The Diplomatic Relations of Morocco

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THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF MOROCCO
By Talcott Williams, nalism, Pulitzer LL.D., Dean, Columbia University School of Jour?

All diplomatic relations of any land are the joint result of
its geographical through those who is an world and the historical centuries formula. to a degree divide history no entrance of Gibraltar These little into remain appreci? unchanged ated by Morocco terranean co's whole

arbitrarily tract with isolated save

periods. on the Medi? For Moroc? 15 or 20 tracts

at the straits

inches, from 5 to population wheat, cently

life rests upon over the plains 10 inches more.

a light rain fall of not over the mountainous and over The result

practical in the plains but a large product some of the best varieties including into our West over with in the region

is a sparse of hard spring and and re? a of 1200

known

introduced

larger population to 1500 feet, which the area or Libyan

success; great an elevation of from speaking, population

of Morocco. in origin,

roughly includes, The mountain in isolated valleys arts of

four-fifths is Berber

the practicing independence, an unusual tery, iron and copper with are men for the large interior handicraft cities, all of which feet. The plains are occu? at an elevation of over a thousand with occasional Arab population villages pied by a wandering coast The the plains. folk who have of mountaineer sought cities vigor of food The a mingling possess of the land resides of all these therefore elements. The in the mountains, in the plains. Whatever in the cities. rests upon under successive one leader of recorded fighting its source cultiva?

a rugged preserving leather making, pot? skill and furnishing

principally supply rule exists tion and settled historical north formula of the

is to be found of Morocco tribes

migrations and another

of the Atlas last thousand

years through each los? each dynasty up from the south, coming history, in their the the cities in the of its stronger power north, ing across over straits the onset their power Spain. carrying 133

all the

134 Its geographical distribution of regions, tainous the Spain

TALCOTT WILLIAMS is familiar between of to you the same all, with and mountainous arts in moun? the same

formula rain fall division

same

plain the handicraft

of the north

and of a 15 inch rainfall, succession a ruling

source of food supply in the wheat
and plateau, the Pyrenees rian Provencal, Aragon, The Punic Roman Africa. the same historical which and have of the peninsula, so on, through furnished

fields of the elevated
across of eruptions race for the Ibe?

substratum

Navarre, Hapsburg, came under first great onset on Spain from Africa was Semitic of whom the generals, greatest Hannibal, legion Under in the open field, to the mountaineers Rome from north Africa forays of Marcus Aurelius of north

Gallic, Roman, Visi-Goth, the reigning houses of Spain, Bourbon.

who owed all his line, the only line which ever destroyed the
as began, show. After

inscriptions reign lesser invasions, in the first conquest many they culminated in the ninth and again of Moorish mountaineers century, led by Semitic wave Arab next The of conquest generals. came under Yusuf came Al who from Mohades, Taschfyn beyond the Atlas and entered which Spain in the same century

in the

which

saw William
of

enter the British
power expeditions Al Mohades,

islands and the wide
the maritime The century. in the fourteenth inMorocco,

redistribution or semi-maritime next

accompanied of the eleventh followed

century, dynasty, quest

great wave, and the who of Morocco,

last, omitting

lesser movements their

was headed by the Filali sharifs, the founders of the present
like all came, from south of Morocco, and in the eon predecessors of the Atlas to occupy the two the southern which circles about which has its twin capitals

great divisions Morocco City, of Fez This in which

the northern,

and Mequinez. however sovereignty it has existed under

all the thousand years through one family or another has never or Berber, itself to any Mohammedan, in Arab presented those terms of exact, are and rule which exclusive complete the product almost alone after law. is Morocco European lands in having been converted, among Moslem the brief occupation of the coast by Musa, by mission of Roman and

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

OF MOROCCO

135

The descendant of Mohammed, ary effort. Idris, grandson in the ninth of Ali, who reached Morocco and century as in founded Fez, carried on a peaceful propaganda. Exactly

