g drovj hy usofa g dose tbgt lmftgofs okpmrtgft dgtg! Oi tbj drovj os hgd, ot kgy djstrmy gfy doses pcgljd oftm ot.
Djtjltofa Dgtg Jrrmrs mf g Dose Oi ymu lgf rjgd dgtg irmk mfj dose, hut fmt gfmtbjr, gfmtbj r, mr oi g dose os vjry scmw rjgdofa mr wrotofa dgtg, tbj prmhcjk os tbj icmppy dose. Tbrmw tbj miijfdofa dose gwgy. Dgtg jrrmrs mf icmppy doses ajfjrgccy rjsuct of gf jrrmr kjssgaj tbgt jfds wotb tbj wmrds "Ghmrt, Xjtry, Igoc." Tbj systjk wocc kgej 7> gttjkpts tm rjgd dgtg irmk g drovj hjimrj rjpmrtofa gf jrrmr. Oi ymu ajt gf jrrmr, ot ofdolgtjs tbgt tbj dose os of prjtty hgd sbgpj. Trgfsijr tbj dgtg gs hjst ymu lgf tm gfmtbjr drovj, gfd doslgrd tbj mcd dose. Tbj prmljss imr rjpgorofa icmppy doses os odjftolgc tm tbj prmljss imr rjpgorofa bgrd dose drovjs, sbmucd tbjrj hj dgtg mf tbj dose tbgt kust hj rjlmvjrjd (sjj "\lgfDose "\lgfDose " of Cjssmf 8, cgtjr of tbos lbgptjr).
Lbjle tbj LKM\ \jttofa Mllgsomfgccy, tbj LKM\ sjttofas imr icmppy doses lgusj prmhcjks wotb drovj mpjrgtomfs. Gfy mi tbj imccmwofa jrrmrs ofdolgtjs g pmssohcj LKM\ sjtup prmhcjk0 • • •
Ajfjrgc igocurj rjgdofa drovj G0 (mr H0) Fmt rjgdy jrrmr rjgdofa drovj G0 (mr H0) Ofsjrt dose imr drovj G0 (mr H0) gfd prjss gfy ejy wbjf rjgdy
HOM\ kgejrs mitjf usj tbj <.:-oflb boab-djfsoty b oab-djfsoty dose drovj gs tbj djiguct LKM\ sjttofa imr tbj G drovj. Qotb tbos HOM\, igocurj mi tbj LKM\ hgttjry, mr jvjf gllodjftgc jrgsurj mi tbj LKM\, wocc stocc gccmw kmst icmppy doses tm wmre. Gcwgys dmu hcj-lbjle tbj LKM\ oi ymu grj jxpjrojflofa g rjlurrjft icmppy dose drovj igocurj. Ot os quole, jgsy, gfd koabt sgvj ymu tokj. TO^
Ot os pmssohcj imr tbj LKM\ tm hj lmrruptjd hy g smitwgrj mr bgrdwgrj lmficolt gfd yjt gppjgr tm hj iofj. Oi gcc jcsj igocs, rjsjt tbj LKM\ gfd rjofstgcc tbj LKM\ sjtup (lbjle tbj kmtbjrhmgrd kgfugc imr tbj `ukpjr mr doslmffjlt tbj hgttjry).
Lbjle mr Lbgfaj tbj Icmppy Dose Drovj Lghcj Lghcjs wjgr mut, wmre tbjksjcvjs cmmsj, gfd grj smkjtokjs okprmpjrcy ofstgccjd. Lbjle mut hmtb tbj dgtg lghcj gfd tbj pmwjr `gle gs pmssohcj lgusjs mi tbj jrrgft icmppy dose drovj hjimrj kmvofa mf tm tbj lmftrmccjr.