Germany
won by conversion shrines

it is possible
the sword

to distinguish

between
those latter

the regions
acquired by old heathen

so inMorocco, and changed, after re-baptized narrow on which litoral fronts the the Mediterranean passing and going south of Fez, one finds the perpetual proof that the to Moslem saints without changed The whole land is therefore shock. Moslem. essentially even villages of the plain, Its village and the whole tribes, the do not in of dwellers look upon the cities, body gathered as sovereign in our jurai sense. He is instead, being as Sultan earlier shrines has been through the female line from the begin? he always all the of and of Moham? under blood descent ning dynasties head Moslems for the of the of purpose med, conducting war with a general order, and acting as the infidels, preserving religious exercise sect head of of the nation. power This carries with it a wide But this despotic ruthlessly In theory, in the strait for any man learned of Mohammedan in Morocco, law which obtains the exercised. pay This of the Koran, believers interpretation a common to the makhzen, contribution is in the hand time has of the descendant been selected of are equal; or treas? were

by remain

for Christianity the circumstance that

and in the

is incidental. Malekite they urer. who

being by in prayer in the great of the Mosque and the use of his name of the of the land as Sultan, and keeper sanctuaries Caliph of of the Emir commander the believers, treasury faithful, el Moumenin. It was but the other day that a sultan was

for the

the Prophet, the acclamation

of a man method rising prescribed by the ancient in Fez, in in the great mosque the worshipers among leading and when the prayer for the ruler came, substituting prayer, a new name. around When the believers joined in the sup? deposed plication, proscriptive the change election. can was legally For Moslem made law and is accepted by a almost alone in

furnishing from the beginning a settled method
change All diplomatic of ruler be made. therefore, down to relations

by which
the capture

a

136 of Granada ducted the be and

TALCOTT WILLIAMS were con? of Andalous, as the various treat? lacking, relations nations what between about seemed its to

the final terms,

conquest

on even

ies and documents Sublime the boundaries who

show, Porte and for

wholly in the diplomatic the Christian centuries

four

watched

Rapine,

invincible of Turkish tide conquest. advancing on through battle and war went all the massacre, was a but there Moslem Christian between and mutual period, never in the eastern Mediterranean. relation which existed even handed were relations diplomatic by the merciless persecution suddenly which and con?

These

of that great period of reac? chapter in led into back central the Spain rolling Europe of in tide the south the remains and of past Protestantism, Mohammedan invasion. There is a sense?not always tion when clearly fanciful trative ern 16th remembered?in which this movement was in no a re-conquest interpretation by the great adminis? machine of territories which by Rome bequeathed tribes had had seized occupied in the the in Europe and the south? Iberian The peninsula. time when the first decrees until the the their final

perpetually changed a little known stitutes

the northern invasion

in Spain, century the Moriscoes against

from were breach

pronounced of treaties,

expulsion by Philip
was marked solemn barity, by covenants the

IV and Larma, his minister,
and

in 1618,

the

deportation from Spain because Morocco ers had than

capitulations, and at last the summary pitiless persecution, of nearly half a mill'on men, women and children some Chris? to north Africa, them among including descent and stoned to death whose held in north

of disregard bar? ruthless

tians who had the pitiable
of their Moorish because

fate of being driven from Spain
the Christ follow? longer

persecuted any American

to deny they refused and driven them settlement. This

from homes

running sides by ing Christian

all the fifteen through the stream of savage barbarity, of prisoners becom? no quarter Moor and every every slaves, given, being in fight remembering the torture, the barbarous

of persecution century on both attended hundreds,

torture, with which

his fellows had been

treated by the

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

OF MOROCCO

137

hate which enemy, sepa? dug the deep pit of measureless in northwest? and Christian rated and still separates Moslem ern Africa. two hundred For nearly 1600 to 1800 the years relations between entire and powers diplomatic European the varying authorities which held the coast in the of Morocco a precarious and preserved in treaties which embraced captives as well as the treaties, fostered the open tian held in slavery other north same sovereignty interior, were for the release of Chris? states. ports of Morocco, These various

provided at the various African

all on the long and

for ransom, were line, all providing it was after they were because really needed, of the maritime nations of avowed the policy

to discourage led by England, any flag but Mediterranean, to all other their own by making the sea perilous flags are the frank recognition of Moorish There through piracy. still, near Mequinez, ants of Christian who mixes much of the been inhabited by the descend? become since Moslem. One captives long a in the market with the Moor with place whole villages across is perpetually language coming recall this origin. which have They save for an occasional in the population the Spanish Christian believed visited and the pen?