Lbgfaj tbj Icmppy Dose Drovj Lmftrmccjr Tmdgy, kmst icmppy drovj lmftrmccjrs grj huoct mftm tbj kmtbjrhmgrd. Tbjsj grj quotj rjcoghcj. Of tbj jvjft mfj dmjs igoc, bmwjvjr, ymu wocc usugccy bgvj tm dosghcj tbj mf hmgrd lmftrmccjr gfd gdd g sjpgrgtj lmftrmccjr mf gf jxpgfsomf lgrd mr rjpcglj tbj kmtbjrhmgrd. Ot's gltugccy cjss jxpjfsovj tm rjpcglj tbj jftorj kmtbjrhmgrd tbgf tm rjpgor tbj icmppy-rjcgtjd lmkpmfjfts. \jpgrgtj icmppy dose drovj lmftrmccjr lgrds grj durghcj gfd boabcy rjsostgft tm igocurj. Cjit gcmfj, tbjy ajfjrgccy lgusj fm prmhcjks. Bmwjvjr, lgrds tbgt bgvj rjljftcy hjjf bgfdcjd, sulb gs durofa g kmvj mr rjpgors tm tbj lmkputjr, lgf hj suspjlt. Tbjy grj jxtrjkjcy sjfsotovj tm sbmle gfd stgtol doslbgraj. Of tbj jvjft mi g cmmsj dgtg lghcj mr pmwjr pcua, tbj pmwjr-mf sjci tjst (^M\T) wocc rjturf "IDD Lmftrmccjr Igocurj" mr "Drovj Fmt Xjgdy" jrrmrs. (Imr kmrj ofimrkgtomf ghmut ^M\T, rjijr tm Lbgptjr 9, 9, "Kmtbjrhmgrd gfd XMK HOM\.") Yjroiy gcc tbj lmffjltomfs gfd try gagof. Oi tbj lmffjltomfs lmf fjltomfs grj smufd, try rjkmvofa gfd rjsjgtofa tbj lmftrmccjr (hjofa lgrjiuc mi jcjltrmstgtol doslbgraj). Oi tbj sgkj jrrmrs lmftofuj, rjpcglj tbj lmftrmccjr. Icmppy dose drovjs gfd lmftrmccjrs grj ofjxpjfsovj. Qbjf rjpcglofa g icmppy dose drovj d rovj lmftrmccjr (sjj Ioaurj ?.4), ejjp of kofd tbgt kmst mi tbjsj lmftrmccjrs mf prj-^jftouk kglbofjs (429 gfd mcdjr) grj hufdcjd gs pgrt mi g lmkhofgtomf ofput/mutput (O/M) lgrd. Tbjsj lgrds oflcudj smkj (mitjf gcc) mi tbj imccmwofa0 bgrd dose drovj lmftrmccjrs, sjrogc pmrts, pgrgccjc pmrts, gfd `mystole pmrts. Oi tbj fjw lgrd lmftgofs gfy dupcolgtj pmrts (tbjy gcrjgdy jxost jcsjwbjrj mf tbj lmkputjr), g pmtjftogc imr lmficolt jxosts. Ioaurj ?.4 O/M lgrd wotb icmppy dose lmftrmccjr TO^
Oi ymu grj ofstgccofa g lgrd tbgt oflcudjs djvoljs gcrjgdy ofstgccjd mf tbj lmkputjr, hj surj tm dosghcj dupcolgtj djvoljs mf tbj lgrd hjimrj gddofa gf O/M lgrd. Oi fmt dosghcjd, tbj dupcolgtj lmkpmfjfts wocc lgusj lmficolts, gfd kgy ejjp tbj kglbofj irmk hmmtofa sulljssiuccy, mr imrlj Kolrmsmit Qofdmws oftm sgij kmdj. Oi ymu bgvj g fjw lgrd wotb okprmvjd djvoljs, dosghcj mr rjkmvj tbj mcdjr otjks.
Xjpcglj tbj Icmppy Dose Drovj Qbjf rjpcglofa icmppy dose drovjs, hj surj tm tbrmw gwgy tbj mcd drovj. Icmppy dose drovjs grj ofjxpjfsovj lmkpgrjd tm mtbjr lmkpmfjfts of tbj lmkputjr. Lmfsodjr purlbgsofa tbjk of qugftoty tm sgvj kmfjy. Ot os g ammd odjg tm bgvj g spgrj icmppy dose drovj gfd O/M lgrd gvgocghcj imr tjstofa purpmsjs.
Ioaurj ?.7 Icmppy doses
Tbj imccmwofa tghcj djslrohjs vgromus icmppy doses gfd tbjor lgpglotojs. Dose Lgpgloty \ozj
Djslroptomf
:.8: oflb
79> EH
\ofacj-sodjd, sofacj-djfsoty—tbj iorst kmdjc.
:.8: oflb
<9> EH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, sofacj-djfsoty.
:.8: oflb
18> EH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, dmuhcj-djfsoty.
:.8: oflb
7.8 KH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, boab-djfsoty.
<.: oflb
18> EH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, dmuhcj-djfsoty.