knowledge names in long since

the cities lost

agnomen, fourth

for while

alty of Moorish
with

birth upon the convert to the third and
to all the rights ago the and our worshiped of Moslem

of those who generation the Mohammedan him, gives convert. the newest citizenship Our own a century diplomacy another under flag and burned a great vessels change

own deeds

repeating with ships

daring

prowess, of the

blood of those who sailed with Drake when he fought forts
in the harbors by which surrendered vessels. of north accomplished ports, teed with trained including the safety sailed boyhood two in little their all the north and piracy even I Yet Africa, African guaran? in early

Morocco, of peaceful on guns, use some while the

an American crew because calm

vessel clipper provided to quarters called and being of the possibility of being

picked of north Morocco,

up during

off the coast by Riffian pirates more there is probably than one in

138 my audience who

TALCOTT WILLIAMS remember like myself those on

their scanty Cape Cod who had made som American inMorocco. sailors captive

meeting contribution

to ran?

With
century

the treaties negotiated
piracy abolishing and concluding

in the early part of the 19th
came the opening of the

there

present with Morocco, Mulai Soliman queror

relations of diplomatic chapter a the treaties with which ago century begun a con? and ruthless powerful (1794-1822), with type, negotiated Christian From Morocco excluded as from any the different had Euro? been khan? am? travel repre? in the there residents

of the old

pean powers. as completely ates. bassador permitted sentatives coast was which and a cities little precisely elsewhere, of in A

trip under periodical to the Court of the to a European. was jealously particularly quarter through experience with the which lived on repeated The

guard Sultan

central Asiatic by a European was the only of

restricted

foreign to Tangiers, and at Mogador and Mazazan and side walled the water of the Hongs Chinese trade was the Moorish of

residence

conditions which

gated in Canton carried on

in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries.
centuries tion braced medanism had made familiar principles All capitulations.

But

administra?

the

as em? exterritorialty the Jewish communities dawn laws. of Moham? The site of

in Morocco,

the first began with own their under apart at Fez was the

bought himself. Prophet therefore the continued principle Europe or accepted it as a part of the common tact. exists aeval trader This times from was was the the that easier because in Morocco

the great mosque of the example

from

a Jew, following with The treaties

of exterritoriality con? law of foreign and still existed there

in medi? which jurisdiction personal the and guided all over Europe universal still carries which little place on the Thames League in some of its streets by centuries to in Chinese

the name the Arab the

of the Hansiatic Khans

later warehouses

Diplomatic with Morocco

ports, preceding merchants. of European sense therefore in the modern relations began lines of international under the same general

law which

guided

them in negotiation

with

the Sublime

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Porte. mained from mails Down to our own

OF MOROCCO these conditions as Austria mails in have

139 re? so

day

Turkey

singularly the

unchanged. privilege are

Exactly of Austrian

secured 1794,

that all the Powers have
of Morocco as the and also Exactly contracts had this travelled

their post offices in Turkey,

the

so far as any exist. in foreign hands has trader of his own the foreign advantage courts over the native in the Levant, he has in To one who had empire. in the fifties, there was when in the respect similar something paid before the recent revolts, which have prac? the sheriffian as a boy travel in Morocco shown for for the the European last eight 50

respect in outlying But Morocco, unlike parts of Turkey. never a new has been able to organise administra? Turkey, or a successful The army, tion, a disciplined sovereignty. years ago

travelling to the European ended European tically or ten years, to the

in Turkey inMorocco

structure of the kingdom already described made
cult, which owing the two races separated never that enjoyed century, intermingling of European tration ideas which has existed fortunate in never half out having to embitter a century, to the until and Morocco, to the fiery wall and religions

this diffi?

of persecution in the sixteenth and interp?n?? in the Ottoman the mercies of Moslem the Prince Morocco as it was of Sep? which of

Empire, the Holy de was

face

Inquisition, For and Nazarene. Joinville as

relations in 1844

bombarded

centuries. The French treaty of negotiations the train 10, 1844, began in the European ended of Algeciras and the pres? conference For ent diplomatic situations. the first time a boundary was de? and its eastern between Morocco neighbor Algeria tember over to give France agreed jurisdiction a area broad the left uncharted tribes; treaty in regard to wandering and desert tribes with provisions were basis of last the These (kessour). villages provisions limited; certain Morocco and

in the

completely 17th and 18th

and Mogador, Tangiers of all European contact

the declaration of August 5, 1890, by which the British and
French influence governments, of France up Article to the the sphere Two, recognized of her Mediterranean south on the Niger and Barra of va

possessions

to a line from Saye

140 on Lake sphere of Chad action drawn of

TALCOTT WILLIAMS in such the English a manner Niger of Sokoto to comprise Company and leave all in the that

fairly belonged to France. These, which Senegal, France which in had enclosed

to the kingdom

all above

to the early and ancient joined rights in one of the very first of its colonies in Morocco in the great edge curve of French and at the northern of Senegal

territory ends today name by other the but

begins the occupation of which Morocco.

permanent angle was

by in character?of one With

right Senegal 23?

in France?temporary All enclosed Oudja. side was Algeria and the the exception of the

territory claimed by Spain on the Gold River
latitude decrintra, Western in the 36" north, 23? 6" north, latitude longitude longitude 20? 51", longitude of January notification

(Rio Oro),

at Angra 9? 49'' west; 10? OF west; and at 10? 56", as specified

Bay,

29, 1885, accepted Spanish remnant the solitary 28, 1885, Ceuta, by England January of the expedition to at the of Charles confirmed V, Spain same time as Joinville of treaties October treaty by Spanish

7, 1844, and May
the position possessions half a century, character succession had

6, 1845. Between
as enclosed been

1844 and 1890, inwhich
in the enciante a period had taken just of French short of in the

of Morocco

accomplished, a profound change of the relations between Morocco

of strong had sovereigns of in and order interior of the empire the peace degree to an elevation of 1500 or 2000 feet, where the territory the mountain and unentered some traveler But risk. tribes remained little save by Europeans, this unmarked crossed by as an occasional controlled

place A and Europe. a reasonable established

up of

the Sultan venture? at his

own boundary in all the ports in the territory them and around in the trade of the interior of the the possession cities, consular trader of protection, trial and the ability European to enforce contracts Moorish the ruthless governors through

by paying
merchant. siderable tive could

for it had destroyed
It had transferred

the trade of theMoorish

areas

to European hands very con? a of land and still larger share of the produc?

who in cattle native and in grain. agriculture Any secure a partner to pay heavily for the could afford

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

OF MOROCCO

141

if he had and there were plenty large properties, privilege a very in the coast towns who derived of Europeans livirg as partners. their names fair support lendirg by simply a celerity un of this with took advantage Jewish traders practiced by had the Moor. their The cheap manufactures of Europe

destroyed
which

bit by bit all local industry.
held

Moslem

families

an unbroken through of a thousand years themselves numbering Through every sign all reduced

untouched and possessions property of often sacred line, descent, literally and recorded A ancestry, found to beggary. population of Morocco trade Spanish appeared out? colony in Tangiers.

of known

the Moorish the coast of prosperous

foreign partnership. task the collection protection of the exterritorial of

Foreign of debts against

new house and every or farming some represented for its chief had diplomacy too and often the the whole the fraudulent, and intent spirit aid and comfort

but

of contracts

created under imports of revision, which destroyed capable to those which existed similar precisely Portugal, five which had the happier to the fortune

jurisdiction, a low tariff

in? and by treaty all local industries, of in the mountains of being now protected in progress. with which

by a high tariff until their final collapse has come in the last
or ten years, their leading revolution the

The village tribes protected themselves from all this by their
prowess, re-armed Remington they a circumstance aided by ball being their favorite weapon, some of our consular the steadiness with which agents used arms by day and by to smuggle their inviolable position our and in defiance in treaties of into Morocco violation night a in 1859, made vain effort to of Moslem law. Once Spain, acquire conquest in northern ended Morocco. The whose which the more the returns of 26, 1860, April to the same significant the Moors of two this vain effort, circumstance treaty of Tetuan, failure was due brought recent to an power, fighting themselves?the and swiftness with its ounce

ignominious end the hostilities

in 1893 between Melilla

and

and of the neighborhood, In instance each years ago. with their proportion very large of privates,