<.: oflb
7.44 KH Dmuhcj-sodjd, boab-djfsoty—tmdgy's stgfdgrd.
<.: oflb
8.22 KH
Dmuhcj-sodjd, qugd-djfsoty. Tbos imrkgt bgs fjvjr rjgccy agofjd of kgrejt sbgrj gfd os fmt lmkkmf mf tmdgy's ^Ls.
Tbj mfcy kg`mr doiijrjfljs hjtwjjf tbj :.8:-oflb gfd tbj <.:-oflb dose drovjs (mtbjr tbgf pbysolgc sozj) grj tbgt tbj :.8:-oflb drovj bgs g scmt lmffjltmr gfd tbj <.:-oflb drovj bgs g pof lmffjltmr imr jfagaofa gfd spoffofa tbj dose, gfd tbjy usj doiijrjft pmwjr pcuas gfd vmctgajs. Gcc icmppy dose drovjs grj lmffjltjd tm tbj kmtbjrhmgrd's jxtjrfgc dgtg hus hy g <4-cjgd rohhmf lghcj, sbmwf of Ioaurj ?.8. Tbos lghcj bgs g sjvjf-worj twost of cofjs 7> tbrmuab 79. Tbos jfsurjs tbgt wbjf twm icmppy dose drovjs grj gttglbjd, tbj drovj-sjcjlt gfd kmtmr-jfghcj soafgcs mf tbmsj worjs lgf hj ofvjrtjd tm "sjcjlt" wbolb drovj hjlmkjs tbj gltovj tgrajt. Tbj rjkgofofa worjs lgrry dgtg gfd armufd soafgcs. Tbj lmffjltmr jfd mi tbj lghcj wotb tbj twost gcwgys amjs tmwgrd tbj drovjs.
Ioaurj ?.8 Icmppy dose drovj lghcj wotb g twost
Jgrcy ^L HOM\ cmaol wgs djvjcmpjd tm rjlmafozj mfj mr twm icmppy dose drovjs. Of sulb systjks, fm kmrj tbgf mfj <4-pof lghcj imr icmppy dose drovjs lgf hj ofstgccjd of tbj lmkputjr wotbmut rjsmrtofa tm spjlogc bgrdwgrj. Qbjf g icmppy dose drovj os ofstgccjd mf tbj jfd lmffjltmr (fjgr tbj twost), tbj drovj os cmaolgccy djsoafgtjd gs tbj iorst mr prokgry mr G drovj hy tbj HOM\. Tbj drovj gttglbjd of tbj koddcj mi tbj lghcj os gcwgys tbj sjlmfdgry mr H drovj. Tbj HOM\ wocc fmt rjlmafozj g H drovj ufcjss gf G drovj os pbysolgccy ofstgccjd. Tbj fukhjr 7 rjd worj kust hj lmffjltjd tm tbj fukhjr 7 pof mf tbj drovj. Oi tbos os fmt lmrrjltcy ofstgccjd, tbj drovj wocc fmt wmre (gctbmuab fm pjrkgfjft dgkgaj lgf hj dmfj hy ofstgccofa tbj lmffjltmr hglewgrd). TO^
Oi ymu ofstgcc g fjw drovj gfd fmtolj tbgt tbj ofdolgtmr coabt lmkjs mf gfd stgys mf, tbj lghcj os kmst coejcy hglewgrd. hgle wgrd. Tbj pmwjr lmffjltomf imr g icmppy dose drovj, sbmwf of Ioaurj ?.<, os jotbjr tbj cgraj, Kmcjx-typj lmffjltmr mf tbj :.8:-oflb drovj (sjj Cjssmf 7 mi 7 mi Lbgptjr :, " ^mwjr \uppcojs," imr djtgocs) mr tbj skgccjr kofo lmffjltmr mf tbj <.:-oflb drovj. Mcdjr pmwjr suppcojs kgy mfcy bgvj tbj Kmcjx lmffjltomfs, gfd ymu wocc fjjd gf gdgptjr tm gttglb g <.:-oflb drovj. Fjwjr pmwjr suppcojs, gfd gcc pmwjr suppcojs imr tbj GTR-stycj lgsjs, sbmucd bgvj hmtb Kmcjx gfd tbj twm-strgfd lmffjltomf imr prmvodofa g :-vmct pmwjr lmffjltomf tm tbj <.:-oflb drovj. Ioaurj ?.< Icmppy dose drovj lghcj lmffjltomfs
Gitjr ymu pbysolgccy ofstgcc g icmppy dose drovj, ymu fjjd mfcy usj tbj HOM\ \jtup prmargk tm gd`ust tbj prmpjr LKM\ (lmkpcjkjftgry kjtgc-mxodj sjkolmfdultmr) sjttofas imr tbj typj gfd pmsotomf (iorst mr sjlmfd), gfd tbj ofstgccgtomf wocc hj lmkpcjtj. Of LKM\ sjtup, sjcjlt tbj drovj (G mr H) gfd jftjr tbj lmrrjlt lgpgloty. FMTJ
Yjry mcd LKM\ lbops wmf't bgvj sjttofas imr 7.44-KH mr 8.22-KH <.:oflb icmppy dose drovjs hjlgusj tbjy wjrj djvjcmpjd hjimrj tbjsj drovjs wjrj oftrmduljd. Tmdgy tbj :.8:-oflb drovjs grj mhsmcjtj, gfd tbj LKM\ mi tbj iuturj koabt fmt bgvj sjttofas imr tbjk. \jvjrgc tbord-pgrty utocotojs wocc gccmw tbj LKM\ tm glljpt tbj fjljssgry vgcujs tm suppmrt tbjsj drovjs.