"war"

casualties, their small

proportion told their

of Spanish and officers one to story

THE JOURNALOF RACE DEVELOPMENT,VOL. 5, NO. 2, 1914

142 versed in the

TALCOTT WILLIAMS

of treaty was paid; that which of

of military Under the reports. interpretation of twenty 1859 a war million dollars indemnity and under under that of 1893, four million dollars, sum still to be for received the only return adjusted a prodigal expenditure by was all for the money treasure, in

1908, a has been

of?one Spain borrowed?but battle neglect around Bugeaud years tasks. without was ago No and of

say to pay, and of heavy of obligations loss worse to the unspeakable loss by disease due

cannot

sanitary precautions. on the Algerian Morocco in the has

military experience Every under Marshal frontier at Casa man Blanca that the two con?

three Spanish wars and convinced every military

quest ofMorocco would be one of the most difficult military
European general would a force of at least a hundred think thousand of undertaking it and twice men,

this number would be engaged first and last before the task
completed.

When
began saved the

in 1890 under the direction of Lord Salisbury there
that wide same delimitation war of African over Africa which possessions had been which

devastating was over the Americas and Asia, Morocco fought by Europe save in international for the French unnoticed agreement the and acceptance noted. declaration Spain was already

odd exception
which mitting and expenditure

of the treaty in regard to Cape Spartel to
was a party, May 31,1868?com? to various rights, responsibilities, to constitute need to be extended for of territory anywhere a treaty?March 13,1895? under Britain and Morocco of to of

our own government itself in the treaty

which only a precedent for any acquisition In addition almost any purpose. was negotiated between Great in order to complete

which, Moorish the

the unchallenged encircling the British agree government empire by France, of the Moorish the government property by purchase African This Company at Terfaya, recognized the better known treaty as Bojador and land between

the Northwest Wad

as Cape Juby. Graa and of over was this

principle eignty power

treaty a wide stretch were

belonging its recognition of territory

to Morocco. of Moorish where

The sover?

no Moorish of the Eng

exerted

the basis

of the decision

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

OF MOROCCO

143

lish courts
Sutrobe

in deciding

that the SS.

Tourmaline
had no

and the

Trading right to trade Company a of in coast with full possession of local the Moorish portion so far as the sheriffian tribes but forbidden adminis? territory was This tration concerned. of treaties, group including and 1890 and 1895, between France, Spain, England Morocco, Venture

had established for the three countries the principle that the
entire noted, coast was to Senegal, the Spanish down with exception that French the under Moorish and sovereignty in the interior merged with that of Morocco or, was separated to take whenever to the from it by tribes which it desired. three France

boundary Moorish was at

where it did not directly impinge on territory claimed by the
sultan, liberty of 1844

This continuous diplomatic
treaty tries were concerned, treaty of which

attitude had existed from the
coun?

of 1895 as far as the

was the only one, France, on one, Morocco, European bordering Spain, was the with which had relations had the power longest European and one, Great Britain, the empire, monopolised practically cer? more the trade of Moorish ports. Nothing appeared power

tain in the diplomatic
its ultimate under acquisition, annexation by

relations of the Mogul
at first the French under a directorate Republic. to sons the most in north

empire than
and later In preparation

therefore France diligently

subsidised

tribes on its border,
of conspicuous the Sheriff Africa,

its aid and countenance gave Moslem ecclesiastical potentates and educated his of Wazan, commissions

a pre? but when youth, on 10 in the mountains years ago bordering appeared so who escaped seizing power Bouhamara, Algeria, narrowly inMorocco and was executed this year at Fez, his payments tender were made in freshly minted French gold for arms and sup? a French minister at which As appeared. plies mysteriously once this about said when it, smilingly questioned Tangier was to the well of the north known confidence "owing African The tribes rest of in the purity the Moslem of French coinage." world Mediterranean had by

in the Algerian a pretender. furnishing They on Moslem of a European education

in Algeria, them giving of in the expectation service from the usual effect suffered

144 successive

TALCOTT WILLIAMS

under the joint guardianship of Eu? steps passed was an It of international law that rope. accepted principle no change of territory, not even if it came after a victorious war in the Treaty of San Stephano, could take place without the consent necessary when of Europe, to determine the and new any of Unkiar treaty for Egypt from a European was conference for Tur? This began stage. was Skelessi It challenged.

key was

Even The France

accepted the conquest transfer with

the days of Mohammed Ali. of Algiers needed European acceptance. of Tunis was the fruit of a secret agreement of came later to be the subject which Germany,

This of the ill feeling awak? compacts. experience ened by the failure to consider European relations was a warn? in the Mediterranean would meet ing that any other change with protest. Morocco had been excluded from this horizon. The mutual iality long tangle of which protests in the empire despatches, conventions, had attended the exerise under prescriptive right treaties rather and than of exterritor?

of mutual

the precise regulations which established it in Turkey led to the Madrid Conference in 1880, in which this country was for the first time allied with Europe in the affairs of
Morocco. laid those down resident In as the Madrid to the Conference of general rules were exercise exterritoriality in Mo? the inter? it of

rocco.

But this dealt solely with the subject as it related to
inMorocco. diplomatic could be It had no bearing upon relations of the empire. settled by the joint however This,

national and was believed,

agreement

France, Spain and England. Germany to interfere. As soon as the sultan, Mulai

early began el Hasid, died in

1894?it
cable from

is believed by many
from the German intention out its

that are well informed that a

France emperor prevented of the descendant carrying seating of Sheriff on the throne. of Wasan no official proof While exists it is so generally so believed and well accredited that I do not think that anyone that the succession in questions despatch

1894 was kept in the present family by the interference of
the Kaiser. The accession of the new sovereign, Abdul Aziz, was used in 1894 and 1895 to collect from the Moor? damages on behalf ish government of German subjects by summary

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS included which means, waters of the Tangiers, cised by the two French

OF MOROCCO demonstration by France spoke most and

145 in criti?

a Dutch-German bitterly papers resented which

directly

for the Coeur de Lion
threat of the use For of force

in terms which

led to the prompt

that empire. on went policies that trade overtaking rapidly, its consular gave ministry agents, the travel tance, and encouraged

in the official press of by Germany two contrary ten 1895-1905 years nearly in the empire. extended its Germany its multiplied a new impor? of Germans and exploration teemed German scientific journals of England, in Tangier

the empire. throughout the country, which with them papers upon rapidly made a had which the chief source of opinion upon subject long and English been held explorers. by French exclusively France on the other routes hand steadily continued to extend

its

frontier, occupied in 1901 Igli and Tuat, holding one of the
France, of which debt, to Spain, fifty million francs to France, yielded a party to the transaction under which made vided have a default great 1903 caravan out of Morocco between an agreement for a Moorish to the southeast, and in and pro? England Spain ten million pesetas was France and England was to

in case there was customs the right to collect Moorish was certain. There in the interest, which reasonably a over series entire Moorish followed the empire instantly out of outbreaks which made roads even two days' journey of Tangiers to European dangerous and the closed much German between of south Morocco still City or though coast merchants Morocco

travelers, to and fro on passed Fez without challenge. of the position theories

and by one accident all agreements among the diplomatic monopolised continued to act

two years longer these opposing of Morocco continued. Germany, of its independence asserted another, had so long the three powers which For

and France of Morocco, relations as as the French minister declared, foreign " a country which in the had and exclusive rights particular" of The German had on its side the course empire. theory events in the East during The French the last century. theory supported by a related series of acts and facts and agree?

was

ments from 1844 to 1905, which

in the opinion of all English

146 comment completely getic the

TALCOTT WILLIAMS government influence. had Of Morocco and ener?

English under French

placed the bitter

felt throughout in regard to this Morocco antagonism can no of France there what? and be policy theory question as seem most ever. to Moors the Ignorant traveler, passing are aware that the fact that a man the East those who know does not change read or write cannot the strength of his

lack of acquaintance and a complete with all modern brain, in a ruler or administrator, or co-exist science may governor a clear and with of statesmanlike the minister, conception for his own country. This any course will have to us in mediaeval but it is im? is familiar almost history, to for the modern the observer realise that average possible same phenomenon in exists all oriental lands like today risks which
Morocco.