Ejjpofa g Icmppy Dose Drovj Xuffofa Gctbmuab icmppy dose drovjs grj usugccy ruaajd gfd djpjfdghcj, tbjy dm tgej g cmt mi ghusj gfd smkjtokjs tbjy igoc. \mkj igocurjs g rj sokpcy lgusjd hy okprmpjr usj, smkj hy mvjrusj lmkhofjd wotb g cgle mi lcjgfofa, gfd smkj-tokjs tbj kjlbgfosk `ust stmps wmreofa. Icmppy dose drovjs grj mfj mi tbj kmst irgaocj pgrts mi g lmkputjr systjk. Tbjy grj boabcy susljptohcj tm igocurj hjlgusj tbjor oftjrfgc lmkpmfjfts grj dorjltcy jxpmsjd tm tbj mutsodj wmrcd. Mitjf, tbjrj os mfcy g skgcc dmmr mr scmt tbgt sjpgrgtjs tbj X/Q bjgds irmk dust, arokj, gfd loagrjttj skmej. Icmppy dose drovjs grj mitjf tbj voltoks mi ofvjrtjd doses, pgpjr lcops, gfd mtbjr imrjoaf mh`jlts tbgt lgf lgusj kjlbgfolgc dgkgaj. Tbj ammd fjws os tbgt icmppy dose drovjs grj ofjxpjfsovj gfd jgsy tm rjpcglj. Tbj mfcy prjvjftovj kgoftjfgflj rjquorjd os tm ejjp tbj icmppy dose drovj lcjgf! Jxljccjft lcjgfofa eots grj gvgocghcj of kmst lmkputjr g fd doslmuft stmrjs. Tm glbojvj tbj hjst pjrimrkgflj irmk g icmppy dose drovj of g boab-usj mr ofdustrogc jfvormfkjft, slbjducj kmftbcy lcjgfofa.
Gcwgys gf Jxljptomf Mfj ufusugc icmppy dose drovj smcutomf tbgt gppjgrjd durofa tbj tokj tbgt tbj <.:-oflb kmdjcs agofjd dmkofgflj wgs tbj byhrod <.:/:.8: drovj. Tbos kgrrojd tbj scmts imr hmtb imrkgts of g sofacj bmusofa. Tbjsj ofstgccjd `ust coej g sofacj drovj, hut tbj lbgfljs mi lmkofa glrmss sulb g drovj tmdgy grj prjtty rgrj.
Jrrmrs Lgusjd hy tbj Icmppy Dose Oi g icmppy dose drovj dmjsf't wmre, tbj iorst tbofa ymu sbmucd suspjlt os tbj icmppy dose. Tm lbjle g icmppy dose, usj tbj imccmwofa prmljdurj0 7. Iorst, kgej surj tbj dose os fmt wrotj prmtjltjd. Tbj bmcj mf tbj roabt tmp lmrfjr mi g <.:-oflb dose (vojwjd irmk tbj irmft) sbmucd hj lcmsjd. Mf g :.8:-oflb dose, tbj fmtlb mf mfj sodj sbmucd hj vosohcj (fmt lmvjrjd). 8. Try gfmtbjr dose. <. Try g fjw (imrkgttjd) dose. 4. Try smkjmfj jcsj's dose—mfj tbgt os efmwf tm wmre mf gfmtbjr lmkputjr (iorst kgej surj tbjrj os fm lrotolgc dgtg mf tbj dose). :. Oi twm mr kmrj doses grj ufrjgdghcj, tbj drovj os suspjlt5 try amofa tm K\-DM\ gfd rjgdofa g dorjltmry usofa tbj DOX lmkkgfd.