All Morocco
The Fez. alities Pretender Rais but

seethed with opposition over the debt of 1903.
carried who his tribal levies his up during the north of to the gates of all nation? power Fol? son and

lowing who of the Sultan, had been banished as Pretender aided was

Uli, captured the German, held the historical precedents had failed to a distant

of Morocco.

the past, the elder to secure the succession town beyond the southern

and marching from at every turn by the German merchants of Fez. its asserted tribe and every petty petty Every independence was not to send tribute to the capital. lord ceased Morocco

rose the Atlas, part of Africa

into hopeless the and hapless but only plunged disorder, and it became clearer fighting spirit of the land was aroused M. Delcass? than ever that the peaceful which usurpature was wholly France promised impracticable. in At this moment, the Kaiser his uttered 1905, July, at Tangier words memorable and dramatically asserted Ger? man is a passage There in Kinglake's "Crimea" policy. had he points out how one great general has and another the tide of battle by suddenly at the critical appearing so far within moment the apparent lines of his enemy that and headlong their defeat retreat was brought about by the in which turned spectacle. stage and A similar keen sense for the center of the world's of senti the exent to which diplomacy is a matter

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ment

OF MOROCCO

147

asserted when he suddenly the German Emperor guided of to in share the on Tangiers the German disposition right that to suppose there any reason At no time was Morocco. a to control Morocco, though seriously expected Germany a was Ger? it But in mind. been have easy, by port may to Hafed Mulai aid man clandestine loan to the Sultan, by on his march from the south, by contract secured for works

in Tangier, by local intrigue in Casa Blanca,
the Algeciras forcing of Morocco by France of gain and instead In the conflict for the principle tional acquisition of which

and finally by

the acquisition to make Convention, a source of weakness, and loss, expense, advantage. had come, in which neither side cared of interna? the broad

in the were

the ethics case, in which on the side of France and action on the side

was to rest with the power certain was tomobilise its army in order to secure its end. resort willing of 1905, the fall of this became When clear in the autumn was of France, and Delcass? certain and the defeat Combes

policy success

international

final of Germany at the last which

Taking
which has

diplomatic
was was

advantage

of the Conference

of 1880 in

Germany conference which had to Morocco

Germany represented, first to be held in Berlin.

insisted

the dubious

regard some difficulty in securing so that the presence of a conference give moral support of the conference The United States

advantage held within

of having all its territory, with succeeded at selected the assembly Algeciras, at Madrid should

upon a Spain, which in conferences

not

to Spain in Morocco. The full history to at Algeciras written. remains be yet come in rescu? forward had conspicuously by Rais Uli, surrender only effected

ing Perdicaris,

captured

when France found itself face to face with the possibility of the use of force by the United States in In the Morocco.
conference temperament archial and at Algeciras and personal the American relations representative, by in sympathy with mon an important played

not republican Europe, in the for defeat which was a substantial part adjustment, was not as to details France. The real issue at Algeciras but as to whether in the task should appear France alone of pacifying and developing Morocco, or whether France

148 should with Morocco tional customs. tween be equal one

TALCOTT WILLIAMS of several for with

only rights,

diplomatic and treasury The the Bank

speaking control

powers revolt. with of the

rests

equal powers, In a country like over the ra? power natioral was ports divided and be?

occupation new Morocco debt

service

of Spain, of England, the Bank the Bank extra shares for and the Bank with of France, of Germany, loan bankers who had advanced those French the previous to that all future Morocco whose loans protocol provided should majority by tunity the a hands. This French pass gave France through in the Commission but it gave Germany the oppor? an interference at once made for interference, visible appearance by a small in Tangier. over outburst of German officers to drill the Sultan's and by massacre a loan, by mining concessions, Morocco escaped narrowly

army, contract in the

port where are Spanish,

Europeans Italian, between

in every the proposed French control in and alone there dwelt, Tangier a and foreigners of every nationality,

population under pletely hai. The darmerie

eight and ten thousand living as com? laws as a foreign settlement at Sharg a gen? Convention of Algeciras upon agreed its own near its own scanty Spain was to command and Spain were to hold at Tar gier France was here excluded, the coast. along Germany

which

holdings, and France

which

a victory in point for France of detail, but this exclusion it possible still rendered to obstruct for Germany the organ? ization of this force. A long tangle of negotiation followed. On July 31, 1907, there came a trivial riot at Casa Blanca, of Dr. Marchand in Morocco preceded by the murder City, the French which offered an opportunity for representative, to act. France needless The with which Casa brutality was Blanca shelled was a massacre out of all proportion, more were criminal than the nine lives which in sacrificed a street than the French prodigious exposed brawl. to have joint Nothing been forced and force could have been Casa and has worse Blanca later been for France first with with the the heavy, has been to military to occupy

French

Algerian

army Spanish alone. The cost

in Morocco of any operations difficulty to French public opinion, always opposed

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS hazards. tion The Casa has The been work of carrying out

OF MOROCCO the Algeciras close

149 Conven? with

indefinitely relations diplomatic and has been friend.

postponed. of Morocco for which it The

therefore

France so situated that it is difficult for it to withdraw
Blanca as his sentiment impossible embittered. to advance. Sultan regards

from
Ger? has land, its

Moorish

many England, lost in position and prestige. little order has lost what which foreign checked, another first trade and destroyed, the misery its which

to France, yielded Meanwhile the wretched it possessed, for opportunity broods which over have all has had

development its area adds the loss were

to the pitiful chapters of Mohammedan since power freed from the invader This

attended provinces ago. has

eight

the Biscayan centuries

of Moorish confused all sovereignty conception on the side of the which relations have Europeans diplomatic as in the of Morocco the Sultan insisted as regarding always " " sense while all the people of Morocco sovereign, European extreme and arbitrary however upon his rights, they as limited the for which in be their purpose may exercise, by in the Atlas which for an he exists. Nor is there a village look the view that any sultan accept soil upon which it stood. of both between the This gap conceptions was widened the circumstances civilization by instant would could cede the tended ranean. began reached the ebb of Mohammedan The with advance the Ottoman of Boston of Moslem power of Morocco of at?

systems which

in the west Mediter? Europe century, in the said for last

its culmination

churches the defeat two Tours

Empire in the siege of Vienna, and New York thanksgiving and has continued was reached culmination

in eastern power in the thirteenth when was

of the Turk,

its ebb of Moslem at

for the

hundred

in the western

The years. Mediterranean

conquest of the battle

of organi? the full height reached century, to ebb, had disappeared zation in the eleventh, and beginning in the same year America. in which discovered Columbus in the ninth

The

has been accompanied ebb in the east Mediterranean in general, not refluent march the steady though by always, on in Bui of the Moslem in Crete, population going today

150 garia, and in the

TALCOTT WILLIAMS

to Greece ceded years territory thirty since the white-crossed For ago, flag was raised there. from the beginning four centuries of Christian in conquest to its triumph in the 15th, no such migra? the 11th century ever tion took been in Spain. of "capitulations" The place system races which Christian lived in the Ottoman Empire exercised for the in the eastern of south, Mediterranean those after of our own centuries, four almost faith. in protection from Galicia

under has

exclusively In all of Spain,

which
treaties

the Christian
and

had

lived under Moslem
which

rulers with

of Mahmud, in the first place granted succeeded jects, were by precisely agreements granted by Christian Down interior to the cities end of the fifteenth

agreements and having

matched the capitulations of course a far earlier origin, then Moslem to rulers Christian sub? by rulers and capitulations to Moslem subjects. all the coast and century similar

of Morocco, all the territory of practically was familiar the with of Moslems Spain spectacle living at under Christian rulers and of Christians at peace living so even under Moslem that cities which half peace rulers, a century visited with ago were difficulty by Europeans, like Morocco had City, tolerably as as late the 17th century peans, season was John Smith, the head of Euro? colonies large one for a brief of whom of the Virginian colony,

who lived for a while

inMorocco City

in his wandering

life.

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