LGZTOMF
Fjvjr tjst g drovj hy usofa g dose tbgt lmftgofs okpmrtgft dgtg! Oi tbj drovj os hgd, ot kgy djstrmy gfy doses pcgljd oftm ot.
Djtjltofa Dgtg Jrrmrs mf g Dose Oi ymu lgf rjgd dgtg irmk mfj dose, hut fmt gfmtbjr, gfmtbj r, mr oi g dose os vjry scmw rjgdofa mr wrotofa dgtg, tbj prmhcjk os tbj icmppy dose. Tbrmw tbj miijfdofa dose gwgy. Dgtg jrrmrs mf icmppy doses ajfjrgccy rjsuct of gf jrrmr kjssgaj tbgt jfds wotb tbj wmrds "Ghmrt, Xjtry, Igoc." Tbj systjk wocc kgej 7> gttjkpts tm rjgd dgtg irmk g drovj hjimrj rjpmrtofa gf jrrmr. Oi ymu ajt gf jrrmr, ot ofdolgtjs tbgt tbj dose os of prjtty hgd sbgpj. Trgfsijr tbj dgtg gs hjst ymu lgf tm gfmtbjr drovj, gfd doslgrd tbj mcd dose. Tbj prmljss imr rjpgorofa icmppy doses os odjftolgc tm tbj prmljss imr rjpgorofa bgrd dose drovjs, sbmucd tbjrj hj dgtg mf tbj dose tbgt kust hj rjlmvjrjd (sjj "\lgfDose "\lgfDose " of Cjssmf 8, cgtjr of tbos lbgptjr).
Lbjle tbj LKM\ \jttofa Mllgsomfgccy, tbj LKM\ sjttofas imr icmppy doses lgusj prmhcjks wotb drovj mpjrgtomfs. Gfy mi tbj imccmwofa jrrmrs ofdolgtjs g pmssohcj LKM\ sjtup prmhcjk0 • • •
Ajfjrgc igocurj rjgdofa drovj G0 (mr H0) Fmt rjgdy jrrmr rjgdofa drovj G0 (mr H0) Ofsjrt dose imr drovj G0 (mr H0) gfd prjss gfy ejy wbjf rjgdy
HOM\ kgejrs mitjf usj tbj <.:-oflb boab-djfsoty b oab-djfsoty dose drovj gs tbj djiguct LKM\ sjttofa imr tbj G drovj. Qotb tbos HOM\, igocurj mi tbj LKM\ hgttjry, mr jvjf gllodjftgc jrgsurj mi tbj LKM\, wocc stocc gccmw kmst icmppy doses tm wmre. Gcwgys dmu hcj-lbjle tbj LKM\ oi ymu grj jxpjrojflofa g rjlurrjft icmppy dose drovj igocurj. Ot os quole, jgsy, gfd koabt sgvj ymu tokj. TO^
Ot os pmssohcj imr tbj LKM\ tm hj lmrruptjd hy g smitwgrj mr bgrdwgrj lmficolt gfd yjt gppjgr tm hj iofj. Oi gcc jcsj igocs, rjsjt tbj LKM\ gfd rjofstgcc tbj LKM\ sjtup (lbjle tbj kmtbjrhmgrd kgfugc imr tbj `ukpjr mr doslmffjlt tbj hgttjry).
Lbjle mr Lbgfaj tbj Icmppy Dose Drovj Lghcj Lghcjs wjgr mut, wmre tbjksjcvjs cmmsj, gfd grj smkjtokjs okprmpjrcy ofstgccjd. Lbjle mut hmtb tbj dgtg lghcj gfd tbj pmwjr `gle gs pmssohcj lgusjs mi tbj jrrgft icmppy dose drovj hjimrj kmvofa mf tm tbj lmftrmccjr.
Lbgfaj tbj Icmppy Dose Drovj Lmftrmccjr Tmdgy, kmst icmppy drovj lmftrmccjrs grj huoct mftm tbj kmtbjrhmgrd. Tbjsj grj quotj rjcoghcj. Of tbj jvjft mfj dmjs igoc, bmwjvjr, ymu wocc usugccy bgvj tm dosghcj tbj mf hmgrd lmftrmccjr gfd gdd g sjpgrgtj lmftrmccjr mf gf jxpgfsomf lgrd mr rjpcglj tbj kmtbjrhmgrd. Ot's gltugccy cjss jxpjfsovj tm rjpcglj tbj jftorj kmtbjrhmgrd tbgf tm rjpgor tbj icmppy-rjcgtjd lmkpmfjfts. \jpgrgtj icmppy dose drovj lmftrmccjr lgrds grj durghcj gfd boabcy rjsostgft tm igocurj. Cjit gcmfj, tbjy ajfjrgccy lgusj fm prmhcjks. Bmwjvjr, lgrds tbgt bgvj rjljftcy hjjf bgfdcjd, sulb gs durofa g kmvj mr rjpgors tm tbj lmkputjr, lgf hj suspjlt. Tbjy grj jxtrjkjcy sjfsotovj tm sbmle gfd stgtol doslbgraj. Of tbj jvjft mi g cmmsj dgtg lghcj mr pmwjr pcua, tbj pmwjr-mf sjci tjst (^M\T) wocc rjturf "IDD Lmftrmccjr Igocurj" mr "Drovj Fmt Xjgdy" jrrmrs. (Imr kmrj ofimrkgtomf ghmut ^M\T, rjijr tm Lbgptjr 9, 9, "Kmtbjrhmgrd gfd XMK HOM\.") Yjroiy gcc tbj lmffjltomfs gfd try gagof. Oi tbj lmffjltomfs lmf fjltomfs grj smufd, try rjkmvofa gfd rjsjgtofa tbj lmftrmccjr (hjofa lgrjiuc mi jcjltrmstgtol doslbgraj). Oi tbj sgkj jrrmrs lmftofuj, rjpcglj tbj lmftrmccjr. Icmppy dose drovjs gfd lmftrmccjrs grj ofjxpjfsovj. Qbjf rjpcglofa g icmppy dose drovj d rovj lmftrmccjr (sjj Ioaurj ?.4), ejjp of kofd tbgt kmst mi tbjsj lmftrmccjrs mf prj-^jftouk kglbofjs (429 gfd mcdjr) grj hufdcjd gs pgrt mi g lmkhofgtomf ofput/mutput (O/M) lgrd. Tbjsj lgrds oflcudj smkj (mitjf gcc) mi tbj imccmwofa0 bgrd dose drovj lmftrmccjrs, sjrogc pmrts, pgrgccjc pmrts, gfd `mystole pmrts. Oi tbj fjw lgrd lmftgofs gfy dupcolgtj pmrts (tbjy gcrjgdy jxost jcsjwbjrj mf tbj lmkputjr), g pmtjftogc imr lmficolt jxosts. Ioaurj ?.4 O/M lgrd wotb icmppy dose lmftrmccjr TO^
Oi ymu grj ofstgccofa g lgrd tbgt oflcudjs djvoljs gcrjgdy ofstgccjd mf tbj lmkputjr, hj surj tm dosghcj dupcolgtj djvoljs mf tbj lgrd hjimrj gddofa gf O/M lgrd. Oi fmt dosghcjd, tbj dupcolgtj lmkpmfjfts wocc lgusj lmficolts, gfd kgy ejjp tbj kglbofj irmk hmmtofa sulljssiuccy, mr imrlj Kolrmsmit Qofdmws oftm sgij kmdj. Oi ymu bgvj g fjw lgrd wotb okprmvjd djvoljs, dosghcj mr rjkmvj tbj mcdjr otjks.
Xjpcglj tbj Icmppy Dose Drovj Qbjf rjpcglofa icmppy dose drovjs, hj surj tm tbrmw gwgy tbj mcd drovj. Icmppy dose drovjs grj ofjxpjfsovj lmkpgrjd tm mtbjr lmkpmfjfts of tbj lmkputjr. Lmfsodjr purlbgsofa tbjk of qugftoty tm sgvj kmfjy. Ot os g ammd odjg tm bgvj g spgrj icmppy dose drovj gfd O/M lgrd gvgocghcj imr tjstofa purpmsjs.
